This report provides detailed background and legal analysis of the nature of the current European Union embargo on arms exports to China. It also provides detailed background on the European Union's current Code of Conduct on Arms Exports. A strengthened version of the Code would be one of the control mechanisms that would remain should the EU lift the embargo on arms exports to China. This report also gives information on recent EU arms exports authorized for China. It further summarizes U.S. concerns regarding the lifting of the arms embargo, and notes the prospective timing of EU action on the embargo issue.


"During the past two-and-a-half decades, China and India have implemented a series of economic reforms that have led to recent growth rates of 9-11 percent per year in China and 8-9 percent per year in India. The rapid economic growth of the two countries has not only captured the attention of the world but has also set into motion a rethinking of the very paradigm of economic development because, despite similar trends in growth rates, the two countries have taken different reform paths, which have led to different rates of poverty reduction. Thus far, agriculture-led growth in China has reduced poverty much faster than has India's experience of liberalizing and reforming the manufacturing sector. With public investments in rural roads and agricultural research and development (R&D) playing critical roles, China has been able to not only feed its population but also raise rural incomes despite having much smaller average landholding size than in India. Nonetheless, there are also lessons to be learned from India's experience. This brief is based on a book, The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India (published for IFPRI by Johns Hopkins University Press and, in South Asia, by Oxford University Press-India), which compares the rural development and agricultural reform experiences of China and India and examines the lessons that can be learned from both." from Text


Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries stand out in international comparisons of de jure obstacles to female employment and entrepreneurship. These obstacles manifest themselves in low rates of female labor participation, entrepreneurship, and ownership. Recent research suggests a connection between international trade and female labor participation. In this article, the authors focus on the relationship between international trade and gender in the MENA countries. They first analyze female labor as a production factor and then focus on female entrepreneurship and firm ownership. The authors use country- and industry-level data to identify countries and industries characterized by a comparative advantage in female labor. They find evidence suggesting a strong link between a country's specialization and its measures of female labor participation consistent with theories of brain-based technological bias and factor endowments trade theories. Using firm-level data, the authors then study whether trade empowers female entrepreneurs in country/industry pairs that exhibit comparative advantage. They conclude that the evidence supports the view that exposure to trade disproportionately affects firms in country/industry pairs with a comparative advantage in female labor—both in terms of female employment and female entrepreneurship and ownership—for the MENA countries and the period they study.


The Great Recession of 2008 restored John Maynard Keynes to prominence. After decades when the Keynesian revolution seemed to have been forgotten, the great British theorist was suddenly everywhere. The New York Times asked, "What would Keynes have done?" The Financial Times wrote of "the undeniable shift to Keynes." Le Monde pronounced the economic collapse Keynes's "revenge." Two years later, following bank bailouts and Tea Party fundamentalism, Keynesian principles once again seemed misguided or irrelevant to a public focused on ballooning budget deficits. In this readable account, Backhouse and Bateman elaborate the misinformation and caricature that have led to Keynes's repeated resurrection and interment since his death in 1946. Keynes's engagement with social and moral philosophy and his membership in the Bloomsbury Group of artists and writers helped to shape his manner of theorizing. Though trained as a mathematician, he designed models based on how specific kinds of people (such as investors and consumers) actually behave—an approach that runs counter to the idealized agents favored by economists at the end of the century. Keynes wanted to create a revolution in the way the world thought about economic problems, but he was more open-minded about capitalism than is commonly believed. He saw capitalism as essential to a society's well-being but also morally flawed, and he sought a corrective for its main defect: the failure to stabilize investment. Keynes's nuanced views, the authors suggest, offer an alternative to the polarized rhetoric often evoked by the word "capitalism" in today's political debates.


Practical recipes to delve into Android's security mechanisms by troubleshooting common vulnerabilities in applications and Android OS versions Overview Analyze the security of Android applications and devices, and exploit common vulnerabilities in applications and Android operating systems Develop custom vulnerability assessment tools using the Drozer Android Security Assessment Framework Reverse-engineer Android applications for security vulnerabilities Protect your Android application with up to date hardening techniques In Detail Android Security Cookbook discusses many common vulnerabilities and security related shortcomings in Android applications and operating systems. The book breaks down and enumerates the processes used to exploit and remediate these vulnerabilities in the form of detailed recipes and walkthroughs. The book also teaches readers to use an Android Security Assessment Framework called Drozer and how to develop plugins to customize the framework. Other topics covered include how to reverse-engineer Android applications to find common vulnerabilities, and how to find common memory corruption vulnerabilities on ARM devices. In terms of application protection this book will show various hardening techniques to protect application components, the data stored, secure networking. In summary, Android Security Cookbook provides a practical analysis into many areas of Android application and operating system security and gives the What you will learn from this book Set up the Android development tools and frameworks Engage in Application security concepts Use the Drozer Android Security Assessment Framework Customize and develop your own plugins for the Drozer Framework Exploit, enumerate, and analyze common application level exploits Protect applications from common vulnerabilities and exploits Reverse-engineer applications for common code level vulnerabilities Secure application networking, SSL/TLS Encryption to protect application data Approach "Android Security Cookbook' breaks down and enumerates the processes used to exploit and remediate Android app security vulnerabilities in the form of detailed recipes and walkthroughs. Who this book is written for "Android Security Cookbook" is aimed at anyone who is curious about Android app security and wants to be able to take the necessary practical measures to protect themselves; this means that Android application developers, security researchers and analysts, penetration testers, and generally any CIO, CTO, or IT managers facing the impeding onslaught of mobile devices in the business environment will benefit from reading this book.


The U.S. Supreme Court's June 2000 decision in Dickerson v. United States was probably the first criminal procedure decision celebrated with an editorial in Broadcasting & Cable magazine. Noting that Chief Justice William Rehnquist opinion relied on the warnings' well-established place in popular culture, the editorial acknowledged that, "[n]ext to the pledge of allegiance, the Miranda rights may be the most familiar common litany of the baby-boomer generation, thanks to TV." Professors Richard Leo and George Thomas have similarly observed "suspects are likely to have heard Miranda so many times on television that the Miranda warnings may have a familiar, numbing ring," and that "it is because of these shows and the mass media more generally - not the police, the legal system, or Supreme Court doctrine - that Miranda has become so much a part of our national culture." Critical to the Dickerson Court's reaffirmation of Miranda was the fact of the public's overwhelming awareness of Miranda and the fact that "Miranda has become embedded in routine police practice to the point where the warnings have become part of our national culture." Clearly, television dramas, and particularly police procedurals, get the credit for informing the public about the Miranda warnings. But, whether praising or skeptical toward portrayals of Miranda and its embedding in popular culture and the public consciousness, most study and commentary presumes that the consumers of serial police dramas on American television have had repeated exposure to the Miranda warnings. Dickerson was decided in part on the same premise. However, it may be that most people writing about the ubiquitous nature of Miranda in popular culture are describing a popular culture they remember rather than popular culture as it now exists. Judges and scholars may remember Miranda warnings used as prominent script elements in the television of their youth - the generation that came of age in the era of "Dragnet" and "Adam-12" heard Miranda warnings more times than they could count. But, as Broadcast & Cable noted, "[w]e've not heard a TV Miranda read in a while." Following up on that observation, a look at several iconic cop shows from the years since Miranda demonstrates a sharply diminished role for Miranda in popular culture. What happens to the Dickerson rationale if there isn't the repeated popular culture representations of Miranda that created a public familiar with and expecting of a caution that they have the right to remain silent? Can Miranda survive in law once its television role has been left on the cutting room floor?


With the growing popularity of Linux and the advent of Darwin, Unix has metamorphosed into something new and exciting. No longer perceived as a difficult operating system, more and more users are discovering the advantages of Unix for the first time. But whether you are a newcomer or a Unix power user, you'll find yourself thumbing through the goldmine of information in the new edition of Unix Power Tools to add to your store of knowledge. Want to try something new? Check this book first, and you're sure to find a tip or trick that will prevent you from learning things the hard way. The latest edition of this best-selling favorite is loaded with advice about almost every aspect of Unix, covering all the new technologies that users need to know. In addition to vital information on Linux, Darwin, and BSD, Unix Power Tools 3rd Edition now offers more coverage of bash, zsh, and other new shells, along with discussions about modern utilities and applications. Several sections focus on security and Internet access. And there is a new chapter on access to Unix from Windows, addressing the heterogeneous nature of systems today. You'll also find expanded coverage of software installation and packaging, as well as basic information on Perl and Python. Unix Power Tools 3rd Edition is a browser's book...like a magazine that you don't read from start to finish, but leaf through repeatedly until you realize that you've read it all. Bursting with cross-references, interesting sidebars explore syntax or point out other directions for exploration, including relevant technical details that might not be immediately apparent. The book includes articles abstracted from other O'Reilly books, new information that highlights program tricks and gotchas, tips posted to the Net over the years, and other accumulated wisdom. Affectionately referred to by readers as "the" Unix book, UNIX Power Tools provides access to information every Unix user is going to need to know. It will help you think creatively about UNIX, and will help you get to the point where you can analyze your own problems. Your own solutions won't be far behind.


American households have received a triple dose of bad news since the beginning of the current recession: The greatest collapse in asset values since the Great Depression, a sharp tightening in credit availability, and a large increase in unemployment risk. We present measures of the size of these shocks and discuss what a benchmark theory says about their immediate and ultimate consequences. We then provide a forecast based on a simple empirical model that captures the effects of wealth shocks and unemployment fears. Our short-term forecast calls for somewhat weaker spending, and somewhat higher saving rates, than the Consensus survey of macroeconomic forecasters. Over the longer term, our best guess is that the personal saving rate will eventually approach the levels that preceded period of financial liberalization that began in the late 1970s.


THIS NOTE MAY SEEM, ODDLY, TO DISCUSS A DISTINCTION JUDGED not worth discussing. I am responding, however, to the invitation to take part in a symposium on the topic. The symposium-prompting materials suggest a defect found in much of the literature. It is useful to classify types of error—and, I'll add, unsatisfactory styles of argument—so that each may be readily recognized when encountered. I wonder, though, whether the error under discussion here is best described as confusion between the meanings of two words.


[1] We present simultaneous in situ observations of OH, HO2, ClONO2, HCl, and particle surface area inside a polar stratospheric cloud undergoing rapid heterogeneous processing. A steady-state analysis constrained by in situ observations is used to show that concentrations of OH calculated during a processing event are extremely sensitive to the assumptions regarding aerosol composition and reactivity. This analysis shows that large perturbations in the abundance of OH are consistent with the heterogeneous production of HOCl via ClONO2 + H2O → HOCl + HNO3 and removal via HOCl + HCl → Cl2 + H2O in a polar stratospheric cloud. If the cloud is composed of supercooled ternary solution (STS) aerosols and solid nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles, comparison with observations of OH show that modifications to surface reactivity to account for high HNO3 content in STS aerosols and low HCl coverage on NAT particles are appropriate. These results indicate that with the low HCl levels in this encounter and in a processed polar vortex in general, reactions on STS aerosols dominate the total heterogeneous processing rate. As a consequence, the formation of NAT does not lead to significantly faster reprocessing rates when HCl concentrations are low and STS aerosols are present. Model calculations that include these modifications to uptake coefficients for STS and NAT will lead to significantly slower reprocessing and faster recovery rates of chlorine in the springtime Arctic polar vortex.


How Hansel and Gretel, Sherlock Holmes, the movie Groundhog Day, Harry Potter, and other familiar stories illustrate the concepts of computing. Picture a computer scientist, staring at a screen and clicking away frantically on a keyboard, hacking into a system, or perhaps developing an app. Now delete that picture. In Once Upon an Algorithm, Martin Erwig explains computation as something that takes place beyond electronic computers, and computer science as the study of systematic problem solving. Erwig points out that many daily activities involve problem solving. Getting up in the morning, for example: You get up, take a shower, get dressed, eat breakfast. This simple daily routine solves a recurring problem through a series of well-defined steps. In computer science, such a routine is called an algorithm. Erwig illustrates a series of concepts in computing with examples from daily life and familiar stories. Hansel and Gretel, for example, execute an algorithm to get home from the forest. The movie Groundhog Day illustrates the problem of unsolvability; Sherlock Holmes manipulates data structures when solving a crime; the magic in Harry Potter's world is understood through types and abstraction; and Indiana Jones demonstrates the complexity of searching. Along the way, Erwig also discusses representations and different ways to organize data; "intractable" problems; language, syntax, and ambiguity; control structures, loops, and the halting problem; different forms of recursion; and rules for finding errors in algorithms. This engaging book explains computation accessibly and shows its relevance to daily life. Something to think about next time we execute the algorithm of getting up in the morning.


Elevated plasma homocysteine levels have been associated with higher risks of cardiovascular disease, but the effects on disease rates of supplementation with folic acid to lower plasma homocysteine levels are uncertain. Individual participant data were obtained for a meta-analysis of 8 large, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of folic acid supplementation involving 37 485 individuals at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The analyses involved intention-to-treat comparisons of first events during the scheduled treatment period. There were 9326 major vascular events (3990 major coronary events, 1528 strokes, and 5068 revascularizations), 3010 cancers, and 5125 deaths. Folic acid allocation yielded an average 25% reduction in homocysteine levels. During a median follow-up of 5 years, folic acid allocation had no significant effects on vascular outcomes, with rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.01 (0.97-1.05) for major vascular events, 1.03 (0.97-1.10) for major coronary events, and 0.96 (0.87-1.06) for stroke. Likewise, there were no significant effects on vascular outcomes in any of the subgroups studied or on overall vascular mortality. There was no significant effect on the rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) for overall cancer incidence (1.05 [0.98-1.13]), cancer mortality (1.00 [0.85-1.18]) or all-cause mortality (1.02 [0.97-1.08]) during the whole scheduled treatment period or during the later years of it. Dietary supplementation with folic acid to lower homocysteine levels had no significant effects within 5 years on cardiovascular events or on overall cancer or mortality in the populations studied.


The development of modern European scholarship and art, more marked.in Austria and Germany, had produced by the early part of the twentieth century challenging innovations in art and the principles of art historical scholarship. Art history, in its quest to explicate the connections between art and mind, time and place, became a discipline that combined or connected various fields of enquiry to other historical moments. Hitler's accession to power in 1933 resulted in a major diaspora of Europeans, mostly German Jews, and one of the most critical dispersions of intellectuals ever recorded. Their relocation to many western countries, including Australia, resulted in major intellectual and cultural developments within those societies. By investigating selected case studies, this research illuminates the important contributions made by these individuals to the academic and cultural studies in Melbourne. Dr Ursula Hoff, a German art scholar, exiled from Hamburg, arrived in Melbourne via London in December 1939. After a brief period as a secretary at the Women's College at the University of Melbourne, she became the first qualified art historian to work within an Australian state gallery as well as one of the foundation lecturers at the School of Fine Arts at the University of Melbourne. While her legacy at the National Gallery of Victoria rests mostly on an internationally recognised Department of Prints and Drawings, her concern and dedication extended to the Gallery as a whole. Franz Philipp, a Viennese art history doctoral student, whose passage of exile was deeply traumatic, arrived in Australia on board HMT Dunera. He rose to become the 'co-architect' of the newly founded Fine Arts Department ofthe University of Melbourne, where he instituted a rigorous standard of 'continental' scholarship. Professor Joseph Burke, a graduate in Fine Arts and a British war-ti~e civil servant, was appointed to the first Herald Chair of Fine Arts at the University of Melbourne in 1946. His mission was not only to establish art historical studies in the University, but also to take art into the public sphere; both these responsibilities demanded a multifarious role in the fine arts and cultural environment in Melbourne. Together with other important Europeans and Australians, these three scholars assisted in the cultural revision of the post-war period, legitimating cultural and educational paradigms and processes by establishing a more dynamic cross-cultural and international programme of scholarship and change within the arts more generally. Individually and collectively, Ursula Hoff, Franz Philipp and Joseph Burke became a seminal force in the academic, intellectual, museological and cultural environment of post-war Melbourne.


With todays advanced camera technology, achieving focus on a photographic subject seems like it should be a straightforward task. But many photographers know that it can be deceptively difficult, especially when shooting moving subjects or in challenging situations. Now, there is a complete guide available for Nikon shooters that will help them get tack-sharp photos every time. In The Nikon Autofocus System, photographer Mike Hagen, author of the bestselling The Nikon Creative Lighting System, takes his deep knowledge of Nikon technology and concentrates on its focus features. In this book, which covers all current Nikon DSLR models, Hagen fully explains how Nikon autofocus works, including detailed discussions of all the autofocus modules, drive systems, and camera buttons and menus. He also devotes an entire chapter to explore how focus works with Nikons lenses. Armed with this general knowledge, Hagen then dives deep and offers camera setups, settings, and best practices for specific field techniques that address the photographic genres that are notoriously challenging for focus: action and sports (indoor and outdoor), wildlife (including birds in flight), and macro photography. He also covers genres such as portrait, landscape, underwater, low-light, and street photography. Hagen not only advises on the best ways to set up the camera and focus systems, he gives helpful tips and tricks throughout the book. The Nikon Autofocus System also covers: Live view autofocus methods and settings Achieving great focus in video AF tracking AF shooting styles, such as back-button AF and shutter-release AF HDR, panoramas, and other techniques for shooting with a tripod An entire chapter on additional terms and techniques, such as hyperfocal distance, calibrating lenses, focus and flash photography, and more


BACKGROUND
The tooth whitening substances for extrinsic use that are available in Brazil contain hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. Several studies have attributed the appearance of lesions in the enamel morphology, including hypersensitivity, to these substances. Such lesions justify fluoride therapy and application of infrared lasers, among other procedures. However, there is no consensus among researchers regarding the relevance of the severity of lesions detected on the tooth surface.

OBJECTIVES
The present study was carried out with an aim of evaluating in vitro the effects of the hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide and sodium bicarbonate contained in dentifrice formulations, on human tooth enamel.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
After darkening process in laboratory, human premolars were brushed using dentifrice containing the two whitening substances (Rembrandt - carbamide peroxide and Mentadent - hydrogen peroxide) and the abrasive product (Colgate - sodium bicarbonate). The degree of specimen staining before and after this procedure was determined using spectrophotometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to obtain images, which were analyzed to show the nature of the lesions that appeared on the enamel surface.

RESULTS
The effectiveness of the whitening caused by hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide and the abrasion caused by bicarbonate were confirmed, given that the treated test pieces returned to their original coloration. Based on SEM, evaluation of the enamel surfaces subjected to the test products showed that different types of morphologic lesions of varying severity appeared.

CONCLUSIONS
Whitening dentifrice containing hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide produced lesions on the enamel surface such that the greatest sequelae were associated with exposure to hydrogen peroxide.


Legal proceedings often involve multiple stages: U.S. civil litigation allows motions to dismiss and for summary judgment before reaching a trial; government agencies as well as prosecutors employ investigative and screening processes before initiating formal adjudication; and many Continental tribunals move forward sequentially. Decisionmaking criteria have proved controversial, as indicated by reactions to the Supreme Court's recent decisions in Twombly and Lqbal and its 1986 summary judgment trilogy, which together implicate the four Supreme Court cases most cited by federal courts. Neither jurists nor commentators have articulated coherent, noncircular legal standards, and no attempt has been made to examine systematically how decisions at different procedural stages should ideally be made in light of the legal system's objectives. This Article presents a foundational analysis of the subject. The investigation illuminates central elements of legal system design, recasts existing debates about decision standards, identifies pathways for reform, and provides new perspectives on the nature of facts and evidence and on the relationship between substantive and procedural law.


Stevie Ray Vaughan tightly grips a place in music history as an unmatched blues man and guitar legend. His unique style is unmistakable and has never been repeated. His otherworldly talent and relentless drive took him from humble beginnings in Texas bars to world tours and superstar status. His bustling career and steady stream of inspiring music came to an abrupt end all too soon at the age of 35, immediately following his triumph over the demons of addiction that followed him for years. Finally free and ready for bigger, better things, Vaughan was killed in a plane crash in 1990, leaving his many fans to mourn the musician they had grown to love and wonder what could have been. In a day-by-day format, Craig Hopkins presents an unprecedented celebration of this artist. This book is the second installment of a two-volume account of Vaughan's life. With this work, Hopkins delivers one of the most detailed biographies of any musician. "His Final Years" covers Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble's recording career, from their debut release through their rise to stardom, an exciting journey with its fair share of glory and controversy. Filled with testimonials from those who knew him best and from fans everywhere, along with facts about tour dates and recordings, and a lavish gallery of rare photographs, this illustrated book (along with its companion, "His Early Years, 1954-1982") is the ultimate collector's item for any Stevie Ray Vaughan fan.


A common failure mode seen during the testing and operation of spacecraft is termed 'cold welding'. European laboratories refer to this as 'adhesion', 'sticking' or 'stiction'. This publication is intended to provide the space community with the most recent understanding of the phenomenon of 'cold welding' in relation to spacecraft mechanisms with separable contact surfaces. It presents some basic theory and describes a test method and the required equipment. Cold welding between two contacting surfaces can occur under conditions of impact or fretting. These surfaces may be bare metals, or inorganically or organically coated metals and their alloys. Standard procedures for quantifying the propensity of material surface pairs to cold weld to each other are proposed. Of particular interest will be the contact data of different materials, which are presented in numerical form and as tables summarising contacts between materials that can be either recommended or considered unsuitable for use under vacuum. The data have been compiled in a database that can be accessed online.


Adam Smith and the 'invisible hand' are nearly synonymous in modern economic thinking. Adam Smith is strongly associated with the invisible hand, understood as a general rule that people in realising their self-interests unintentionally benefit the public good. The attribution to Smith is challengeable. Adam Smith's use of the metaphor was much more modest; it was re-invented in the 1930s and 1940s onwards to bolster mathematical treatments of capitalism (Samuelson, Friedman) and to support innovative analysis by associating the metaphor with 'spontaneous order' (Hayek). The effect has been to ignore insightful explanations about how markets function as a process in favour of semi-mystical beliefs in imagined outcomes, wrapped in an isolated 18th-century literary metaphor, which does not explain anything.


The Chinese medical view is that each living creature is a small part of the infinite universe, and is subject to the same laws that govern the rest of the cosmos. Therefore, an understanding of health requires an understanding of the laws of nature. The practitioner views health as a state of harmony existing between the internal environment of the body and the external environment it lives in. Unfavorable climactic conditions, emotional upset, physical trauma, infectious organisms, poor nutrition, inappropriate lifestyle, heredity, and other pathogenic factors are capable of disrupting this state of harmony.


OBJECTIVE
We aimed to study the outcomes of severe snakebites in patients admitted to Ngwelezana Hospital in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal, the seasonal variations, and the effectiveness and complications of antivenom.

DESIGN
A prospective observational outcomes study was conducted over one year (1 June 2007 to 31 May 2008). The study group was from the north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal region of South Africa, with a population of approximately 3 million people, and included all patients bitten by snakes and admitted to the Ngwelezana Hospital Emergency Medicine Unit (EMU). Departmental practice guidelines were documented and followed.

OUTCOME MEASURES
End-points for patient outcomes included transfer from the EMU to the ward, discharge home from the EMU, and follow-up of patients who required surgery or ICU care.

RESULTS
A total of 243 snakebite patients were recorded. The highest incidence was in the summer months; 46 (18.93%) patients experienced one or more severe complications; 29 (11.93%) patients received some form of definitive management in hospital; and 22 (9.05%) of the latter patients received antivenom. Antivenom was administered to more children than adults. Adverse reactions to antivenom were common: an allergic response occurred in 4 (15.4%) patients, and anaphylaxis in 6 (23.1%); the highest incidence occurred in the <10-year-old age group. No deaths were recorded.

CONCLUSIONS
Snakebites are common in the summer months in north eastern KwaZulu-Natal. Children are particularly vulnerable to snakebites and the effects of antivenom. Adverse reactions to antivenom are common. Severe snakebites that require antivenom should be managed in a hospital setting with advanced airway support. The syndromic approach to treatment is simple and effective.


This essay is part of the 2003 Remedies Forum symposium comprised of international remedies scholars addressing the topic of equitable relief in the fifty years since Brown v. Board of Education. It may be true that since the time of Brown, institutional defendants have won at the expense of plaintiffs. Defendants have learned that delay and defiance work. The U.S. Supreme Court has adopted a standard for ordering equitable relief that significantly defers to defendant wrongdoers at the plaintiffs' expense. Epithets of "activist courts" and "judicial legislation" have colored the existing scholarship and portrayed remedial action as illegitimate and excessive judicial power. And the recent barrage of school funding cases demonstrate the same resistance to court-ordered conduct as seen in Brown.

This essay attempts to swing the pendulum in the other direction by suggesting that remedial action like that of Brown and its progeny is not only acceptable, but indeed, required judicial action. It argues that a remedy is more than a legal maxim. Rather, this essay argues that the right to a meaningful remedy is a fundamental right protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Stated simply: Ubi jus, ibi remedium. Where there's a right, there must be a remedy.

The article traces the history of the remedy as a fundamental concept of our ordered liberty from Blackstone to the Federalists to Marbury v. Madison. It argues not only that the right to a remedy has been recognized historically as a fundamental right, but that it should appropriately be considered a fundamental interest under the law. Remedies perform two critical functions in the law: they define abstract rights and enforce otherwise intangible rights. Rights standing alone are simply expressions of social values. It is the remedy that defines the right by making the value real and tangible by providing specificity and concreteness to otherwise abstract guarantees. Relying upon U.S. Supreme Court precedent in cases involving punitive damages and tax remedies, the essay argues that the Court has implicitly recognized the minimum right to a meaningful remedy.


New glasses-free 3-D devices are about to hit the market, and their backers are hoping they'll make 3-D spectacles as obsolete as Smell-O-Vision. These gadgets, described as "autostereo" to distinguish them from the kind requiring eyewear, will include not only game consoles like the one I've been playing with but also cameras, cellphones, and tablet computers. Among the first will be autostereo 3-D TVs, just now hitting stores in Japan, and Nintendo's 3DS handheld games console, due for release worldwide early next year. To perceive three dimensions, a person's eyes must see different, slightly unaligned images. In the real world, the spacing between the eyes makes that happen naturally. On a video screen, it's not so simple; one display somehow has to present a different and separate view to each eye. Some systems handle this challenge by interspersing the left and right views; they're called multiplexed. Others, called sequential, alternate left and right views. Whatever the approach, the displays then use optical or technological tricks to direct the correct view to the correct eye. For example, the bulkiest glasses used with currently available 3-D TVs are active-shutter glasses. They contain a set ofminiature LCD panels that synchronize with the large LCD screen in the TV. When the main screen is showing an image destined for your right eye, a liquid-crystal shutter in the left lens of the glasses makes that lens opaque, and vice versa. This sequential system switches between images meant for each eye dozens of times a second, creating a smooth 3-D effect. It works well. In theory, at least. According to a survey of 1400 Americans by the market research firm Interpret, a quarter of gamers got headaches from 3-D, a fifth complained of eyestrain, and one in six said that they felt disoriented or dizzy after playing. In a similar survey of 2000 Americans by the market research firm NPD Group, over half said that having to wear glasses would discourage them from upgrading to 3-D altogether. And the glasses aren't cheap. Hightech 3-D specs cost US $100 or more, and a pair bought from, say, Sony typically won't work with a Panasonic or LG Electronics TV.


This book provides strong arguments for giving prayer a central place in the education and nurture of children. It is based on research in Australian Catholic, parent-controlled Christian, Independent, Jewish, Muslim and government schools. The author demonstrates focused attention and care in the data collection from the words of children and their drawings of people praying. She takes us through her thorough processes of analysis and synthesis.

The research shows that prayer is valued by all children, whether they come from a religious background or not. For some children it is a way of associating with their communities and traditions of faith. For others, prayer is practised in an individualistic manner.

Prayer is a way to perceive and respond to the experiences of life. It can help in dealing with the challenging emotional states of anxiety, loneliness, fear, anger and guilt. It can give hope for the future. It provides a way of seeking help for others, as well as expressing praise and thanksgiving.

Vivienne Mountain has a background in teaching and in clinical counselling. She lectures in Spirituality and Ministry with Children at Stirling Theological College, University of Divinity, Australia. She has published three books as well as contributing chapters to a number of others and articles for national and international journals.


This paper introduces a principled approach for the design of a scalable general reinforcement learning agent. Our approach is based on a direct approximation of AIXI, a Bayesian optimality notion for general reinforcement learning agents. Previously, it has been unclear whether the theory of AIXI could motivate the design of practical algorithms. We answer this hitherto open question in the affirmative, by providing the first computationally feasible approximation to the AIXI agent. To develop our approximation, we introduce a new Monte-Carlo Tree Search algorithm along with an agent-specific extension to the Context Tree Weighting algorithm. Empirically, we present a set of encouraging results on a variety of stochastic and partially observable domains. We conclude by proposing a number of directions for future research.


Tidal stripping of dark matter from subhalos falling into the Milky Way produces narrow, cold tidal streams as well as more spatially extended ``debris flows'' in the form of shells, sheets, and plumes. Here we focus on the debris flow in the Via Lactea II simulation, and show that this incompletely phase-mixed material exhibits distinctive high velocity behavior. Unlike tidal streams, which may not necessarily intersect the Earth's location, debris flow is spatially uniform at 8 kpc and thus guaranteed to be present in the dark matter flux incident on direct detection experiments. At Earth-frame speeds greater than 450 km/s, debris flow comprises more than half of the dark matter at the Sun's location, and up to 80% at even higher speeds. Therefore, debris flow is most important for experiments that are particularly sensitive to the high speed tail of the dark matter distribution, such as searches for light or inelastic dark matter or experiments with directional sensitivity. We show that debris flow yields a distinctive recoil energy spectrum and a broadening of the distribution of incidence direction.


The posterior tibial tendon serves as one of the major supporting structures of the foot, helping it to function while walking. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a condition caused by changes in the tendon, impairing its ability to support the arch.


object identifier (DOIs) and date of initial publication. by PubMed from initial publication. Citations to Advance online articles must include the digital publication). Advance online articles are citable and establish publication priority; they are indexed appeared in the paper journal (edited, typeset versions may be posted when available prior to final Advance online articles have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet


Domestic violence, a serious and far-reaching social problem, has generated two key debates among researchers. The first debate is about gender and domestic violence. Some scholars argue that domestic violence is primarily male-perpetrated, others that women are as violent as men in intimate relationships. Johnson's response to this debate - and the central theme of this book - is that there is more than one type of intimate partner violence. Some studies address the type of violence that is perpetrated primarily by men, while others are getting at the kind of violence that women are involved in as well. Because there has been no theoretical framework delineating types of domestic violence, researchers have easily misread one another's studies.The second major debate involves how many women are abused each year by their partners. Estimates range from two to six million. Johnson's response once again comes from this book's central theme. If there is more than one type of intimate partner violence, then the numbers depend on what type you're talking about.Johnson argues that domestic violence is not a unitary phenomenon. Instead, he delineates three major, dramatically different, forms of partner violence: intimate terrorism, violent resistance, and situational couple violence. He roots the conceptual distinctions among the forms of violence in an analysis of the role of power and control in relationship violence and shows that the failure to make these basic distinctions among types of partner violence has produced a research literature that is plagued by both overgeneralizations and ostensibly contradictory findings. This volume begins the work of theorizing forms of domestic violence, a crucial first step to a better understanding of these phenomena among scholars, social scientists, policy makers, and service providers.It reassesses thirty years of domestic violence research and demonstrates three forms of partner violence, distinctive in their origins, effects, and treatments.


We derive minimax rates for estimation in anisotropic smoothness classes. This rate is attained by a coordinatewise thresholded wavelet estimator based on a tensor product basis with separate scale parameter for every dimension. It is shown that this basis is superior to its one-scale multiresolution analog, if different degrees of smoothness in different directions are present.; As an important application we introduce a new adaptive wavelet estimator of the time-dependent spectrum of a locally stationary time series. Using this model which was resently developed by Dahlhaus, we show that the resulting estimator attains nearly the rate, which is optimal in Gaussian white noise, simultaneously over a wide range of smoothness classes. Moreover, by our new approach we overcome the difficulty of how to choose the right amount of smoothing, i.e. how to adapt to the appropriate resolution, for reconstructing the local structure of the evolutionary spectrum in the time-frequency plane.


As in all tissues, mechanical forces in the aortic valve (AV) modulate the constituent cell population's physiology and biosynthetic activity. While advances have been made toward the understanding of this complex multi-scale relationship, the specific role that and extracellular matrix (ECM) coupling plays on the mechanical response of the AV interstitial cell (AVIC) is poorly understood. The current work, building on our previous preliminary work [1], explores the impact of cellular contractile behavior on effective tissue level stiffness in an effort to gain insight into the complex mechanisms involved. By developing a computational tool to separate intrinsic cell mechanics from the ECM in-situ, we can obtain an accurate representation of AVIC behavior within the native valve connective tissue matrix microenvironment. Two computational finite element (FE) models were developed using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3 that represent the tissuelevel (macro-scale) and the cell level (micro-scale) of the aortic heart valve. These two models were coupled using a downscale technique that maps the deformation computed on the macro-scale to boundary conditions on layer-specific representative volume elements of the micro-scale simulation (Figure 1, A). The objective of the macro-scale model was to estimate the effective ECM stiffness from the moment-curvature relationship of AV leaflets using data from a previous study [2]. Briefly, a three point bending device (Figure 1, B) was used to characterize the flexural rigidity of porcine AV leaflets using Euler Bernoulli Beam theory. Transmural effects were examined by loading the leaflets both with and against the natural curvature of the leaflet. Testing was executed under conditions of basal tonus, hyper-contraction, and inhibited contraction to decouple cell-ECM coupling effects. From the resulting data, the macro-scale model was validated and the down-scale FE model was used to estimate the layer-specific tissue properties at varying states of cellular contraction and to probe the influence of cell-ECM stiffness on the overall macro-level mechanical properties. To further extend this initial multi-scale model to a more micro-anatomically accurate representation, both the AVIC ultrastructure and tissue microstructure were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and multi-photon microscopy (MPM) respectively. Biochemical and histological analysis of ECM components (collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycan) and AVIC density was done to characterize transmural changes of tissue properties. These layerspecific structural properties such as ECM mass content, collagen fiber alignment and AVIC density and orientation were then implemented into the micro-scale FEM model. Using a homogeneous isotropic hyperelastic model to approximate the ECM response, we demonstrated that the current experimental data for cell stiffness using AFM of 50kPa is reasonably accurate, as in [1]. Moreover, we have determined that there are significant layer differences in effective cell stiffness and the relative coupling between the cells and the ECM. Currently, a structural hyperelastic constitutive model that more accurately represents the mechanical properties of the tissue is being implemented to further investigate these findings. This current modeling approach provides a sensitive method to estimate cell and ECM mechanical properties in situ from tissue level experimental measurements.


We present a software planning tool that provides intuitive visual feedback for finding suitable positions of hearing implants in the human temporal bone. After an automatic reconstruction of the temporal bone anatomy the tool pre-positions the implant and allows the user to adjust its position interactively with simple 2D dragging and rotation operations on the bone's surface. During this procedure, visual elements like warning labels on the implant or color encoded bone density information on the bone geometry provide guidance for the determination of a suitable fit.


Academics in the humanities and social sciences have often remarked upon the "amateuristic" quality of the analytical tools used by legal scholars. Rather than dismiss this quality out of hand, this paper approaches "legal amateurism" as a practice of knowledge production that can be studied ethnographically. The type of academic work produced by legal scholars expresses a unique relationship between scholarship and practice that bears the imprint of both the Formalist and Realist legal traditions. A certain degree of amateuristic scholarship, especially if it pertains to topics outside of one's immediate area of expertise, provides legal professionals with a space for thought, reflection, and play – elements that are experienced as sorely lacking in today's fast-paced, highly technological world. While amateur, non-monetized work can be a way to accrue symbolic capital or demonstrate a certain level of privilege, it also offers legal professionals the opportunity to refresh and renew their commitment to their own work and the legal profession more generally. Drawing on examples from the eccentric scholarship of John Henry Wigmore, as well as the drafting of technical documents in a Japanese bank, this paper argues that a certain aesthetic of amateurism lies at the heart of what it means to be a legal professional today.


This is a reprinting of excerpts from William Robert Scott's book Frances Hutcheson: His Life, Teaching and Position in the History of Philosophy (1900). The excerpts are about Hutcheson the man, teacher, mentor, and professor at the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith wrote of him as "the never to be forgotten Dr Hutcheson."


Reading Dr Willatts' editorial exhorting our specialty to even greater efforts in the future initially provoked the old familiar feeling of guilt that I (and presumably my colleagues) should be doing much, much more. Happily this emotion soon passed, to be replaced with one of incredulity and, rather surprisingly (since I think by nature I am a placid fellow), anger. Coming from the Prime Minister, the five P's sound, as one might expect, like yet more political sound bites. Coming from a senior and distinguished colleague who might be expected to represent the views from the `coalface' they are rather surprising. As Clinical Director of a large department, I have just signed off the job plans of 37 consultant colleagues. All are working in excess of the European working time directive; so much for the `rigid three and a half hour session'. All would agree that inadequate nursing levels on the wards and inadequate high dependency beds are a limiting factor in what they would like to achieve. The vast majority are still under 40 and are certainly not `conservative and traditional'. They are certainly not `protectionist' but imaginative and enthusiastic in doing their very best for patients with chronically limited resources in terms of staff and equipment. As for simply `Passing Gas', the Association and Royal College recent snapshot of activity showed that at any one time 50% of us are engaged in other clinical activities anyway. The Utopian solution that Dr Willatts proposes of greater working flexibility and the abandonment of normal working methods will not by themselves be enough to save the NHS. Indeed, the `rock' of traditional medical practice may be all that has held it together for so long. Whatever the future holds, it is clear that Consultants cannot be expected to work any harder, or longer or with less support. Time must be given for teaching, lecture preparation, appraisal, assessment, revalidation, CME, audit, risk management, research, CEPOD, complaints and the many other calls on their time. In essence, enough is enough. For those of us without a higher award and with years left to work before retirement, the prospect is bleak indeed and hardly one of `Opportunity Knocks'. Oh and I've just thought of one more `P' 1⁄4 it's a decent Pay award.


It has been proposed that all animals have an inherent relationship between body protein and lipid that can be described allometrically, and the hypothesis tested in the research reported here is that the animal will at all times attempt to retain this relationship. The test was accomplished by feeding broilers, of three genotypes and in two experiments, in such a way as to produce lean and fat birds that were then subjected to a range of dietary protein levels in a second feeding period, during which their performance was measured. Birds were initially offered one of two feeds with widely different protein to energy ratios until they reached a pre-defined liveweight, after which they were given one of two feed protein contents in Experiment 1 and four in Experiment 2. Their performance was monitored until a second pre-defined liveweight was reached, at which time they were killed for carcass analysis. The genotype selected to be lean, in Experiment 1, showed no response to protein level in the second period, whether they were fat or lean at the start. Conversely, the genetically fat birds showed some additional growth in males and additional efficiency in the females. Averaged across genotypes and sexes, birds initially in the fat state gained only 6.9 g lipid/d versus 13.5 g lipid/d for the nutritionally lean broilers. In Experiment 2, growth rate and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were related directly to dietary protein content and were higher for those birds made nutritionally fat. Carcass lipid gain was lower for the initially fat birds on the three highest dietary protein treatments. All birds made fat at 880 g and 1000 g, by giving them a low protein feed, had a much reduced fat content in their subsequent gain, provided that the protein content of the feed used was sufficiently high, indicating that they were making use of the excessive lipid reserves as an energy source. The hypothesis tested cannot be rejected by the evidence presented. Keywords: Fatness, broiler nutrition, dietary protein content, body lipid : protein ratio


Applied Spectroscopy News is a monthly feature in the journal. It includes information from the Society for Applied Spectroscopy, news from other societies and institutions, announcements of meetings, schools, or other activities, and reports of symposia from recent conferences. If you have news items, a meeting announcement, or a report from a symposium that would be of interest to readers of Applied Spectroscopy, contact Deborah K. Bradshaw, Applied Spectroscopy News Editor, P.O. Box 536307, Orlando, Florida 32853-6307, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, Ph: (407) 898-3823.


Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop introduces principles of GIS as it teaches the mechanics of using ESRIs leading technology. Key concepts are combined with detailed illustrations and step-by-step exercises to acquaint readers with the building blocks of ArcGIS Desktop including ArcMap, for displaying and querying maps, ArcCatalog, for organizing geographic data, and ModelBuilder, for diagramming and processing solutions to complex spatial analysis problems. Its broad scope, simple style, and practical orientation makethis bookan ideal classroom text and an excellent resource for those learning GIS on their own. A data CD for working through the exercises and a fully functioning 180-day trial DVD ArcGIS Desktop 10 software is included.


As the national mortgage crisis has worsened, an increasing number of communities are facing declining housing prices and high rates of foreclosure. Central to the call for government intervention in this crisis is the claim that foreclosures not only hurt those who are losing their homes to foreclosure, but also harm neighbors by reducing the value of nearby properties and in turn, reducing local governments' tax bases. The extent to which foreclosures do in fact drive down neighboring property values has become a crucial question for policy-makers. In this paper, we use a unique dataset on property sales and foreclosure filings in New York City from 2000 to 2005 to identify the effects of foreclosure starts on housing prices in the surrounding neighborhood. Regression results suggest that above some threshold, proximity to properties in foreclosure is associated with lower sales prices. The magnitude of the price discount increases with the number of properties in foreclosure, but not in a linear relationship.


Mel Gibson teaching Euclidean geometry, Meg Ryan and Tim Robbins acting out Zeno's paradox, Michael Jackson proving in three different ways that 7 x 13 = 28. These are just a few of the intriguing mathematical snippets that occur in hundreds of movies. Burkard Polster and Marty Ross pored through the cinematic calculus to create this thorough and entertaining survey of the quirky, fun, and beautiful mathematics to be found on the big screen. "Math Goes to the Movies" is based on the authors' own collection of more than 700 mathematical movies and their many years using movie clips to inject moments of fun into their courses. With more than 200 illustrations, many of them screenshots from the movies themselves, this book provides an inviting way to explore math, featuring such movies as: "Good Will Hunting"; "A Beautiful Mind"; "Stand and Deliver"; "Pi"; "Die Hard"; "The Mirror Has Two Faces". The authors use these iconic movies to introduce and explain important and famous mathematical ideas: higher dimensions, the golden ratio, infinity, and much more. Not all math in movies makes sense, however, and Polster and Ross talk about Hollywood's most absurd blunders and outrageous mathematical scenes. Interviews with mathematical consultants to movies round out this engaging journey into the realm of cinematic mathematics. This fascinating behind-the-scenes look at movie math shows how fun and illuminating equations can be.


Biodiversity is not only threatened by habitat loss, climate change and pollution, but also by invasive species. The impact of introduced species is immense and causes substantial ecological and economical costs worldwide. With the start of domestications of the African wildcat (Felis lybica) in the Near East, the transport of house cats (Felis catus) around the world as a commensal and domesticate began. The general aim of my thesis was to investigate the impact of invasive feral cats on native species as well as underlying population genetic structures, diversity and phylogeography. This was studied in the context of the demographic history in Australia and Hawai'i. My studies confirmed that the main introductions of cats to Australia began in the 19th century via ships of European settlers, traders and workers. Similarly, I was able to confirm cat introductions to Hawai'i by European traders and explorers; which has to the present a devastating effect on Hawaiian endemic species. Likewise, cats are widespread across Australia, can be found on most islands and are recognized as one of the major threats to Australian native species. A selective feeding behaviour by invasive predators was found in one of my studies. This study additionally gives an indication for possible population recovery of small Western Australianrnvertebrate species after predator removal. Advancement and the combination of various management techniques allow, if adequately funded, a more efficient planning and implementation of eradication campaigns. Population genetic approaches are able to give insights into population genetic structure, diversity and kinship, thereby enabling management campaigns to be more cost effective and successful. No pattern of isolation by distance between populations of Hawai"i and Australia indicated that trade routes, such as the "Golden Round" of the maritime fur trade, facilitated a link between far off global cat populations. Multiple introductions to Australia and intermixing with domestic breed cats resulted in feral cat populations which showrnno signs of reduced genetic variability. My studies also revealed the advantages of bioproxies in combination with phylogeography, which enable the inference and reconstruction of introduction routes, history and origin of invasive species. Genetic signals of historically introduced genotypesrnare still discernible on islands with low number of introductions over time and thereby low intermixing with domestic fancy breeds. Feral cats' adaptability as an invader was reconfirmed and possible underlying genetic mechanisms enabling their success as a global invader ("global supercat") are discussed. Research into the feralisation process of cats will provide new information regarding the domestication of cats, the genetic basis of feralisation and allow additional insights into cats" adaptive potential.


This course seeks to make students sensitive to and articulate about the ways in which moral and political values come into play in the American policy process, particularly as they affect non-elected public officials who work in a world shaped by politics. Topics covered include the tensions between ethics and politics, an introduction to various moral theories that figure in contemporary policy debates, a consideration of the principal values that animate American politics, and issues and dilemmas in professional ethics. The course addresses issues that affect international as well as U.S. policy and politics.


Is everything in a university for sale if the price is right? In this book, one of America's leading educators cautions that the answer is all too often "yes." Taking the first comprehensive look at the growing commercialization of our academic institutions, Derek Bok probes the efforts on campus to profit financially not only from athletics but increasingly, from education and research as well. He shows how such ventures are undermining core academic values and what universities can do to limit the damage. Commercialization has many causes, but it could never have grown to its present state had it not been for the recent, rapid growth of money-making opportunities in a more technologically complex, knowledge-based economy. A brave new world has now emerged in which university presidents, enterprising professors, and even administrative staff can all find seductive opportunities to turn specialized knowledge into profit. Bok argues that universities, faced with these temptations, are jeopardizing their fundamental mission in their eagerness to make money by agreeing to more and more compromises with basic academic values. He discusses the dangers posed by increased secrecy in corporate-funded research, for-profit Internet companies funded by venture capitalists, industry-subsidized educational programs for physicians, conflicts of interest in research on human subjects, and other questionable activities. While entrepreneurial universities may occasionally succeed in the short term, reasons Bok, only those institutions that vigorously uphold academic values, even at the cost of a few lucrative ventures, will win public trust and retain the respect of faculty and students. Candid, evenhanded, and eminently readable, Universities in the Marketplace will be widely debated by all those concerned with the future of higher education in America and beyond.


The classical approach to investigating polynomial eigenvalue problems is linearization, where the underlying matrix polynomial is converted into a larger matrix pencil
with the same eigenvalues. For any polynomial there are infinitely many linearizations with widely varying properties, but in practice the companion forms are typically used. However, these companion forms are not always entirely satisfactory, and
linearizations with special properties may sometimes be required.
Given a matrix polynomial P, we develop a systematic approach to generating
large classes of linearizations for P. We show how to simply construct two vector
spaces of pencils that generalize the companion forms of P, and prove that almost all
of these pencils are linearizations for P. Eigenvectors of these pencils are shown to
be closely related to those of P. A distinguished subspace, denoted DL(P), is then
isolated, and the special properties of these pencils are investigated. These spaces of
pencils provide a convenient arena in which to look for structured linearizations of
structured polynomials, as well as to try to optimize the conditioning of linearizations.
Many applications give rise to nonlinear eigenvalue problems with an underlying structured matrix polynomial; perhaps the most well-known are symmetric and
Hermitian polynomials. In this thesis we also identify several less well-known types
of structured polynomial (e.g., palindromic, even, odd), explore the relationships
between them, and illustrate their appearance in a variety of applications. Special
classes of linearizations that respect the structure of these polynomials, and therefore
preserve symmetries in their spectra, are introduced and investigated. We analyze
the existence and uniqueness of such linearizations, and show how they may be systematically constructed.
The infinitely many linearizations of any given polynomial P can have widely
varying eigenvalue condition numbers. We investigate the conditioning of linearizations from DL(P), looking for the best conditioned linearization in that space and
comparing its conditioning with that of the original polynomial. We also analyze the
eigenvalue conditioning of the widely used first and second companion linearizations,
and find that they can potentially be much more ill conditioned than P. Our results
are phrased in terms of both the standard relative condition number and the condition number of Dedieu and Tisseur for the problem in homogeneous form, this latter
condition number having the advantage of applying to zero and infinite eigenvalues.


In fall 2010 and winter 2011, two new courses in systems thinking were initiated as core curriculum in the master's programme in Creative Sustainability at Aalto University in Finland. As intensive courses, each was to be conducted as three full days of lectures over eight days, with students fulfilling credit hour requirements both independently and in group activities over a two-to-three month period. To complement the teaching staff at the university, a researcher active in the systems science community was brought in from abroad as a subject matter expert for the two courses. In the summer preceding the first session, a reading list for the courses was drawn from current leading sources in the systems sciences, starting from 2010 and linking back to prior references of relevance. Lectures were prepared as minimal critical specifications, with concepts mapped into clusters of references, with the majority of sources available electronically over the Internet. On each set of the three lecture days, the courses were delivered in a face-to-face classroom setting, coupled with group activities designed in the style of Singerian inquiring systems. Coordinating artifacts from the instructors evolved and were incrementally updated on a publicly-accessible web site, and students followed the social media style of posting their reflections on publicly-visible weblogs linked with notifications on an activity stream at a systems community hub. Supplementing the chronological recollections of development and learning during the courses sessions, theoretical reflections constructed in hindsight may serve to inform the form and content of similar educational opportunities in other contexts. Preparations are underway as the courses are being naturally evolved for a second cohort of students in fall 2011. The completion of one cycle of two courses presents an opportunity for reflections on the approach employed in the innovation/startup cycle, with considerations for improvements and/or replication for similar programs in the future.


In this extensive update of his definitive reference, Charles D. Michener reveals a diverse fauna that numbers more than 17,000 species and ranges from the common honeybee to rare bees that feed on the pollen of a single type of plant. With many new facts, reclassifications, and revisions, the second edition of The Bees of the World provides the most comprehensive treatment of the 1,200 genera and subgenera of the Apiformes. Included are hundreds of updated citations to work published since the appearance of the first edition and a new set of plates of fossil bees. The book begins with extensive introductory sections that include bee evolution, classification of the various bee families, the coevolution of bees and flowering plants, nesting behavior, differences between solitary and social bees, and the anatomy of these amazing insects. Drawing on modern studies and evidence from the fossil record, Michener reveals what the ancestral bee-the protobee-might have looked like. He also cites the major literature on bee biology and describes the need for further research on the systematics and natural history of bees, including their importance as pollinators of crops and natural vegetation. The greater part of the work consists of an unprecedented treatment of bee systematics, with keys for identification to the subgenus level. For each genus and subgenus, Michener includes a brief natural history describing geographical range, number of species, and noteworthy information pertaining to nesting or floral biology. The book is beautifully illustrated with more than 500 drawings and photographs that depict behavior, detailed morphology, and ecology. Accented with color plates of select bees, The Bees of the World will continue to be the world's best reference on these diverse insects.


Advances in Microbial Physiology is one of the most successful and prestigious series from Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier. It publishes topical and important reviews, interpreting physiology to include all material that contributes to our understanding of how microorganisms and their component parts work.

 First published in 1967, it is now in its 64th volume. The Editors have always striven to interpret microbial physiology in the broadest context and have never restricted the contents to "traditional? views of whole cell physiology. Now edited by Professor Robert Poole, University of Sheffield, Advances in Microbial Physiology continues to be an influential and very well reviewed series.

 Key features:

 Contributions from leading authorities

 Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field


The concept of decentralisation originates from the belief that the state cannot
alone control schools, but should share its power with other stakeholders, particularly
those closer to the school, on a partnership basis. The South African Schools Act (Act 84 of 1996) mandates the establishment of school governing bodies that allow stakeholders — such as the state, parents, educators and learners (in secondary schools) — to play an active role in taking decisions on behalf of the school. However, this can only happen if participants in school governance are trained to decide on matters affecting their schools. With this in mind, qualitative research was undertaken to determine what training school
governing bodies had received in selected rural schools in the Free State and to what extent this had assisted them in fulfilling their tasks. Findings indicated perceptions of training and its effectiveness. Based on the findings, detailed recommendations for the improvement of practice are made. South African Journal of Education Vol. 28 (3) 2008: pp. 385-400


The optimal approach to design, build, operate, and maintain buildings With this strategic guide to building information modeling (BIM), youll learn how to implement this new technology as part of a comprehensive systems approach to the design, construction, management, operation, maintenance, and use of buildings. The authors, among the leading experts and pioneers in BIM, show you how BIM supports more streamlined, integrated, and efficient business processes throughout the life cycle of buildings, from their initial conception through their eventual retirement or reuse. The result is better quality buildings, lower construction and operating costs, shorter project turnaround times, and a higher quality of building information to support better business decisions. Moreover, they set forth a plan for incorporating BIM into every organizations existing workflows, enabling you to take full advantage of all the benefits that BIM offers. Everything you need to implement a BIM approach is set forth in detail, including: The business case for BIM, demonstrating how it can improve collaboration, facilitate better design and construction, optimize workflow, and help reduce risk Guidance for meeting the challenges of BIM such as an entrenched business culture, the proliferation of BIM tools, and the uneven rates of BIM adoption The big picture view showing how your organization can work with business partners and fit into the building life cycle in a BIM-enabled industry Throughout the book, sample documents and figures help you better understand the principles of BIM and how it works in practice. In addition, first-hand accounts show you exactly how adopters of BIM have gained a competitive edge. Architects, engineers, constructors, building owners, and facility managers can turn to this book to realize the full potential of BIM and radically improve the way buildings are designed, built, operated, and maintained.


One of medicine's open secrets is that patients routinely refuse or demand medical treatment based on the assigned physician's racial identity, and hospitals typically yield to patients' racial preferences. This widely practiced, if rarely acknowledged, phenomenon — about which there is new empirical evidence — poses a fundamental dilemma for law, medicine, and ethics. It also raises difficult questions about how we should think about race, health, and individual autonomy in this context. Informed consent rules and common law battery dictate that a competent patient has an almost-unqualified right to refuse medical care, including treatment provided by an unwanted physician. Yet the accommodation of patients' racial preferences with respect to their choice of physician in the hospital context appears to violate antidiscrimination principles. How should we reconcile this apparent conflict between respect for patient autonomy and accepted notions of racial equality? Moreover, is the accommodation of patients' racial preferences the type of invidious discrimination that civil rights laws were enacted to prevent?This Article engages these questions through an evaluation of antidiscrimination norms, principles of medical ethics, and federal laws, including Titles II, VI, and VII of the Civil Rights Act. In so doing, the Article offers critical insights into why a form of discrimination that is prohibited in other contexts is tolerated in the hospital setting and draws important conclusions about the legal propriety and medical efficacy of this practice. The Article contends that the various titles of the Civil Rights Act offer no clear legal directive on this practice, and it makes the counterintuitive claim that although hospital accommodation of patients' racial preferences appears to contravene antidiscrimination principles, it is not only consistent with our normative commitments to racial equality but, in fact, constitutes an effective means of alleviating race-based health disparities, improving health outcomes, and quite possibly, saving patients' lives.


We present an analysis of how to determine security requirements for software that controls routing decisions in the distribution of discrete physical goods. Requirements are derived from stakeholder interests and threat scenarios. Three deployment scenarios are discussed: cloud and hybrid deployment as well as on-premise installation for legacy sites.


Paleo-climate records in ice cores revealed high variability in temperature, atmospheric dust content and carbon dioxide. The longest CO2 record from the Antarctic ice core of the Vostok station went back in time as far as about 410 kyr BP showing a switch of glacials and interglacials in all those parameters approximately every 100 kyr during the last four glacial cycles with CO2 varying between 180- 280 ppmv. New measurements of dust and the isotopic temperature proxy deuterium of the EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core covered the last 740 kyr, however, revealed glacial cycles of reduced temperature amplitude. These new archives offer the possibility to propose atmospheric CO2 for the pre-Vostok time span as called for in the EPICA ! challenge. Here, we contribute to this challenge using a box model of the isotopic carbon cycle (Kohler et al., submitted to GBC) based on process understanding previously derived for Termination I. Our Box model of the Isotopic Carbon cYCLE BICYCLE consists of ten ocean resvervoir in three depth layers distinguishing Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, and Southern Ocean, a seven compartment terrestrial biosphere and considers also fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity between ocean and sediments. BICYCLE is forced by various ice core and marine sediment records to depict observed changes in ocean circulation, other physical processes and biogeochemistry. Our results show that major features of the Vostok period are reproduced while prior to Vostok our model predicts significantly smaller amplitudes in CO2 variations. The main contributions (in decreasing order) to the variations in pCO2 were given by changes in Southern Ocean vertical mixing, exchange fluxes between oce! an and sediment, sea surface temperature, North Atlantic deep water fo rmation, iron fertilisation, and Heinrich events. While most processes were reduced in their magnitude during the terminations of the pre-Vostok period, the absolute contribution of iron fertilisation changed only slightly. Thus, the relative importance of biological and biogeochemical processes is enhanced (approximately doubling their relative share) in the pre-Vostok period. The contribution of physical processes (ocean temperature, sea level, sea ice) to the pCO2 rise during terminations stayed always below 25%, while ocean circulation contributed up to 75% during the Vostok era but less than 50% before.


The capabilities for representing and reasoning about three-dimensional (3-D) objects are essential for knowledge-based, 3-D photointerpretation systems that combine domain knowledge with image processing, as demonstrated by 3- D Mosaic and ACRONYM. Three-dimensional representation of objects is necessary for many additional applications, such as robot navigation and 3-D change detection. Geometric reasoning is especially important because geometric relationships between object parts are a rich source of domain knowledge. A practical framework for geometric representation and reasoning must incorporate projections between a two-dimensional (2-D) image and a 3-D scene, shape and surface properties of objects, and geometric and topological relationships between objects. In addition, it should allow easy modification and extension of the system's domain knowledge and be flexible enough to organize its reasoning efficiently to take advantage of the current available knowledge. We are developing such a framework -- the Frame-based Object Recognition and Modeling (3-D FORM) System. This system uses frames to represent objects such as buildings and walls, geometric features such as lines and planes, and geometric relationships such as parallel lines. Active procedures attached to the frames dynamically compute values as needed. Because the order of processing is controlled largely by the order of slot access, the system performs both top-down and bottom-up reasoning, depending on the current available knowledge. The FORM system is being implemented with the Carnegie-Mellon University-built Framekit tool in Common Lisp (Carbonell and Joseph 1986). To date, it has been applied to two types of geometric reasoning problems: interpreting 3-D wire frame data and solving sets of geometric constraints.


To determine the relationship between insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, we quantified the insulin sensitivity index using the minimal model in 93 relatively young, apparently healthy human subjects of varying degrees of obesity (55 male, 38 female; 18–44 yr of age; body mass index 19.5–52.2 kg/m2) and with fasting glucose levels <6.4 mM. SI was compared with measures of body adiposity and β-cell function. Although lean individuals showed a wide range of SI, body mass index and SI were related in a curvilinear manner (P < 0.0001) so that on average, an increase in body mass index was associated generally with a lower value for SI. The relationship between the SI and the β-cell measures was more clearly curvilinear and reciprocal for fasting insulin (P < 0.0001), first-phase insulin response (AIRglucose; P < 0.0001), glucose potentiation slope (n = 56; P < 0.005), and β-cell secretory capacity (AIRmax; n = 43; P < 0.0001). The curvilinear relationship between SI and the β-cell measures could not be distinguished from a hyperbola, i.e., SI × β-cell function = constant. This hyperbolic relationship described the data significantly better than a linear function (P < 0.05). The nature of this relationship is consistent with a regulated feedback loop control system such that for any difference in SI, a proportionate reciprocal difference occurs in insulin levels and responses in subjects with similar carbohydrate tolerance. We conclude that in human subjects with normal glucose tolerance and varying degrees of obesity, β-cell function varies quantitatively with differences in insulin sensitivity. Because the function governing this relationship is a hyperbola, when insulin sensitivity is high, large changes in insulin sensitivity produce relatively small changes in insulin levels and responses, whereas when insulin sensitivity is low, small changes in insulin sensitivity produce relatively large changes in insulin levels and responses. Percentile plots based on knowledge of this interaction are presented for evaluating β-cell function in populations and over time.


Over the last ten years there has been something of a crisis in American confidence in, and support for, international law. As the idea of order and justice in the international realm is considered and rationalized from various perspectives, it seems appropriate to consider also how it might be regarded from the viewpoint of the world's leading religions. These lectures were delivered in late March 2011 as the Charles E. Test Lectures in the James Madison Program at Princeton University. Lecture 1 begins the task of considering law beyond the state from a specifically Christian point of view, though it also addresses the difficulties of sustaining a viewpoint of this kind in a multi-faith and indeed increasingly secular world. Lecture 2 considers nationhood, sovereignty, and the basis for the division of the world into separate political communities. Clearly a religious approach to order in the international realm will endorse the position of most modern international jurists that sovereign independence is not to be made into an idol or a fetish, and that the tasks of order and peace in the world are not to be conceived as optional, which sovereigns may or may not support at their pleasure. At the same time, sovereigns have their own mission, ordering particular communities of men and women; and this task, too, should not be slighted. Finally Lecture 3 will consider the rival claims of natural law and positivism in regard to the sources of international law Natural law is no doubt important in any Christian jurisprudence. But the most telling part of natural law jurisprudence from Aquinas to Finnis has always been its insistence on the specific human need for positive law. This holds true in the international realm as much as in any realm of human order - perhaps more so, because in the international realm law has to do its work unsupported by the overwhelming power of a particular state. So this final lecture will address, from a religious point of view, the sources of law in the international realm: treaty, convention, custom, precedent, and jurisprudence. It will focus particularly on the sanctification of treaties.


How does the Parole Board decide a sex offender is rehabilitated and can be released into the community? This case study of a parole hearing reveals the significance the Parole Board gives to a sex offender's management of his arousal as a clear sign of his rehabilitation. To explain the Board's preoccupation with a sex offender's sexual fantasies and arousal, I draw on a prison ethnography of a sex offender treatment program. Rehabilitation as risk management relies on the development of a crime cycle and relapse prevention plan designed to grasp the connection between fantasies, arousal and offending. I argue the parole hearing and treatment program exist in a symbiotic relationship that fabricates the sex offender into a species larger than life, one at risk of offending all the time.

Key words: rehabilitation, sex offenders, parole, sexual fantasies, ethnography, prison.


"Listen to the Exhortation of the Dawn! Look to this Day! For it is Life, the very Life of Life. In its brief Course lie all the varieties and Realities of your Existance: The Bliss of Growth, The Glory of Action, The Splendor of Beauty; For Yesterday is but a Dream And Tomorrow is only a Vision; But Today well lived makes Every Yesterday a Dream of Happiness And every Tomorrow a Vision of Hope. Look well therefore to this Day! Such is the Salutation of the Dawn!"


By the time Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, roughly two dozen states had already passed fully enforceable employment discrimination laws and engaged in nearly two decades worth of enforcement efforts. But this early state-level scheme was very different from what most lawyers know as Title VII. Title VII vests primary enforcement authority in the federal courts. By contrast, beginning in the mid-1940s, civil rights groups championed, and states enacted, employment discrimination laws that vested exclusive enforcement authority in administrative agencies. In this Article, I ask why civil rights groups in the 1940s preferred an administrative approach to regulating job discrimination over available (and potentially more effective) court- and litigation-centered approaches. Drawing on extensive original archival research, I trace the agency choice to a series of strategic conflicts among civil rights groups about how best to attack job discrimination as well as a troubled but necessary alliance with organized labor. Understanding the social movement and coalition dynamics at work in the early drive for fair employment, I argue, has important implications for how we think about the legal strategies civil rights groups pursued before and after Brown v. Board of Education, the form Title VII ultimately took, the subsequent emergence of "affirmative action" policies, and the broader postwar move away from administrative regulation and toward private litigation as a regulatory tool.


This book will help you solve more than 300 of the most common and not-so-common tasks that working Visual Basic 2005 programmers face every day. If you're a seasoned .NET developer, beginning Visual Basic programmer, or a developer seeking a simple and clear migration path from VB6 to Visual Basic 2005, the "Visual Basic 2005 Cookbook" delivers a practical collection of problem-solving recipes for a broad range of Visual Basic programming tasks. The concise solutions and examples in the Visual Basic 2005 Cookbook range from simple tasks to the more complex, organized by the types of problems you need to solve. Nearly every recipe contains a complete, documented code sample showing you how to solve the specific problem, as well as a discussion of how the underlying technology works and that outlines alternatives, limitations, and other considerations. As with all O'Reilly Cookbooks, each recipe helps you quickly understand a problem, learn how to solve it, and anticipate potential tradeoffs or ramifications. Useful features of the book include: over 300 recipes written in the familiar O'Reilly Problem-Solution-Discussion format; hundreds of code snippets, examples and complete solutions available for download; VB6 updates to alert VB6 programmers to code-breaking changes in Visual Basic 2005; recipes that target Visual Basic 2005 features not included in previous releases; code examples covering everyday data manipulation techniques and language fundamentals; advanced projects focusing on multimedia and mathematical transformations using linear algebraic methods; and, specialized topics covering files and file systems, printing, and databases. In addition, you'll find chapters on cryptography and compression, graphics, and special programming techniques. Whether you're a beginner or an expert, the "Visual Basic 2005 Cookbook" is sure to save you time, serving up the code you need, when you need it.


A new world of creative possibilities is opened by Blender, the most popular and powerful open source 3D and animation tool. Blender is not just free software; it is alsoan important professional tool used in animated shorts, television commercials, and shows, as well as inproduction for films like Spiderman 2.Lance Flavell's Beginning Blender will give you the skills to start shaping newworlds and virtual characters, and perhaps lead you down a new professional path. Beginning Blender covers the latest Blender 2.5 release in depth. The book starts withthe creation of simple figures using basic modeling and sculpting. It thenteachesyou how to bridge from modeling to animation, and from scene setup to texture creation and rendering, lighting, rigging, and ultimately, full animation. You will create and mix your own movie scenes, andyou willeven learn the basics of games logic and how to deal with games physics. Whether you are new to modeling, animation, and game design, or whether you are simply new to Blender, this book will show you everything you need to know to get your 3D projects underway. What youll learn How to create models using sculpt mode, extrusion modeling, and more Go beyond playing with color to learn procedural texturing and UV mapping How to use light and depth of focus to make are realistic-looking model Adding rigging and realistic animation Using the compositor for movie mixing andlip-syncing animations How to put the games engine and physics to work to create full-featured games Who this book is for This book appeals to all who are starting out in 3D, animation, and games design. It also appeals to those who know about 2D design and photography and would like to expand their skill set. Table of Contents History and Installation The Interface Modeling Lighting and Procedural Textures UV Mapping Curves and NURBS Basic Rigging and Animation Advanced Rigging Making Movies Particles and Physics The Game Engine Going Further Companies That Use Blender Blender and GPL Terms of Use GNU Public License OpenContent License


Deep Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes (DUV LEDs) are presently operating at a relatively low efficiency, thus large amount of LED driving power is dissipating in heat. Thermal heating degrades LED performance and decreases LED's lifetime. The degradation of DUV LED devices with temperature increase makes thermal management a key issue for DUV LEDs. We present a thermal analysis of DUV LED device by first investigating the thermal resistance of LED chip layers and interfaces, and then considering the overall heating of the LED package. COMSOL's AC/DC Module together with Heat Trasnfer Module was used to analyze the transient heating of the device. In addition, COMSOL Multiphysics Joule Heating interface has been used to analyze the thermal heating of the packaged DUV LED device. The modeled geometry included TO-39 package, submount and DUV LED die for realistic thermal simulations. Figure 1, shows a typical temperature distribution around DUV LED die mounted on submount and TO-39 package. The dissipated power in the device is 0.87Watts, and resulted junction temperature is 13 degrees above ambient. The temperature rise at the DUV LED die is primarily due to thermal resistance of submount, epoxy layer at the submount/TO-39 interface and thermal resistance of TO-39 package. For the calculations shown in Figure 1 the bottom surface of TO-39 package was maintained at the ambient temperature of 296K. To analyze detailed resistance of various interfaces, the transient heating analysis is performed and compared to experimental data for junction resistance fitting. The LED die is also investigated for temperature variations along semiconductor layers to locate regions of high temperature and high temperature gradients. The thermal analysis of DUV LEDs allowed us to identify thermal "bottlenecks" leading to overall device heating and temperature rise at the DUV LED die. The simulations also identified possible routes that will improve thermal management of the LED device and increase its performance and lifetime. Figures used in the abstract Figure 1: Temperature distribution for DUV LED die.


Limited edition of 125,000 copies worldwide! For five generations, National Geographic magazine has dazzled and educated people with its incredible photographs, illustrations, and gripping stories from the four corners of the earth. Combining travel, wildlife, science, history, culture, and conservation, the National Geographic Society's trailblazing magazine has inspired millions of readers to explore and take an interest in the planet we inhabit. Now, in celebration of its 125th anniversary, National Geographic has given TASCHEN complete access to its archives to distill the journey of a lifetime into three prodigious volumes featuring photographs--many unpublished--almost as rich, deep, and colorful as the world itself. Our trans-continental trip starts in the Americas and Antarctica (Volume 1); we then cross the Atlantic to Europe and Africa (Volume 2); and finally sail the Indian Ocean to Asia and Oceania (Volume 3). From evocative early black-and-white pictures to autochromes, from the golden age of Kodachromes to digital, National Geographic invented the aesthetic of the photo essay, while pushing the technical boundaries of the medium. Readers will discover how the magazine evolved from presenting a romantic view of the world--subjects posed and smiling--to edgier stories reflecting political turmoil, social issues, and environmental threats. Of course, the journey would not be complete without prime examples of the magazine's revered groundbreaking underwater and wildlife photography, so we've included plenty of such treasures as well. This world class set is a cultural investment to be cherished, shared, and passed down to future generations.


Cox (2010) raises the concern that the regressions in Huang and Tang (2010) may underestimate the effect of regulations on housing prices by including both a measure of geographic constraints and a measure of regulatory constraints on the right-hand side. We respond that omitting geographic constraints in our regressions may overestimate the effect of regulations. Empirically, we show that removing the geography variable from our regressions causes only minor increases in the estimated effects of regulation.


Large bodies of water in the middle of the desert are not only a natural spectacle, they also contain extremely precise environmental archives. Sediments extracted from these lakes document climate evolution and provide information on dust storms, savannah fires and volcanic eruptions. A journey to north-east Chad


Locus of control, a psychological construct, has been the focus of attention in recent decades. Psychologists have discussed the effect of locus of control on achieving life goals in social/psychological interactions. While learning a foreign language involves both social interactions and psychological processes, the role and relation of locus of control in foreign language achievement is seemingly overlooked. This study is, therefore, concerned with examining the relationship between EFL learners' locus of control (LOC) and their L2 reading and writing achievement. Using Internal Control Index as the main instrument of the study and measuring L2 reading and writing achievements of 136 undergraduate students studying English as their major in two universities followed by an interview, the researchers examined the relation of their locus of control and their writing and reading comprehension achievements. The results of the study indicated that locus of control had a positive correlation with their L2 reading and writing achievement. Also the results of the interviews supported the information obtained from the questionnaires. The researchers have pinpointed to the importance of inculcating a sense of responsibility in EFL learners to improve their LOC orientation which might result in higher achievements in L2 reading and writing.


What is the connection, if any, between the external perspective of the historian or political scientist and the internal perspective of lawyers and judges? That is the puzzle for constitutional law posed by Charles Beard's classic, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (1913). Beard challenges us either to reconcile our external and internal perspectives on constitutionalism, or else conceivably to declare them irreconcilable.I begin by showing that standard approaches to constitutional adjudication – originalism and Dworkinian moralism – are resolutely internal and thus have little use for the external standpoint of Beardian scholarship. I then describe a strategy of reconciliation offered by Justice Holmes, one that connects external and internal perspectives by means of a nonideal theory of constitutional judging under political constraints. The theory holds that the rational judge chooses the course of action that, at lowest possible cost, adjusts constitutional law and policy to match "the actual equilibrium of force in the community – that is, conformity to the wishes of the dominant power[]." In this framework, Beardian scholarship offers external analysis of the shape and force of the political constraints that the Holmesian judge should take into account when making constitutional law. External Beardian scholarship helps to delineate the feasible political options or possibilities for constitutional law, a critical datum from the internal but nonideal perspective of the Holmesian judge.