Placing questions before the material or after the material constitute different reading situations. To adapt to these reading situations, readers may apply appropriate reading strategies. Reading strategy caused by location of question has been intensively explored in the context of text comprehension. (1) However, there is still not enough knowledge about whether text plays the same role as pictures when readers apply different reading strategies. To answer this research question, three reading strategies are experimentally manipulated by displaying question before or after the blended text and picture materials: (a) Unguided processing with text and pictures and without the question. (b) Information gathering to answer the questions after the prior experience with text and pictures. (c) Comprehending text and pictures to solve the questions with the prior information of the questions. (2) Besides, it is arguable whether readers prefer text or pictures when the instructed questions are in different difficulty levels. (3) Furthermore, it is still uncertain whether students from higher school tier (Gymnasium) emphasize more on text or on pictures than students from lower school tier (Realschule). (4) Finally, it is rarely mentioned whether higher graders are more able to apply reading strategies in text processing and picture processing than lower graders.

Two experiments were undertaken to investigate the usage of text and pictures in the perspectives of task orientation, question difficulty, school and grade. For a 2x2(x2x2x2) mixed design adopting eye tracking method, participants were recruited from grade 5 (N = 72) and grade 8 (N = 72). In Experiment 1, thirty-six 5th graders were recruited from higher tier (Gymnasium) and thirty-six 5th graders were from lower tier (Realschule). In Experiment 2, thirty-six 8th graders were recruited from higher tier and thirty-six were from lower tier. They were supposed to comprehend the materials combining text and pictures and to answer the questions. A Tobii XL60 eye tracker recorded their eye movements and their answers to the questions. Eye tracking indicators were analyzed and reported, such as accumulated fixation duration, time to the first fixation and transitions between different Areas of Interest. The results reveal that students process text differently from pictures when they follow different reading strategies. (1) Consistent with Hypothesis 1, students mainly use text to construct their mental model in unguided spontaneous processing of text and pictures. They seem to mainly rely on the pictures as external representations when trying to answer questions after the prior experience with the material. They emphasize on both text and pictures when questions are presented before the material. (2) Inconsistent with Hypothesis 2, students are inclined to emphasize on text and on pictures as question difficulty increases. However, the increase of focus on pictures is more than on text when the presented question is difficult. (3) Different from Hypothesis 3, the current study discovers that higher tier students did not differ from lower tier students in text processing. Conversely, students from higher tier attend more to pictures than students from lower tier. (4) Differed from Hypothesis 4, 8th graders outperform 5th graders mainly in text processing. Only a subtle difference is found between 5th graders and 8th graders in picture processing.

To sum up, text processing differs from picture processing when applying different reading strategies. In line with the Integrative Model of Text and Picture Comprehension by Schnotz (2014), text is likely to play a major part in guiding the processing of meaning or general reading, whereas pictures are applied as external representations for information retrieval or selective reading. When question is difficulty, pictures are emphasized due to their advantages in visualizing the internal structure of information. Compared to lower tier students (poorer problem solvers), higher tier students (good problem solvers) are more capable of comprehending pictures rather than text. Eighth graders are more efficient than 5th graders in text processing rather than picture processing. It also suggests that in designing school curricula, more attention should be paid to students' competence on picture comprehension or text-picture integration in the future.


In a popular and remarkably detailed narrative of life in seventeenth-century
Pembrokeshire, Wales, chronicler George Owen took particular pains to describe a sport
"rare to hear, troublesome to describe and painful to practise (sic)." Played during many
of the dozen annual festival days in Wales, the game was particularly violent, as hundreds
of players on opposing teams attempted to get a leather or wooden ball either into a goal
or across a determined end line (customarily the parish boundary) by any means
necessary. Thrown, carried, or struck with a club, the ball and its pursuers would careen
wildly through the Welsh countryside.
The game was called Cnapan. It found its way to Wales through an adaptation of
an earlier game played in Cornwall, and before that, in France. Although the basic sport
would be familiar to fans of modern-day games such as rugby or football, early modern
cnapan was purely a local Welsh pursuit. The communal nature and method of play of the
game, and its ferocious intensity were not found elsewhere in western Europe, and
certainly not in the British Isles, where sport was beginning to undergo a transformation
towards more organized, "respectable" sports, and Welsh cnapan aroused suspicion in
England. The sight of thousands of half-naked Welshmen roaming the countryside met
with an official English response, and in the county of Pembrokeshire, the response was
criminal prosecution of cnapan players, ostensibly on a charge of rioting. The English
desire for order and legislation manifested itself in the weapon of legal action in the
Courts of Quarter Sessions.
Can the development of this peculiar Welsh sport and the English legal response
it engendered answer larger questions about the nature of the early modern Anglo-Welsh relationship? Through the sport and its opposition I will examine a particular facet of that
relationship – the development of an early modern Welsh cultural identity. Similar to the
expressions of Welsh bardic poets and the Cymric language itself, cnapan was a distinct
element of Welsh identity, despite the arguments of English scholars that any sense of
Welshness was subsumed very quickly in the years after the Tudor Acts of Union of 1536
and 1543.
Cnapan and its uniquely Welsh character contradicts that argument, and may
force historians to refocus their arguments away from nationalist-centered stories –
which have tended to marginalize Wales – towards broader examinations of the
interactions of cultural identity. Historians have long identified a strong link between
sport and national identity, and such a link has been particularly identified in other parts
of the Celtic fringe. I will argue that Cnapan was a vibrant and heretofore marginalized
facet of that identity, and will also attempt to challenge existing historiography to open
new avenues of discovery for England's western neighbor.


TGF-β1 signaling is a critical driver of collagen accumulation and fibrotic disease but also a vital suppressor of inflammation and epithelial cell proliferation. The nature of this multifunctional cytokine has limited the development of global TGF-β1 signaling inhibitors as therapeutic agents. We conducted phenotypic screens for small molecules that inhibit TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition without immediate TGF-β1 receptor (TβR) kinase inhibition. We identified trihydroxyphenolic compounds as potent blockers of TGF-β1 responses (IC50 ~50 nM), Snail1 expression, and collagen deposition in vivo in models of pulmonary fibrosis and collagen-dependent lung cancer metastasis. Remarkably, the functional effects of trihydroxyphenolics required the presence of active lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), thereby limiting effects to fibroblasts or cancer cells, the major LOXL2 producers. Mechanistic studies revealed that trihydroxyphenolics induce auto-oxidation of a LOXL2/3-specific lysine (K731) in a time-dependent reaction that irreversibly inhibits LOXL2 and converts the trihydrophenolic to a previously undescribed metabolite that directly inhibits TβRI kinase. Combined inhibition of LOXL2 and TβRI activities by trihydrophenolics resulted in potent blockade of pathological collagen accumulation in vivo without the toxicities associated with global inhibitors. These findings elucidate a therapeutic approach to attenuate fibrosis and the disease-promoting effects of tissue stiffness by specifically targeting TβRI kinase in LOXL2-expressing cells.


Using valuation theory we associate to a one-dimensional equidimensional semilocal Cohen-Macaulay ring \(R\) its semigroup of values, and to a fractional ideal of \(R\) we associate its value semigroup ideal. For a class of curve singularities (here called admissible rings) including algebroid curves the semigroups of values, respectively the value semigroup ideals, satisfy combinatorial properties defining good semigroups, respectively good semigroup ideals. Notably, the class of good semigroups strictly contains the class of value semigroups of admissible rings. On good semigroups we establish combinatorial versions of algebraic concepts on admissible rings which are compatible with their prototypes under taking values. Primarily we examine duality and quasihomogeneity.

We give a definition for canonical semigroup ideals of good semigroups which characterizes canonical fractional ideals of an admissible ring in terms of their value semigroup ideals. Moreover, a canonical semigroup ideal induces a duality on the set of good semigroup ideals of a good semigroup. This duality is compatible with the Cohen-Macaulay duality on fractional ideals under taking values.

The properties of the semigroup of values of a quasihomogeneous curve singularity lead to a notion of quasihomogeneity on good semigroups which is compatible with its algebraic prototype. We give a combinatorial criterion which allows to construct from a quasihomogeneous semigroup \(S\) a quasihomogeneous curve singularity having \(S\) as semigroup of values.

As an application we use the semigroup of values to compute endomorphism rings of maximal ideals of algebroid curves. This yields an explicit description of the intermediate rings in an algorithmic normalization of plane central arrangements of smooth curves based on a criterion by Grauert and Remmert. Applying this result to hyperplane arrangements we determine the number of steps needed to compute the normalization of a the arrangement in terms of its Mobius function.


This paper presents simulation models constructed at Melentiev Energy Systems Institute of SB RAS to study prospects of the coal industry development in Russia and its regions. The models are implemented within the information and model software COAL, which includes four types of models: three types of balance models and a model intended to assess investment projects of enterprises and their groups. The balance models differ in the level of detail of representing the coal industry in regions. The presented models may be applied both jointly with the existing optimization models and independently.


The Slaughter-House Cases have a bad reputation for good reason. Justice Miller's narrow reading of the Privileges or Immunities Clause was used to prevent the federal government from adequately protecting African-Americans after the Civil War. Further, his opinion for the Court significantly delayed the application of the Bill of Rights to the states. But no one knows whether the world would be better with a different decision, because counter-factuals are never certain. The case did not involve either racial discrimination or incorporation, and total condemnation of the opinion for weakening civil rights misses its context and misreads its design. This Article sets forth the Slaughter-House Cases support for civil rights. Justice Miller used federalism in order to protect Reconstruction legislatures where significant numbers of African-Americans participated fully for the first time. His recital of the history and purpose of the Civil War Amendments centered on the Amendments' design to protect African-Americans and suggested sweeping federal power to accomplish that end. Gutting the Privileges and Immunities Clause compelled the Court to read the Equal Protection Clause broadly and was indirectly responsible for the reapportionment decisions of the Warren Court. The Slaughter-House Court's structural analysis and its view of federal protective power provide a basis for congressional power to protect citizens from any interference with their participation in the federal political process (voting, discussion of and access to the federal government). Justice Miller's analysis also supports federal power to protect citizens from race based obstruction to their participation in state elections. The difficulties of proving racial motivation do not justify blaming Miller's opinion for the end of Reconstruction and the rise of segregation. At the turn of the century, the Supreme Court retreated from the federal power to deal with race proclaimed by Slaughter-House and its progeny, but the Guest case revived the analysis in 1966. More recently, United States v. Morris cast doubt on Guest's statements of federal power to reach private action. This Article argues the Court should resolve that doubt in favor of the constitutionality of laws to prevent discriminatory interference with access to state elections or other facilities. As I will discuss further, Article Four's guarantee of a republican form of government reinforces that result and provides an alternative path for returning to the vision of the Slaughter-House Cases.


The predictive engineering of materials is matured from predicting properties from known morphology or constituents to engineering novel morphology for superior properties. The focus of this paper is about implementation of computational material mechanics modeling method in COMSOL multiphysics software for engineering the constituents for superior properties. A brief review of property prediction methods, advantages and potential superior properties of composite materials are given. Numerical implementation of representative volume based computational micromechanics in COMSOL with periodic boundary condition is detailed. The prediction methodology and results of linear and nonlinear bulk material properties are provided. The effect of reinforcement shape, size, orientation and length is also investigated and reported with particular emphasis on superior properties. The advantages of windowing approach, COMSOL parametric models, and the ability to investigate materials at micro level for superior macroscopic performance is detailed.


Creative professionals seeking the fastest, easiest, most comprehensive way to learn Adobe Photoshop choose Adobe Photoshop CC Classroom in a Book (2017 release) from Adobe Press. The 15 project-based lessons in this book show users step-by-step the key techniques for working in Photoshop and how to correct, enhance, and distort digital images, create image composites, and prepare images for print and the web.

In addition to learning the key elements of the Photoshop interface, this completely revised CC (2017 release) edition covers features like new and improved search capabilities, Content-Aware Crop, Select and Mask, Face-Aware Liquify, designing with multiple artboards, and much more!

The online companion files include all the necessary assets for readers to complete the projects featured in each chapter as well as ebook updates when Adobe releases new features for Creative Cloud customers. All buyers of the book get full access to the Web Edition: a Web-based version of the complete ebook enhanced with video and interactive multiple-choice quizzes. As always with the Classroom in a Book, Instructor Notes are available for teachers to download.


The "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" includes what is called an "individual responsibility requirement" or mandate that all persons buy health insurance from a private company and a separate "penalty" enforcing this requirement. In this paper, I do not critique the individual mandate on originalist grounds. Instead, I explain why the individual mandate is unconstitutional under the existing doctrine by which the Supreme Court construes the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses and the tax power. There are three principal claims. First (Part II), since the New Deal, the Supreme Court has developed a doctrine allowing the regulation of wholly intrastate activity: the substantial effects doctrine. Although commonly conceived as a Commerce Clause doctrine, from its inception this doctrine has been grounded in the Necessary and Proper Clause. In the 1990s, the Supreme Court developed a judicially administrable test for whether it is "necessary" for Congress to reach intrastate activity that substantially affects interstate commerce: the distinction between economic and noneconomic intrastate activity. Because the individual mandate fails to satisfy the requirements of this test as understood under existing doctrine, it exceeds the power granted to Congress by the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses as currently construed by the Supreme Court. The mandate also fails to satisfy an alternative to the substantial effects doctrine that was proposed by Justice Scalia in a concurring opinion. Second (Part III), because the "individual responsibility requirement" purports to be a regulation of commerce and cannot possibly be construed as a tax, it is not justified under the tax power of Congress; and, if the "requirement" or mandate is an unconstitutional regulation, there is nothing for the "penalty" to enforce. Neither is the penalty, considered apart from the regulatory requirement, a tax under current doctrine. Third (Part IV), the Supreme Court should not further expand Congress's power beyond existing doctrine to allow it to mandate that individuals engage in economic activity by entering into contracts with private companies. Such economic mandates are directly analogous to the commandeering of the states that the Supreme Court has held to be an improper exercise of the commerce power. The very few mandates that are imposed on the people pertain to their fundamental duties as citizens of the United States, such as the duty to defend the country or to pay for its operation. A newfound congressional power to impose economic mandates to facilitate the regulation of interstate commerce would fundamentally alter the relationship of citizen and state by unconstitutionally commandeering the people.In Part V, I conclude with a "realist" assessment of the likelihood that the Supreme Court will actually find the mandate to be unconstitutional.


The School of Kinesiology at Auburn University has a large Physical Activity and Wellness Program (PAWP) that services approximately 8,000 students each academic year. The roughly 470 courses offered annually include aquatics, leisure, martial arts, fitness, and individual- and team-sport offerings taught predominantly by graduate teaching assistants. Overall, Auburn University has experienced a great deal of success in providing a PAWP program that students enjoy and often wish to repeat although these courses are not required as compulsory credit. Delivering high-quality undergraduate educational experiences is paramount to the overall instructional mission of the School of Kinesiology. This paper outlines administrative strategies to ensure that PAWP instructors are prepared and supported in their instructional responsibilities.


Setting out to recover the roots of modernity in the boulevards, interiors, and arcades of the "city of light," Walter Benjamin dubbed Paris "the capital of the nineteenth century." In this eagerly anticipated sequel to his acclaimed Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History, Derek Sayer argues that Prague could well be seen as the capital of the much darker twentieth century. Ranging across twentieth-century Prague's astonishingly vibrant and always surprising human landscape, this richly illustrated cultural history describes how the city has experienced (and suffered) more ways of being modern than perhaps any other metropolis. Located at the crossroads of struggles between democratic, communist, and fascist visions of the modern world, twentieth-century Prague witnessed revolutions and invasions, national liberation and ethnic cleansing, the Holocaust, show trials, and snuffed-out dreams of "socialism with a human face." Yet between the wars, when Prague was the capital of Europe's most easterly parliamentary democracy, it was also a hotbed of artistic and architectural modernism, and a center of surrealism second only to Paris. Focusing on these years, Sayer explores Prague's spectacular modern buildings, monuments, paintings, books, films, operas, exhibitions, and much else. A place where the utopian fantasies of the century repeatedly unraveled, Prague was tailor-made for surrealist Andre Breton's "black humor," and Sayer discusses the way the city produced unrivaled connoisseurs of grim comedy, from Franz Kafka and Jaroslav Hasek to Milan Kundera and Vaclav Havel. A masterful and unforgettable account of a city where an idling flaneur could just as easily be a secret policeman, this book vividly shows why Prague can teach us so much about the twentieth century and what made us who we are.


Programming today involves code editing mixed with bouts of debugging to get feedback on code execution. For programming to be more fluid, editing and debugging should occur concurrently as live programming. This paper describes how live execution feedback can be woven into the editor by making places in program execution, not just code, navigable so that evaluation results can be probed directly within the code editor. A pane aside the editor also traces execution with entries that are similarly navigable, enabling quick problem diagnosis. Both probes and traces are refreshed continuously during editing, and are easily configured based on debugging needs. We demonstrate the usefulness of this live programming experience with a prototype.


High and rising levels of crime plague post-apartheid South Africa. A common explanation for these high crime rates relates the country's unique socio-political past to a system of ineffective social control mechanisms that suggest high levels of social disorganisation within certain communities. Other explanations emphasise the presence of disaffected youths and deprivation, as well as the rapid immigration of people from neighbouring African countries into South Africa. I examined a number of these socio-structural explanations of crime on contact crime rates in the city of Tshwane, South Africa. The findings are largely consistent with the social disorganisation theory, as well as with what has previously been suggested in local literature. In order to supplement these preliminary findings, the effects of the same socio-structural explanations on contact crime rates were determined for predominantly Black, White, and 'Mixed' (containing a mix of both Black and White residents) suburbs using spatial regression models. Evidence from these analyses suggests that the effects of the various socio-structural explanations do not appear to traverse racial lines. Rather, the findings suggest non-uniformity in terms of the extent to which the various socio-structural factors impact contact crime rates based on race.


Augustus Baldwin Longstreet's short story "A Sage Conversation" appears, at first glance, to be an astonishingly modern tale. It assembles an elaborate social tableau that has at its center "George Scott and David Snow; two most excellent men, who became so much attached to each other that they actually got married" and "raised a lovely parcel of children." The story appeared in Longstreet's 1835 collection Georgia Scenes, Characters, Incidents &c. in the First Half Century of the Republic, an early contribution to the tradition of American humor. This collection was reprinted more than twenty times before the end of the century, and has been an object of ongoing fascination for literary critics. However, critics have overlooked the question of how to situate "A Sage Conversation" in relation to the history of sexuality. We interpret "A Sage Conversation" as an artifact of a profoundly different moment from our own in the long, intersecting histories of marriage and sexuality in the United States. To that end, we contextualize the story, from a literary perspective, in relation to the traditions of the tall tale and the narrative of domestic life, and from a social and legal perspective, in relation to nineteenth-century American thought about same-sex sexuality, gender roles, and restrictions on marriage.


The purpose of this study was to examine the educational services for students with autism in school districts (N = 115) in North Carolina to identify the characteristics and variables that contribute to positive student outcomes. This study used a secondary analysis of data from various resources across the state. Variables included number of students with autism, prevalence, median personal income, student achievement composite scores, population demographics (urban versus rural), and rate of dispute (state complaints and mediations). Between 2006 and 2010, the mean percentage of growth in North Carolina for students with autism (M = 82.23%) was greater than that of the total student population during the same time period (M = -1.55%). Multiple regressions were used to measure the effect of income on proficiency scores and prevalence; correlational analyses were used to examine the relationship between district variables. Although a district's median income was related to the percentage of students with a composite proficiency score on statewide testing in grades 3 through 8 for the total population it did not have the same effect on students with autism. A moderate association existed between the percentage of students identified with autism and the district's level of median personal income. For every thousand-dollar increase in median income, there was a .028 increase in the percent of autism prevalence. Only a mild relationship existed between the rate of dispute and median personal income for each district and little difference existed between dispute and other district-level variables. The findings of this study provide direction for research and valuable insight for special education administrators at the state and district level as they face an increasing number of students with autism who have unique educational needs. Specifically, the results suggest that student proficiency scores for students with autism are not related to a district's median personal income, but income is related to the amount of dispute as well as a district's prevalence rate.


IUCN's Protected Areas Management Categories, which classify protected areas according to their management objectives, are today accepted as the benchmark for defining, recording and classifying protected areas.They are recognized by international bodies such as the United Nations as well as many national governments. As a result, they are increasingly being incorporated into government legislation. These guidelines provide as much clarity as possible regarding the meaning and application of the Categories. They describe the definition of the Categories and discuss application in particular biomes and management approaches.


ALERT: Before you purchase, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, including customized versions for individual schools, and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a CourseID, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products. NOTE: Make sure to use the dashes shown on the Access Card Code when entering the code. Student can use the URL and phone number below to help answer their questions: http://247pearsoned.custhelp.com/app/home 800-677-6337 Packages Access codes for Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products may not be included when purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson; check with the seller before completing your purchase. Used or rental books If you rent or purchase a used book with an access code, the access code may have been redeemed previously and you may have to purchase a new access code. Access codes Access codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code. Check with the seller prior to purchase. NOTE: This is just the Access Card for Technology in Action, 13/e MyITLab is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed for Information Technology (IT) courses, to engage students and improve results. MyITLab for Computer Concepts provides activities for Instruction, Practice, Review, and Assessment in a fully integrated course, providing a seamless learning experience. The Integrated eText allows students to experience continuous digital learning in an interactive environment.


In Infotopia, citizens enjoy a wide range of information about the organizations upon which they rely for the satisfaction of their vital interests. The provision of that information is governed by principles of democratic transparency. Democratic transparency both extends and critiques current enthusiasms about transparency. It urges us to conceptualize information politically, as a resource to turn the behavior of large organizations in socially beneficial ways. Transparency efforts have targets, and we should think of those targets as large organizations: public and civic, but especially private and corporate. Democratic transparency consists of four principles. First, information about the operations and actions of large organizations that affect citizens' interests should be rich, deep, and readily available to the public. Second, the amount of available information should be proportionate to the extent to which those organizations jeopardize citizens' interests. Third, information should be organized and provided in ways that are accessible to individuals and groups that use that information. Finally, the social, political, and economic structures of society should be organized in ways that allow individuals and groups to take action based on Infotopia's public disclosures.


It's not surprisingly when entering this site to get the book. One of the popular books now is the unequal partners. You may be confused because you can't find the book in the book store around your city. Commonly, the popular book will be sold quickly. And when you have found the store to buy the book, it will be so hurt when you run out of it. This is why, searching for this popular book in this website will give you benefit. You will not run out of this book.


We make three comparisons relevant for the business cycle accounting approach. We show that in theory, representing the investment wedge as a tax on investment is equivalent to representing this wedge as a tax on capital income as long as the probability distributions over this wedge in the two representations are the same. In practice, convenience dictates that the underlying probability distributions over the investment wedge are different in the two representations. Even so, the quantitative results under the two representations are essentially identical. We also compare our methodology, the CKM methodology, to an alternative one used in Christiano and Davis (2006) and by us in early incarnations of the business cycle accounting approach. We argue that the CKM methodology rests on more secure theoretical foundations. Finally, we show that the results from the VAR-style decomposition of Christiano and Davis reinforce the results of the business cycle decomposition of CKM.


Save time with topic-by-topic guide to building standards The only comprehensive reference to all building types, Time-Saver Standards for Building Types, Fourth Edition is loaded with all the essential design criteria and standards you need to prepare preliminary designs, execute programming requirements, and analyze the functions and uses of a building. Authors Joseph DeChiara and Michael Crosbie focus on topical issues of rehabilitation, change of use, preservation, accessibility, energy conservation, and environmental regulations. New material in this edition includes home offices, entertainment centers, assisted living, primary-care and wellness facilities, day-care and nursery facilities, jails and prisons, places of worship, health clubs, international sports facilities, and new rail facilities. What's more, new international examples and full metrification make the book a truly global publication.


Judging from recent confirmation hearings, there is now a consensus that Supreme Court Justices should be humble servants of the law, highly respectful toward precedent and without personal agendas of any kind. Few informed observers expect this to happen. After describing some of the institutional factors that operate to discourage adherence to the traditional ideal of judicial duty, this article proposes four statutory reforms that could help the Justices stick a little closer to the promises they are expected to make, and do make, at their confirmation hearings.First, Congress should require that all Supreme Court opinions, including concurrences and dissents, be issued anonymously. This should lead to fewer self-indulgent separate opinions, more coherent and judicious majority opinions, and more reason for future Justices to treat the resulting precedents respectfully.Second, Congress should require the Court to hear at least one case certified from a circuit court for every federal question case they choose from their discretionary docket. This would reduce the temptation to assemble a docket consisting largely of interesting or high-profile cases, and encourage the Justices to grapple with more of the important but unglamorous issues vexing the lower courts.Third, Congress should forbid law clerks to draft judicial opinions, and move them to the office of the Court's Librarian, where they would do legal research for the Court rather than for individual Justices. Truly humble and old-fashioned judges should study the precedents themselves, discuss the law with their colleagues (rather than with their handpicked votaries), and write their own opinions.Fourth, Congress should require Justices to serve part of their time on lower federal courts, as they did for the first century of the republic's existence. Restoring "circuit riding" would give the Justices some on-going experience with playing the role of a modest judge whose decisions are subject to appellate review and who is often required to interpret and apply muddled Supreme Court opinions.If serving as a Supreme Court Justice were to become a full-time, non-delegable job with fewer opportunities for personal aggrandizement, the Justices would behave more like judges than legal celebrities, Presidents would have more incentive to appoint genuinely able people, and fewer Justices would insist on staying in the saddle past the time when they can even mount the horse.


Urbanization and climate change are amongst the greatest challenges of the 21 st century. In the "Low Carbon Future Cities" project (LCFC), three important problem dimensions are analysed: current and future GHG emissions and their mitigation (up to 2050), resource use and material flows and vulnerability to climate change. The industrial city of Wuxi has been the Chinese pilot city of the project. To establish the pathway for a low carbon future, it is crucial to understand the current situation and possible future developments. The paper presents the key results of the status quo analysis and the future scenario analysis carried out for Wuxi. Two scenarios are outlined. The Current Policy Scenario (CPS) shows the current most likely development in the area of energy demand and GHG emissions until 2050. Whereas the extra low carbon scenario (ELCS) assumes a significantly more ambitious implementation, it combines a market introduction of best available technologies with substantial behavioural change. All scenarios are composed of sub-scenarios for the selected key sectors. Looking at the per capita emissions in Wuxi, the current levels are already high at around 12 tonnes CO2 per capita compared to Western European cities. Although Wuxi has developed a low carbon plan, the projected results under current policies (CPS) show that the total emissions would increase to 23.6 tonnes CO2 per capita by 2050. If the ELCS pathway was to be adopted, these CO2 emission levels could be reduced to 6.4 tonnes per capita by 2050. However, this is not a problem unique to Wuxi or China. A comprehensive rethink at global level on how to increase energy and resource efficiency and sustainability is required.


Demands on emission control, and low vibration and noise levels have made the design of automobile exhaust systems a much more complex task over the last few decades. This, combined with increasing competition in the automobile industry, has rendered physical prototype testing impractical as the main support for design decisions. The aim of this thesis is to provide a deeper understanding of the dynamic characteristics of automobile exhaust system components to form a basis for improved design and the development of computationally inexpensive theoretical component models. Modelling, simulation and experimental investigation of a typical exhaust system are performed to gain such an understanding and evaluate ideas of component modelling. Modern cars often have a gas-tight bellows-type flexible joint between the manifold and the catalytic converter. This joint is given special attention since it is the most complex component from a dynamics point of view and because it is important for reducing transmission of engine movements to the exhaust system. The joint is non-linear if the bellows consists of multiple plies or if it includes an inside liner. The first non-linearity is shown to be weak and may therefore be neglected. The non-linearity due to friction in the liner is, however, highly significant and gives the joint complex dynamic characteristics. This is important to know of and consider in exhaust system design and proves the necessity of including a model of the liner in the theoretical joint model when this type of liner is present in the real joint to be simulated. It is known from practice and introductory investigations that also the whole system sometimes shows complex dynamic behaviour. This can be understood from the non-linear characteristics of the flexible joint shown in this work. An approach to the modelling of the combined bellows and liner joint is suggested and experimentally verified. It is shown that the exhaust system is essentially linear downstream of this joint. Highly simplified finite element models of the components within this part are suggested. These models incorporate adjustable flexibility in their connection to the exhaust pipes and a procedure is developed for automatic updating of these parameters to obtain better correlation with experimental results. The agreement between the simulation results of the updated models 5 and the experimental results is very good, which verifies the usability of these component models. A major conclusion is that in coming studies of how engine vibrations affect the exhaust system it may be considered as a linear system if the flexible joint consists of a bellows. If the joint also includes a liner, the system may be considered as a linear sub-system that is excited via a non-linear joint.


Abstract Background The system of nursing care in Germany is currently changing. For years, a further development of cooperation in the health care sector has been discussed. And thus a change in the distribution of tasks between health care professions. In 2008, the legislature introduced the introduction of pilot projects for the transfer of medicinal tasks to nurses according to § 63 para. 3c Social Code V. The implementation is very sluggish. The aim of the study was to analyze the reasons for this sluggish implementation from the perspective of the statutory health insurance funds. Methods Quantitative survey of all statutory health insurance funds (n=124) in Germany. Results To ensure supply, 94 % of health insurance companies consider the transfer of medical tasks to non-medical care providers as a sensible approach. Also 96 % consider this to be very important in order to ensure care. Although 96 % of health insurance funds support the implementation of pilot projects, only 8 % are in fact involved in such contracts; 71 % do not plan own pilot projects for the future. In the view of the statutory health insurance funds, legal obstacles (90 %), resistance by medical representatives (84 %), unresolved financing (74 %) and liability issues (70 %) as well as non-applicable regulations in G-BA-directive (79 %) and the law (85 %). Less than half (46 %) of the health insurance companies suspect high costs causing the slow implementation. Discussion The amendments adopted by the legislature in the current reform of the law on care professions can be described as appropriate; in particular the fact that statutory health insurance funds should implement and carry out appropriate pilot projects by 31 December 2020.


This paper analyses the grammatical elements that render motion/change-of-state constructions in Modern Japanese and looks at what means are used to convey motion and resultative core schema. The finding brings us to the point that constructions rendered by a lexical V-V display two conflation patterns. In cause–effect/means/manner types and the complement relation type, the path segments are conflated in the verbs and may then exhibit verb framing. In the pair relation type, manner and path receive equal semantic and syntactic weights and thus exhibit equipollent-framed behaviour. Constructions with syntactic V-V convey path segments via path/resultative complements rather than verbs. Crucially, the complements appear outside the verb roots. In constructions rendered by a participle complex predicate, the manner verb bears a participial morpheme and appears adjacent to the main verb. The manner and path components in participle complex predicates are morphologically not equipollent. In participle adverbial clauses, the manner component is foregrounded, which suggests that manner is more like an independent lexical item and may then possibly receive equal weight as the path.


Aim: The aim of this study was to give an overview of family caregiver satisfaction within the home palliative care situation in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire, with seven validated scales, and comprising of 71 items, was used. The items investigated perceived needs and burdens of families within a home-based palliative care situation. The satisfaction of the family caregivers with the services delivered by palliative care teams was measured by the FAMCARE-2 Scale. Descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed. Results: A convenience sample of 106 family members agreed to participate in the study. Overall, we found high satisfaction within our sample. There was high satisfaction with how the services respected the dignity of families, and how they provided comfort to patients. Satisfaction was lower with regard to information about patients. Conclusion: High or low satisfaction with palliative care, tells us little about the quality of services. The high satisfaction within this study could be interpreted as a sign that palliative care was important to families at the time of availability. Regular and continuous assessment can serve to inform the continuous quality of care provision for patients and their families.
Keywords: family, home, palliative care, quantitative research, satisfaction of care.


Subpixel Reconstruction Antialiasing (SRAA) combines singlepixel (1x) shading with subpixel visibility to create antialiased images without increasing the shading cost. SRAA targets deferred-shading renderers, which cannot use multisample antialiasing. SRAA operates as a post-process on a rendered image with superresolution depth and normal buffers, so it can be incorporated into an existing renderer without modifying the shaders. In this way SRAA resembles Morphological Antialiasing (MLAA), but the new algorithm can better respect geometric boundaries and has fixed runtime independent of scene and image complexity. SRAA benefits shading-bound applications. For example, our implementation evaluates SRAA in 1.8ms (1280x720) to yield antialiasing quality comparable to 4-16x shading. Thus SRAA would produce a net speedup over supersampling for applications that spend 1 ms or more on shading; for comparison, most modern games spend 5-10ms shading. We also describe simplifications that increase performance by reducing quality.


This article explores the use of participatory drawing as a non-mechanical visual research method in qualitative research with children and youth. Because of its co-constructed and playful nature, as well as its lack of dependence on linguistic proficiency, participatory drawing emerges as a highly efficient and ethically sound research strategy that is particularly suited for work with children and young people across a variety of cultural contexts. The analysis of drawn images, complemented by a subsequent discussion of these drawings in the context of their production, has the potential of revealing a more nuanced depiction of concepts, emotions, and information in an expressive, empowering, and personally relevant manner. As a review of the participatory drawing methodology, this article draws on several examples in order to highlight the inherent affordances of the visual mode and discuss the benefits and limitations of using this strategy in research with children and youth.


The airline industry has reached the crossroads. Today's fiercely competitive and efficiency
focused economic environment ensures that airlines are struggling to gain market share and
sustain profitability. This is partly due to the global turmoil, the economic slowdown in the
European region, the volatile demand of air traffic, the increasing number and strength of (lower
priced) competitors, fluctuating fuel costs and more diverse and specific passenger needs. As a
result, airlines have come to know that cost containment and financial strength are more
important than ever. This forces airlines to develop new manners to manage their customer
relationships better in order to optimize customer loyalty and revenues. As proven in the past,
airlines' immediate focus is often on cost reductions in achieving more efficient operations. This
reality mainly stems from the fact that fixed costs are enormous in the airline industry.
Unfortunately, as is with many airlines, most have failed to recognize that their customers and
the relationships they maintain with their organizations, are at the core of their business
strategies and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM from now on) is no exception.
The main problem that KLM faces is that they have a limited view of who their customers truly
are. The reason is that customer relationships have so far been primarily of a transactional
nature. E.g. A customer searches for a ticket, makes the booking, takes the flight, and once the
flight is over, the relationship basically ends. Unless, the customer is member of the frequent
flyer program 'Flying Blue', but the fact remains that there is no guarantee that KLM will ever see
this customer again. Partly due to the lack of relevant customer information and poorly
integrated information systems, it is difficult for KLM to allocate marketing resources effectively
and make more personalized product or service offerings from a customer's perspective.
Currently, new technologies and The Internet provide customers easy access to huge amounts of
information. The customers have been taking advantage of that and are using these technologies
to find and compare competing products. Most importantly, customers started to communicate
with each other via review sites, blogs, social media, and etcetera. These customers are
increasingly avoiding pushy marketers and revert to other customers for information to help
them in making their purchase decisions. In this new era of customer engagement, organizations
must do more outside their own traditional organizational boundaries. Whether organizations
like it or not, customer power is growing. Customers have increased access to information, more
alternatives, more simplified and direct transaction, control over contacts and most importantly,
increased communication with other customers. Therefore, this researcher argues that KLM should adopt and implement a different customer
strategy, aiming to build mutually beneficial relationships with its customers, based on trust,
transparency and openness. As relatively old strategies, customer centricity and customer
advocacy can lead KLM to achieve this. These strategies are based on the realization that the
path to success and profitability, is helping customers make the best decisions in their purchase
decisions. If the organizations truly helps the customer, they will learn about their needs and
interests, and can provide honest, open and transparent advice, even if this means to
recommend competitive products (e.g. the Auto Choice Advisor of General Motors). In this sense,
the organization truly advocates for its customers. In turn, the customers will advocate on the
organizations behalf, stimulating customer trust, loyalty, repurchases and most important,
positive word of mouth towards other customers. As a result, the organization may enjoy a
larger customer base, more satisfied, truly committed and more buying customers. In line with
this reasoning, this research aims to identify and evaluate ways that will help KLM on its
possibilities to become more customer centric and turn their customers into advocates. To
address the research problem, the general research question is as follows:
Can KLM Royal Dutch Airlines migrate from a product oriented towards a customer oriented
organization and develop a customer advocacy strategy?


This article presents an overview of the economics literature on the effect of corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards on the new vehicle market. Since 1978, CAFE has imposed fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks sold in the U.S. market. This article reviews the history of the standards, followed by a discussion of the major upcoming changes in implementation and stringency. It describes strategies that firms can use to meet the standards and reviews the CAFE literature as it applies to the new vehicle market. The review concludes by highlighting areas for future research in light of the upcoming changes to CAFE.


This paper presents a measurement of jet fragmentation functions in 0.49 nb −1 of Pb+Pb collisions and 25 pb −1 of pp collisions at √ sNN =5.02 TeV collected in 2015 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. These measurements provide insight into the jet quenching process in the quark-gluon plasma created in the aftermath of ultra-relativistic collisions between two nuclei. The modifications to the jet fragmentation functions are quantified by dividing the measurements in Pb+Pb collisions by baseline measurements in pp collisions. This ratio is studied as a function of the transverse momentum of the jet, the jet rapidity, and the centrality of the collision. In both collision systems, the jet fragmentation functions are measured for jets with transverse momentum between 126 GeV and 398 GeV and with an absolute value of jet rapidity less than 2.1. An enhancement of particles carrying a small fraction of the jet momentum is observed, which increases with centrality and with increasing jet transverse momentum. Yields of particles carrying a very large fraction of the jet momentum are also observed to be enhanced. Between these two enhancements of the fragmentation functions a suppression of particles carrying an intermediate fraction of the jet momentum is observed in Pb+Pb collisions. A small dependence of the modifications on jet rapidity is observed.


This paper reviews the authors' evolution as kinesiology scholars to a public health focus via their research on school physical activity (PA) and policy. The authors present key findings from their work, including their recent focus group discussion with 20 school leaders, to substantiate their perspectives about the role that the American Kinesiology Association could play in supporting public health goals and promoting school PA policy. The authors conclude the paper by appealing to American Kinesiology Association to clearly identify PA and its promotion as a central area of study in kinesiology, strengthen its ties to public health, and advocate for putting the "physical" back in the National Physical Education Standards.


The Project Gutenberg EBook of Der Traum ein Leben, by Franz Grillparzer #3 in our series by Franz Grillparzer Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the header without written permission. Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.


Background: When we further take Arabic grammatical issues into account in accordance with applied linguistic investigations on Arabic as Second Language (ASL) learners, a fundamental issue arises at this point as to the production of speech in Arabic: Oral grammatical errors committed by ASL learners. Aims: Using manual rating as well as computational analytic methodology to test a corpus of recorded speech by Second Language (ASL) learners of Arabic, this study aims to find the areas of difficulties in learning Arabic grammar. More specifically, it examines how and why ASL learners make grammatical errors in their oral speech. Methods: Tape recordings of four (4) Arabic as Second Language (ASL) learners who ranged in age from 23 to 30 were naturally collected. All participants have completed an intensive Arabic program (two years) and 20 minute-speech was recorded for each participant. Having the collected corpus, the next procedure was to rate them against Arabic standard grammar. Rating includes four processes: Description, analysis and assessment. Conclusions: Outcomes made from the issues addressed in this paper can be summarized in the fact that ASL learners face many grammatical difficulties when studying Arabic word order, tenses and aspects, function words, subject-verb agreement, verb form, active-passive voice, global and local errors,  processes-based errors including addition, omission, substitution or a combination of any of them.


Scientific knowledge evolution is mainly based on an effective dissemination of research results. The concept of Open Access gives us the theoretical foundation of a model for accessing scientific knowledge, free from the constraints of traditional publishing and technologically supported by the Internet. Institutional Repositories are information systems that allow preserving, storing and disseminating scientific knowledge produced in higher education and scientific research institutions. They increase the visibility and the citation level of the documents. They also contribute to minimizing negative aspects like plagiarism of content because documents are exposed to peers in real time. As an alternative way to the traditional system of publishing scientific research content, repositories are developed in a cultural climate of great visibility leading to an immediate critical evaluation by peers. The Scientific Repository of the Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco – Portugal (RCIPCB) was created in 2009 but its official presentation took place in January 2010. Its main purposes are promoting Open Access (OA), and preserving and disseminating the scientific knowledge produced at the Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco (IPCB). Using DSpace as a technological platform, RCIPCB is an institutional project supported by the president of the IPCB. Therefore, the present study was developed with the aim of analyzing the performance of RCIPCB considering the evolution and growth in terms of users, archiving and self-archiving, the number of published documents (scientific) versus deposited documents in 2010 and the heterogeneity among communities/collections and its causes. Data were collected in RCIPCB, in the 2010 scientific publication list of the institute and through a questionnaire survey distributed among the members of the community with most documents deposited and those of the community with the fewest documents. For data collected in RCIPCB and in the publication list, average, standard deviation and counts were calculated. Data collected from questionnaires were analyzed with SPSS. The results show that RCIPCB indicates an asymmetric growing dynamics. Nevertheless, it reflects the institutional organization, in the sense that the communities related to the older schools possess more documents than the communities related to more recent schools. Communities having higher numbers of deposited documents seem to have also higher levels of searches and downloads. Therefore, it increases significantly the visibility of the institution and its researchers. Concerning the 2010 scientific production when compared with the deposit level of the corresponding community, the results show that the number of documents deposited is much lower than the number of published documents. Data obtained from the questionnaire answers from the communities The School of Agriculture (ESACB) and The School of Applied Arts (ESART) suggest that the strategy of communication used by RCIPCB is correct because everybody knows about the Repository. However, that is not related to the number of documents deposited. They also suggest that the strategy is not efficient and it needs some improvements in order to become effective. Considering the results it is clear that RCIPCB needs to have a mandatory depositing policy that might also be extended to user registration. Those factors would minimize both the heterogeneity and the asymmetric growth of communities and collections. Moreover, it would also decrease the difference between scientific production and the corresponding deposit in RCIPCB.


The Arizona Department of Transportation, the Arizona Game & Fish Department and the Arizona State Parks Board are required to conduct a study every three years on watercraft fuel consumption and recreational watercraft usage. The fuel consumption data is collected to determine the allocation of motor vehicle fuel tax to the State Lake Improvement Fund. The information on recreational watercraft usage patterns on Arizona's lakes and rivers is necessary, in part, to determine the distribution of SLIF funds to applicants.


Thirty-one species of the family Platystictidae of the Philippines are revised, i.e. all species recognised, excluding the species of the Drepanosticta halterata-group. The following new taxa are described: 16 species in Drepanosticta Laidlaw: D. acuta spec. nov., D. aurita spec. nov., D. centrosaurus spec. nov., D. clados spec. nov., D. flavomaculata spec. nov., D. furcata spec. nov., D. hermes spec. nov., D. krios spec. nov., D. luzonica spec. nov., D. malleus spec. nov., D. myzouris spec. nov., D. paruatia spec. nov., D. pistor spec. nov., D. quadricornu spec. nov., D. rhamphis spec. nov., D. trachelocele spec. nov., two in Protosticta Selys, viz. P. lepteca spec. nov. and P. plicata spec. nov., and three in Sulcosticta gen. nov., viz. S. striata spec. nov., S. pallida spec. nov. and S. viticula spec. nov. The status of eleven previously described nominal taxa is established. One, D. septima Needham & Gyger, is doubtfully considered a synonym of D. mylitta Cowley. Based on a preliminary phylogenetic analysis, the species of Drepanosticta are divided into informal species groups. Most species of the Philippines have affinities to species of Sulawesi, the Moluccas and New Guinea. Several species confined to Palawan have sister-group relationships with species from Borneo. The affinities of various other species confined to the Sulu archipelago, are unsettled as yet. The species of Platystictidae here assigned to Protosticta Selys are presumably not closely related to the type species, P. simplicinervis Selys from Sulawesi. However, a better placement has to await a more detailed phylogenetic study of the family. For three species the new genus Sulcosticta gen. nov. is erected. These species are closely allied based on the structure of the appendages, but should have been assigned to different genera if based on the present generic definitions. Many species here described have small distributional ranges, a common phenomenon in Platystictidae. Since most forests in the Philippines are heavily under threat or have already disappeared in the last fifty years, several taxa described in this paper should be considered under threat of immediate extinction.


The second book in C. S. Lewis's acclaimed Space Trilogy, which also includes "Out of the Silent Planet" and "That Hideous Strength," "Perelandra" continues the adventures of the extraordinary Dr. Ransom. Pitted against the most destructive of human weaknesses, temptation, the great man must battle evil on a new planet -- Perelandra -- when it is invaded by a dark force. Will Perelandra succumb to this malevolent being, who strives to create a new world order and who must destroy an old and beautiful civilization to do so? Or will it throw off the yoke of corruption and achieve a spiritual perfection as yet unknown to man? The outcome of Dr. Ransom's mighty struggle alone will determine the fate of this peace-loving planet.


In this "artful, informative, and delightful" (William H. McNeill, New York Review of Books) book, Jared Diamond convincingly argues that geographical and environmental factors shaped the modern world. Societies that had had a head start in food production advanced beyond the hunter-gatherer stage, and then developed religion --as well as nasty germs and potent weapons of war --and adventured on sea and land to conquer and decimate preliterate cultures. A major advance in our understanding of human societies, Guns, Germs, and Steel chronicles the way that the modern world came to be and stunningly dismantles racially based theories of human history. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science, the Rhone-Poulenc Prize, and the Commonwealth club of California's Gold Medal.


Enteric glial cells (EGC) actively mediate acute and chronic inflammation in the gut; EGC proliferate and release neurotrophins, growth factors, and pro-inflammatory cytokines which, in turn, may amplify the immune response, representing a very important link between the nervous and immune systems in the intestine. Cannabidiol (CBD) is an interesting compound because of its ability to control reactive gliosis in the CNS, without any unwanted psychotropic effects. Therefore the rationale of our study was to investigate the effect of CBD on intestinal biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and from intestinal segments of mice with LPS-induced intestinal inflammation. CBD markedly counteracted reactive enteric gliosis in LPS-mice trough the massive reduction of astroglial signalling neurotrophin S100B. Histological, biochemical and immunohistochemical data demonstrated that S100B decrease was associated with a considerable decrease in mast cell and macrophages in the intestine of LPS-treated mice after CBD treatment. Moreover the treatment of LPS-mice with CBD reduced TNF-α expression and the presence of cleaved caspase-3. Similar results were obtained in ex vivo cultured human derived colonic biopsies. In biopsies of UC patients, both during active inflammation and in remission stimulated with LPS+INF-γ, an increased glial cell activation and intestinal damage were evidenced. CBD reduced the expression of S100B and iNOS proteins in the human biopsies confirming its well documented effect in septic mice. The activity of CBD is, at least partly, mediated via the selective PPAR-gamma receptor pathway. CBD targets enteric reactive gliosis, counteracts the inflammatory environment induced by LPS in mice and in human colonic cultures derived from UC patients. These actions lead to a reduction of intestinal damage mediated by PPARgamma receptor pathway. Our results therefore indicate that CBD indeed unravels a new therapeutic strategy to treat inflammatory bowel diseases.


Up to the late sixties of this century the number of species of the genus Uca occurring on the East and Gulf coasts of North America seemed rather well established. Usually ten species were listed: U. burgersi Holthuis ( = U. affinis (Streets)), U. leptodactyla Rathbun, U. minax (Le Conte), U. pugilator (Bosc), U. pugnax (Smith), U. rapax (Smith), U. speciosa (Ives), U. spinicarpa Rathbun, U. subcylindrica (Stimpson) and U. thayeri Rathbun. Subsequently, however, some uncertainty arose about the number of fiddler crab species of the Gulf coast area. Barnwell (1968) mentioned an undescribed species from Ocean Springs, Mississippi, and Salmon and co-workers described no less than three new Gulf coast species of Uca (Salmon & Atsaides, 1968; Novak & Salmon, 1974). Meanwhile, the new names were used in ecological and other studies (e.g. Powers, 1975; Powers & Cole, 1976). Crane (1975) was the first to re-examine the type material of two of these additional species. She decided to include them in her Uca monograph admitting subspecific rank to them. However, when trying to give a comprehensive differential diagnosis of the two new subspecies and all related forms Crane met with difficulties (most clearly expressed on p. 193 and p. 197 of the 1975 monograph). Furthermore, there are reasons to doubt the subspecies concept of Crane in general (see Von Hagen, 1976, and new data from Lewinsohn, 1977, and Frith & Frith, 1977). These doubts as well as results of bioacoustic work with West Indian fiddler crabs (Von Hagen, 1975) induced the present author to question the taxonomic proposals of Crane (1975) as well as the original ones of Salmon and co-workers and to re-examine the holotypes, which was possible through the kindness of Dr. R. B. Manning, National Museum of Natural History


Background: Electronic medical record systems can rapidly identify fracture patients so that healthcare systems can target osteoporosis treatment programs. However, it is not clear what proportion of such patients are actually eligible for treatment. Method: In 3 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, a secondary fracture prevention electronic screening protocol was developed and proceeded in 3 stages. First, all patients with a fracture-related ICD-9 or CPT code for fracture over the preceding 6 months were identified using a SQL server report run regularly on regional clinical data. Additional data was obtained automatically at this stage, and patients were excluded if they were already on bisphosphonate, their fracture was facial or digital, they did not have a primary care provider, they were under age 50 years, or had died. In a second stage, chart abstraction was completed by the project director. Patients were excluded if their fracture occurred after high-impact trauma, the coded fracture was not confirmed on radiograph, the fracture occurred more than 10 years previously, bone density screening had already been obtained, the fracture was pathologic, the patient was receiving palliative care, or the patient had been offered and declined therapy. In the final stage, remaining patients were referred to a bone specialist who reviewed the medical record and generated an electronic consult to the primary provider that gave recommendations for further evaluation and management consistent with current guidelines. Results: Among 986 screened veterans with ICD9 fracture code within the study period, 841 (85%) were ultimately excluded from further intervention. A majority (n=574, 68%) were excluded in the first, automated screening stage [no primary provider (22%), age under 50 years (38%), already on a bisphosphonate (12%), fracture facial or digital (25%), patient had died (3%)]. Chart abstraction was required to exclude 267 (32%) prior to physician review [high trauma (37%), remote injury or no evidence of fracture (36%), palliative care (9%), other reasons (18%)] One hundred three consults were completed, with 80 (78%) recommending osteoporosis treatment or BMD testing. Conclusion: An electronic screening tool was effective at a regional level in identifying recent fracture patients for secondary osteoporosis intervention, but many (85%) are ultimately not eligible for additional interventions. Most exclusions (68%) can be made without additional chart abstraction.


Take your AuotoCAD design skills to the next dimension by creating powerful 3D models Overview Obtain 2D drawings from 3D models Master AutoCADs third dimension. Full of practical tips and examples to help take your skills to the next dimension. In Detail AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application. AutoCAD supports both 2D and 3D formats. AutoCAD is used in a range of industries and is utilized by architects, project managers, and engineers, among others. "Autodesk AutoCAD 2013 Practical 3D Drafting and Design" will take you beyond the 2D frontier and help you create accurate 3D models that simulate reality. This book is crammed full of creative and practical tutorials which will help you master the third dimension. From exercises on coordinate systems to creating solids and surfaces from 2D, you will wonder how you ever designed without this resource by your side. "Autodesk AutoCAD 2013 Practical 3D Drafting and Design" is full of hands-on studies and projects that will help develop your 3D skills. Starting from the assumption of only a very basic knowledge of AutoCAD, this book will help you master 3D visualization and coordinate systems, create 3D models from 2D drawings, and from basic shapes, measure volumes, and other information, obtain 2D construction drawings from 3D models as well as how to apply lights and materials to get photorealistic images. What you will learn from this book Learn how to create basic 3D shapes and models. View and navigate 3D models. Apply user coordinate systems to define workplanes. Create 3D models from 2D drawings. Apply 3D basic shapes and modify 3D models. Master AutoCAD Lighting and materials effects. Obtain information from 3D models, like volumes and inertias. Create photorealistic images of your 3D models. Approach This book is written in a practical and friendly style with practical tutorials, exercises, and detailed images which will help you master the third dimension. Who this book is written for This book is intended for everyone who wants to create accurate 3D models in AutoCAD, like architecture, engineering, or design professionals, and students. Only basic understanding of 2D AutoCAD is needed..


Building upon a process- and context-oriented information quality framework, this paper seeks to map and explore what we know about the ways in which young users of age 18 and under search for information online, how they evaluate information, and how their related practices of content creation, levels of new literacies, general digital media usage, and social patterns affect these activities. A review of selected literature at the intersection of digital media, youth, and information quality — primarily works from library and information science, sociology, education, and selected ethnographic studies — reveals patterns in youth's information-seeking behavior, but also highlights the importance of contextual and demographic factors both for search and evaluation. Looking at the phenomenon from an information-learning and educational perspective, the literature shows that youth develop competencies for personal goals that sometimes do not transfer to school, and are sometimes not appropriate for school. Thus far, educational initiatives to educate youth about search, evaluation, or creation have depended greatly on the local circumstances for their success or failure.


What does human suffering mean for society? And how has this meaning changed from the past to the present? In what ways does "the problem of suffering" serve to inspire us to care for others? How does our response to suffering reveal our moral and social conditions? In this trenchant work, Arthur Kleinman—a renowned figure in medical anthropology—and Iain Wilkinson, an award-winning sociologist, team up to offer some answers to these profound questions. A Passion for Society investigates the historical development and current state of social science with a focus on how this development has been shaped in response to problems of social suffering. Following a line of criticism offered by key social theorists and cultural commentators who themselves were unhappy with the professionalization of social science, Wilkinson and Kleinman provide a critical commentary on how studies of society have moved from an original concern with social suffering and its amelioration to dispassionate inquiries. The authors demonstrate how social action through caring for others is revitalizing and remaking the discipline of social science, and they examine the potential for achieving greater understanding though a moral commitment to the practice of care for others. In this deeply considered work, Wilkinson and Kleinman argue for an engaged social science that connects critical thought with social action, that seeks to learn through caregiving, and that operates with a commitment to establish and sustain humane forms of society.


In Living a Feminist Life Sara Ahmed shows how feminist theory is generated from everyday life and the ordinary experiences of being a feminist at home and at work. Building on legacies of feminist of color scholarship in particular, Ahmed offers a poetic and personal meditation on how feminists become estranged from worlds they critique—often by naming and calling attention to problems—and how feminists learn about worlds from their efforts to transform them. Ahmed also provides her most sustained commentary on the figure of the feminist killjoy introduced in her earlier work while showing how feminists create inventive solutions—such as forming support systems—to survive the shattering experiences of facing the walls of racism and sexism. The killjoy survival kit and killjoy manifesto, with which the book concludes, supply practical tools for how to live a feminist life, thereby strengthening the ties between the inventive creation of feminist theory and living a life that sustains it.


Let $\Omega$ be a set of 24 points with the structure of the (5,8,24) Steiner system, $\cal{S}$, defined on it. The automorphism group of $\cal{S}$ acts on the famous Leech lattice, as does the binary Golay code defined by $\cal{S}$. Let $A,B\subset\Omega$ be subsets of size four ("tetrads"). The structure of $\cal{S}$ forces each tetrad to define a certain partition of $\Omega$ into six tetrads called a sextet. For each tetrad Conway defined a certain automorphism of the Leech lattice that extends the group generated by the above to the full automorphism group of the lattice. For the tetrad $A$ he denoted this automorphism $\zeta_A$. It is well known that for $\zeta_A$ and $\zeta_B$ to commute it is sufficient to have A and B belong to the same sextet. We extend this to a much less obvious necessary and sufficient condition, namely $\zeta_A$ and $\zeta_B$ will commute if and only if $A\cup B$ is contained in a block of $\cal{S}$. We go on to extend this result to similar conditions for other elements of the group and show how neatly these results restrict to certain important subgroups.


The University of London celebrates the 150th anniversary of its first Charter in 1986, and this history has been produced in commemoration of the occasion. One of the leading universities in the world, and the largest universities in the United Kingdom, the University of London is a many-headed federation of different institutions. This sketch of its developing shape, structure and role, incorporates many well chosen illustrations encapsulating the range of activities and institutions constituting a great federal university.Attention is paid to the earlier teaching institutions, especially the medical shoos attached to London's hospitals. The activities of the expanding metropolitan and imperial university are surveyed throughout Victorian times. The major reconstruction of 1900 which began the organic link between the various colleges forming the federal university is covered, and all the subsequent changes of the twentieth century are outlined. The background to the present difficult period of 'cuts' and restructuring is indicated.This illustrated history is a lively and well-informed overview of a complex institution or, more properly, an interwoven series of institutions and activities. It should prove of interest and value to all the many students, teachers and other members of the University of London, past and present, as well as to those who seek to understand the increasingly crucial role of knowledge in modern society.


The challenge in designing a floating-point arithmetic co-processor/processor for scientific and engineering applications is to improve the performance, efficiency, and computational accuracy of the arithmetic unit. The arithmetic unit should efficiently support several mathematical functions corresponding to scientific and engineering computation demands. Moreover, the computations should be performed as fast as possible with a high degree of accuracy. Thus, this thesis proposes algorithm, design, architecture, and analysis of floating-point arithmetic units particularly for scientific and engineering applications which can be implemented in VLSI.

Generally, performance improvements and time efficiency with hardware can be considered from the output rate and the computational latency which is the number of generated
outputs per second (output/sec) and the computational times. The output rate can be increased by clock rate whereas the design and architecture of the hardware can
improve the computational time, which is mostly focused on engineering practice. Obviously, in order to achieve the highest performance, the design will be based on pipeline
architecture. Nevertheless, for any hardware arithmetic unit, not only the performance and time efficiency have to be examined, but also the computational accuracy and stability of the computational results have to be taken into account. Therefore, the floatingpoint arithmetic units introduced in this dissertation will be considered in their design and architecture based on pipeline, and an analysis of the hardware trade-off between the VLSI areas of complexity and computational latency. Meanwhile, the floating-point data representation is employed to improve and stabilize the computational result and accuracy of the arithmetic unit at runtime.

The arithmetic units from a hardware point of view can be classified into two groups
depending on hardware-based algorithms, i.e. the basic arithmetic unit and the advanced arithmetic unit. The basic arithmetic unit consists of two types of operations corresponding to the number of input operands, i.e. standard operations and non-standard operations.
The standard operations are addition/subtraction and multiplication operations and the non-standard operations are product-of-sum and sum-of-product operations.
The advanced arithmetic unit is frequently employed in scientific and engineering applications as elementary functions such as sine, cosine, hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine, etc. The two classes of arithmetic units can be derived in hardware-based algorithmic form which is relatively easy for VLSI implementation and for analysis.

The binary-tree and partial linear methods are introduced to the leading-one-detection (LOD) and the integer multiplier in order to improve the performance of the floatingpoint standard and non-standard operators. The investigation and synthesis results that are based on the pipeline architecture show that both the proposed floating-point standard and nonstandard hardware-based algorithms can be simplified for VLSI implementation.
Meanwhile, with the proposed LOD and the proposed integer multiplier, the floating-point standard and non-standard operators provide both high performance and time efficiency.

The advanced arithmetic functions are performed by the CORDIC algorithm, where the challenges of the CORDIC algorithm are to reduce computational latency and to improve
computational accuracy. Therefore, two CORDIC methods, namely the doublerotation and triple-rotation, are proposed. Their performance, efficiency, and computational
accuracy are measured, analysed, and compared with conventional CORDIC results using the Matlab/Simulink tools. The proposed CORDIC methods provide better
performance, time efficiency, and computational accuracy than the conventional method, while at the same provided error constraints with few iterations. Similarly, with the same number of iterations, the proposed CORDIC methods present better computational accuracy than the conventional method. The unified micro-rotations of the proposed CORDIC
methods are established and analysed in order to study the performance and efficiency based on several pipeline stages.

A high precision CORDIC algorithm, based on a unified micro-rotation of the proposed CORDIC methods, is introduced where the double-rotation and triple-rotation are
applied for the normal-accuracy and high-accuracy mode, respectively. The high precision CORDIC core based on fixed-point representation is designed, implemented, and
analysed. The synchronization between the floating-point standard unit, non-standard unit and the fixed-point elementary functional unit is demonstrated by floating-point
arithmetic accelerator architecture and also by floating-point streaming processor architecture.
The Floating-to-Fixed and Fixed-to-Floating algorithms are introduced for data conversion from floating-point to fixed-point representation and from fixed-point to floatingpoint representation.

Finally, the beam phase and magnitude detector that is employed in the closed-loop control system for heavy ion synchrotron application is used for verification of the proposed CORDIC methods. In the heavy ion synchrotron application, acceleration processes lead to beam signals with decreasing time periods for the pulses. Different modes
of oscillation are possible. However, the current system deals with the simplest mode of oscillation, which is almost permanently presented, if no countermeasures are taken. The beam phase control system introduced here is dedicated to cases where all bunches are oscillating in phase. Therefore, the beam phase and magnitude detector is required to observe the beam oscillation for the closed-loop control system. The design of the
digital phase and magnitude detector is modelled and simulated by VHDL on Model-Sim. The simulation results based on the two patterns, "Gap voltage" and "Beam position"
generated and captured from the mathematic model and the actual ion synchrotron system, SIS18 at GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforschung, are compared with the
Matlab/Simulinks ideal results in order to verify the proposed CORDICs computation.


We stand on the brink of a technological revolution that will fundamentally alter the way we live, work, and relate to one another. In its scale, scope, and complexity, the transformation will be unlike anything humankind has experienced before. We do not yet know just how it will unfold, but one thing is clear: the response to it must be integrated and comprehensive, involving all stakeholders of the global polity, from the public and private sectors to academia and civil society.


The electromagnetic resonances of optical microspheres—the so-called whispering gallery modes (WGMs)—can be used for refractometric sensing of surrounding fluids. Microspheres are attractive because they offer high sensitivity and can be utilized with fluorescent dyes or quantum dots. One issue with microspheres, however, is that they are difficult to integrate into microfluidic systems. Here, we develop a microfluidic structure that permits sensing applications using a single microsphere in a capillary. To achieve this, a microsphere formed on the end of a tapered fiber was first coated with fluorescent silicon quantum dots (QDs). The sphere was then inserted into a microcapillary and the fluorescence WGMs were monitored as different fluids were pumped through the channel. The sensitivity and detection limits for this sphere-in-a-capillary device were measured for several different QD film thicknesses and for two different microsphere sizes. Because of the relatively high-visibility mode structure, the sensitivity and detection limit can be defined by Fourier analysis of the free spectral range and WGM spectral shifts.


The adventures continue for Laura Ingalls and her family as they leave their little house in the Big Woods of Wisconsin and set out for Kansas. They travel for many days in their covered wagon until they find the best spot to build their little house on the prairie. Soon they are planting and plowing, hunting wild ducks and turkeys, and gathering grass for their cows. Sometimes pioneer life is hard, but Laura and her folks are always busy and happy in their new little house.


This renowned work is derived from the authors' acclaimed national review course ("Physics of Medical Imaging") at the University of California-Davis for radiology residents. The text is a guide to the fundamental principles of medical imaging physics, radiation protection and radiation biology, with complex topics presented in the clear and concise manner and style for which these authors are known. Coverage includes the production, characteristics and interactions of ionizing radiation used in medical imaging and the imaging modalities in which they are used, including radiography, mammography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography and nuclear medicine. Special attention is paid to optimizing patient dose in each of these modalities. Sections of the book address topics common to all forms of diagnostic imaging, including image quality and medical informatics as well as the non-ionizing medical imaging modalities of MRI and ultrasound. The basic science important to nuclear imaging, including the nature and production of radioactivity, internal dosimetry and radiation detection and measurement, are presented clearly and concisely. Current concepts in the fields of radiation biology and radiation protection relevant to medical imaging, and a number of helpful appendices complete this comprehensive textbook. The text is enhanced by numerous full color charts, tables, images and superb illustrations that reinforce central concepts. The book is ideal for medical imaging professionals, and teachers and students in medical physics and biomedical engineering. Radiology residents will find this text especially useful in bolstering their understanding of imaging physics and related topics prior to board exams. Features: new Four-color throughout; new Companion website with fully searchable text and images; basic line drawings help to explain concepts; comprehensive coverage of diagnostic imaging modalities; and superb writing style of the author team helps make a difficult subject approachable and engaging.


Fully updated to reflect new developments in the field, the Fourth Edition of Introduction to Optimization fills the need for accessible treatment of optimization theory and methods with an emphasis on engineering design. Basic definitions and notations are provided in addition to the related fundamental background for linear algebra, geometry, and calculus.

 This new edition explores the essential topics of unconstrained optimization problems, linear programming problems, and nonlinear constrained optimization. The authors also present an optimization perspective on global search methods and include discussions on genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and the simulated annealing algorithm.  Featuring an elementary introduction to artificial neural networks, convex optimization, and multi-objective optimization, the Fourth Edition also offers:

 A new chapter on integer programming

 Expanded coverage of one-dimensional methods

 Updated and expanded sections on linear matrix inequalities

 Numerous new exercises at the end of each chapter

 MATLAB exercises and drill problems to reinforce the discussed theory and algorithms

 Numerous diagrams and figures that complement the written presentation of key concepts

 MATLAB M-files for implementation of the discussed theory and algorithms (available via the book's website)

 Introduction to Optimization, Fourth Edition is an ideal textbook for courses on optimization theory and methods. In addition, the book is a useful reference for professionals in mathematics, operations research, electrical engineering, economics, statistics, and business.


A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vac‐ cine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is of‐ ten made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and de‐ stroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.


Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of supplemental aminooligosaccharides (AOS) on the disappearance and fermentation of diets for lactating cows, and its effects on milk yield and quality. In the first study, diets containing 0 or 0.2% AOS (dry matter basis) were incubated for 24, 48 and 72 h with ruminal fluid to evaluate the in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and fermentation characteristics. The addition of AOS improved IVDMD of diets, induced higher total bacterial and cellulolytic bacterial counts and decreased the number of bacteria that produce lactate compared to the control. At 24 h incubation, AOS increased volatile fatty acid concentrations and the molar proportion of propionate, though at 48 and 72 h incubation AOS did not affect the fermentation characteristics of the diets. In a further experiment, milk yield and milk quality were evaluated using 50 Holstein dairy cows (193 days in milk). Cows were randomly assigned to the diets tested in the in vitro study. Feed intake was not modified by AOS. Milk yield of cows fed AOS was significantly higher than that of cows not supplemented. Because AOS tended to decrease the percentage of fat in milk, fat and solid-corrected milk content were similar for the two treatments. Percentage and yield of non-fat solids, protein and lactose, and the somatic cell count in milk were not affected by AOS. The milk urea-N concentration of the cows fed AOS was lower than of those not supplemented. Supplementing AOS enhanced the disappearance and fermentation characteristics of the diet. Further studies with cows earlier in lactation are necessary to evaluate the effects of AOS on milk yield and milk components.


We build a moral hazard model to study incentives of financial intermediaries (shortly, bankers) facing a leverage-insurance trade-off in their investment choice. We demonstrate that the choice is affected by two recent transformations of the financial ecosystem bankers inhabit: (i) the rise of institutional savers, such as treasurers of global corporations, which manage huge balances in need for parking space and (ii) the proliferation of balance sheets with asset-liability mismatch, like those of insurance companies and pension funds (ICPFs), which allocate capital to bankers to reach for yield and meet their liabilities offering guaranteed returns. Bankers supply parking space to institutional savers and deliver leverageenhanced returns to ICPFs. When the demand for parking space and the mismatch which ICPFs must bridge are large, the equilibrium allocation is characterized by high leverage and financial crises. We show that post-crisis regulatory reforms, while improving the resiliency of the regulated banking sector, create room for bank disintermediation and do not unambiguously limit systemic risks which can build up in the asset management complex. Both transformations indeed stem from real economy developments (e.g. population ageing, global imbalances, income and wealth inequality, increased sophistication of tax arbitrage). Fiscal and structural reforms that directly address the real economy roots of those secular developments are then essential to complement financial and banking regulations and promote financial stability and balanced growth. JEL Classification: G01, G23, G28


The researcher investigated the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in music therapy with individuals with developmental disabilities. Respondents (N = 42) were members of the American Music Therapy Association who indicated working with individuals who have developmental disabilities. Respondents reported their use of clients' AAC devices in music therapy sessions. Results were gathered using an Internet based survey. Results indicated that a majority of music therapists working with clients who use AAC devices incorporate these devices into music therapy sessions in a variety of ways. The results implied that the greater amount of education regarding AAC devices the greater number of ways AAC devices are incorporated into music therapy sessions. A case study regarding implementation of music therapy sessions with a child who used AAC was included for the purpose of demonstrating possible methods of implementation and to gain perspective of the rewards and challenges with this inclusion of the client's AAC device.


A growing trend in both the theory and practice of programming is the interaction between programming and rich information spaces. From databases to web services to the semantic web to cloud-based data, the need to integrate programming with heterogeneous, connected, richly structured, streaming and evolving information sources is ever-increasing. Most modern applications incorporate one or more external information sources as integral components. Providing strongly typed access to these sources is a key consideration for strongly-typed programming languages, to insure low impedance mismatch in information access. At this scale, information integration strategies based on library design and code generation are manual, clumsy, and do not handle the internet-scale information sources now encountered in enterprise, web and cloud environments. In this report we describe the design and implementation of the type provider mechanism in F# 3.0 and its applications to typed programming with web ontologies, web-services, systems management information, database mappings, data markets, content management systems, economic data and hosted scripting. Type soundness becomes relative to the soundness of the type providers and the schema change in information sources, but the role of types in information-rich programming tasks is massively expanded, especially through tooling that benefits from rich types in explorative programming.


This study examines the psychological factors associated with formal and informal help-seeking behaviour after a recent negative life event in adolescents 14-17 years old. A sample of 126 adolescents attending secondary schools completed the Life Events Questionnaire (Newcomb), the Beck Depression Inventory, the Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger) and the Impulsivity Scale (Barratt). The results indicate that informal help-seeking is more frequent than formal. The factors associated with seeking help from the informal network (friends, parents, siblings, relatives) after the life event were the female gender, living in an intact nuclear family, and reward dependence. Formal help seeking is associated with having sought help from the mother and cognitive impulsivity. Recommendations for increasing adolescents' help-seeking behaviour are suggested.


Abstract We examined the relationship between dispositional (trait) aggression and administrative reports of school aggression among 100 adolescent male participants from an urban middle school. Aggression was fairly common among the sample; 58 boys had a record of school aggression, and many of those were repeat offenders. Our hypothesis that those higher in dispositional aggression would have more records of aggression at school was supported. Dispositional aggression was significantly, positively correlated with verbal and physical aggression at school. Regression analyses indicated that dispositional aggression accounted for a substantial amount of the variance in administrative reports of school aggression. Two other factors, family income and age, accounted for a minimal amount of the variance in school aggression.