Privacy has an image problem. Over and over again, regardless of the forum in which it is debated, it is cast as old-fashioned at best and downright harmful at worst — anti-progressive, overly costly, and inimical to the welfare of the body politic. Yet the perception of privacy as antiquated and socially retrograde is wrong. It is the result of a conceptual inversion that relates to the way in which the purpose of privacy has been conceived. Like the broader tradition of liberal political theory within which it is situated, legal scholarship has conceptualized privacy as a form of protection for the liberal self. Its function is principally a defensive one; it offers shelter from the pressures of societal and technological change. So characterized, however, privacy is reactive and ultimately inessential. In fact, the liberal self who is the subject of privacy theory and privacy policymaking does not exist. The self who is the real subject of privacy law- and policy-making is socially constructed, emerging gradually from a preexisting cultural and relational substrate. For this self, the purpose of privacy is quite different. Privacy shelters dynamic, emergent subjectivity from the efforts of commercial and government actors to render individuals and communities fixed, transparent, and predictable. It protects the situated practices of boundary management through which self-definition and the capacity for self-reflection develop. So described, privacy is anything but old-fashioned, and trading it away creates two kinds of large systemic risk. First, privacy is an indispensable structural feature of liberal democratic political systems. Freedom from surveillance, whether public or private, is foundational to the capacity for critical self-reflection and informed citizenship. A society that permits the unchecked ascendancy of surveillance infrastructures cannot hope to remain a liberal democracy. Under such conditions, liberal democracy as a form of government is replaced, gradually but surely, by a form of government that I will call modulated democracy because it relies on a form of surveillance that operates by modulation: a set of processes in which the quality and content of surveillant attention is continually modified according to the subject's own behavior, sometimes in response to inputs from the subject but according to logics that ultimately are outside the subject's control. Second, privacy is also foundational to the capacity for innovation, and so the perception of privacy as anti-innovation is a non sequitur. A society that values innovation ignores privacy at its peril, for privacy also shelters the processes of play and experimentation from which innovation emerges. Efforts to repackage pervasive surveillance as innovation — under the moniker "Big Data" — are better understood as efforts to enshrine the methods and values of the modulated society at the heart of our system of knowledge production. In short, privacy incursions harm individuals, but not only individuals. Privacy incursions in the name of progress, innovation, and ordered liberty jeopardize the continuing vitality of the political and intellectual culture that we say we value.


Blogging by law faculty has been going on for more than a decade. During that period, law faculty blogs have become widespread. They have also been increasing used as authority in law review articles and court decisions. The attached paper sets out the empirical data that shows who, as of May/June 2012, is actually blogging at various law schools. This is a notoriously difficult data set to create since there is no single list of law faculty blogs. Moreover, some faculty blog at non-faculty blogs. The data in this document includes a breakdown of the number of law faculty bloggers by law school. Interestingly, most law faculty bloggers are at law schools outside the top 50 as ranked by US News. In addition, the data includes the number of citations for law blogs in both law reviews and court opinions. One law faculty blog has over 700 citations in law reviews. Another has over 40 citations in cases.Finally, the data includes a list of US law faculty in the top 200 of SSRN downloads for May 2012. The list includes any blogging affiliation of these faculty. The data shows that for faculty in the list but outside the top 10 law schools (based upon the ranking created by US News) many of them blog, suggesting that there is a correlation between blogging and SSRN downloads.


The scope of this diploma thesis is to examine the four generations of asset pricing models and the corresponding volatility dynamics which have been devepoled so far. We proceed as follows: In chapter 1 we give a short repetition of the Black-Scholes first generation model which assumes a constant volatility and we show that volatility should not be modeled as constant by examining statistical data and introducing the notion of implied volatility. In chapter 2, we examine the simplest models that are able to produce smiles or skews - local volatility models. These are called second generation models. Local volatility models model the volatility as a function of the stock price and time. We start with the work of Dupire, show how local volatility models can be calibrated and end with a detailed discussion of the constant elasticity of volatility model. Chapter 3 focuses on the Heston model which represents the class of the stochastic volatility models, which assume that the volatility itself is driven by a stochastic process. These are called third generation models. We introduce the model structure, derive a partial differential pricing equation, give a closed-form solution for European calls by solving this equation and explain how the model is calibrated. The last part of chapter 3 then deals with the limits and the mis-specifications of the Heston model, in particular for recent exotic options like reverse cliquets, Accumulators or Napoleons. In chapter 4 we then introduce the Bergomi forward variance model which is called fourth generation model as a consequence of the limits of the Heston model explained in chapter 3. The Bergomi model is a stochastic local volatility model - the spot price is modeled as a constant elasticity of volatility diffusion and its volatility parameters are functions of the so called forward variances which are specified as stochastic processes. We start with the model specification, derive a partial differential pricing equation, show how the model has to be calibrated and end with pricing examples and a concluding discussion.


In this age of instant communication and biotechnology, on this ever-smaller planet, what kinds of problems have we created for ourselves? How do we tackle them in a world where the accustomed methods used by nation-states may be reaching their natural limits?In High Noon, J. F. Rischard challenges us to take a new approach to the twenty most important and urgent global problems of the twenty-first century. Rischard finds their common thread: we don't have an effective way of dealing with the problems that our increasingly crowded, interconnected world creates. Our difficulties belong to the future, but our means of solving them belong to the past.Rischard proposes new vehicles for global problem-solving that are startling and persuasive. With its clear-eyed urgency and refreshing specificity, High Noon is an agenda-setting book that everyone who cares about the future must read.


In this paper we summarize the findings of an empirical study conducted by the EDaWaX-Project. 141 economics journals were examined regarding the quality and extent of data availability policies that should support replications of published empirical results in economics. This paper suggests criteria for such policies that aim to facilitate replications. These criteria were also used for analysing the data availability policies we found in our sample and to identify best practices for  data policies of scholarly journals in economics. In addition, we also evaluated the journals' data archives and checked the percentage of articles associated with research data. To conclude, an appraisal as to how scientific libraries might support the linkage of publications to underlying research data in cooperation with researchers, editors, publishers and data centres is presented.


Fourth Amendment law is often considered a theoretical embarrassment. The law consists of dozens of rules for very specific situations that seem to lack a coherent explanation. Constitutional protection varies dramatically based on seemingly arcane distinctions.This Article introduces a new theory that explains and justifies both the structure and content of Fourth Amendment rules: The theory of equilibrium-adjustment. The theory of equilibrium-adjustment posits that the Supreme Court adjusts the scope of protection in response to new facts in order to restore the status quo level of protection. When changing technology or social practice expands government power, the Supreme Court tightens Fourth Amendment protection; when it threatens government power, the Supreme Court loosens constitutional protection. Existing Fourth Amendment law therefore reflects many decades of equilibrium-adjustment as facts change. This simple argument explains a wide range of puzzling Fourth Amendment doctrines including the automobile exception; rules on using sense-enhancing devices; the decline of the "mere evidence" rule; how the Fourth Amendment applies to the telephone network; undercover investigations; the law of aerial surveillance; rules for subpoenas; and the special Fourth Amendment protection for the home. The Article then offers a normative defense of equilibrium-adjustment. Equilibrium-adjustment maintains interpretive fidelity while permitting Fourth Amendment law to respond to changing facts. Its wide appeal and focus on deviations from the status quo facilitates coherent decisionmaking amidst empirical uncertainty and yet also gives Fourth Amendment law significant stability. The Article concludes by arguing that judicial delay is an important precondition to successful equilibrium-adjustment.


It is a well-known theorem of Deodhar that the Bruhat ordering of a Coxeter group is the conjunction of its projections onto quotients by maximal parabolic subgroups. Similarly, the Bruhat order is also the conjunction of a larger number of simpler quotients obtained by projecting onto two-sided (i.e., \double") quotients by pairs of maximal parabolic subgroups. Each one-sided quotient may be represented as an orbit in the reflection representation, and each double quotient corresponds to the portion of an orbit on the positive side of certain hyperplanes. In some cases, these orbit representations are \tight" in the sense that the root system induces an ordering on the orbit that yields eective coordinates for the Bruhat order, and hence also provides upper bounds for the order dimension. In this paper, we (1) provide a general characterization of tightness for one-sided quotients, (2) classify all tight one-sided quotients of nite Coxeter groups, and (3) classify all tight double quotients of ane Weyl groups.


Background The homogeneous genotype and stereotyped phenotype of a unique familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (patients homozygous for aspartate-to-alanine mutations in codon 90 (homD90A) superoxide dismutase 1) provides an ideal model for studying genotype/phenotype interactions and pathological features compared with heterogeneous apparently sporadic ALS. The authors aimed to use diffusion tensor tractography to quantify and compare changes in the intracerebral corticospinal tracts of patients with both forms of ALS, building on previous work using whole-brain voxelwise group analysis. Method 21 sporadic ALS patients, seven homD90A patients and 20 healthy controls underwent 1.5 T diffusion tensor MRI. Patients were assessed using 'upper motor neuron burden,' El Escorial and ALSFR-R scales. The intracranial corticospinal tract was assessed using diffusion tensor tractography measures of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity, and radial and axial diffusivity obtained from its entire length. Results Corticospinal tract FA was reduced in sporadic ALS patients compared with both homD90A ALS patients and controls. The diffusion measures in sporadic ALS patients were consistent with anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration of the corticospinal tracts. In sporadic ALS, corticospinal tract FA was related to clinical measures. Despite a similar degree of clinical upper motor neuron dysfunction and disability in homD90A ALS patients compared with sporadic ALS, there were no abnormalities in corticospinal tract diffusion measures compared with controls. Conclusions Diffusion tensor tractography has shown axonal degeneration within the intracerebral portion of the corticospinal tract in sporadic ALS patients, but not those with a homogeneous form of familial ALS. This suggests significant genotypic influences on the phenotype of ALS and may provide clues to slower progression of disease in homD90A patients.


Free public services, such as health and education, are one of the strongest weapons in the fight against inequality. They benefit everyone in society, but the poorest most of all. They mitigate the impact of skewed income distribution, and redistribute revenue by putting 'virtual income' into the pockets of the poorest women and men. Across OECD countries public services already provide the poorest people with the equivalent of 76% of their post-tax income. Oxfam is calling on governments to urgently reform tax systems and increase public spending on free public services, such as health and education, to tackle inequality and prevent us being tipped irrevocably into a world that works for the few and not the many. Key recommendations: Prioritize increased public spending on and delivery of health and education services, to fight poverty and inequality at a national level. Prioritize policies and practices that increase financing for free public health and education. Finance health and education from general progressive taxation, rather than through private and optional insurance schemes, user fees and out-of-pocket payments. Refrain from implementing unproven and unworkable market reforms to public health and education systems, and expand public sector rather than private sector delivery of essential services.


The recent financial crisis highlighted a fundamental but little-noticed paradox. The rising economic cost of financial market failure is disproportionately borne by the taxpaying general public. Yet, the public lacks an ability to participate meaningfully in the process of regulating increasingly complex financial markets. The crisis exposed pervasive market misconduct, regulatory incompetence, and conflict of interest in the U.S. financial sector. Yet, the post-crisis reform legislation continues to view financial services regulation as a process involving only two familiar principals: the industry and the regulators. Despite their dismal track record as guardians of public interest, bankers and bureaucrats effectively remain in charge of protecting the public from the next financial meltdown. This Article challenges that concept by re-envisioning systemic risk regulation as a tripartite process. It proposes the creation of a Public Interest Council (the "Council"), an independent government instrumentality established and appointed by Congress and located outside of the executive branch. Its charge would be to participate in the regulatory process as the designated representative of the public interest in preserving long-term financial stability and minimizing systemic risk. The Council would comprise individuals who are (1) competent in issues of financial regulation, and (2) independent from both the industry and regulators. Although the Council would not have any legislative or executive powers, it would have broad statutory authority to collect information from government agencies and private market participants; to investigate specific issues and trends in financial markets; to publicize its findings; and to advise Congress and regulators to take action with respect to issues of public concern. In effect, the Council's main function would be to counteract regulatory capture and to diffuse the financial industry's power to control the regulatory agenda by putting both bankers and bureaucrats under constant and intense public scrutiny. Despite potential implementation challenges, this proposal takes an important step toward a more effective and public-minded model of systemic risk regulation.


The belief that Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) nurture African-American students better than Historically White Colleges and Universities (HWCU) is widely held. This belief is likely grounded in the historical development of American higher education. Sellers and Kuperminc (1997) proposed that African-American athletes at HBCU will transition better than those at HWCU because they will not be goal discrepant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of nurturing experiences of African American athletes at HBCU versus HWCU by Processors, Student Affairs Staff, and Athletics Staff. The problem question was, "Are African-American athletes nurturing levels similar at HBCU and HWCU?" There were 30 students (11 female and 19 male) from the HCBU and 35 students (20 female and 15 male) from the HWCU. The respondents completed a 36-item Nurturing Experience scale developed from a pilot study. The MANOVA results for the institutional-type comparisons on all 12 dependent variables [3 staff types x 4 nurturing dimensions] suggests no statistically significant difference [F(12,52) = 1.40, p = .197] between institution types. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, follow-up univariate results were analyzed. The univariate results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between institution-types for Athletic Staff Career Development (F = 6.43, p = .014) and Athletic Staff Career Experiences (F = 4.85, p = .031). There were no significant differences between institution-types for the remaining 10 dependent variables. These results revealed two key findings. First, there was no overall significant difference between HBCU and HWCU nurturing levels. Second, the univariate differences that did emerge were on the Career Development and Career Experiences dimensions; these indicated that HWCU had higher nurturing scores. The differences that were found may be explained by resource discrepancies that exist at HBCU (receiving fewer) versus HWCU (receiving more). The results suggest that in today's educational environment, both institution types may nurture African-American student-athletes similarly. This is contrary to Sellars and Kuperminc's assumption that HBCU would nurture better. Studies with larger samples are needed to develop a fuller picture of nurturing levels at HBCU and HWCU.


The life and work of Polish painter Jerzy Nowosielski are discussed at length in an attempt to elucidate the apparent contradictions in both. Nowosielski, born in Cracow, is best known for his vivid, bold, very modern icon paintings, in particular those decorating the interiors of several architecturally striking churches in Poland. To understand the reasons for his interest in icons and the artistic choices he makes in painting them, some knowledge of his personal background, as well as of his philosophical and spiritual concerns, is required. At the root of Nowosielski's esoteric creative vision is his own historical analysis of the cultural origins of Europe, which he sees as a fruitful mixture of the traditions of East and West. The attraction of the artist, whose mother was Roman Catholic and whose father was a Catholic of the Eastern Rite, i.e., a Uniate, to the Eastern Orthodox Church also plays a crucial and, in his scheme of things, perfectly logical role in his thinking. For him Orthodoxy is an integral part of the rich European heritage, a heritage which has developed in part out of the tension and cross-fertilization between waxing and waning cultures, as, for example, when the Classical Greek world gave way to the Roman Empire, the leadership of the early Christian Church was transferred from Rome to Byzantium, or when, with the decline of the Byzantine empire, a Hellenistic revival laid the groundwork for the Italian Renaissance. The extraordinary beauty of Nowosielski's artistic production - which includes secular subjects - merits this in-depth look at the complex theological reasoning behind it, but equally of interest today is his idea of a present and future Europe that is all the stronger for its inherent contrasts.


How teachers are engaging with a particular Ontario curriculum resource document, Me Read? No Way!, and the problem of boys' literacy achievement in the context of a globalized neoliberal discourse of 'failing boys' has important implications for pedagogy and practice in the classroom. This investigation into teachers' work adopts a feminist poststructural framework and uses critical discourse analysis to develop two case studies based on focus group interviews with a purposeful sampling of Intermediate level teachers. Not only are boys' perceived needs and interests driving teacher choices in pedagogy and resource materials, but girls are perceived as not having any particular educational needs at all: boys will be boys and girls will be good. This investigation concludes that teacher professional knowledge must include a more developed understanding of how the social construction of gender is negotiated in the classroom.


All knowledge is context dependent. The relevant context is the social community where it resides, i.e. the 'epistemic community' formed as groups of people define and legitimize the knowledge they possess. In the mutual engagement in a common enterprise, epistemic communities develop, maintain and nurture the codes, tools and theories that provide the basis of their practice. Commonalities of code, tools and theory facilitate both voluntary transfer and involuntary imitation of knowledge within communities, also ones spanning organizational boundaries. Conversely, knowledge transfer between different epistemic communities, whether desired or unintended, is often cumbersome and fraught with difficulties. In order to achieve effective integration and cooperation between its various professional communities and subcultures, firms must therefore undertake investments in boundary-spanning mechanisms. Since these investments are specific to the context in which they take place and to the transactions that they enable, they cannot easily be organized through arm's length contracts. Firms exist because they have a relative advantage over markets in the integration of diverse knowledge. However, the associated capabilities need not translate into a relative advantage also in the transfer of knowledge, i.e. knowledge exchanged between members of the same epistemic community. Within communities, knowledge disseminates with relative ease both intentionally and through emulation. Knowledge thus acquired can generally be applied also outside the context of the exchange and the effort or investment expended in its acquisition is not transaction specific. The governance mode applied in such exchanges is therefore determined by strategic and contextual factors, including those of traditional transaction cost logic.


Large randomized trials can produce quick results that are more reliable, more generalizable, and can be disseminated more widely. This paper provides an overview of randomized clinical trials and the need to assess moderate treatments effects. Then, obstacles and advantages of conducting randomized controlled clinical trials in China are presented. Many large scale randomized trials of treatments for heart attack, stroke, and cancer have been conducted in China, some of which have had a profound impact on medical research in China and the way these diseases are treated in other countries. Two successful randomized controlled clinical trials conducted in China are provided as examples.


In the days following Hurricane Katrina, the media portrayed the people inside
New Orleans as a threat rather than a population in need. It was looters, in particular, who
were portrayed in this deviant light and they were well publicized in the media coverage
in Katrina's aftermath. However, sociological research is limited in terms of examining
looting, especially in the wake of a disaster. This research explores how looters were
socially constructed after Hurricane Katrina within three prominent US newspapers: The
New York Times, The Washington Post and Chicago Tribune. This research addresses three questions. First, how have Hurricane Katrina
looters been framed by the news media? Second, how have Hurricane Katrina looters
been differentially framed by these three powerful continuum of voices? Lastly, were
media frames of perceived Katrina looters instrumental in re-establishing social order? Based on a frame analysis of newspaper articles in The
New York Times, The Washington Post and Chicago Tribune, four primary looting frames emerged: property
crime, lawlessness, policing, and race. The extracted looting frames provide insight into
how the media portrayed those who looted after Hurricane Katrina. The unfolding of the
analysis told a unique sociological story by bringing the New Orleans looter to life. The underlying idea of the looter after Katrina took on an ill-famed or villainous
tone. According to media reports, looters vandalized, ran wild among the city and
required "tough policing" in order to contain their behavior. It was the media that served
as a social force that helped create and move these ideas about looting. The portrayal of the looter in this light becomes of great importance in the
moment after a disaster takes place: the moment in which society realizes that utter chaos
has replaced the normal social order. It is at this time when people pull together and set
aside their differences. However, this warm and fuzzy feeling of wanting to pull together
as one does not sustain itself for long. After Katrina, it was the claims of looting that
broke this romanticized feeling of social justice for all. Looting rumors at this time
contribute to the re-establishment of social order or in another way, bring back old
societal order. This is accomplished because looters are a way of establishing us (the
good guys) and them (the bad guys) once again in a time in which all social order is for a
moment lost. In other words, singling out the looter becomes a way to make sense of the
chaos; brings back stratification; brings back something that is familiar and maybe even
comforting to those that hold more power in society. Claims of looting were powerful in
this way because it was based on the age old struggle between the "haves" and "havenots."


This Article discusses the contours of the prohibition of crimes against humanity with reference to proceedings before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and deliberations at the Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (ICC). Because the contemporary status of this offense under international law cannot be understood or appreciated without reference to its history, this Article traces the evolution of the concept of crimes against humanity with particular reference to the genesis and re-interpretation of the war nexus requirement. A recurrent theme in this narrative is the search for an element of the offense sufficient to distinguish crimes against humanity from "ordinary" municipal crimes (e.g., murder, assault or false imprisonment) and to justify the exercise of international jurisdiction over inhumane acts that would otherwise be the subject of domestic adjudication. As this Article reveals, the war nexus originally served this purpose for the Nuremberg architects, although the time-honored doctrine of humanitarian intervention could have provided adequate precedent for the international prosecution of crimes against humanity. The ICTY devised an ingenuous solution to the problem of delimiting international jurisdiction and distinguishing crimes against humanity from "ordinary" crimes. The Trial Chamber did not require proof of a substantial link between the defendant's inhumane act and a state of war. Rather, the Chamber defined crimes against humanity in terms of the mens rea of the defendant and the existence of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population. However, at the same time, a Trial Chamber of the Tribunal added additional elements to the definition of crimes against humanity that further complicate the definition and the Prosecution's burden of proof. The Article argues that these elements should be eliminated on appeal. [N.B. The Appeals Chamber did overturn the Trial Chamber in this regard in the Tadic case.]Most recently, members of the international community drafting the Statute for the permanent ICC drew upon the ICTY Statute and the work of the Tribunal in drafting a consensus definition of crimes against humanity that will govern prosecutions before the new court. Fortunately, these drafters stopped where the Trial Chamber should have. They defined crimes against humanity with reference only to the existence of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population and the mental state of the individual defendant. In so doing, they recognized that once the abuse of civilians surpasses a particular threshold, the prescriptions of international law are activated and individual perpetrators can be held internationally liable for their acts of murder, assault, rape, or unlawful detention. The evolving definition of crimes against humanity since the Nuremberg era provides an example of the way in which the principles guiding the contemporary codification of international criminal law are dramatically shifting. Such norms were previously drafted with an eye toward fortifying, or at least defending, state sovereignty. Over time, however, these guiding principles have become more concerned with condemning injurious conduct and guaranteeing the accountability of individuals who subject others, including their compatriots, to inhumane acts.


The company is the dynamic outcome of economic and social forces that influence each other; this idea requires to dedicate effort and attention to managing relational dynamics among its components. This study aims to investigate how protecting the worker also in his sexual orientation may positively influence the economic results of the whole business. The sampling technique used proves to be representative of the conclusions obtained. The survey will be developed trying to understand how this dynamics are managed within the Swedish multinational IKEA, a corporate traditionally careful towards such issues.


Detective John Corey, last seen in Plum Island, now faces his toughest assignment yet: the pursuit and capture of the world's most dangerous terrorist -- a young Arab known as "The Lion" who has baffled a federal task force and shows no sign of stopping in his quest for revenge against the American pilots who bombed Libya and killed his family. Filled with unrelenting suspense and surprising plot twists at every terrifying turn, THE LION'S GAME is a heartstopping race against time and one of Nelson DeMille's most riveting thrillers.


This thesis deals with surface extraction from noisy volumetric images, which is a common problem in medical image analysis. Due to noise, the use of a-priori information about surface topology and shape is necessary for automatic surface extraction methods. Deformable surface models can incorporate such geometric knowledge into extraction process which is restated as an energy minimization problem. A drawback of deformable models is that the formulated minimization problem is difficult to solve because of numerous local minima and a large number of variables. This difficulty may lead to sensitivity to the initialization, complicating the unsupervised use of deformable models. The main contributions of this thesis are algorithms for solving the minimization problem globally. We propose two classes of algorithms for the task, Dual surface minimization (DSM) and a hybrid of real-coded genetic algorithms and a greedy algorithm (GAGR). By global optimization of the energy of the deformable models, we are capable of reducing the initialization sensitivity of deformable surface models, and hence enabling automation of surface extraction. Moreover, these methods for global optimization do not lead to unforseeable sensitivity to values of the model parameters, another problem common with deformable models. As our second contribution, we extend a shape modeling approach for two-dimensional contours to surfaces and analytically derive a shape model for the sphere (surface). We also consider surface extraction from positron emission tomography (PET) images as an application of the deformable model based on the DSM algorithm. This task is problematic because of high noise levels in PET as compared to the contrast of the images. Our automatic method based on the proposed deformable model reliably yielded extraction results of good accuracy as compared to the imaging resolution. The success in this application demonstrates the good properties of global optimization based deformable models for automatic surface extraction.


Printed Electronics is perceived to have a major impact in the fields of smart sensors, Internet of Things and wearables. Especially low power printed technologies such as electrolyte gated field effect transistors (EGFETs) using solution-processed inorganic materials and inkjet printing are very promising in such application domains. In this paper, we discuss a modeling approach to describe the variations of printed devices. Incorporating these models and design flows into our previously developed printed design system allows for robust circuit design. Additionally, we propose a reliability-aware routing solution for printed electronics technology based on the technology constraints in printing crossovers. The proposed methodology was validated on multiple benchmark circuits and can be easily integrated with the design automation tools-set.


API migration refers to the change of a used API to a different API in a program. A special case is called wrapper-based API migration. The API change is done without touching the program but the old API is reimplemented by means of the from now on used one. This so called wrapper has the interface of the reimplemented API but uses the implementation of the new one.
This is an interesting approach because the wrapper can be used in each program, which uses the old API.
To make this approach reproducible we study a ranking-based method for implementing a wrapper, where we always implement the method with the highest priority depending on failing test cases. Thus, we can reconstruct each implementation step.
We first develop an infrastructure to run and log test suites of Java projects that use an API, which we want to change.
We then build a wrapper for a given API using the ranking-based approach.


When jurors are presented with a menu of criminal verdict options and they cannot reach a consensus among them, what should they do? Available evidence suggests they are prone to compromise – that is, jurors will negotiate with each other and settle on a verdict in the middle, often on a lesser-included offense. The suggestion that jurors compromise is not new; it is supported by empirical evidence, well-accepted by courts and commentators, and unsurprising given the pressure jurors feel to reach agreement and the different individual views they likely hold. There are, however, some who say intrajury negotiation represents a failure of the jury process. Conventional wisdom clings to the notion that criminal verdicts reflect a jury's unanimous factual assessment. That notion is thwarted when a juror votes for a verdict as a compromise, as a second choice to the one he thinks best reflects reality. To date, therefore, compromise verdicts are typically dismissed as examples of maverick jurors dishonoring their oath to apply the law and seek the truth. This article challenges that conventional wisdom by way of a new analogy. If jurors each view the case differently and nonetheless negotiate with each other to reach a deal, why is that wrong when 95% of criminal convictions are the result of a similar process? I seek a new understanding of compromise verdicts by making a novel comparison to plea bargaining. I argue that the former should be understood in the context of the latter, and that the best way to evaluate intrajury negotiation is to juxtapose it with the negotiation that dominates our criminal justice system. Instead of dismissing intrajury negotiation as illegitimate, I argue that we should accept it as a reality and from there seek to improve it with lessons drawn from plea negotiations.


There has been considerable attention given in recent months to the shortfalls faced by state and local pension funds. Using the current methodology of assessing pension obligations, the shortfalls sum to nearly $1 trillion. Some analysts have argued that by using what they consider to be a more accurate methodology, the shortfalls could be more than three times this size. Based on these projections, many political figures have argued the need to drastically reduce the generosity of public sector pensions, and possibly to default on pension obligations already incurred. This paper shows: 1) Most of the pension shortfall using the current methodology is attributable to the plunge in the stock market in the years 2007-2009. 2)The argument that pension funds should only assume a risk-free rate of return in assessing pension fund adequacy ignores the distinction between governmental units, which need be little concerned over the timing of market fluctuations, and individual investors, who must be very sensitive to market timing. 3) The size of the projected state and local government shortfalls measured as a share of future gross state products appear manageable.


Let $\vec{r}=(r_i)_{i=1}^n$ be a sequence of real numbers of length $n$ with sum $s$. Let $s_0=0$ and $s_i=r_1+\ldots +r_i$ for every $i\in\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$. Fluctuation theory is the name given to that part of probability theory which deals with the fluctuations of the partial sums $s_i$. Define $p(\vec{r})$ to be the number of positive sum $s_i$ among $s_1,\ldots,s_n$ and $m(\vec{r})$ to be the smallest index $i$ with $s_i=\max\limits_{0\leq k\leq n}s_k$. An important problem in fluctuation theory is that of showing that in a random path the number of steps on the positive half-line has the same distribution as the index where the maximum is attained for the first time. In this paper, let $\vec{r}_i=(r_i,\ldots,r_n,r_1,\ldots,r_{i-1})$ be the $i$-th cyclic permutation of $\vec{r}$. For $s>0$, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for $\{ m(\vec{r}_i)\mid 1\leq i\leq n\}=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ and $\{ p(\vec{r}_i)\mid 1\leq i\leq n\}=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$; for $s\leq 0$, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for $\{ m(\vec{r}_i)\mid 1\leq i\leq n\}=\{0,1,\ldots,n-1\}$ and $\{ p(\vec{r}_i)\mid 1\leq i\leq n\}=\{0,1,\ldots,n-1\}$. We also give an analogous result for the class of all permutations of $\vec{r}$.


Dorothy Height marched at civil rights rallies, sat through tense White House meetings, and witnessed every major victory in the struggle for racial equality. Yet as the sole woman among powerful, charismatic men, someone whose personal ambition was secondary to her passion for her cause, she has received little mainstream recognition--until now. In her memoir, Dr. Height, now ninety-one, reflects on a life of service and leadership. We witness her childhood encounters with racism and the thrill of New York college life during the Harlem Renaissance. We see her protest against lynchings. We sit with her onstage as Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "I Have a Dream" speech. We meet people she knew intimately throughout the decades: W.E.B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, Eleanor Roosevelt, Mary McLeod Bethune, Adam Clayton Powell Sr., Langston Hughes, and many others. And we watch as she leads the National Council of Negro Women for forty-one years, her diplomatic counsel sought by U.S. Presidents from Eisenhower to Clinton. After the fierce battles of the 1960s, Dr. Height concentrates on troubled black communities, on issues like rural poverty, teen pregnancy and black family values. In 1994, her efforts are officially recognized. Along with Rosa Parks, she receives the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor.


Born in Missouri in 1928, Maya Angelou had a difficult childhood. Jim Crow laws segregated blacks and whites in the South. Her family life was unstable at times. But much like her poem, "Still I Rise," Angelou was able to lift herself out of her situation and flourish. She moved to California and became the first black - and first female - streetcar operator before following her interest in dance. She became a professional performer in her twenties and toured the U.S. and Europe as an opera star and calypso dancer. But Angelou's writing became her defining talent. Her poems and books, including I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, brought her international acclaim.


Educational equality has long been a vital concept in U.S. law and policy. Since Brown v. Board of Education, the concept of educational equality has remained markedly durable and animated major school reform efforts, including desegregation, school finance reform, the education of students with disabilities and English language learners, charter schools, voucher policies, the various iterations of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (including No Child Left Behind), and the "Stimulus." Despite such attention, students' educational opportunities have remained persistently unequal as understandings of the goals underlying schooling, fundamental changes in educational governance, and the definition of an equal education have continually shifted. Drawing from law, education policy, history, and political science, this book examines how the concept of equality in education law and policy has transformed from Brown through the Stimulus, the major factors influencing this transformation, and the significant problems that school reforms accordingly continue to face.


Abstract This study is of a theoretical-conceptual nature and is a partial outcome of the research project VEGA MŠVVaŠ SR and SAV no. 1/0176/15. It deals with one of the problems currently faced by educational theory and practice, i.e. the foreign language education of seniors. The trend is typical for many EU member states, since it results from the needs of a modern society. In addition to strategic documents, programs and legislation which binds the Slovak Republic to create conditions for lifelong education, including foreign language education, the authors are more closely preoccupied with specificities and possibilities of the language education of seniors, which are explained on a comparative basis with the language education of children and youth. Even though in literature one can find results of many substantial empirical research projects devoted to foreign language education of children and youth, research into the education of adults and seniors in the area of foreign languages falls behind considerably. A sufficient platform for the methodology of language education of adults and seniors in Slovakia has not been created either, if compared with the methodology of language education of younger age categories. This shortcoming is often quite noticeable in practice. The study attempts to pay adequate attention to the analysis of selected teaching styles specific for adult and senior age as well as teaching methods which may be used in the language education of seniors.


This year presents an opportune moment to reexamine President Abraham Lincoln's approach to executive power. This year's 150th Civil War anniversaries are inextricably tied to Lincoln's exercise of his office. The Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address drew deeply on Lincoln's broad vision of the President's commander-in-chief and executive powers in wartime. A century-and-a-half later, our political system continues to struggle over the constitutional questions that vexed Lincoln. Just as Lincoln had to navigate conflicts between the executive and legislative powers to win the Civil War, President Obama and his immediate predecessors have confronted the same questions in fighting a very different conflict today.Lincoln laid the foundations of his Presidency on a vigorous and dynamic view of his right to advance an alternative vision of the Constitution. If Lincoln and the Republican Party had accepted the supremacy of the judiciary's interpretation of the Constitution, Dred Scott would have foreclosed their core position that the federal government should stop the spread of slavery. Likewise, Lincoln's Presidency could not have achieved its successes without a proactive exercise of his constitutional powers. A passive attitude that conceded to Congress the leading role in setting policy, or one that waited on the Supreme Court to decide matters, would have led to a sundered nation or military disaster. Lincoln became America's savior because he preserved the Union, freed the slaves, and launched a new birth of freedom. He set in motion a political, social, and economic revolution, but one that had the conservative goal of restoring the nation's constitutional system of government. He could have achieved none of this without a broad vision of his office.


The 15 th – 17 th century AD was a period of sociopolitical changes throughout Yorubaland. A critical review of the traditional histories and the results of recent archaeological research in Igbomina reveal that these changes were not restricted to the central Yoruba areas but also manifested in the Yoruba periphery. Ila has been described as a major regional polity in northern Yoruba, whose early development may have followed a similar trajectory as the Old Oyo state. This paper is a report of our recent archaeological survey, excavation, and finds at Ila-Iyara, the major Ila political center occupied between the 14 th and 17 th centuries. Ila-Iyara exhibits evidence of large elite center, fortifications, sacred sites, iron working, and ceramic types similar to those found at Oyo, Ife, and Benin. The archaeological work in Ila-Iyara also provides further insight into the processes of socio-political development, the dynamics of changes, and the different web of interactions on the Yoruba northern frontier prior to the 18 th century.


BACKGROUND
Many anecdotes and several uncontrolled case series have suggested that emotionally stressful events, and more specifically, anger, immediately precede and appear to trigger the onset of acute myocardial infarction. However, controlled studies to determine the relative risk of myocardial infarction after episodes of anger have not been reported.

METHODS AND RESULTS
We interviewed 1623 patients (501 women) an average of 4 days after myocardial infarction. The interview identified the time, place, and quality of myocardial infarction pain and other symptoms, the estimated usual frequency of anger during the previous year, and the intensity and timing of anger and other potentially triggering factors during the 26 hours before the onset of myocardial infarction. Anger was assessed by the onset anger scale, a single-item, seven-level, self-report scale, and the state anger subscale of the State-Trait Personality Inventory. Occurrence of anger in the 2 hours preceding the onset of myocardial infarction was compared with its expected frequency using two types of self-matched control data based on the case-crossover study design. The onset anger scale identified 39 patients with episodes of anger in the 2 hours before the onset of myocardial infarction. The relative risk of myocardial infarction in the 2 hours after an episode of anger was 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 3.2). The state anger subscale corroborated these findings with a relative risk of 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.7). Regular users of aspirin had a significantly lower relative risk (1.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 2.6) than nonusers (2.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.0 to 4.1) (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS
Episodes of anger are capable of triggering the onset of acute myocardial infarction, but aspirin may reduce this risk. A better understanding of the manner in which external events trigger the onset of acute cardiovascular events may lead to innovative preventive strategies aimed at severing the link between these external stressors and their pathological consequences.


Abstract The aquatic ecosystem of the Meskiana Valley (wilaya of Oum El Bouaghi) covers a large area with a permanent flow and a semi-arid climate characterized by a strong evapotranspiration. In order to determine the Physico-chemical quality, pollution and salinity of the water of the river of Meskiana and more particularly in its downstream part which is exposed to wastewater discharges, analyses were carried out at the level of three sampling points: witness, the upstream (before spill), downstream (after spill)). In order to prevent the risk of alkalization and salinization of soil, the sodium absorption rate (SAR) and the percentage of sodium were determined and represented on the Wilcox and Riverside diagram. The high concentrations of polluting chemical elements and excessive salinity obtained at the downstream site show a high risk of pollution and salinization.


© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Transl. Anim. Sci. 2021.5:S34–S37 https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab174


Subject motion is a common problem in all forms of BOLD MRI and it is accepted that conventional motion correction does not remove all of this variance from the data. Hypothesis-driven approaches use the shifts from these corrections as unwanted-effects regressors, whereas data-driven analysis techniques often cannot, and so are more susceptible to this form of artefact. Modified temporal cluster analysis (MTCA) is a data-driven approach to the examination of fMRI and phMRI data. It is, however, susceptible to motion artefact, which we use here as an advantage and introduce the dual MTCA method as a means to discover when and where in the brain is being affected by motion which is uncorrected for, so that those slices may be suppressed before further data-driven analysis. This is particularly useful in experiments with long repetition times since only a subset of slices will require further correction. We apply this to placebo data from a phMRI study and conclude that it will be a useful step in the preprocessing and further analysis of such experiments.


The principal duty of any government is the protection of its citizens. But it has become a herculean task for Nigerian government to protect the lives and properties of her citizen because of religious and ethnic violence orchestrated by the activities of Boko Haram which has variously been attributed to the Islamic religion. Bombing and killing of lives and the destruction of properties have become a very regular and frequent occurrence in Nigeria today. A lot of attacks have been made by these faceless terrorists in the country from churches, mosque, markets, schools and barracks killing well over 10,000 innocent and helpless citizens. This comparative study was therefore carried out to investigate if the two major religions in the country were actually responsible for the activities of Boko Haram. But our investigation and finding using Christianity and Islam has clearly shown that Boko Haram is not an activity of religion but rather a political activity on a mission to destroy the teaching of Allah and God who preaches peace and love. Granted that the two religions under discourse do not teach violence as a virtue to its adherents, why has Boko Haram been traced to Moslem? How can this violence perpetrated by Boko Haram work for national unity, integration and national development. This study therefore used a well structured questionnaire for data collection amongst both Christians and Moslems located within Adamawa, Kano, Kaduna and Bauchi states where the activities of Boko Haram is most pronounced in recent times. Using simple percentage to analyze respondents view, it was discovered that religion was not the reason behind Boko Haram; rather Boko Haram came for political reason as a result of the dissatisfaction in power shift among some disgruntled northern political gladiators who desperately wanted power at all cost not minding what it cost. It was also conspicuously discovered that the two major religions in Nigeria can collectively work together for national integration and development in the absence of Boko Haram. Recommendations were then made on how to tackle the insecurity situation in Nigeria like value reorientation, Nigerian school curriculum overhauling, employment creation and generation and poverty reduction amongst others.

Keywords: Boko Haram, violence, national insecurity, national integration and development.


The growing rate of urban Aboriginal homelessness is a concern in Canada, yet, to date, no national enumeration of the homeless community has been attempted. Consequently, policies implemented to guarantee vulnerable populations access to housing are being struck in the absence of reliable data. Obtaining good data on the prevalence of this homeless community is one step in improving our collective understanding and response to urban Aboriginal homelessness. According to our calculations, that homelessness is staggering: on any one night, 6.97 percent of the urban Aboriginal population in Canada is homeless, as compared to a national average of .78 percent. This paper highlights the academic and bureaucratic construction of homelessness while urging academics and front-line agencies to align their research agendas in order to help combat the issues that create homelessness in what is a uniquely challenging environment for urban Aboriginal individuals seeking services. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations that will assist in this matter.


We present a novel approach for real-time facial reenactment of a monocular target video sequence (e.g., Youtube video). The source sequence is also a monocular video stream, captured live with a commodity webcam. Our goal is to animate the facial expressions of the target video by a source actor and re-render the manipulated output video in a photo-realistic fashion. To this end, we first address the under-constrained problem of facial identity recovery from monocular video by non-rigid model-based bundling. At run time, we track facial expressions of both source and target video using a dense photometric consistency measure. Reenactment is then achieved by fast and efficient deformation transfer between source and target. The mouth interior that best matches the re-targeted expression is retrieved from the target sequence and warped to produce an accurate fit. Finally, we convincingly re-render the synthesized target face on top of the corresponding video stream such that it seamlessly blends with the real-world illumination. We demonstrate our method in a live setup, where Youtube videos are reen-acted in real time.


Literature has consistently revealed across different countries of the world that large proportions of those who attend spiritual houses are women and they attend to seek help on diverse issues. However, it is not known if one's country of residence, educational attainment and marital status will predict women spiritual help-seeking behavior. The objective of this study was to find out how the variables as indicated above would predict spiritual help-seeking behavior of women in Nigeria, Iran and Cameroon. Using an ex post facto design and multistage sampling, 314 participants that participated in the study were drawn from Nigeria, Iran and Cameroon. Validated scale was used to collect data and the hypothesis tested was accepted. Thus, country of residence and marital status significantly predicted spiritual help-seeking behavior of women, whereas educational attainment was not a significant predictor. Deriving from above, professionals should begin to focus on the development of cross-cultural spiritual therapeutic measures that will address African women's specific problems as well as considering the level of educational attainment of help-seekers in addressing their problem. A limitation of the study however is the small sample size, which may be addressed in further researches.


The present thesis is concerned with the simulation of the loading behaviour of both hybrid lightweight structures and piezoelectric mesostructures, with a special focus on solid interfaces on the meso scale. Furthermore, an analytical review on bifurcation modes of continuum-interface problems is included. The inelastic interface behaviour is characterised by elastoplastic, viscous, damaging and fatigue-motivated models. For related numerical computations, the Finite Element Method is applied. In this context, so-called interface elements play an important role. The simulation results are reflected by numerous examples which are partially correlated to experimental data.


Research linking executive succession and competitive advantage has produced inconsistent findings. Definitive empirical evidence is not available to reconcile how executive leadership succession influences competitive advantage and more specifically whether organizational insiders or outsiders perform better. Two significant concerns exist about the methods used to explore the executive succession-organizational performance phenomenon. First, improved study designs are needed allowing for more robust causal inferences to be made about succession's competitive impact. Second, disagreements about competitive advantage's measurement have contributed to inconsistent results. This study suggests design improvements for executive succession-organizational performance studies with an empirical example using a sample of U.S. hospitals. Propensity score matching was used to simulate a randomized control trial with executive succession as the intervention. Stochastic frontier estimation was used to measure organizations' competitive performances before and after executive succession occurred. The results provided empirical evidence from a simulated random sample indicating that change in leadership and specifically outside succession led to increased competitive capabilities. In general, executive leadership changes led to increased competitive capabilities in this study and outsiders were able to close the performance gap faster in the sampled hospitals. Insiders performed no better than the control group creating a relative reduction in gains to the frontier as compared to outsiders.


In this paper we develop monitoring schemes for detecting structural changes
in nonlinear autoregressive models. We approximate the regression function by a
single layer feedforward neural network. We show that CUSUM-type tests based
on cumulative sums of estimated residuals, that have been intensively studied
for linear regression in both an offline as well as online setting, can be extended
to this model. The proposed monitoring schemes reject (asymptotically) the null
hypothesis only with a given probability but will detect a large class of alternatives
with probability one. In order to construct these sequential size tests the limit
distribution under the null hypothesis is obtained.


The use of Phase Change Material, PCM, to change the thermal inertia of lightweight buildings is investigated in the CRAFT project C-TIDE. It is a joint project with Italian and Swedish partners, representing both industry and research. PCMs are materials where the phase change enthalpy can be used for thermal storage. The Swedish application is a night ventilation system where cold night air is used to solidify the PCM. The PCM is melted in the day with warm indoor air and thereby the indoor air is cooled. The system is intended for light weight buildings with an overproduction of heat during daytime. In the thesis, the results of experiments and numerical simulations of the application are presented. The theoretical background in order design the heat exchanger and applying the installation in thermal simulation software is presented. An extensive program is set up, in order to develop test methods and carry tests to evaluate the performance over time of the PCM. Testing procedures are set up according to ISO standards concerning service life testing. The tests are focused on the change over time of the Thermal Storage Capacity (TSC) in different temperature spans. Measurements are carried out on large samples with a water bath calorimeter. The service life estimation of a material is based on the performance of one or more critical properties over time. When the performances of these properties are below the performance requirements, the material has reached its service life. The critical properties of the PCM are evaluated by simulation of the application. The performance requirements of the material are set up according to general requirements of PCM and requirements according to building legislation. The critical properties of a PCM are the transition temperature, the melting temperature range and the TSC in the operative temperature interval. The critical property of the application is its energy efficiency. The results of the study show that the night cooling system will lower the indoor air temperature during daytime. It also shows that the tested PCM does not have a clear phase change, but an increased specific heat in the operative temperature interval. Increasing the amount of material, used in the application, can compensate this. Finally, the tested PCM is thermally stable and the service life of the product is within the range of the design lives of the building services. It is essential to for all designers to know the performance over time of the properties of PCMs. Therefore it is desirable that standardized testing methods of PCM are established and standardized classification systems of PCMs are developed.


This is the Catalan Word-Net-LMF lexicon. The Catalan lexicon is part of the Multilingual Central Repository (MCR http://adimen.si.ehu.es/web/MCR) and contains 23399 lexical Entries. The MCR currently integrates in the same EuroWordNet framework wordnets from five different languages: English, Spanish, Catalan, Basque and Catalan. Its format was defined during the KYOTO Project (http://www.kyoto-project.eu/). The lexicon validates against the kyoto_wn.dtd which is also included in this distribution. The kyoto_wn.dtd is LMF compliant.


For much of the twentieth century, philosophy and science went their separate ways. In moral philosophy, fear of the so-called naturalistic fallacy kept moral philosophers from incorporating developments in biology and psychology. Since the 1990s, however, many philosophers have drawn on recent advances in cognitive psychology, brain science, and evolutionary psychology to inform their work. This collaborative trend is especially strong in moral philosophy, and these three volumes bring together some of the most innovative work by both philosophers and psychologists in this emerging interdisciplinary field. The neuroscience of morality is in its infancy, with the first brain imaging studies of moral development undertaken only in 2001. The contributors to volume 3 sample the best work in this very new field, discussing a variety of approaches, including functional imaging, lesion studies, abnormal psychology, and developmental neuroscience. Each chapter includes an essay, comments on the essay by other scholars, and a reply by the author(s) of the original essay. Topics include the neural basis of moral emotions and moral judgments as well as comparisons of normal adult moral judgments with those made by children, adolescents, and people with psychopathy, brain damage, and autism. Contributors to Volume 3 Abigail Baird, William Casebeer, Cordelia Fine, Nathan Fox, Uta Frith, Jordan Grafman, Joshua Greene, Catherine Hynes, Fatima Azavedo Ignacio, Richard Joyce, Jerome Kagan, Leonard Katz, Kent Kiehl, Jeanette Kennett, Melanie Killen, Daniel Lapsley, Heidi Maibom, Victoria McGeer, John Mikhail, Jorge Moll, Shaun Nichols, Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza, Adina Roskies, Jana Schaich Borg, Katrina Sifferd, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Michael Smith, Mark Timmons, Frederick de Vignemont, Paul Whalen, Roland Zahn


Property has always been treated somewhat exceptionally in the realm of conflict of laws, but today conflicts rules for property are more unusual than ever — not because they have changed, but because they haven't. Decades ago, most states discarded the general body of traditional conflict-of-laws doctrines, a transformation referred to as the Conflicts Revolution. Property, however, remains mysteriously untouched. The basic common-law principle is that property is governed by the law of its location — the situs rule. Despite persistent academic criticism, the situs rule is still followed in every state.This article argues certain structural features of property support the situs rule, notwithstanding the Conflicts Revolution. Theorists have increasingly stressed property's "in rem" quality — the idea that property is "good against the world." This article shows how that feature creates a special need for uniform treatment across jurisdictions, such that a single, exclusive source of law is applicable to questions concerning the division of rights in a given asset. Property's in rem character is a consequence of the allocational model used as the central organizing concept in property law. That model treats each property entitlement as part of a zero-sum game, in that one person's entitlement to an asset means no one else can validly hold an incompatible claim to the same asset. Using different rules to resolve the same legal issue both aggravates the information cost problems generated by such a system and undermines its overall coherence. The situs rule in turn responds to the elevated need for uniformity in the property context by creating a focal point that enables states to coordinate their conflicts rules. The article shows how uniformity devices pervade property, including intellectual property and even other fields with certain formal resemblances, such as marriage and corporations law. Beyond its implications for issues of property jurisdiction, this article helps show where property's much discussed "in rem" character comes from, what it really means, and how it distinguishes property from other private law fields like contract and tort.


Dynamic analysis is increasingly attracting attention for debugging, profiling, and program comprehension. Ten to twenty years ago, many dynamic analyses investigated only simple method execution traces. Today, in contrast, many sophisticated dynamic analyses exist, for instance, for detecting memory leaks, analyzing ownership properties, measuring garbage collector performance, or supporting debugging tasks. These analyses depend on complex program instrumentations and analysis models, making it challenging to understand, compare, and reproduce the proposed approaches. While formal specifications and proofs are common in the field of static analysis, most dynamic analyses are specified using informal, textual descriptions. In this paper, we propose a formal framework using operational semantics that allows researchers to precisely specify their dynamic analysis. Our goal is to provide an accessible and reusable basis on which researchers who may not be familiar with rigorous specifications of dynamic analyses can build. By extending the provided semantics, one can concisely specify how runtime events are captured and how this data is transformed to populate the analysis model. Furthermore, our approach provides the foundations to reason about properties of a dynamic analysis.


In this unusual book, first published by The MIT Press in 1980 and now updated with a new chapter, Steven Brams applies the mathematical theory of games to the Hebrew Bible. Brams's thesis is that God and the human biblical characters acted rationally--that is, given their preferences and their knowledge of other players' preferences, they made strategy choices that led to the best attainable outcomes.Beginning with the Creation and focusing on those stories richest in conflict and intrigue, Brams uses elementary game-theoretic tools to elucidate the rational calculations of biblical players and to show precisely the manner in which they sought to achieve their goals. He relies almost exclusively on noncooperative theory, making use of both game tree and matrix forms of games. Brams uses his strategic analyses to build a detailed assessment of God's character and motivations, including the reasons for His frequently wrathful behavior. Brams's insights have application to biblical studies, the philosophy of religion, political theory, and game theory and methodology.In the new chapter, Brams surveys the literature of the past twenty years on political-strategic interpretations of the Hebrew Bible. He also extends the game-theoretic analysis, using the theory of moves, to study a counterfactual situation--what if Abraham had refused God's command to sacrifice Isaac?--and to examine the rationality of believing in a superior being.


Want to create sophisticated games and graphics-intensive apps? Learn OpenGL ES gets you started immediately with OpenGL ES. After mastering the basics of OpenGL ES itself, you will quickly find yourself writing and building game apps, without having to learn about object oriented programming techniques. This book demonstrates the use of a powerful open-source modeling tool, Blender. You will be guided, step by step, through the development of Tank Fence, a dynamic, interactive 3D game. Along the way you'll gain skills in building apps with Eclipse and the Android SDK or NDK, rendering graphics using hardware acceleration, and multithreading for performance and responsiveness. iOS developers will also find this book's information invaluable when writing their apps. You'll learn everything you need to know about: Creating simple, efficient game UIs Designing the basic building blocks of an exciting, interactive 3D game Pulling all the elements together with Blender, a powerful open-source tool for modeling, animation, rendering, compositing, video editing, and game creation Taking the next big step using custom and inbuilt functions, texturing, shading, light sources, and more Refining your mobile game app through collision detection, player-room-obstacle classes, and storage classes Doing all this efficiently on mobile devices with limited resources and processing What youll learn How to install and use OpenGL ES 2.0 on Android GLSL ES Fundamentals State Management Modeling 3D Objects Using Blender Using the Perl Mesh Parser Vertex Buffer Objects Using Color Masks sampler2D and samplerCube Uniforms Multi-Texturing Lambert Illumination Model Implementing the Lighting Equation Design, write, and build Tank Fence, an interactive 3D game Who this book is for Learn OpenGL ES is ideal for mobile game and interactive app developers who want to know more about the OpenGL ES engine and and use it to build more sophisticated, graphically-rich games and other apps. While the code is developed on Android, iOS developers will also find this book invaluable. Table of Contents 1. Why OpenGL ES? 2. UI for games: Keep it simple 3. First Steps: Mobile Game App Development 4. 3D Modeling 5. Functions, Shading, Light Source and Objects 6. Carrying Further: Collision Detection


The study first sought to determine if students' self-reported scores on measures of personal epistemology and motivational and strategic components of self-regulated learning (a) changed over time and (b) were impacted by enrollment in an interdisciplinary course. Secondly, the study questioned how these measures impacted end-of-term GPA. Four hundred ninety traditional aged first-year students at a mid-sized private southeastern university, 287 females and 203 males, comprised the sample. Data were collected during a fall term in a pre-post format for this quasi-experimental research design. After scaling and adjusting to fit this study population, three scales were derived from the Epistemic Beliefs Inventory and seven scales were derived from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. A repeated measures MANOVA was conducted for treatment (interdisciplinary course) x time (pre/post) for each of the 11 scales and found no interaction effect for treatment. Over time, significant within-group differences indicated that all students moved toward the naive perspective for measures of Quick Learning and Innate Learning. Motivational measures of Task Value and Extrinsic Goal Orientation declined significantly. More significant use of Elaboration and Written Study Strategies were reported over time. Between groups differences indicated that students in the interdisciplinary course had more desirable mean scores for the following scales: Quick Learning, Self-Efficacy for Learning and Performance, Task Value, Intrinsic Goal Orientation, Extrinsic Goal Orientation, Elaboration and Critical Thinking. Additional data analysis determined that significant differences existed between group means on entering academic record variables. However, there were no significant differences in the variance of pretest scores and only one significant difference for posttest scores. Consequently, these entering characteristics may only indirectly account for the between-groups significant main effects. Correlation analysis between pre and post scores for the 11 scales and end-of-term cumulative GPA isolated significantly correlated variables to include in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Analyses indicated that Quick Learning pretest scores and posttest scores for Self-Efficacy for Learning and Performance explained 8.8% of the variability of GPA.


The introduction to this first year casebook describes the history of contract law courses in America over the last hundred years as well as the central features of the law in action approach to the study of contracts. The law in action approach questions overemphasis on legal rules. Law students must learn contract doctrine as one tool, but this is just the beginning of what they need to know. Lawyers in practice are more likely to play an advisory role in the planning and adjustment of contractual relationships than they are to litigate fine points of doctrine. Legal rights typically serve as but a vague bargaining entitlement, with considerations about maintaining valuable relationships and reputation often more important. Lawyers must learn to understand the business context of their clients' deals. The law in action approach introduces students to the practical issues that lawyers face. It also examines the gap between the announced purposes of legal rules and their impact and the ways in which business norms and other imperatives can be more powerful "law" than law on the books.


[1] The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) experiment was designed to provide global temperature and composition data on the region from the upper troposphere to the mesopause with vertical and horizontal resolution not previously available. The science objectives are the study of small-scale dynamics and transports, including stratosphere-troposphere exchange, upper troposphere/lower stratosphere chemistry, aerosol, cirrus and PSC distributions, and gravity waves. The instrument features 21 channels, low noise levels, high vertical resolution, and a mechanical cooler for long life. During launch most of the optical aperture became obscured, so that only a potion of an optical beam width at a large azimuth from the orbital plane on the side away from the Sun can see the atmosphere. Irrecoverable loss of capabilities include limitation of coverage to the region 65°S–82°N and inability to obtain longitudinal resolution finer than an orbital spacing. While this optical blockage also impacted radiometric performance, extensive effort has gone into developing corrections for the several effects of the obstruction, so that radiances from some of the channels can be put into retrievals for temperature. Changes were also necessary for the retrieval algorithm. The validation of the resulting temperature retrievals is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of these corrections. The random errors range from ∼0.5 K at 20 km to ∼1.0 at 60 km, close to those predicted. Comparisons with high-resolution radiosondes, lidars, ACE-FTS, and ECMWF analyses give a consistent picture of HIRDLS temperatures being 1–2 K warm from 200 to 10 hPa and within ±2 K of standards from 200 to 2 hPa (but warmer in the region of the tropical tropopause), above which HIRDLS appears to be cold. Comparisons show that both COSMIC and HIRDLS can see small vertical features down to about 2 km wavelength. While further improvements in the data are expected, these data will allow HIRDLS to provide important support toward reaching the Aura objectives.


More than three dozen states around the world take part in censoring what their citizens can see and do on the Internet. This practice is increasingly widespread, with extensive filtering regimes in place in China, Iran, Burma (Myanmar), Syria, and Uzbekistan. Censorship using technological filters is often coupled with restrictive laws related to what the press can publish, opaque surveillance practices, and severe penalties for people who break the state's rules of using the Internet. This trend has been emerging since at least 2002.As Internet use overall and the practice of online censorship grow, heads of state and their representatives have been gathering to discuss the broad topic of "Internet governance" at a series of high-profile, global meetings. These meetings have taken the form of periodic World Summits on the Information Society and, more recently, meetings of the Internet Governance Forum. The widespread practice of blocking citizens from accessing certain information on the Internet from within a given state offers a point of engagement for the Internet governance debate that takes place at these summits and forums. Those who have participated in and lead these global efforts - k Force, the members of the United Nations' Working Group on Internet Governance, the Internet Governance Forum's leaders - have by and large avoided this matter of Internet filtering. These influential meetings could profitably be focused on this issue in order, at a minimum, to establish a set of principles and best practices related to Internet filtering. The reason that the Internet filtering issue is not at the top of the agenda for these global discussions may seem obvious. On a superficial level, this topic is an unattractive candidate for the Internet governance decision-makers to take up. Diplomatic niceties make hard conversations about divisive issues unpleasant. A serious discussion of Internet filtering would dredge up thorny topics like free expression, privacy, national security, international enforcement, and state sovereignty - issues on which states are likely to disagree vehemently. But in so doing, the Internet governance debate might take on new life and importance. It might, in the process, engage more stakeholders in the conversation in meaningful ways. It could focus discussion on the core problems related to the divergence of views among states as to what a "good" Internet looks like. It would put in relief the jurisdictional issues related to every country in the world sharing a single, unitary, public network of networks, far more powerful than any such network that has come before, with the power to bring people together and to divide them - while also acknowledging the fact that states can and do exert power over what their citizens do on this network. It could help situate local conversations about issues like Network Neutrality into a global context. It would prompt an examination of whether any single set of rules might serve to address concerns related to content on the Internet. And, in the process, it would encourage states to come clean about the lengths they are willing to go to block their citizens from accessing information online. At best, such a discussion would bring the issue of state-based Internet censorship into the spotlight and might, in the process, lead some states to reform their Internet filtering practices so as to become more open and transparent.


The strategic importance of information technology (IT) in today's organizations and dependence on IT to support e-government strategies has increased the interest in IT Governance (ITG) in public sector organizations. From this perspective, this paper examines ITG practices in a public organization in Ghana (that has a responsibility to mobilize revenue for national development) in order to gain an insight into IT governance structures, processes and relational mechanisms and understand how this contributes to adding value through IT. The findings have revealed that this public organization has a centralized approach to IT governance, with inadequate board involvement concerning how IT investments can bring value and improve organizational performance. Furthermore, there are no IT steering and strategy committees to oversee IT governance as best practice requires.


Teachers in the United States are compensated largely on the basis of fixed schedules that reward experience and credentials. However, there is a growing interest in whether performance-based incentives based on rigorous teacher evaluations can improve teacher retention and performance. The evidence available to date has been mixed at best. This study presents novel evidence on this topic based on IMPACT, the controversial teacher-evaluation system introduced in the District of Columbia Public Schools by then-Chancellor Michelle Rhee. IMPACT implemented uniquely high-powered incentives linked to multiple measures of teacher performance (i.e., several structured observational measures as well as test performance). We present regression-discontinuity (RD) estimates that compare the retention and performance outcomes among low-performing teachers whose ratings placed them near the threshold that implied a strong dismissal threat. We also compare outcomes among high-performing teachers whose rating placed them near a threshold that implied an unusually large financial incentive. Our RD results indicate that dismissal threats increased the voluntary attrition of low-performing teachers by 11 percentage points (i.e., more than 50 percent) and improved the performance of teachers who remained by 0.27 of a teacher-level standard deviation. We also find evidence that financial incentives further improved the performance of high-performing teachers (effect size = 0.24).


These guidelines provide an integrated approach to the cost-effective design of perimeter zones in new commercial buildings and existing building retrofits. They function as a quick reference for building designers, through a set of easy steps and rules-of-thumb, emphasizing "how-to" practical details. References are given to more detailed sources of information, should the reader wish to go further. The design method used in this document emphasizes that building decisions should be made within the context of the whole building as a single functioning system rather than as an assembly of distinct parts. This integrated design approach looks at the ramifications of each individual system decision on the whole building. For example, the decision on glazing selection will have an effect on lighting, mechanical systems, and interior design. Therefore, the entire design team should participate and influence this glazing decision—which typically rests with the architect alone. The benefit of an integrated design approach is a greater chance of success towards long-term comfort and sustained energy savings in the building.


Standard-setting organizations (SSOs) often require member firms to license their standard-essential patents (SEPs) on undefined "fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory" (FRAND) terms. Courts and commentators in turn have proposed various principles for calculating FRAND royalties, among them that the royalty should not reflect "the value of the standard." As we show, however, this principle could be understood to mean any or all of three distinct concepts, namely that the royalty should not reflect the implementer's sunk costs; that the patentee should not be able to extract any of the value resulting from network effects; or that the royalty should be proportionate to the patent's contribution to the standard. This Article proposes, as an alternative benchmark, that a FRAND royalty should reflect the incremental contribution of the patent to the value of the standard. This principle combines two related ideas: first, that royalties should reflect the hypothetical bargain the parties would have struck ex ante (prior to standard adoption), in view of the incremental value of the technology over unpatented alternatives as revealed ex post; and second, that multiple patents reading on a standard should be valued in proportion to their marginal contribution ("ex post Shapley pricing"). Our proposal would prevent patentees from extracting sunk costs or a disproportionate share of standard value, but (contrary to some approaches) it would enable them to draw some of the increased value resulting from network effects. We show that our approach is more consistent with sound innovation policy, and suggest some practical applications.


When a selected sample member refuses to take part in a survey interview, the survey organization may not accept the refusal as a final outcome, but rather to make further attempts to convert the refusals into an interview. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of refusals conversion and the propensity of the converted refusals to respond at later waves in a longitudinal survey. A two-stage stratified randon sampling scheme was used with households in Oyo as the sampling unit. A sample of 750 households were randomly selected from the community and sub-divided into five equal groups with each group treated as a wave. The recording schedule was used to obtain information on demographic characteristics including survey process, external environment, age, gender, educational qualification, religion, employment status, family size, duration of interview and the type of questions. The data were collected through oral interview of the subjects. Summary statistics were constructed to look at the patterns of conversion of refusals. Logistic model was fitted to investigate the propensity of converted refusals to respond at later waves following a conversion. At wave 1 of the survey, 109 house heads were interview in households with a response rates (in percentage) of 72.67.The interview period was an average of 8 minutes per house head. The response rate at wave 2, wave 3, wave 4 and wave 5 were 82, 81.33, 82 and 80.67 respectively. Outcomes of a conversion attempt were a full interview and a proxy interview. Five house heads went through the conversion process at wave 1 and data were successfully collected on 2 of them (40%). All of them were interviewed again at wave 2 (100%). Those converted refusals at wave 1, 100% gave a full interview six months later. For house heads who were converted between wave 1 and wave 5 continued to give full interviews at every wave up to wave 5. For all other waves, the converted refusals participated throughout the survey. Logistic model showed that, those who were converted to a full interview rather than proxy interview were the most likely to give a full interview at subsequent wave. When we included in the model, information on the wave in which the initial conversion was took place and the time since conversion, we found that those whose initial conversions were in earlier and later waves were less likely to give a full interview compared with those were converted at wave 3. Adding demographic information suggested that male, people with their ages between ((30 − 50) years, respondents with primary education were likely to take part again following a conversion.


This article reports on the initial observation phase of a larger, longitudinal project that explores complex language encounters in grades R (Reception) to 3 classrooms in South Africa. Complex language encounters refer to teacher-learner exchanges that take place when neither teachers nor learners are first language speakers of the language of instruction, in this case English.  Observations during teaching practice visits to linguistically and culturally diverse South African urban classrooms yielded several vignettes that illustrate the need for teachers to be provided with strategies to lessen the confusion of some language encounters. Although preliminary, our findings underline how critical it is for teachers to possess full proficiency in the language of instruction as well as cross-cultural competence. That is, in order to attend adequately to diverse learners' sense-making efforts, teachers need to know how to relate to learners by 'border crossing' linguistically, culturally and conceptually.


The purpose of the present study is to explore the experiences of Arab Muslim graduate students in the University of Alberta (U of A) regarding cultural differences and adjustment, language difficulties, supervision, differences of study system, and funding. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five Arab Muslim graduate students from Egypt, Libya, Oman, Iraq and Kuwait. The findings of the study reveal that although students experience some difficulties adjusting to Canadian society, adjustment is made easier through their interaction with local Muslim communities and organizations such as mosques. In addition, respondents indicate the multicultural nature of Canadian society is an asset that helps them o-n and off-campus. Moreover, the presence of Arab Muslim students at the U of A may help in correcting the image of Islam as a religion, distorted in the west, through interaction both academically and socially with other students. The study recommends greater cooperation between the university and Muslim cultural and religious organizations within Canadian society.


Many large decentralized systems rely on information propagation to ensure their proper function. We examine a common scenario in which only participants that are aware of the information can compete for some reward, and thus informed participants have an incentive not to propagate information to others. One recent example in which such tension arises is the 2009 DARPA Network Challenge (finding red balloons). We focus on another prominent example: Bitcoin, a decentralized electronic currency system.
 Bitcoin represents a radical new approach to monetary systems. It has been getting a large amount of public attention over the last year, both in policy discussions and in the popular press. Its cryptographic fundamentals have largely held up even as its usage has become increasingly widespread. We find, however, that it exhibits a fundamental problem of a different nature, based on how its incentives are structured. We propose a modification to the protocol that can eliminate this problem.
 Bitcoin relies on a peer-to-peer network to track transactions that are performed with the currency. For this purpose, every transaction a node learns about should be transmitted to its neighbors in the network. As the protocol is currently defined and implemented, it does not provide an incentive for nodes to broadcast transactions they are aware of. In fact, it provides an incentive not to do so. Our solution is to augment the protocol with a scheme that rewards information propagation. Since clones are easy to create in the Bitcoin system, an important feature of our scheme is Sybil-proofness.
 We show that our proposed scheme succeeds in setting the correct incentives, that it is Sybil-proof, and that it requires only a small payment overhead, all this is achieved with iterated elimination of dominated strategies. We complement this result by showing that there are no reward schemes in which information propagation and no self-cloning is a dominant strategy.


While the rise and abolition of slavery and ongoing race relations are central themes of the history of the United States, the African diaspora actually had a far greater impact on Latin and Central America. More than ten times as many Africans came to Spanish and Portuguese America as the United States. In this, the first history of the African diaspora in Latin America from emancipation to the present, George Reid Andrews deftly synthesizes the history of people of African descent in every Latin American country from Mexico and the Caribbean to Argentina. He examines how African peooples and their descendants made their way from slavery to freedom and how they helped shape and responded to political, economic, and cultural changes in their societies. Individually and collectively they pursued the goals of freedom, equality, and citizenship through military service, political parties, civic organizations, labor unions, religious activity, and other avenues. Spanning two centuries, this tour de force should be read by anyone interested in Latin American history, the history of slavery, and the African diaspora, as well as the future of Latin America.


What if imagination and art are not, as many of us might think, the frosting on life but the fountainhead of human experience? What if our logic and science derive from art forms, rather than the other way around? In this trenchant volume, Rollo May helps all of us find those creative impulses that, once liberated, offer new possibilities for achievement. A renowned therapist and inspiring guide, Dr. May draws on his experience to show how we can break out of old patterns in our lives. His insightful book offers us a way through our fears into a fully realized self.


Divide in Concord is a feature-length documentary that follows the entertaining tale of banning bottled water in small town America. In 1775, Concord patriots fired the infamous "shot heard round the world" that began a Revolution and defined a nation. Now a local eighty-four year-old woman has waged another seemingly unwinnable battle. For three years Jean Hill has been trying to rid the town of single-serve plastic bottles of water. Complete with strong opposition from local merchants and the bottled water industry, Jean is once again leading the controversial crusade. (Source: Official Film Website )


[1] During July and August, 2004, balloon-borne ozonesondes were released daily at 12 sites in the eastern USA and Canada, producing the largest single set of free tropospheric ozone measurements ever compiled for this region. At the same time, a number of air quality forecast models were run daily as part of a larger field experiment. In this paper, we compare these ozonesonde profiles with predicted ozone profiles from several versions of two of these forecast models, the Environment Canada CHRONOS and AURAMS models. We find that the models show considerable skill at predicting ozone in the planetary boundary layer and immediately above. Individual station biases are variable, but often small. Standard deviations of observation-forecast differences are large, however. Ozone variability in the models is somewhat higher than observed. Most strikingly, none of the model versions is able to reproduce the typical tropospheric ozone profile of increasing mixing ratio with altitude. Results from a sensitivity test suggest that the form of the ozone lateral boundary condition used by all model versions contributes significantly to the large ozone underpredictions in the middle and upper troposphere. The discrepancy could be reduced further by adding a downward flux of ozone from the model lid and by accounting for in situ production of ozone from lightning-generated NOx.


In this study the use of endorsements in advertising was investigated. Endorsements can either be in the form of a celebrity acting as a spokesperson for an organisation or the organisation can create a spokesperson to act as an endorser. The problem that faces marketers is that little scientific proof exists if students perceive celebrity endorsements and creative spokespersons differently with regard to their expertise and trustworthiness. The aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of respondents with regard to expertise, trustworthiness and attractiveness of created spokesperson and celebrity endorsements in advertisements. This knowledge will provide marketing professionals with the strategic advantage of how and when to make use of an endorser. Ohanian's (1990) measurement scale of perceived expertise, trustworthiness and attractiveness was adopted in a self-administrative questionnaire for this article. Respondents (n=185) were exposed to six visual images of endorsers namely: three celebrities and three created spokespersons. It was found that attractiveness should not be used as a factor when comparing created endorsers with celebrity endorsers. The respondents perceived both endorsement applications as highly credible and professionals need to consider each application's advantages and disadvantages when deciding which application will be more effective for their advertising strategy. In the long term the organisation might find it more cost effective to create its own spokesperson due to the risk of possible characteristics changes or negative associations of celebrity endorsers. Revoking advertisements after celebrity endorsers have received negative publicity or changed character can lead to great financial losses. Created endorsers, on the other hand, provide the organisation with greater control and the ability to change to adapt to the organisation's market and advertising needs.