For decades, policymakers and program designers have gone on the assumption that large customers, particularly industrial facilities, are the best candidates for real-time pricing (RTP). This assumption is based partly on practical considerations (large customers can provide potentially large load reductions) but also on the premise that businesses focused on production cost minimization are most likely to participate and respond to opportunities for bill savings. Yet few studies have examined the actual price response of large industrial and commercial customers in a disaggregated fashion, nor have factors such as the impacts of demand response (DR) enabling technologies, simultaneous emergency DR program participation and price response barriers been fully elucidated. This second-phase case study of Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (NMPC)'s large customer RTP tariff addresses these information needs. The results demonstrate the extreme diversity of large customers' response to hourly varying prices. While two-thirds exhibit some price response, about 20% of customers provide 75-80% of the aggregate load reductions. Manufacturing customers are most price-responsive as a group, followed by government/education customers, while other sectors are largely unresponsive. However, individual customer response varies widely. Currently, enabling technologies do not appear to enhance hourly price response; customers report using them for other purposes. The New York Independent System Operator (NYISO)'s emergency DR programs enhance price response, in part by signaling to customers that day-ahead prices are high. In sum, large customers do currently provide moderate price response, but there is significant room for improvement through targeted programs that help customers develop and implement automated load-response strategies.


Article III of the Constitution provides that the judicial Power of the United States extends to all cases arising under the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States. What the phrase arising under imports in Article III has long confounded courts and scholars. This Article examines the historical origins of Article III arising under jurisdiction. First, it describes English legal principles that governed the jurisdiction of courts of general and limited jurisdiction--principles that animated early American jurisprudence regarding the scope of arising under jurisdiction. Second, it explains how participants in the framing and ratification of the Constitution understood arising under jurisdiction to provide a limited means for ensuring the supremacy of federal law. Third, it explains how early American courts, invoking English jurisdictional principles, determined Article III arising under jurisdiction. In particular, the Article explains, in proper historical context, early Marshall Court opinions addressing the scope of Article III arising under jurisdiction, including the landmark 1824 case Osborn v. United States. Contrary to conventional characterizations of these opinions, the Marshall Court did not deem any case that might involve a federal question to be one arising under federal law. Rather, against the background of English jurisdictional principles, the Marshall Court explicated the Arising Under Clause to mean that a federal court could hear cases in which a federal law was determinative of a right or title asserted in the proceeding before it. By observing jurisdictional rules derived from English law, federal courts embraced a practice that enabled them to enforce the supremacy of federal law, but checked the extent to which they would encroach upon the jurisdiction of state courts.


The European Conference on Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) in 2008 marked 15 years of international and European CBR conferences where almost seven hundred research papers were published. In this report we review the research themes covered in these papers and identify the topics that are active at the moment. The main mechanism for this analysis is a clustering of the research papers based on both co-citation links and text similarity. It is interesting to note that the core set of papers has attracted citations from almost three thousand papers outside the conference collection so it is clear that the CBR conferences are a sub-part of a much larger whole. It is remarkable that the research themes revealed by this analysis do not map directly to the sub-topics of CBR that might appear in a textbook. Instead they reflect the applications-oriented focus of CBR research, and cover the promising application areas and research challenges that are faced.


Can a country be a democracy if its government only responds to the preferences of the rich? In an ideal democracy, all citizens should have equal influence on government policy--but as this book demonstrates, America's policymakers respond almost exclusively to the preferences of the economically advantaged. Affluence and Influence definitively explores how political inequality in the United States has evolved over the last several decades and how this growing disparity has been shaped by interest groups, parties, and elections. With sharp analysis and an impressive range of data, Martin Gilens looks at thousands of proposed policy changes, and the degree of support for each among poor, middle-class, and affluent Americans. His findings are staggering: when preferences of low- or middle-income Americans diverge from those of the affluent, there is virtually no relationship between policy outcomes and the desires of less advantaged groups. In contrast, affluent Americans' preferences exhibit a substantial relationship with policy outcomes whether their preferences are shared by lower-income groups or not. Gilens shows that representational inequality is spread widely across different policy domains and time periods. Yet Gilens also shows that under specific circumstances the preferences of the middle class and, to a lesser extent, the poor, do seem to matter. In particular, impending elections--especially presidential elections--and an even partisan division in Congress mitigate representational inequality and boost responsiveness to the preferences of the broader public. At a time when economic and political inequality in the United States only continues to rise, Affluence and Influence raises important questions about whether American democracy is truly responding to the needs of all its citizens.


This book describes the practices implemented at the Universitat Rovira i Virgili to promote the university's internationalisation. This has been one of the URV's central objectives since it was created 25 years ago and will continue to be in the future. Internationalisation is one of the driving vectors behind all universities, the crucial element that allows them to be in constant dialogue with other institutions around the world, to stay at the cutting edge of knowledge, to recruit talent and to transmit knowledge.


Protecting software from illegal access, intentional modification or reverse engineering is an inherently difficult practical problem involving code obfuscation techniques and real-time cryptographic protection of code. In traditional systems a secure element (the "dongle") is used to protect software. However, this approach suffers from several technical and economical drawbacks such as the dongle being lost or broken. We present a system that provides such dongles as a cloud service, and more importantly, provides the required cryptographic material to control access to software functionality in real-time. This system is developed as part of an ongoing nationally funded research project and is now entering a first trial stage with stakeholders from different industrial sectors.


(BHF) Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention at the University of Oxford (UK), who led the research, said: 'These figures highlight the wide inequalities between European countries in deaths from CVD. The 12 countries in which cancer has overtaken CVD as the main cause of death are all found in Western Europe, with 9 of them having been members of the EU before 2004. The highest numbers of deaths from CVD tend to be seen in Eastern European countries.' In France, where cancer was first seen to overtake CVD as the main cause of death in men, figures from the most recent year available (2011) show that 92 375 men died from cancer and 64 659 died from CVD. In Spain, the next country in which cancer overtook CVD, 67 711 men died from cancer and 53 487 died from CVD in 2013 (the year with the most recent data). In the UK in 2013, 87 511 men died from cancer and 79 935 from CVD. 'Although we have seen progress across Europe in the prevention and treatment of CVD, leading to decreases in mortality from it, it is clear that such progress is not consistent across the continent. With higher mortality from CVD still found in Eastern Europe and non-EU countries, it is clear that the progress that has been made in Western Europe and most EU countries is yet to be achieved equally throughout the region,' said Dr Townsend. Inequalities between European countries can be seen in the percentage of deaths from CVD and age standardised death rates (ASDR)—where the death rates per 100 000 of the population have been adjusted according to the proportions of people in different age groups in the population. Out of a total of 3.8 million deaths in the EU-15 countries, 33% of these were caused by CVD (1.3 million), compared to 38% of deaths in the EU-28 countries (1.9 million), and 54% of deaths in non-EU member countries (2.1 million). ASDRs from CVD ranged from 275 per 100 000 men in France and 174 per 100 000 women to 1444 per 100 000 men and 1087 per 100 000 women in Kyrgyzstan. In the UK, the figures were 334 men and 228 women per 100 000. Similar inequalities exist for premature deaths (deaths in people younger than 75). In the EU-15 countries, 21.4% of premature deaths were from CVD (0.25 million); in the EU-28 countries, 26% were from CVD (0.45 million); and in non-EU countries, 35.8% were from CVD (1.3 million). For the first time, the researchers also report the number of years of life lost to deaths from CVD or years lived with disability due to the condition, a measurement known as disability-adjusted life years (DALYS). One DALY is equivalent to one year of healthy life lost. These also underlined the inequalities between different parts of Europe. The number of DALYS lost to CVD in 2012 were highest in Ukraine (194 per 1000 of the population), Russian Federation (181 per 1000), Bulgaria (167 per 1000), Belarus (163 per 1000), and Latvia (153 per 1000). They were lowest in Luxembourg (39 per 1000), Cyprus (37 per 1000), Ireland (35 per 1000), Iceland (32 per 1000), and Israel (26 per 1000). Dr Townsend said: 'There were higher rates of years lost to death or disability due to CVD in Eastern Europe, although some differences may be due to different population distributions between countries as these rates were not standardised for age or sex.' The authors of the study call for monitoring and surveillance of CVD in order to help countries in Europe work towards reducing the inequalities seen across the continent. 'We need more research into why some countries are showing improved outcomes, while others are not,' said Dr Townsend. 'Improved data need to be collected in all countries in order to make comparisons on deaths and suffering from CVD between countries so that health professionals and national governments can target interventions more effectively to reduce inequalities.' In particular, we need better figures on the numbers of new cases and the numbers of people living with CVD across Europe, as well as better data on the hidden burden of CVD—CVD that has not been identified by health services or included in national statistics. This would be invaluable to people working in public health, to help us identify problem areas and design better prevention and treatment strategies. The authors of the study point out that their research cannot explain the reasons for the patterns in CVD seen in Europe, because it is a description of the data on CVD in order to provide an overview of the burden of the disease in Europe. This study is the authors' fourth consecutive report on CVD in Europe. Any comparisons with death rates in the reports prior to the one in 2015 should be made with caution as, for the 2015 and 2016 reports, the authors used the new European Standard Population (ESP) based on 2013 population data, which reflect the increase in the elderly population. Previous reports were based on the 1976 ESP.


On August 11, 2005, Google announced that it would not scan copyrighted books under its Print Library Project until November, so that publishers could decide whether they want to opt their incopyright books out of the project. Given the confusion in press reports describing the project, publishers should carefully study exactly what Google intends to do and understand the relevant copyright issues. This understanding should significantly diminish any anxiety publishers possess about the project.


Economists have been newsworthy critics of the policy of drug prohibition. This paper seeks to determine if these instances of criticism represent a consensus of professional opinion. A random survey of professional economists suggests that the majority supports reform of drug policy in the direction of decriminalization. A survey of professional economists who have published on the subject of drug prohibition and expressed a policy judgment indicates an even greater consensus which is critical of prohibition and supportive of policy reforms in the direction of decriminalization, and to a lesser extent, legalization.


We stand at a critical moment in Earth's history, a time when humanity must choose its future. As the world becomes increasingly interdependent and fragile, the future at once holds great peril and great promise. To move forward we must recognize that in the midst of a magnificent diversity of cultures and life forms we are one human family and one Earth community with a common destiny. We must join together to bring forth a sustainable global society founded on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice, and a culture of peace. Towards this end, it is imperative that we, the peoples of Earth, declare our responsibility to one another, to the greater community of life, and to future generations. (Preamble, The Earth Charter, 2000)


The development and function of stem and progenitor cells that produce blood cells are vital in physiology. GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2) mutations cause GATA-2 deficiency syndrome involving immunodeficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myeloid leukemia. GATA-2 physiological activities necessitate that it be strictly regulated, and cell type–specific enhancers fulfill this role. The +9.5 intronic enhancer harbors multiple conserved cis-elements, and germline mutations of these cis-elements are pathogenic in humans. Since mechanisms underlying how GATA2 enhancer disease mutations impact hematopoiesis and pathology are unclear, we generated mouse models of the enhancer mutations. While a multi-motif mutant was embryonically lethal, a single-nucleotide Ets motif mutant was viable, and steady-state hematopoiesis was normal. However, the Ets motif mutation abrogated stem/progenitor cell regeneration following stress. These results reveal a new mechanism in human genetics, in which a disease predisposition mutation inactivates enhancer regenerative activity, while sparing developmental activity. Mutational sensitization to stress that instigates hematopoietic failure constitutes a paradigm for GATA-2 deficiency syndrome and other contexts of GATA-2–dependent pathogenesis.


As the 100th anniversary of the 1913 Federal Reserve Act approaches, we assess whether the nation's experiment with the Federal Reserve has been a success or a failure. Drawing on a wide range of recent empirical research, we find the following: (1) The Fed's full history (1914 to present) has been characterized by more rather than fewer symptoms of monetary and macroeconomic instability than the decades leading to the Fed's establishment. (2) While the Fed's performance has undoubtedly improved since World War II, even its postwar performance has not clearly surpassed that of its undoubtedly flawed predecessor, the National Banking system, before World War I. (3) Some proposed alternative arrangements might plausibly do better than the Fed as presently constituted. We conclude that the need for a systematic exploration of alternatives to the established monetary system is as pressing today as it was a century ago.


Along with the plays of William Shakespeare and the works of Charles Dickens, Jane Austen's novels are among the most beloved books of Western literature. "Pride and Prejudice" (1813) was in Austen's lifetime her most popular novel, and it was the author's personal favorite. Adapted many times to the screen and stage, and the inspiration for numerous imitations, it remains today her most widely read book. Now, in this beautifully illustrated and annotated edition, distinguished scholar Patricia Meyer Spacks instructs the reader in a larger appreciation of the novel's enduring pleasures and provides analysis of Darcy, Elizabeth Bennet, Lady Catherine, and all the characters who inhabit the world of "Pride and Prejudice." This edition will be treasured by specialists and first-time readers, and especially by devoted Austen fans who think of themselves as Friends of Jane. In her Introduction, Spacks considers Austen's life and career, the continuing appeal of "Pride and Prejudice," and its power as a stimulus for fantasy (Maureen Dowd, writing in "The New York Times," can hold forth at length on Obama as a Darcy-figure, knowing full well her readers will 'understand that she wished to suggest glamour and sexiness'). Her Introduction also explores the value and art of literary annotation. In her running commentary on the novel, she provides notes on literary and historical contexts, allusions, and language likely to cause difficulty to modern readers. She offers interpretation and analysis, always with the wisdom, humor, and light touch of an experienced and sensitive teacher.


Some twenty years ago, the importance of international law, particularly for practical purposes, could be described as marginal in national legal orders in the socialist Central and Eastern European (CEE) Countries. The main reason for this was the dualist approach in regard to international law. Fundamental political and economic changes, such as the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia, marked the end of the cold war and the beginning of a transition process. The changes in national legal orders have been accompanied by substantial modifications in the area of constitutional law, mostly resulting in the adoption of entirely new or radically modified constitutions. This is true also for the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and the Russian Federation. One of the most remarkable common characteristics of the new constitutions of the CEE countries is the shift from a dualistic approach to a broad openness to international law. Despite this common feature the manifestation of this openness cannot be regarded as uniform – the methods used by states to deal with international law and to ensure the conformity of the domestic legal order with their international obligations vary. The common denominator of the constitutional orders under review is the fact that the rules of international law are considered to be a part of their national legal orders. General provisions concerning the relationship between national law and international law can be found in the Czech, Russian and Polish constitutions, but not in the Slovak constitution. The common feature of all four constitutional texts is that they take a clear position on the status of treaties, stipulating conditions (approval by parliament, promulgation, etc) under which a treaty or certain categories of treaties (eg as listed by Article 49 of the Czech Constitution) will be considered to be part of the national legal order, as well as the hierarchical status of treaties in the case of a conflict with national law. In all four countries under consideration, the rank of treaties lies between the level of the Constitution and that of ordinary parliamentary statutes. The situation is considerably different in regard to the role of customary international law: only the Russian Constitution includes not only treaties but also customary international law in the legal order. Nevertheless, Slovak, Czech and Polish constitutional provisions stipulate the commitment of the states to fulfil their obligations under international law, including customary international law. Even though legally binding, these provisions are not identical with general provisions incorporating certain categories of international law as stated above. The openness to international law is demonstrated also by the inclusion of provisions pursuant to which states can transfer certain powers to international organizations. (Such provisions were included in the constitutions of e.g. Slovakia, Poland and the Czech Republic in the context of their integration into the EU for the purpose of ensuring the direct application of Community law.) Thus, if considering the formal openness to international law, a high degree of willingness to open the domestic legal orders to international law can be discerned in the constitutional systems of the states under review. However, the extent of constitutional provisions on the relation of a particular state to international law does not necessarily strengthen its application in practice, as can be observed in the legal order of the Russian Federation. When determining the factual status of international law and its incorporation in the domestic legal orders of the CEE countries, the judicial practice of national courts is of great importance, in particular the judicial practice of constitutional courts. The question of the role of international law in the decisions of constitutional courts appears to be even more interesting because of the fact that implementation of constitutional jurisdiction belongs to one of the most important innovations of CEE transition countries after the end of the cold war. Their broad competencies in respect to international law can be seen as an additional indicator of the openness of their legal orders towards supranational legal rules. International law plays an important role not only as a subject of judicial review but also as a criterion of constitutionality applied in national procedures before the constitutional courts. The extensive jurisprudence of national constitutional courts based on international law is to a large extent characteristic of the CEE Countries. Their constitutional courts often rely on international law, especially human rights, when reviewing the constitutionality of domestic acts. This underlines the fact that general constitutional provisions on international law do not remain only a 'dead letter.' However, when demonstrating their openness towards international law, constitutional courts sometimes exceed the limits of their competences, as can be observed e.g. in the case of the Czech Constitutional Court. (Despite the fact that the changes introduced by the Constitution in 2001 caused it to lose the competence to use international law as a criterion for its decisions, the Court continued to base its decisions partly on international law.) Generally it can be argued that the acceptance of international law is remarkably high in the legal orders of the countries under review – in particular when taking into consideration the relatively short time which was needed not only to formally ensure the role of international law, but also to ensure its implementation in practice, most notably in the judicial practice of constitutional courts. This does not mean, however, that there are no difficulties which have to be solved in the future. The application of customary international law by national courts is an example of this.  However, the opening of national legal systems of the formerly totalitarian states towards international law has undoubtedly had a positive influence on the process of their transformation towards the rule of law.


INRECA offers tools and methods for developing, validating, and maintaining classification, diagnosis and decision support systems. INRECA's basic technologies are inductive and case-based reasoning [9]. INRECA fully integrates [2] both techniques within one environment and uses the respective advantages of both technologies. Its object-oriented representation language CASUEL [10, 3] allows the definition of complex case structures, relations, similarity measures, as well as background knowledge to be used for adaptation. The objectoriented representation language makes INRECA a domain independent tool for its destined kind of tasks. When problems are solved via case-based reasoning, the primary kind of knowledge that is used during problem solving is the very specific knowledge contained in the cases. However, in many situations this specific knowledge by itself is not sufficient or appropriate to cope with all requirements of an application. Very often, background knowledge is available and/or necessary to better explore and interpret the available cases [1]. Such general knowledge may state dependencies between certain case features and can be used to infer additional, previously unknown features from the known ones.


From Stephen R. Covey's eldest son comes a revolutionary new path towards productivity and satisfaction. Trust, says Stephen M.R. Covey, is the very basis of the new global economy, and he shows how trustand the speed at which it is established with clients, employees and constituentsis the essential ingredient for any highperformance, successful organization. For business leaders and public figures in any arena, "The Speed of Trust" offers an unprecedented and eminently practical look at exactly how trust functions in our every transaction and relationshipfrom the most personal to the broadest, most indirect interactionand how to establish trust immediately so that you and your organization can forego the timekilling, bureaucratic checkandbalance processes so often deployed in lieu of actual trust."


We present results from a study of the coherence properties of a system involving three discrete states coupled to each other by two-photon processes via a common continuum. This tripod linkage is an extension of the standard laser-induced continuum structure (LICS) which involves two discrete states and two lasers. We show that in the tripod scheme, there exist two population trapping conditions; in some cases these conditions are easier to satisfy than the single trapping condition in two-state LICS. Depending on the pulse timing, various effects can be observed. We derive some basic properties of the tripod scheme, such as the solution for coincident pulses, the behaviour of the system in the adiabatic limit for delayed pulses, the conditions for no ionization and for maximal ionization, and the optimal conditions for population transfer between the discrete states via the continuum. In the case when one of the discrete states is strongly coupled to the continuum, the population dynamics reduces to a standard two-state LICS problem (involving the other two states) with modified parameters; this provides the opportunity to customize the parameters of a given two-state LICS system.


A vegetational survey of ancient red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) stands in the talus areas of the Obed Wall and North Clear Creek (NCC) in the Obed Wild and Scenic River Gorge was conducted. The diversity and abundance of vascular plants were found to be higher at the Obed Wall site than that at the NCC site, while the reverse was true for lichens and bryophytes. Statistical analysis of percent coverage and frequency of vascular plants from systematic sampling revealed significant variations in species composition between the Obed and NCC sites. Also, species accumulation curves were determined for vascular plants, lichens and bryophytes found in association with red cedars. Asymptotes were observed for lichens and bryophytes but an asymptote was not observed for vascular plant diversity.
The age-class structure of red cedars showed an inverse J-shaped curve, which represents continuous, balanced recruitment and mortality of these stands. Of the 36 living trees cored, the oldest-living red cedar was found to be 767 years old. A general climatic history of the Obed area was reconstructed back to 1246 A.D. but this is not a precise reconstruction because of the prevalence of false rings.


PROVIDENCE – There are important parallels between the early years of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the current epidemic of opioid addiction – ones that could trigger a significant shift in opioid addiction prevention, diagnosis and treatment. These are the findings of a comparative review of HIV/AIDS and addiction by researchers JOSIAH D. RICH, MD, MPH, director of the Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, based at The Miriam Hospital; TRACI C. GREEN, PHD, MSC, Department of Emergency Medicine at Rhode Island Hospital and assistant professor of Emergency Medicine and Epidemiology at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; and lead author SARAH E. WAKEMAN, MD, Department of Medicine and Center for Community Health Improvement, Massachusetts General Hospital. The paper is published online in advance of print in the American Journal of Medicine. "Deaths documented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have been on the rise, and that profile bears a striking resemblance to the beginning stages of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic," said Dr. Rich. "There are lessons learned from the HIV/AIDS epidemic that should be heeded and should drive a parallel response to today's crisis: addiction." In the paper, "From Documenting Death to Comprehensive Care: Applying Lessons from the HIV/AIDS Epidemic to Addiction," researchers detail how the HIV/AIDS epidemic spurred a novel public health approach centered on human rights. That included biomedical breakthroughs and lifesaving treatment, and community advocacy and activism played key roles. Fast forward 30 years and the global response to HIV/AIDS has attracted an unprecedented commitment of resources and international aid, and there are predictions for its end. Researchers assert that a parallel response is needed in response to the epidemic of addiction. Similar to HIV/AIDS, many addiction victims are young, previously healthy and already stigmatized. Effective care is compromised by a public perception that only certain groups become addicts. The death toll of the two epidemics is comparable, but the response to opioid addiction is not yet as effective: every 19 minutes another American dies from an unintentional overdose. Affecting 40 million Americans, or 15.9 percent of the population, addiction to drugs, alcohol and tobacco has a greater public impact than heart conditions, diabetes or cancer. Opioid-use disorders are the fastest-growing type of drug problem. According to researchers, much of the current exposure to opioids is linked to the explosion of widely available, potent prescription painkillers that have an identical effect in the brain as heroin. Although many benefit from substantial pain relief and improved quality of life, prescription opioids now kill more people than heroin and cocaine combined. Researchers note that while prevalent, addiction has been marginalized as a social problem setting it apart from other diseases, with barriers to treatment ranging from stringent criteria for entry to limited availability of treatment. Dr. Rich and others are spearheading a RI "collaborative practice agreement" that allows anyone to walk into a Walgreens in RI and obtain naloxone (or Narcan) – a drug that quickly reverses an opioid overdose, along with training on how to use it. Researchers described the need for a comprehensive prevention, diagnosis and treatment campaign to fight overdose, along with standard-of-care treatment models based on existing evidence. They propose more education for the medical community and that educational resources for addiction in medical training be on par with that of other chronic diseases. Also, as with HIV/AIDS, patients suffering from addiction should be involved in the design and implementation of programs and products designed to serve them. Immediate steps that can address the catastrophic death toll from unintentional overdose include a balance of harm reduction and supply-side and demand-oriented interventions, such as: Regularly prescribe, train in use of, and distribute naloxone. Reformulate pain medications and decrease availability of painkillers through physical education, prescription drug-monitoring programs, and crackdowns on "pill mills." Increase access to evidence-based treatment, including medications like buprenorphine and methadone. Funding to support the investigators, all of whom are affiliated with The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, has been received from The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), The National Institute on Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). v


In the summer of 2009 Bristol saw a remarkable phenomenon that made international news. An estimated 300,000 people queued for hours, often in pouring rain, for admission to the city's museum & art gallery. They had been attracted by the media hype surrounding an exhibition ambiguously entitled 'Banksy vs the Bristol Museum'. There have been many celebratory books about Banksy, but this is the first non-partisan documentation of the Bristol event and an attempt to assess its local and wider impact.

The book raises a raft of questions: Is Banksy a subversive influence or merely a bit of fun? Why is Banksy so important to Bristol? Is he really important? Where does the exhibition leave Bristol as an epicentre of 'street art'? It looks at the setting up of the show and questions the need – other than to conform to the required Banksy mystique – for secrecy.

The authors look also at the economic impact of the show, the media's role in creating its notoriety, and – the question so often avoided by the critics – how does Banksy rate as an artist in his own right? Are we dealing with art, 'street art' or graffiti? The contributors are drawn from the academic and art worlds, business and media, with a range of 'vox pop' reactions.


When computational systems become increasingly mobile and ubiquitous, digital information and the use of computational systems may increasingly be immersed into the physical and social world of objects, people and practices. However, the digital, physical and social materials that make up these hybrid spaces have different characteristics and are hard to understand for users. In addition, users are themselves part in constructing and re-constructing the hybrid spaces.The main question addressed in this thesis is whether making aspects of the digitally mediated hybrid spaces observable and accessible provides support to users. The observability may provide support for the specific task at hand or help in building an understanding for what the system does and how, an understanding that is needed to explain system output and to cope with service breakdowns. The fundament of the approach is to empower users of computational systems to actively make sense of the system themselves.Two prototype services are described, Socifer and MobiTip. Their common denominator was to make digitally mediated parts of the hybrid spaces observable to users. Without disqualifying other kinds of information, the work focussed on digitally mediated social trails of other users.Building on experience from the prototype work and an investigation into in seamful design, observability and awareness, I have investigated the effects of making a computational system's social context observable to users in a way that- is separated from the service's main functionality in the interface, allowing it to become peripheral and non-obtrusive;- uses simple models and little interpretation;- to some extent opens up the service to allow for user appropriation of both service content and functionality; and- is informative rather than proactive in order to empower the user rather than acting on the user's behalf.By designing systems that fulfil these criteria I claim that the user will be supported in performing the task at hand, with or without the service, and that with service use, the user will become more and more aware of the possibilities and limitations of the underlying technology. In addition, the digitally mediated hybrid spaces where physical, social and digital contexts meet constitute application domains in themselves, domains that users may enjoy exploring.


Ever wished you could learn C from a book? Head First C provides a complete learning experience for C and structured imperative programming. With a unique method that goes beyond syntax and how-to manuals, this guide not only teaches you the language, it helps you understand how to be a great programmer. You'll learn key areas such as language basics, pointers and pointer arithmetic, and dynamic memory management. Advanced topics include multi-threading and network programming - topics typically covered on a college-level course. This book also features labs: in-depth projects intended to stretch your abilities, test your new skills, and build confidence. Head First C mimics the style of college-level C courses, making it ideal as an accessible textbook for students. We think your time is too valuable to waste struggling with new concepts. Using the latest research in cognitive science and learning theory to craft a multi-sensory learning experience, Head First C uses a visually rich format designed for the way your brain works, not a text-heavy approach that puts you to sleep.


Whilst reduced size, altered shape and diminished sexual dimorphism of the canine–premolar complex are diagnostic features of the hominin clade, little is known about the rate and timing of changes in canine size and shape in early hominins. The earliest Australopithecus , Australopithecus anamensis , had canine crowns similar in size to those of its descendant Australopithecus afarensis , but a single large root alveolus has suggested that this species may have had larger and more dimorphic canines than previously recognised. Here we present three new associated dentitions attributed to A. anamensis , recently recovered from the type site of Kanapoi, Kenya, that provide evidence of canine evolution in early Australopithecus . These fossils include the largest mandibular canine root in the hominin fossil record. We demonstrate that, although canine crown height did not differ between these species, A. anamensis had larger and more dimorphic roots, more like those of extant great apes and Ardipithecus ramidus , than those of A. afarensis . The canine and premolar occlusal shapes of A. anamensis also resemble those of Ar. ramidus , and are intermediary between extant great apes and A. afarensis . A. afarensis achieved Homo -like maxillary crown basal proportions without a reduction in crown height. Thus, canine crown size and dimorphism remained stable during the early evolution of Australopithecus , but mandibular root dimensions changed only later within the A. anamensis–afarensis lineage, coincident with morphological changes in the canine–premolar complex. These observations suggest that selection on canine tooth crown height, shape and root dimensions was not coupled in early hominin evolution, and was not part of an integrated adaptive package.


A revolutionary approach to poverty that takes human irrationality into account-and unlocks the mystery of making philanthropic spending really work. American individuals and institutions spent billions of dollars to ease global poverty and accomplished almost nothing. At last we have a realistic way forward. Presenting innovative and successful development interventions around the globe, Dean Karlan and Jacob Appel show how empirical analysis coupled with the latest thinking in behavioral economics can make a profound difference. From Kenya, where teenagers reduced their risk of contracting AIDS by having more unprotected sex with partners their own age, to Mexico, where giving kids a one-dollar deworming pill boosted school attendance better than paying their families to send them, More Than Good Intentions reveals how to invest those billions far more effectively and begin transforming the well-being of the world.


The new book from Larry Siedentop, acclaimed author of Democracy in Europe, Inventing the Individual is a highly original rethinking of how our moral beliefs were formed and their impact on western society today. "Magisterial, timeless, beautifully written ...Siedentop has achieved something quite extraordinary. He has explained us to ourselves". (Spectator). This ambitious and stimulating book describes how a moral revolution in the first centuries AD - the discovery of human freedom and its universal potential - led to a social revolution in the west. The invention of a new, equal social role, the individual, gradually displaced the claims of family, tribe and caste as the basis of social organisation. Larry Siedentop asks us to rethink the evolution of the ideas on which modern societies and government are built, and argues that the core of what is now our system of beliefs emerged much earlier than we think. The roots of liberalism - belief in individual liberty, in the fundamental moral equality of individuals, that equality should be the basis of a legal system and that only a representative form of government is fitting for such a society - all these, Siedentop argues, were pioneered by Christian thinkers of the Middle Ages, who drew on the moral revolution carried out by the early church. It was the arguments of canon lawyers, theologians and philosophers from the eleventh to the fourteenth century, rather than the Renaissance, that laid the foundation for liberal democracy. There are large parts of the world where other beliefs flourish - fundamentalist Islam, which denies the equality of women and is often ambiguous about individual rights and representative institutions; quasi-capitalist China, where a form of utilitarianism enshrines state interests even at the expense of justice and liberty. Such beliefs may foster populist forms of democracy. But they are not liberal. In the face of these challenges, Siedentop urges that understanding the origins of our own liberal ideas is more than ever an important part of knowing who we are. LARRY SIEDENTOP was appointed to the first post in intellectual history ever established in Britain, at Sussex University in the 1970's. From there he moved to Oxford, becoming Faculty Lecturer in Political Thought and a Fellow of Keble College. His writings include a study of Tocqueville, an edition of Guizot's History of Civilization in Europe, and Democracy in Europe, which has been translated into a dozen languages. Siedentop was made CBE in 2004. Praise for the book: "One of the most stimulating books of political theory to have appeared in many years ...a refreshingly unorthodox account of the roots of modern liberalism in medieval Christian thinking". (John Gray, Literary Review). "A brave, brilliant and beautifully written defence of the western tradition". (Paul Lay, History Today). "An engrossing book of ideas ...illuminating, beautifully written and rigorously argued". (Kenan Malik, Independent). "A most impressive work of philosophical history". (Robert Skidelsky).


The intriguing question, why the present scale of the universe is free from any perceptible footprints of rank-2 antisymmetric tensor fields? (generally known as Kalb-Ramond fields) is addressed. A quite natural explanation of this issue is given from the angle of higher-curvature gravity, both in four- and in five-dimensional spacetime. The results here obtained reveal that the amplitude of the Kalb-Ramond field may be actually large and play a significant role during the early universe, while the presence of higher-order gravity suppresses this field during the cosmological evolution, so that it eventually becomes negligible in the current universe. Besides the suppression of the Kalb-Ramond field, the extra degree of freedom in $F(R)$ gravity, usually known as scalaron, also turns out to be responsible for inflation. Such F(R) gravity with Kalb-Ramond fields may govern the early universe to undergo an inflationary stage at early times (with the subsequent graceful exit) for wider range of F(R) gravity than without antisymmetric fields.. Furthermore, the models---in four- and five-dimensional spacetimes---are linked to observational constraints, with the conclusion that the corresponding values of the spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio closely match the values provided by the Planck survey 2018 data.


In this article, the author looks at the use of the methods of life stories or biographical interviewing in research on personal and social identity. She presents the rationale behind the use of the method and its basic procedures and then moves on to a discussion of the concept of identity. To demonstrate the relevance of this method for the study of identity construction, she presents examples from three life story interviews with Jewish Israeli young adults, all born in the mid 1970s. The article ends with a discussion of the implications of using life stories for understanding an individual's sense of identity.


Background Chloroplast-encoded genes (matK and rbcL) have been formally proposed for use in DNA barcoding efforts targeting embryophytes. Extending such a protocol to chlorophytan green algae, though, is fraught with problems including non homology (matK) and heterogeneity that prevents the creation of a universal PCR toolkit (rbcL). Some have advocated the use of the nuclear-encoded, internal transcribed spacer two (ITS2) as an alternative to the traditional chloroplast markers. However, the ITS2 is broadly perceived to be insufficiently conserved or to be confounded by introgression or biparental inheritance patterns, precluding its broad use in phylogenetic reconstruction or as a DNA barcode. A growing body of evidence has shown that simultaneous analysis of nucleotide data with secondary structure information can overcome at least some of the limitations of ITS2. The goal of this investigation was to assess the feasibility of an automated, sequence-structure approach for analysis of IT2 data from a large sampling of phylum Chlorophyta. Methodology/Principal Findings Sequences and secondary structures from 591 chlorophycean, 741 trebouxiophycean and 938 ulvophycean algae, all obtained from the ITS2 Database, were aligned using a sequence structure-specific scoring matrix. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed by Profile Neighbor-Joining coupled with a sequence structure-specific, general time reversible substitution model. Results from analyses of the ITS2 data were robust at multiple nodes and showed considerable congruence with results from published phylogenetic analyses. Conclusions/Significance Our observations on the power of automated, sequence-structure analyses of ITS2 to reconstruct phylum-level phylogenies of the green algae validate this approach to assessing diversity for large sets of chlorophytan taxa. Moreover, our results indicate that objections to the use of ITS2 for DNA barcoding should be weighed against the utility of an automated, data analysis approach with demonstrated power to reconstruct evolutionary patterns for highly divergent lineages.


Harmful algal blooms (HAB's) of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Gymnodinium breve) are recurring events in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) which have significant adverse human health, environmental and economic impacts. Brevetoxins (PbTx), produced by K. brevis, are potent neurotoxins and during HAB events are responsible for mass morbidity and mortality in fish, birds and marine mammals and the causative agent(s) of Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) in humans. Brevetoxin exposure (inhalation or oral) results in systemic distribution of the toxin to all bodily tissues with a variety pathophysiological sequelae. Current evidence suggests that, in addition to the known acute toxicological effects on cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and respiratory systems, chronic brevetoxin exposure may result in immunosuppression and toxicity to the hemopoietic and thermoregulatory systems. Brevetoxin (PbTx1) has recently been shown to be teratogenic in fish embryo studies.
While acute effects of brevetoxin exposures have been studied over the last two decades, far less is known about the effects of chronic/repeated brevetoxin exposure on humans and marine wildlife and little is understood about the transport and fate of brevetoxins in the environment (water, air, sediments, and selected biota). In order to apply effective risk assessment and develop accurate and reliable detection methodologies, greater knowledge of the transport and fate of brevetoxins in the environment are needed. These findings suggest solar radiation plays a significant role in the mediation of brevetoxin (PbTx2) degradation and brevetoxin derivative formation. Hence, it suggested that photochemistry may play a critical role in the transport and fate of brevetoxin(s) in the environment.


This is an account of industrialized killing from a participant's point of view. The author, political scientist Timothy Pachirat, was employed undercover for five months in a Great Plains slaughterhouse where 2,500 cattle were killed per day-one every twelve seconds. Working in the cooler as a liver hanger, in the chutes as a cattle driver, and on the kill floor as a food-safety quality-control worker, Pachirat experienced firsthand the realities of the work of killing in modern society. He uses those experiences to explore not only the slaughter industry but also how, as a society, we facilitate violent labor and hide away that which is too repugnant to contemplate. Through his vivid narrative and ethnographic approach, Pachirat brings to life massive, routine killing from the perspective of those who take part in it. He shows how surveillance and sequestration operate within the slaughterhouse and in its interactions with the community at large. He also considers how society is organized to distance and hide uncomfortable realities from view. With much to say about issues ranging from the sociology of violence and modern food production to animal rights and welfare, Every Twelve Seconds is an important and disturbing work.


The only hitherto known freshwater acoelan, Oligochoerus limnophilus, has been fully described by Ax & Dorjes (1966). It has been recorded from habitats of different European rivers: Elbe, Ilmenau, Lahn, Main, Mosel and Donau (Kothe, 1961, 1962; Kothe & Sturz, 1963; An der Lan, 1964) where it prefers to settle on artificial stone embankments and is absent from typical lenitic regions and in river parts with a high organic pollution. The species has also been recorded from irrigation canals of rice fields in the Camargue (leg. U. Graefe). Ax & Dorjes (1966) suppose that O. limnophilus emigrated during postglacial periods out of the ponto-caspian area into their new environments because all the other species of the genus have been found in the Caspian Sea. In addition to this, Beklemischev (1963) described the Caspian fauna as an endemic fauna. During the week of 7 to 12 June, 1971, when sixteen Dutch (Frisian) lakes were visited, O. limnophilus was recorded from the littoral zone of the following lakes: Bergumermeer, De Leijen, Fluessen, Heegermeer, Koevorde, Morra, Oorden, Pikmeer, Prinsenhof, Slotermeer, and Sneekermeer. The preferred habitats of the species in the littoral zone of these lakes seem to be artificial stone embankments and stony shores. All of the lakes are connected by a system of canals, and a number of canals enter each of the lakes. Due to extensive canalisation, it is difficult to identify natural rivers in The Netherlands. The new information about the distribution of 0. limnophilus confirms the presumption that the species occurs in many different freshwater habitats of the European continent. Other freshwater Turbellaria found in the sixteen Friesian lakes visited have already been listed in Young (1972), and further information on the


Have you ever found yourself struggling with information overload? Have you ever felt both overworked and underutilised? Do you ever feel busy but not productive? If you answered yes to any of these, the way out is to become an Essentialist. In Essentialism, Greg McKeown, CEO of a Leadership and Strategy agency in Silicon Valley who has run courses at Apple, Google and Facebook, shows you how to achieve what he calls the disciplined pursuit of less. Being an Essentialist is about a disciplined way of thinking. It means challenging the core assumption of 'We can have it all' and 'I have to do everything' and replacing it with the pursuit of 'the right thing, in the right way, at the right time'. By applying a more selective criteria for what is essential, the pursuit of less allows us to regain control of our own choices so we can channel our time, energy and effort into making the highest possible contribution toward the goals and activities that matter. Using the experience and insight of working with the leaders of the most innovative companies and organisations in the world, McKeown shows you how to put Essentialism into practice in your own life, so you too can achieve something great.


This paper investigates design considerations and challenges of integrating on-chip antennas in nanoscale CMOS technology at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) to achieve a compact front-end receiver for 5G communication systems. Solutions to overcome these challenges are offered and realized in digital 28-nm CMOS. A monolithic on-chip antenna is designed and optimized in the presence of rigorous metal density rules and other back-end-of-the-line (BEoL) challenges of the nanoscale technology. The proposed antenna structure further exploits ground metallization on a PCB board acting as a reflector to increase its radiation efficiency and power gain by 37.3% and 9.8 dB, respectively, while decreasing the silicon area up to 30% compared to the previous works. The antenna is directly matched to a two-stage low noise amplifier (LNA) in a synergetic way as to give rise to an active integrated antenna (AIA) in order to avoid additional matching or interconnect losses. The LNA is followed by a double-balanced folded Gilbert cell mixer, which produces a lower intermediate frequency (IF) such that no probing is required for measurements. The measured total gain of the AIA is 14 dBi. Its total core area is 0.83 mm2 while the total chip area, including the pad frame, is  $1.55 \times 0.85$  mm2.


Assumptions about the knowledge held by economic agents have been an integral part of the theory of economic organization since its inception. However, recent work — here called "knowledge governance" — has more explicitly highlighted knowledge as both an independent and dependent variable. Thus, a spate of work in management research and new institutional economics has highlighted dimensions such as complementarity, complexity, tacitness, and so on of knowledge assets and shown how knowledge assets, thus dimensionalized, has explanatory value with respect to economic organization. However, knowledge may also be seen as being caused by governance mechanisms and structures; specifically, incentives, allocations of decision rights, organizational structure and so on influence the search for knowledge, and the creation, sharing and integration of knowledge. More philosophically, the concern with the role of knowledge in the context of economic organization prompts a reevaluation of a number of the fundamental assumptions that are often used to guide theory-building in the economics of organization (e.g., Bayesian and game theoretical foundations).


Performance improves when participants respond to events that are structured in repeating sequences, suggesting that learning can lead to proactive anticipatory preparation. Whereas most sequence‐learning studies have emphasised spatial structure, most sequences also contain a prominent temporal structure. We used MEG to investigate spatial and temporal anticipatory neural dynamics in a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task. Performance and brain activity were compared between blocks with learned spatial‐temporal sequences and blocks with new sequences. After confirming a strong behavioural benefit of spatial‐temporal predictability, we show lateralisation of beta oscillations in anticipation of the response associated with the upcoming target location and show that this also aligns to the expected timing of these forthcoming events. This effect was found both when comparing between repeated (learned) and new (unlearned) sequences, as well as when comparing targets that were expected after short vs. long intervals within the repeated (learned) sequence. Our findings suggest that learning of spatial‐temporal structure leads to proactive and dynamic modulation of motor cortical excitability in anticipation of both the location and timing of events that are relevant to guide action.


Abstract Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make remarkable contributions to the economic growth of developing countries. As a newly industrialized country, the Malaysian economy predominantly depends on the SME sector. However, this study seeks to redress this by reporting the key drivers influencing the internationalization process of SMEs such as market orientation, government regulation and competitive advantage on internationalization of manufacturing SMEs in Malaysia. To empirically test those factors, primary data was gathered using the survey questionnaire method. The survey instrument was distributed to all manufacturing SMEs involved in exporting which are located in the Klang Valley of Malaysia and totally 257 questionnaires were received (FMM, 2012). The findings indicate the significant role of market orientation, government regulation and competitive advantage in their process of internationalization. Furthermore, the study has added to body of knowledge by introducing competitive advantage as a mediating variable between market orientation and government regulation with internationalization of manufacturing SMEs in Malaysia. The results of this research could help practitioners and managers of SMEs in the manufacturing sector to be in a better position to improve their internationalization efforts.


The ultimate reference guide for network administrators Network administrators now have a single, convenient place to turn for all the information they need. Networking All-in-One For Dummies, 4th Edition is like ten books in one, covering such topics as networking basics, network security, setting up TCP/IP and connecting to the Internet, handling mobile devices, and much more. This valuable book covers all the newest updates and trends, including Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. A single-source reference for network administrators Includes ten minibooks: Networking Basics; Building a Network; Network Administration and Security; TCP/IP and the Internet; Wireless Networking; Telecom, Convergence, and Mobile Devices; Windows Server 2008 Reference; Using Other Windows Servers; Linux Networking Reference; and Appendices Explores the latest technologies in broadband, storage, and back-up Delves into new trends in networking and includes the latest Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7 updates System administrators will want to keep this practical all-in-one guide within reach.


Today designers often focus on making technology easy to use, sexy, and consumable. In Speculative Everything, Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby propose a kind of design that is used as a tool to create not only things but ideas. For them, design is a means of speculating about how things could be -- to imagine possible futures. This is not the usual sort of predicting or forecasting, spotting trends and extrapolating; these kinds of predictions have been proven wrong, again and again. Instead, Dunne and Raby pose "what if" questions that are intended to open debate and discussion about the kind of future people want (and do not want). Speculative Everything offers a tour through an emerging cultural landscape of design ideas, ideals, and approaches. Dunne and Raby cite examples from their own design and teaching and from other projects from fine art, design, architecture, cinema, and photography. They also draw on futurology, political theory, the philosophy of technology, and literary fiction. They show us, for example, ideas for a solar kitchen restaurant; a flypaper robotic clock; a menstruation machine; a cloud-seeding truck; a phantom-limb sensation recorder; and devices for food foraging that use the tools of synthetic biology. Dunne and Raby contend that if we speculate more -- about everything -- reality will become more malleable. The ideas freed by speculative design increase the odds of achieving desirable futures.


We present a two-scale finite element method (FEM) for solving Brinkman's and Darcy's equations. These systems of equations model fluid flows in highly porous and porous media, respectively. The method uses a recently proposed discontinuous Galerkin FEM for Stokes' equations by Wang and Ye and the concept of subgrid approximation developed by Arbogast for Darcy's equations. In order to reduce the "resonance error" and to ensure convergence to the global fine solution, the algorithm is put in the framework of alternating Schwarz iterations using subdomains around the coarse-grid boundaries. The discussed algorithms are implemented using the Deal.II finite element library and are tested on a number of model problems.


This paper strives to enhance the reader's understanding of the concept of harmonization of European contract law from the point of view of modern business practice. The aim of the article is to critically assess the harmonization proposal in view of its' practical benefits. The article commences with a brief historic overview of the harmonization proposal aimed at highlighting the multiple controversies linked to the harmonization efforts. The historical, theoretical, legal and business aspects of the harmonization proposal are successively taken into account. The ultimate goal of this paper is to draw the reader's attention to those aspects of the harmonization proposal which could impact operational management, in particular at the level of international companies. The author identifies such potential benefits as: reduction of barriers to internationalization and stimulation of economic growth at the SME level, enhanced understanding of standards and procedures of business conduct, reinforced communication between international parties, lower transaction and operational costs, less need for external expertise and legal advice, and prevention of potential conflicts. This paper shows that a results-driven, clear focus on the practical advantages of the harmonization of European contract law can ultimately transform what is now merely an academic exercise into a practical business tool.


Recognising that health insurer product innovation plays a critical role in aligning incentives among all stakeholders in the healthcare value chain, this study investigates the relationship between the level of health insurer product innovation and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Taking cognisance of the importance of external collaboration between health insurers and healthcare service providers, the study is able to diagnose perceptions of strategic regulatory factors and their impact on levels of EO. The focus of the study is on the demand (financing) and supply (healthcare delivery) structures of the healthcare value chain, incorporating health insurers, health insurer administrators and healthcare service providers. A conceptual model is formulated on the basis of literature and tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicate that EO at organisational level is a strong predictor of health insurer product innovation and that external collaboration between health insurers and healthcare service providers is a weak predictor of health insurer product innovation. Practical implications are that both the supply and demand side structures indicate that the restructuring of relationships between health insurers and healthcare service providers is a necessary driver for collaboration in terms of health insurer product innovation progress and success. Healthcare executives need to work with, and actively lobby regulators to ignite both demand and supply side innovation activities in the healthcare value chain of the private healthcare industry of South Africa.


The competition rules and policy framework of the European Union represents an important institutional restriction for doing sports business. Driven by the courts, the 2007 overhaul of the approach and methodology has increased the scope of competition policy towards sports associations and clubs. Nowadays, virtually all activities of sports associations that govern and organize a sports discipline with business elements are subject to antitrust rules. This includes genuine sporting rules that are essential for a league, championship or tournament to come into existence. Of course, 'real' business or commercial activities like ticket selling, marketing of broadcasting rights, etc. also have to comply with competition rules. Regulatory activities of sports associations comply with European competition rules if they pursuit a legitimate objective, its restrictive effects are inherent to that objective and proportionate to it. This new approach offers important orientation for the strategy choice of sports associations, clubs and related enterprises. Since this assessment is done following a case-by-case approach, however, neither a blacklist of anticompetitive nor a whitelist of procompetitive sporting rules can be derived. Instead, conclusions can be drawn only from the existing case decisions - but, unfortunately, this leaves many aspects open. With respect to business activities, the focus of European competition policy is on centralized marketing arrangements bundling media rights. These constitute cartels and are viewed to be anticompetitive in nature. However, they may be exempted from the cartel prohibition on efficiency and consumer benefits considerations. Here, a detailed list of conditions exists that centralized marketing arrangements must comply with in order to be legal. Although this policy seems to be well-developed at first sight, a closer look at the decision practice reveals several open problems. Other areas of the buying and selling behavior of sports associations and related enterprises are considerably less well-developed and do not provide much orientation for business.


Disclaimer The following is intended to outline our general product direction. It is intended for information purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any material, code, or functionality, and should not be relied upon in making purchasing decisions. The development, release, and timing of any features or functionality described for Oracle's products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.


'Big Science' - that is, science which involves large collaborations with dedicated facilities, and involving large data volumes and multinational investments – is often seen as different when it comes to data management and preservation planning. Big Science handles its data differently from other disciplines and has data management problems that are qualitatively different from other disciplines. In part, these differences arise from the quantities of data involved, but possibly more importantly from the cultural, organisational and technical distinctiveness of these academic cultures. Consequently, the data management systems are typically and rationally bespoke, but this means that the planning for data management and preservation (DMP) must also be bespoke. These differences are such that 'just read and implement the OAIS specification' is reasonable Data Management and Preservation (DMP) advice, but this bald prescription can and should be usefully supported by a methodological 'toolkit', including overviews, case-studies and costing models to provide guidance on developing best practice in DMP policy and infrastructure for these projects, as well as considering OAIS validation, audit and cost modelling. In this paper, we build on previous work with the LIGO collaboration to consider the role of DMP planning within these big science scenarios, and discuss how to apply current best practice. We discuss the result of the MaRDI-Gross project (Managing Research Data Infrastructures – Big Science), which has been developing a toolkit to provide guidelines on the application of best practice in DMP planning within big science projects. This is targeted primarily at projects' engineering managers, but intending also to help funders collaborate on DMP plans which satisfy the requirements imposed on them.


A vegetational survey was conducted for the granitic rock-outcrop communities at Carl Sandburg National Historic Site (CARL). Low-elevation granitic domes within the boundaries of CARL have been recognized as a critical resource within the Park (Hart 1993, Johnson 2003, White 2003). This project was concerned with characterizing the plant communities that occur on the granitic domes at CARL, with an emphasis on their floristic composition, present and potential threats to community structure, and the age and structure of the encroaching forest matrix. This study was conducted to provide the baseline data needed to assist CARL management personnel in identifying damaged granitic domes, mitigating resource degradation associated with visitor use, preserving valuable outcrop resources, and directing the future management of this fragile community type.


As Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (EVs and HEVs) become more prevalent, there is a need to change the power source from gasoline on the vehicle to electricity from the grid in order to mitigate requirements for onboard energy storage (battery weight) as well as to reduce dependency on oil by increasing dependency on the grid (our coal, gas, and renewable energy instead of their oil). Traditional systems for trains and buses rely on physical contact to transfer electrical energy to vehicles in motion. Until recently, conventional magnetically coupled systems required a gap of less than a centimeter. This is not practical for vehicles of the future.


PURPOSE
We evaluated the relationship between white matter (WM) tract disintegration and gray matter (GM) atrophy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and controls, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and an optimized voxel-based analysis.

METHODS
Two hundred thirty one individuals (61 controls, 116 MCI and 54 AD) were included. Voxel-based WM tract statistics was used to obtain whole-brain maps of WM bundles for FA. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was conducted to detect regions of gray matter (GM) atrophy in the AD, MCI group relative to the control group. FA maps were processed to make voxel-wise comparison of tract based analysis in whole brain between each the two groups. The relationship between locations of abnormalities in the WM and GM were examined.

RESULTS
Patients with AD showed significant GM atrophy in posterior cingulate gyrus (BA31, 32) to the precuneus, the middle temporal lobe (BA19), the superior frontal (BA9) to the anterior cingulate (BA 32), the medial frontal lobe (BA 11, BA25), the hippocampus, the parahippocampal gyrus (BA30/34) and the insula, and WM tract disintegrity of the uncinate fasciculus, posterior cingulate fasciculus and fornix compared with the control and MCI groups. These abnormalities in the AD group were caused by either structural changes in GM atrophy or neural dysfunction due to functional disconnections in the WM tract.

CONCLUSION
The GM atrophy resulting from WM tract disintegration or GM atrophy itself may be the first step in the AD process, resulting in anatomically congruent correlations between WM disintegration and regional GM atrophy. Using tract based spatial statistics and voxel based analysis, both of which are useful in investigating GM and WM changes in individuals with neurodegenerative disorders.


As antitrust cases becomes more complex, so does its remedies. Patterns are beginning to emerge in the dizzying array of remedies in recent monopolization and merger cases. Like the cases themselves, the remedies increasingly focus on access to network industries and platform technologies. In an economy increasingly dominated by information and information technology, access is often dependent on seamless interoperability. It is thus not surprising that antitrust remedies increasingly also have focused the disclosure of competitively necessary information as well as the protection of competitively sensitive information obtained from actual or potential competitors. Finally, the more complex the remedy, the greater the need for sophisticated oversight and dispute resolution mechanisms that rely on third-party experts and typically exceed the resources and strengths of the enforcement agencies. While access and information remedies have been a part of antitrust law since the very earliest days of the Sherman Act, they have become a vital part of litigated cases and settlements in recent times in both the United States and the European Union. This has been particularly true for cases involving network industries, telecommunications, broadcasting, software platforms, and other high technology industries at the forefront of antitrust enforcement. When taken together, these recent cases and settlements constitute an informal revival of the essential facilities doctrine and an acknowledgment that the essential facilities doctrine, and similar access remedies, remain an important and needed part of the antitrust toolkit. This essay will examine the growing use of complex behavioral remedies in both merger and monopolization cases that suggest antitrust enforcement has moved far beyond any stated preference for structural remedies. Particularly in settlements, commitments, and consent decrees, the Antitrust Division, Federal Trade Commission, and the European Commission have permitted mergers and unilateral conduct by dominant firms conditioned upon complex behavioral commitments include: 1) Continued obligations to supply or license competitors and customers with vital inputs on fair and non-discriminatory terms; 2) Continued obligations to allow competitors access to networks on fair and non-discriminatory terms; 3) The disclosure of intellectual property, know how, and technical information necessary to make these access obligations meaningful; 4) Creation of firewalls and other devices to prevent the dominant or merging firms from misusing competitively sensitive information obtained through their ongoing relationships with their competitors and customers; and 5) The use of special masters, technical committees, monitors, regulatory bodies, and the creation of third-party alternative dispute resolution procedures to handle the inevitable disputes that will arise without requiring the agencies or courts to act as long-term regulators of the industries and firms in question. I use examples such as the Microsoft and Intel litigation in the U.S. and the EU, as well as more recent U.S. merger consent decrees involving Google-ITA, Comcast-Universal, and Live Nation-Ticketmaster to illustrate these important changes in competition law enforcement and what they portend for the future.


Nymphs and adults of Lygus species, mainly L. rugulipennis Poppius were collected from wheat fields in southern Finland, near Helsinki. The parasitization rate of braconid species was determined by dissection of the hosts. Parasitoids were reared from separate samples from the same fields.The parasitization rate was low, the maximum percentage occurring during the season, examined in 10-day periods, was 14%. All nymphal instars, except the first one, were found to be parasitized; the mean varied from 3% (third instar) to 6.5% (fourth instar). In adult hosts the mean parasitization rate was 2% in males and 4% in females. The percentage of parasitization in both nymphs and adults was higher in wheat bordering fields with a mixture of field bean and oats or settled areas compared with wheat adjacent to cereal or sugar beet areas. However, the total numbers of Lygus and of unparasitized specimens were higher in these surroundings. Parasitization of Lygus species in Finland appears to be too low to affect the populations. It was ascertained that the new species of Peristenus parasitized in L. rugulipennis. Its possible presence in other Lygus species was not confirmed in this study. The life cycle of the parasitoid was in synchrony with the development of the host. The Peristenus species in question did not fit in the keys to any described species and is described in this article as new to science. A key to the Peristenus species reared from Lygus rugulipennis in Europe is added. Peristenus stygicus Loan, 1973, is synonymized by the second author with P. relictus (Ruthe, 1856) syn. nov.


A transactions model of the demand for multiple media of exchange is developed. Some results are expected, and others are both new and surprising. There are both extensive and intensive margins to currency substitution, and inflation may affect the two margins differently, leading to subtle incentives to adopt or abandon a substitute currency. Variables not previously considered in the literature affect currency substitution in complex and somewhat unexpected ways. In particular, the level of income and the composition of consumption expenditures are important, and they interact with the other variables in the model. Independent empirical work provides support for the theory. JEL: E41, E42, E31


Transformational change and volitional change are two ways by which individuals
experience sustained behavior change. Transformational change is defined in this study as being
of a sudden, instantaneous type which forever changes the individual that experienced it.
Volitional change is a process in which people cycle stages of change through many times best
described by the transtheoretical model. Transformational change and volitional change
experiences were examined in individuals involved in Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics
Anonymous using the Quantum Change Retrospective Interview (QUERI), and the GATTOR to
examine spiritual activities in A.A. Other questionnaires were used to examine personality traits
(NEO-PI), alcoholics anonymous involvement (AAI), psychopathology (SCL-90), impulsivity
(UPPS), drug and alcohol history, and treatment history. Results showed no significant
differences between groups on factors such as level of psychopathology, differences in substance
abuse history, involvement in spiritual activities, Alcoholics Anonymous, drug use and drinking
consequences or last use measured in months. Results also showed a trend in the direction of
transformational changers report of a higher degree of openness. Significant results were found
in that volitional changers had higher scores in the domain of lack of premeditation. The results
showed transformational changers as possessing more effective coping behaviors as well. The
results were discussed in terms of the possibility of transformational change


Due to the steadily growing flood of data, the appropriate use of visualizations for efficient data analysis is as important today as it has never been before. In many application domains, the data flood is based on processes that can be represented by node-link diagrams. Within such a diagram, nodes may represent intermediate results (or products), system states (or snapshots), milestones or real (and possibly georeferenced) objects, while links (edges) can embody transition conditions, transformation processes or real physical connections. Inspired by the engineering sciences application domain and the research project "SinOptiKom: Cross-sectoral optimization of transformation processes in municipal infrastructures in rural areas", a platform for the analysis of transformation processes has been researched and developed based on a geographic information system (GIS). Caused by the increased amount of available and interesting data, a particular challenge is the simultaneous visualization of several visible attributes within one single diagram instead of using multiple ones. Therefore, two approaches have been developed, which utilize the available space between nodes in a diagram to display additional information.

Motivated by the necessity of appropriate result communication with various stakeholders, a concept for a universal, dashboard-based analysis platform has been developed. This web-based approach is conceptually capable of displaying data from various data sources and has been supplemented by collaboration possibilities such as sharing, annotating and presenting features.

In order to demonstrate the applicability and usability of newly developed applications, visualizations or user interfaces, extensive evaluations with human users are often inevitable. To reduce the complexity and the effort for conducting an evaluation, the browser-based evaluation framework (BREF) has been designed and implemented. Through its universal and flexible character, virtually any visualization or interaction running in the browser can be evaluated with BREF without any additional application (except for a modern web browser) on the target device. BREF has already proved itself in a wide range of application areas during the development and has since grown into a comprehensive evaluation tool.


Cities speak, and this little book helps us understand their language. Considering the urban landscape not from the abstract perspective of an urban planner but from the viewpoint of an attentive observer, Urban Code offers 100 "lessons"--maxims, observations, and bite-size truths, followed by short essays--that teach us how to read the city. This is a user's guide to the city, a primer of urban literacy, at the pedestrian level. The reader (like the observant city stroller) can move from "People walk in the sunshine" (lesson 1) to "Street vendors are positioned according to the path of the sun" (lesson 2); consider possible connections between the fact that "Locals and tourists use the streets at different times" (lesson 41) and "Tourists stand still when they're looking at something" (lesson 68); and weigh the apparent contradiction of lesson 73, "Nightlife hotspots increase pedestrian traffic" and lesson 74, "People are afraid of the dark." A lesson may seem self-evident ("Grocery stores are important local destinations"--of course they are!) but considered in the context of other lessons, it becomes part of a natural logic. With Urban Code, we learn what to notice if we want to understand the city. We learn to detect patterns in the relationships between people and the urban environment. Each lesson is accompanied by an icon-like image; in addition to these 100 drawings, thirty photographs of street scenes illustrate the text. The photographs are stills from films shot in the Manhattan neighborhood of SoHo; the lessons are inspired by the authors' observations of SoHo, but hold true for any cityscape.


This publication aims to complement existing methodologies by establishing a comprehensive framework for the assessment of banks, not only by using financial data, but also by considering corporate governance. It argues that each of the key players in the corporate governance process (such as shareholders, directors, executive managers, and internal and external auditors) is responsible for some component of financial and operational risk management. Following a holistic overview of bank analysis in chapter two, the importance of banking supervision in the context of corporate governance is discussed in chapter three. This chapter also considers the partnership approach and the emerging framework for corporate governance and risk management, as well as the identification and allocation of tasks as part of the risk management process. The framework for risk management is further discussed in chapters four through eleven.


A new line of research opens the possibility of modulating and enhancing human cognition using mild and painless transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), which includes transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). Such initial findings trigger excitement as well as scepticism. The current review aims to provide a guideline for those who are interested in expanding their research into this field. I will therefore discuss: (1) the principles of tES and its putative mechanisms; (2) its potential to modulate and enhance cognitive abilities; (3) the misconceptions on which scepticism about this method is based; and (4) possible directions for the advancement of this field in which psychologists in general and cognitive psychologists in particular should in my view play a key role. I will conclude that this nascent field, which has been neglected by psychologists, requires their contribution in order to lead to basic and translational advancements on human behaviour.


Modern programming languages, ranging from Haskell and ML, to JavaScript, C# and Java, all make extensive use of higher-order state. This paper advocates a new verification methodology for higher-order stateful programs, based on a new monad of predicate transformers called the Dijkstra monad. Using the Dijkstra monad has a number of benefits. First, the monad naturally yields a weakest pre-condition calculus. Second, the computed specifications are structurally simpler in several ways, e.g., single-state post-conditions are sufficient (rather than the more complex two-state post-conditions). Finally, the monad can easily be varied to handle features like exceptions and heap invariants, while retaining the same type inference algorithm. We implement the Dijkstra monad and its type inference algorithm for the F* programming language. Our most extensive case study evaluates the Dijkstra monad and its F* implementation by using it to verify JavaScript programs. Specifically, we describe a tool chain that translates programs in a subset of JavaScript decorated with assertions and loop invariants to F*. Once in F*, our type inference algorithm computes verification conditions and automatically discharges their proofs using an SMT solver. We use our tools to prove that a core model of the JavaScript runtime in F* respects various invariants and that a suite of JavaScript source programs are free of runtime errors.


The Rough Guide to Australia is the indispensable travel companion to this vast, stunning, totally unique destination. Whether you're making a bee-line for the beaches, stepping out on a wine tour, heading-off on an Outback adventure or packing it all into one trip of a lifetime, The Rough Guide to Australia has everything you'll ever need on where to go and how to get there. This guide is packed with practical information on once-in-a-life-time experiences: spotting crocs in Kakadu National Park, following the Ocean Road along Victoria's spectacularly rugged coast, shooting the rapids of Tasmania's Franklin River and hiking Carnavon Gorge to gaze at ancient Aboriginal art. Our dedicated authors have scoured the country finding you the best spots to catch a band in Melbourne, view contemporary art in Sydney and savour seafood in Perth, and of course they've listed great places to stay for every budget, loads of shopping, and where to find the wildest parties. Plus there's clear mapping and loads of background information on wildlife, history, music, festivals and Aboriginal culture. Make the most of your time with The Rough Guide to Australia.


Vue is the most efficient and advanced solution for creating, animating and rendering natural 3D environments.

It offers a high-end 3D scenery solution for SFX studios, animators, illustrators, architects, matte painters and CG professionals. It is strongly focused on power, productivity and inter-operability with existing toolkits.

Vue naturally integrates and extends all major 3D applications to provide a complete, professional natural 3D studio.

Specifically designed for professionals, it combines a multitude of cutting-edge features that easily integrate with your workflow.

With its intuitive, production-oriented layout, you will quickly enhance your production with rich EcoSystems™ of wind-swept trees and plants, Spectral atmospheres and detailed terrains in fully animated scenes.


The first edition of this book and its accompanying eLearning course is regarded as a classic in its field. Now, in an expanded and updated version of The Art of Service's book, the authors once again present a step-by-step guide to getting into ITIL V3 SOA. The industry recognized best practices for Service Offerings and Agreements (SOA) can be utilized by any IT organization to assist in the development and management of high quality IT services while still maintaining cost effectiveness and customer satisfaction. To support organizations and individuals in this goal, this workbook covers practical guidance on the design and implementation of integrated end-to-end processes based on proven industry best practice guidelines. It provides in-depth knowledge of the ITIL SOA areas: Service Portfolio, Financial, Demand, Service Catalogue, Service Level and Supplier Management. Service Offerings and Agreements Best Practices is designed to complement the certified ITIL V3 Capability Programs for IT Service Management. This book focuses on describing the industry best practices within this scope, including: - Service Portfolio Management: Which seeks to provide capabilities for managing investments into IT and maximizing them for value. - Financial Management: Providing transparency into the costs incurred in the provision of services and the development of funding models for recovering IT costs. - Demand Management: To assist in identifying and understanding patterns of business activity that generate demand for IT services and to reduce excess capacity needs. - Service Catalogue Management: To provide mechanisms by which the available service offerings are communicated and understood by customers and the IT organization. - Service Level Management: Which ensures that a service-oriented approach is taken in the development of service offerings and their associated agreements with customers. - Supplier Management: To ensure that a seamless level of quality is provided for IT services and that value for money is obtained in any supplier arrangements. The information provided in this workbook is based on version 3 of the ITIL framework, predominantly focusing on the volumes of Service Strategy and Service Design. This book is designed to complement the accredited online learning materials, and is an extension of the learner experience to ensure students can successfully study in accordance to their individual learning style. Other guidance provided includes: - Suggested templates and criteria for implementing Service Offerings and Agreements (SOA) processes. - Explanation of the more abstract ITIL concepts to improve understanding. - Review questions to assist in the understanding of the various SOA concepts. Considering the increasing number of IT Professionals and their Organizations who want to be actively involved in IT Service Management, this book, should do at least as well as the first edition, which is a bestseller.


This paper identifies several factors that lie within and external to the teaching act that have an impact on the quality of instruction that students can potentially receive, which in turn has implications for the extent to which students can engage in appropriate practice. These factors all exist on a continuum from limiting to enhancing, and we could hypothesize that they regulate the possibilities for practice that are afforded to students and that this practice time is considered in the development of competent movers in physical education. These factors are contextual, such as time, class size, and teaching resources; curricular, relating to the content and pedagogy of physical education; and instructional, such as teacher effectiveness and content knowledge.


The car and crime become entrenched in the cultural imagination with the widely circulated images of the bullet-hole-ravaged Ford V8 that Bonnie (Parker) and Clyde (Barrow) were in when they were killed by Texan and Louisianan police in 1934. This couple of outlaws (and their gang) had kept newspaper readers enthralled and appalled as they robbed, murdered, and kidnapped throughout the Midwest since 1932. The scope of their activities and their success in evading authorities, along with their crimes, which included many vehicle thefts, were facilitated by the mobility of the car. Before Bonnie and Clyde, car crime in the public consciousness comprised images of the foolish and antisocial behavior of the well-to-do car-owning elite. After Bonnie and Clyde, the famous image of their death car and the celebrity-making image of Bonnie as the archetypical gangster moll with cigar and revolver leaning over a stolen car, linked in the cultural imagination crime and cars as everyday through a visceral mix of bodies, sex, and violence.

In particular, the visceral imaginings of car crime after Bonnie and Clyde separated into four locations. All involved, to certain degree, bodies, sex, and violence, but distinct contexts and meanings can be identified. The first location is the imaging of car crime itself; of risky use of the car—speeding, dangerous driving, racing, drink driving—actions evidenced by carnage on the roads. There have emerged two frames for this location. The first is the serious and deadly context of the usually male driver fueled by "combustion masculinity" taking irresponsible risks with bloody consequences. The second is the humorous, over-the-top risky, subversive, and illegal car-based activities, a frame tapped into by television shows like Top Gear (Klein, 2002–2015) and Bush Mechanics (Batty, 2001) and manifest in the car chase trope. The second location is the car as a crime scene. From JFK's assassination in a Lincoln convertible, to the car as site of sexual assault, to the illicit imaginings of the goings-on in a VW microbus, the car is a place in which crimes happen. The car is seen as constructing an internal geography in which crimes occur. The third location has the car as a facilitator of criminal activity. In the road buddy narrative from On the Road (Kerouac, 1957) to Thelma & Louise (Scott, 1991) the car becomes the outlaw's mechanical horse facilitating a crime spree and evading arrest. At the fourth location, the car became imaged as property, the car as a crime object. From Gone in 60 Seconds (Sena, 2000) to the advertisements of the vehicle insurance industry, the car became conceived as vulnerable property, the target of theft. While distinguishable, each location is not segmented in the cultural imagination, but, as role-played by gamers in the Grand Theft Auto computer game series, cross and coexist. Now well into its second century, the car, notwithstanding contemporary transformations, nurtures a vivid imagining of its culture gone wrong.


This sales letter may not influence you to be smarter, but the book that we offer will evoke you to be smarter. Yeah, at least you'll know more than others who don't. This is what called as the quality life improvisation. Why should this physical activity and mental health? It's because this is your favourite theme to read. If you like this theme about, why don't you read the book to enrich your discussion?


This case study is part of an ongoing series developed in support of a larger text on interoperability by John Palfrey and Urs Gasser Interop: The Promise and Perils of Highly Interconnected Systems (Basic Books, June 2012). The book is an extension of their 2007 study and paper, "Breaking Down Digital Barriers: When and How ICT Interoperability Drives Innovation"i (Berkman Center Research Publication, 2007). Interop: The Promise and Perils of Highly Interconnected Systems focuses on the relationship between interoperability and innovation in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) environment and beyond. Palfrey and Gasser seek to sharpen the definition of interoperability and identify its relevance for consumers, companies, governments, and the public by examining its driving forces and inhibitors, while considering how it can best be achieved, and why. Authored by research assistants at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society in close collaboration with the authors, the series examines real-world examples where interoperability has played or continues to play a decisive role — in ICT and other sectors, including transportation, retail, and energy. Each case explores how forces such as law, policy, technology, economic incentives, and market innovations drive, or in some cases inhibit, interoperability, and what industry stakeholders seek to achieve via interoperability. Some cases explore well-known innovations, such as the bar code and the UPC system, air traffic control, and the QWERTY keyboard layout. Others touch on more recent examples, including efforts to standardize cell phone chargers in the EU, the evolution of electronic data interchange systems, and digital rights management (DRM) systems. The nature of interoperability and its attendant challenges are also explored in less-traditional contexts, including commons-based knowledge creation models, which require large-scale collective efforts, and complex, next-generation models, like the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and the Smart Grid.