Packed full of analysis and interpretation, historical background, discussions and commentaries, York Notes will help you get right to the heart of the text you're studying, whether it's poetry, a play or a novel. You'll learn all about the historical context of the piece; find detailed discussions of key passages and characters; learn interesting facts about the text; and discover structures, patterns and themes that you may never have known existed. In the Advanced Notes, specific sections on critical thinking, and advice on how to read critically yourself, enable you to engage with the text in new and different ways. Full glossaries, self-test questions and suggested reading lists will help you fully prepare for your exam, while internet links and references to film, TV, theatre and the arts combine to fully immerse you in your chosen text. York Notes offer an exciting and accessible key to your text, enabling you to develop your ideas and transform your studies!


The phenomenal growth of global pharmaceutical sales and the quest for innovation are driving an unprecedented search for human test subjects, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. Our hope for medical progress increasingly depends on the willingness of the world's poor to participate in clinical drug trials. While these experiments often provide those in need with vital and previously unattainable medical resources, the outsourcing and offshoring of trials also create new problems. In this groundbreaking book, anthropologist Adriana Petryna takes us deep into the clinical trials industry as it brings together players separated by vast economic and cultural differences. Moving between corporate and scientific offices in the United States and research and public health sites in Poland and Brazil, When Experiments Travel documents the complex ways that commercial medical science, with all its benefits and risks, is being integrated into local health systems and emerging drug markets.

 Providing a unique perspective on globalized clinical trials, When Experiments Travel raises central questions: Are such trials exploitative or are they social goods? How are experiments controlled and how is drug safety ensured? And do these experiments help or harm public health in the countries where they are conducted? Empirically rich and theoretically innovative, the book shows that neither the language of coercion nor that of rational choice fully captures the range of situations and value systems at work in medical experiments today. When Experiments Travel challenges conventional understandings of the ethics and politics of transnational science and changes the way we think about global medicine and the new infrastructures of our lives.


Work engagement has received increased attention by both practitioners and academicians. Researchers and practitioners have focused on the antecedents of employee engagement and the positive outcomes of an employee being engaged. This study served to expand the literature on antecedents and outcomes of work engagement to include human resources practices, such as Realistic Job Previews (RJP) and selection tests, as antecedents. A sample of 161 Information Technology helpdesk support representatives, who were grouped by receiving or not receiving an RJP and a selection test, were assessed on the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli, Salanova, Gonzalez-Roma, and Bakker, 2002). Significant differences were found for individuals who recalled receiving an RJP on work engagement. Significant differences were not found for the selection test group on work engagement. Additional analyses were conducted to determine the predictability of engagement on individual (e.g., personal health and job satisfaction) and organizational outcomes (e.g., turnover intentions and performance). Overall, results suggest that human resources practices should be included in the work engagement model. Additional research directions and organizational implications were discussed. EMPLOYEE SELECTION AND WORK ENGAGEMENT: DO RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PRACTICES INFLUENCE WORK ENGAGEMENT?


In north India, unregulated medical practice is considered by many to be a sign of the failure of institutional rationality and "backward" quality of rural life. However, the work of self-made doctors can also be seen to engage key elements of institutional rationality as it is interwoven with the structure and ethos of development. This article explores what these practitioners and their work suggest about the imagination of institutions in rural India and the kinds of power this invokes. Through mimesis of key practices (namely, forms of talk and use of injections), self-made doctors tap into the authority of legitimate institutions to occupy lacunae in state health structures and redress (even as they reproduce) effects of privatization and repeated temporary health measures. At the same time, everyday elements of these practices demonstrate that institutional legitimacy can only be borrowed by those already in positions of authority (on the basis of caste status and political leadership), challenging ideals of equality that underlie health-related development efforts.


Can machines think? Alan Turing's decades-old question still influences artificial intelligence because of the simple test he proposed in his article in Mind. In this article, "AI Magazine collects presentations about the first round of the classic Turing Test of machine intelligence, held November 8, 1991 at The Computer Museum, Boston. Robert Epstein, Director Emeritus, Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies, and an adjunct professor of psychology, Boston University, University of Massachusetts (Amherst), and University of California (San Diego) summarizes some of the difficult issues during the planning of this first real-time competition, and describes the event. He then speculates about the future of the competition and about its significance to the AI community. Presented in tandem with Dr. Epstein's article is the actual transcript of session that won the Loebner Prize Competition -- Joseph Weintraub's computer program PC Therapist.


Violence against women and girl is a widespread problem of human rights and we need to revisit the current prevention programs to ensure proper resolution. Even though, we live in an advance society, violence continues to be an on-goinginternational problem. In this paper, we analyse violence against women and girls in today's society and its effects. We show that violence varies from physical altercation to mental abuse. In addition, we analyse established definitions for violence against women and their international recognition. To supplement this discussion, we would present various political movements by the international community to prevent violence against women. However, as a thesis, we believe that additional political actions are necessary to further prevent and/or reduce these violent acts from occurring in the first place. We think that minimizing or reducing violence against women is a complex process that requires shared undertakings by various parties such as governments, private NGOs, and the individual participation. These devotions would ensure that a proper solution is reached to the undergoing problem. That is, our paper analyses ways to reduce violence against women and girls. We would add recommendations to the existing prevention programs and we would try to make them more effective,via our theoretical proposals,in dealing with the violence against women and girls.


Communication between deaf individuals and hearing individuals can be very difficult. For people who are born deaf, English is often a second language with the first language being American Sign Language (ASL). Very few hearing people in the United States sign or are aware of Deafness, Deaf culture, or how to appropriately communicate with people with hearing loss.
In this thesis, I concentrate on the role that mobile technologies can play in ameliorating some of these issues. In formative work with Deaf teenagers in the metro-Atlanta area, I investigate the role that communication technologies play in the lives of many Deaf individuals and examine how these devices have effected their communication patterns and social circles. Specifically, the teens identified problems communicating with hearing individuals such as close friends and family in face-to-face situations.
Having identified sign language use at home as one of the earliest interventions for Deaf children, I investigated the use of mobile phones for learning survival-level ASL. I created a prototype software application which presented short ASL lessons via either a mobile phone or desktop web-browser. The software presented the lessons via one of two different scheduling methods designed to take advantage of the spacing effect during learning. I designed and conducted a study of forty individuals with no prior ASL knowledge which compared the effects of both scheduling algorithm and platform. My results show that individuals who used a mobile phone platform and received a group of lessons at one time performed better on post-test receptive and generative ASL metrics than did participants in the three other conditions.


The question of how to model dependence structures between financial assets was revolutionized since the last decade when the copula concept was introduced in financial research. Even though the concept of splitting marginal behavior and dependence structure (described by a copula) of multidimensional distributions already goes back to Sklar (1955) and Hoeffding (1940), there were very little empirical efforts done to check out the potentials of this approach. The aim of this thesis is to figure out the possibilities of copulas for modelling, estimating and validating purposes. Therefore we extend the class of Archimedean Copulas via a transformation rule to new classes and come up with an explicit suggestion covering the Frank and Gumbel family. We introduce a copula based mapping rule leading to joint independence and as results of this mapping we present an easy method of multidimensional chi²-testing and a new estimate for high dimensional parametric distributions functions. Different ways of estimating the tail dependence coefficient, describing the asymptotic probability of joint extremes, are compared and improved. The limitations of elliptical distributions are carried out and a generalized form of them, preserving their applicability, is developed. We state a method to split a (generalized) elliptical distribution into its radial and angular part. This leads to a positive definite robust estimate of the dispersion matrix (here only given as a theoretical outlook). The impact of our findings is stated by modelling and testing the return distributions of stock- and currency portfolios furthermore of oil related commodities- and LME metal baskets. In addition we show the crash stability of real estate based firms and the existence of nonlinear dependence in between the yield curve.


When I consider how my light is spent, Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, And that one Talent which is death to hide Lodg'd with me useless, though my Soul more bent To serve therewith my Maker, and present My true account, lest he returning chide, Doth God exact day-labour, light deni'd, I fondly ask; But Patience to prevent That murmur, soon replies, God doth not need Either mans work or his own gifts, who best Bear his milde yoke, they serve him best, his State Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed And post o'r Land and Ocean without rest: They also serve who only stand and waite. (Sonnet XX)


. The aim of this study is to show an application of model robustness measures for soil-structure interaction (henceforth written as SSI) models. Model robustness defines a measure for the ability of a model to provide useful model answers for input parameters which typically have a wide range in geotechnical engineering. The calculation of SSI is a major problem in geotechnical engineering. Several different models exist for the estimation of SSI. These can be separated into analytical, semi-analytical and numerical methods. This paper focuses on the numerical models of SSI specific macro-element type models and more advanced finite element method models using contact description as continuum or interface elements. A brief description of the models used is given in the paper. Following this description, the applied SSI problem is introduced. The observed event is a static loaded shallow foundation with an inclined load. The different partial models to consider the SSI effects are assessed using different robustness measures during numerical application. The paper shows the investigation of the capability to use these measures for the assessment of the model quality of SSI partial models. A variance based robustness and a mathematical robustness approaches are applied. These different robustness measures are used in a framework which allows also the investigation of computational time consuming models. Finally the result shows that the concept of using robustness approaches combined with other model–quality indicators (e.g. model sensitivity or model reliability) can lead to unique model–quality assessment for SSI models.


Introducing the New Testament is an outstanding guide to the writings of the New Testament for readers ranging from Bible students to those approaching the Christian Scriptures for the first time. Written by three leading Bible specialists, this book discusses in a clear and balanced way the New Testament's literature, its message, and the issues raised by a careful reading of its pages. Wonderfully readable and well supplied with maps and photographs, this volume is both an ideal textbook for courses covering the New Testament and a superb introduction for general readers wanting authoritative, straight-forward instruction on the writings of the New Testament. Unlike other New Testament introductions that are primarily concerned with historical-critical issues or with what scholars have said, this book gets directly to the business of explaining the New Testament's background, content, and theology. The authors do not presume that readers need to be familiar with scholarly debates about the New Testament, nor do they assume those debates have necessarily raised the most important issues. Instead, this book is aimed at putting the message of the Christian Scriptures back within the reach of general readers. Although informed by the current scholarship in the history, traditions, and literature of the New Testament, this book is primarily designed to induct readers of the New Testament into sensitive appreciation and serious awareness of its major figures and concerns. After explaining the nature of the New Testament and the world in which it was written, the authors thoroughly discuss each of the twenty-seven books of the New Testament. The content and essential message of these ancient works are described in simple but dynamic language that reveals why they continue to inspire and challenge readers today. Separate chapters also explore the types of literature found in the New Testament, the life and teachings of Jesus, Paul's life and world, and the formation of the New Testament canon. In addition, numerous sidebars offer a wealth of fascinating and highly relevant background information that helps modern readers more fully grasp biblical themes. No other work on the New Testament is so accessible and enjoyable to use.


In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of human psychopharmacology. Each bibliography is divided into 18 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Psychotropic Drugs ‐ General; Antidepressive Agents: 4 Tricyclics; 5 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; 6 Serotonergics; Euthymic Agents: 7 Lithium; Tranquillizing Agents: 8 Major; 9 Minor & Hypnotics; 10 Analeptic Agents; 11 Anticonvulsant Agents; 12 Drugs of Abuse; 13 Transmitters, Receptors, Metabolites & Modulating Agents; 14 Neuropeptides; 15 Psychoneuroendocrinology; 16 Psychoneuroimmunology; 17 Behavioural Genetics; 18 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.


The objective is to describe global governments' responsibilities in making and supporting educational policies for improvements in the public creation and utilization of science. The necessity of the world human populations to be more similarly educated increases. Such a necessity stems from a global demand for timely expansion and effective utilization of new life technologies. Governments play key roles in maintaining publics adequately cognizant of the demand. In addition, governments are increasingly responsible for making new policies that will allow public education sectors to practice refined education programs. Such a global education, most fundamentally, starts from elementary schools and evolves through guidance and high schools, colleges, universities and industrial centers. Governments can foster new education policies in three distinct groups including governors, educators, and learners. The governors include ministers and all related officials and administrative professionals. The educators include science and technology mentors and trainers in schools, colleges, universities, industries, and private and semi-private institutes. The learners, by definition, are those enrolled in academic and non-academic institutions to obtain expertise and excellence in various fields of science and technology. These categories will have their own specified educators who revisit concepts and update members with most recent concepts and practices while reviewing major earlier principles. In the post-modern time, mentors and trainers themselves require frequent timely education to remain most up-to-date and functional. Constant education of educators faces more practical challenges than education of learners. Special courses and sessions are to be developed for governors, educators, mentors, advisors and teachers. It is only with such an interrelated structure that governors and policy makers will most profoundly realize the importance and necessity of adequate public education considerations. Such policies are to be supervised and supported by global sources to ensure practices in different world regions. The more extensive implementation of the policies will lead to more efficient and earlier accomplishment of preset goals. Effectual education of governments on 'science education policies' will be a turning point in enabling continual improvements in global science and life qualities.


Web search engines like Google have made us all smarter by providing ready access to the world's knowledge whenever we need to look up a fact, learn about a topic or evaluate opinions. The W3C's Semantic Web effort aims to make such knowledge more accessible to computer programs by publishing it in machine understandable form. As the volume of Semantic Web data grows, software agents will need their own search engines to help them find the relevant and trustworthy knowledge they need to perform their tasks. We will discuss the general issues underlying the indexing and retrieval of RDF-based information and describe Swoogle, a crawler based search engine whose index contains information on over two million RDF documents, and TripleShop, which uses Swoogle to automatically build datasets appropriate for responding to user supplied queries. We will illustrate their use in ELVIS (Ecosystem Location Visualization and Information System), a distributed platform for constructing end-to-end use cases that demonstrate the semantic web's utility for integrating scientific data.


pells are poems; poetry is spelling.

Spell-poems take us into a realm where words can influence the universe.

Spells brings together thirty-six contemporary voices exploring the territory where justice, selfhood and the imagination meet the transformative power of the occult. These poems unmake the world around them, so that it might be remade anew.

Kaveh Akbar, Rachael Allen, Nuar Alsadir, Khairani Barokka, Emily Berry, A.K. Blakemore, Jen Calleja, Vahni Capildeo, Kayo Chingonyi, Elinor Cleghorn, CAConrad, Nia Davies, Kate Duckney, Livia Franchini, Will Harris, Caspar Heinemann, Lucy Ives, Rebecca May Johnson, Bhanu Kapil, Amy Key, Daisy Lafarge, Dorothea Lasky, Ursula K. Le Guin, Francesca Lisette, Canisia Lubrin, Karen McCarthy Woolf, Lucy Mercer, Hoa Nguyen, Rebecca Perry, Nat Raha, Nisha Ramayya, Ariana Reines, Sophie Robinson, Erica Scourti, Dolly Turing, Jane Yeh.


This PhD-Thesis deals with the calculation and application of a new class of invariants, that can be used to recognize patterns in tensor fields (i.e. scalar fields, vector fields und matrix fields), and by the composition of scalar fields with delta-functions also to point-clouds.
In the first chapter an overview over already existing invariants is given.

In the second chapter the general definition of the new invariants is given:
starting with a tensor field a set of moment tensor is created via folding in tensor-product manner with different orders of the tensor product of the positional vector. From these, rotational invariant values are calculated via contraction of tensor products. An algorithm to get a complete and independent set of invariants from a given moment tensor set is described. Furthermore methods to make these sets of invariants invariant against translation, rotation, scaling, and affine transformation.

In the third chapter, a method to optimize the calculation of these sets of invariants is described: every invariant can be modeled as undirected graph comprising multiple sub-graphs representing partially contracted tensor products of the moment tensors.
The composition of the sets of invariants is optimized by a clever choice of the decomposition into sub-graphs, all paths creating a hyper-graph of sub-graphs where each node describes a composition step. Finally, C++-source-code is created, which optimized using the symmetry of the different tensors and tensor-products, and a comparison of the effort to other calculation methods of invariants is given.

The fourth chapter describes the application of the invariants to object recognition in point-clouds from 3D-scans. To do this, the invariants of sub-sets of point-clouds are stored for every known object. Afterwards, invariants are calculated from an unknown point-cloud and tried to find them in the database to assign it to one of the known objects. Benchmarks using three 3D-object databases are made testing time and recognition rate.


Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) have been recognized as key ecological players in arid and semiarid regions at both local and global scales. They are important biodiversity components, provide critical ecosystem services, and strongly influence soil-plant relationships, and successional trajectories via facilitative, competitive, and edaphic engineering effects. Despite these important ecological roles, very little is known about biocrusts in seasonally dry tropical forests. Here we present a first baseline study on biocrust cover and ecosystem service provision in a human-modified landscape of the Brazilian Caatinga, South America's largest tropical dry forest. More specifically, we explored (1) across a network of 34 0.1 ha permanent plots the impact of disturbance, soil, precipitation, and vegetation-related parameters on biocrust cover in different stages of forest regeneration, and (2) the effect of disturbance on species composition, growth and soil organic carbon sequestration comparing early and late successional communities in two case study sites at opposite ends of the disturbance gradient. Our findings revealed that biocrusts are a conspicuous component of the Caatinga ecosystem with at least 50 different taxa of cyanobacteria, algae, lichens and bryophytes (cyanobacteria and bryophytes dominating) covering nearly 10% of the total land surface and doubling soil organic carbon content relative to bare topsoil. High litter cover, high disturbance by goats, and low soil compaction were the leading drivers for reduced biocrust cover, while precipitation was not associated Second-growth forests supported anequally spaced biocrust cover, while in old-growth-forests biocrust cover was patchy. Disturbance reduced biocrust growth by two thirds and carbon sequestration by half. In synthesis, biocrusts increase soil organic carbon (SOC) in dry forests and as they double the SOC content in disturbed areas, may be capable of counterbalancing disturbance-induced soil degradation in this ecosystem. As they fix and fertilize depauperated soils, they may play a substantial role in vegetation regeneration in the human-modified Caatinga, and may have an extended ecological role due to the ever-increasing human encroachment on natural landscapes. Even though biocrusts benefit from human presence in dry forests, high levels of anthropogenic disturbance could threaten biocrust-provided ecosystem services, and call for further, in-depth studies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.


Stratospheric ozone recovery is expected to figure prominently in twenty-first century climate change. In a recent paper, Hu et al. (2011) argue that one impact of ozone recovery will be to enhance the warming of the surface-troposphere system produced by increases in wellmixed greenhouse gases. Furthermore, this enhanced warming would be strongest in the Northern Hemisphere, which is surprising since previous studies have consistently shown the effects of stratospheric ozone changes to be most pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. Hu et al. (2011) base their claims largely on differences in the simulated temperature change between two groups of CMIP3 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3) climate models, one group which included stratospheric ozone recovery in its twenty-first century simulations and a second group which did not. Both groups of models were forced with the same increases in well-mixed greenhouse gases according to the A1B emissions scenario. In the current work, we compare the surface temperature responses of the same two groups of models in a different experiment in which atmospheric CO2 was increased by 1 % per year until doubling. We find remarkably similar differences in the simulated surface temperature change between the two sets of models as Hu et al. (2011) found for the A1B experiment, suggesting that the enhanced warming which they attribute to stratospheric ozone recovery is actually a reflection of different responses of the two model groups to greenhouse gas forcing.


An understanding of the effects of intraspecific variation in offspring size is important from both an ecological and an evolutionary perspective. While the relationship between offspring size and overall offspring performance is key, most studies are restricted to examination of the effects of offspring size on early life-history stages only, and too few have examined the effects of offspring size throughout the life history. Here, we examine the effects of offspring size on post-metamorphic survival, growth, and fecundity under field conditions for the polychaete Janua sp. Larger offspring became larger adults and had higher levels of fecundity than those from smaller offspring, though the effect on fecundity was weaker and more variable over different experimental runs. Adults derived from larger larvae had shorter lifespans than adults derived from smaller larvae. Our results suggest that the maternal effect of offspring size can influence the frequently observed trade-off between longevity and fecundity. Future studies should seek to measure the effects of offspring size over as much of the life history as possible in order to avoid misestimating the relationship between offspring size and fitness.


What role do policy preferences play when a judge or any other reader decides what a statute or other legal text means? Most judges think of themselves as doing law, not politics. Yet the observable decisions that judges make often follow patterns that are hard to explain by anything other than policy preferences. Indeed, if one presses the implications of the data too hard, it is likely to be heard as an accusation of bad faith – a claim that the judge or other decision-maker isn't really earnest in trying to separate preference from judgment. This does not advance the discussion, and distracts from the possibility of more interesting explanations. A promising antidote, we believe, lies in empirical study not just of large numbers of judicial decisions collected over time, as previous scholars have done, but of the immediate experience of legal interpretation. We compile, and here present, rich evidence of what happens when lawyers in training are asked in controlled surveys to distinguish between their policy preferences on the one hand and their own interpretive judgments or predictions about courts judgments on the other. Our findings offer two lessons. First and foremost, they suggest that separating policy preferences from judgments about the meaning of statutes is very difficult. The same is true of preferences and predictions about what courts will do: respondents tend to predict that courts will do what the respondents themselves prefer. The fundamental entanglement of preferences and interpretation raises important questions about the ability of anyone – including judges – to neutrally carry out interpretive strategies meant to generate answers in close cases. Second, however, the results also show that certain ways of framing the interpretive question can reduce the influence of preference on interpretation – though perhaps not its effect on predictions. Instead of simply asking respondents how they would interpret the text of a statute or how the drafters would likely want it applied, it is better to ask respondents how ordinary readers would interpret the statute. This framing of the interpretative question can debias an individual's interpretation of a statute. In short, interpretative theories that elevate text alone or give the intent of drafters are both susceptible to contamination by private preferences. To immunize interpretation from these preferences, a theory that asks how ordinary readers would read a statute may be the best prescription.


We present an object-tracking framework that fuses point cloud information from an RGB-D camera with tactile information from a GelSight contact sensor. GelSight can be treated as a source of dense local geometric information, which we incorporate directly into a conventional point-cloud-based articulated object tracker based on signed-distance functions. Our implementation runs at 12 Hz using an online depth reconstruction algorithm for GelSight and a modified second-order update for the tracking algorithm. We present data from hardware experiments demonstrating that the addition of contact-based geometric information significantly improves the pose accuracy during contact, and provides robustness to occlusions of small objects by the robot's end effector.


In What Is Thought? Eric Baum proposes a computational explanation of thought. Just as Erwin Schrodinger in his classic 1944 work What Is Life? argued ten years before the discovery of DNA that life must be explainable at a fundamental level by physics and chemistry, Baum contends that the present-day inability of computer science to explain thought and meaning is no reason to doubt there can be such an explanation. Baum argues that the complexity of mind is the outcome of evolution, which has built thought processes that act unlike the standard algorithms of computer science and that to understand the mind we need to understand these thought processes and the evolutionary process that produced them in computational terms. Baum proposes that underlying mind is a complex but compact program that corresponds to the underlying structure of the world. He argues further that the mind is essentially programmed by DNA. We learn more rapidly than computer scientists have so far been able to explain because the DNA code has programmed the mind to deal only with meaningful possibilities. Thus the mind understands by exploiting semantics, or meaning, for the purposes of computation; constraints are built in so that although there are myriad possibilities, only a few make sense. Evolution discovered corresponding subroutines or shortcuts to speed up its processes and to construct creatures whose survival depends on making the right choice quickly. Baum argues that the structure and nature of thought, meaning, sensation, and consciousness therefore arise naturally from the evolution of programs that exploit the compact structure of the world.


Young girl's party dress of yellow heavy crepe paper over white cotton(?). "Paper dress" is knee-length, sleeveless, with rounded neckline and wide straps. A-line under-layer of white cotton is overlaid by 7 wide horizontal tiers of yellow heavy crepe paper "petals". Center-back opening with single tiny circular white button at neckline.

No labels visible in garment.


Objective To compare the effectiveness of clomifene citrate and unstimulated intrauterine insemination with expectant management for the treatment of unexplained infertility. Design Three arm parallel group, pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Setting Four teaching hospitals and a district general hospital in Scotland. Participants Couples with infertility for over two years, confirmed ovulation, patent fallopian tubes, and motile sperm. Intervention Expectant management, oral clomifene citrate, and unstimulated intrauterine insemination. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was live birth. Secondary outcome measures included clinical pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, miscarriage, and acceptability. Results 580 women were randomised to expectant management (n=193), oral clomifene citrate (n=194), or unstimulated intrauterine insemination (n=193) for six months. The three randomised groups were comparable in terms of age, body mass index, duration of infertility, sperm concentration, and motility. Live birth rates were 32/193 (17%), 26/192 (14%), and 43/191 (23%), respectively. Compared with expectant management, the odds ratio for a live birth was 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.45 to 1.38) after clomifene citrate and 1.46 (0.88 to 2.43) after unstimulated intrauterine insemination. More women randomised to clomifene citrate (159/170, 94%) and unstimulated intrauterine insemination (155/162, 96%) found the process of treatment acceptable than those randomised to expectant management (123/153, 80%) (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). Conclusion In couples with unexplained infertility existing treatments such as empirical clomifene and unstimulated intrauterine insemination are unlikely to offer superior live birth rates compared with expectant management. Trial registration ISRCT No: 71762042


We present an integrated approach to probabilistic independent component analysis (ICA) for functional MRI (FMRI) data that allows for nonsquare mixing in the presence of Gaussian noise. In order to avoid overfitting, we employ objective estimation of the amount of Gaussian noise through Bayesian analysis of the true dimensionality of the data, i.e., the number of activation and non-Gaussian noise sources. This enables us to carry out probabilistic modeling and achieves an asymptotically unique decomposition of the data. It reduces problems of interpretation, as each final independent component is now much more likely to be due to only one physical or physiological process. We also describe other improvements to standard ICA, such as temporal prewhitening and variance normalization of timeseries, the latter being particularly useful in the context of dimensionality reduction when weak activation is present. We discuss the use of prior information about the spatiotemporal nature of the source processes, and an alternative-hypothesis testing approach for inference, using Gaussian mixture models. The performance of our approach is illustrated and evaluated on real and artificial FMRI data, and compared to the spatio-temporal accuracy of results obtained from classical ICA and GLM analyses.


Postconviction habeas comprises about seven percent of federal district courts' dockets and between eight and twenty percent of Supreme Court certiorari work. Scholars of all stripes condemn habeas as an empty 'charade' lacking 'coherent form.' They urge as a result root-and-branch transformation. Contra that consensus, this Article first advances a descriptive hypothesis that the Roberts Court's habeas jurisprudence is more internally coherent than generally believed — even if its internal logic has to date escaped substantial scholarly scrutiny. The Article develops a stylized account of the Roberts Court's recent jurisprudence as an instrument for sorting at the front end of litigation be-tween cases warranting either less or more judicial attention. This account suggests that the Roberts Court titrates judicial attention by streaming cases into one of two channels via a diverse set of procedural and substantive mechanisms. In Track One, petitioners obtain scanty review and almost never prevail. In Track Two, by contrast, petitions receive more serious consideration and have a more substantial (if hardly certain) chance of success. This stylized account of the case law enables more focused investigation of the values that the Roberts Court pursues through its current articulation of habeas doctrine — and this is the Article's second task. Drawing on both doctrinal analysis and law-and-economics models of litigation, the Article explores several possible justifications for the Court's observed bifurcated approach. Rejecting explanations based on state-centered federalism values, sorting, and sentinel effects, the Article suggests that some conception of fault best fits the role of a central organizing principle. This aligns habeas with constitutional tort law, suggesting a previously unexamined degree of interdoctrinal coherence in the Roberts Court's attitude to discrete constitutional remedies. While the central aim of this Article is positive and descriptive in character, it concludes by examining some normative entailments of habeas's persistence in a bifurcated state. Specifically, I suggest that a better understanding of the Court's fault-based logic casts skeptical light on existing reform proposals, and is at least consistent with the possibility that habeas could still serve as a tool in some larger projects of criminal justice reform.


IEDC is a non-profit membership organization serving economic developers. With more than 4,000 members, IEDC is the largest organization of its kind. Economic developers promote economic well-being and quality of life for their communities, by creating, retaining and expanding jobs that facilitate growth, enhance wealth and provide a stable tax base. From public to private, rural to urban, and local to international, IEDC's members are engaged in the full range of economic development experience. Given the breadth of economic development work, our members are employed in a wide variety of settings including local, state, provincial and federal governments, public private partnerships, chambers of commerce, universities and a variety of other institutions. When we succeed, our members create high-quality jobs, develop vibrant communities, and improve the quality of life in their regions. www.iedconline.org.


The processing of data is often restricted by contractual and legal requirements for protecting privacy and IPRs. Policies pro- vide means to control how and by whom data is processed. Conditions of policies may depend on the previous processing of the data. However, existing policy languages do not provide means to express such condi- tions. In this work we present a formal model and language allowing for specifying conditions based on the history of data processing. We base the model and language on XACML.


Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this practical analysis of the law covering merchants' status and obligations – including the laws governing state intervention in economic activities – in Australia provides quick and easy guidance on such commercial and economic matters as business assets, negotiable instruments, commercial securities, and regulation of the conditions of commercial transactions. Lawyers who handle transnational business will appreciate the explanation of local variations in terminology and the distinctive concepts that determine practice and procedure. Starting with a general description of the specifically applicable concepts and sources of commercial law, the book goes on to discuss such factors as obligations of economic operators and institutions, goodwill, broker/client relations, commercial property rights, and bankruptcy. Discussion of economic law covers the laws governing establishment, supervision of economic activities, competition law, and government taxation incentives. These details are presented in such a way that readers who are unfamiliar with specific terms and concepts in varying contexts will fully grasp their meaning and significance. Thorough yet practical, this convenient volume is a valuable tool for business executives and their legal counsel with international interests. Lawyers representing parties with interests in Australia will welcome this very useful guide, and academics and researchers will appreciate its value in the study of comparative commercial and economic law.


Strategies to reduce energy demand in manufacturing processes are becoming necessary due to the growing concern of carbon emissions and the expected rise of electricity prices over time. To guide the development of these strategies, the results of a life-cycle energy consumption analysis of milling machine tools are first highlighted to show the effect of several factors such as degree of automation, manufacturing environment, transportation, material inputs, and facility inputs on environmental impact. An overview of design and operation strategies to reduce energy consumption is thereafter presented including the implementation of a Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS), a process parameter selection strategy, and a web-based energy estimation tool.


Let $G=(V,E)$ be any $d$-regular graph with girth $g$ on $n$ vertices, for $d \geq 3$. This note shows that $G$ has a maximum matching which includes all but an exponentially small fraction of the vertices, $O((d-1)^{-g/2})$. Specifically, in a maximum matching of $G$, the number of unmatched vertices is at most $n/n_0(d,g)$, where $n_0(d,g)$ is the number of vertices in a ball of radius $\lfloor(g-1)/2\rfloor$ around a vertex, for odd values of $g$, and around an edge, for even values of $g$. This result is tight if $n


Focus groups conducted at Carnegie Mellon reveal that what motivates many faculty to self-archive on a website or disciplinary repository will not motivate them to deposit their work in the institutional repository. Recruiting a critical mass of content for the institutional repository is contingent on increasing awareness, aligning deposit with existing workflows, and providing value-added services that meet needs not currently being met by other tools. Faculty share concerns about quality and the payoff for time invested in publishing and disseminating their work, but disagree about metrics for assessing quality, the merit of disseminating work prior to peer review, and the importance of complying with publisher policies on open access. Bridging the differences among disciplinary cultures and belief systems presents a significant challenge to marketing the institutional repository and developing coherent guidelines for deposit.


Hadoop: The Definitive Guide helps you harness the power of your data. Ideal for processing large datasets, the Apache Hadoop framework is an open source implementation of the MapReduce algorithm on which Google built its empire. This comprehensive resource demonstrates how to use Hadoop to build reliable, scalable, distributed systems: programmers will find details for analyzing large datasets, and administrators will learn how to set up and run Hadoop clusters. Complete with case studies that illustrate how Hadoop solves specific problems, this book helps you: Use the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) for storing large datasets, and run distributed computations over those datasets using MapReduce Become familiar with Hadoop's data and I/O building blocks for compression, data integrity, serialization, and persistence Discover common pitfalls and advanced features for writing real-world MapReduce programs Design, build, and administer a dedicated Hadoop cluster, or run Hadoop in the cloud Use Pig, a high-level query language for large-scale data processing Take advantage of HBase, Hadoop's database for structured and semi-structured data Learn ZooKeeper, a toolkit of coordination primitives for building distributed systems If you have lots of data -- whether it's gigabytes or petabytes -- Hadoop is the perfect solution. Hadoop: The Definitive Guide is the most thorough book available on the subject. "Now you have the opportunity to learn about Hadoop from a master-not only of the technology, but also of common sense and plain talk." -- Doug Cutting, Hadoop Founder, Yahoo!


A search for supersymmetry in events with large missing transverse momentum, jets, and at least one hadronically decaying $\tau$-lepton is presented. Two exclusive final states with either exactly one or at least two $\tau$-leptons are considered. The analysis is based on proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb$^{-1}$ delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded by the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess is observed over the Standard Model expectation. At 95% confidence level, model-independent upper limits on the cross section are set and exclusion limits are provided for two signal scenarios: a simplified model of gluino pair production with $\tau$-rich cascade decays, and a model with gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking (GMSB). In the simplified model, gluino masses up to 2000 GeV are excluded for low values of the mass of the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), while LSP masses up to 1000 GeV are excluded for gluino masses around 1400 GeV. In the GMSB model, values of the supersymmetry-breaking scale are excluded below 110 TeV for all values of $\tan\beta$ in the range $2 \leq \tan\beta \leq 60$, and below 120 TeV for $\tan\beta>30$.


"The need for a standard course of study to assist in preparing students for military band auditions is apparent due to the current number of tuba positions in premier military service band organizations. This examination of Essential Excerpts for Tuba from Original Works Written for Wind Ensemble is intended to be an important document in the field of tuba performance and teaching for practice, preparation, and study of the original wind symphony literature written for tuba. The excerpts included in this text are selected based on a general survey created by the author. The Tuba Excerpt Survey, completed by retired and current premier military service band tuba players and select college and university tuba professors, generated a standard list of excerpts that produced the desired information that finalized the specified essential tuba excerpts to be included and reviewed in this document. By setting performance boundaries, inspecting the musical details of the excerpts, and separating an undergraduate curriculum into appropriate levels of study, a classification and distribution of the found scores and excerpts among different levels is established in this text. Upon examination of these excerpts, additional methodologies and corollary studies have been integrated into the paper to further facilitate student practice and preparation of these essential excerpts for tuba among original compositions written for the wind ensemble medium."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.


The Responsible Company, by Yvon Chouinard, founder and owner of Patagonia, and Vincent Stanley, co-editor of its Footprint Chronicles, draw on the their 40 years' experience at Patagonia -- and knowledge of current efforts by other companies -- to articulate the elements of responsible business for our time. Patagonia, named by Fortune in 2007 as the coolest company on the planet, has earned a reputation as much for its ground-breaking environmental and social practices as for the quality of its clothes. In this exceptionally frank account, Chouinard and Stanley recount how the company and its culture gained the confidence, by step and misstep, to make its work progressively more responsible, and to ultimately share its discoveries with companies as large as Wal-Mart or as small as the corner bakery. In plain, compelling prose, the authors describe the current impact of manufacturing and commerce on the planet's natural systems and human communities, and how that impact now forces business to change its ways. The Responsible Company shows companies how to reduce the harm they cause, improve the quality of their business, and provide the kind of meaningful work everyone seeks. It concludes with specific, practical steps every business can undertake, as well as advice on what to do, in what order. This is the first book to show companies how to thread their way through economic sea change and slow the drift toward ecological bankruptcy. Its advice is simple but powerful: reduce your environmental footprint (and its skyrocketing cost), make legitimate products that last, reclaim deep knowledge of your business and its supply chain to make the most of opportunities in the years to come, and earn the trust you'll need by treating your workers, customers and communities with respect.


The variety of anthropogenic stressors to the marine environment - including, increasingly, climate change - and their complex and synergistic impacts on ocean ecosystems testifies to the failure of existing governance regimes to protect these ecosystems and the services that they provide. Marine spatial planning has been widely hailed as a means of improving ocean governance through holistic ecosystem-based planning. However, that concept arose without reference to climate change, and hence it does not automatically account for the dynamic alterations in marine ecosystems that climate change is bringing. This Article attempts to adapt marine spatial planning to climate change adaptation. In so doing, it explores three main topics. First, it examines how established marine protected areas can aid climate change adaptation. Second, the Article looks at how nations have incorporated climate change considerations into marine spatial planning to increase marine ecosystem resilience, focusing on the international leader in marine spatial planning: Australia. Finally, the Article explores how marine spatial planning could become flexible enough to adapt to the changes that climate change will bring to the world's oceans, focusing on anticipatory zoning. Governments, of course, can establish marine zoning governance regimes in anticipation of climate change impacts, as has already occurred in the Arctic. However, drawing on work by Josh Eagle, Barton H. Thompson, and James Sanchirico, this Article argues that governments could also combine anticipatory zoning and closely regulated marine use rights bidding regimes to encourage potential future private users to make informed bets about the future productivity value of different parts of the ocean, potentially improving both our knowledge regarding climate change impacts on particular marine environments and ocean governance regimes for climate-sensitive areas.


Administrators at many universities are using the National Research Council's (NRC's) measures of departmental performance to assess the performance of their economics departments. The NRC methodology measures faculty publications, citations, and grants in specific ways, which gives departments an incentive to enhance their performance as measured by the NRC metrics. This affects departmental hiring, promotion, and tenure decisions, and gives faculty an incentive to do the type of research that can produce more publications, citations, and grants as measured by the NRC. The NRC criteria count only a subset of publications, citations, and grants, so using that metric rewards research that the NRC counts over research that produces publications, citations, and grants that the NRC does not count. This favors mainstream work over more heterodox approaches to economics, favors expensive research programs that can be federally funded, and tends to make research departments more homogeneous.


The writing of school histories is a neglected sub-discipline in the study of heritage. It is, however, imperative that this aspect of the broad tapestry of our local and national heritage is analysed and preserved. As a microcosm of the community which it serves, a school reflects and engages with the greater political, social and economic issues and dynamics at any particular stage in its development. Often relegated to a purely celebratory document marking a centenary, half or quarter century, the account could be purely anecdotal or touch only on those aspects of the school which have contributed to school traditions, neglecting the broader framework within which it functions and with which it engages. It is critical that this aspect of heritage is preserved by historians who take the effort to research and write about this tiny snippet of our national heritage.


There has been growing interest in the use of qualitative methods in health research amongst health and social care professionals. Good qualitative cross-cultural research analysis is not an easy task as it involves knowledge of different approaches, techniques and command of the appropriate languages. This article aims to discuss and explore some of the key processes and concepts involved in conducting translation and transliteration of qualitative research.


A centralized heterogeneous formation flight position control scheme has been formulated using an explicit model following design, based on a Linear Quadratic Regulator Proportional Integral (LQR PI) controller. The leader quadcopter is a stable reference model with desired dynamics whose output is perfectly tracked by the two wingmen quadcopters. The leader itself is controlled through the pole placement control method with desired stability characteristics, while the two followers are controlled through a robust and adaptive LQR PI control method. Selected 3-D formation geometry and static stability are maintained under a number of possible perturbations. With this control scheme, formation geometry may also be switched to any arbitrary shape during flight, provided a suitable collision avoidance mechanism is incorporated. In case of communication loss between the leader and any of the followers, the other follower provides the data, received from the leader, to the affected follower. The stability of the closed-loop system has been analyzed using singular values. The proposed approach for the tightly coupled formation flight of mini unmanned aerial vehicles has been validated with the help of extensive simulations using MATLAB/Simulink, which provided promising results.


This study, Parents Choosing Independent Education: Personal Advantage or a Moral Alternative, is a narrative research project that presents the stories of 19 parents who have chosen independent (private) Quaker (Friends) education for their children. Within this research project is the very real tension between public education (that provides ostensibly equal opportunities) and independent education (that can provide opportunities for personal advantage). I situate the problem in the historical relationship of education and democracy and tie them to the priority of relationships and schools as a place where children learn moral lessons. I discuss the interconnectedness of education, democracy, relationships and ultimately learning to be a moral person in the context of the stories as told by parents who have chosen to send their children to an independent, Friends school. The work of educational theorists and researchers John Dewey, Nel Noddings, Jane Roland Martin, Ellen Brantlinger, and Alan Peshkin provide the contemporary framework from which these parents' stories are analyzed. Parents' stories are complex and at times present conflicting values and priorities. Some parents talk about quantifiable measures of academic success. Most parents talk about the importance of relationships at school and a curriculum where their children learn moral values. When children are described as happy at school their parents talk very little about academic achievements or standards. However, when children are described as not happy at school then academics and curriculum standards become a major emphasis of their child's story. Parents' stories reveal three major themes. Parents talk about needs of children and families, certain conditions when children are happy at school, and relationships and social justice issues consistent with the priorities of Friends education, i.e., peace, community, integrity, simplicity, and equality. Most of these parents express a preference for progressive education and practices that support the development of moral behavior reflecting democratic values. Some parents use the language of Friends testimonies, talking about peace, community, simplicity, integrity, and equality. Other parents use secular language to describe their priorities as they talk about an intentional social curriculum, as described by Ruth Sidney Charney, where cooperation, positive relationships, and conflict resolution are taught by modeling, discussing, practice, and confirmation.


(Re)discovering Europe. Dream weekends with practical itineraries from Paris to Perm. Culture, history, natural beauty, fine cuisine, artistic masterpieces, cutting-edge architecture and style - Europe overflows with so many riches that a lifetime seems too short to appreciate them. But with the right guidance, you can go far in a single weekend. Stylishly written and carefully researched, this updated and expanded collection of the popular "New York Times" "36 Hours" feature offers you 125 well-crafted itineraries for quick but memorable European trips, accompanied by hundreds of color photographs to fire your imagination. You can explore the expected: the Renaissance in Florence, surfing in Biarritz, flamenco in Seville. And discover the unexpected: Sicilian mummies dressed in their Sunday best, a dry-land toboggan ride on Madeira, a hotel in Tallinn with a KGB spies' nest on the penthouse floor. Your guides are seasoned "New York Times" journalists and savvy travel writers. Elaine Sciolino, a longtime foreign correspondent, offers three tours of Paris and a side trip in southern France. Frank Bruni, the "Times" op-ed columnist and food writer, advises on pizza and priceless art in Rome. Matt Gross, the Frugal Traveler, takes you to a gorgeous beach in Poland. With the peripatetic author Tony Perrottet, follow the footsteps of Lord Byron and the Shelleys around Lake Geneva. And Seth Sherwood, one of America's liveliest and most prolific travel writers, lays out a dozen weekends from Copenhagen to St.Tropez. World capitals, ancient nations that once ruled wide domains, tiny countries with big personalities - it's all Europe, and all fun to read about (whether you actually go or not) in this handsomely designed and illustrated book. It features: 4,500 hours worth of insightful itineraries to make the most of your stay; 125 European destinations, from major cities to lesser known gems; practical recommendations for over 500 restaurants and 400 hotels; color-coded tabs and ribbons to bookmark your favorite cities in each region; nearly 800 photos, most of them from "The New York Times" archive; all stories have been updated and adapted for this volume by Barbara Ireland, a veteran "Times" travel editor; new illustrations by "Times" illustrator Olimpia Zagnoli of Milan; easy-to-reference indexes; and detailed city-by-city maps pinpoint every stop on your itinerary. Also available: "36 Hours: 150 Weekends in the USA & Canada".


The carbon footprint of materials and products is becoming an increasingly important factor in international trade. At present the carbon emissions balance of the South African economy is not well understood, especially the carbon emissions associated with imports and exports. An investigation was done of known economic input-output and life cycle analyses models addressing this shortcoming. The results reveal that South Africa is a major exporter of carbon; at least 129 per cent more carbon is associated with a dollar earned with exports than a dollar spent on imports, and the carbon footprint of the outflows on average, equates 37 per cent of the total carbon emissions of the economy. Such figures have serious policy-related implications in a future where international climate-change trade limitations will become stricter and binding.


This thesis is focused on inland sand ecosystems, which are among the most threatened grassland types in Central Europe. These landscapes are highly fragmented and are inhabited by many endangered species in spatially isolated habitats. Recently, populations of the rare site-specific plant species decreased, the vegetation density increased and the typically open habitats became more and more ruderalised. As a reason, an enhanced nitrogen deposition and the abandonment of former extensively used grassland were discussed. Consequently, spontaneous succession can appear. To maintain community structure and population dynamics, different nature conservation management methods were introduced; in particular extensive sheep-grazing regimes became a suitable management tool in dry open habitats.
The aim of this thesis was to elucidate the impact of crucial abiotic and biotic factors on succession in threatened inland sand ecosystems in a successional gradient.
The main study site was the "Ehemaliger August-Euler-Flugplatz von Darmstadt", a nature protection area in the northern Upper Rhine Valley of Germany. The characteristic plant communities of this site are considered highly threatened types in Central Europe according to the EU Habitats directive. The vegetation complex consists in the eastern part of early-successional stages of a pioneer Koelerion glaucae community, while in the western part mid-successional stages of Armerio-Festucetum trachyphyllae vegetation can be found. The substrates are primarily calcareous sands (Koelerion glaucae) with slight acidification of the topsoil (Armerio-Festucetum). The pre-grazing state in this system was characterised by a mowing regime during the military use and afterwards only by very extensive mowing and mulching. Sheep grazing was established in the area in the years 1999/2000.
Nutrient increase, e.g. by atmospheric nitrogen deposition or transfer of soil particles, is a major threat for many types of endangered open vegetation. As a model system we used threatened sandy grassland, where a nutrient addition experiment in a five-fold replicated randomised block design was started in the year 2000. We analysed the whole data set for a nine-year period and ran extended approaches in the years 2007 to 2009. We added nitrogen in low dose (n) to simulate an enhanced atmospheric deposition, nitrogen in high dose (N), nitrogen in high dose in combination with different micro- or macronutrients (NP, NPK, NPKM), phosphorus (P), and a carbon source (C) to immobilise plant-available nitrogen to our experimental plots. Additionally, seed limitation was tested by assessing the local seed rain. The data set was analysed by means of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and linear mixed models.
The DCA revealed two successional pathways: one line typical for threatened sandy grassland, and another one which was accelerated and clearly separated from the typical one. These separations were only detectable after a "lag phase" of about five years. As a general trend phytodiversity diminished on all plots, but the decrease was significantly stronger on plots with high-dose N, which have also shown higher turnover ratios. Site-specific species from pioneer stages (strategy type "stress-tolerators" and "ruderals") and "Red Data" species decreased with nutrient addition. Additionally, we observed an increase in cover of tall plants, geo- and hemicryptophytes, "competitors/stress-tolerators/ruderals" and competitive grasses on plots with high-dose N. The above-ground phytomass production of phanerogams was up to 3-fold higher following N, NP, NPK or NPKM treatment, but it was significantly lower in the case of cryptogams. In contrast, low-dose nitrogen and phosphorus only had no impact on any species except legumes, which were facilitated predominantly by P. The extended approach has shown that most plants were responsive to nutrient addition and grew taller or set more fruits or seeds. In the local seed rain many autochthonous and allochthonous species were found. Anyhow, most abundant species were non-target species and even Calamagrostis epigejos caryopses were found.
It could be shown by a field experiment that floristic structure, successional lines, phytodiversity and plant strategies of the studied system changed after a five-year period and a threatened vegetation type was gradually replaced by one with dominant and/or competitive species. These findings emphasise the importance of long-term observations for the study of effects caused by nutrients.
I used a long-term field experiment lasting 10 years for further investigations concerning the effects of sheep grazing as a type of moderate disturbance. As "experiments by nature" happened during this time period, we were also able to study severe biotic (rabbit grazing) and abiotic (drought) disturbances, examining the recovery and resilience of the system after these severe disturbances.
Within a six-fold replicated randomised split-plot design, 25-m² plots of Armerio-Festucetum trachyphyllae vegetation were studied from 2000-2009 in the northern upper Rhine valley (Germany). We analysed sheep-grazed and non-grazed plots (both with very low rabbit impact until the first half of 2005). In 2005 we established an additional plot type without rabbit and sheep grazing. Severe rabbit impact was studied in detail from 2006 to 2008 concerning flower resources, seed production, endozoochorous seed dispersal and phytomass extraction. Data were analysed by ordination methods and mixed linear models.
Moderate disturbance by sheep grazing maintained species diversity in times of low rabbit densities. Severe drought in 2003 resulted in a marked decrease of species numbers, but the system recovered already in 2004. The subsequently analysed "high rabbit impact" resulted in decreases of species numbers, cover of bryophytes, flower quantities and seed content in faeces. Species numbers also declined on plots without rabbit grazing, but for different reasons. Shifts in phenological phases due to rabbit grazing were not observed, but the sum of flowers and number of flowering species decreased. After the decline of the rabbit population, species numbers slightly increased in 2009. Non-grazed plots showed an increase of litter.
Despite severe disturbances by rabbits or drought, the community structure was relatively stable, especially in the case of non-ruderalised plots, and showed only slight changes. We developed a conceptual model showing the high potential of recovery and resilience even in the case of severe disturbances.
Besides direct grazing effects like the creation of gaps by extensive livestock grazing, previous studies have shown benefits of seed dispersal (endo-, epizoochory), but little was known about post-dispersal processes such as trampling effects. We investigated the role of sheep trampling for the post-dispersal fate of dung-embedded seeds in sheep and rabbit dung and hypothesised a positive impact for the establishment of seedlings as a consequence of cracking the dung pellets. Sheep and rabbit dung was collected from threatened sandy grassland, and its seed potential was tested in a climate room. In a factorial field experiment we assessed the effects of trampling (using sheep-hoof replicas) and dung type on seedling emergence and fruiting success.
For both dung types seedling emergence in the field was only 5 or 7 % of the potential without trampling but 18 or 14 % with trampling. Plots with trampled sheep or rabbit dung both showed significantly more seedlings (3.6- or 2.1-fold), more species (2.4- or 1.9-fold) and more fruiting seedlings (3.9- or 2.6-fold) and fruiting species (2.1- or 1.9-fold) compared to non-trampled dung plots. However, not only target species profited from trampling, but also non-target species. This is disadvantageous regarding nature conservation aims, but the proportion of target species was clearly increased by trampling.
Sheep play a multifaceted role in dispersal processes: after endozoochoric transport they act as a sort of "gardener" not only for sheep-dispersed seeds, but also for those dispersed by rabbits.


The emergence of new hardware and platforms has led to reconsideration of how data management systems are designed. However, certain basic functions such as key indexed access to records remain essential. While we exploit the common architectural layering of prior systems, we make radically new design decisions about each layer. Our new form of B-tree, called the Bw-tree achieves its very high performance via a latch-free approach that effectively exploits the processor caches of modern multi-core chips. Our storage manager uses a unique form of log structuring that blurs the distinction between a page and a record store and works well with flash storage. This paper describes the architecture and algorithms for the Bw-tree, focusing on the main memory aspects. The paper includes results of our experiments that demonstrate that this fresh approach produces outstanding performance.


This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact email@example.com.


In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 20 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Teratogens/fetal exposure; 20 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.


Abstract This article uses the co-teaching experiences of workshop instructors at the University of Nevada, Reno Libraries as a basis for an in-depth exploration of the factors that lead to successful co-teaching arrangements among librarians and other information professionals. The experiences of these instructors demonstrate that co-teaching can provide numerous benefits: It can enhance the learning experience for students, it can provide a method for refining teaching skills, it can promote successful collaborations across departments, and it can bring innovative ideas into the classroom. Drawing on collaboration research from the Wilder Foundation, this study found that successful co-teaching relationships are characterized by factors related to environment, partnerships, process and structure, communication, purpose, resources, and external/long-term considerations. Within these seven areas, guidelines for successful coteaching relationships have been formulated for use by librarians and other information professionals.


Successful implementation of MHP projects in Ethiopia and subsequently a broader dissemination of the technology require an interdisciplinary approach. Based on the analyses of present hindrances in Ethiopia, crucial aspects are identified. Even though an adequate hydrological potential and electricity requirements are provided for at numerous sites, special attention must be directed to competing technologies, such as a diesel generator system or the connection to an existing grid, to investment and operating costs, profitability, financing instruments, financing partners, organisation forms, legal and political boundary conditions, tariff systems and paying modalities. All these relevant aspects are analysed individually and with regard to their causal interrelationships. The whole study provides the basis for the development of a decision support system. By means of a regionalisation method, regression equations are developed which facilitate the estimation of the hydrological potential at a site with lacking runoff measurements. The evaluation of existing methods to forecast electricity consumption showed that usual specific consumption figures cannot be applied without taking into account the number of households per official connection and the effect of measures which stimulate market penetration and specific consumption. For example, incentives to purchase electrical appliances are one measure to promote the consumption. Simultaneously, an appropriate tariff system must optimise temporal balancing of loads by truncating peaks and filling of load gaps. Additionally it should help to adopt the continuously growing demand function to the stepwise increase of supply capacity. Selling of capacities in kilowatt instead of energy in kilowatt hours aligns with these objectives. Since profitability of MHP systems in Ethiopia revealed to be marginal and access to loans is limited due to the required collateral, mixed financing with different project partners is recommended. Firstly, some non- or less-profit oriented equity capital donors such as customers, development banks and NGO's and secondly, venture capitalists with significant equity capital for the provision of collateral and enforcing successful management should be involved. Thirdly, banks with loan capital are required to increase the ROE for the highly profit oriented investors due to a positive leverage effect. Some of the problems incurred can be solved by the issuance of juissance rights. They facilitate the participation of customers as co-financiers and allow dividend payment in kW's or kWh's. They reduce the risk of electricity sales, and delayed payments. They accommodate access to "cheap" quasi-equity capital from customers and thus ease the access to loans. In return, they offer the advantage of reduced monthly electricity expenses to the customer who, in case of a fixed rate of dividend, receives energy units unaffected by inflation. Juissance rights do not require a stock market and are permitted within the framework of several organisational forms. Since they do not confer any ownership rights, the management control remains with the (more) liable project partners. The participating partners, their number and liability, control aspects, the type of financing and finally the total investment volume decide on the favoured organisational form. A limited partnership is useful in case of investors with different liabilities, supplemented by consumers with juissance rights. A modern co-operative requires a well funded community, independent from big investors and banks. With regard to legal requirements, the investment licence turned out to be of primary importance, but can only be acquired for projects of a fixed minimum volume. The licence facilitates access to the one-stop-shop and thus to other requirements like operating licence, working permits, registration of the business organisation and the allocation of land and water rights. In order to perspicuously illustrate the theoretical results all mentioned aspects together with the investigations on technical design, investment and operating costs are applied to two fictitious case studies of capacities of 50 and 150 kW. The analysis of prospects for international financing support with regard to the Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, the Global Environmental Fund and others proved that these instruments can contribute to implement either barrier removal projects or concrete MHP pilot projects. In view of the collected information, the potential and the limits of a DSS tool are reviewed. Finally conclusions and recommendations on concrete measures, such as investment incentives, redemption from customs duties and improvement of loan conditions are given.


Informed in 1944 that she was "not of the sex" entitled to be admitted to Harvard Law School, African American activist Pauli Murray confronted the injustice she called "Jane Crow." In the 1960s and 1970s, the analogies between sex and race discrimination pioneered by Murray became potent weapons in the battle for women's rights, as feminists borrowed rhetoric and legal arguments from the civil rights movement. Serena Mayeri's Reasoning from Race is the first book to explore the development and consequences of this key feminist strategy. Mayeri uncovers the history of an often misunderstood connection at the heart of American antidiscrimination law. Her study details how a tumultuous political and legal climate transformed the links between race and sex equality, civil rights and feminism. Battles over employment discrimination, school segregation, reproductive freedom, affirmative action, and constitutional change reveal the promise and peril of reasoning from race--and offer a vivid picture of Pauli Murray, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and others who defined feminists' agenda. Looking beneath the surface of Supreme Court opinions to the deliberations of feminist advocates, their opponents, and the legal decision makers who heard--or chose not to hear--their claims, Reasoning from Race showcases previously hidden struggles that continue to shape the scope and meaning of equality under the law.


For researchers doing qualitative research, interviews are a commonly used method. Data collected through interviews can be recorded through field notes, transcripts, or tape recordings. In the literature, there is a debate regarding which of these recording methods should be used. There are issues of reliability, cost (time and money), loss of data, among others. Technology plays a pivotal role in this debate. Indeed, new technologies (e.g., direct coding) are often seen as potential replacements for older technologies (e.g., transcripts), which leads to a debate that is based on an evolution narrative (from field notes, to transcripts, to working from tape recordings). This article argues that a combination narrative should be considered where combination is better than substitution. Moreover, combining the advantages of field notes, transcripts, and working from tape recordings without accumulating each method's disadvantages is possible because of new technology. To support this argument, two technological tools (OneNote and SmartPen) are presented as a way to increase the effectiveness, efficiency, and economy of qualitative data management.


What's happening? condi Sir, I have the report here about the new leader of China. george Great. Lay it on me. condi Hu is the new leader of China. george That's what I want to know. condi That's what I'm telling you. george That's what I'm asking you. Who is the new leader of China? condi Yes. george I mean the fellow's name. condi Hu. george The guy in China. condi Hu. george The new leader of China. condi Hu. george The Chinaman! condi Hu is leading China. george Now whaddya asking me for? condi I'm telling you Hu is leading China. george Well, I'm asking you. Who is leading China? condi That's the man's name. george That's who's name? condi Yes. george Will you or will you not tell me the name of the new leader of China? condi Yes, sir. george Yassir? Yassir Arafat is in China? I thought he was in the Middle East. condi That's correct. george Then who is in China? condi Yes, sir. george Yassir is in China? condi No, sir. george Then who is? condi Yes, sir. george Yassir? condi No, sir. george Look, Condi. I need to know the name of the new leader of China. Get me the Secretary General of the UN on the phone. condi Kofi? george No, thanks. condi You want Kofi? george No. condi You don't want Kofi. george No. But now that you mention it, I could use a glass of milk. And then get me the UN. condi Yes, sir. george Not Yassir! The guy at the UN. condi Kofi? george Milk! Will you please make the call? condi And call who? george Who is the guy at the UN? condi Hu is the guy in China. george Will you stay out of China?! condi Yes, sir. george And stay out of the Middle East! Just get me the guy at the UN. condi Kofi. george All right! With cream and two sugars. Now get on the phone. condi picks up the phone. condi Rice, here. george Rice? Good idea. And a couple of egg rolls, too. Maybe we should send some to the guy in China. And the Middle East. Can you get Chinese food in the Middle East? End of play. James Sherman


And Zaccheus remained in the tree: Reconciliation and Justice and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) has been praised the world over for its work and its example is being followed by many countries, in Africa especially. In South Africa the TRC has raised hopes and expectations that went beyond the TRC's functionality within the framework of South Africa's political settlement and its legal mandate given by Parliament. This contribution argues that there is growing disillusionment with the work of the TRC especially among black communities and that one of the major flaws of the TRC rests in its failure to link reconciliation with justice. Justice here must not be understood within the strict legal terms that some have applied to the work of the TRC but rather from within the expectations created by the TRC itself through its own insistence that its work should be seen as a Christian endeavour. This failure has a direct bearing on the situation South Africa finds itself in today, and the author argues that a return to an understanding of reconciliation that presupposes justice will help address one of the most critical issues in our social, political and theological discourse today.


Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a ubiquitous problem in computational biology. Although it is NP-hard to find an optimal solution for an arbitrary number of sequences, due to the importance of this problem researchers are trying to push the limits of exact algorithms further. Since MSA can be cast as a classical path finding problem, it is attracting a growing number of AI researchers interested in heuristic search algorithms as a challenge with actual practical relevance.

In this paper, we first review two previous, complementary lines of research. Based on Hirschberg's algorithm, Dynamic Programming needs O(kNk-1) space to store both the search frontier and the nodes needed to reconstruct the solution path, for k sequences of length N. Best first search, on the other hand, has the advantage of bounding the search space that has to be explored using a heuristic. However, it is necessary to maintain all explored nodes up to the final solution in order to prevent the search from re-expanding them at higher cost. Earlier approaches to reduce the Closed list are either incompatible with pruning methods for the Open list, or must retain at least the boundary of the Closed list.

In this article, we present an algorithm that attempts at combining the respective advantages; like A* it uses a heuristic for pruning the search space, but reduces both the maximum Open and Closed size to O(kNk-1), as in Dynamic Programming. The underlying idea is to conduct a series of searches with successively increasing upper bounds, but using the DP ordering as the key for the Open priority queue. With a suitable choice of thresholds, in practice, a running time below four times that of A* can be expected.

In our experiments we show that our algorithm outperforms one of the currently most successful algorithms for optimal multiple sequence alignments, Partial Expansion A*, both in time and memory. Moreover, we apply a refined heuristic based on optimal alignments not only of pairs of sequences, but of larger subsets. This idea is not new; however, to make it practically relevant we show that it is equally important to bound the heuristic computation appropriately, or the overhead can obliterate any possible gain.

Furthermore, we discuss a number of improvements in time and space efficiency with regard to practical implementations.

Our algorithm, used in conjunction with higher-dimensional heuristics, is able to calculate for the first time the optimal alignment for almost all of the problems in Reference 1 of the benchmark database BAliBASE.


Renowned playwright George Bernard Shaw once said "The reasonable man adapts himself to the world, the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man." By this definition, some of today's entrepreneurs are decidedly unreasonable--and have even been dubbed crazy. Yet as John Elkington and Pamela Hartigan argue in The Power of Unreasonable People, our very future may hinge on their work. Through vivid stories, the authors identify the highly unconventional entrepreneurs who are solving some of the world's most pressing economic, social, and environmental problems. They also show how these pioneers are disrupting existing industries, value chains, and business models--and in the process creating fast-growing markets around the world. By understanding these entrepreneurs' mindsets and strategies, you gain vital insights into future market opportunities for your own organization. Providing a first-hand, on-the-ground look at a new breed of entrepreneur, this book reveals how apparently unreasonable innovators have built their enterprises, how their work will shape risks and opportunities in the coming years, and what tomorrow's leaders can learn from them. Start investing in, partnering with, and learning from these world-shaping change agents, and you position yourself to not only survive but also thrive in the new business landscape they're helping to define.


The Internet is an increasingly contested space, particularly in countries with repressive governments. Infringements on Internet freedom, particularly through Internet filtering and surveillance, have inspired activists and technologists to develop technological counter-measures, most notably circumvention tools to defeat Internet filters and anonymity tools to help protect user privacy and avoid online surveillance efforts. The widely heralded role of online activism in the Arab spring and the increasing incidence of Internet filtering around the world have spurred greater interest in supporting the development and dissemination of these tools as a means to foster greater freedom of expression online and strengthen the hand of activists demanding political reform. However, despite the perceived importance of this field, relatively little is known about the demand for and usage patterns of these tools.In December 2010, we surveyed a sample of international bloggers to better understand how, where, why, and by whom these tools are being used.From previous research, we know that circumvention tools are effective in evading national Internet filtering, though they can be slow, insecure and difficult to use. We also know that worldwide circumvention tool usage is limited. In our recent report on circumvention tool usage, we found that at most (and likely far fewer than) 3% of Internet users in countries that engage in substantial filtering use circumvention tools once a month or more. Through this survey, we aim to better understand usage of these tools by a specific community of politically- and internationally-oriented bloggers.The full, aggregated results of the survey are available at: International Bloggers and Internet Control: Full Survey Results


The federal government is having increasing difficulty faithfully executing the laws, which is what Alexander Hamilton called "the true test" of a good government. This book diagnoses the symptoms, explains their general causes, and proposes ways to improve the effectiveness of the federal government. Employing Hamilton's seven measures of an energetic federal service, Paul Light shows how the government is wanting in each measure.After assessing the federal report card, Light offers a comprehensive agenda for reform, including new laws limiting the number of political appointees, reducing the layers of government management, reducing the size of government as its baby-boom employees retire, revitalizing the federal career, and reducing the heavy outsourcing of federal work. Although there are many ways to fix each of the seven problems with government, only a comprehensive agenda will bring the kind of reform needed to reverse the overall erosion of the capacity to faithfully execute all the laws.


Written by two World War II veterans who later became well-known war correspondents, this biography records the inspiring life of one of America's great naval heroes. Popularly referred to as "31-Knot" Burke, Admiral Arleigh Burke fought savage battles at sea and won every decoration a grateful nation could bestow, yet his service to his country was not in combat alone. This book is at once a stirring testament to Burke's World War II record as a combat leader and to his talents as a diplomat at the armistice table in Korea and as a politician in Washington. It details his legendary victories with DESRON 23 in the Pacific and his development of high-speed night tactics for destroyers that resulted in what many call the perfect naval engagement at the Battle of Cape St. George.Burke's most enduring contributions occurred during his unprecedented three terms as chief of naval operations when he directed the Navy's technical development during its revolutionary change from steam and gunpowder to nuclear concepts in ships, weaponry, strategy, and tactics. Published soon after Burke's retirement from the Navy in 1961, the book has remained a standard reference for four decades.


The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of a Critical Friends Group on
classroom practices and collaboration when implemented within an elementary school
setting. Nine certified elementary school teachers in a southeastern North Carolina
elementary school were taught the Critical Friends Group process in order to participate
in focused observations of fellow group members and discussed findings with peers.

Participants were led by a coach every two weeks to discuss a topic in education and
other related findings. Video taped meetings, written reflection questions, and raw data
from teacher observations were collected, and analyzed, and examined for themes
relevant to the collaboration process. Major themes were support and trust, creating
professional growth through the Critical Friends Group, elaborate foci of observations,
and relevant strategies shared to improve the teaching practice. Data analysis revealed
that when teachers voluntarily collaborate on focused areas of observation, production
level of strategies to implement within the classroom increased. Data also revealed that
collaboration amongst peers of different grade levels created trust that allowed teachers to
discuss issues in a more comfortable level. Recommendations for implementing a
Critical Friends Group within an elementary school are provided.


Utilizing radiation data from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), circulation statistics from NCEP reanalysis, and assimilated ocean data for the tropical Pacific basin, we show that the surface ocean warming during the 1986–87 El Niño is not only accompanied by significant increases in the cloud reflection of the solar radiation, but also by marked increases in the poleward energy transport in both the atmosphere and ocean. Measured over the equatorial region, the feedback from the ocean dynamics is twice as large as from the atmospheric dynamics which in turn is twice as large as the feedback from the cloud albedo. The three feedbacks constitute a strong regulatory effect upon the equatorial SST. The results reveal a prominent role of El Niño in the heat removal from the equatorial Pacific.


A helpful guide on all things CiscoDo you wish that the complex topics of routers, switches, and networking could be presented in a simple, understandable presentation? With Cisco Networking All-in-One For Dummies, they are! This expansive reference is packed with all the information you need to learn to use Cisco routers and switches to develop and manage secure Cisco networks. This straightforward-by-fun guide offers expansive coverage of Cisco and breaks down intricate subjects such as networking, virtualization, and database technologies into easily digestible pieces. Drills down complex subjects concerning Cisco networking into easy-to-understand, straightforward coverageShares best practices for utilizing Cisco switches and routers to implement, secure, and optimize Cisco networksReviews Cisco networking solutions and products, securing Cisco networks, and optimizing Cisco networksDetails how to design and implement Cisco networksWhether you're new to Cisco networking products and services or an experienced professional looking to refresh your knowledge about Cisco, this For Dummies guide provides you with the coverage, solutions, and best practices you need.


This paper organizes the judgments of economists regarding the impact of rent controls in the American context. The review is limited to journal articles listed by the American Economic Association's electronic bibliography, EconLit, under the subject search "Rent Control,†and articles cited by those EconLit-listed articles. My findings cover research on many dimensions of the issue, including housing availability, maintenance and housing quality, rental rates, political and administrative costs, and redistribution. It is fair to say that the literature points to a conclusion against rent control, yet as of 2001, about 140 jurisdictions in the United States persist in some form of the intervention.


Plate tectonic mechanisms explain most of the dominant types of volcanism. Intraplate volcanism has been attributed to hot spots associated with mantle plumes, though alternative explanations have been proposed for settings not fed by plumes. We report young intraplate volcanism in an amagmatic margin south of Greenland in a 40 Ma old plate. An elongated structure with a length of 110 km and a height of 2500 m above basement extends at an oblique angle to the Mid Atlantic ridge and the fracture zones. We propose that this structure is related to reactivation of a rudimentary fracture zone by edge-driven convection across Minna Fracture Zone and partial melting caused by glacial rebound during the periodic melting of ice on Greenland in the last 3 Ma.


BACKGROUND
Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) among older individuals is associated with considerable benefit.

METHODS
In this study, we have examined the extent of secondary prevention among British women and men aged 60-79 years who were surveyed and examined between 1998 and 2001.

RESULTS
Among 483 women (12.1% of the whole sample) and 831 men (19.5%) with CHD, >90% of both sexes had at least one modifiable risk factor, with over two-fifths having high blood pressure and over three-quarters high cholesterol. For total cholesterol and body mass index, mean values in both male and female subjects were above recommended levels, and a large shift in the population distributions would be required for targets to be met. Less than one-quarter of subjects of either sex were on a statin, and whilst the majority of men were taking an antiplatelet medication, only 40% of women were.

CONCLUSIONS
Most older women and men in Britain were failing to meet National Service Framework standards for secondary prevention in the period immediately before its implementation. Large shifts in the population distributions of some risk factors would be required in this group to meet these standards.


The war that took place in Libya in 2011 forced 1.5 million people to leave the country. Many of them, from sub-Saharan Africa, were helped to return to their countries of origin by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). This paper questions the purely humanitarian nature of the IOM intervention with reference to its activities before and after the conflict. It shows that this organisation has long participated in the implementation of European migration policies in Libya, and more widely in the Sahara. Through the replacement of local politics by international crisis management, this desert is gradually integrated into a zone of international bureaucratic expedience. War and humanitarian intervention appear as contingencies in the progressive implementation of a global system of surveillance, spatial control and management of mobility in Africa.