Federal law significantly limits the political activities of charities, but no one really knows why. In the wake of Citizens United, the absence of any strong normative grounding for the limits may leave the rules vulnerable to constitutional challenge. This Article steps into that breach, offering a set of policy reasons to separate politics from charity. I also sketch ways in which my more-precise exposition of the rationale for the limits helps guide interpretation of the complex legal rules implementing them. Any defense of the political limits begins with significant challenges because of a long tradition of scholarly criticism of them. Critics of the limits suggest that the "market failures" that justify tax subsidies for charity also afflict group efforts to monitor politicians and organize politically, so that the subsidy should extend to cover those activities. These claims, though, overlook a series of additional issues suggested by transaction cost economics and other aspects of economic theory. Most significantly, even if lobbying and electioneering should be subsidized, it does not follow that these functions should be carried out by charities. I argue that combining politics with charity produces a set of diseconomies of scope, including higher agency costs, diminished "warm glow" from giving, and greater inframarginality of deduction recipients. In addition, I argue that the economically ideal tools for reaching the socially optimal levels of charity and lobbying are incompatible with one another. While there are also off-setting gains from the combination, many of these gains further exacerbate the diseconomies.


Book abstract: Today's biblical interpreter, whether scholar, student, or pastor, is faced with a plethora of philosophies and methods for interpreting Scripture. Postmodern trends have emphasized one's community identity in shaping interpretation, leading to differing conclusions. In addition, modern biblical interpretation has too often been characterized by a schism between the disciplines of exegesis and theology. The Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible is a groundbreaking reference tool that seeks first of all to marry the tasks of exegesis and theology with the goal of theological interpretation of Scripture--that is, interpretation that has recovered a focus on the subject matter of Scripture: the nature and activity of God and the gospel. Second, it aims to provide a guide to understanding various interpretative approaches and a tool for evaluating them in light of this goal. The dictionary covers a wide range of topics related to biblical interpretation with both depth and clarity. Topics include the theological interpretation of individual books of the Bible, issues of hermeneutics, various biblical interpreters and interpretative communities, and the interplay of interpretation with various doctrines and doctrinal themes. The contributors represent a diverse range of theological backgrounds and interpretative approaches and are experts in their respective fields.


In a research project funded by the German Research Foundation, meteorologists, data publication experts, and computer scientists optimised the publication process of meteorological data and developed software that supports metadata review. The project group placed particular emphasis on scientific and technical quality assurance of primary data and metadata. At the end, the software automatically registers a Digital Object Identifier at DataCite. The software has been successfully integrated into the infrastructure of the World Data Center for Climate, but a key objective was to make the results applicable to data publication processes in other sciences as well.


The aim of this article is threefold: It attempts to 1) identify the characteristics of East Asian forms of meditation, as compared to meditation in other parts of the Eurasian continent; 2) test the usefulness of a definition of meditation as a self-administered technique for inner transformation; and 3) test the usefulness of a classification of meditation techniques based on generic features of the meditation object, in particular location (external vs. internal), agency (spontaneous vs. produced), and faculty (cognitive vs. sensory). While the variation among East Asian forms of meditation is considerable, they (along with Indic forms) are often more technical and less consistently devotional than their Western counterparts, and less often sound-based than their Indic counterparts. In a number of ways, both the definition and classification system suggested turn out to be helpful in the analysis of East Asian forms of meditation.


Preface ix Dedication: Roy W. Rice xi In Memoriam: Janet B. Quinn xiii A History of the Fractography of Glasses and Ceramics 1 George D. Quinn The Effect of Defects and Materials Texture on the Fracture of Low-Pressure Injection Moulded Alumina Components 57 Tanja Lube, Roger Morrell, and Irina Kraleva Single Edge V-Notch Fractography of Engineering Ceramics 65 Jasbir Singh Aujla and Kevin Kibble Roughness of Silica Glass Sub-Critical Fracture Surfaces 77 Gael Pallares, Frederic Lechenault, Matthieu George, Elisabeth Bouchaud, Cindy L. Rountree, and Matteo Ciccotti Fractography in the Development of Ion-Exchanged Cover Glass 85 G.S. Glaesemann, T.M. Gross, J.F. Bayne, and J.J. Price Crack Branching in Glass Interface Driven by Dynamic Loading 95 Hwun Park and Weinong Chen A Strain Energy Release Rate Criterion for Formation of the Mirror/Mist Boundary, Depiction on the (G,R) vs. DeltaC Universal Energy Diagram 101 Richard C. Bradt Scratch Damage in Ion-Exchanged Alkali Aluminosilicate Glass: Crack Evolution and the Dependence of Lateral Cracking Threshold on Contact Geometry 113 Timothy M. Gross Fractography Lessons from Knapping 123 Are Tsirk Failure and Damage Mechanisms in Ceramic Nanocomposites 133 Jan Dusza Failure Analysis of Ceramic Laminates Using Quantitative Fractography and Fractal Geometry 149 J. J. Mecholsky, Jr. Fractographic Analysis of Broken Ceramic Dental Restorations 161 George D. Quinn, Kathleen Hoffman, S. Scherrer, U. Lohbauer, G. Amberger M. Karl, and J.R. Kelly Fractography of Ceramic Dental Implants 175 Stephan Hecht-Mijic Modes of Failure of Bonding Interfaces in Dentistry 193 Alvaro Delia Bona, John J. Mecholsky Jr. Qualitative and Quantitative Fractographic Analysis of All-Ceramic Fixed Partial Dentures 205 Marcsa Borba, Humberto N. Yoshimura, Jason A. Griggs, Paulo F. Cesar, and Alvaro Delia Bona Intrinsic Strength, Damage and Failure 213 C.R. Kurkjian The Notched Ball Test Characterisation of Surface Defects and their Influence on Strength 225 Tanja Lube, Stefan Witschnig, Peter Supancic, Robert Danzer, and Oskar Schoppl Analytical Model for Improved Residual Surface Stress Approximation 235 Roberto Dugnani and Zixiao Pan Thermal Shock Behavior of Si3N4-Specimens Influence of Annealing and Edges 245 Walter Harrer, Robert Danzer, and Karl Berroth A Fracture Analysis of Gadolinium-Doped Ceria Ceramics to Improve Strength and Reliability 255 Kouichi Yasuda, Kazuhiro Uemura, and Tadashi Shiota Triple Blind Fractography Study of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Thin-Film-Modified Porcelain 265 Robert L. Smith, Jeffrey Y. Thompson, Ryan N. Chan, Brian R. Stoner, Jeffrey R. Piascik, and John J. Mecholsky Jr. Residual Failure Due to Incomplete Sintering of Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures 273 David L. Ahearn and Fred Schmidt Laminate Design Effects on the Fracture Patterns of Impact Resistance Glass Panels 281 J.L. Ladner, D.L. Ahearn, and R.C. Bradt Application of Fractography in Pharmaceutical Industry 289 Florian Maurer Using Replicas in Fractography of Glasses and Ceramics Advantages and Pitfalls 299 James R. Varner Author Index 30


The effective use of school resources is a policy priority across OECD countries. The OECD Reviews of School Resources explore how resources can be governed, distributed, utilised and managed to improve the quality, equity and efficiency of school education.
The series considers four types of resources: financial resources, such as public funding of individual schools; human resources, such as teachers, school leaders and education administrators; physical resources, such as location, buildings and equipment; and other resources, such as learning time.
This series offers timely policy advice to both governments and the education community. It includes both country reports and thematic studies.


Philosophers and scientists have long speculated about the nature of color. Atomists such as Democritus thought color to be "conventional," not real; Galileo and other key figures of the Scientific Revolution thought that it was an erroneous projection of our own sensations onto external objects. More recently, philosophers have enriched the debate about color by aligning the most advanced color science with the most sophisticated methods of analytical philosophy. In this volume, leading scientists and philosophers examine new problems with new analytic tools, considering such topics as the psychophysical measurement of color and its implications, the nature of color experience in both normal color-perceivers and the color blind, and questions that arise from what we now know about the neural processing of color information, color consciousness, and color language. Taken together, these papers point toward a complete restructuring of current orthodoxy concerning color experience and how it relates to objective reality. Kuehni, Jameson, Mausfeld, and Niederee discuss how the traditional framework of a three-dimensional color space and basic color terms is far too simple to capture the complexities of color experience. Clark and MacLeod discuss the difficulties of a materialist account of color experience. Churchland, Cohen, Matthen, and Westphal offer competing accounts of color ontology. Finally, Broackes and Byrne and Hilbert discuss the phenomenology of color blindness. Contributors: Justin Broackes, Alex Byrne, Paul M. Churchland, Austen Clark, Jonathan Cohen, David R. Hilbert, Kimberly A. Jameson, Rolf Kuehni, Don I.A. MacLeod, Mohan Matthen, Rainer Mausfeld, Richard Niederee, Jonathan Westphal


Both empirical and anecdotal data indicate that the use of provisional ballots in U.S. elections is a mixed bag. On the one hand, providing voters whose eligibility is unclear with an opportunity to cast a provisional ballot might prevent many voters from being disenfranchised. Indeed, the evidence from several states (for example, in California provisional ballots were estimated to be 5.8% of all ballots cast in 2008) indicates that the incidence of disputed eligibility can be quite substantial, and that provisional balloting options are substantively important. On the other hand, those states with provisional balloting systems may be less likely to seek to improve their registration, voter list, and election administration procedures, as provisional ballots provide a "fail-safe" option. We assume that the goal here is to (a) reduce incidences in which voter eligibility is at issue, and (b) provide an opportunity for all eligible voters to participate. In light of these goals, we recommend the best practices identified in the U.S. Election Assistance Commission's 2010 report on provisional voting: improving voter outreach/ communication, adding to staff and poll worker training, encouraging more consistent and comprehensive Election Day management procedures, and strengthening procedures for offering and counting provisional ballots as well as upgrading post-election statistical systems.1 These recommendations respect differences between and amongst the states, but provide a pathway for achieving consistency within states and improving voting procedures across the board. We also recommend that provisional ballot procedures are consistent within a given state, that younger voters be targeted for outreach, that provisional voting data be integrated into the voter lists and analyzed to inform outreach, and that both Election Day and (especially) post-election procedures for using and counting provisional ballots be strictly defined, understood, and implemented by election administrators.


Forest fragmentation and selective logging are two main drivers of global environmental change and modify biodiversity and environmental conditions in many tropical forests. The consequences of these changes for the functioning of tropical forest ecosystems have rarely been explored in a comprehensive approach. In a Kenyan rainforest, we studied six animal-mediated ecosystem processes and recorded species richness and community composition of all animal taxa involved in these processes. We used linear models and a formal meta-analysis to test whether forest fragmentation and selective logging affected ecosystem processes and biodiversity and used structural equation models to disentangle direct from biodiversity-related indirect effects of human disturbance on multiple ecosystem processes. Fragmentation increased decomposition and reduced antbird predation, while selective logging consistently increased pollination, seed dispersal and army-ant raiding. Fragmentation modified species richness or community composition of five taxa, whereas selective logging did not affect any component of biodiversity. Changes in the abundance of functionally important species were related to lower predation by antbirds and higher decomposition rates in small forest fragments. The positive effects of selective logging on bee pollination, bird seed dispersal and army-ant raiding were direct, i.e. not related to changes in biodiversity, and were probably due to behavioural changes of these highly mobile animal taxa. We conclude that animal-mediated ecosystem processes respond in distinct ways to different types of human disturbance in Kakamega Forest. Our findings suggest that forest fragmentation affects ecosystem processes indirectly by changes in biodiversity, whereas selective logging influences processes directly by modifying local environmental conditions and resource distributions. The positive to neutral effects of selective logging on ecosystem processes show that the functionality of tropical forests can be maintained in moderately disturbed forest fragments. Conservation concepts for tropical forests should thus include not only remaining pristine forests but also functionally viable forest remnants.


Connectionism challenges a basic assumption of much of AI, that mental processes are best viewed as algorithmic symbol manipulations. Connectionism replaces symbol structures with distributed representations in the form of weights between units. For problems close to the architecture of the underlying machines, connectionist and symbolic approaches can make different representational commitments for a task and, thus, can constitute different theories. For complex problems, however, the power of a system comes more from the content of the representations than the medium in which the representations reside. The connectionist hope of using learning to obviate explicit specification of this content is undermined by the problem of programming appropriate initial connectionist architectures so that they can in fact learn. In essence, although connectionism is a useful corrective to the view of mind as a Turing machine, for most of the central issues of intelligence, connectionism is only marginally relevant.


The bony-tongue fish genus Arapaima Müller has been considered monotypic since 1868, with A. gigas being the only recognized species. Review of species-level taxonomy of Arapaima has revealed that Arapaima agassizii Valenciennes (in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847) should be considered a valid species. The holotype was destroyed in World War II, but the species can be recognized based on the original description, which included detailed osteological illustrations. At least nine characters distinguish it from all other Arapaima: 1) dentary teeth 44 (counted on one ramus only, vs. 21–37 in other Arapaima); 2) maxillary teeth 43 (vs. 21–38 in other Arapaima); 3) orbit diameter 1.5% standard length (SL, vs. 1.5–2.8, relatively larger in all other Arapaima at similar SL); 4) interorbital width 4.1% SL (vs. 5.3–6.5 in other Arapaima); 5) parietals with pronounced posterior projections that are pointed and curve slightly toward midline (vs. absent in other Arapaima); 6) caudal fin widely separated from dorsal and anal fins by long caudal peduncle, 9.7% SL (vs. much shorter peduncle, 3.2–5.5 in others); 7) anal fin with only 26 rays (vs. 30–40 in others), with distinctly shorter basal length than dorsal-fin base; 8) dorsal and anal fins extremely low in profile; dorsal-fin base divided by longest dorsal ray about 7 (vs. 3.1–5.5 in others); and 9) first pectoral-fin ray with proximal tip similar in form to subsequent pectoral-fin rays (vs. first pectoral-fin ray noticeably enlarged relative to subsequent rays). Arapaima agassizii still is known only from the holotype, which was collected in 1817–20 somewhere in lowlands of the Brazilian Amazon. It thus is important to locate this taxon to determine its distribution and conservation status.


Following the end of World War II, conflicts worldwide have changed greatly. "War," according to the classical definition, occurs with less and less frequency. Countries avoid involvement in formal warfare or categorizing conflicts with other entities as war. The field of Conflict Resolution developed after World War II seeking the reasons for the outbreak of conflicts and clarifying new ways to settle them. More recently, a new approach called Conflict Transformation suggests converting the relationship between parties as the way to settle a conflict. Israel is a party to many interlocking conflicts, one of which is the protracted and intractable conflict with Hamas in Gaza. This conflict is an extension of Israel's ethno-social conflict with the Palestinian people. The prominence of the conflict's violent dimension brings society to exhaustion and to develop a psychological infrastructure preserving and empowering the conflict's vitality. In an era in which war was an acceptable means to solve disputes between countries, the 1907 Hague Convention obligated nations to declare war preceding the opening of hostilities. Israeli law governs declarations of war, but policy makers prefer to conduct large-scale military operations without a formal declaration. However, it is wider than a narrow legal act and is considered by Austin (1963) a "Speech Act," as well as a "ceremony" (Turner, 2004). Because a declaration of war contains a credible threat regarding the ability to "hurt" the other party, it serves as leverage to establish the necessary conditions between parties to reach a lasting peace. Although the idea of a declaration of war seems to conflict with the logic of Conflict Resolution, in actuality, applying the paradoxical principal of strategy—action against linear intuition—has the potential to settle the conflict through its transformative power. Through those various paradigms of declaration of war, we conceptualize mollifiers and fomenters for the possibility to declare war in order to transform the conflict towards its resolution.


On September 11, 2001, FBI Special Agent Ali H. Soufan was handed a secret file. Had he received it months earlier-when it was requested-the attacks on New York and Washington could have been prevented. During his time on the front lines, Soufan helped thwart plots around the world and elicited some of the most important confessions from terrorists in the war against al-Qaeda-without laying so much as a hand on them. Most of these stories have never been reported before, and never by anyone with such intimate firsthand knowledge. This narrative account of America's successes and failures against al-Qaeda is essential to an understanding of the terrorist group. We are taken into hideouts and interrogation rooms. We have a ringside seat at bin Laden's personal celebration of the 9/11 bombings. Such riveting details show us not only how terrorists think and operate but also how they can be beaten and brought to justice.


We examine trade-offs among stakeholders in ad auctions. Our metrics are the revenue for the utility of the auctioneer, the number of clicks for the utility of the users and the welfare for the utility of the advertisers. We show how to optimize linear combinations of the stakeholder utilities, showing that these can be tackled through a GSP auction with a per-click reserve price. We then examine constrained optimization of stakeholder utilities. We use simulations and analysis of real-world sponsored search auction data to demonstrate the feasible trade-offs, examining the effect of changing the allowed number of ads on the utilities of the stakeholders. We investigate both short term effects, when the players do not have the time to modify their behavior, and long term equilibrium conditions. Finally, we examine a combinatorially richer constrained optimization problem, where there are several possible allowed configurations (templates) of ad formats. This model captures richer ad formats, which allow using the available screen real estate in various ways. We show that two natural generalizations of the GSP auction rules to this domain are poorly behaved, resulting in not having a symmetric Nash equilibrium or having one with poor welfare. We also provide positive results for restricted cases.


In 1932/33 Sir Alan Cobham brought a touring British air show to South Africa. His roving circus was not the first, the only or even the biggest contribution to 'airmindedness' in the Union. It was preceded by other preand post-war air displays and was overshadowed by simultaneous aviation events. The immediate, localised civic impacts of some fifty successive air shows may have exceeded the intention of popularising flight. In isolated towns the pleasures, disruptions and disappointments to do with planning, staging and watching the circus were considerable. In retrospect, the tour was a cameo of colonialist assumptions, attitudes and practices. Not least, the paternalism of the circus disguised a larger intervention that acknowledged rather than ignored thriving aviation practices which had already made the Union 'airminded'. Cobham predicted, correctly, that British aviation interests in South Africa were threatened: his tour was also a flag-waving episode intended to benefit Britain, not only South Africa.


Give your students the best chance of success with this tried and tested series, combining in-depth analysis, engaging narrative and accessibility. Access to History is the most popular, trusted and wide-ranging series for A-level History students. This title: - Supports the content and assessment requirements of the 2015 A-level History specifications - Contains authoritative and engaging content - Includes thought-provoking key debates that examine the opposing views and approaches of historians - Provides exam-style questions and guidance for each relevant specification to help students understand how to apply what they have learnt This title is suitable for a variety of courses including: - AQA: International Relations and Global Conflict c1890-1941 - OCR: International Relations 1890-1941


Why should a property interest exist in an intangible item? In recent years, arguments over intellectual property have often divided proponents--who emphasize the importance of providing incentives for producers of creative works-- from skeptics who emphasize the need for free and open access to knowledge. In a wide-ranging and ambitious analysis, Robert P. Merges establishes a sophisticated rationale for the most vital form of modern property: IP rights. His insightful new book answers the many critics who contend that these rights are inefficient, unfair, and theoretically incoherent. But Merges' vigorous defense of IP is also a call for appropriate legal constraints and boundaries: IP rights are real, but they come with real limits. Drawing on Kant, Locke, and Rawls as well as contemporary scholars, Merges crafts an original theory to explain why IP rights make sense as a reward for effort and as a way to encourage individuals to strive. He also provides a novel explanation of why awarding IP rights to creative people is fair for everyone else in society, by contributing to a just distribution of resources. Merges argues convincingly that IP rights are based on a solid ethical foundation, and--when subject to fair limits--these rights are an indispensable part of a well-functioning society.


100,000 years ago, at least six human species inhabited the earth. Today there is just one. Us. Homo sapiens. How did our species succeed in the battle for dominance? Why did our foraging ancestors come together to create cities and kingdoms? How did we come to believe in gods, nations and human rights; to trust money, books and laws; and to be enslaved by bureaucracy, timetables and consumerism? And what will our world be like in the millennia to come? In Sapiens, Dr Yuval Noah Harari spans the whole of human history, from the very first humans to walk the earth to the radical - and sometimes devastating - breakthroughs of the Cognitive, Agricultural and Scientific Revolutions. Drawing on insights from biology, anthropology, palaeontology and economics, he explores how the currents of history have shaped our human societies, the animals and plants around us, and even our personalities. Have we become happier as history has unfolded? Can we ever free our behaviour from the heritage of our ancestors? And what, if anything, can we do to influence the course of the centuries to come? Bold, wide-ranging and provocative, Sapiens challenges everything we thought we knew about being human: our thoughts, our actions, our power...and our future. "Here is a simple reason why Sapiens has risen explosively to the ranks of an international bestseller. It tackles the biggest questions of history and of the modern world, and it is written in unforgettably vivid language. You will love it!" (Jared Diamond).


Today's Web-enabled deluge of electronic data calls for automated methods of data analysis. Machine learning provides these, developing methods that can automatically detect patterns in data and then use the uncovered patterns to predict future data. This textbook offers a comprehensive and self-contained introduction to the field of machine learning, based on a unified, probabilistic approach. The coverage combines breadth and depth, offering necessary background material on such topics as probability, optimization, and linear algebra as well as discussion of recent developments in the field, including conditional random fields, L1 regularization, and deep learning. The book is written in an informal, accessible style, complete with pseudo-code for the most important algorithms. All topics are copiously illustrated with color images and worked examples drawn from such application domains as biology, text processing, computer vision, and robotics. Rather than providing a cookbook of different heuristic methods, the book stresses a principled model-based approach, often using the language of graphical models to specify models in a concise and intuitive way. Almost all the models described have been implemented in a MATLAB software package--PMTK (probabilistic modeling toolkit)--that is freely available online. The book is suitable for upper-level undergraduates with an introductory-level college math background and beginning graduate students.


Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement stand as milestone diplomatic achievements. However, immense discrepancies between political commitments and governmental action remain. Combined national climate commitments fall far short of the Paris Agreement's 1.5/2°C targets. Similar political ambition gaps persist across various areas of sustainable development. Many therefore argue that actions by nonstate actors, such as businesses and investors, cities and regions, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), are crucial. These voices have resonated across the United Nations (UN) system, leading to growing recognition, promotion, and mobilization of such actions in ever greater numbers. This article investigates optimistic arguments about nonstate engagement, namely: (a) "the more the better"; (b) "everybody wins"; (c) "everyone does their part"; and (d) "more brings more." However, these optimistic arguments may not be matched in practice due to governance risks. The current emphasis on quantifiable impacts may lead to the under‐appreciation of variegated social, economic, and environmental impacts. Claims that everybody stands to benefit may easily be contradicted by outcomes that are not in line with priorities and needs in developing countries. Despite the seeming depoliticization of the role of nonstate actors in implementation, actions may still lead to politically contentious outcomes. Finally, nonstate climate and sustainability actions may not be self‐reinforcing but may heavily depend on supporting mechanisms. The article concludes with governance risk‐reduction strategies that can be combined to maximize nonstate potential in sustainable and climate‐resilient transformations.


The first group that was revised within my study is Ochralea Clark, 1865 (Hazmi & Wagner 2010a). I have checked the type specimen of most species that were originally described in Ochralea and there is no doubt that this genus is clearly distinct from Monolepta. Weise (1924) has synonymised Galeruca nigripes (Olivier, 1808) with O. nigricornis Clark, 1865 and the valid name of the species is O. nigripes (Olivier, 1808). Out of ten species originally described in this genus, only this species remain valid and O. pectoralis is a new synonym of O. nigripes. Additionally, Monolepta wangkliana Mohamedsaid, 2000 is very closely related to O. nigripes and need to be transferred to Ochralea. The second genus where the revision is still published is Arcastes Baly, 1865 (Hazmi & Wagner 2010b). I have checked the genitalic characters of A. biplagiata, and most of the type species of other Arcastes. Arcastes biplagiata possesses a peculiar shape of the median lobe and asymmetrically arranged endophallic structures. These peculiar characters are very useful to delimit this genus from the others. Therefore, only three valid species remain in Arcastes, while two new synonyms are found and fourrnother species need to be transferred to other genera. While checking the genitalic characteristics of type species of Arcastes sanguinea, thernmedian lobe as well as the spermatheca of this species possesses strong differences to A. biplagiata. The species was redescribed and transferred in a monotypic new genus Rubrarcastes Hazmi & Wagner, 2010c. The fourth genus that was already revised is Neolepta Jacoby, 1884. It was originally described on base of only two species by that time, N. biplagiata and N. fulvipennis. Jacoby has not designated a type species of the genus, and Maulik (1936) did it later, with the designation of N. biplagiata. Jacoby in his original description has only commented that Neolepta is very close and similar to Monolepta Chevrolat, 1837 and Candezea Chapuis, 1879. Subsequent authors have described further eight species, and transferred one species from Luperodes to it, summing up the total number of eleven described species in Neolepta. I have checked the genitalic characters of the type, N. biplagiata and have found out that the median lobe is not incised apically and stronger sclerotised ventral carinae with an apical hook close to the apex occur. Out of all described species, only two are closely related to the genero-type, N. sumatrensis (Jacoby, 1884) new combination and N. quadriplagiata Jacoby, 1886 that will remain in this group after the revision. All other species need to be transferred to other genera, including the newly described Paraneolepta and Orthoneolepta. The last distinct paper of this thesis presented the results on Monolepta Chevrolat, 1837. The massive number of Monolepta from the entire Oriental Region, with about 260 described species names is a more long-life project and not practicable within a PhD-study. Thus I have focused on the species of Monolepta known from the Sundaland area in this work. A comprehensive revision including the study of the primary types of the described species, has never been done for Monolepta from this sub-region, while new species have also been described in the last decade (e. g. Mohamedsaid 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000a,b, 2001, 2002, 2005).
On base of the most current species lists of Mohamedsaid (2001, 2004, 2005) and Kimoto (1990), the number of valid species described from this region is about 72. After my revision, only thirteen valid species can remain in Monolepta in the sense of the generotype M. bioculata (Wagner 2007), while seven species have been found as new synonyms, three have been already transferred to other genera and further 49 species need to be transferred to other genera.


The deposition of contourites in the oceans is controlled by bottom water currents and thus the characterization of contouritic features (e.g. sediment drifts, moats) with seismic reflection data provides a means to reconstruct past changes in the abyssal circulation. This is particularly challenging in areas with significant interaction of the contour currents with turbiditic processes. We here present a detailed investigation of such a depositional system located between 41 and 45S at the slope of the Argentine continental margin. A complex history of sediment deposition in the study area is indicated by the presence of a canyon system, submarine channels and sediment drifts. We use a dense grid of seismic reflection profiles to identify sedimentary units from regional reflector PLe (~65 Ma) upward, map depocentre geometries and separate along-slope from down-slope processes.
The most prominent indicator for along-slope current controlled transport processes is a detached, elongated and buried sediment drift that most likely is the extension of a giant drift previously identified further to
the south where it crops out at the seafloor. Overall, the feature extends over more than 400 km along the margin and is bounded by regional reflectors AR4 and AR5. Based on a tentative seismostratigraphy for the area the drift grew from ~34 to 17 Ma and was likely shaped by Antarctic bottom water (AABW) circulating in the Argentine Basin. Along with Miocene climate cooling (< 12 Ma) down-slope processes became more prominent. The upper sedimentary column is characterized by a major erosional unconformity and the development of the canyon system.


The chapter discusses the importance of movement in our understanding of globalization and suggests ways to nuance a common assumption: that all kinds of mobilities are steadily expanding as globalization expands. The chapter contextualizes the evolution of the spatio-temporal dimensions of mobility and migration and its organizational dimensions, insisting on the agency of mobile individuals within a complex and multi-scalar policy framework. It shows how it has become very difficult to map contemporary moving patterns, which do not correspond anymore to arrows tracing direct trajectories from one point to another: the example of still-points on the migratory roads towards Europe, notably when migrants get 'lost in migration', held still for months or years in facilities where they are detained due to the lack of legal status. While pinpointing the contradictory evolution of mobility and migration, the chapter however insists on the fact that the mobile component of all socio-spatial processes has now been uncovered, forcing us towards mobile epistemologies that consider mobility as the rule rather than an exception within political and social constructs.


Abstract. The development of effective emissions control policies that are beneficial to both climate and air quality requires a detailed understanding of all the feedbacks in the atmospheric composition and climate system. We perform sensitivity studies with a global atmospheric composition-climate model to assess the impact of aerosols on tropospheric chemistry through their modification on clouds, aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI). The model includes coupling between both tropospheric gas-phase and aerosol chemistry and aerosols and liquid-phase clouds. We investigate past impacts from preindustrial (PI) to present day (PD) and future impacts from PD to 2050 (for the moderate IPCC A1B scenario) that embrace a wide spectrum of precursor emission changes and consequential ACI. The aerosol indirect effect (AIE) is estimated to be −2.0 Wm−2 for PD-PI and −0.6 Wm−2 for 2050-PD, at the high end of current estimates. Inclusion of ACI substantially impacts changes in global mean methane lifetime across both time periods, enhancing the past and future increases by 10% and 30%, respectively. In regions where pollution emissions increase, inclusion of ACI leads to 20% enhancements in in-cloud sulfate production and ~10% enhancements in sulfate wet deposition that is displaced away from the immediate source regions. The enhanced in-cloud sulfate formation leads to larger increases in surface sulfate across polluted regions (~10–30%). Nitric acid wet deposition is dampened by 15–20% across the industrialized regions due to ACI allowing additional re-release of reactive nitrogen that contributes to 1–2 ppbv increases in surface ozone in outflow regions. Our model findings indicate that ACI must be considered in studies of methane trends and projections of future changes to particulate matter air quality.


During the past year, a prototype expert system for tactical data fusion has been under development,. This computer program combines various messages concerning electronic intelligence (ELINT) to aid in decision making concerning enemy actions and intentions. The prototype system is written in Prolog, a language that has proved to be very powerful and easy to use for problem /rule development. The resulting prototype system (called EXPRS-Expert Prolog System) uses English-like rule constructs of Prolog code. This approach enables the system to generate answers automatically to "why" a ruled fired, and "how" that rule fired. In addition, a rule clause construct is provided which allows direct access to Prolog code routines. This paper describes the structure of the rules used and provides typical user interactions.


The United States immigration detention regime that was reborn in the 1980s is not only unprecedented in scale, but also in rationale. Whereas immigration detention had historically been justified primarily as a means of ensuring immigration compliance, with a secondary purpose of protecting national security, today's system increasingly functions in collaboration with criminal law enforcement systems to incapacitate allegedly dangerous individuals for the purpose of preventing potential domestic crime. Regardless of the validity of judicial deference when immigration detention truly serves to aid in the removal process, this Note argues that such deference cannot legitimately be extended to the newly ascendant crime control function of immigration detention. At minimum, Due Process requires immigration detention procedural safeguards that are parallel to those in other preventive detention contexts, in which the government bears the burden of individually demonstrating a need for confinement.


Drawing upon research from a SSHRC grant entitled Creating a Canadian "Voice": Lifelong Learning, the Craft of Fiction Writing, and Citizenship, we examine how multiliteracies and critical thinking can be fostered using a framework of lifelong learning for teachers. We provide examples from authors and key informants who discuss learning and fiction writing to argue that there are benefits for diverse learners in using wider, more inclusive definitions of literacy associated with multiliteracies. We also provide examples of how multimodal technologies can foster learning connected to critical thinking and multiliteracies.


We introduce a class of Lyapunov functionals for analyzing hybrid dynamical systems. This class can be thought of as a generalization of the Lyapunov functional introduced by Yakubovich (1965) for systems with hysteresis nonlinearities which incorporates path integrals that account for the energy loss or gain every time a hysteresis loop is traversed. Hence, these Lyapunov functionals capture the path-dependence of the "stored energy" in hybrid dynamical systems and are therefore less conservative over previously published approaches in analyzing such systems. More importantly, we show that searching over the proposed class of Lyapunov functionals to prove some specification (e.g., stability) can be cast as a semidefinite program (SDP), which can then be efficiently solved (globally) using widely available software. Examples are presented to show the effectiveness of this class of Lyapunov functionals in analyzing hybrid dynamical systems.


Thessalon First Nation, like many other First Nations, has been affected by and continues to deal with the aftermath of the Residential School System. This article highlights the activities undertaken by Thessalon First Nation as they "Journey to Wellness." The development of the "Journey to Wellness" proposal marks the beginning of Thessalon First Nation's development of a social safety net to deal with the inter-generational effects of the Residential School System on the family and community. Beginning with the creation of a Project Team, Thessalon First Nation has made great strides in dealing with the issues resulting from the Residential School System. Thessalon First Nation now has a mental health worker, has produced a video dealing with resiliency of the community, and is working towards creating a community that has the capacity to deal with the traumas resulting from the residential school experience.


This project tries to provide a clarified and comprehensive understanding of the computing disciplines that allows shared experiences and expertise within and across the community. This collective sharing enables computing faculty to collaborate with other disciplines that use computing to enhance groups, and to create new cross-disciplinary areas of study and research. This involves the integration of computing with other disciplines like engineering, sciences, business, and arts and explores the challenge by bringing together instructors and researchers across the disciplinary boundaries. Distributed Expertise enhances teaching and learning experiences for students of computing and other disciplines in which computational thinking and computing models contribute to a variety of applications. This project is a collaboration by Villanova University, Virginia Technology University, and The College of New Jersey (TCNJ).


As systems evolve and their structure decays, maintainers need accurate and automatic identification of the design problems. Current approaches for automatic detection of design problems are not accurate enough because they analyze only a single version of a system and consequently they miss essential information as design problems appear and evolve over time. Our approach is to use the historical information of the suspected flawed structure to increase the accuracy of the automatic problem detection. Our means is to define measurements which summarize how persistent the problem was and how much maintenance effort was spent on the suspected structure. We apply our approach on a large scale case study and show how it improves the accuracy of the detection of god classes and data classes, and additionally how it adds valuable semantical information about the evolution of flawed design structures.


Because of the increasing international image of China, the translation of public signs in city has become the very important issue. From the point of view of cross-cultural communication, the public signs have crucial influence on the image of the city, even for the whole China. However, there exist many translation errors of the public signs in China. This paper makes some research and analysis on the Chinese-English translation of public signs. On account of the current situation of public signs' translation in China, and take the characteristics and function of the public signs into consideration, this paper proposes some main principles and strategies which public signs' translation should pay attention to.


Urban bias shapes social perceptions about sexual minorities. Predominant cultural narratives geographically situate sexual minorities in urban gay communities, dictate the contours of how to be a modern gay person, and urge sexual minorities to come out and assimilate into gay communities and culture. This Article contests the urban presumption commonly applied to all sexual minorities and focuses specifically on how it affects rural sexual minorities, who remain largely invisible in the public discourse about sexuality and equality. This Article makes two important contributions. First, by exposing urban bias, it contributes to a broader discussion about how law and society construct gay identity in exclusionary ways across race and class, and it expands that discussion to attend to place. The cultural prerogative to come out and into a gay community disregards social- and class-based circumstances that can necessitate alternative strategies for belonging, and it subordinates aspects of identity centered around families, religion, and place-based communities of origin. Urban bias erases the most marginalized sexual minorities' experiences from public discourse and places the burden on individuals to make positive change for themselves. Second, this Article draws attention to the legal dilemmas faced by a largely invisible population. Judges play a key role in perpetuating urban bias by internalizing stereotypes about gay people and gay identity and by explicitly approving the belief that sexual minorities do not belong in small towns. Acknowledging the existence of rural sexual minorities, understanding that various factors may render uprooting to an urban gay community undesirable or impossible, and appreciating that rurality brings distinct social experiences and legal needs are first steps in combatting discrimination against these vulnerable people. Rather than invoking characteristics common to rural life to make rural communities more hostile to residents who are sexual minorities, courts should account for those same characteristics in rural sexual minorities' claims to legal protections and access to justice. This Article offers suggestions for how judges should take rural sexual minorities into account to maximize the latter's ability to live comfortably in their homes.


The determination of the difficulty factor in knowledge work can be important for improving the performance of knowledge workers. In this article a regression model for investigating the difficulty of knowledge based activities (KBAs) is proposed. Four factors are considered in the model: Uncertainty, Variability of information, Amount of information and Level of skill and expertise. An empirical study based on 119 jobs from three different groups of knowledge workers (i.e. managerial, professional and clerical) shows that there are significant differences between the difficulty of the KBAs in managerial, clerical and professional jobs, and that managerial KBAs are more difficult than the KBAs of the other two groups. Furthermore, regression models indicate that Level of skill and expertise is the most influential factor in the difficulty of the KBAs in each of the three groups.


Our all time best selling book is now available in a revised and expanded second edition. Thinking with Type is the definitive guide to using typography in visual communication, from the printed page to the computer screen. This revised edition includes forty-eight pages of new content, including the latest information on style sheets for print and the web, the use of ornaments and captions, lining and non-lining numerals, the use of small caps and enlarged capitals, as well as information on captions, font licensing, mixing typefaces, and hand lettering. Throughout the book, visual examples show how to be inventive within systems of typographic form what the rules are and how to break them. Thinking with Type is a type book for everyone: designers, writers, editors, students, and anyone else who works with words. The popular online companion to Thinking with Type (www.thinkingwithtype.com) has been revised to reflect the new material in the second edition."


The objective of this study is to analyse the tensions between conceptualizations about Islam, women's sexual health and rights in Senegal. Sexual rights are defined here as the right to choose a partner, the right to enjoy sex without fear of violence or disease, and the right to physical integrity. These rights are examined through legal, Islamic and International frameworks in the context of their relevance to Senegal. The general population's, and Ulamas', positions, attitudes and behaviours about these rights were collected through interviews and focus group discussions. These research methods revealed a strong opposition, from both men and women, to women's individual choice and control over her body as far as family planning, sexuality, or abortion are concerned. Most respondents regarded these rights as "Western." In their view, the idea of equality embedded in international human rights conflicts with local cultures and religion. At the level of service delivery, a large number of health care providers still believe that unmarried women should not be given information or family planning methods. Also revealed is how Islam is used to construct and legitimize existing reproductive and sexual roles and deprive women of rights in these areas. Part of the reason why women's rights are not observed relate to the failure by Senegal to enforce international human rights treaties and conventions that it has already signed. Failure by Senegalese women's associations to give priority to sexual rights, has also contributed to lack of real progress in this area. This study is meant to be used by Senegalese women's rights activist and human rights organizations, as, inter alia, a tool for advocacy for the advancement of women's sexual health and rights.


This article asserts that the current FCPA enforcement environment does not adequately recognize a company's good faith commitment to FCPA compliance and does not provide good corporate citizens a sufficient return on their compliance investments. This article argues in favor of an FCPA compliance defense meaning that a company's pre-existing compliance policies and procedures, and its good faith efforts to comply with the FCPA, should be relevant as a matter of law when a non-executive employee or agent acts contrary to those policies and procedures and in violation of the FCPA. This article further argues that a compliance defense is best incorporated into the FCPA as an element of a bribery offense, the absence of which the DOJ must establish to charge a substantive bribery offense. Part I of this article contains a case study to demonstrate the type of conduct that would be covered by an FCPA compliance defense. Contrary to the claims of some, an FCPA compliance defense would not eliminate corporate criminal liability under the FCPA or reward "fig leaf" or "purely paper" compliance programs. A compliance defense would not apply to corrupt business organizations, activity engaged in or condoned by executive officers, or activity by any employee if it occurred in the absence of pre-existing compliance policies and procedures. Part II of this article places an FCPA compliance defense in the context of the broader issue of corporate criminal liability and acknowledges the work of other scholars and commentators who have called for a general compliance defense to corporate criminal liability. This section channels that work into the specific context of the FCPA and argues that the unique aspects and challenges of complying with the FCPA in the global marketplace warrant a specific FCPA compliance defense. Part III of this article highlights that an FCPA compliance defense is not a new idea or a novel idea. This section contains an overview of the FCPA legislative history of a compliance defense, most notably the compliance defense passed by the House of Representatives in the 1980's. The justification and rationale for a compliance defense then pales in comparison to now as most U.S. companies engage in international business during an era of aggressive FCPA enforcement. This section also demonstrates that several countries, like the U.S. that are signatories to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (the "OECD Convention"), have a compliance-like defense in their domestic laws. Against this backdrop, Part IV of this article details the DOJ's institutional opposition to an FCPA compliance defense, yet argues that the DOJ already recognizes a de facto FCPA compliance defense albeit in opaque, inconsistent and unpredictable ways. Thus, an FCPA compliance defense accomplishes, among other things, the policy goal of removing factors relevant to corporate criminal liability from the opaque, inconsistent, and unpredictable world of DOJ decision making towards a more transparent, consistent, and predictable model best accomplished through a compliance defense amendment to the FCPA. This section concludes by highlighting the growing chorus of former DOJ officials who support an FCPA compliance defense and argues that the DOJ's current opposition to a compliance defense seems grounded less in principle than an attempt to protect its lucrative FCPA enforcement program. Part V of this article concludes by highlighting certain policy objectives advanced by an FCPA compliance defense. This section argues that an FCPA compliance defense will better incentivize more robust corporate compliance, reduce improper conduct, and thus best advance the FCPA's objective of reducing bribery. An FCPA compliance defense will also increase public confidence in FCPA enforcement actions and allow the DOJ to better allocate its limited prosecutorial resources to cases involving corrupt business organizations and the individuals who actually engaged in the improper conduct.


What, then, shall we say in response to this? If God is for us, who can be against us? He who did not spare his own Son, but gave him up for us all - how will he not also, along with him, graciously give us all things? Who will bring any charge against those whom God has chosen? It is God who justifies. Who is he that condemns? Christ Jesus, who died - more than that, who was raised to life - is at the right hand of God and is also interceding for us. Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall trouble or hardship or persecution or famine or nakedness or danger or sword? As it is written: 'For your sake we face death all day long we are considered as sheep to be slaughtered.' No, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us. For I am convinced that neither death nor life, neither angels nor demons, neither the present nor the future, nor any powers, neither height nor debth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God that is in Christ Jesus our Lord. (Rom. 8: 31-39)


This course explores the issue of human trafficking for forced labour and sexual slavery, focusing on its representation in recent scholarly accounts and advocacy as well as in other media. Ethnographic and fictional readings along with media analysis help to develop a contextualized and comparative understanding of the phenomena in both past and present contexts. It examines the wide range of factors and agents that enable these practices, such as technology, cultural practices, social and econ...


Thermal infrared (TIR) multi-/hyperspectral and sun-induced fluorescence (SIF) approaches together with classic solar-reflective (visible, near-, and shortwave infrared reflectance (VNIR)/SWIR) hyperspectral remote sensing form the latest state-of-the-art techniques for the detection of crop water stress. Each of these three domains requires dedicated sensor technology currently in place for ground and airborne applications and either have satellite concepts under development (e.g., HySPIRI/SBG (Surface Biology and Geology), Sentinel-8, HiTeSEM in the TIR) or are subject to satellite missions recently launched or scheduled within the next years (i.e., EnMAP and PRISMA (PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa, launched on March 2019) in the VNIR/SWIR, Fluorescence Explorer (FLEX) in the SIF). Identification of plant water stress or drought is of utmost importance to guarantee global water and food supply. Therefore, knowledge of crop water status over large farmland areas bears large potential for optimizing agricultural water use. As plant responses to water stress are numerous and complex, their physiological consequences affect the electromagnetic signal in different spectral domains. This review paper summarizes the importance of water stress-related applications and the plant responses to water stress, followed by a concise review of water-stress detection through remote sensing, focusing on TIR without neglecting the comparison to other spectral domains (i.e., VNIR/SWIR and SIF) and multi-sensor approaches. Current and planned sensors at ground, airborne, and satellite level for the TIR as well as a selection of commonly used indices and approaches for water-stress detection using the main multi-/hyperspectral remote sensing imaging techniques are reviewed. Several important challenges are discussed that occur when using spectral emissivity, temperature-based indices, and physically-based approaches for water-stress detection in the TIR spectral domain. Furthermore, challenges with data processing and the perspectives for future satellite missions in the TIR are critically examined. In conclusion, information from multi-/hyperspectral TIR together with those from VNIR/SWIR and SIF sensors within a multi-sensor approach can provide profound insights to actual plant (water) status and the rationale of physiological and biochemical changes. Synergistic sensor use will open new avenues for scientists to study plant functioning and the response to environmental stress in a wide range of ecosystems.


Many Muslims, Arabs, and other minority communities in Canada experienced the backlash of the September 11, 2001 events. Although these groups were discriminated against in a number of institutions, Muslim children in secondary schools in particular experienced different types of discrimination and violence. In order to help reduce incidents of discrimination in schools, with the help of academics at the Ontario Institute for Studies of Education (OISE), the Classroom Connections (non-for profit organization) developed a peace education program, the Cultivating Peace. Using qualitative methods, this paper examines the perceptions of teachers who used the Cultivating Peace program. Four themes emerged from the data collected for this research: flexibility, utility, relevance, and challenges. The findings reveal that educators believe the Cultivating Peace program promotes a culture of peace in Canada. Teachers find the Cultivating Peace flexible in that it fits well in the curriculum. In particular, teachers believe the program fits well in a social science and humanities curriculum. In addition, educators perceive the program is useful in teaching conflict resolution, communication, and problem-solving skills. They also find that the Cultivating Peace program is relevant to students' lives because it teaches values that promote a culture of peace. Teachers mentioned two major challenges: lack of time and distribution problems.


[1] The measurement of cloud absorption from aircraft has been a controversial subject largely because broadband measurements provide little insight into the physical mechanisms underlying the absorption. To partition and quantify the various mechanisms of cloud absorption, spectrally resolved measurements are required. Measurements of cloud solar spectral (400–2150 nm) absorption from airborne spectroradiometers are presented from two cases of extensive tropical marine stratus cloud fields. Radiative transfer modeling was used to retrieve the cloud optical thickness and cloud droplet effective radius from a best fit with the measured cloud spectral albedo. These values were used to estimate the cloud spectral absorptance. For the higher optical thickness case, the measurement-model agreement in absorptance across the spectrum is better than 0.05 and substantially better (within 0.01) at visible wavelengths unaffected by cloud absorption. For an optically thinner and more heterogeneous cloud field, the differences were higher, up to 0.07 in the near infrared. The standard deviations of cloud absorptance spectra show that the integrated absorbed irradiances, usually measured by broadband radiometers, are strongly affected by variations in the water vapor amount. Radiative transfer modeling is used to illustrate the spectral dependence of the absorption from radiatively important gases (e.g., water vapor), cloud liquid water, and absorbing aerosol particles. A novel sampling strategy, based on single aircraft measurements, is demonstrated, as is the value of spectrally resolved measurements in partitioning the various mechanisms of cloud absorption including the possible effects of absorbing aerosols embedded in clouds.


(This is a significantly revised version of a paper first posted in March 2008.) Ronald Dworkin describes an approach to how courts should decide cases that he associates with Judge Richard Posner as a "Chicago School of anti-theoretical, no-nonsense jurisprudence." Since Professor Dworkin takes his own view of adjudication to be diametrically opposed to that of the Chicago School, it might seem fair, then, to describe Dworkin's own theory as an instance of pro-theoretical, nonsense jurisprudence. That characterization is not one, needless to say, that Professor Dworkin welcomes. Dworkin describes his preferred approach to jurisprudential questions, to be sure, as theoretical, in opposition to what he calls the practical orientation of the Chicago School. But while there is a real dispute between Dworkin and Posner, it is not one illuminated by the contrast between theory and practice. It is, rather a dispute about the kind of theory that is relevant and illuminating when it comes to law and adjudication. And the fault line marked by this dispute is profound indeed, one that extends far beyond Dworkin and Posner and has a venerable and ancient history that includes Thucydides and Plato, Nietzsche and Kant, Marx and Hegel, up to Geuss and Rawls in the present. I shall describe it, instead, as a dispute between Moralists and Realists, between those whose starting point is a theory of how things (morally) ought to be versus those who begin with a theory of how things really are. The essay endeavors to show that our contemporaries, Ronald Dworkin and Richard Posner, are reenacting a version of the dispute between the paradigmatic philosophical moralist Plato and the paradigmatic historical realist Thucydides. The paper concludes by connecting the Posner-Dworkin dispute with recent "realist" critiques of Rawlsian political philosophy, trying to clarify the grounds for skepticism about the practical relevance of such theorizing.


With the radical changes in information production that the Internet has introduced, we stand at an important moment of transition, says Yochai Benkler in this thought-provoking book. The phenomenon he describes as social production is reshaping markets, while at the same time offering new opportunities to enhance individual freedom, cultural diversity, political discourse, and justice. But these results are by no means inevitable: a systematic campaign to protect the entrenched industrial information economy of the last century threatens the promise of today's emerging networked information environment. In this comprehensive social theory of the Internet and the networked information economy, Benkler describes how patterns of information, knowledge, and cultural production are changing--and shows that the way information and knowledge are made available can either limit or enlarge the ways people can create and express themselves. He describes the range of legal and policy choices that confront us and maintains that there is much to be gained--or lost--by the decisions we make today.


We considered 351 patients affected by neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), followed at the University Hospital of Padua and at the Veneto Oncological Institute. Of these, 72 (20.5%) suffered from bone metastases. The sample was divided according to the timing of presentation of bone metastases into synchronous (within 6 months of diagnosis of primary tumor) and metachronous (after 6 months). We collected data on the type and grading of the primary tumor and on the features of bone metastases. Our analysis shows that the group of synchronous metastases generally presents primary tumors with a higher degree of malignancy rather than the ones of the metachronous group. This is supported by the finding of a Ki-67 level in GEP-NETs, at the diagnosis of bone metastases, significantly higher in the synchronous group. Moreover, in low-grade NETs, chromogranin A values are higher in the patients with synchronous metastases, indicating a more burden of disease. The parameters of phospho-calcium metabolism are within the normal range, and we do not find significant differences between the groups. Serious bone complications are not frequent and are not correlated with the site of origin of the primary tumor. From the analysis of the survival curves of the total sample, a cumulative survival rate of 33% at 10 years emerges. The average survival is 80 months, higher than what is reported in the literature, while the median is 84 months. In our observation period, synchronous patients tend to have a worse prognosis than metachronous ones with 52-months survival rates of 58 and 86%.


The accumulation and relatively rapid removal of fluid in haemodialysis patients is often accompanied by intradialytic hypotension (IDH). Current patient monitoring during haemodialysis includes intermittent measurements of tympanic temperature, blood pressure and haematocrit. However, this information is mostly used retrospectively rather than as a means for preventing adverse events. We suggest the use of a probabilistic data fusion model based on dialysis vital sign data to predict IDH. We continuously monitored the vital signs of 40 haemodialysis patients during 8 sessions over a 6-month period in the Oxford Renal Unit. The study involved non-invasively monitoring the heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as the tympanic temperature throughout each dialysis session. The 4-dimensional vital sign data was initially visualised on 2D projections using the Neuroscale algorithm. The projections show a distinction between data from unstable and stable patients, with data from hypotensive events appearing outside the region of the 2D projection corresponding to "normal" physiology. A data fusion model based on an estimate of the probability density function of data from stable patients was then created. With this model, instabilities in patient physiology can be identified, and the adverse event can be predicted ahead of time in some cases.


This book introduces the expanding European dialogue between entrepreneurship, environment and education. It considers the shape, dimensions and horizon of this multidisciplinary landscape in entrepreneurship research. The striking differences and contradictions in entrepreneurial activities, readiness and innovativeness within European countries and the proactive attitude and activities of European competitors impose a demand for a better understanding of the complex dynamics.


A PDF version of this book is available for free in open access via the Elgaronline platform - www.elgaronline.com/view/9781783477036.xml Policy analysts are accustomed to thinking in terms of tools and instruments. Yet an authoritative examination of the tools which have been developed to formulate new policies is missing. This book is the first of its kind to distinguish the defining characteristics of the main policy formulation tools, and offer a fresh way of understanding how, why and by whom they are selected, as well as the effects they produce in practice.


Soaring energy consumption, accompanied by declining reliability, together loom as the biggest hurdles for the next generation of supercomputers. Recent reports have expressed concern that reliability at exascale level could degrade to the point where failures become a norm rather than an exception. HPC researchers are focusing on improving existing fault tolerance protocols to address these concerns. Research on improving hardware reliability, i.e., machine component reliability, has also been making progress independently. In this paper, we try to bridge this gap and explore the potential of combining both software and hardware aspects towards improving reliability of HPC machines. Fault rates are known to double for every 10°C rise in core temperature. We leverage this notion to experimentally demonstrate the potential of restraining core temperatures and load balancing to achieve two-fold benefits: improving reliability of parallel machines and reducing total execution time required by applications. Our experimental results show that we can improve the reliability of a machine by a factor of 2.3 and reduce the execution time by 12%. In addition, our scheme can also reduce machine energy consumption by as much as 25%. For a 350K socket machine, regular checkpoint/restart fails to make progress (less than 1% efficiency), whereas our validated model predicts an efficiency of 20% by improving the machine reliability by a factor of up to 2.29.


In 2011, in Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research v. United States, the Supreme Court held that general authority Treasury regulations adopted using notice-and-comment rulemaking carry the force of law and thus are eligible for Chevron deference. In the wake of Mayo, courts and scholars are now struggling with its implications for whether temporary Treasury regulations and IRB guidance documents (revenue rulings, revenue procedures, and notices) that lack notice and comment but are enforceable through civil penalties are likewise eligible for Chevron deference and, relatedly, whether these formats are in fact subject to APA notice-and-comment rulemaking requirements. Currently prevailing judicial tests for evaluating these questions do not offer clear or easy answers for the tax context. Ultimately, both questions turn on whether the agency actions in question carry "the force of law." The purpose of this Article is to take a step back from existing doctrinal standards and to sort through the basic administrative law principles and Supreme Court precedents that drive those standards in an effort to develop a coherent approach to Treasury and IRS rulemaking and judicial review thereof.


The research was an assessment on the uptake level of a fully integrated HRIS at Midlands State University in Zimbabwe. The research was aimed at assessing at if the university human resource department has adopted a fully integrated HRIS, the challenges being faced as well as the benefits accrued. A combination of research instruments like interviews and participant observation were used in an effort to elicit as much information as possible which was articulated in detail under research method. A total of six out of a population of seven participated in the research and these were selected using the purposive sampling method. It was discovered that the Human Resourced Department had not adopted a fully integrated HRIS but nevertheless they had incorporated some of its areas (i.e salary administration, advertising, employee personal record) in the current system. The department was still working on having the system fully integrated to incorporate areas like logging in of the employees, the process succession planning, the training, the development that can ensure a cohesive system. The major challenge was that the employees within the human resource department were not fully knowledgeable on how the system works due to the fact that they only have basic ideas and therefore could not implement a fully integrated HRIS. The researchers recommend that more training programmes should be conducted and experts in the area should teach the employees on how the system operates.


Avian parents protect their fledglings from predators. Given parents have limited resources, they face trade-offs when simultaneously rearing multiple offspring. Parents might favor particularly valuable offspring. Offspring characteristics influence their future reproductive value and may influence parental favoritism. Because sons exhibit greater variability in reproductive potential than daughters, parents in high-quality environments should preferentially defend sons. Eastern Bluebirds exhibit bright blue plumage and brighter individuals gain higher reproductive success, thus parents should favor the more-ornamented sons. I tested parental favoritism for fledglings by simultaneously threatening two offspring with mock predators and recording parental defense behaviors. Given the choice of protecting sons versus daughters, fathers protected sons when mated to high quality-mates, but protected daughters when prior parental investment was high. When given the choice of protecting more versus less colorful sons, fathers favored brighter over duller sons. Mothers didn't discriminate between sons and daughters or between brighter and duller sons. These differences in parental responses to offspring characteristics may occur because, fathers assume primary responsibility for fledgling care and plumage coloration in adults may mediate male-male interactions. Further, data suggest that ornamental plumage coloration in juvenile bluebirds functions as an honest signal of offspring quality to elicit greater parental care.


As adult and continuing education practitioners, we encounter the challenges for change that arise from the dramatic shifts that our society and our globe are undergoing. How we respond to these challenges will shape our field and our society--either in the direction of increased harmony or further disorder. Adopting a wider perspective may allow us to take in more of what is happening, thereby offering a broader range of options for understanding and action. Such a wider, more complex, more coherent, and more integrative perspective on ourselves and the world is offered by vision-logic, a stage of consciousness beyond the rational. Drawing on the work of Ken Wilber and other writers in psychology and philosophy, the author examines the qualities associated with vision-logic and the implications of vision-logic for our practice and our own psychological development.


The mobile Internet represents a massive opportunity for mobile operators and content providers. Today there are more than 2 billion mobile subscribers, with 3 billion predicted by the end of 2007. However, despite significant improvements in handsets, infrastructure, content, and charging models, mobile users are still struggling to access and locate relevant content and services. An important part of this so-called content-discovery problem relates to the navigation effort that users must invest in browsing and searching for mobile content. In this article we describe one successfully deployed solution, which uses personalization technology to profile subscriber interests in order to automatically adapt mobile portals to their learned preferences. We present summary results, from our deployment experiences with more than 40 mobile operators and millions of subscribers around the world, which demonstrate how this solution can have a significant impact on portal usability, subscriber usage, and mobile operator revenues.


As the demand for online learning environments grow in higher education, so does the need for systematic application of learning and educational theory to the design, development and delivery of assessment strategies within these environments. However, there is little guidance in the form of principled design frameworks that can assist the design practitioner in the development of online assessment strategies. From four cases, we have identified six design principles that represent the collective experience of our team of design practitioners in creating assessment strategies for online teaching and learning environments; (a) technology affordances, (b) alignment of objectives with assessment, (c) discipline-specific practices and approaches, (d) meaningful and timely feedback, (e) authenticity and transferability and (f) transparency of assessment criteria. We present in-situ qualitative case studies that articulate how these principles have informed our design practice in online assessment strategy development.


This paper identifies the basic empirical characteristics and changes of the South African business cycle since 1960. As such, the paper examines changes in volatility as well as the co-movement between several national account variables and real GDP. To examine the co-movements the paper follows Kydland and Prescott, Gavin and Kydland as well as Bergman, Bordo and Jonung and uses correlation coefficients and Granger causality tests. Following Ramos, the paper extends the results of the Granger causality tests using variance decomposition analysis in the context of a VAR (vector auto regression) to establish the contribution that selected national account variables make to the h-period-ahead forecast error variance of themselves and the other variables included in the VARs. The paper indicates that since 1994 volatility in the South African economy decreased significantly, while durable consumption appears to lead the business cycle.


Donaldson, Julia. The Highway Rat . Illus. Axel Scheffler. New York: Arthur A. Levine Books, 2013. Print. The children's literature dream team of author Julia Donaldson and illustrator Axel Scheffler are at it again with this delightful take on Alfred Noyes' classic narrative poem, "The Highwayman." Donaldson and Scheffler, best known for their popular Gruffalo series as well as Room on the Broom , have created a lush narrative replete with repetitive phrases and rich illustrations that will captivate children while engaging the adult reader in an intelligent manner. "The Highway Rat was a baddie; the Highway Rat was a beast. He took what he wanted and ate what he took…" Indeed!  The Highway Rat holds up fellow travelers and those he meets along the way with a voracious attitude and pointy sword.  Though he prefers sweets, he takes anything –even a bunch of clover deemed tasteless and dull –to satisfy his greed and without a morsel of regret. As the other creatures along the road grew thinner and thinner, the Highway Rat grows plump until one plucky duck delivers poetic justice and some just 'desserts' to this nasty rat. Children will be pleased with the appropriate comeuppance for the Highway Rat that arrives with a healthy message of kindness and sharing. Fans of Donaldson and Scheffler's previous work will not be disappointed, in particular those who have encountered "The Highwayman" as younger readers.  This rollicking book will make a nice addition to any elementary school library collection and is best suited for students in K-3. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Debbie Feisst Debbie is a Public Services Librarian at the H.T. Coutts Education Library at the University of Alberta.  When not renovating, she enjoys travel, fitness and young adult fiction.


List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction: Take a Second Look at the 2014 Election, it's Worth it Robert J. Pekkanen, Steven R. Reed, and Ethan Scheiner 2. Japanese Politics Between the 2012 and 2014 Elections Robert J. Pekkanen, Steven R. Reed, and Daniel M. Smith 3. The 2014 Japanese Election Results: The Opposition Cooperates, but Fails to Inspire Ethan Scheiner, Daniel M. Smith, Michael F. Thies PART II: POLITICAL PARTIES 4. LDP: Return to Dominance? Or a Golden Age Built on Sand? Masahisa Endo and Robert J. Pekkanen 5. The Democratic Party of Japan: Surviving to Fight Another Day Fumi Ikeda and Steven R. Reed 6. From Third Force to Third Party: Duverger's Revenge? Robert J. Pekkanen and Steven R. Reed 7. Komeito - Rock 'n Row the Coalition Boat Axel Klein PART III: CAMPAIGNING, CANDIDATES, DISTRICTS 8. The Abe Cabinet and Public Opinion - How Abe won re-election by narrowing public debate Yukio Maeda 9. Did Abe's Coattails Help the LDP Win? Kenneth Mori McElwain 10. Candidates in the 2014 Election: Better Coordination and Higher Candidate Quality Daniel M. Smith 11. Women and the 2014 Lower House Election Alisa Gaunder 12. Netizens Decide 2014? A Look at Party Campaigning Online Joshua A. Williams and Douglas Miller PART IV: GOVERNANCE AND POLICY 13. Abenomics in the 2014 election: Showing the money (supply) and little else Greg Noble 14. The Kantei vs. the LDP: Agricultural Reform, the Organized Vote, and the 2014 Election Patricia L. Maclachlan and Kay Shimizu 15. Regional inequality in 2014: Urgent issue, tepid election Ken Hijino 16. Abenomics and Japan's Energy Conundrum Llewelyn Hughes 17. Nationalism and the 2014 Snap Election: the Abe Conundrum Jeff Kingston 18. Unraveling the Abe Conundrum in Foreign Policy: The Mystery of the 'the Dog that Didn't Bark" Ellis S. Krauss 19. The 2014 Election in Okinawa Koji Kagotani 20. Japan's Stealth Decision 2014: The Trans-Pacific Partnership Saori N. Katada and Scott Wilbur PART V: CONCLUSION 21. Conclusion: Japan's Bait and Switch Election 2014 Robert J. Pekkanen, Steven R. Reed, and Ethan Scheiner Appendix: Table of Contents from Japan Decides 2012 Index


foreword by Vipin Kumar Knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD) deals with the problem of extracting interesting associations, classifiers, clusters, and other patterns from data. The emergence of network-based distributed computing environments has introduced an important new dimension to this problem--distributed sources of data. Traditional centralized KDD typically requires central aggregation of distributed data, which may not always be feasible because of limited network bandwidth, security concerns, scalability problems, and other practical issues. Distributed knowledge discovery (DKD) works with the merger of communication and computation by analyzing data in a distributed fashion. This technology is particularly useful for large heterogeneous distributed environments such as the Internet, intranets, mobile computing environments, and sensor-networks.When the data sets are large, scaling up the speed of the KDD process is crucial. Parallel knowledge discovery (PKD) techniques addresses this problem by using high-performance multiprocessor machines. This book presents introductions to DKD and PKD, extensive reviews of the field, and state-of-the-art techniques.Contributors Rakesh Agrawal, Khaled AlSabti, Stuart Bailey, Philip Chan, David Cheung, Vincent Cho, Joydeep Ghosh, Robert Grossman, Yi-ke Guo, John Hale, John Hall, Daryl Hershberger, Ching-Tien Ho, Erik Johnson, Chris Jones, Chandrika Kamath, Hillol Kargupta, Charles Lo, Balinder Malhi, Ron Musick, Vincent Ng, Byung-Hoon Park, Srinivasan Parthasarathy, Andreas Prodromidis, Foster Provost, Jian Pun, Ashok Ramu, Sanjay Ranka, Mahesh Sreenivas, Salvatore Stolfo, Ramesh Subramonian, Janjao Sutiwaraphun, Kagan Tummer, Andrei Turinsky, Beat Wthrich, Mohammed Zaki, Joshua Zhang.


The Future of Food offers an in-depth investigation into the disturbing truth behind the unlabeled, patented, genetically engineered foods that have quietly filled U.S. grocery store shelves for the past decade. From the prairies of Saskatchewan, Canada, to the fields of Oaxaca, Mexico, this film gives a voice to farmers whose lives and livelihoods have been negatively impacted by this new technology. The health implications, government policies and push towards globalization are all part of the reason why many people are alarmed by the introduction of genetically altered crops into our food supply. Shot on location in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, The Future of Food examines the complex web of market and political forces that are changing what we eat as huge multinational corporations seek to control the world's food system. The film also explores alternatives to large-scale industrial agriculture, placing organic and sustainable agriculture as real solutions to the farm crisis today. (Source: Official Film Website )


Recent studies document the importance of well-designed facilities on the academic performance of students in language and mathematics, but there is very little research on how space dictates what is learned and how it is learned. What about learning that is not directly measurable by standardized test scores? How does architectural space affect what is learned in the "non-core" disciplines such as music, drama, dance, and the visual arts? How does the built environment affect the ways that teachers and students operate in what might be viewed as a learning collective? These are some of the central questions addressed in the present paper. These issues are first explored through a brief discussion of the main themes in school architecture research and discourse, followed by a description of how Froebel kindergartens, Reggio Emilia schools, and Waldorf schools have given attention to some of the physical elements that affect learning. Next, I explore engaging forms of adult learning and the perspectives of John Dewey. Then follows a discussion of the ways that classrooms and schools can be seen as collectives, using complexity science theory as a theoretical framework. Finally, the complexity science model is extended by including the actual physical spaces as important 'agents' in influencing a non-linear and dynamic system, and by drawing implications for school design based on the principles of complexity.


Most of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide result from the combustion of fossil fuels for energy production. Photosynthesis has long been recognized as a means, at least in theory, to sequester anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Aquatic microalgae have been identified as fast growing species whose carbon fixing rates are higher than those of land-based plants by one order of magnitude. Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI), Aquasearch, and the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute at the University of Hawaii are jointly developing technologies for recovery and sequestration of CO{sub 2} from stationary combustion systems by photosynthesis of microalgae. The research is aimed primarily at demonstrating the ability of selected species of microalgae to effectively fix carbon from typical power plant exhaust gases. This report covers the reporting period from 1 October to 31 December 2000. During this period planning of chemostat experiments at Aquasearch was initiated. These experiments will be used to select microalgae for the photobioreactor demonstrations. An initial survey of techniques for removing CO{sub 2} from coal-fired flue gas was begun. Chemical adsorption using MEA is the most mature technology and looks to be the most economically viable in the near future.


'He should have seen it coming. His life had been one mishap after another. So he should have been prepared for this one...' Julian Treslove, a professionally unspectacular former BBC radio producer, and Sam Finkler, a popular Jewish philosopher, writer and television personality, are old school friends. Despite a prickly relationship and very different lives, they've never quite lost touch with each other - or with their former teacher, Libor Sevcik, a Czech always more concerned with the wider world than with exam results. Now, both Libor and Finkler are recently widowed, and with Treslove, his chequered and unsuccessful record with women rendering him an honorary third widower, they dine at Libor's grand, central London apartment. It's a sweetly painful evening of reminiscence in which all three remove themselves to a time before they had loved and lost; a time before they had fathered children, before the devastation of separations, before they had prized anything greatly enough to fear the loss of it. Better, perhaps, to go through life without knowing happiness at all because that way you have less to mourn? Treslove finds he has tears enough for the unbearable sadness of both his friends' losses. And it's that very evening, at exactly 11:30 pm, as Treslove, walking home, hesitates a moment outside the window of the oldest violin dealer in the country, that he is attacked. And after this, his whole sense of who and what he is will slowly and ineluctably change. "The Finkler Question" is a scorching story of friendship and loss, exclusion and belonging, and of the wisdom and humanity of maturity. Funny, furious, unflinching, this extraordinary novel shows one of our finest writers at his brilliant best.


The massive electric power blackout in the northeastern United States and Canada on August 14-15, 2003 resulted in the U.S. electricity system being called ''antiquated'' and catalyzed discussions about modernizing the grid. Industry sources suggested that investments of $50 to $100 billion would be needed. This report seeks to quantify an important piece of information that has been missing from these discussions: how much do power interruptions and fluctuations in power quality (power-quality events) cost U.S. electricity consumers? Accurately estimating this cost will help assess the potential benefits of investments in improving the reliability of the grid. We develop a comprehensive end-use framework for assessing the cost to U.S. electricity consumers of power interruptions and power-quality events (referred to collectively as ''reliability events''). The framework expresses these costs as a function of: (1) Number of customers by type in a region; (2) Frequency and type of reliability events experienced annually (including both power interruptions and power-quality events) by these customers; (3) Cost of reliability events; and (4) Vulnerability of customers to these events. The framework is designed so that its cost estimate can be improved as additional data become available. Using our framework, we estimate that the national cost of power interruptions is about $80 billion annually, based on the best information available in the public domain. However, there are large gaps in and significant uncertainties about the information currently available. Notably, we were not able to develop an estimate of power-quality events. Sensitivity analysis of some of these uncertainties suggests that the total annual cost could range from less than $30 billion to more than $130 billion. Because of this large range and the enormous cost of the decisions that may be based on this estimate, we encourage policy makers, regulators, and industry to jointly under take the comparatively modest-cost improvements needed in the information used to estimate the cost of reliability events. Specific areas for improvement include: coordinated, nationwide collection of updated information on the cost of reliability events; consistent definition and recording of the duration and frequency of reliability events, including power-quality events; and improved information on the costs of and efforts by consumers to reduce their vulnerability to reliability events.


Issues of morality and children have traditionally been investigated within the realm of developmental psychology, treating the human ability to adopt certain values as a matter of individual and cognitive growth. As an alternative, this book approaches the morality of young persons from a practice oriented perspective. In essence, such an approach adopts a view of morality as something participants jointly accomplish in going about their everyday social affairs. That is to say, rather than relying on developmental theory or moral philosophy in exploring the moral worlds of young persons, a practice oriented approach adopts a primarily empirical stance, leaning on qualitative analysis of naturally occurring social interaction as found in, for example, ethnomethodology, conversation analysis and discursive psychology. This collection brings together scholars from Australia, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States. Twelve empirical chapters focus on different aspects of everyday morality as practiced among children and youth as well as a range of participants who act in their role as adults, lay or professional, to foster, educate and in various ways support young people in daily life. The volume opens with an introductory chapter by the editors, who briefly present a practice based perspective on morality, situating at the same time the individual chapters within the fields of discursive research on children and youth in society.


Abstract. Emissions of short-lived climate forcers (SLCF) in the Arctic region are expected to increase, notably from shipping and petroleum extraction. We here discuss changes in atmospheric SLCF concentrations and resulting radiative forcing (RF) from present day shipping and petroleum activities in the Arctic. The three-dimensional chemistry transport OsloCTM2 and a state of the art radiative forcing model are used, based on a coherent dataset of present day Arctic emissions. We find that the net RF of SLCF of shipping in the Arctic region is negative, mainly due to the direct and indirect RF effects of sulphate emissions, while the net RF of SLCF of petroleum extraction is positive, mainly due to the effects of black carbon aerosols in the air and deposited on snow. Strong seasonal variations of the sensitivities to emissions are found. In terms of annual mean values we find that the Arctic sensitivities to SLCF is similar to global average sensitivities. One exception to this is the stronger snow/ice albedo effect from BC emissions.


What is the role of audition in the process of speech production and speech perception? Specifically, how are speech production and speech perception integrated to facilitate forward flowing speech and communication? Theoretically, these processes are linked via feedforward and feedback control subsystems that simultaneously monitor on-going speech and auditory feedback. These control subsystems allow self-produced errors to be detected and internally and externally generated speech signals distinguished. Auditory event-related potentials were utilized to examine the link between speech production and perception in two experiments. In Experiment 1, auditory event-related potentials during passive listening conditions were evoked with nonspeech (i.e., tonal) and natural and synthetic speech stimuli in young normal-hearing adult male and female participants. Latency and amplitude measures of the P1-N1-P2 components of the auditory long latency response were examined. In Experiment 2, auditory evoked N1-P2 components were examined in the same participants during self-produced speech under four feedback conditions: nonaltered, frequency altered feedback, short delay auditory feedback (i.e., 50 ms), and long delay auditory feedback (i.e., 200 ms). Gender differences for responses recorded during Experiments 1 and 2 were also examined. Significant differences were found for P1-N1-P2 latencies and for P1-N1 and N1-P2 amplitudes between the nonspeech stimulus compared to speech tokens and for natural speech compared to synthetic speech tokens in Experiment 1. These findings were attributed to differences in the spectro-temporal characteristics of the tokens. In Experiment 2, there were no significant differences in N1-P2 latencies and amplitudes across feedback conditions. To examine differences between component latency and amplitude during passive listening and active speaking, responses elicited via passively presented self-produced nonaltered and frequency altered tokens were compared to the nonaltered and frequency altered feedback active conditions. Significantly, smaller N1-P2 component amplitudes were recorded during the active versus passive speaking conditions. This finding is in accordance with research supporting feedforward and feedback theories. To further understanding of cortical processing during speech production and speech perception additional investigations are warranted in both those with normal speech and language and those with pathological speech and language, specifically, those with a speech motor disorder such as developmental stuttering.


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