Evaporation is a very important process; it is one of the most critical factors in agricultural, hydrological, and meteorological studies. Due to the interactions of multiple climatic factors, evaporation is considered as a complex and nonlinear phenomenon to model. Thus, machine learning methods have gained popularity in this realm. In the present study, four machine learning methods of Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) were used to predict the pan evaporation (PE). Meteorological data including PE, temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (W), and sunny hours (S) collected from 2011 through 2017. The accuracy of the studied methods was determined using the statistical indices of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (R) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Furthermore, the Taylor charts utilized for evaluating the accuracy of the mentioned models. The results of this study showed that at Gonbad-e Kavus, Gorgan and Bandar Torkman stations, GPR with RMSE of 1.521 mm/day, 1.244 mm/day, and 1.254 mm/day, KNN with RMSE of 1.991 mm/day, 1.775 mm/day, and 1.577 mm/day, RF with RMSE of 1.614 mm/day, 1.337 mm/day, and 1.316 mm/day, and SVR with RMSE of 1.55 mm/day, 1.262 mm/day, and 1.275 mm/day had more appropriate performances in estimating PE values. It was found that GPR for Gonbad-e Kavus Station with input parameters of T, W and S and GPR for Gorgan and Bandar Torkmen stations with input parameters of T, RH, W and S had the most accurate predictions and were proposed for precise estimation of PE. The findings of the current study indicated that the PE values may be accurately estimated with few easily measured meteorological parameters.


During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (RBE) to Ambon, 33 species of swimming crabs were collected in the littoral and upper sublittoral zone by hand on tidal flats, using SCUBA, and using a Holthuis dredge. Lissocarcinus arkati, L. laevis, Charybdis (C.) hellerii, C. (C.) orientalis, C. (C.) variegata, Portunus hastatoides, P. iranjae, P. longispinosus, P. stephensoni, T. chaptalii, T. cooperi, T. stephensoni are recorded at Ambon and in the Moluccas for the first time. The Portunus tenuipes complex is partly revised and P. rugosus sensu Stephenson (1961) is considered a synonym of P. tenuipes De Haan, 1835. A new species, P. pseudotenuipes occurring at Ambon, in the Philippines and off South-East Asia is described. The Ambon fauna includes 55 swimming crab species, while for the Moluccas fauna 70 species are known. This makes Ambon probably one of the best studied local portunid faunas in the Indo-Pacific. According to the RBE collection and literature data, several groups of species with certain habitat preferences are discussed. 1) Upper sublittoral dwellers. 2) Shore dwellers occur in the intertidal zone, mostly on tidal flats, and in the upper sublittoral. 3) Primarily rock, rubble and reefflat dwellers belonged mainly to the genus Thalamita. 4) Symbiotic species of Caphyra are associated with alcyonarians while Lissocarcinus are commensals of anthozoans and echinoderms. A new association was recorded for the first time for Lissocarcinus arkati (with sea urchins), and the association of L. laevis with ceriantharians was confirmed.


A trio of eminent Old Testament scholars--Francis Brown, R. Driver, and Charles Briggs--spent over twenty years researching, writing, and preparing "The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon." Since it first appeared in the early part of the twentieth century, BDB has been considered the finest and most comprehensive Hebrew lexicon available to the English-speaking student. Based upon the classic work of Wilhelm Gesenius, the "father of modern Hebrew lexicography," BDB gives not only dictionary definitions for each word, but relates each word to its Old Testament usage and categorizes its nuances of meaning. BDB's exhaustive coverage of Old Testament Hebrew words, as well as its unparalleled usage of cognate languages and the wealth of background sources consulted and quoted, render BDB and invaluable resource for all students of the Bible.


Large engineering projects, such as the engineering development of computers, involve a large number of activities and require cooperation across a number of departments. Due to technological and market uncertainties, these projects involve the management of a large number of changes. The Callisto project was born out of realization that the classical approaches to project management do not provide sufficient functionally to manage large engineering projects. Callisto was initiated as a research effort to explore project scheduling, control and configuration problems during the engineering prototype development of large computer systems and to devise intelligent project management tools that facilitate the documentation of project management expertise and its reuse from one project to another. In the first phase of the project, rule-based prototypes were used to build quick prototypes of project management expertise and the project management knowledge required to support expert project managers. In the second phase, the understanding of point solutions was used to capture the underlying models of project management in distributed project negotiations and comparative analysis. This article provides an overview of the problems, experiments, and the resulting models of project knowledge and constraint-directed negotiation.


Acclaimed for its clear, friendly style, excellent illustrations, leading author team, and compelling theme of exploration, Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 4e takes a fresh, contemporary approach to the study of neuroscience, emphasizing the biological basis of behavior. The authors' passion for the dynamic field of neuroscience is evident on every page, engaging students and helping them master the material. In just a few years, the field of neuroscience has been transformed by exciting new technologies and an explosion of knowledge about the brain. The human genome has been sequenced, sophisticated new methods have been developed for genetic engineering, and new methods have been introduced to enable visualization and stimulation of specific types of nerve cells and connections in the brain. The new Fourth Edition has been fully updated to reflect these and other rapid advances in the field, while honoring its commitment to be student-friendly with striking new illustrations, additional animations, and an unparalleled array of online resources.


Emulation has been widely discussed as a preservation strategy for digital documents that depend upon proprietary executables, as well as for legacy programs. The fundamental assumption of this strategy is that an artifact (document or program) will be bundled with any required contemporaneous software in an archival information package (AIP) which can be loaded and executed in an emulation environment by patrons wishing to access the preserved artifact, yet little has been written about how to identify the required components for such an AIP. Even where a digital document was distributed with a binary viewer, there may be dependencies on other software libraries. In this paper we discuss a pilot study that performed dependency analysis for digital materials originally distributed on CD-ROM. In particular, we show how to utilize a small number of existing off-the-shelf libraries to build a tool that can analyze executables within ISO (CD-ROM) images, and then examine the results of applying this tool to a body of archived images.


It is commonplace to speak of central bank "independence" - as if it were both a reality and a necessity. While the Federal Reserve is subject to the "dual mandate," it has substantial discretion in its interpretation of the vague call for high employment and low inflation. Most important, the Fed's independence is supposed to insulate it from political pressures coming from Congress and the US Treasury to "print money" to finance budget deficits. As in many developed nations, this prohibition was written into US law from the founding of the Fed in 1913. In practice, the prohibition is easy to evade, as we found during World War II, when budget deficits ran up to a quarter of US GDP. If a central bank stands ready to buy government bonds in the secondary market to peg an interest rate, then private banks will buy bonds in the new-issue market and sell them to the central bank at a virtually guaranteed price. Since central bank purchases of securities supply the reserves needed by banks to buy government debt, a virtuous circle is created, so that the treasury faces no financing constraint. That is what the 1951 Accord was supposedly all about: ending the cheap source of US Treasury finance. Since the global financial crisis hit in 2007, these matters have come to the fore in both the United States and the European Monetary Union, with those worried about inflation warning that the central banks are essentially "printing money" to keep sovereign-government borrowing costs low. This paper argues that the Fed is not, and should not be, independent, at least in the sense in which that term is normally used. The Fed is a "creature of Congress," created by public law that has evolved since 1913 in a way that not only increased the Fed's assigned responsibilities but also strengthened congressional oversight. The paper addresses governance issues, which, a century after the founding of the Fed, remain somewhat unsettled. While the Fed should be, and appears to be, insulated from day-to-day political pressures, it is subject to the will of Congress. Further, the Fed cannot really be independent from the Treasury, because the Fed is the federal government's bank, with almost all payments made by and to the government running through the Fed. As such, there is no "operational independence" that would allow the Fed to refuse to allow the Treasury to spend appropriated funds. Finally, the paper addresses troubling issues raised by the Fed's response to the global financial crisis; namely, questions about transparency, accountability, and democratic governance.


Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.


The south-eastern Australian helicarionid clade currently comprises six genera of snails and semislugs united by genital characters, including an epiphallic flagellum that produces a spiraling, spinose spermatophore, the absence of an epiphallic caecum, and the presence of at most a very short vagina. We comprehensively revise the taxonomy of this group based on comparative analyses of key morphological features and mitochondrial markers COI and 16S, revise the placement of several species described recently on the basis of shell morphology alone, and describe new taxa. The snail genus Brevisentis is monophyletic as currently understood, but includes an additional undescribed species from Wollemi National Park, New South Wales. Mysticarion is shown to contain four arboreal semislugs with wide, disjunct ranges, including one new species (Mysticarion obscurior sp. nov.). We synonymise Fastosarion staffordorum with Mysticarion hyalinus. The semislug Desidarion is synonymised with Parmavitrina, and we describe two new species of this genus, P. flavocarinata sp. nov. and P. maculosa sp. nov. The semi-arboreal semislug Cucullarion is herein included in the south-eastern Australian helicarionid clade based on morphological and genetic evidence, despite its more northerly distribution. Two small semislugs so far placed in Peloparion do not group together and a new genus, Ubiquitarion gen. nov., is described for Peloparion iridis. All of these genera, together with the semislug Helicarion (not included here), form a monophyletic radiation endemic to southeastern Australia.


Could the government prevent Facebook from deleting an individual's Facebook account without first following government-prescribed procedures? Intervene to require Google to conduct its search engine rankings in a certain manner, or subject Google to legal liability for wrongful termination or exclusion? Require social networks and search engines to prominently reveal the criteria by which their algorithms sort, order, rank, and delete content? Demand that some user information or data be deleted, withheld, made inalienable, non-transferable, ungatherable or uncollectable? Engage in detailed regulation of the intellectual property and privacy relationships that inhere between individual users and the platforms they engage?Each of these questions implicates the First Amendment, and as each question reveals, the same stresses that strained the institution of property when Charles Reich wrote The New Property in 1964 confront digital speech in 2014. The most important "speech" of the next century will be generated, intermediated, transformed, and translated by massive computers controlled by powerful institutions: petitions in front of the shopping mall replaced with "Likes" on Facebook and "Votes" on Reddit; sports leagues replaced by leagues of Counter-Strike and Call of Duty; broadcast and cable news replaced by interactive, algorithmically-generated, computer-curated granularly distributed news memes spread via blogs and aggregators. As more of the activities that were once exclusively the province of the physical world become the province of the digital, more of the issues that once confronted the distribution and allocation of rights in property will confront the distribution and allocation of rights in speech. While the great speech debates of the twentieth century were about the content of speech — that is, what one could say — the great speech debate of the twenty-first century will be about what counts as speech and whose speech counts. Will it be that of institutions and algorithms, or individuals and organic communities?These are questions courts are already confronting and they are getting the answers wrong. In contrast to scholars who by turns either deemphasize the transformative nature of the New Speech or argue that courts will have little impact on its growth, this Article argues that potentially critical judicial missteps are already occurring. Just as the needs of modern industrial society were delayed and often stymied by the judiciary of the early twentieth century, if we fail to consider the implications of the speech decisions courts make now, the needs of the modern information society may be delayed and stymied by the judiciary of the early twenty-first.This Article is an effort to explore the ways in which speech platforms represent a new challenge to the First Amendment, one that will require it to bend if we are to prevent the Lochnerization of the Freedom of Speech. It ties together various threads — the power of automation, the centrality and power of Internet media platforms, the doctrines developing in the courts, the actual acts of censorship in which these platforms regularly engage, and the core purposes the First Amendment was designed to serve — to make a sustained argument that we must think seriously about restructuring and dejudicializing the First Amendment if we are to avoid seeing the First Amendment transformed into a powerful shield for the very sorts of censorship it was written to prevent.


The feature interaction problem in telecommunications systems increasingly ob-structs the evolution of such systems. We develop formal detection criteria whichrender a necessary (but less than sufficient) condition for feature interactions. It can be checked mechanically and points out all potentially critical spots. Thesehave to be analysed manually. The resulting resolution decisions are incorporatedformally. Some prototype tool support is already available. A prerequisite forformal criteria is a formal definition of the problem. Since the notions of featureand feature interaction are often used in a rather fuzzy way, we attempt a formaldefinition first and discuss which aspects can be included in a formalization (andtherefore in a detection method). This paper describes ongoing work.


Background: P53-mediated apoptosis involves a complex process induced largely by p53 acting as a transcription factor. We hypothesised that p53 expression would lead to transcriptional events that rapidly change during apoptosis and that protein array analysis would give a more comprehensive picture of p53-mediated apoptosis than mRNA alone. Materials and Methods: We over-expressed p53 in lymphoblastoid cell lines and performed temporal analysis of functional apoptosis, assessing mRNA levels by oligo microarray and protein levels by novel antibody microarray and Western blot. Results: mRNA levels varied over time. At least 10 genes that showed enhanced expression, such as APAF-1 and GADD45, contained the p53 target sequence confirming their nature as primary p53 targets. Changes in mRNA expression did not correlate directly with changes in protein expression. Conclusion: Array analysis of protein expression in addition to mRNA expression gave a more complete assessment of p53-mediated apoptosis; for example, enhanced levels of bcl-2 and E2F2 protein were detected which, along with APAF-1, are involved in the mitochondrial apoptotic process. These data extend existing p53 array findings to correlate with protein microarray data and functional apoptosis. Furthermore they emphasize the importance of combined proteomic and genomic approaches to the investigation of p53-mediated apoptosis and other cellular processes.


Innovation systems thinking is increasingly influencing approaches to sustainable agricultural development in developing world contexts. This represents a shift away from technology transfer towards recognition that agricultural change entails complex interactions among multiple actors and a range of technical, social and institutional factors. One option for practically applying innovation systems thinking involves the establishment of innovation platforms (IPs). Such platforms are designed to bring together a variety of different stakeholders to exchange knowledge and resources and take action to solve common problems. Yet relatively little is known about how IPs operate in practice, particularly how power dynamics influence platform processes. This paper focuses on a research-for-development project in the Ethiopian highlands which established three IPs for improved natural resource management. The 'power cube' is used to retrospectively analyse the spaces, forms and levels of power within these platforms and the impact on platform processes and resulting interventions. The overall aim is to highlight the importance of power issues in order to better assess the strengths and limitations of IPs as a model for inclusive innovation. Findings suggest that while IPs may achieve some short-term success in creating spaces for wider participation in decision-making processes, they may be significantly influenced by forms of power which may not always be visible or easily challenged.


"Assassin's Creed: Renaissance" is the thrilling novelisation by Oliver Bowden based on the game series. 'I will seek Vengeance upon those who betrayed my family. I am Ezio Auditore di Firenze. I am an Assassin...'. The Year of Our Lord 1476 - the Renaissance: culture and art flourish alongside the bloodiest corruption and violence. Bitter blood-feuds rage between the warring political families of Italy. Following the murder of his father and brothers, Ezio Auditore di Firenze is entrusted with an ancient Codex, the key to a conspiracy that goes back to the centuries - old conflict between the shadowy Templar Knights and the elite Order of Assassins. Ezio must avenge the deaths of his kinsmen and in doing so fulfil his destiny, and live by the laws of the Assassin's Creed. Truth is written in blood "Assassin's Creed: Renaissance" is based on the phenomenally successful gaming series. Fans of the game will love these stories. Other titles in the series include "Assassin's Creed: Forsaken', "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood", "Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade", and "Assassin's Creed: Revelations". Oliver Bowden is the pen-name of an acclaimed novelist.


We run a computerised experiment of network formation where all connections are beneficial and only direct links are costly. Players simultaneously submit link proposals; a connection is made only when both players involved agree. We use both simulated and experimentally generated data to test the determinants of individual behaviour in network formation. We find that approximately 40% of the network formation strategies adopted by the experimental subjects can be accounted for as best responses. We test whether subjects follow alternative patterns of behaviour and in particular if they: propose links to those from whom they have received link proposals in the previous round; propose links to those who have the largest number of direct connections. We find that together with best response behaviour, these strategies explain approximately 75% of the observed choices. We estimate individual propensities to adopt each of these strategies, controlling for group effects. Finally we estimate a mixture model to highlight the proportion of each type of decision maker in the population.


Current multitouch frameworks require application developers to write recognition code for custom gestures; this code is split across multiple event-handling callbacks. As the number of custom gestures grows it becomes increasingly difficult to 1) know if new gestures will conflict with existing gestures, and 2) know how to extend existing code to reliably recognize the complete gesture set. Proton is a novel framework that addresses both of these problems. Using Proton, the application developer declaratively specifies each gesture as a regular expression over a stream of touch events. Proton statically analyzes the set of gestures to report conflicts, and it automatically creates gesture recognizers for the entire set. To simplify the creation of complex multitouch gestures, Proton introduces gesture tablature, a graphical notation that concisely describes the sequencing of multiple interleaved touch actions over time. Proton contributes a graphical editor for authoring tablatures and automatically compiles tablatures into regular expressions. We present the architecture and implementation of Proton, along with three proof-of-concept applications. These applications demonstrate the expressiveness of the framework and show how Proton simplifies gesture definition and conflict resolution.


The static deformation of the surface of the earth caused by surface pressure like the water load of an ocean or an artificial lake is discussed. First a brief mention is made on the solution of the Boussenesq problem for an infinite halfspace with the elastic medium to be assumed as homogeneous and isotropic. Then the elastic response for realistic earth models is determinied by spline interpolation using Navier splines. Major emphasis is on the derteminination of the elastic field caused by water loads from surface tractions on the (real) earth" s surface. Finally the elastic deflection of an artificial lake assuming a homogeneous isotropic crust is compared for both evaluation methods.


For undergraduate database management students or business professionals Heres practical help for understanding, creating, and managing small databasesfrom two of the worlds leading database authorities. Database Concepts gives undergraduate database management students and business professionals alike a firm understanding of the concepts behind the software, using Access 2016 to illustrate the concepts and techniques. Three projects run throughout the text, to show students how to apply the concepts to real-life business situations. The text provides flexibility for choosing the software instructors want to use in class; allows students to work with new, complete databases, including Wedgewood Pacific, Heather Sweeney Designs, and Wallingford Motors; and includes coverage for some of the latest information on databases available. Teaching and Learning Experience This text will provide a better teaching and learning experiencefor you and your students. Here's how: Provides a firm understanding of the concepts behind the software Uses Access 2013 to illustrate the concepts and techniques while also providing flexibility to choose the software used in class Allows students to work with new, complete databases Includes coverage of some of the latest information available


This special edition of the Journal of Psychosocial Studies is based on 2019 Association for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society (APCS) conference presentations on the theme of displacement. Having listened to the presentations, I offer this paper as my own response to similar issues of mother–daughter displacement. Inspired by the panel's analysis of the maternal in interpersonal relations and professional affinities, I begin by exploring my intersectional adult identities of daughter, mother and teacher to expose my ambivalence towards my career in literature and psychoanalysis. I continue by applying psychoanalytic theory to the pedagogical transference in my classroom space and uncover my own misguided attempt at maternal separation. Drawing correlations with Maggie Nelson's (2015) The Argonauts, I conclude by contemplating autotheory as a space of self-writing that is particularly suitable for explorations of the maternal in both form and content. Autotheory, I argue, as exemplified in the panel and my response, extends the impossibility of mother–daughter separation into a meaningful shared plurality.


BIO: Pattie Maes is the Alexander W. Dreyfoos (1954) Professor in MIT's Program in Media Arts and Sciences and associate head of the Program in Media Arts and Sciences. She founded and directs the Media Lab's Fluid Interfaces research group. Previously, she founded and ran the Software Agents group. Prior to joining the Media Lab, Maes was a visiting professor and a research scientist at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. She holds bachelor's and PhD degrees in computer science from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in Belgium. Her areas of expertise are human-computer interaction and artificial intelligence. Maes is the editor of three books, and is an editorial board member and reviewer for numerous professional journals and conferences. She has received several awards: FastCompany named her one of 50 most influential designers (2011). Newsweek magazine named her one of the "100 Americans to watch for" in the year 2000; TIME Digital selected her as a member of the Cyber-Elite, the top 50 technological pioneers of the high-tech world; the World Economic Forum honored her with the title "Global Leader for Tomorrow"; Ars Electronica awarded her the 1995 World Wide Web category prize; and in 2000 she was recognized with the "Lifetime Achievement Award" by the Massachusetts Interactive Media Council. She also received an honorary doctorate from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in Belgium. Her 2009 TED talk is among the most watched TED talks ever. In addition to her academic endeavors, Maes has been active as an entrepreneur as cofounder of several venture-backed companies including Firefly Networks (sold to Microsoft) and Open Ratings (sold to Dun & Bradstreet). She remains an advisor and investor to several MIT spinoffs.


In this work the generation of tunable continuous-wave (CW) terahertz (THz) radiation via photomixing of two modes emitted from a frequency-tunable dual-mode external cavity semiconductor laser is investigated. In order to realize frequency-tunable dual-mode semiconductor lasers (SLs), two concepts are developed. They are based on two double-external-cavity configurations comprising spectrally filtered feedback mechanisms: Double-Littman-configuration and Double-Littrow-configuration. Stable dual-mode emission is realized by employing narrow stripe SLs as gain medium in these configurations. Each of the modes is a single external cavity mode that can be tuned independently over the entire gain spectrum. The difference frequency of the two modes can be changed from 100 GHz to 10 THz. By using these laser-configurations, frequency-tunable CW THz radiation is generated via photomixing of the two laser modes on micro-structured antennas. Two types of antennas are employed to generate THz radiation: a log-periodic antenna and a H-dipole antenna. The generated THz radiation is temporally and spectrally characterized. Measurements using a Fourier-Transform-Spectrometer confirm a single THz spectrum with a narrow linewidth and a frequency corresponding to the difference frequency of the two incident laser modes. The frequency dependence of the performance and polarization of THz radiation follows the frequency-characteristics of the used antennas. Generated THz radiation is applied for spectroscopic demonstrations, including THz transmission of non-metallic materials and identification of absorption lines of HCl and water vapor. To achieve high power dual-mode emission, broad area semiconductor lasers (BALs) are used as the gain medium in a Double-Littman-configuration. Also with BALs in this configuration frequency-tunable dual-mode operation is achieved. Furthermore, longitudinal and lateral modes of the BAL can be controlled by applying a mechanism of spectrally and spatially filtered feedback in the external cavity. By photomixing of two modes emitted from the dual-mode BAL on antennas, THz radiation is generated and characterized. In addition, the simultaneous oscillation of two modes induces the four-wave mixing (FWM) process due to nonlinear interactions of the intense optical field and the semiconductor medium. FWM phenomena observed for dual-mode operation of narrow stripe SL are studied in detail. Ultrafast carrier dynamics such as carrier heating and spectral hole burning are responsible for FWM process in the detuning range of several hundred GHz. Finally, direct generation of THz radiation in dual-mode-BAL is investigated. The results achieved in this work show that frequency-tunable dual-mode external cavity semiconductor lasers provide generation of temporally and spectrally stable, frequency-tunable CW THz radiation via photomixing.


were "in what we call the reality-based community," which he defined as people who "believe that solutions emerge from your judicious study of discernible reality." I nodded and mur mured something about enlightenment principles and empiricism. He cut me off. "That's not the way the world really works anymore," he continued. "We're an empire now, and when we act, we create our own reality. And while you're studying that reality—judiciously, as you will—we'll act again, creating other new realities, which you can study too, and that's how things will sort out. We're history's actors... and you, all of you, will be left to just study what we do."1


Book synopsis: Building crucial bridges between theory, research, and practice, this volume brings together leading authorities on the literacy development of young children. The Handbook examines the full range of factors that shape learning in and out of the classroom, from basic developmental processes to family and sociocultural contexts, pedagogical strategies, curricula, and policy issues. Highlights of Volume 3 include cutting-edge perspectives on English language learning; innovative ways to support print knowledge, phonological awareness, and other code-related skills; and exemplary approaches to early intervention and teacher professional development.


Courts and commentators often label federal discrimination statutes as torts. Since the late 1980s, the courts increasingly applied tort concepts to these statutes. This Article discusses how courts placed employment discrimination law within the organizational umbrella of tort law without examining whether the two areas share enough theoretical and doctrinal affinities. While discrimination statutes are torts in some general sense that they do not arise out of criminal law and are not solely contractual, it is far from clear that these statutes are enough like traditional torts to justify the reflexive and automatic use of tort law. Employment discrimination statutes created large exceptions to common law ideas of at-will employment, and strong textual arguments militate against prioritizing tort law as source of meaning. The tort label not only exaggerates the affinity between tort law and employment discrimination, it also overestimates the work that tort law can adequately perform in statutory interpretation. Tort law generally does not have independent descriptive power. It does not cohere around a narrow enough set of theoretical or doctrinal concepts to provide an answer or even a small subset of answers to many statutory questions. Over time, tort law responds to changing factual and legal landscapes, often while outwardly maintaining the same language.To date, courts have failed to appreciate the complexity of tort law. Courts use cursory descriptions of tort law that characterize tort doctrine as narrower, more stable, and more consistent than it actually is. They have not considered whether tort concepts can and should be unmoored from the common law tradition, which anticipates that concepts can subtly change over time to fit new situations.The federal courts view tort law as possessing narrow conceptions of causation and harm. Using this narrow tort frame leads to discrimination law that is primarily concerned with individual remedies, rather than a broader response to societal discrimination. The move to tort law is thus part of a broader story about the privatization of discrimination law that can be seen in the greater acceptance of private arbitration and the move away from systemic discrimination claims.The primary problem of the tort label is its effect on discourse about fundamental questions regarding employment discrimination law. The prioritizing of a narrow view of tort law removes textually supportable options from statutory analysis without meaningful discussion about why the courts narrowed the potential statutory landscape. The courts never consider whether their narrow notions of tort causation and harm are reflected in the discrimination statutes' text, intent or purpose. The primary aim of this Article is to urge courts to respect the complexity of the judgments at issue by resisting the simple, but also simplistic, allure of the reflexive use of tort law.


Abstract. The composition of residual particles from evaporated cirrus ice crystals near the tropical tropopause as well as unfrozen aerosols were measured with a single particle mass spectrometer. Subvisible cirrus residuals were predominantly composed of internal mixtures of neutralized sulfate with organic material and were chemically indistinguishable from unfrozen sulfate-organic aerosols. Ice residuals were also similar in size to unfrozen aerosol. Heterogeneous ice nuclei such as mineral dust were not enhanced in these subvisible cirrus residuals. Biomass burning particles were depleted in the residuals. Cloud probe measurements showing low cirrus ice crystal number concentrations were inconsistent with conventional homogeneous freezing. Recent laboratory studies provide heterogeneous nucleation scenarios that may explain tropopause level subvisible cirrus formation.


A 2D version of Cavalieri's Principle is productive for the teaching of area. In this manuscript, we consider an area-preserving transformation, "segment-skewing," which provides alternative justification methods for area formulas, conceptual insights into statements about area, and foreshadows transitions about area in calculus via the Riemann integral.


Could a computer be programmed to make moral judgments about cases of intentional harm and unreasonable risk that match those judgments people already make intuitively? If the human moral sense is an unconscious computational mechanism of some sort, as many cognitive scientists have suggested, then the answer should be yes. So too if the search for reflective equilibrium is a sound enterprise, since achieving this state of affairs requires demarcating a set of considered judgments, stating them as explanandum sentences, and formulating a set of algorithms from which they can be derived. The same is true for theories that emphasize the role of emotions or heuristics in moral cognition, since they ultimately depend on intuitive appraisals of the stimulus that accomplish essentially the same tasks. Drawing on deontic logic, action theory, moral philosophy, and the common law of crime and tort, particularly Terry's five-variable calculus of risk, I outline a formal model of moral grammar and intuitive jurisprudence along the foregoing lines, which defines the abstract properties of the relevant mapping and demonstrates their descriptive adequacy with respect to a range of common moral intuitions, which experimental studies have suggested may be universal or nearly so. Framing effects, protected values, and implications for the neuroscience of moral intuition are also discussed.


Multiagent learning is a necessary yet challenging problem as multiagent systems become more prevalent and environments become more dynamic. Much of the groundbreaking work in this area draws on notable results from game theory, in particular, the concept of Nash equilibria. Learners that directly learn an equilibrium obviously rely on their existence. Learners that instead seek to play optimally with respect to the other players also depend upon equilibria since equilibria are fixed points for learning. From another perspective, agents with limitations are real and common. These may be undesired physical limitations as well as self-imposed rational limitations, such as abstraction and approximation techniques, used to make learning tractable. This article explores the interactions of these two important concepts: equilibria and limitations in learning. We introduce the question of whether equilibria continue to exist when agents have limitations. We look at the general effects limitations can have on agent behavior, and define a natural extension of equilibria that accounts for these limitations. Using this formalization, we make three major contributions: (i) a counterexample for the general existence of equilibria with limitations, (ii) sufficient conditions on limitations that preserve their existence, (iii) three general classes of games and limitations that satisfy these conditions. We then present empirical results from a specific multiagent learning algorithm applied to a specific instance of limited agents. These results demonstrate that learning with limitations is feasible, when the conditions outlined by our theoretical analysis hold.


Over a period of 30 years, ITU-T's Specification and Description Language (SDL) has matured to a sophisticated formal modelling language for distributed systems and communication protocols. The language definition of SDL-2000, the latest version of SDL, is complex and difficult to maintain. Full tool support for SDL is costly to implement. Therefore, only subsets of SDL are currently supported by tools. These SDL subsets - called SDL profiles - already cover a wide range of systems, and are often suffcient in practice. In this report, we present our approach for extracting the formal semantics for SDL profiles from the complete SDL semantics. We then formalise the approach, present our SDL-profile tool, and report on our experiences.


Although it is generally clear that reading plays a significant role in a language, reading comprehension remains a young field that merits greater research attention. Moreover, knowledge about reading comprehension regarding learning strategies has been devoted to those involving in listening, writing and speaking. Concerning the above mentioned points and the importance of reading, the current study aims at investigating whether the awareness of reading comprehension strategies and instructing reading strategies have any effect on Iranian EFL learners' motivation and their comprehension abilities. To this end, 62 female learners of intermediate level were selected from among 100 learners. They were EFL learners studying English at Kish language institute. The participants were between the ages of 18 to 30 years old. There were experimental (3 classes, 37 students) and control groups (2 classes, 25 students), which were decided upon based on proficiency test. All subjects in the experimental group were exposed to reading strategies while working on reading texts of their course books. On the other hand, in control group, the reading texts were used without pointing to any of reading strategies and just focusing on the outcome of reading. A pre-test of reading comprehension and a parallel post-test were given to subjects. At the beginning and almost at the end of the semester Schmidt et al.'s (1996) motivation questionnaire was administered to both groups to investigate their progress in their motivation at the end of the study. The results revealed that the awareness of reading comprehension strategies affect Iranian EFL learners` motivation and reading comprehension abilities.


In this work COMSOL is utilized to obtain the Mason lumped parameter model for a piezoelectric transformer (PT) design. The Mason lumped parameters are relevant in the design process of power converters. The magnitude of the impedance is simulated for a specific: interleaved multilayer thickness mode PT. Interleaved indicates that the primary section of the PT has been interleaved into the secondary section. Furthermore the primary section is build with interdigitated electrodes (IDE). The PT design has been prototyped and the measurements results are compared with simulations. Two methods for simplifying the PT model are given in order to decrease the simulation time. This paper aims to aid electrical engineers with less knowledge within the field of mechanics, to be able to simulate a PT design with COMSOL and extract the key electrical parameters.


The popular children's story appears in graphic novel form for the first time in the U.S., with stories never seen in America. Geronimo Stilton is a talking mouse who lives in New Mouse City on Mouse Island with his friends and relatives. He works at The Rodent's Gazette, the most famous newspaper in New Mouse City. In this series of comics, Geronimo Stilton travels through time in order to defend history from his arch nemeses, the Pirate Cats. These devious felines plan to travel back in time in order to change history to make them supreme rulers of Mouse Island! In his first time-traveling adventure, Geronimo and co. join Christopher Columbus on his voyage from Italy to America in 1492 in order to stop the Pirate cats and save all of the mice on Mouse Island.


ABSTRACT This article presents an overview of some of the important recent developments in cataloging theory and practice and online catalog design. Changes in cataloging theory and practice include the incorporation of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records principles into catalogs, the new Resource Description and Access cataloging manual, and the new CONSER Standard Record. Web 2.0 functionalities and advances in search technology and results displays are influencing online catalog design. The paper ends with hypothetical scenarios in which a catalog, enhanced by the developments described, fulfills the tasks of finding serials articles and titles.


Changing lives through relocation - This is the vision of a socialized housing project in the Philippines which is subject of this dissertation. It is a polyphonic ethnography that investigates the transition process from an informal, marginalized, self-organized lifestyle in squatter areas and dumpsite settlements to an institutionalized and policy-based life in the socialized housing project. The transition process is analyzed from a material cultural perspective taking into account selected aesthetic theories. With this approach, the dissertation aims to contribute to the study of the aesthetic dimension of everyday life from an ethnographic perspective. Aesthetics are applied on three levels: (1) On the theoretical level, the concepts of social aesthetics and atmospheres enrich the analysis of the interrelation between the residents and their new house in the socialized housing project. (2) On the methodological level, the relevance of aesthetic experiences for the ethnographic knowledge process are discussed. And (3) on the descriptive level, selected and thematically relevant sensory and aesthetic experiences of the researcher inform the ethnographic account in the form of memoirs. By incorporating aesthetic theories, the dissertation gives a more holistic account of the dynamics active in the transition process. It shows that the change of lifestyle is experienced sensorily through the daily physical engagement with the new material environment, i.e. its specific materiality and infrastructure, its affordances and constraints giving rise to new experiences and needs. In this process, the residents become aware of the differences between the past and present way of life and thus experience the new challenges through their physical being in the new material environment. On the one hand, this evokes a nostalgic attitude towards their previous life, but on the other hand, it also gives form to ideas of a possible future.


States is owned by the federal government. Although many Americans support the preservation of those lands, analysts on the left and the right agree that the federal government has done an exceedingly poor job of stewarding those resources. Indeed, the failure of socialism is as evident in the realm of resource economics as it is in other areas of the economy. Four criteria should guide reform efforts: land should be allocated to the highest-valued use; transaction costs should be kept to a minimum; there must be broad participation in the divestiture process; and "squatters' rights" should be protected. Unfortunately, the land reform proposals on the table today fail to meet some or all of those criteria. Accordingly, we offer a blueprint for auctioning off all public lands over 20 to 40 years. Both environmental quality and economic efficiency would be enhanced by private rather than public ownership. Land would be auctioned not for dollars but for public land share certificates (analogous to no par value stock certificates) distributed equally to all Americans. Those certificates could be freely transferred at any time during the divestiture period and would not expire until after the final auction. Land would be partitioned into tracts or primary units, and corresponding to each tract would be a set of distinct, separable, elemental deed rights. Any individual with a documented claim to rights defined by those deeds, however, would be assigned the appropriate deed or deeds. Once divested, tract deed rights would be freely transferable. How and Why to Privatize Federal Lands


The aim of this paper is to determine the most efficient strategic alternative in the case of a notary office, by taking into account the expected values associated to different levels of supplementary services requests by its customers. The determination of expected monetary values associated to the strategic alternatives by means of WinQSB software confirms the hypotheses concerning the feasibility analysis results and the manager's ability to make the right decision from the financial point of view. Thus, the manager of the notary office will be able to make efficient decisions regarding the business development plan by using appropriate software tools, which deliver real time results in different simulation scenarios. Once the optimal decision is found, the notary office can seek to improve its business development strategy by taking into account more options and levels of supplementary services requests from the part of its customers.


Once, in a gods-forsaken hellhole called Koom Valley, trolls and dwarfs met in bloody combat. Centuries later, each species still views the other with simmering animosity. Lately, the influential dwarf, Grag Hamcrusher, has been fomenting unrest among Ankh-Morpork's more diminutive citizens--a volatile situation made far worse when the pint-size provocateur is discovered bashed to death . . . with a troll club lying conveniently nearby. Commander Sam Vimes of the City Watch is aware of the importance of solving the Hamcrusher homicide without delay. (Vimes's second most-pressing responsibility, in fact, next to always being home at six p.m. sharp to read Where's My Cow? to Sam, Jr.) But more than one corpse is waiting for Vimes in the eerie, summoning darkness of a labyrinthine mine network being secretly excavated beneath Ankh-Morpork's streets. And the deadly puzzle is pulling him deep into the muck and mire of superstition, hatred, and fear--and perhaps all the way to Koom Valley itself.


Summary In patients with gastric bypass (GB), high glucose variability (GV) and hypoglycemia have been demonstrated, which could impact the metabolic status and eating behavior. We describe the glucose patterns determined through continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in two patients with >5 years follow-up after GB and significant weight recovery, who reported hypoglycemic symptoms that interfered with daily activities, and their response to a nutritional and psycho-educative prescription. Case 1: A 40-year-old woman without pre-surgical type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and normal HbA1c, in whom CGM showed high GV and hypoglycemic episodes that did not correlate with the time of hypoglycemic symptoms. Her GV reduced after prescription of a diet with low glycemic index and modification of meal patterns. Case 2: A 48-year-old male with pre-surgical diagnosis of T2DM and current normal HbA1c, reported skipping meals. The CGM showed high GV, 15% of time in hypoglycemia and hyperglycemic spikes. After prescription of a low glycemic index diet, his GV increased and time in hypoglycemia decreased. Through the detailed self-monitoring needed for CGM, we discovered severe anxiety symptoms, consumption of simple carbohydrates and lack of meal structure. He was referred for more intensive psychological counseling. In conclusion, CGM can detect disorders in glucose homeostasis derived both from the mechanisms of bariatric surgery, as well as the patient's behaviors and mental health, improving decision-making during follow-up. Learning points: High glycemic variability is frequent in patients operated with gastric bypass. Diverse eating patterns, such as prolonged fasting and simple carbohydrate ingestion, and mental health disorders, including anxiety, can promote and be confused with worsened hypoglycemia. CGM requires a detailed record of food ingested that can be accompanied by associated factors (circumstances, eating patterns, emotional symptoms). This allows the detection of particular behaviors and amount of dietary simple carbohydrates to guide recommendations provided within clinical care of these patients.


This paper proposes an approach for learning call admission control (CAC) policies in a cellular network that handles several classes of traffic with different resource requirements. The performance measures in cellular networks are long term revenue, utility, call blocking rate (CBR) and handoff failure rate (CDR). Reinforcement Learning (RL) can be used to provide the optimal solution, however such method fails when the state space and action space are huge. We apply a form of NeuroEvolution (NE) algorithm to inductively learn the CAC policies, which is called CN (Call Admission Control scheme using NE). Comparing with the Q-Learning based CAC scheme in the constant traffic load shows that CN can not only approximate the optimal solution very well but also optimize the CBR and CDR in a more flexibility way. Additionally the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is capable of keeping the handoff dropping rate below a pre-specified value while still maintaining an acceptable CBR in the presence of smoothly varying arrival rates of traffic, in which the state space is too large for practical deployment of the other learning scheme.


Channel estimation is of great importance in many wireless communication systems, since it influences the overall performance of a system significantly. Especially in multi-user and/or multi-antenna systems, i.e. generally in multi-branch systems, the requirements on channel estimation are very high, since the training signals or so called pilots that are used for channel estimation suffer from multiple access interference. Recently, in the context with such systems more and more attention is paid to concepts for joint channel estimation (JCE) which have the capability to eliminate the multiple access interference and also the interference between the channel coefficients. The performance of JCE can be evaluated in noise limited systems by the SNR degradation and in interference limited systems by the variation coefficient. Theoretical analysis carried out in this thesis verifies that both performance criteria are closely related to the patterns of the pilots used for JCE, no matter the signals are represented in the time domain or in the frequency domain. Optimum pilots like disjoint pilots, Walsh code based pilots or CAZAC code based pilots, whose constructions are described in this thesis, do not show any SNR degradation when being applied to multi-branch systems. It is shown that optimum pilots constructed in the time domain become optimum pilots in the frequency domain after a discrete Fourier transformation. Correspondingly, optimum pilots in the frequency domain become optimum pilots in the time domain after an inverse discrete Fourier transformation. However, even for optimum pilots different variation coefficients are obtained in interference limited systems. Furthermore, especially for OFDM-based transmission schemes the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmit signal is an important decision criteria for choosing the most suitable pilots. CAZAC code based pilots are the only pilots among the regarded pilot constructions that result in a PAPR of 0 dB for the transmit signal that origins in the transmitted pilots. When summarizing the analysis regarding the SNR degradation, the variation coefficient and the PAPR with respect to one single service area and considering the impact due to interference from other adjacent service areas that occur due to a certain choice of the pilots, one can conclude that CAZAC codes are the most suitable pilots for the application in JCE of multi-carrier multi-branch systems, especially in the case if CAZAC codes that origin in different mother codes are assigned to different adjacent service areas. The theoretical results of the thesis are verified by simulation results. The choice of the parameters for the frequency domain or time domain JCE is oriented towards the evaluated implementation complexity. According to the chosen parameterization of the regarded OFDM-based and FMT-based systems it is shown that a frequency domain JCE is the best choice for OFDM and a time domain JCE is the best choice for FMT applying CAZAC codes as pilots. The results of this thesis can be used as a basis for further theoretical research and also for future JCE implementation in wireless systems.


Spectroscopists' Calendar is a regular feature in Applied Spectroscopy. Your cooperation in submitting timely information for the column is appreciated. For publication in one issue of Applied Spectroscopy, send information no less than four months in advance of the actual event. Please send announcements of meetings and symposia of interest to spectroscopists to Mary Carrabba, Department of Chemistry, Southern Oregon University, 1250 Siskiyou Blvd., Ashland, Oregon 97520, e-mail: carrabbam@sou. edu, Ph: (541)261-9800. Announcements of short courses, schools, workshops or other educational activities should be sent to the SAS webmaster, Ron Williams (rrwillia@svsu. edu).


With uncommon humanity, candor, wit, and erudition, award-winning author Andrew Solomon takes the reader on a journey of incomparable range and resonance into the most pervasive of family secrets. His contribution to our understanding not only of mental illness but also of the human condition is truly stunning."The Noonday Demon" examines depression in personal, cultural, and scientific terms. Drawing on his own struggles with the illness and interviews with fellow sufferers, doctors and scientists, policymakers and politicians, drug designers and philosophers, Solomon reveals the subtle complexities and sheer agony of the disease. He confronts the challenge of defining the illness and describes the vast range of available medications, the efficacy of alternative treatments, and the impact the malady has had on various demographic populations around the world and throughout history. He also explores the thorny patch of moral and ethical questions posed by emerging biological explanations for mental illness.The depth of human experience Solomon chronicles, the range of his intelligence, and his boundless curiosity and compassion will change the reader's view of the world.


Title VII's domination of employment discrimination law today was not inevitable. Indeed, when Title VII was initially enacted, its supporters viewed it as weak and flawed. They first sought to strengthen and improve the law by disseminating equal employment enforcement throughout the federal government. Only in the late 1970s did they instead favor consolidating enforcement under Title VII and its implementing agency, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Yet to labor historians and legal scholars, Title VII's triumphs came at a steep cost to unions. They write wistfully of an alternative regime that would have better harmonized antidiscrimination with labor law's recognition of workers' right to organize and bargain collectively with employers. This chapter explains how these impulses played out during Title VII's uncertain first fifteen years as advocates, legislators, administrators, and workers pursued a more powerful Title VII on the one hand and one more harmonized with labor rights on the other. Empowering Title VII via dissemination proved more costly and less effective than its proponents expected; achieving a more harmonious regime was more complicated than is currently thought. This history provides a cautionary tale to those today who seek to reinvigorate labor rights by incorporating them into Title VII.


If trade barriers are managed by inefficient institutions, trade liberalization can lead to greater-than-expected gains. We examine Chinese textile and clothing exports before and after the elimination of externally imposed export quotas. Both the surge in export volume and the decline in export prices following quota removal are driven by net entry. This outcome is inconsistent with a model in which quotas are allocated based on firm productivity, implying misallocation of resources. Removing this misallocation accounts for a substantial share of the overall gain in productivity associated with quota removal. (JEL F13, F14, L67, O14, O19, P23, P33)


This paper seeks to examine the claim, made by certain legal scholars, that international investment law, though based mainly on Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) is in fact a multilateral order that introduces principles of an emergent "global administrative law" into the regulation of state conduct in relation to foreign investors and their investments. Such scholars argue that this order develops through the decisions of investor-State arbitral tribunals which are creating a harmonised understanding of the meaning of BIT provisions and an institutional system of adjudication that furthers the development of global administrative principles. Through a critical examination of this approach the paper argues that this field is not a multilateral order but an unstructured process of privatised legal entrepreneurship which seeks to further a professional interest in developing an extensive, investor friendly, regime of BITs. Furthermore, that process fails as a means of providing effective or legitimate legal review of administrative action. The argument is made both on a theoretical level and by a review of a specific issue in international investment law, namely, the development of wider types of claims and the rise of so-called "treaty shopping" by means of corporate group structuring. In particular the multi-jurisdictional location of various affiliates in a multinational enterprise creates a network of potential claimants in investor state disputes, giving rise to the risk of multiple claims, while the possibility of setting up affiliates in various jurisdictions creates opportunities for "treaty shopping". "Treaty shopping" involves the enterprise locating an affiliate in a jurisdiction that has signed an investment protection treaty with the host country, allowing various affiliates and/or the parent in a group enterprise to benefit from treaty protection even though they possess the nationality of a state that has no such agreement with the host. In addition "treaty shopping" can be practiced by claimants possessing the nationality of the host country itself by way of the incorporation of a "shell company" in a country that has an investment protection agreement with the host country. It is argued that interpretations of treaty provisions in this area lack real legitimacy and create unacceptable procedural burdens on the host country.


Peking in 1937 is a heady mix of privilege and scandal, opulence and opium dens, rumors and superstition. The Japanese are encircling the city, and the discovery of Pamela Werner's body sends a shiver through already nervous Peking. Is it the work of a madman? One of the ruthless Japanese soldiers now surrounding the city? Or perhaps the dreaded fox spirits? With the suspect list growing and clues sparse, two detectives --one British and one Chinese --race against the clock to solve the crime before the Japanese invade and Peking as they know it is gone forever. Can they find the killer in time, before the Japanese invade?


Since the Viking ascendancy in the Middle Ages, the Atlantic has shaped the lives of people who depend upon it for survival. And just as surely, people have shaped the Atlantic. In his innovative account of this interdependency, W. Jeffrey Bolster, a historian and professional seafarer, takes us through a millennium-long environmental history of our impact on one of the largest ecosystems in the world. While overfishing is often thought of as a contemporary problem, Bolster reveals that humans were transforming the sea long before factory trawlers turned fishing from a handliner's art into an industrial enterprise. The western Atlantic's legendary fishing banks, stretching from Cape Cod to Newfoundland, have attracted fishermen for more than five hundred years. Bolster follows the effects of this siren's song from its medieval European origins to the advent of industrialized fishing in American waters at the beginning of the twentieth century. Blending marine biology, ecological insight, and a remarkable cast of characters, from notable explorers to scientists to an army of unknown fishermen, Bolster tells a story that is both ecological and human: the prelude to an environmental disaster. Over generations, harvesters created a quiet catastrophe as the sea could no longer renew itself. Bolster writes in the hope that the intimate relationship humans have long had with the ocean, and the species that live within it, can be restored for future generations.


This article focuses on the role Justice Louis Brandeis played as a transitional figure in writing opinions that served as a bridge between the statist Progressives of the early twentieth century and mid-century legal liberals. Brandeis was known as a civil libertarian in his day because he supported freedom of speech and labor union rights, which were the rights that the nascent left-leaning civil libertarian movement held most dear. But Brandeis was far from a consistent civil libertarian as the term has been understood since at least the Warren Court period. Nevertheless, Brandeis was responsible for guiding the Progressive wing of the Court away from the more consistently statist, deferential-to-democratic-majorities path charted by Justice Holmes to an agenda more accommodating to libertarian and equalitarian concerns.Part I of this Article discusses Brandeis's many deviations from civil libertarianism as it came to be understood in the post-New Deal period. These deviations include his acquiescence to coercive eugenics, his general lack of interest in African American rights, his support for protective labor legislation for women and concomitant disregard for women's legal equality, his toleration of government abuses attendant to Prohibition enforcement, and his desire to repeal the Fourteenth Amendment. Part II shows that despite these deviations, Brandeis had a significantly stronger record on civil liberties as a Supreme Court Justice than one would expect from someone of his Progressive outlook and background. Brandeis's votes in favor of civil liberties created a civil libertarian corpus from the Progressive wing of the Supreme Court. This prevented judicial protection of what became core civil libertarian concerns from being associated primarily with the soon-to-be-discredited "Lochner Court," and made it much easier doctrinally for later generations of liberal Justices to abandon early twentieth-century Progressivism's blanket hostility to judicial review in favor of a jurisprudence favoring civil rights and civil liberties.


We propose a realignment of the terms geochronology and
chronostratigraphy that brings them broadly into line with current
use, while simultaneously resolving the debate over whether the
Geological Time Scale should have a "single" or "dual" hierarchy
of units: Both parallel sets of units are retained, although there
remains the option to adopt either a single (i.e., geochronological)
or a dual hierarchy in particular studies, as considered appropriate.
Thus, geochronology expresses the timing or age of events
(depositional, diagenetic, biotic, climatic, tectonic, magmatic) in
Earth's history (e.g., Hirnantian glaciation, Famennian-Frasnian
mass extinction). Geochronology can also qualify rock bodies,
stratified or unstratified, with respect to the time interval(s) in
which they formed (e.g., Early Ordovician Ibex Group). In
addition, geochronology refers to all methods of numerical
dating. Chronostratigraphy would include all methods (e.g.,
biostratigraphy,
magnetostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy,
cyclostratigraphy,
sequence stratigraphy) for (1) establishing the
relative time relationships of stratigraphic successions regionally
and worldwide; and (2) formally naming bodies of stratified rock
that were deposited contemporaneously with units formally
defined at their base, ideally by a GSSP (Global Boundary
Stratotype Section and Point = "golden spike") that represents a
specific point in time. Geochronologic units may be defined and
applied generally by either GSSPs or—as currently in most of the
Precambrian—by Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSAs).
Geochronologic units would continue as the time units eons/eras/
periods/epochs/ages, and chronostratigraphic units as the timerock
units eonothems/erathems/systems/series/stages. Both
hierarchies would remain available for use, as recommended by a
formal vote of the International Commission on Stratigraphy in
2010. Geological context helps determine the appropriate usage of
the component units.


In the wake of the recent crisis, policy-makers and academics continue to debate how to control and reduce systemic risk associated with financial innovation, complexity, and growing interconnectedness of global financial markets. This Article argues that an effective method of achieving that goal is to establish ex ante regulatory controls that target risk before it is introduced into the financial system. The Article offers the first comprehensive analysis of one particular method of such ex ante regulation – mandatory pre-market product approval – and its potential applicability to complex financial instruments, including derivatives, asset-backed securities, and other structured products.The Article examines key features of three historical experiments with product approval regulation: licensing of pharmaceutical drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the European Union's newly adopted Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), and a system of mandatory pre-approval of commodity futures contracts administered by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission from 1974 to 2000. Building on these examples, the Article discusses whether, and how, a similar regime can operate as a gatekeeping device that aims explicitly at reduction of systemic risk and strategic complexity in financial markets. The core of the proposal advanced in this Article is the process for product approval, which would require financial institutions to make an affirmative showing that each complex financial product they intend to market meets three statutory tests: (1) an "economic purpose" test, which would place the burden of proving commercial utility of each proposed financial instrument on the financial institutions seeking approval; (2) an "institutional capacity" test, which would require a review of the applicant firm's ability to manage the risks and monitor the market dynamics of the proposed product effectively; and (3) a broad "systemic effects" test, which would require a finding that approval of the proposed product does not pose an unacceptable risk of increasing systemic vulnerability and otherwise does not raise significant public policy concerns. The proposed approach does not seek to prohibit any financial activities. It merely imposes the duty to provide information necessary for evaluating potential risks and benefits of a specific financial product on the party that has the best access to such information and the greatest incentives not to disclose it voluntarily. Acknowledging significant implementation challenges, the Article argues that mandatory product approval should be taken very seriously as a potentially effective method of advancing the public interest in the more robust systemic risk prevention, as well as enhancing the efficient operation of financial markets.


For the last decade of Mao Zedong's rule in China, his revolutionary thinking dominated all strategic planning and operations and directly shaped the policies of the strategic rocket forces, the Second Artillery. Only in the mid-1980s did Mao's legacy give way to concepts governing nuclear forces throughout the world and permit the development of China's first nuclear strategy and acceptance of the principles of nuclear deterrence. Step by step, the ever-more complex command-and-control mechanisms of the People's Liberation Army adopted and refined new roles for its nuclear and conventional missiles to support peacetime diplomacy, to manage military crises, and to pursue combat readiness. The authors examine the evolution of China's overall defense strategy, with a focus on central elements of today's nuclear war plan and how they are operationalized. They seek to answer this question: How did conventional missiles change nuclear strategy, the organization of the combined conventional-nuclear missile forces for both deterrence and combat, and the relationship of the Second Artillery to the other military commands?


Arduino guru Simon Monk reveals advanced programming techniques for Arduino! Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches is the must-have follow-up to Monk's bestseller, Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches. Aimed at experienced programmers and hobbyists who have mastered the basics, this book takes you "under the hood" of Arduino, revealing professional-level programming secrets. You'll learn how to use interrupts, manage memory wisely, use high-speed digital writes, program Ethernet and Bluetooth, get the most out of serial communications, perform digital signal processing, and much more. The content of the book is heavily influenced by the Arduino user forums and answers many commonly asked questions. Coverage includes the Arduino Uno, Arduino Leonardo, and Arduino Due boards. Uses the same clear, concise writing style and convenient format popularized in Monk's bestseller, Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches Focuses on programming rather than electronics-all concepts illustrated with working, well-tested code examples Answers commonly asked questions for Arduino developers who want to go beyond the basics Covers the basic Arduino Uno, plus the newer Leonardo and Due boards Shows how to incorporate advanced techniques in memory management, signal processing, communications, and performance Explains how to program the Arduino to communicate with the Internet


Since the worldwide food price crisis of 2008, foreign investors have rushed to acquire large amounts of agricultural land in poorer countries. Some observers welcome this, claiming that outside investment in ostensibly underused land will jump-start local development. Others regard such investments as land grabs, stressing that the areas are rarely empty and that local people have little say. This brief identifies the types of land targeted by investors and reveals key socio-ecological patterns of such deals. The evidence indicates that foreign investments are intensifying competition for the best land. Ensuring that such deals instead contribute to sustainable, inclusive use of land requires strong public guidance and oversight.


The federal tax code erects and enforces a firm border between for-profit and nonprofit organizations. Multiple provisions of the code monitor the boundaries of the tax-exempt, or nonprofit, sector to ensure that no nonprofit organization slips over the border to become a for-profit organization. Other code provisions restrict entry into the tax-exempt sector by for-profit organizations. Despite serious legal impediments, however, organizations on both sides of the boundary have increasingly found means by which they can cross the border. Arrangements such as corporate social responsibility, for-profit philanthropy, and social enterprise illustrate this recent trend. Through these arrangements, for-profit organizations are beginning to embrace social goals, while nonprofit organizations have started to use methods more traditionally associated with efficient business organizations. Research in organizational sociology provides tools by which to understand these new cross-border developments. This body of research has shown that organizational sectors, or fields, evolve according to well-understood patterns, whose significance tax scholars have overlooked. Then, federal tax law has failed to recognize and to make productive use of these organizational trends. This Article proposes that tax law should acknowledge the cross-sector movements of for-profit and nonprofit organizations, as well as the major advantages that these movements can produce. Tax law could then harness border-crossing activity to create social benefits. To achieve this result, federal tax law needs significantly to loosen the for-profit/nonprofit boundary. This change would enable the tax code to encourage cross-sector "collaborations" between for-profit and nonprofit organizations. This change to the tax law is one that Congress and the IRS could now accomplish through several basic measures. These measures would make it possible for federal tax law to realize the large potential for social good that lies at the changing for-profit/nonprofit border.


The present paper investigates Arabic lexical borrowings in terms of the new signifieds accrued in the receptor language (English) drawing on Venuti's (1998) notions of 'domestication' and 'foreignization'. The paper shows that SL meanings are at loggerheads with those in the receptor language. The paper argues that lexical borrowings are consequence of cultural transfer in intercultural communication situations and they can be a double-edged sword. Whilst the shift from the original meaning(s) via borrowing may be considered a gain for the receptor language, it can do injustice to the source language.


Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) initiatives by the corporations are playing increasingly significant role in the effort of contributing to community development particularly in the developing country. The international prominence of the initiatives in this area can be traced to the objectives of Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) that established corporations as partners of development. However, realizing the corporate sectors constraints in playing the roles as agents of development, the CSR initiatives need to be implemented with the involvement of the government agency to assist community development. This paper will explore the roles played by government agency in CSR project through a case study of successful CSR initiative in Bukit Awang, PasirPuteh Kelantan in Malaysia. A qualitative research strategy that explores the perspective of social actors that involved in the project and thematic data analysis are undertaken for that purpose. The result from the analysis reveals two main roles played by the government agency in CSR project by the corporation to the community. The roles are as the supporting agency and as leader in the community. These roles have assisted in the implementation of the CSR project with the objectives to develop the community involved.


Starmerella bombicola is known to produce sub‐terminally hydroxylated lactonic sophorolipids (SLs), while Candida kuoi synthesizes acidic open chain SLs with terminally hydroxylated fatty acids. Upon feeding glucose and fatty alcohols both strains form long‐chain nonionic SLs. According to structure elucidation the SLs consist of a hydroxylated fatty acid esterified with fatty alcohol and linked via a glycoside bond to the diacetylated sophorose unit. Palmityl, stearyl, and oleyl alcohols lead to products with lipid chain lengths of C32 or C36. Oleyl alcohol is the preferred substrate leading to 45 g L−1 of the double unsaturated C36 SL with S. bombicola and 20 g L−1 with C. kuoi. Scale up from shake flask to 1.5 L fermentations is possible and 65 g L−1 long‐chain SLs are obtained with S. bombicola within 7 days. Mixed feeding of oleic acid and a variety of fatty alcohols leads to new long‐chain SLs. In the presence of oleic acid the yeasts do not oxidize the fatty alcohol and thus the production of biosurfactants with tailored chain length is possible. The long‐chain SLs show good emulsification ability of water/paraffin oil mixtures at low energy input and reduced interfacial tension significantly.
Practical Applications: Sophorolipids are produced by fermentation on industrial scale focusing on cleaning and detergent applications. Mainly lactonic or anionic open‐chain forms are used today. The new long‐chain SLs presented in this manuscript are accessible with existing production technology and can be produced with high titers from cost‐efficient renewable raw materials. In contrast to the commercial products the long‐chain SLs are more hydrophobic and exhibit a strong emulsification behavior. Therefore they have the potential to broaden the application range of SLs in future. They may be useful as novel emulsifiers for cosmetic creams and lotions, pharmaceutical ointments and food products or may find application in oil spill remediation.


It is shown that a matching covered graph has an ear decomposition with no more than one double ear if and only if there is no set $S$ of edges such that $|S \cap A|$ is even for every alternating circuit $A$ but $|S \cap C|$ is odd for some even circuit $C$. Two proofs are presented. The first uses vector spaces and the second is constructive. Some applications are also given.


In this paper, I introduce the notion of "comparative dynamics" and the importance of connectivity as an essential and vital underlying principle for healthy collectivities. Such a notion resonates with Gregory Bateson's idea of the "pattern which connects," suggesting not only the functional importance of connectivity as an aspect of a healthy organization at some given scale, but also connectivity as an important principle, which is the basis for how all living patterns are connected together. This paper ends with some reflections on why and how teachers experience stress and burnout as an absence of connectivity while highlighting its importance in the well-being of teachers in healthy learning organizations.


This workbook accompanies the thoroughly revised edition of Integrated Korean: Intermediate 2 , the fourth volume of the best-selling series developed collaboratively by leading classroom teachers and linguists of Korean. All series' volumes have been developed in accordance with performance-based principles and methodology--contextualization, learner-centeredness, use of authentic materials, usage-orientedness, balance between skill getting and skill using, and integration of speaking, listening, reading, writing, and culture. Grammar points are systematically introduced in simple but adequate explanations and abundant examples and exercises. Each situation/topic-based lesson of the main texts consists of model dialogues, narration, new words and expressions, vocabulary notes, culture, grammar, usage, and English translation of dialogues. In response to comments from hundreds of students and instructors of the first edition, this new edition features a more attractive two-colour design with all new photos and drawings and an additional lesson and vocabulary exercises. Lessons are now organized into two main sections, each containing a conversational text (with its own vocabulary list) and a reading passage. This workbook, newly written, provides students with extensive skill-using activities based on the skills learned in the main text.


Recently, several classifiers that combine primary tumor data, like gene expression data, and secondary data sources, such as protein-protein interaction networks, have been proposed for predicting outcome in breast cancer. In these approaches, new composite features are typically constructed by aggregating the expression levels of several genes. The secondary data sources are employed to guide this aggregation. Although many studies claim that these approaches improve classification performance over single genes classifiers, the gain in performance is difficult to assess. This stems mainly from the fact that different breast cancer data sets and validation procedures are employed to assess the performance. Here we address these issues by employing a large cohort of six breast cancer data sets as benchmark set and by performing an unbiased evaluation of the classification accuracies of the different approaches. Contrary to previous claims, we find that composite feature classifiers do not outperform simple single genes classifiers. We investigate the effect of (1) the number of selected features; (2) the specific gene set from which features are selected; (3) the size of the training set and (4) the heterogeneity of the data set on the performance of composite feature and single genes classifiers. Strikingly, we find that randomization of secondary data sources, which destroys all biological information in these sources, does not result in a deterioration in performance of composite feature classifiers. Finally, we show that when a proper correction for gene set size is performed, the stability of single genes sets is similar to the stability of composite feature sets. Based on these results there is currently no reason to prefer prognostic classifiers based on composite features over single genes classifiers for predicting outcome in breast cancer.


Bacteriocins are antimicrobial compounds that are produced by a diverse group of
bacterial species that kill other bacterial species. Recent studies of the marine
environment have shown that antibiotic-like substances are more likely to be produced by
bacteria that are attached to particulate material than those that are free-living. This study
tested the production of presumptive bacteriocins from bacteria attached to particulate
material and free-living bacteria. Water samples were collected monthly over a twelvemonth
period from three freshwater and three saltwater sites near Wilmington in
Southeastern North Carolina. Water samples were plated to determine total viable counts
and the total viable population was screened for presumptive Vibrio and Pseudomonas
spp. In freshwater samples Pseudomonas spp. predominated while in saltwater samples
Vibrio spp. predominated. Free-living bacteria and bacteria adhered to particulate matter
from both groups were screened for antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity
(presumptive bacteriocin) was common among free-living bacteria and bacteria attached
to particulate material from both freshwater and saltwater samples. However, a higher
percentage bacteriocins were produced from bacteria adhered to particulate material than
from free-living bacteria in the surrounding water for both species. A higher percentage
of bacteriocins were produced by bacteria isolated from freshwater than bacteria isolated
from saltwater. Bacteriocins from Pseudomonas spp. displayed a narrow range of
antimicrobial activity with over 68% of the bacteria showing antimicrobial activity
against only one test organism, E. coli. Vibrio spp. bacteriocins displayed a broader
range of antimicrobial activity with 90% of bacteria showing activity against one of three
different Vibrio spp.: V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi.


References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as references to this Regulation. References to the Working Party on the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data established by Article 29 of Directive 95/46/EC shall be construed as references to the European Data Protection Board established by this Regulation.


This note explores the proposition that in the face of probably one of the most unequivocal forms of constitutional review in a modern day state, legislation in South Africa has since 27 April 1994 grown in status (and stature) nonetheless, and has assumed an unprecedented role in our constitutional democracy.  First, it is shown how constitutional review with the necessary judicial self-restraint has instilled respect for legislation in the context of and with reference to the separation of powers.  Second, it is shown that and how statutes have become (subsidiary) allies to the Constitution and have been standing the realisation of constitutional values in good stead.  Finally, it is argued that the constitutional requirement of popular participation in legislative deliberation has also added to the esteem for legislation in our constitutional democracy.


The preparation of sustainable protein superabsorbents from agricultural industry side-streams is reported. Wheat gluten (WG), a coproduct from the ethanol/starch industry, was processed into foams with sponge-like behavior and high liquid uptake. The materials were obtained by phase-separation of aqueous WG dispersions followed by ambient drying, or by lyophilization. The use of a natural and non-toxic cross-linker (genipin) resulted in foams with high water swelling properties (~18 g/g in 10 min). The rapid swelling may be of use in bio-based foams in e.g., sanitary pads.

As an alternative, potato protein concentrate (PPC, side-stream from the starch industry), was functionalized and prepared as particles. The liquid swelling capacity was compared after acylation with five different agents. It is shown that the PPC can be acylated to replicate the chemistry of synthetic superabsorbent polymers (SAP), showing water swelling capacity >10 g/g. The acylation (using EDTAD) of WG suspensions resulted in protein particles with water and saline uptake of 22 and 5 g/g, respectively. Limited network stability was however observed when acylating WG in low-protein suspensions. This was addressed by mixing the acylated protein with genipin, which provided a stable protein network. The process gave functionalized particles with swelling capacity ~40 g/g and ~80 % retention of swelling in centrifuge retention tests.

The extrusion of WG showed that porous WG with water uptake of 500 % can be produced. Further, the scalability of PPC production was pilottested by functionalizing potato fruit juice (PFJ), containing the potato protein in its soluble state before the industrial drying used to obtain PPC. This resulted in water swelling capacities >10 g/g, which was comparable to the PPC-functionalized materials. The results pave the way for future optimization of high-throughput production techniques using protein sources in mass production of sustainable protein-based SAPs.


The Mysterious Benedict Society is back with a new mission, significantly closer to home. After reuniting for a celebratory scavenger hunt, Reynie, Kate, Sticky, and Constance are forced to go on an unexpected search--a search to find Mr. Benedict. It seems that while he was preparing the kids' adventure, he stepped right into a trap orchestrated by his evil twin Mr. Curtain. With only one week to find a captured Mr. Benedict, the gifted foursome faces their greatest challenge of all--a challenge that will reinforce the reasons they were brought together in the first place and will require them to fight for the very namesake that united them.


The present study is a first attempt to comparing the hydroid faunas of the various Zoogeographie areas of the Atlantic Ocean. We restricted ourselves to species of the orders Antho- and Leptomedusae, of which 1050 species were taken into account. The classification of zoogeographic areas used follows Ekman and Briggs, with slight modifications; thus, the Strait of Gibraltar is here considered as a separate zoogeographic area due to its character of a transition zone between several areas in the Northeastern Atlantic Region. Species were arranged into Zoogeographic groups to compare the faunal composition of the various Zoogeographic areas. The Dice similarity index was used for each comparison. The fauna of North-eastern Region can be split into three groups of similarity: 1) that of the Mediterranean and Lusitanian Provinces plus the Boreal Subregion, 2) that of the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mauritanian Province, and 3) that of the Senegalian Subregion (probably due to the lack of knowledge of its fauna). Just like in Senegalian Subregion, the South-eastern Atlantic Region takes an isolated position (presumably at least in part because the vast majority of data is from South Africa alone). In the North-western Region, the North American and Caribbean Provinces are closely related to each other and to the Brazilian Subregion. The Arctic and Antarctic (together with the Argentinian Subregion) are the most isolated regions. As a general rule, widely distributed species dominate in each region. In the North-eastern Region, the number of such species increases from higher latitudes to the Equator. In the Mediterranean, their number decreases in favour of endemic species. The fauna of the Strait of Gibraltar is more related to that of the Atlantic part of the North-eastern Region than to that of the Mediterranean Province. The high number of endemics in the South-eastern Region and in the Caribbean Province is remarkable. It is also noticeable that the Brazilian Province shares more species with the North-western Region than with the South-eastern Region. The Antarctic presents a similar percentage of endemics as the Arctic. Some distribution patterns of Antho- and Leptomedusae can be explained by the general current system in the Atlantic Ocean.


The purpose of the current investigation was to assess the cognitive appraisal of stress and coping ability of Basic Combat Training (BCT) Soldiers experiencing an injury and some of the variables that predict cognitive appraisal. BCT soldiers train at high intensity rates for 10 weeks and are considered today's tactical athletes due to the high intensity training to prepare to defend the nation. Training consists of basic soldiering skills, including an extensive amount of marching, marksmanship, Army combatives, and drill and ceremony. For some, this high intensity training results in injuries very similar in nature to those that athlete's experience. For this reason a model originally designed for use with injured athletes was utilized as a framework to begin to research the injury experience for BCT soldiers. Previous research on cognitive appraisal of injury in athletes provides support for cognitive appraisal models (Brewer, 1994; Wiese-Bjornstal, Smith, Shaffer, & Morrey, 1998) as an appropriate framework for understanding how individual's react to injury. According to Brewer and Cornelius' (2003) review of the psychology of injury literature, Wiese-Bjornstal et al.'s (1998) integrated model is the most comprehensive model and has received the most consistent empirical support, thus this model was the basis for this study. This study examined how variables related to the injury itself (injury type, perception of injury severity), individual difference variables (injury history, self-motivation, soldier identity, social desirability, coping resources), demographic variables (age, gender, prior sport experience), and time in BCT predicted primary and secondary cognitive appraisal. Information was gathered from injured soldiers through self-report measurements during a visit to a physical therapy clinic for the injury as well as data resulting from an evaluation of the injury by a physical therapist. Multiple regression analysis found 25% of the variance in primary cognitive appraisal for participants (N = 189) was predicted by the variables, with soldier identity, social desirability, coping resources, and perception of injury severity were significant predictors. The variables accounted for 35% of the variance in secondary cognitive appraisal, with the significant predictors being soldier identity, social desirability, coping resources, and perception of injury severity. This research was the first to explore the cognitive appraisal of BCT soldiers and will lead to a better understanding of the experience. The long-term goal of this line of research is to develop interventions to assist in the rehabilitation process to improve the probability for soldiers to return to duty after experiencing an injury.


Copyright c 2012, the Korean Thyroid Association. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 여포성 종양의 진단과 치료에 있어서의 문제점들


Border fixity - the proscription of foreign conquest and the annexation of homeland territory - has, since World War II, become a powerful norm in world politics. This development has been said to increase stability and peace in international relations. Yet, in a world in which it is unacceptable to challenge international borders by force, sociopolitically weak states remain a significant source of widespread conflict, war, and instability. In this book, Boaz Atzili argues that the process of state building has long been influenced by external territorial pressures and competition, with the absence of border fixity contributing to the evolution of strong states - and its presence to the survival of weak ones. What results from this norm, he argues, are conditions that make internal conflict and the spillover of interstate war more likely. Using a comparison of historical and contemporary case studies, Atzili sheds light on the relationship between state weakness and conflict. His argument that under some circumstances an international norm that was established to preserve the peace may actually create conditions that are ripe for war is sure to generate debate and shed light on the dynamics of continuing conflict in the twenty-first century.


The present study evaluated the effect of different associations between coulters and fertilizer furrow openers on soil disturbance, furrow depth and width, according to forward speed. The study was conducted on a farm in Santa Maria (Brazil/RS), in soil classified as sandy loam Ultisol. The experiment consisted of 24 combinations of treatments with three replications in a 2×3×4 factorial experiment. The combinations were formed by the interaction of the factors including: two types of furrow openers (hoe and double-disc), three types of coulters (no-coulter, smooth and offset fluted) and four levels of forward speed (1.11, 1.67, 2.22 and 2.78 m/s). Soil elevation and soil disturbance area profiles were obtained with the use of a micro profilometer, and disturbance values were calculated with the aid of computer software program Auto Cad. The disturbance area was not affected by speed; it was greater when using the hoe opener, and in association with the offset fluted coulter. Speed was inversely proportional to the depth of the furrows made by the hoe opener. Furthermore, the hoe caused the greatest furrow width (0.26 m) in comparison with the double-disc (0.24 m). The use of different coulters associated with furrow openers increased this variable (0.23 m for the no-coulter condition, 0.25 m with smooth and 0.26 m with offset fluted). The use of coulters combined with furrow openers reduces soil swelling, in approximately 8% for the smooth and 20% for the offset fluted.