Objective: The smoking rate among patients with mental health problem is higher than in the general population. Effective pharmacotherapy to treat nicotine addiction is thus needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with cigarette smoking among these patients. This article reviews the literature on the suitability of varenicline for smokers with mental health problems. Methods: A search of the literature was conducted using PubMed from year 2001 to July 2009 using key words varenicline alone and varenicline and mental health. Articles chosen were narrowed to those published in English. The type of articles chosen included clinical trials, meta-analyses, case reports, and review articles. Results: The search produced a total of 322 articles on varenicline and 14 articles on varenicline and mental health. Varenicline, a new drug for smoking cessation is an α4β2 partial agonist and partial antagonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. As a partial agonist, varenicline relieves craving and withdrawal symptoms that occur during smoking abstinence and also reduce the rewarding effects of smoking in patients who relapse. However, at present, there is concern regarding the neuropsychiatric side effects such as aggressive behaviour, suicidal ideation, mania and depression associated with varenicline use in patients with mental health problems, but these reports did not show a causal-link or lack of link between these symptoms and varenicline. Conclusion: Current available data support the effectiveness of varenicline to treat nicotine dependence. However its safety among smokers with mental health problems remains to be elucidated. At present, further safety assessment is needed in this patient population. Until new data is available regarding the safety of varenicline in these populations, psychiatrists and physicians prescribing this medication should be extra cautious and monitor for possible psychiatric side effects when prescribing this medication to patients with pre-existing psychiatric disorders or have vulnerability to psychoses.


2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame.


This Article examines antitrust law's failure to incorporate fully the lessons of transaction cost economics ("TCE") when conducting rule of reason analysis under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. In particular, the article contends that modern rule of reason analysis, informed by workable competition's partial equilibrium trade-off paradigm, is suitable for evaluating only a subset of agreements that may reduce transaction costs. To this end, the Article distinguishes between "technological" and "non-technological" transaction costs. Technological transaction costs entail the bargaining and information costs first emphasized by Ronald Coase, whose work sparked the transaction cost revolution. By contrast, non-technological transaction costs result from more fundamental departures from perfect competition of the sort stressed by Oliver Williamson, departures that create a risk of opportunism that accompanies relationship-specific investments. The article demonstrates that modern rule of reason analysis, heavily influenced by the Harvard School of Antitrust, employs the partial equilibrium trade-off model to evaluate restraints challenged under Section 1. Modern law does accurately assess restraints that may reduce technological transaction costs - costs analogous to the sort of production costs recognized by the partial equilibrium trade-off model. However, this same methodology is poorly suited for analyzing restraints that may reduce non-technological transaction costs. To be precise, the model treats non-restraint price and output as a "competitive" baseline against which to measure a restraint's impact, even when the restraint avoids per se condemnation because it may overcome market failure. As a result, tribunals applying the trade-off model may misinterpret benefits of such restraints, such as increased investment and resulting higher prices, as exercises of market power. Given the baselines that courts use, a test focused on price or output will mistakenly condemn many restraints that enhance welfare. Several considerations explain courts' failure to incorporate the lessons of TCE when analyzing contracts that may reduce non-technological transaction costs. For one thing, the trade-off paradigm has shed light on important antitrust problems, and practitioners of a successful paradigm do not readily abandon it. Moreover, Coase's seminal work on TCE focused exclusively on technological transaction costs analogous to ordinary production costs easily recognized within the trade-off paradigm and thus did not cast doubt on that model. Furthermore, proponents of TCE actually embraced and refined the trade-off model for analyzing mergers producing technological efficiencies, thereby bolstering the model's apparent usefulness. Finally, lower courts have modified aspects of the modern rule of reason test, saving beneficial restraints from condemnation and staving off anomalies that can undermine a paradigm's support. Given the trade-off paradigm's shortcomings, courts should "reframe" their analysis, selecting a different baseline against which to measure the impact of restraints that may reduce non-technological transaction costs. That is, tribunals should ask whether the restraint produces higher prices (or lower output) compared to the prices or output that would obtain if the defendants made specific investments without a safeguard against opportunism. Such an approach would hold constant the other variables that influence price and output, thereby isolating the impact of the restraint simpliciter on market power and/or transaction costs.


What are the political implications of a feminist critical practice? How do the problems of the literary text relate to the priorities and perspectives of feminist politics as a whole? Sexual/Textual Politics addresses these fundamental questions and examines the strengths and limitations of the two main strands in feminist criticism, the Anglo-American and the French, paying particular attention to the works of Cixous, Irigaray and Kristeva. In the years since publication this book has rightly attained the status of a classic. Written for readers with little knowledge of the subject, Sexual/Textual Politics nevertheless makes its own intervention into key debates, arguing provocatively for a commitedly political and theoretical criticism as against merely textual or apolitical approaches. With a new afterword in this edition, Sexual/Textual Politics is a must-read for all those interested in feminist literary theory.


Laser diffraction is the most frequently used measurement technique for the analysis of particle size distributions in the range 1 micron to 1 mm in the context of quality control. Modern laser diffraction systems offer some convincing advantages such as short measurement times, easy operation and reproducible analysis results. However, they also have various disadvantages: Even if the instruments have been calibrated and validated, an absolute particle size measurement is not possible. Various round robin tests have shown that the analysis results depend strongly on the type of instrument and even on the particular model and software version.


The courts and analysts continue to struggle to articulate safe harbors for a wide variety of common business pricing practices in which either a single product is sold at a discount if purchased in bulk or in which multiple products are bundled together at prices different from the ones that would emerge if the products were purchased separately. The phenomenon of tying in which the sale of one product is conditioned on the purchase of another is closely related to bundling. Its analysis relies on the same economics as that used to analyze bundling (see, e.g., Carlton and Waldman (2008)), though the law seems to make a distinction between the two. The need for safe harbors for common business pricing practices arises from the recognition that these practices often are motivated by efficiency and that a broad antitrust attack on them could cause more harm than good. In this essay, we analyze and propose safe harbors for quantity discounts and bundled products. In analyzing the latter case, we discuss the deficiencies of the particular safe harbor proposed in the report of the Antitrust Modernization Commission (2007) (AMC) of which Carlton was a member.


There is no longer an infinite supply of fresh water on the planet. In large part, the global water crisis is a result of large-scale, destructive, industrial "innovations." In just fifteen years, two-thirds of the people on the planet will feel the impact of the diminishment of safe drinking water. Given the global water crisis, the focus is this analysis is on the transnational water utility service industry as well as the larger shift from the notion of drinking water as a public right to a commodity to be privately owned and sold on the global marketplace. I discuss the very different ways these corporations are entering communities in the Southern compared to the Northern hemisphere, including attempts to re-brand their image after public failures. I then consider the particular strategies these conglomerates use to seep into cities and towns in the North. Emphasis is placed on how this sector of the water industry is becoming involved in schooling through sponsoring curricular materials and activities. I also provide initial analysis of the messages distributed in a sample of such materials and activities intended for K-12 students. While literature exists that explores curricular materials in schools provided by transnational corporations involved in direct control of natural resources, surprisingly, the privatization of the world's fresh water supply receives little attention in both education-based scholarship and media.


Moose is a language-independent environment for reverse and reengineering complex software systems. Moose provides a set of services including a common meta-model, metrics evaluation and visualization, a model repository, and generic GUI support for querying, browsing and grouping. The development effort invested in Moose has paid off in precisely those research activities that benefit from applying a combination of complementary techniques. We describe how Moose has evolved over the years, we draw a number of lessons learned from our experience, and we outline the present and future of Moose.


The news media affects consumers' perceptions of the economy through three channels. First, the news media conveys the latest economic data and the opinions of professionals to consumers. Second, consumers receive a signal about the economy through the tone and volume of economic reporting. Last, the greater the volume of news about the economy, the greater the likelihood that consumers will update their expectations about the economy. We find evidence that all three of these channels affect consumer sentiment. We derive measures of the tone and volume of economic reporting, building upon the R-word index of The Economist. We find that there are periods when reporting on the economy has not been consistent with actual economic events, especially during the early 1990s. As a consequence, there are times during which consumer sentiment is driven away from what economic fundamentals would suggest. We also find evidence supporting that consumers update their expectations about the economy much more frequently during periods of high news coverage than in periods of low news coverage; high news coverage of the economy is concentrated during recessions and immediately after recessions, implying that "stickiness" in expectations is countercyclical. Finally, because the model of consumer sentiment is highly nonlinear, month-to-month changes in sentiment are difficult to interpret. For instance, although an increase in the number of articles that mention "recession" typically is associated with a decline in sentiment, under certain conditions it can actually result in an increase in various sentiment indexes.


This article criticizes the shift in focus from correction and compliance to punishment of pharmaceutical companies allegedly violating the Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) prohibitions on unlawful drug promotion. Traditionally, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has addressed unlawful promotional activities under the misbranding and new drug provisions of the FD&C Act. Recently though, the Justice Department (DOJ) has expanded the purview of the False Claims Act to include the same allegedly unlawful behavior on the theory that unlawful promotion "induces" physicians to prescribe drugs that result in the filing of false claims for reimbursement. Unchecked and unchallenged, the DOJ has negotiated criminal and civil settlements with individual pharmaceutical companies ranging from just under ten to hundreds of millions of dollars. In part, companies settle these cases to avoid the potential loss of revenue associated with the exclusion regime administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under which companies risk losing the right to participate in federal health care programs. Even more disturbing, these settlements allow DOJ to circumvent judicial review of its enforcement approach, preventing any type of accountability for its legal theories or procedures. This article discusses the traditional enforcement methods employed by the FDA as well as the more recent DOJ prosecutions under the False Claims Act. Although it concludes that the FD&C Act should provide the sole means for prosecuting unlawful drug promotion, it also suggests that when prosecuting pharmaceutical companies under either Act, the government must avoid the temptation to mine companies for large settlements in lieu of developing a more coherent and responsible enforcement strategy.


This totally new book is focused on answering a single broad question: What is currently happening in various research areas that will be clinically applicable to the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in the near future? Clearly, much of the information discovered about musculoskeletal disorders through the application of new research tools and innovative experimental designs can be directly or indirectly applied to the TMJ. However, many dental clinicians are unaware of this type of information because it is presented mainly in medical publications or nonclinical scientific journals. This book bridges the gap for the clinician, applying the latest scientific research to the clinical treatment of TMDs, with focus on the anatomy, biochemistry, neurophysiology, and psychology of the common disorders. Each chapter discusses present knowledge in the particular field before explaining how it may apply to the diagnosis and treatment of TMD patients. In addition, every chapter provides an overview of new research in the field and its potential for changing future patient care. Covering such clinically relevant topics as the relation of abnormal joint function to joint pathology, the prediction of treatment responsiveness, how sleep disorders affect TMJ and facial pain, the role of comorbid conditions in pain response and management, and the evolving field of pharmacotherapeutics, this book is sure to transform the way clinicians think about TMDs and how they approach TMD treatment.


Millions of people around the world do not have access to adequate sanitation facilities, undermining progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6.2 that calls for adequate and equitable sanitation for all. Efforts to improve sanitation outcomes have been rapidly accelerated in the past decade alongside an expansion of different financial incentives or subsidies to promote access to services and motivate sanitation behaviour. In parallel, social protection has become part and parcel of development policy, with many low- and middle-income countries now offering some form of cash transfers to those most vulnerable. Comprehensive interventions that couple financial transfers with complementary support such as behaviour change communication, training, or coaching have also grown increasingly popular. Despite similarities between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) subsidy schemes and social protection interventions, these policy areas have largely developed in silos and limited cross-sectoral learning has taken place. This paper begins to fill this knowledge gap by assessing the potential for comprehensive social protection in addressing sanitation outcomes and drawing out policy implications for the social protection and WASH communities. It does so by focusing on a social protection programme in the context of extreme poverty in rural Haiti.


This paper presents an approach to study droplet activation kinetics from measurements of CCN activity by the Continuous Flow Streamwise Thermal Gradient CCN Chamber (CFSTGC) and a comprehensive model of the instrument and droplet growth. The model, which can be downloaded from http://nenes.eas.gatech.edu/Experiments/ CFSTGC.html, is evaluated against a series of experiments with ammonium sulfate calibration aerosol. Observed and modeled droplet sizes are in excellent agreement for a wa- ter vapor uptake coefficient 0.2, which is consistent with theoretical expectations. The model calculations can be con- siderably accelerated without significant loss of accuracy by assuming simplified instrument geometry and constant parabolic flow velocity profiles. With these assumptions, the model can be applied to large experimental data sets to in- fer kinetic growth parameters while fully accounting for wa- ter vapor depletion effects and changes in instrument opera- tion parameters such as the column temperature, flow rates, sheath and sample flow relative humidities, and pressure. When the effects of instrument operation parameters, water vapor depletion and equilibrium dry particle properties on droplet size are accounted for, the remaining variations in droplet size are most likely due to non-equilibrium processes such as those caused by organic surface films, slow solute dissociation and glassy or highly viscous particle states. As an example of model application, data collected during a re- search flight in the ARCTAS 2008 campaign are analyzed. The model shows that water vapor depletion effects can ex- plain changes in the observed average droplet size.


The purpose of this research is to better understand the influence emerging media technologies such as MP3 players, cell phones, and social networking sites are having on teachers in public high schools. Through the experiences teachers and staff members shared with us, the reader will gain a better understanding of how teachers and staff members feel student personal media devices (PMDs) and school instructional technologies are influencing their work, both positively and negatively. A case study approach was the primary research methodology used to collect information for this study. Data were collected by a research team through teacher and student interviews, classroom observations, and student shadowing opportunities. Teachers and staff members who participated in this study volunteered because of their interest in this topic, and students were recommended by teachers because of their interest in technology. A standardized interview protocol was utilized in both the teacher and student interviews to ensure higher levels of validity and trustworthiness. The data collected were analyzed and common themes surfaced to demonstrate how teachers and staff members perceive emerging media technologies are influencing their role as educators. Results from the analysis show that teachers and staff members believe there are both positive and negative outcomes stemming from technology. Overwhelmingly, teachers feel student PMDs are negatively influencing their work. The data results suggest that teachers are using the instructional technologies available to them to support their existing teaching methods. However, there is some evidence that points to teachers beginning to allow students to use technology in new ways that support engagement.


The scope of this project was to provide designs for the rapid construction of shoring systems for damaged bridges due to earthquakes in the state of Washington. Using a broad range of loading criteria and established bridge geometries, several shoring systems were developed for 75% of the bridge types in Washington that are encountered in typical field scenarios. Using materials commonly available in the Puget Sound stockyards, steel and a wood/steel combination shoring systems were developed to shore standardized concrete prestressed girder bridges, concrete box girder bridges, or steel plate girder bridges. The temporary shoring can span a height of 15 to 40 feet. This report, Appendix A, contains the design manual, with a flowchart and detailed construction drawings, that was developed to provide Washington State Department of Transportation inspection engineers with tools to administer the full, appropriate completion of the shoring systems to allow the public and emergency crews to traverse damaged bridges.


The critical moment in socio-legal studies that flowered in the United States and elsewhere between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s coincided with the maturation of the Legal Studies Department at Melbourne's La Trobe University. During its two-decade span (1972-1994) La Trobe Legal Studies developed multidisciplinary critical and theoretical perspectives on law – as substance, as professional practice, as field of academic inquiry – to an extent and depth unrivalled in Australia or, with just a few exceptions, internationally. This essay charts the particular trajectory followed by one of those perspectives, legal history, both at La Trobe and in the wider world. Simultaneously, it offers a short history of the Department itself: of its growth during the 1970s and 1980s; of its transformation into a law school during the 1990s; and of the struggles to maintain a place for the social in the legal that occurred during that transformation.


Academic librarians are increasingly engaging in data curation by providing infrastructure (e.g., institutional repositories) and offering services (e.g., data management plan consultations) to support the management of research data on their campuses. Efforts to develop these resources may benefit from a greater understanding of disciplinary differences in research data management needs. After conducting a survey of data management practices and perspectives at our research university, we categorized faculty members into four research domains—arts and humanities, social sciences, medical sciences, and basic sciences—and analyzed variations in their patterns of survey responses. We found statistically significant differences among the four research domains for nearly every survey item, revealing important disciplinary distinctions in data management actions, attitudes, and interest in support services. Serious consideration of both the similarities and dissimilarities among disciplines will help guide academic librarians and other data curation professionals in developing a range of data-management services that can be tailored to the unique needs of different scholarly researchers.


In this paper, we show how to use a Relational Database Management System in support of Finite Element Analysis. We believe it is a new way of thinking about data management in well-understood applications to prepare them for two major challenges, - size and integration (globalization). Neither extreme size nor integration (with other applications over the Web) was a design concern 30 years ago when the paradigm for FEA implementation first was formed. On the other hand, database technology has come a long way since its inception and it is past time to highlight its usefulness to the field of scientific computing and computer based engineering. This series aims to widen the list of applications for database designers and for FEA users and application developers to reap some of the benefits of database development.


Abstract. The impact and significance of uncertainties in model calculations of stratospheric ozone loss resulting from known uncertainty in chemical kinetics parameters is evaluated in trajectory chemistry simulations for the Antarctic and Arctic polar vortices. The uncertainty in modeled ozone loss is derived from Monte Carlo scenario simulations varying the kinetic (reaction and photolysis rate) parameters within their estimated uncertainty bounds. Simulations of a typical winter/spring Antarctic vortex scenario and Match scenarios in the Arctic produce large uncertainty in ozone loss rates and integrated seasonal loss. The simulations clearly indicate that the dominant source of model uncertainty in polar ozone loss is uncertainty in the Cl2O2 photolysis reaction, which arises from uncertainty in laboratory-measured molecular cross sections at atmospherically important wavelengths. This estimated uncertainty in JCl2O2 from laboratory measurements seriously hinders our ability to model polar ozone loss within useful quantitative error limits. Atmospheric observations, however, suggest that the Cl2O2 photolysis uncertainty may be less than that derived from the lab data. Comparisons to Match, South Pole ozonesonde, and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data all show that the nominal recommended rate simulations agree with data within uncertainties when the Cl2O2 photolysis error is reduced by a factor of two, in line with previous in situ ClOx measurements. Comparisons to simulations using recent cross sections from Pope et al. (2007) are outside the constrained error bounds in each case. Other reactions producing significant sensitivity in polar ozone loss include BrO + ClO and its branching ratios. These uncertainties challenge our confidence in modeling polar ozone depletion and projecting future changes in response to changing halogen emissions and climate. Further laboratory, theoretical, and possibly atmospheric studies are needed.


To most of us, learning something "the hard way" implies wasted time and effort. Good teaching, we believe, should be creatively tailored to the different learning styles of students and should use strategies that make learning easier. "Make It Stick "turns fashionable ideas like these on their head. Drawing on recent discoveries in cognitive psychology and other disciplines, the authors offer concrete techniques for becoming more productive learners.Memory plays a central role in our ability to carry out complex cognitive tasks, such as applying knowledge to problems never before encountered and drawing inferences from facts already known. New insights into how memory is encoded, consolidated, and later retrieved have led to a better understanding of how we learn. Grappling with the impediments that make learning challenging leads both to more complex mastery and better retention of what was learned.Many common study habits and practice routines turn out to be counterproductive. Underlining and highlighting, rereading, cramming, and single-minded repetition of new skills create the illusion of mastery, but gains fade quickly. More complex and durable learning come from self-testing, introducing certain difficulties in practice, waiting to re-study new material until a little forgetting has set in, and interleaving the practice of one skill or topic with another. Speaking most urgently to students, teachers, trainers, and athletes, "Make It Stick "will appeal to all those interested in the challenge of lifelong learning and self-improvement.


Fast Downward is a classical planning system based on heuristic search. It can deal with general deterministic planning problems encoded in the propositional fragment of PDDL2.2, including advanced features like ADL conditions and effects and derived predicates (axioms). Like other well-known planners such as HSP and FF, Fast Downward is a progression planner, searching the space of world states of a planning task in the forward direction. However, unlike other PDDL planning systems, Fast Downward does not use the propositional PDDL representation of a planning task directly. Instead, the input is first translated into an alternative representation called multivalued planning tasks, which makes many of the implicit constraints of a propositional planning task explicit. Exploiting this alternative representation, Fast Downward uses hierarchical decompositions of planning tasks for computing its heuristic function, called the causal graph heuristic, which is very different from traditional HSP-like heuristics based on ignoring negative interactions of operators.

In this article, we give a full account of Fast Downward's approach to solving multivalued planning tasks. We extend our earlier discussion of the causal graph heuristic to tasks involving axioms and conditional effects and present some novel techniques for search control that are used within Fast Downward's best-first search algorithm: preferred operators transfer the idea of helpful actions from local search to global best-first search, deferred evaluation of heuristic functions mitigates the negative effect of large branching factors on search performance, and multiheuristic best-first search combines several heuristic evaluation functions within a single search algorithm in an orthogonal way. We also describe efficient data structures for fast state expansion (successor generators and axiom evaluators) and present a new non-heuristic search algorithm called focused iterative-broadening search, which utilizes the information encoded in causal graphs in a novel way.

Fast Downward has proven remarkably successful: It won the "classical" (i. e., propositional, non-optimising) track of the 4th International Planning Competition at ICAPS 2004, following in the footsteps of planners such as FF and LPG. Our experiments show that it also performs very well on the benchmarks of the earlier planning competitions and provide some insights about the usefulness of the new search enhancements.


False failure returns are products that are returned by consumers to retailers with no functional or cosmetic defect. The cost of a false failure return includes the processing actions of testing, refurbishing (if necessary), repackaging, the loss in value during the time the product spends in the reverse supply chain (a time that can exceed several months for many firms), and the loss in revenue because the product is sold at a discounted price. This cost is significant and is incurred primarily by the manufacturer. Reducing false failure returns, however, requires effort primarily from the retailer, for example informing consumers about the exact product that best fits their needs. We address the problem of reducing false failure returns via supply chain coordination methods. Specifically, we propose a target rebate contract that pays the retailer a specific dollar amount per each unit of false failure returns below a target. This target rebate provides an incentive to the retailer to increase her effort, thus decreasing the number of false failures and (potentially) increasing net sales. We show that this contract is Pareto improving in the majority of cases. Our results also indicate that the profit improvement to both parties, and the supply chain, is substantial.


The northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus occurs in a variety of forest
types over most of North America, with disjunct populations in the southern
Appalachians, Black Hills, southern Rocky Mountains, and Sierra Nevada (Wells-
Gosling and Heaney, 1984). A subspecies of sabrinus, the Carolina northern flying
squirrel, sabrinus coloratus, is a small nocturnal flying squirrel found in the southern
Appalachians. One population of Carolina northern flying squirrel occurs within
hemlock-northern hardwood forests along the Cherohala Skyway in western North
Carolina. This subspecies was listed as federally endangered on July 1, 1985 (U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, 1990) largely due to declining populations from habitat loss (Loeb
et al., 2000). I sought to determine if the larger habitat surrounding the areas of
documented squirrel activity is suitable for squirrel persistence, how habitat size and
quality compares between sites with squirrel activity and other sites, and what types of
foods the squirrels were consuming.
Vegetation surveys of sites with documented G. s. coloratus activity, either den
sites or capture sites, and paired random sites approximately 70 meters away were
conducted. In addition to general habitat knowledge, these surveys provided information
for GIS analysis of the larger habitat around the three focal areas. Using ArcGIS v. 9.3.1 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA), a model delineating potential Carolina northern flying
squirrel habitat based on six parameters: slope, elevation, aspect, spectral signature of den
sites, soil types, and tree height data was created. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
and sequencing was performed on G. s. coloratus scat samples to determine fungal or
bacterial diet composition.
Vegetation surveys revealed G. s. coloratus were utilizing habitat from hemlock
to northern hardwood forest and habitat patches that were similar to nearby areas along
the Cherohala Skyway. The GIS model revealed an area of potential G. s. coloratus
habitat to the north (Stratton Bald). Though the distance from Stratton Bald to my three
study sites exceeds G. s. coloratus travel distance, the model also revealed an area much
closer than Stratton Bald of smaller suitable patches grouped relatively close together.
BLAST results of sequenced DGGE bands of squirrel scat revealed similarity to common
fungi, including both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.


This paper examines the interaction of G7 real exchange rates with real output and interest rate differentials. Using cointegration methods, we generally find a link between the real exchange rate and the real interest differential. This finding contrasts with the majority of the extant research on the real exchange rate - real interest rate link. We identify a new measure of the equilibrium exchange rate in terms of the permanent component of the real exchange rate that is consistent with the dynamic equilibrium given by the cointegration relation. Furthermore, the presence of cointegration also allows us to identify real, nominal and transitory disturbances with only minimal identifying restrictions. Our findings suggest that persistent deviations of real exchange rates from their equilibrium value can have feedback effects on the underlying fundamentals, hence altering the equilibrium exchange rate itself. This has important implications for the persistence measures of real exchange rates that are reported elsewhere in the literature.


This paper presents evidence to defend the Malay as legitimate sons of the soil. The arguments are supported by linguistic, archeological, paleoanthropological, prehistorian, botanical, genetic and forensic evidence. The bulk of the sources on indigenous concept of the sons of the soil are the Malay classical texts. Based those sources, it is argued that the Malays are entitled to be regarded as legitimate sons of the soil, firstly, their ancestors were not migrants, instead originated from the Nusantara region; secondly, their ancestors were the first who constituted the political establishment or effective administration in Nusantara in general and in Malaysia in particular; thirdly, the status of the Malay masses as the sons of the soil had been legitimized by the Malay Sultanates, a single supreme authority over all matter on the Malay sovereignty of all time till today; and, fourthly, the Malay themselves constituted the concept of sons of the soil and also the geo-political entity called Tanah Melayu (the Malay Land) long before the coming of foreign influences.


In this paper the author reports on the use of Theater of the Oppressed in a long-term critical ethnography. Building on the work of performative ethnographers, she reviews the literature on the uses of drama in qualitative research and explores the traditional research lines that are blurred in the process. More important, she details the experiences collecting and analyzing data using Theater of the Oppressed. In other published accounts of performative ethnography, data collection is emphasized and data analysis is not usually discussed, in part, because the line between data collection and analysis is blurred in the use of theater as inquiry. The author not only examines that blurring but suggests a method of analysis that others might find useful. The study focused on the integration of English language learners in a Midwestern U.S. high school. The author used Theater of the Oppressed with teachers to explore their role in the bullying activities of students. The analysis reveals changes in awareness witnessed through the drama.


This book examines some of the key policy, financial and managerial aspects of public-private partnerships within the context of the global spread of this form of procurement. The chapters investigate political and institutional issues surrounding PPPs, together with the financial and managerial strategies employed by the private sector. Adopting a cross-disciplinary perspective, the book highlights the often politically sensitive nature of these projects and identifies a need for the private sector to investigate a broad set of parameters which relate to the particular political economy of individual partnerships. Policy, Finance & Management for Public-Private Partnerships covers a range of specific issues, including: partnerships in developing countries; innovation in partnership-based procurement; government and business interaction; institutional and organisational approaches to facilitating partnership; project and corporate financing; risk and value management; market analysis, modelling and forecasting; capital structure decisions and management; investment theory and practice; pricing and cost evaluation; statutory regulations and their financial implications; option pricing; financial monitoring; syndicate funding; new roles for the financial and insurance sectors; institutional and multilateral funding; payment mechanisms; concession period determination; risk analysis and management; whole life value methodology; cost comparators and best value; team building, team work and skill development.


Previous research has provided insight into teachers' adaptations during instruction (Duffy et al., 2008), yet it has not been determined what knowledge teachers draw upon to make their decisions. Therefore, this study examines the knowledge teachers draw upon to make adaptations during instruction. Two case studies were conducted with first-grade teachers during science and social studies instruction. I observed to collect the adaptations the teachers made during instruction and in post-lesson interviews I asked the teachers to confirm the adaptations, to give rationales for why they adapted and to explain the knowledge they drew upon to make the adaptation. Adaptations, rationales, and knowledge categories were coded and analyzed to determine the categories of knowledge teachers relied upon to make adaptations during lessons. I found the categories of adaptations, rationales, and knowledge the two teachers used were related to one another, but not in the way that I had anticipated. The teachers used categories of adaptations, rationales and knowledge that seem to put students at the foundation of thoughtfully adaptive research.


: Personal health record (PHR) is an emerging patient-centric model of health information exchange, which is often outsourced to be stored at a third party, such as cloud providers. However, there have been wide privacy concerns as personal health information could be exposed to those third party servers and to unauthorized parties. To assure the patients' control over access to their own PHRs, it is a promising method to encrypt the PHRs before outsourcing. Yet, issues such as risks of privacy exposure, scalability in key management, flexible access and efficient user revocation, have remained the most important challenges toward achieving fine-grained, cryptographically enforced data access control. In this paper, we propose a novel patient-centric framework and a suite of mechanisms for data access control to PHRs stored in semi-trusted servers. To achieve fine-grained and scalable data access control for PHRs, we leverage attribute based encryption (ABE) techniques to encrypt each patient's PHR file. Different from previous works in secure data outsourcing, we focus on the multiple data owner scenario, and divide the users in the PHR system into multiple security domains that greatly reduces the key management complexity for owners and users. A high degree of patient privacy is guaranteed simultaneously by exploiting multi-authority ABE. Our scheme also enables dynamic modification of access policies or file attributes, supports efficient on-demand user/attribute revocation and break-glass access under emergency scenarios. Extensive analytical and experimental results are presented which show the security, scalability and efficiency of our proposed scheme.


This paperback edition of How To Photograph Absolutely Everything by renowned photographer, author, and broadcaster Tom Ang, delivers exactly what the title promises. Avoiding intimidating technical jargon, he explains the basic elements of photography - light, color, composition, and focus - then goes on to show how to make them work for you. From still lifes to children's parties, thunderstorms to sunsets, close-ups to panoramas, every photographic subject, technique, and challenge is covered. Using step-by-step photographs and instructions, Tom shows you how to take the best possible picture in any situation. Want to photograph city lights at night, animals in action, a family portrait? Tom makes it easy. Employing a user-friendly "recipe" formula, he shows you the best approach for each subject, gives expert tips on improving an image, and tells you how to set up your camera - so you really can't go wrong. Inspiring galleries at the end of each section describe alternative techniques to try for every subject. There are also tips on basic post-production, showing how to crop, improve color and contrast, and remove unwanted elements of an image. How to Photograph Absolutely Everything guarantees to make a better, more confident photographer of absolutely everyone who reads it.


Goobie, Beth. Jason's Why.  Markham: Red Deer Press, 2012, Print As "Jason's Why" opens nine-year-old Jason is waiting as his mother carries his things down the stairs, waiting to be taken to a group home. His mother, in her "nice voice" has labelled him "a problem", claiming he is unmanageable when he screams and hits out, so now the social worker is coming to take him away. At the group home, mistrusting the adults, he hides food in case they do not feed him, watches the hands and feet of the adults in case they hit him, and picks fights with the boys at school so that they will respect him. Jason is living out what he has experienced, his frustration taken out in anger. All he truly wants is to be home with his mother and his little sister. He loves Linda and wants to protect her. The story is told in his own words, a simple direct vocabulary and short sentences which give a sense of his pent-up frustration. It is as he meets the calm disciplined approach of the adults now around him that he begins to calm down. He finds that he can relate more easily with them, and that his humour will encourage acceptance, at last, from the boys at school where his violence was self-defeating. Beth Goobie has an important message here. We feel that Jason's violence and frustration has been learned first hand from his family's violence, but the picture can be ameliorated by care, patience and genuine concern. Now for the difficulty, the book is written in the first person in a simple direct vocabulary and style. This is the voice of a poorly-educated nine-year-old. It brings us a believable hurting child, however I think it is a book that few children will pick up and read on their own, rather it is one to be shared and discussed in a class situation. Many nine-year-olds will be reading at a more advanced level and will be bored by the simple vocabulary and many will not relate easily to the circumstances of the story. There are also moments, too, when expressions or descriptions give away the adult voice behind Jason's story. When Joe explains how and why the staff restrain the boys when they become violent, or when Jason uses an expression like "a big bubble of mad" inside him you sense a narrator other than Jason. These are surely adult explanations of emotions hard for children to express. However the story will go a long way, with adult commentary, to explain to children, who may have an anguished child in their midst, exactly what is happening and what that child may have endured. Recommendation: 2 stars out of 4 Reviewer: Andrea Deakin Andrea has been involved with books since she was class librarian in Primary School; she later served as school librarian in schools both in England and in Canada, except for the first two years in Canada where she arrived in 1959. When she retired from teaching ( English and History) she was invited to review in February 1971, and continued to review for press, radio, and finally on the Internet (Deakin Newsletter from Okanagan College) until she retired in 2011. Forty years seemed sufficient, although she still cannot keep her nose out of good children's and YA fare.


[1] On Monday, 19 July, and Tuesday, 20 July 2004, the air over Houston, Texas, appeared abnormally hazy. Transport model results and data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), the Measurement of Ozone by Airbus In-service airCraft (MOZAIC) experiment, and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) indicate that an air mass originating on 12 July 2004 over forest fires in eastern Alaska and western Canada arrived in Houston about 1 week later. Ozonesonde data from Houston on 19 and 20 July show elevated ozone at the surface (>125 ppbv) and even higher concentrations aloft (∼150 ppbv of ozone found 2 km above the surface) as compared to more typical profiles. Integrated ozone columns from the surface to 5 km increased from 17–22 DU (measured in the absence of the polluted air mass) to 34–36 DU on 19 and 20 July. The average on 20 July 2004 of the 8-hour maximum ozone values recorded by surface monitors across the Houston area was the highest of any July day during the 2001–2005 period. The combination of the ozone observations, satellite data, and model results implicates the biomass burning effluence originating in Alaska and Canada a week earlier in exacerbating pollution levels seen in Houston.


Teeming with chatrooms, online discussion groups, and blogs, the Internet offers previously unimagined opportunities for personal expression and communication. But theres a dark side to the story. A trail of information fragments about us is forever preserved on the Internet, instantly available in a Google search. A permanent chronicle of our private livesoften of dubious reliability and sometimes totally falsewill follow us wherever we go, accessible to friends, strangers, dates, employers, neighbors, relatives, and anyone else who cares to look. This engrossing book, brimming with amazing examples of gossip, slander, and rumor on the Internet, explores the profound implications of the online collision between free speech and privacy.Daniel Solove, an authority on information privacy law, offers a fascinating account of how the Internet is transforming gossip, the way we shame others, and our ability to protect our own reputations. Focusing on blogs, Internet communities, cybermobs, and other current trends, he shows that, ironically, the unconstrained flow of information on the Internet may impede opportunities for self-development and freedom. Long-standing notions of privacy need review, the author contends: unless we establish a balancebetweenprivacy and free speech, we may discover that the freedom of the Internet makes us less free. (11/01/2007)


From challenges to his citizenship to assertions about his religion, no U.S. leader has had to endure the relentless bombardment of fabrications and falsehoods that continue to stalk President Obama. The same is true for his signature domestic program, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (the "ACA" or "Affordable Care Act"). According to FactCheck.org, "We've seldom seen a piece of legislation so widely misrepresented, and misunderstood, as the new health care law." Against this backdrop, it is critically important for sober-minded legal analysts to navigate carefully when moving through the minefield of factual claims on which constitutional challenges to health care reform are based. For some branches of constitutional law, social and economic facts matter little or not at all. This is not the case, however, for challenges to the Affordable Care Act, which raise four basic constitutional arguments: 1) that mandating individuals to purchase health insurance is not "necessary and proper" to regulating how insurance is sold in interstate commerce; 2) that mandating coverage regulates the merely passive decision to remain outside the health insurance market and to pay for care out-of-pocket; 3) that various regulatory provisions violate individual rights protected by the Fifth Amendment; and 4) that federal requirements "commandeer" states and therefore violate their sovereign authority. These constitutional charges depend heavily on how people and institutions behave, and how insurance markets function, under and prior to the reform law. Fortunately, the health care sector has been studied thoroughly, so a great deal of empirical information can be marshaled to evaluate the strength of constitutional attacks and defenses, avoiding the need for lengthy trials or uncertain speculation. Thus, this article aims to collect the full range of available empirical data that sheds light on the factual bases for this range of legal challenges, by documenting more accurately what the Affordable Care Act actually does, and the most credible projections of its probable impacts. The single most important fact to understand is the heavy concentration of overall medical costs in a relatively few people who have very high costs. The extreme magnitude of differential health risk explains the private insurance market's most perplexing dynamics – ones that the Affordable Care Act aims to remedy. The ACA targets several troubling phenomena, each of which derives from the basic fact that insurers stand to gain a great deal by avoiding or appropriately pricing people with higher risks. With this baseline of understanding clearly in mind, major elements of the constitutional challenges have very weak or no factual support. Health insurance markets cannot be effectively regulated to eliminate medical underwriting without also requiring that most people purchase or obtain coverage. People who opt out of coverage are likely to use health care services they do not fully pay for, imposing additional costs on those who do purchase or fund coverage. And, states are not coerced into implementing federal reform. Instead, they retain numerous freedoms to craft market reforms to fit local market conditions, to fall back on federal default options, or even to opt out of Medicaid, if they believe that is truly in the best interests of their citizens. These and other points of fact undercut the vast majority of colorable constitutional claims that opponents have made.


The synthesis of 2 new senes of potential hard - soft donor ligands has been investigated. These ligands have the general formula [ph;J>(CH2)nP(O)PhR] where:
n=I [R==CH3 (MPPMO), R=C2Hs (EPPMO), R=C3H7 (PPPMO), R=CJI9 (BPPMO)] n=2 [R=CH3 (MPPEO), R=C~s (EPPEO), R=C3H7 (PPPEO), R=CJI9 (BPPEO)].
The ligands are made by a 2 step process. Firstly, careful alkylation of the appropriate diphosphine leads to monophosphonium salts. Subsequent alkaline hydrolysis of these intermediates produces the corresponding diphosphine monoxides in high yields. The substituent R group bonded to the P=O group, corresponds to the alkyl group on the alkylating agent.
The study involved examination of a range of experimental conditions for both steps. This lead to different optimal experimental conditions for each synthesis depending on the nature of R for alkylation, the critical factor was the strict stoichiometric 1: 1 addition of starting material to alkylating agent, as any excess lead to disalt formation. Alkylating agents of high reactivity were pre-dissolved in the solvent and required drop-wise addition in the form of a dilute solution, while those oflower reactivity were added as neat ligands. These lower reactivity alkylating agents also required the application of heat, but only after an initial quantity of mono salt had formed. Hydrolysis of these alkali resistant salts was achieved by substitution of most of the water in the reaction medium by the aprotic solvent, tetrahydrofuran.
Union Carbide had previously prepared stable well characterised rhodium(I) complexes containing the related chelated ligand [ph;J>(CH2)nP(O)Ph2] where n=l (DPPMO), n=2 (DPPEO); and had reported their use in catalyst hydroformylation and carbonylation reactions. The proposed mechanism involves chelate ring opening and closing via the p=o to rhodium bond.
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of changing the nature of the R group bonded to the P=O unit. Changing the R group might be expected to affect the co-ordinating power of the P=O group (i.e. varying the hardness of the oxygen donor atom affects its ability to co-ordinate to the soft rhodium cation). Thus, if the above mechanism for catalysis is in operation, changes might be expected to be observed in catalyst efficiency as the ease of ring opening and closing varies. A re-examination of the Union Carbide experiments had been made by workers at B.P. Chemicals' and while this agreed with the trends of the Union Carbide work, there was need for a more detailed study.
Part of the study reported here was carried out in the laboratories of B.P. Chemicals'. Despite taking great care in reproducing the experimental conditions of the earlier work, little difference was found between the catalytic efficiency of the diphosphine oxide ligand and PPh3. This threw doubt on the proposed mechanism A separate set of experiments performed at Kingston University substantiated, these findings.
These results suggest a mechanism involving active species containing unidentate P¬bonded coordination of ligands. Variation in efficiency was only observed in the case of the bulkiest R group (n-butyl) and this can be ascribed to a steric effect.
For the carbonylation of methanol, it had been reported that [RhCI(CO)(DPPEO)] is the precursor to an active catalyst containing P-bonded unidentate ligands. Catalyst stability in this system is attributed to ligand hemilability allowing alteration between the chelated resting state of the catalyst and an active species containing the unidentate P-bonded ligand. This contrasts with other reports in which a wide range of rhodium - phosphine catalyst precursors all generated [Rbl2(CO)2f as the active species. The present work measured average reaction rates for catalysis by homogeneous rhodium systems containing PPh3, DPPMO, MPPMO and PPPMO. - The rates were almost identical, evidence which is consistent with generation of [Rbl2(CO)2f in each case.


The REgents PARk and Tower Environmental
Experiment (REPARTEE) comprised two campaigns in London
in October 2006 and October/November 2007. The experiment
design involved measurements at a heavily trafficked
roadside site, two urban background sites and an elevated
site at 160–190m above ground on the BT Tower,
supplemented in the second campaign by Doppler lidar measurements
of atmospheric vertical structure. A wide range
of measurements of airborne particle physical metrics and
chemical composition were made as well as measurements
of a considerable range of gas phase species and the fluxes of
both particulate and gas phase substances. Significant findings
include (a) demonstration of the evaporation of trafficgenerated
nanoparticles during both horizontal and vertical
atmospheric transport; (b) generation of a large base of information
on the fluxes of nanoparticles, accumulation mode
particles and specific chemical components of the aerosol
and a range of gas phase species, as well as the elucidation
of key processes and comparison with emissions inventories;
(c) quantification of vertical gradients in selected aerosol and
trace gas species which has demonstrated the important role
of regional transport in influencing concentrations of sulphate,
nitrate and secondary organic compounds within the
atmosphere of London; (d) generation of new data on the
atmospheric structure and turbulence above London, including
the estimation of mixed layer depths; (e) provision of
new data on trace gas dispersion in the urban atmosphere
through the release of purposeful tracers; (f) the determination
of spatial differences in aerosol particle size distributions
and their interpretation in terms of sources and physicochemical
transformations; (g) studies of the nocturnal oxidation
of nitrogen oxides and of the diurnal behaviour of nitrate
aerosol in the urban atmosphere, and (h) new information on
the chemical composition and source apportionment of particulate
matter size fractions in the atmosphere of London
derived both from bulk chemical analysis and aerosol mass
spectrometry with two instrument types.


David Finkelhor is the Director of the Crimes against Children Research Center, Co-Director of the Family Research Laboratory and Professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire. He has been studying the problems of child victimization, child maltreatment and family violence since 1977. He is well known for his conceptual and empirical work on the problem of child sexual abuse, reflected in publications such as Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse (Sage, 1986) and Nursery Crimes (Sage, 1988). He has also written about child homicide, missing and abducted children, children exposed to domestic and peer violence and other forms of family violence. In his recent work, he has tried to unify and integrate knowledge about all the diverse forms of child victimization in a field he has termed Developmental Victimology. He is editor and author of 11 books and over 150 journal articles and book chapters. He has received grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, and the US Department of Justice, and a variety of other sources. In 1994, he was given the Distinguished Child Abuse Professional Award by the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children and in 2004 he was given the Significant Achievement Award from the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers. This lecture was presented at the University of Miami School of Education, February 19, 2009. Duration: 1 hr. 23 min. Real Media client required.


This Issue Brief examines recent cases addressing the patent eligibility of computer-implemented method claims and their implications for the development of cloud computing technologies. Despite the Supreme Court's refusal to endorse the machine-or-transformation test as the exclusive patent eligibility inquiry, lower courts have continued to invalidate method claims using a stringent "particular machine" requirement alongside the requisite abstract ideas analysis. This Issue Brief argues that 1) post-Bilski v. Kappos cases have failed to elucidate what constitutes a particular machine for computer-implemented methods; 2) in light of substantial variance among Federal Circuit judges' Section 101 jurisprudence, the application of the particular machine requirement has become subject to a high degree of panel-dependency, such that its relevance for analyzing software method claims has come under question; 3) notwithstanding the unease expressed by practitioners and scholars for the future of cloud computing patents, the courts' hardening stance toward computer-implemented method claims will do little to deter patenting in the cloud computing context. Instead, clouds delivering platform and software services will remain capable of satisfying the particular machine requirement and supporting patent eligibility, especially given the possible dilution of the particular machine requirement itself.


We present a comparison of instruments measuring nitrogen oxide species from an aircraft during the 2015 Wintertime INvestigation of Transport, Emissions, and Reactivity (WINTER) campaign over the northeast United States. Instrument techniques compared here include chemiluminescence (CL), thermal dissociation laser‐induced fluorescence (TD‐LIF), cavity ring‐down spectroscopy (CRDS), high‐resolution time of flight, iodide‐adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometry (I‐CIMS), and aerosol mass spectrometry. Species investigated include NO2, NO, total nitrogen oxides (NOy), N2O5, ClNO2, and HNO3. Particulate‐phase nitrate is also included for comparisons of HNO3 and NOy. Instruments generally agreed within reported uncertainties, with individual flights sometimes showing much better agreement than the data set taken as a whole, due to flight‐to‐flight slope changes. NO measured by CRDS and CL showed an average relative slope of 1.16 ± 0.01 across all flights, which is outside of combined uncertainties. The source of the error was not identified. For NO2 measured by CRDS and TD‐LIF the average was 1.02 ± 0.00; for NOy measured by CRDS and CL the average was 1.01 ± 0.00; and for N2O5 measured by CRDS and I‐CIMS the average was 0.89 ± 0.01. NOy budget closure to within 20% is demonstrated. We observe nonlinearity in NO2 and NOy correlations at concentrations above ~30 ppbv that may be related to the NO discrepancy noted above. For ClNO2 there were significant differences between I‐CIMS and TD‐LIF, potentially due in part to the temperature used for thermal dissociation. Although the fraction of particulate nitrate measured by the TD‐LIF is not well characterized, it improves comparisons to include particulate measurements.


It has long been known that in some relatively simple reinforcement learning tasks traditional strength-based classifier systems will adapt poorly and show poor generalisation. In contrast, the more recent accuracy-based XCS, appears both to adapt and generalise well. In this work, we attribute the difference to what we call strong over general and fit over general rules. We begin by developing a taxonomy of rule types and considering the conditions under which they may occur. In order to do so an extreme simplification of the classifier system is made, which forces us toward qualitative rather than quantitative analysis. We begin with the basics, considering definitions for correct and incorrect actions, and then correct, incorrect, and overgeneral rules for both strength and accuracy-based fitness. The concept of strong overgeneral rules, which we claim are the Achilles' heel of strength-based classifier systems, are then analysed. It is shown that strong overgenerals depend on what we call biases in the reward function (or, in sequential tasks, the value function). We distinguish between strong and fit overgeneral rules, and show that although strong overgenerals are fit in a strength-based system called SB-XCS, they are not in XCS. Next we show how to design fit overgeneral rules for XCS (but not SB-XCS), by introducing biases in the variance of the reward function, and thus that each system has its own weakness. Finally, we give some consideration to the prevalence of reward and variance function bias, and note that non-trivial sequential tasks have highly biased value functions.


"Xishuangbanna is a magic and beautiful place." Whenever there is an introduction of the place, it almost always starts with the sentence. Xishuangbanna, where Dai ethnic group lives, locates at the Southwest borderland of China. Dai people is one of the 55 minority nationalities in China with unique culture. The popular images of Xishuangbannan in the media are the Dai golden Buddhist temples shining through the trees of the tropic forest, Dai bamboo houses on stilts by the river; and beautiful Dai girls with their colourful dresses in the Spreading Water Festival. In China's reform era, hundreds and thousands of people have been drawn to Xishuangbanna because of those popular representations. To both domestic and international tourists, this place is full of myth and fantasy; just as the 1982 Chinese film "The Peacock Princess" depicted.

To Chinese domestic tourists, Xishuangbanna is also another version of "Shi Wai Tao Yuan – A Peach-Blossom Land outside This World", a utopia. The term was used for the poetic imagery depicted in Tao Hua Yuan Ji by the famous Chinese poet Tao Yuanming in the Jin Dynasty (265-420). With the tourist industry developing rapidly in China, it is not surprise that 'Shi Wai Tao Yuan' has been identified as a real place in Guilin, Guangxi province. The advertisement for the place boasts 'a charming rural location, folk customs and fascinating minority buildings and architecture'. Somehow, Xishuangbanna is a 'Shi Wai Tao Yuan' but a different one; because it lives in the myth and fantasy of a different culture, as the film 'The Peacock Princess' shows. This study will investigate the connection between exoticized Chinese literary representations of Xishuangbanna and the material transformations of the place since the 1990s when the tourist industry developed in the region.

One of the most popular tourist sites in Xishuangbanna is Dai Ethnic Park. It is consisted of five natural villages and their one-thousand year old Buddhist Temple. Different from a typical theme park, Dai Ethnic Park is still the villagers' home and living space. Villagers, who used to be farmers, are increasingly giving up the farming and working in the tourist industry as contract workers. Under the tourists' gaze and spectacle, villagers in the park organise the local performance for tourists, make the Dai handicraft for sell and cook the Dai food for visitors who live in their houses. Yet at the same time in the same space, they are also carrying on with their own life. This study will explore the tensions between nostalgia for a fantasized place and the lived experience of that place, and probably even more importantly, how this place has also been shaped by the culture favoured and produced by the local people.


This esteemed work includes an unprecedented historical narrative of the forty saints of the renowned Naqshbandi Golden Chain, dating back to Prophet Muhammad in the early seventh century. With close personal ties to the most recent saints, the author has painstakingly compiled rare accounts of their miracles, disciplines, and how they have lent spiritual support throughout the world for fifteen centuries. In simple terms, the book outlines practical steps to develop stress, anger and time management, and to identify and prioritize what is truly important in life, all of which "awakens" the inner self to a higher dimension of spiritual consciousness. Traditional Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition is a shining tribute to developing human relations at the highest level, and the power of spirituality to uplift humanity from its lower nature to that of spiritual triumph. Detailed life stories of the Masters of the Golden Chain Descriptions of the Qualifications for Mastery Over 200 pages about Naqshbandi Master Mawlana Shaykh Nazim Adil al-Haqqani Shariah citations in support of Tassawuf, Dhikr, Seclusion, Bayah, Salawat, etc.


Roy, Philip. Outlaw in India . Vancouver: Ronsdale Press, 2012. Print. This adventurous story, set in India, is the fifth novel in Philip Roy's Submarine Outlaw series. It begins in the harbour of Kochi, India, on the southern tip of India's west coast - and what a beginning! An innocent daytime exploration of the harbour leaves Alfred, a 16-year-old world traveler, sending his submarine into dive mode to avoid the depth charges fired from an Indian navy frigate. Deafened by three charges intended to force his surrender, and without electricity in the submarine, Alfred has no choice but to return to the harbour to seek medical treatment and to repair his vessel. Once safely on land, Alfred connects with 10-year-old Radji; a rare character in children's literature, let alone one portrayed so prominently. Radji is an Untouchable, a member of the Dalit caste in India, the lowest of the low. Unable to accompany Alfred into stores and restaurants, Radji waits outside, sometimes even forced to move on by angry shopkeepers. Shocked and horrified by the injustice of this treatment of a fellow human being, Alfred finally realizes the futility of insisting Radji be granted the right to enter a store and leaves Radji outside an electrician's shop. To his confusion, the shopkeeper invites Radji inside his shop and writes Alfred a stern message: "We are all God's children". From this experience Alfred learns "[not] to let the actions of others teach me how to act, especially when their actions are unkind". Due to a desperate yet clever act of duplicity, Alfred is forced to accept Radji on his submarine as a temporary traveling partner. Upon arriving in Goa, a major harbour north of Kochi, the two meet eccentric, elderly, Melissa Honeychurch. Lonely, and curious about Alfred and Radji's unlikely friendship, she convinces the two to sail 35 miles upriver to her home, where they dock the submarine and find comfort in her company and in her cooking. Eager for some overland exploration, Alfred and Radji travel first to Mumbai and then to Varanasi. Roy's knowledge of and ability to describe the uniqueness of India is apparent to this reviewer who has herself visited both cities as a backpacker.  Roy's rich use of simile will appeal to the older reader, while his concise style allows this novel to be accessible to the 9- to12-year-old reader. The overall tone is thoughtful and philosophical without dragging the reader too deeply into the challenges that plague India as a developing nation. A middle school with a Humanities curriculum would be well served to add this title to a list of recommended reads in multicultural literature. Must the first four novels be read prior to picking up this fifth? Most certainly not. This reviewer will continue on a reverse journey through the series and looks forward to learning more about the secondary characters mentioned in this novel, and of course, living vicariously through Alfred's adventures. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Jessica Levitt Jessica Levitt is a teacher-librarian in a K-12 independent school in Delta, BC. She has recently discovered how a well-written book review can impact indirect readers' advisory.


Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Real-Life Problems as Motivation for Model Building. 1.2 Issues in Modelling Continuous Predictors. 1.3 Types of Regression Model Considered. 1.4 Role of Residuals. 1.5 Role of Subject-Matter Knowledge in Model Development. 1.6 Scope of Model Building in our Book. 1.7 Modelling Preferences. 1.8 General Notation. 2. Selection of Variables. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Background. 2.3 Preliminaries for a Multivariable Analysis. 2.4 Aims of Multivariable Models. 2.5 Prediction: Summary Statistics and Comparisons. 2.6 Procedures for Selecting Variables. 2.7 Comparison of Selection Strategies in Examples. 2.8 Selection and Shrinkage. 2.9 Discussion. 3. Handling Categorical and Continuous Predictors. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Types of Predictor. 3.3 Handling Ordinal Predictors. 3.4 Handling Counting and Continuous Predictors: Categorization. 3.5 Example: Issues in Model Building with Categorized Variables. 3.6 Handling Counting and Continuous Predictors: Functional Form. 3.7 Empirical Curve Fitting. 3.8 Discussion. 4. Fractional Polynomials for One Variable. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Background. 4.3 Definition and Notation. 4.4 Characteristics. 4.5 Examples of Curve Shapes with FP1 and FP2 Functions. 4.6 Choice of Powers. 4.7 Choice of Origin. 4.8 Model Fitting and Estimation. 4.9 Inference. 4.10 Function Selection Procedure. 4.11 Scaling and Centering. 4.12 FP Powers as Approximations to Continuous Powers. 4.13 Presentation of Fractional Polynomial Functions. 4.14 Worked Example. 4.15 Modelling Covariates with a Spike at Zero. 4.16 Power of Fractional Polynomial Analysis. 4.17 Discussion. 5. Some Issues with Univariate Fractional Polynomial Models. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Susceptibility to Influential Covariate Observations. 5.3 A Diagnostic Plot for Influential Points in FP Models. 5.4 Dependence on Choice of Origin. 5.5 Improving Robustness by Preliminary Transformation. 5.6 Improving Fit by Preliminary Transformation. 5.7 Higher Order Fractional Polynomials. 5.8 When Fractional Polynomial Models are Unsuitable. 5.9 Discussion. 6. MFP: Multivariable Model-Building with Fractional Polynomials. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Motivation. 6.3 The MFP Algorithm. 6.4 Presenting the Model. 6.5 Model Criticism. 6.6 Further Topics. 6.7 Further Examples. 6.8 Simple Versus Complex Fractional Polynomial Models. 6.9 Discussion. 7. Interactions. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Background. 7.3 General Considerations. 7.4 The MFPI Procedure. 7.5 Example 1: Advanced Prostate Cancer. 7.6 Example 2: GBSG Breast Cancer Study. 7.7 Categorization. 7.8 STEPP. 7.9 Example 3: Comparison of STEPP with MFPI. 7.10 Comment on Type I Error of MFPI. 7.11 Continuous-by-Continuous Interactions. 7.12 Multi-Category Variables. 7.13 Discussion. 8. Model Stability. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Background. 8.3 Using the Bootstrap to Explore Model Stability. 8.4 Example 1: Glioma Data. 8.5 Example 2: Educational Body-Fat Data. 8.6 Example 3: Breast Cancer Diagnosis. 8.7 Model Stability for Functions. 8.8 Example 4: GBSG Breast Cancer Data. 8.9 Discussion. 9. Some Comparisons of MFP with Splines. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Background. 9.3 MVRS: A Procedure for Model Building with Regression Splines. 9.4 MVSS: A Procedure for Model Building with Cubic Smoothing Splines. 9.5 Example 1: Boston Housing Data. 9.6 Example 2: GBSG Breast Cancer Study. 9.7 Example 3: Pima Indians. 9.8 Example 4: PBC. 9.9 Discussion. 10. How To Work with MFP. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The Dataset. 10.3 Univariate Analyses. 10.4 MFP Analysis. 10.5 Model Criticism. 10.6 Stability Analysis. 10.7 Final Model. 10.8 Issues to be Aware of . 10.9 Discussion. 11. Special Topics Involving Fractional Polynomials. 11.1 Time-Varying Hazard Ratios in the Cox Model. 11.2 Age-specific Reference Intervals. 11.3 Other Topics. 12. Epilogue. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Towards Recommendations for Practice. 12.3 Omitted Topics and Future Directions. 12.4 Conclusion. Appendix A: Data and Software Resources. A.1 Summaries of Datasets. A.2 Datasets used more than once. A.2.1 Research Body Fat. A.2.2 GBSG Breast Cancer. A.2.3 Educational Body Fat. A.2.4 Glioma. A.2.5 Prostate Cancer. A.2.6 Whitehall I. A.2.7 PBC. A.2.8 Oral Cancer. A.2.9 Kidney Cancer. A.3 Software. Appendix B: Glossary of Abbreviations. References. Index


The convectively driven transport of soluble trace gases from the lower to the upper troposphere can occur on timescales of less than an hour, and recent studies suggest that microphysical scavenging is the dominant removal process of tropospheric ozone precursors. We examine the processes responsible for vertical transport, entrainment, and scavenging of soluble ozone precursors (formaldehyde and peroxides) for midlatitude convective storms sampled on 2 September 2013 during the Studies of Emissions, Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) study. Cloud‐resolving simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry model combined with aircraft measurements were performed to understand the effect of entrainment, scavenging efficiency (SE), and ice physics processes on these trace gases. Analysis of the observations revealed that the SEs of formaldehyde (43–53%) and hydrogen peroxide (~80–90%) were consistent between SEAC4RS storms and the severe convection observed during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment (DC3) campaign. However, methyl hydrogen peroxide SE was generally smaller in the SEAC4RS storms (4%–27%) compared to DC3 convection. Predicted ice retention factors exhibit different values for some species compared to DC3, and we attribute these differences to variations in net precipitation production. The analyses show that much larger production of precipitation between condensation and freezing levels for DC3 severe convection compared to smaller SEAC4RS storms is largely responsible for the lower amount of soluble gases transported to colder temperatures, reducing the amount of soluble gases which eventually interact with cloud ice particles.


As part of its overall trade strategy, the Bush Administration over the last year began negotiating bilateral free trade area (FTA) agreements with four regional blocs or countries. Negotiations on a U.S.-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) involving Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua began in late January 2003 and are currently scheduled to conclude this December. While negotiators have reportedly made progress in a number of areas, efforts to formulate a framework for handling agricultural trade have been slow.


The paper is devoted to solving a problem of the development of the website of Russian municipal policlinics and provides a selection of a set of elements which should be posted on a website. Such elements are necessary to provide citizens with correct and ergonomic e-services. The insufficient development of an infrastructure of institutions of public and municipal administration (particularly, healthcare institutions) in Russia made it necessary to analyze webresources used in different countries at different levels of providing medical services. The information resources of medical treatment facilities of the United Kingdom, of the United Statesrnof America and of the Federal Republic of Germany were researched separately for three existing economic models of healthcare. A set of criteria for the assessment of medical webresources was developed.


This Article examines a particular form of heretofore unexamined personal injury law practice that has proliferated across the United States. These law firms, which I call settlement mills, are characterized by their high claim volume, aggressive advertising, significant delegation to non-attorneys, entrepreneurial focus, and quick resolution of claims, typically without initiation of suit. Drawing on voluminous documents extracted from federal court and state bar disciplinary files, as well as fifty interviews with current and past law firm employees, the Article demonstrates that settlement mills represent a relatively new, largely distinct, and surprisingly prevalent form of law firm organization. After setting forth the characteristics that distinguish settlement mills from conventional personal injury practices, the Article considers the forces that have contributed to their rise, analyzes how they resolve claims in practice and to what effect, and asks why insurers (not facing a realistic threat of trial) bargain with settlement mills at all. The analysis reveals that settlement mills are not only organized differently than their conventional counterparts; they actually settle claims differently, in a manner that challenges prevailing theories of settlement as well as our basic notions of compensation through tort.


This paper investigates whether inferences drawn about a population are sensitive to the manner by which those data are obtained. It compares information obtained using participatory appraisal techniques with a survey of households randomly drawn from a locally administered census that had been carefully revised. The community map tends to include households that do not, in fact, reside in the enumerated locality. By contrast, the revised official census is slightly more likely to exclude households who actually lived in the surveyed area. Controlling for the survey technique, we find that the revised official census produces higher estimates of average household size and wealth but lower estimates of total village size or wealth, than the community map. Pairwise comparison of the survey techniques, holding the households constant, shows that the community map leads, on average, to higher estimates of household size and lower estimates of wealth.


Given a sequence $\{Q_n(x)\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ of symmetric orthogonal polynomials, defined by a recurrence formula $Q_n(x)=\nu_n\cdot x\cdot Q_{n-1}(x)-(\nu_n-1)\cdot Q_{n-2}(x)$ with integer $\nu_i$'s satisfying $\nu_i\geq 2$, we construct a sequence of nested Eulerian posets whose $ce$-index is a non-commutative generalization of these polynomials. Using spherical shellings and direct calculations of the $cd$-coefficients of the associated Eulerian posets we obtain two new proofs for a bound on the true interval of orthogonality of $\{Q_n(x)\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$. Either argument can replace the use of the theory of chain sequences. Our $cd$-index calculations allow us to represent the orthogonal polynomials as an explicit positive combination of terms of the form $x^{n-2r}(x^2-1)^r$. Both proofs may be extended to the case when the $\nu_i$'s are not integers and the second proof is still valid when only $\nu_i>1$ is required. The construction provides a new "limited testing ground" for Stanley's non-negativity conjecture for Gorenstein$^*$ posets, and suggests the existence of strong links between the theory of orthogonal polynomials and flag-enumeration in Eulerian posets.


The aim of this research is twofold: Firstly, to model and solve a complex nurse scheduling problem with an integer programming formulation and evolutionary algorithms. Secondly, to detail a novel statistical method of comparing and hence building better scheduling algorithms by identifying successful algorithm modifications. The comparison method captures the results of algorithms in a single figure that can then be compared using traditional statistical techniques. Thus, the proposed method of comparing algorithms is an objective procedure designed to assist in the process of improving an algorithm. This is achieved even when some results are non-numeric or missing due to infeasibility. The final algorithm outperforms all previous evolutionary algorithms, which relied on human expertise for modification.


A peculiar feature of the targeted killing using drone technology debate is that it appears to set up a tension between the two traditional categories of the law and ethics of war, jus in bello and jus ad bellum. The more targeted killing technologies allow more precise targeting and reducing collateral casualties and harm (jus in bello), and that moreover at less personal risk to the drone user's forces, perhaps the less inhibition that party has in resorting to force (jus ad bellum). A strong version of this claim says: The perverse effect of increasing the efficiency of jus in bello through targeted killing (reducing civilian harm and increasing military effectiveness) is to reduce the efficiency of jus ad bellum (making the resort to force too easy). Improvements in jus in bello conduct ironically makes it too easy, too unconstrained (by lack of personal risk to one's forces because of drones and lowered civilian harm because of improved targeting) to resort to force. This paper evaluates this claim, and more broadly the idea that jus in bello proportionality and jus ad bellum resort to force can each have a form of efficiency. It rejects the claim as incoherent, because the existence of sides in conflict results in incommensurable meanings of winning and losing in jus ad bellum, without which there cannot be an "optimal" level of the resort to force. The conceptual claim depends upon highly fact specific assumptions about the practice of targeted killing and drone warfare today. The essay walks through a number of these assumptions in an informal way, drawing upon the author's discussions with governmental and non-governmental actors, particularly on the question of civilian casualties, and ways in which some of the anxieties over targeted killing and drone technologies might not reflect current practices. These assumptions are ones that the reader might or might not accept, given that they are not corroborated and reflect interviews, informal, and off the record discussions that are far from conclusive. Even if the reader does not share the premises in fact, the essay invites accepting them for purposes of evaluating the ethical argument. The essay intertwines an abstract argument about efficiency in the ethics of war, and a practical part that discusses premises crucial to that abstract argument. (This is working paper v3 of 3. It runs approximately 12,000 words; it is lightly footnoted, rather than law review footnoted, intended for an academic philosophy forum.) (Note: This working paper has been superseded by a final published paper of the same title, which heavily revises this working draft. The finalized, accepted paper version can also be found at ssrn and should be regarded as the final version of the paper. Because the working paper has been extensively downloaded and cited, however, it is being left up here on ssrn. For the final accepted paper version, please see http://ssrn.com/abstract=2343955.)


Revered management thinker Peter F. Drucker is our trusted guide in this thoughtful, day-by-day companion that offers his penetrating and practical wisdom. Amid the multiple pressures of our daily work lives, The Daily Drucker provides the inspiration and advice to meet the many challenges we face. With his trademark clarity, vision, and humanity, Drucker sets out his ideas on a broad swath of key topics, from time management, to innovation, to outsourcing, providing useful insights for each day of the year. These 366 daily readings have been harvested from Drucker's lifetime of work. At the bottom of each page, the reader will find an action point that spells out exactly how to put Drucker's ideas into practice. It is as if the wisest and most action-oriented management consultant in the world is in the room, offering his timeless gems of advice. The Daily Drucker is for anyone who seeks to understand and put to use Drucker's powerful words and ideas.


We consider the two-fold problem of representing collective beliefs and aggregating these beliefs. We propose a novel representation for collective beliefs that uses modular, transitive relations over possible worlds. They allow us to represent conflicting opinions and they have a clear semantics, thus improving upon the quasi-transitive relations often used in social choice. We then describe a way to construct the belief state of an agent informed by a set of sources of varying degrees of reliability. This construction circumvents Arrow's Impossibility Theorem in a satisfactory manner by accounting for the explicitly encoded conflicts. We give a simple set-theory-based operator for combining the information of multiple agents. We show that this operator satisfies the desirable invariants of idempotence, commutativity, and associativity, and, thus, is well-behaved when iterated, and we describe a computationally eective way of computing the resulting belief state. Finally, we extend our framework to incorporate voting.


We review the literature on occupational licensing and its importance as a labor market institution. We examine five labor economics texts and find that their coverage of occupational licensing is either scant or nonexistent. We speculate on why textbooks fail to treat the topic adequately.


The book and movie "Moneyball" portray the iconoclastic general manager of a baseball team. When drafting new players, this GM de-emphasized the insights of baseball scouts as on-the-scene evaluators of a player's talents, and looked instead to statistical measures of player quality. We take this idea from baseball into the criminal courts. In this article, we argue that criminal defense organizations could meaningfully evaluate the skills of their attorneys through the use of metrics, rather than relying so heavily on the in-person observation of their work in the courtroom. Statistical performance-based rankings could support better leadership in defense attorney organizations. Rather than simply assert that a rating system is possible, we attempt in this paper to show its feasibility. We employ data from the North Carolina courts as a demonstration project to illustrate how an office might develop a rating system for the attorneys who work there. Our attorney ratings are based on the bottom line: sentencing reductions those attorneys achieve for their clients, principally through plea negotiations. We then use our tentative quality ratings to address the question of structural causes. What makes one attorney noticeably more or less effective than the typical defense lawyer? Our most surprising discovery is that experience actually has a negative correlation with performance after the first eight years: the more time an attorney has spent in the profession, the more likely that her clients will obtain a more severe sentence. We close with some reflections on other potential users of a statistical rating system, concluding that managers of defense organizations are better situated than judges, prosecutors, or clients to make wise use of ratings data.


The heterogeneity of today's access possibilities to wireless networks imposes challenges for efficient mobility support and resource management across different Radio Access Technologies (RATs). The current situation is characterized by the coexistence of various wireless communication systems, such as GSM, HSPA, LTE, WiMAX, and WLAN. These RATs greatly differ with respect to coverage, spectrum, data rates, Quality of Service (QoS), and mobility support.

In real systems, mobility-related events, such as Handover (HO) procedures, directly affect resource efficiency and End-To-End (E2E) performance, in particular with respect to signaling efforts and users' QoS. In order to lay a basis for realistic multi-radio network evaluation, a novel evaluation methodology is introduced in this thesis.

A central hypothesis of this thesis is that the consideration and exploitation of additional information characterizing user, network, and environment context, is beneficial for enhancing Heterogeneous Access Management (HAM) and Self-Optimizing Networks (SONs). Further, Mobile Network Operator (MNO) revenues are maximized by tightly integrating bandwidth adaptation and admission control mechanisms as well as simultaneously accounting for user profiles and service characteristics. In addition, mobility robustness is optimized by enabling network nodes to tune HO parameters according to locally observed conditions.

For establishing all these facets of context awareness, various schemes and algorithms are developed and evaluated in this thesis. System-level simulation results demonstrate the potential of context information exploitation for enhancing resource utilization, mobility support, self-tuning network operations, and users' E2E performance.

In essence, the conducted research activities and presented results motivate and substantiate the consideration of context awareness as key enabler for cognitive and autonomous network management. Further, the performed investigations and aspects evaluated in the scope of this thesis are highly relevant for future 5G wireless systems and current discussions in the 5G infrastructure Public Private Partnership (PPP).


Forty years ago, Israeli psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky wrote a series of studies undoing our assumptions about the decision-making process. Their papers showed the ways in which the human mind erred, systematically, when forced to make judgments in uncertain situations. Their work created the field of behavioral economics, revolutionized Big Data studies, advanced evidence-based medicine, led to a new approach to government regulation, and made much of Michael Lewis's own work possible. Kahneman and Tversky are more responsible than anybody for the powerful trend to mistrust human intuition and defer to algorithms. The Undoing Project is about a collaboration between two men who became heroes in the university and on the battlefield -- both had important careers in the Israeli military -- and whose research was deeply linked to their extraordinary life experiences. Amos Tversky was a brilliant, self-confident warrior and extrovert, the center of rapt attention in any room; Kahneman, a fugitive from the Nazis in his childhood, was an introvert whose questing self-doubt was the seedbed of his ideas. They worked together so closely that they couldn't remember whose brain originated which ideas, or who should claim credit. They flipped a coin to decide the lead authorship on the first paper they wrote, and simply alternated thereafter. This story about the workings of the human mind is explored through the personalities of two fascinating individuals so fundamentally different from each other that they seem unlikely friends or colleagues. In the process they may well have changed, for good, mankind's view of its own mind.


This anthology covers the whole of Kierkegaard's literary career. The selections range from the terse epigrams of the Journal through the famous "Diary of the Seducer" and the "Banquet" scene, in which Soren Kierkegaard reveals his great lyric and dramatic gifts, on to the philosophical and psychological works of his maturity. These are climaxed by the beautiful and moving religious discourses which accompany them; finally, there is the biting satire of his Attack upon "Christendom." This is emphatically not a collection of "snippets," but the cream of Kierkegaard, each selection interesting and intelligible in itself, and all ranking among his most important work. They are so arranged as to convey an idea of his remarkable intellectual development. Contents: A comprehensive anthology from the following works: Either/Or Fear and Trembling Stages on Life's Way Works of Love Concluding Unscientific Postscript Attack upon "Christendom" The Sickness Unto Death Philosophical Fragments and others


Summary Primary aldosteronism (PA) is characterised by aldosterone hypersecretion and represents a common cause of secondary hypertension. During diagnostic evaluation, it is essential to determine the aetiology of PA since the treatment of unilateral and bilateral disease differs significantly. Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) has been implemented as a gold standard test for the diagnosis of PA subtype. However, due to the AVS complexity, costs and limited availability, many patients with PA are being treated based on the computed tomography (CT) findings. In this article, we present two patients with discrepant CT and AVS results, demonstrating that AVS is the only reliable method for localising the source of aldosterone excess. Learning points: CT is an unreliable method for distinguishing aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) from bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH). CT can be misleading in defining lateralisation of the aldosterone excess in case of unilateral disease (APA). AVS is the gold standard test for defining the PA subtype.


Industrial software systems are large and complex, both in terms of the software entities and their relationships. Consequently, understanding how a software system works requires the ability to pose queries over the design-level entities of the system. Traditionally, this task has been supported by simple tools (e.g., grep) combined with the programmer's intuition and experience. Recently, however, specialized code query technologies have matured to the point where they can be used in industrial situations, providing more intelligent, timely, and efficient responses to developer queries. This working session aims to explore the state of the art in code query technologies, and discover new ways in which these technologies may be useful in program comprehension. The session brings together researchers and practitioners. We survey existing techniques and applications, trying to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches, and sketch out new frontiers that hold promise.


Steven Teles's book, The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement, is a case study of ideological challenge. Teles, a political scientist, emphasizes the institutional dimensions of such challenges. Relying on interviews and internal documents produced by conservative organizations, he examines the development of conservative litigating groups (i.e., conservative public interest law firms), the growth of the Federalist Society, and the embedding of law and economics within the legal academy. There have been similar studies of liberal public interest law firms and of the rise of liberal legalism in the academy, but Teles's is the first to look on the other side of the ideological divide. And, given the dominance of liberal legal ideology, his analysis brings out in sharp relief many new insights into the institutions that affect the outcomes of ideological contests. In addition, Teles connects his analysis to a broader theme in recent studies of American political development. The rise of the conservative legal movement was intimately connected to changes in the dominant political order that have occurred over the past thirty years: the decay of the New Deal-Great Society political order, and the Reagan Revolution and its limits. In these ways Teles provides a firm foundation for thinking (or perhaps merely speculating) about future developments in the institutional apparatuses associated with conservative and liberal legal thought. This Review summarizes and critiques Teles's analysis of the three components of the conservative legal movement, beginning with the least important, law and economics in the legal academy, and then turning to conservative public interest law firms and the Federalist Society. It concludes with some speculations about the future of that movement, in light of the connection Teles rightly draws between that movement and the American political regime of the late twentieth century.