In this dissertation we consider complex, projective hypersurfaces with many isolated singularities. The leading questions concern the maximal number of prescribed singularities of such hypersurfaces in a given linear system, and geometric properties of the equisingular stratum. In the first part a systematic introduction to the theory of equianalytic families of hypersurfaces is given. Furthermore, the patchworking method for constructing hypersurfaces with singularities of prescribed types is described. In the second part we present new existence results for hypersurfaces with many singularities. Using the patchworking method, we show asymptotically proper results for hypersurfaces in P^n with singularities of corank less than two. In the case of simple singularities, the results are even asymptotically optimal. These statements improve all previous general existence results for hypersurfaces with these singularities. Moreover, the results are also transferred to hypersurfaces defined over the real numbers. The last part of the dissertation deals with the Castelnuovo function for studying the cohomology of ideal sheaves of zero-dimensional schemes. Parts of the theory of this function for schemes in P^2 are generalized to the case of schemes on general surfaces in P^3. As an application we show an H^1-vanishing theorem for such schemes.


This section contains problems intended to challenge students and teachers of college mathematics. We urge you to participate actively both by submitting solutions and by proposing problems that are new and interesting. To promote variety, the editors welcome problem proposals that span the entire undergraduate curriculum.   Proposed problems should be sent to Jerzy Wojdylo, either by email (preferred) as a pdf, TEX, or Word attachment or by mail to the address provided above. Whenever possible, a proposed problem should be accompanied by a solution, appropriate references, and any other material that would be helpful to the editors. Proposers should submit problems only if the proposed problem is not under consideration by another journal.   Solutions to the problems in this issue should be sent to Chip Curtis, either by email as a pdf, TEX, or Word attachment (preferred) or by mail to the address provided above, no later than October 15, 2018.


This brief discusses public policy tools available to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. Reducing GHG emissions from transportation, which comprise one third of total U.S. CO2 emissions, will need to be a key part of any strategy to limit economy-wide emissions. Transportation energy use and emissions are determined by three elements: the fuels used to power the vehicles, characteristics of the vehicles themselves, and total miles traveled. Of the various transportation modes, passenger vehicles consume the most energy, followed by truck, rail and ship transport of freight, and then air travel. To reduce emissions, the sector can be included in a multi-sector cap-and-trade program or managed through sector-specific measures, or both. The critical issues for transportation policy are understanding market imperfections, where individuals are somewhat insensitive to changes in fuel price and tend to undervalue fuel economy. This makes it difficult to harness market forces (such as a cap-and-trade program) to drive investment in long-term transportation technology. To guarantee significant emission reductions from the transportation sector, especially in the short term, sector-specific policies can complement (or substitute for) the cap. These policies will need to focus on all three elements of the sector for major emission sources within the transportation sector. Policy tools include pricing policies (e.g., taxes, tolls, and congestion changes), standards (e.g., fuel economy standards), and funding for research, development, and deployment. Policies for the transportation sector will have to address several objectives at the same time: energy security and GHG reduction goals, a transition to low carbon fuels and alternative vehicle types, and an alignment of infrastructure and land use planning with GHG goals. Congressional Policy Brief


englands view in the unmasking of two paradoxes What to say and what to do when mostly your friends love reading? Are you the one that don't have such hobby? So, it's important for you to start having that hobby. You know, reading is not the force. We're sure that reading will lead you to join in better concept of life. Reading will be a positive activity to do every time. And do you know our friends become fans of englands view in the unmasking of two paradoxes as the best book to read? Yeah, it's neither an obligation nor order. It is the referred book that will not make you feel disappointed.


A tatami tiling is an arrangement of $1 \times 2$ dominoes (or mats) in a rectangle with $m$ rows and $n$ columns, subject to the constraint that no four corners meet at a point. For fixed $m$ we present and use Dean Hickerson's combinatorial decomposition of the set of tatami tilings — a decomposition that allows them to be viewed as certain classes of restricted compositions when $n \ge m$. Using this decomposition we find the ordinary generating functions of both unrestricted and inequivalent tatami tilings that fit in a rectangle with $m$ rows and $n$ columns, for fixed $m$ and $n \ge m$. This allows us to verify a modified version of a conjecture of Knuth. Finally, we give explicit solutions for the count of tatami tilings, in the form of sums of binomial coefficients.


United States v. Jones, which reviewed the Fourth Amendment constitutionality of warrantless GPS tracking, may be the most important Fourth Amendment opinion since the Supreme Court decided Katz v. United States over four decades ago. Though Katz has dominated Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, it introduced significant ambiguities, such as the conundrum concerning whether a privacy or property model is controlling. Jones was a highly anticipated decision because it was widely understood that it might have ramifications for numerous core Fourth Amendment doctrines, including the Katz conundrum, and in turn for many governmental activities either currently or potentially subject to the Fourth Amendment. Examples include routine criminal law enforcement investigations, technological surveillance for either criminal or civil purposes (through GPS but also other means, such as location tracking capabilities embedded in individuals' cellular telephones), and national security, to name but a few.The attention devoted to Jones by the legal community and public at large was fully merited. The Supreme Court greatly surprised everyone by ruling unanimously that the GPS tracking at issue was subject to Fourth Amendment protections. More substantively, however, the decision resulted in three separate opinions applying vastly different rationales. This article explains the Jones decision; situates it within the broader framework of constitutional search and seizure law; analyzes and critiques the various opinions; and explores the many varied, significant implications that Jones either will or may have for the future of Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. It makes two overarching points. First, Jones is much more important for the reasoning that the various justices employed than it is for its technically narrow holding. Second, though Jones either resolves, or suggests answers to, important questions that Katz raised, in doing so Jones itself raises significant issues for future consideration.


Existing studies have extensively explored factors that affect users' intentions to use university library website resources (ULWR); yet little attention has been given to factors affecting university library website design. This paper investigates factors that affect university library website design and assesses the success of the university library website from both designers' and users' perspectives. The findings show that when planning a website, university web designers consider university guidelines, review other websites, and consult with experts and other divisions within the library; however, resources and training for the design process are lacking. While website designers assess their websites as highly successful, user evaluations are somewhat lower. Accordingly, use is low, and users rely heavily on commercial websites. Suggestions for enhancing the usage of ULWR are provided.


How do Americans think about energy? Is the debate over fossil fuels highly partisan and ideological? Does public opinion about fossil fuels and alternative energies divide along the fault between red states and blue states? And how much do concerns about climate change weigh on their opinions? In Cheap and Clean, Stephen Ansolabehere and David Konisky show that Americans are more pragmatic than ideological in their opinions about energy alternatives, more unified than divided about their main concerns, and more local than global in their approach to energy. Drawing on extensive surveys they designed and conducted over the course of a decade (in conjunction with MIT's Energy Initiative), Ansolabehere and Konisky report that beliefs about the costs and environmental harms associated with particular fuels drive public opinions about energy. People approach energy choices as consumers, and what is most important to them is simply that energy be cheap and clean. Most of us want energy at low economic cost and with little social cost (that is, minimal health risk from pollution). The authors also find that although environmental concerns weigh heavily in people's energy preferences, these concerns are local and not global. Worries about global warming are less pressing to most than worries about their own city's smog and toxic waste. With this in mind, Ansolabehere and Konisky argue for policies that target both local pollutants and carbon emissions (the main source of global warming). The local and immediate nature of people's energy concerns can be the starting point for a new approach to energy and climate change policy.


Improving energy efficiency has long been advocated as a way to increase the productivity and sustainability of society, primarily through the delivery of energy savings. The impact of energy efficiency measures can go far beyond energy savings, and energy efficiency improvements can be an important contributor to economic growth and social development.Benefits attributed to the implementation of energy efficiency measures range from localised benefits, such as energy affordability, improved health, wellbeing and social development, to sectoral benefits, such as industrial productivity, improved asset values and reduced environmental damage. Macroeconomic outcomes such as national competitiveness, jobs, consumer surplus and energy security, as well as poverty alleviation and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in both developed and developing countries, are further associated with energy efficiency measures. Significant evidence is emerging on the extent to which these outcomes stem from energy efficiency policies. At the same time, evaluation experts are beginning to explore ways to quantify them so that they can be more readily assessed alongside energy savings. Expanding evaluation to such matters could offer a new perspective on energy efficiency measures and, by improving the cost/benefit assessment of energy efficiency programs, could help decision-makers reconcile perceived trade-offs between supporting economic growth and reducing energy use.This paper makes a preliminary assessment of the scope of the most significant of the multiple benefits and discusses the potentially large implications for energy efficiency policy as part of a wider socioeconomic strategy.


The Rhodes trout fishery, located in the North Eastern Cape, is one of South Africa's premier flyfishing destinations. The integrity of the fishery is, however, under threat due to various land-use practices, which could weaken its appeal as a tourist attraction. The aim of this study is to estimate the amount recreational users are willing to pay for a project to improve the trout habitat of waters managed by the Wild Trout Association (WTA) in this fishery in order to improve its fish population density by 100 per cent. Data were collected from a biased sample of 96 respondents via a questionnaire during September 2006 to September 2007. The median estimated willingness-topay (WTP) for the project was R245 per annum per person, and the total WTP was estimated at R171 500 per annum. A valuation function to predict WTP responses was also estimated, and showed that gross annual pre-tax income and the number of visits per annum were positive determinants of WTP. The results of this study show that policy-makers should take heed of the importance trout fly fishers attach to this fishery when declaring trout zones in the upper catchments of South Africa. The aggregate WTP estimation, however, constitutes only a partial analysis of value. A number of other factors and environmental value streams need to be analysed and compared with the value estimates generated by this study if adequate holistic decision-making is to take place with regard to trout stream improvement. More specifically, the aggregate WTP estimated in this study must be viewed as only one input into a comprehensive social cost-benefit analysis to determine the desirability of trout stream improvement for wider society.


Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center scientists have completed the first draft of the genetic code for breast and colon cancers. Their report, published online in the September 7, 2006 issue of Science Express, identifies close to 200 mutated genes, now linked to these cancers, most of which were not previously recognized as associated with tumor initiation, growth, spread or control. "Just as sequencing the human genome laid the groundwork for subsequent research in genetics, these data lay the foundation for decades of research on colon and breast cancers," says Victor Velculescu, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. Although gene discoveries by independent scientists scattered around the world have provided clues, Velculescu says relatively few genes have been shown to be altered in cancers. The Hopkins gene hunters say the number of genes that were altered in breast and colorectal cancer genomes surprised them. "We expected to find a handful of genes, not 200," says Tobias Sjöblom, a lead author and postdoctoral fellow at Hopkins' Kimmel Cancer Center. Despite the potential rewards envisioned by cancer biologists, efforts to map cancer genes have drawn criticism from others who say that funding dollars should be spent on projects yielding more immediate benefits for detection and treatment. "These are good debates to have," says Kenneth Kinzler, Ph.D., professor of oncology and co-director of the Ludwig Center at Johns Hopkins, but "we are convinced that this kind of study will provide one of the best road maps possible for beating cancer. Who would pass up the opportunity to read the enemy's game plan?" Some gene alterations already have led to successful detection and treatment strategies. These include the breast cancer drug Herceptin – which targets a breast cancer cell receptor made by the Her2-neu gene -- and blood tests for hereditary colon cancer, based on the APC gene and others identified by the Hopkins group. "Cancer scientists recognize that merely identifying pieces of DNA that have a role in the disease is a beginning, not an end to our work," says Bert Vogelstein, M.D., an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and co-director of the Ludwig Center at Johns Hopkins, "but by using a more systematic method to identify genes that play an essential role in cancer, we will be able to guide that work." The Hopkins team began their project with 11 samples each from breast and colon cancers, removed from patients after surgery. Within each tumor cell, billions of individual chemicals called nucleotides pair together in a preprogrammed fashion to build the rungs of a DNA ladder that compose genetic instructions. Changes called mutations in the nucleotides can create coding errors that transform a normal cell into a cancerous one. To locate the altered nucleotides, the scientists compared the genetic code of their tumor samples with normal ones. First, they used the Human Genome Project (HGP) to identify the sequences of best-known genes – more than 13,000 in all – roughly two-thirds of the total number of genes identified by the HGP. The actual number of human genes is still in dispute, but is estimated to be about 20,000. Then, in each tumor, the scientists examined the DNA code of these 13,000 genes by dividing each gene into overlapping sections – about 10 per gene – to get 130,000 sections for analysis. Each segment was amplified through a process called polymerase chain reaction, purified, and its sequence determined using more than three million biochemical reactions. The sequences were fed through computer software that matches up normal sequences with those from tumor samples. The software highlighted more than 800,000 suspicious regions that were visually inspected, one by one, to verify that they were true mutations that altered protein code rather than normal variations or minor changes with no effect on the gene product. In total, the Hopkins team combed through 465 million nucleotides – several encyclopedias' worth of letters – to find approximately 1,500 DNA nucleotides that differed from the normal code in important ways. Virtually all these mistakes were mere single-nucleotide "typos." Some 200 genes were significantly mutated; the mutated genes in breast and colon cancers were almost completely distinct, suggesting very different pathways for the development of each of these cancer types. Says Kinzler, "This gives us some understanding of why breast and colon cancers, and most likely other cancers as well, are very different diseases and develop through different processes. When we say this will drive cancer research for the next couple of decades, this is one of the reasons. Now researchers will study how these mutations occur in breast and colon cancers, perhaps searching for environmental agents or cellular processes that drive these changes." The Hopkins team also found that the average number of mutant genes in each cancer is about 100, and at least 20 are likely to be crucial for tumor formation. "Each cancer has a different blueprint," says Velculescu. "No two patients are identical." Other cancers also can be evaluated using the Hopkins approach, which they say has been developed over the past two decades and made possible through recent advances in DNA sequencing and bioinformatics. "These findings will guide and provide support for future comprehensive genetic studies including those envisioned by The Cancer Genome Atlas Project," says Vogelstein. Future research will include performing similar analyses on other tumors types, charting the pathways through which each mutant gene acts, and looking for common mutations that can be targeted with cancer drugs or used to detect the disease earlier. This research was supported by the Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Fund for Cancer Research, the National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, Pew Charitable Trusts, Palmetto Health Foundation, Maryland Cigarette Restitution Fund, State of Ohio Biomedical Research and Technology Transfer Commission, Clayton Fund, David and Barbara Hirschhorn Foundation, National Colorectal Cancer Research Alliance, Strang Cancer Prevention Center, Avon Foundation, Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute and the V Foundation for Cancer Research. The Johns Hopkins research team also includes Siân Jones, Laura D. Wood, D. Williams Parsons, Jimmy Lin, Thomas Barber, Diana Mandelker, Rebecca J. Leary, Janine Ptak, Natalie Silliman, Steve Szabo, Giovanni Parmigiani, Ben Ho Park and Nickolas Papadopoulos. Other authors include Phillip Buckhaults, Christopher Farrell, and Paul Meeh from the University of South Carolina; Sanford D. Markowitz from Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Joseph Willis and Dawn Dawson from Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland; James K. V. Willson and Adi F. Gazdar from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; James Hartigan from Agencourt Bioscience Corporation; Leo Wu and Changsheng Liu from SoftGenetics LLC; and Kurtis E. Bachman from the University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Cancer.


The thymus constitutes the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the generation of naive T cells. Its stromal compartment is composed of a scaffold of different subsets of epithelial cells that provide soluble and membrane-bound molecules essential for thymocyte maturation and selection. With senescence, a steady decline in the thymic output of T cells has been observed. Numeric and qualitative changes in the stromal compartment of the thymus resulting in reduced thymopoietic capacity have been suggested to account for this physiological process. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying thymic senescence are, however, only incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that TGF-beta signaling in thymic epithelial cells exerts a direct influence on the cell's capacity to support thymopoiesis in the aged mouse as the physiological process of thymic senescence is mitigated in mice deficient for the expression of TGF-beta receptor type II on thymic epithelial cells. Moreover, TGF-beta signaling in these stromal cells transiently hinders the early phase of thymic reconstitution following myeloablative conditioning and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hence, inhibition of TGF-beta signaling decelerates the process of age-related thymic involution and may hasten the reconstitution of regular thymopoiesis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.


This book explores the pre-conditions for conflict in terms of growth failure and critically appraises the greed and grievance theories common to conflict literature. It is argued that various institutional mechanisms of restraint that can be labeled the 'social contract' are crucial for violent conflict avoidance. The reasons underpinning the instability of treaties ending civil wars, post-conflict reconstruction issues, liberal peace theory, and how globalization and conflict relate are also examined.


No work of Spanish philosopher and essayist José Ortega y Gasset has been more frequently cited, admired, or criticized than his defense of modernism, "The Dehumanization of Art." In the essay, originally published in Spanish in , Ortega grappled philosophically with the newness of nonrepresentational art and sought to make it more understandable to a public confused by it. Many embraced the essay as a manifesto extolling the virtues of vanguard artists and promoting their efforts to abandon the realism and the romanticism of the nineteenth century. The "dehumanization" of the title, which was meant descriptively rather than pejoratively, referred most literally to the absence of human forms in nonrepresentational art, but also to its insistent unpopularity, its indifference to the past, and its iconoclasm. Ortega championed what he saw as a new cultural politics with the goal of a total transformation of society. Ortega was an immensely gifted writer in the best belletristic tradition. His work has been compared to an iceberg because it hides the critical mass of its erudition beneath the surface, and because it is deceptive, appearing to be more spontaneous and informal than it really is. Princeton published the first English translation of the essay paired with another entitled "Notes on the Novel." Three essays were later added to make an expanded edition, published in , under the title The Dehumanization of Art and Other Essays on Art, Culture, and Literature.


Summary Milk–alkali syndrome (MAS) is a triad of hypercalcaemia, metabolic alkalosis and renal insufficiency. In this study, we present a case of milk–alkali syndrome secondary to concurrent use of over-the-counter (OTC) calcium carbonate-containing antacid tablets (Rennie®) for dyspepsia and calcium carbonate with vitamin D3 (Adcal D3) for osteoporosis. A 72-year-old woman presented with a 2-day history of nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, constipation, lethargy and mild delirium. Past medical history included osteoporosis treated with daily Adcal D3. Initial blood tests showed elevated serum-adjusted calcium of 3.77 mmol/L (normal range, 2.2–2.6) and creatinine of 292 µmol/L (45–84) from a baseline of 84. This was corrected with i.v. pamidronate and i.v. fluids. She developed asymptomatic hypocalcaemia and rebound hyperparathyroidism. Myeloma screen, vasculitis screen and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were normal, while the CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis showed renal stones but no malignancy. A bone marrow biopsy showed no evidence of malignancy. Once the delirium resolved, we established that prior to admission, she had been excessively self-medicating with over-the-counter antacids (Rennie®) as required for epigastric pain. The increasing use of calcium preparations for the management of osteoporosis in addition to easily available OTC dyspepsia preparations has made MAS the third most common cause of hypercalcaemia hospitalisations. Educating patients and healthcare professionals on the risks associated with these seemingly safe medications is required. Appropriate warning labels on both calcium preparations used in the management of osteoporosis and OTC calcium-containing preparations would prevent further similar cases and unnecessary morbidity and hospital admission. Learning points What is known? An association between high-dose calcium supplementation and hypercalcaemia crisis has been seen in case studies. After as little as 1 week of excessive calcium carbonate ingestion, patients can present with symptomatic hypercalcemia, acute renal failure and metabolic alkalosis (1). Women aged 50 and younger need 1 g of calcium per day, while aged 51 and older need 1.2 g (1). Although the amount of calcium required for MAS is generally thought to be more than 4 g per day, there have been reports at intakes as low as 1.0–1.5 g per day in pre-existing risk factors including renal impairment (2). What this study adds? The danger of excessive ingestion of antacid is not adequately highlighted to prescribers and patients. Appropriate warning labels on OTC calcium-containing preparations could prevent unnecessary morbidity and hospital admission.


The library is a cooperative activity of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. It is administered for these Founder Societies by the United Engineering Society, as a public reference library of engineering and the allied sciences. It contains 150,000 volumes and pamphlets and receives currently most of the important periodicals in its field. It is housed in the Engineering Societies Building, 29 West Thirty-ninth St., New York. In order to place the resources of the Library at the disposal of those unable to visit it in person, the Library is prepared to furnish lists of references to engineering subjects, copies or translations of articles, and similar assistance. Charges sufficient to cover the cost of this work are made. The Library maintains a collection of modern technical books which may be rented by members residing in North America. A rental of five cents a day, plus transportation, is charged. The Director of the Library will gladly give information concerning charges for the various kinds of service to those interested. In asking for information, letters should be made as definite as possible, so that the investigator may understand clearly what is desired. The library is open from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m. on all week days except holidays throughout the year except during July and August when the hours are 9 a. m. to 5 p. m.


This briefing provides a high-level overview of historical, recent, and projected near-term PV system pricing trends in the United States, drawing on several ongoing research activities from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. It also discusses the different methodologies and factors that impact the estimated price of a PV system, such as system size, location, technology, and reporting methods. These factors, including timing, can have a significant impact on system pricing.


A presentation of progress towards a PhD. Abstract PhD proposal:

Context. A variety of contexts for learning may be identified - formal, informal and non-formal (Eraut, 2000, EC, 2001). There is a proliferation of access to ICT in non-formal home and community settings (Lewin, 2004, BESA, 2005). It would seem self-evident therefore that an individual with high ICT capability may have learnt this through formal school programmes, through use of ICT to support other formal study or in non-formal, 'leisure' activities. Colley et al define of the structure of any learning activity (2002), its setting and purposes can be analysed in relation to its process, including assessment, and content. McFarlane (2001) identifies the tension between the use of ICT and its assessment.

For most school students, formal external assessment of ICT and other subjects in secondary schools is carried out at three points – the end of Key Stage 3 at age 14, GCSE or equivalent at age 16, and GCE A level at age 18 (with partial, AS assessment at age 17) (DfES, 2005a).

This is a fast changing landscape (McCormick, 2004). Since 2002, students have had the opportunity to follow 'vocational' programmes in ICT, known as Applied ICT at GCSE and GCE level. The first examinations for these programmes took place in 2004 alongside the 'standard', or 'non-applied', programmes, simply labelled as ICT. At almost the same time, the Tomlinson Review of 14-19 Education (DfES, 2004) was published with some of its recommendations leading to a subsequent White Paper (DfES, 2005b), echoing earlier attempts to bring parity between 'academic' and 'vocational' routes (Yeoman, 1996).

The aims of the 14-19 White Paper included making the curriculum more relevant and personalised to the needs of students. A widening of the choice of validated qualifications resulted (QCA, 2006). The 14-19 qualification system now includes a range of awards that have been given a level on the National Qualifications Framework (QCA, 2004) and, concomitantly, a 'equivalence' to GCSEs or GCEs.

Most significant of these awards is the Diploma in Digital Applications (DiDA). This programme has, at its heart, the use of ICT for communication and creative purposes (Edexcel, 2004). It is significant because many schools in the Nottingham Trent University initial teacher education (ITE) partnership are abandoning GCSEs in ICT and Applied ICT in its favour (Williamson, 2006).

A strand of initial teacher education (ITE) in Applied ICT has been introduced following the Tomlinson Review of 14-19 Education (DfES, 2004a) and subsequent White Paper (DfES, 2005), In response to these, the Teaching and Development Agency for Schools (TDA) has made funds available for the training of teachers in vocational subjects, including Applied ICT (TDA, 2003). Thus 'Applied ICT' has entered the vocabulary of qualifications and curricula, although it means two things – the qualification and the PGCE route of training. It is this route that I am strand leader for at NTU.

Alongside the changes to the assessment system there has some research, the majority funded by the Government, into the impact of ICT (Becta, 2002, Passey and Rogers, 2004) and students' perceptions of ICT (Somekh and Mavers, 2003, Jarvis et al, 2005). Allied to this is the growing importance of personalisation of curriculum to meet individual needs and abilities (DfES, 2004b, OECD 2006).

Rationale. This thesis will critically analyse the relationship between the levels of students' ICT capability reported by formal external assessment processes and the levels reported on and observed outside of those processes. Anecdotal evidence and informal observations in many schools and home situations leads the author to question whether there is some mismatch between the two.

The new 'vocational' curricula, including those for ICT, are designed to put learning into a real context (DfES, 2005) resulting in learning that is situated in those contexts. This situated learning (Bruner, 1977, cited in Macleod and Golby, 2003) poses challenges for teachers as they have to ensure that learning is meaningful because it is "fully related to the context in which it is produced" (Macleod and Golby, 2003:354).

A question remains as to the extent of the relevance to learners of the 'real contexts' (DfES, 2005b) embedded in the school curricula. ICT is reported to have a positive impact on motivation (Becta, 2003a) and general levels of secondary school attainment (Becta, 2003b). Are these real contexts the same as those in which students demonstrate their highest levels of capability remains a moot point and a focus for this research.

Methodological approach and methods. The research paradigm is qualitative using the criteria of Robson (2002) The personal situation of the author provides for ready access to a number of schools and students in those schools. The research will be carried out in a natural setting of the schools and informal learning settings; it will use the 'human instrument' of students, teachers and others, explore tacit knowledge and perceptions through qualitative methods, and adopt purposive sampling through selection of students on Applied ICT and other programmes. Thus it will have a naturalistic (Robson, 2002) and interpretative (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000) approach. For similar reasons, and following Reeves (1993), a wholly quantitative approach to this investigation would yield deficient results.

This tradition of research is variously described as 'interpretative' 'qualitative' (Patton, 1990) or 'anti positivist' (Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2000). There will be elements of case study (Stake in Denzin and Lincoln, 2000) and illuminative evaluation (Parlett and Hamilton, 1972; Patton, 1990).

My role in the research will be both as a practitioner and a researcher. The results of my research will also impact on my practice. Thus there are elements of action research (McNiff and Whitehead, 2002) although the nature of the data collection from others lends it a more empirical approach.
The data collection on the perceptions of students will come from the students themselves, their teachers and others involved with learning. It will also be based on an examination of the work produced in their learning on ICT programmes. This data collection will come from numerous sources and following Punch (1998) this again leads to a situating of the enquiry in a naturalistic, interpretative frame. The students' own perceptions, opinions and interpretations of their ICT capability and those of their teachers will be analysed against the reported levels of attainment in formal external secondary school assessments.


Pink Noises brings together twenty-four interviews with women in electronic music and sound cultures, including club and radio DJs, remixers, composers, improvisers, instrument builders, and installation and performance artists. The collection is an extension of Pinknoises.com, the critically-acclaimed website founded by musician and scholar Tara Rodgers in 2000 to promote women in electronic music and make information about music production more accessible to women and girls. That site featured interviews that Rodgers conducted with women artists, exploring their personal histories, their creative methods, and the roles of gender in their work. This book offers new and lengthier interviews, a critical introduction, and resources for further research and technological engagement.

Contemporary electronic music practices are illuminated through the stories of women artists of different generations and cultural backgrounds. They include the creators of ambient soundscapes, "performance novels," sound sculptures, and custom software, as well as the developer of the Deep Listening philosophy and the founders of the Liquid Sound Lounge radio show and the monthly Basement Bhangra parties in New York. These and many other artists open up about topics such as their conflicted relationships to formal music training and mainstream media representations of women in electronic music. They discuss using sound to work creatively with structures of time and space, and voice and language; challenge distinctions of nature and culture; question norms of technological practice; and balance their needs for productive solitude with collaboration and community. Whether designing and building modular synthesizers with analog circuits or performing with a wearable apparatus that translates muscle movements into electronic sound, these artists expand notions of who and what counts in matters of invention, production, and noisemaking. Pink Noises is a powerful testimony to the presence and vitality of women in electronic music cultures, and to the relevance of sound to feminist concerns.

Interviewees: Maria Chavez, Beth Coleman (M. Singe), Antye Greie (AGF), Jeannie Hopper, Bevin Kelley (Blevin Blectum), Christina Kubisch, Le Tigre, Annea Lockwood, Giulia Loli (DJ Mutamassik), Rekha Malhotra (DJ Rekha), Riz Maslen (Neotropic), Kaffe Matthews, Susan Morabito, Ikue Mori, Pauline Oliveros, Pamela Z, Chantal Passamonte (Mira Calix), Maggi Payne, Eliane Radigue, Jessica Rylan, Carla Scaletti, Laetitia Sonami, Bev Stanton (Arthur Loves Plastic), Keiko Uenishi (o.blaat)


Danny loves dinosaurs! When he sees one at the museum and says, "It would be nice to play with a dinosaur," a voice answers, "And I think it would be nice to play with you." So begins Danny and the Dinosaur's wonderful adventures together. For Danny and his prehistoric playmate, even the most everyday activities become extraordinary, like finding a big-enough place to hide a dinosaur in a game of hide-and-seek. Kids will delight in Syd Hoff's charming, comical illustrations as they read about how Danny teaches a very old dinosaur some new tricks. Originally published over 50 years ago, this beloved classic is a Level 1 I Can Read that is perfect for the beginning reader learning to sound out words and sentences. Supports the Common Core Learning Standards


Copy of transcript for a letter from Moses Austin to James Bryan concerning Mr. Logan's decision to leave and start his own shop. Moses Austin also discusses Stephen F. Austin's projected return with slave laborers.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of explicit instruction of compliment responses strategies on intermediate Iranian EFL learners' ability to respond to compliments appropriately. It also touched on the relationship between explicit instruction and Vygotsy's Zone of Proximal Development. More specifically, the study aimed at exploring the linguistic and pragmatic strategies used by Iranian EFL learners when responding to compliments before and after receiving explicit instruction of compliment responses strategies. Furthermore, the research project investigated the social and cultural norms and values that can affect the formulation of compliment responses strategies. A quasi-experimental, pretest/posttest design was conducted with two groups (experimental and control group) with the total number of 30 English female students at Oil Company Language Institute. The experimental group was exposed to metapragmatic information featuring explicit teaching on compliment responses strategies based on Herbert's taxonomy, followed by communicative practice. The study based its argument on a data elicited by means of an English version of Discourse Completion Test(DCT).The data, collected from a DCT, were categorized according to the compliment responses strategies in light of Herbert's taxonomy (1989). The data were analyzed focusing on two super categories, Agreement and Non-agreement strategies. The results were examined through a Chi-Square by comparing the experimental and control group's use of compliment responses strategies before and after treatment. The results of the data analysis revealed that explicit instruction had an impressively positive effect on raising students' pragmalinguistic awareness as well as their hindrance of L1 pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic transfer to L2(second language).


I build on Christoyannopoulous's (2011) compendium of Christian anarchist thought to shed light on the divergence between Christian anarcho-communitarians and Christian anarcho-capitalists. The anarcho-communitarians believe the institution of private property is contrary to the Word of Christ, while the anarcho-capitalists hold it is justifiable. I show that the anarcho-communitarians misunderstand the nature of property, rendering them unable to reconcile an apparent contradiction between Christ's command to renounce violence and His violent cleansing of the temple. The Christian anarcho-capitalists, drawing upon the philosophy of natural law, face no such difficulty. Although their position is far from unassailable, the Christian anarcho-capitalist paradigm is currently the only theoretically consistent interpretation, and will remain so unless the Christian anarcho-communitarians can discover and advance a new theoretical framework.


Overwhelmed with big screen TV and home theater audio options? What do you need to build the perfect home theater experience? Home Theater For Dummies, 3rd Edition shows you how to plan a home theater system and choose components that fit your budget and your room.Beginning with the most basic information, this guide helps you choose what you need and put it all together. It explains DLP, 3LCD, HDMI, DTV, and HDTV so you can talk intelligently with salespeople at the electronics store. Youll find out about Blu-ray, explore HD and satellite radio options, and see how to incorporate a Wii, Xbox, or Playstation 3 into your set-up. Learn to:Choose among plasma, LCD, and projection TVs Know the difference between digital TV and HDTV Assess and choose an LCD TV, a new 3D TV, or an HD radio Set up your audio system and TV for maximum performance Use a Media Center or Home Theater PC Fine-tune your system and add cool touches such as accessing home theater content from your cell phone Explore HD and satellite radio options, CD players, DVD-Audio disks, and options for old cassettes and vinyl Set up your system with the proper cables for each component, or learn what it takes to go wireless Calibrate your video with a calibration disk, an optical comparator, or a DVD containing THX Optimizer Get the perfect home theater experience by following the expert tips and techniques presented in Home Theater For Dummies, 3rd Edition. Youll be watching movies and listening to audio in no time!


A classroom-based study aimed to scaffold preservice teachers' critical literacy through an exploration of trade picture books. The paper discusses preservice teachers' shifting views of critical literacy and the place of critical literacy in the language arts classroom. It also assesses the usefulness of digital book talks for engaging preservice teachers with social justice issues. The book talks provided novice teachers with opportunities to question and challenge assumptions, evaluate their own actions and attitudes toward accepted moral standards, and to engage in positive social action. The preservice teachers' responses to the assignment suggest a number of ways in which teachers can effectively use new media to explore social justice and equity issues with young students.


A former FBI Special Agent, U.S. Army officer and leading cyber-security expert offers a devastating and essential look at the misinformation campaigns, fake news, and electronic espionage operations that have become the cutting edge of modern warfareand how we can protect ourselves and our country against them. Clint Watts electrified the nation when he testified in front of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence regarding Russian interference in the 2016 election. In Messing with the Enemy,the counterterrorism, cybersecurity and homeland security expert introduces us to a frightening world in which terrorists and cyber criminals dont hack your computer, they hack your mind. Watts reveals how these malefactors use your social media information and that of your family, friends and colleagues to map your social networks, identify your vulnerabilities, master your fears and harness your preferences. Thanks to the schemes engineered by social media manipulators using you and your information, business executives have coughed up millions in fraudulent wire transfers, seemingly good kids have joined the Islamic State, and staunch anti-communist Reagan Republicans have cheered the Russian governments hacking of a Democratic presidential candidates e-mails. Watts knows how they do it because hes mirrored their methods to understand their intentions, combat their actions, and coopt their efforts. Watts examines a range of social media platformsfrom the first Internet forums to the current titans of Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn and nefarious actorsfrom al Qaeda to the Islamic State to the Russian social media troll farmto illuminate exactly how they use Western social media for their nefarious purposes. He explains how hes learned, through his successes and his failures, to engage with hackers, terrorists, and even the Russiansand how these interactions have generated methods for fighting back against those that seek to harm people on the Internet. He concludes with a snapshot of how advances in artificial intelligence will make future influence even more effective and dangerous to social media users and democratic governments worldwide. Shocking, funny, and eye-opening, Messing with the Enemyis a deeply urgent guide for living safe and smart in a super-connected world.


Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. CL causes enormous suffering in many countries worldwide. There is no licensed vaccine against CL, and the chemotherapy options show limited efficacy and high toxicity. Localization of the parasites inside host cells is a barrier to most standard chemo- and immune-based interventions. Hence, novel drugs, which are safe, effective and readily accessible to third-world countries and/or drug delivery technologies for effective CL treatments are desperately needed. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we evaluated the antileishmanial properties and delivery potential of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; polyhexanide), a widely used antimicrobial and wound antiseptic, in the Leishmania model. PHMB showed an inherent antileishmanial activity at submicromolar concentrations. Our data revealed that PHMB kills Leishmania major (L. major) via a dual mechanism involving disruption of membrane integrity and selective chromosome condensation and damage. PHMB's DNA binding and host cell entry properties were further exploited to improve the delivery and immunomodulatory activities of unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN). PHMB spontaneously bound CpG ODN, forming stable nanopolyplexes that enhanced uptake of CpG ODN, potentiated antimicrobial killing and reduced host cell toxicity of PHMB. Conclusions Given its low cost and long history of safe topical use, PHMB holds promise as a drug for CL therapy and delivery vehicle for nucleic acid immunomodulators.


Mixed ligand shells are frequently employed to impart multiple and new functions to inorganic nanoparticles. Mixtures of ligands also result from incomplete or partial ligand exchange reactions wherein one that is more tightly bound replaces a weakly bound ligand. Little is known about how the ligand compositions in mixed shell nanoparticles influence biological activity. Further, the impact of residual weakly bound ligands is not understood. To examine the biological impacts due to weakly bound ligands within a mixed ligand shell, a series of six types of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized that have the same core size and possess ligand shells that are predominately either 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MES) or N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethanethiol (TMAT), but contain varying (small) amounts of residual triphenylphosphine (TPP). Each member of the series was carefully examined to determine the core size (by small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy) and ligand shell composition (by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The influence of the residual, weakly bound TPP ligands upon the biological activity of the nanoparticles (NPs) was evaluated in zebrafish embryos and subsequently in human keratinocyte cells. In the embryos, the presence of residual TPP led to increased cell death that is linked to increased oxidative stress. Control experiments suggest that these effects are not the result of free ligand. Exposure of the keratinocyte cells to the TMAT-containing nanoparticles demonstrated similar results in that residual TPP decreased cell viability, likely through increased ROS generation. The results of these studies suggest that the use of strongly bound ligands that passivate the surface of the inorganic core can prevent ROS and, therefore, yield nanoparticles with reduced biological effects.


In my paper, I explore how totalitarian regimes use technology to break the borders between the private and public spheres, through the study of two fictional works. Reflecting how real regimes operate, these fictional totalitarian regimes apply technology to extend the sphere of public authority. Exploring the idea, I am going to compare two totalitarian regimes in different periods of time. The first one is the Republic of Gieald, which is depicted in The Handmaid's Tale 1985 by Margaret Atwood, and the second one is the society presented in the movie The Island, directed by Michael Bay. By technology in my paper, I mean it in the most comprehensive sense of the term, modern invented technologies and institutions after 18th century in post Industrial Revolution era. In what follows, I am applying the concepts, which are the product of control invention. I will argue that the states penetrate into private sphere by imposing repressive rules for having sex or reproductivity. Moreover, I portray that the states use different forms of media and surveillance in private and public spheres, to enlarge the state.


Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a longstanding problem that has increasingly come to the forefront of international and national policy debates and news: from the US reauthorization of the Violence against Women Act and a United Nations declaration to end sexual violence in war, to coverage of gang rapes in India, cyberstalking and "revenge porn", honor killings, female genital mutilation, and international trafficking. Yet, while we frequently read or learn about particular experiences or incidents of VAWG, we are often unaware of the full picture. Jacqui True, an internationally renowned scholar of globalization and gender, provides an expansive frame for understanding VAWG in this book. Among the questions she addresses include: What are we talking about when we discuss VAWG? What kinds of violence does it encompass? Who does it affect most and why? What are the risk factors for victims and perpetrators? Does VAWG occur at the same level in all societies? Are there cultural explanations for it? What types of legal redress do victims have? How reliable are the statistics that we have? Are men and boys victims of gender-based violence? What is the role of the media in exacerbating VAWG? And, what sorts of policy and advocacy routes exist to end VAWG? This volume addresses the current state of knowledge and research on these questions. True surveys our best understanding of the causes and consequences of violence against women in the home, local community, workplace, public, and transnationally. In so doing, she brings together multidisciplinary perspectives on the problem of violence against women and girls, and sets out the most promising policy and advocacy frameworks to end this violence.


In this paper I demonstrate a novel design for an optoelectronic State Machine which replaces input/output forming logic found in conventional state machines with BDD based optical logic while still using solid state memory in the form of flip-flops in order to store states. This type of logic makes use of waveguides and ring resonators to create binary switches. These switches in turn can be used to create combinational logic which can be used as input/output forming logic for a state machine. Replacing conventional combinational logic with BDD based optical logic allows for a faster range of state machines that can certainly outperform conventional state machines as propagation delays within the logic described are in the order of picoseconds as opposed to nanoseconds in digital logic.


In the context of the Franco-German research project Re(h)strain, this work focuses on a global system analysis integrating both safety and security analysis of international and/or urban railway stations. The Re(h)strain project focuses on terrorist attacks on high speed train systems and investigates prevention and mitigation measures to reduce the overall vulnerability and strengthen the system resilience. One main criterion regarding public transport issues is the number of passengers. For example, the railway station of Paris "Gare du Nord" deals with a bigger number of passengers than the biggest airport in the world (SNCF open Data 2014), the Atlanta airport, but in terms of passengers, it is only around the 23rd rank railway station in the world. Due to the enormous mass of people, this leads to the system approach of breaking out the station into several classes of zones, e.g. entrance, main hall, quays, trains, etc. All classes are analysed considering state-of-the-art parameters, like targets attractiveness, feasibility of attack, possible damage, possible mitigation and defences. Then, safety incidence of security defence is discussed in order to refine security requirement with regard to the considered zone. Finally, global requirements of security defence correlated to the corresponding class of zones are proposed.


2013 Pulitzer Prize Finalist"New York Times "Ten Best Books of 2012 "Riveting..."The Patriarch" is a book hard to put down." - Christopher Buckley, "The New York Times Book Review" In this magisterial new work "The Patriarch," the celebrated historian David Nasaw tells the full story of Joseph P. Kennedy, the founder of the twentieth century's most famous political dynasty. Nasaw--the only biographer granted unrestricted access to the Joseph P. Kennedy papers in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library--tracks Kennedy's astonishing passage from East Boston outsider to supreme Washington insider. Kennedy's seemingly limitless ambition drove his career to the pinnacles of success as a banker, World War I shipyard manager, Hollywood studio head, broker, Wall Street operator, New Deal presidential adviser, and founding chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission. His astounding fall from grace into ignominy did not come until the years leading up to and following America's entry into the Second World War, when the antiwar position he took as the first Irish American ambassador to London made him the subject of White House ire and popular distaste. "The Patriarch" is a story not only of one of the twentieth century's wealthiest and most powerful Americans, but also of the family he raised and the children who completed the journey he had begun. Of the many roles Kennedy held, that of father was most dear to him. The tragedies that befell his family marked his final years with unspeakable suffering. "The Patriarch" looks beyond the popularly held portrait of Kennedy to answer the many questions about his life, times, and legacy that have continued to haunt the historical record. Was Joseph P. Kennedy an appeaser and isolationist, an anti-Semite and a Nazi sympathizer, a stock swindler, a bootlegger, and a colleague of mobsters? What was the nature of his relationship with his wife, Rose? Why did he have his daughter Rosemary lobotomized? Why did he oppose the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the Korean War, and American assistance to the French in Vietnam? What was his relationship to J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI? Did he push his second son into politics and then buy his elections for him? In this pioneering biography, Nasaw draws on never-before-published materials from archives on three continents and interviews with Kennedy family members and friends to tell the life story of a man who participated in the major events of his times: the booms and busts, the Depression and the New Deal, two world wars and a cold war, and the birth of the New Frontier. In studying Kennedy's life, we relive with him the history of the American Century.


This article investigates and compares the different approaches towards the dress code of learners in South Africa and the United States of America (US), as the US mainly base litigation concerning school dress code on their freedom of speech/expression clause, while similar South African court cases focus more on religious and cultural freedom.In South Africa, school principals and School Governing Bodies are in dire need of clear guidelines on how to respect and honor the constitutionally entrenched right to all of the different religions and cultures. The crisis of values in education arises from the disparity between the value system espoused by the school and the community, and that expressed in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, which guarantees learners' fundamental rights, including those of freedom of religion, culture, expression and human dignity. On the one hand, the South African Schools Act requires of School Governing Bodies to develop and implement a Code of Conduct for learners, and on the other, that they strictly adhere to the Constitution of the country when drawing up their dress codes. The right of a religious group to practice its religion or of a cultural group to respect and sustain its culture must be consistent with the provisions of the Bill of Rights (which is entrenched in the Constitution) and this implies that other rights may not infringe on the right to freedom of religion and culture.In the US, although there is no legislation that protects learners' freedom of religion and culture at schools, their First Amendment guides the way. Their Supreme Court respects the religious values of all citizens provided that they are manifested off public school premises. While we acknowledge the existence of religious and cultural diversity at South African schools, this paper focuses on the tension among and on the existence of different approaches towards the human rights of learners from different religious and cultural backgrounds in respect of dress codes.


Integrated media screens on cardiovascular (CV) exercise equipment have the potential to increase both adherence and effort of exercising participants. However, watching and interacting with media screens is challenging on CV equipment due to conflicting ergonomic needs of 'best' placement for viewing and touching activities. Scientific evaluation is lacking on what is now considered a 'must have' feature on modern exercise equipment. The purpose of this study was to develop a protocol for assessing the ergonomics of fixed screens on CV equipment. Fixed screen position preference, based on users' touching and viewing experience, was compared between 3 methods based on 1 -previous literature including EN ISO 11064-4:2004, 2 - by the user during testing using a free-moving screen, and 3 -the sponsoring company's settings. The study investigated screen height, angle and distance running on a treadmill and cycling on a stationary upright cycle. Seven recreationally active adults, (mean ± SD; 28 ± 6yrs) were selected based on a representative range of eye heights (1 st , 29 th , 50 th , 82 nd and 97 th ).Each subject completed 6 bouts of 5-min exercise on each respective cardiovascular device comprising the 3 different treadmill or bike screen positions and 2 different user operating conditions. Participants interacted with games on-screen during or simply watched TV whilst wearing headphones. In the bike study, seat-height was based on Lemond's coefficient (SICI, 2010) and Participants adopted three generic postural positions (normal, city and chrono). The order of conditions was counterbalanced within the subject group. In both the treadmill and bike study, 50 th percentile Participants preferred the user defined screen positions, but there was little objection to the manufacturer's fixed position which was preferred to the anthropometric devised position. The anthropometric devised screen position was deemed 'unsuitable' highlighting the lack of understanding in ergonomics for exercise specific requirements. Expert opinion from the manufacturer was within the resulting recommended screen heights, distances and angles recorded from this study. A novel ergonomic assessment method was successfully developed to best understand user preference of fixed touch-screen position when exercising on a treadmill and upright bike with the aim of 'best' placing a fixed touch-screen position for 50 th percentile eye-height user group. Future studies can employ the principles used in this study and develop this field of ergonomics with the ultimate aim of improving user experience when using exercise equipment.


Over the last few years – and especially following the 2006 Term – commentators have criticized the Supreme Court for engaging in "stealth overruling." This article examines the phenomenon, trying to ascertain why the justices engage in the practice and how we should feel about it. The article focuses on the gradual overruling of Miranda v. Arizona, because here tangible evidence is available about the benefit to the justices – and costs to the rest of us – of the practice of stealth overruling. The article demonstrates that by engaging in stealth overruling the justices are able to see that their will is done by lower courts and public officials, yet avoid any negative effect from public opinion. While the strategy benefits the justices, it has costs. Doctrine is rendered incoherent, and public officials are encouraged to evade federal law. Of greatest concern, stealth overruling tempers the dialogue between the Court and the public about the proper meaning of the Constitution, leaving the course of constitutional law solely in the justices' hands.


Background— Ischemic ventricular fibrillation in experimental models has been shown to progress through a series of stages. Progression of ischemic VF in the in vivo human heart has not been determined. Methods and Results— We studied 10 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Ventricular fibrillation was induced by burst pacing. After 30 seconds, global myocardial ischemia was induced by aortic cross-clamp and maintained for 2.5 minutes, followed by coronary reflow. Epicardial activity was sampled (1 kHz) with a sock that contained 256 unipolar contact electrodes. Dominant frequencies were calculated with a fast Fourier transform with a moving window. The locations of phase singularities and activation wavefronts were identified at 10-ms intervals. Preischemic (perfused) ventricular fibrillation was maintained by a disorganized mix of large and small wavefronts. During global myocardial ischemia, mean dominant frequencies decreased from 6.4 to 4.7 Hz at a rate of −0.011±0.002 Hz s−1 (P<0.001) and then increased rapidly to 7.4 Hz within 30 seconds of reflow. In contrast, the average number of epicardial phase singularities increased during ischemia from 7.7 to 9.7 at a rate of 0.013±0.005 phase singularities per second (P<0.01) and remained unchanged during reflow, at 10.3. The number of wavefronts showed a similar time course to the number of phase singularities. Conclusions— In human ventricular fibrillation, we found an increase in complexity of electric activation patterns during global myocardial ischemia, and this was not reversed during reflow despite an increase in activation rate.


Analysis of photosystem I (PSI) complexes from Cyclotella meneghiniana cultured under different growth conditions led to the identification of three groups of antenna proteins, having molecular weights of around 19, 18, and 17 kDa. The 19-kDa proteins have earlier been demonstrated to be more peripherally bound to PSI, and their amount in the PSI complexes was significantly reduced when the iron supply in the growth medium was lowered. This polypeptide was almost missing, and thus the total amount of fucoxanthin-chlorophyll proteins (Fcps) bound to PSI was reduced as well. When treating cells with high light in addition, no further changes in antenna polypeptide composition were detected. Xanthophyll cycle pigments were found to be bound to all Fcps of PSI. However, PSI of high light cultures had a significantly higher diatoxanthin to diadinoxanthin ratio, which is assumed to protect against a surplus of excitation energy. PSI complexes from the double-stressed cultures (high light plus reduced iron supply) were slightly more sensitive against destruction by the detergent treatment. This could be seen as a higher 674-nm emission at 77 K in comparison to the PSI complexes isolated from other growth conditions. Two major emission bands of the Fcps bound to PSI at 77 K could be identified, whereby chlorophyll a fluorescing at 697 nm was more strongly coupled to the PSI core than those fluorescing at 685 nm. Thus, the build up of the PSI antenna of several Fcp components enables variable reactions to several stress factors commonly experienced by the diatoms in vivo, in particular diatoxanthin enrichment under high light and reduction of antenna size under reduced iron conditions.


In this study, I investigate whether auditors are a good external control mechanism to restrain management from intentionally increasing CEO compensation through earnings management. To examine this, I regress variations of CEO cash and total compensation on changes in auditors after controlling financial, stock market, industry and year variables. There are two sample periods. In the period 1993–2004, I examine the impacts of overall auditor changes and auditor changes that are classified by the audit failure or auditor brand names. In the period 2000–2004, I check the influences of auditor resignations and of auditor dismissals due to accounting disagreements. The empirical results show that changes in cash compensation is positively related to the existence of auditor changes and this relationship actually comes from auditor changes from big 5 auditors to non-big 5 auditors. Meanwhile, changes in total compensation is negatively associated with the appearance of auditor switches from non-big 5 auditors to big 5 auditors. These findings are consistent with the notion that big 5 auditors are more active at discouraging earnings management. Overall speaking, the empirical evidences support my belief that auditors do not function very well to monitor managers' opportunistic behaviors.


Todays Definitive Guide to Marketing Metrics Choosing Them, Implementing Them, Applying Them New quantitative formulas, applications, and analytical techniques Best practices for measuring promos, ads, distribution, perception, market share, pricing, margins, portfolios, channels, dashboards, and more All-new chapter on leveraging todays rich online, email, and mobile metrics Expert guidance for clarifying what to measure, and testing reliability and validity Now extensively updated, this award-winning book will help you apply todays most effective metrics to all your marketing investments, get accurate answers, and use them to systematically improve ROI. Youll find practical techniques for measuring everything from brand equity to social media, market share to email performance. For each metric, the authors present real-world pros, cons, and tradeoffsand help you understand what the numbers really mean. Youll learn how to design and interpret marketing dashboards to identify emerging opportunities and risks, and use powerful modeling techniques to optimize every decision you make. A brand-new chapter on online metrics brings desperately needed clarity to metrics such as pageviews; rich media display time and interaction rates; clickthrough rates; cost-per-click, order, and customer acquired; visits, abandonments, and bounce rates; friends, followers, supporters, and even likes. This Third Edition adds important new coverage of topics ranging from brand valuation to neuromarketing, as well as crucial insights for selecting the right metrics, and making sure you can trust your data. www.management-by-the-numbers.com Marketing Metrics, Third Edition, is the definitive guide to todays most valuable marketing metrics. In this thoroughly updated and significantly expanded book, four leading marketing researchers show exactly how to choose the right metrics for every challenge. The authors show how to use marketing dashboards to view market dynamics from multiple perspectives, maximize accuracy, and triangulate to optimal solutions. Youll discover high-value metrics for virtually every facet of marketing: promotional strategy, advertising, and distribution; customer perceptions; market share; competitors power; margins and pricing; products and portfolios; customer profitability; sales forces and channels; and more. This edition adds a rigorous and comprehensive discussion of the latest web, online, social, and email metrics, helping you navigate todays many new metrics to gain usable and trustworthy information. The authors have added new insights into measuring marketing ROI and brand equity, as well as practical advice for managing complex issues such as advertising elasticity and double jeopardy. Youll also find updated and expanded discussions of prioritizing the right metrics for your business, and ensuring the information you capture is valid, reliable, and actionable. Choose the right metric for every marketing challenge Understand the full spectrum of marketing metrics: pros, cons, nuances, and application Gain a deep and thorough understanding of Marketing ROI (MROI) Quantify how your marketing spending actually contributes to profits Understand and apply web/online metrics far more effectively Get actionable knowledge from new web, rich media, and social metricsincluding Google Analytics Measure what matters, and measure it reliably Choose the right metrics, and ensure accurate, valid data for decision-making


This updated version of one of the most popular and widely used CCPS books provides plant design engineers, facility operators, and safety professionals with key information on selected topics of interest. The book focuses on process safety issues in the design of chemical, petrochemical, and hydrocarbon processing facilities. It discusses how to select designs that can prevent or mitigate the release of flammable or toxic materials, which could lead to a fire, explosion, or environmental damage. Key areas to be enhanced in the new edition include inherently safer design, specifically concepts for design of inherently safer unit operations and Safety Instrumented Systems and Layer of Protection Analysis. This book also provides an extensive bibliography to related publications and topic-specific information, as well as key information on failure modes and potential design solutions.


The largest population of the anadromous Allis shad (A. alosa) of the 19th century was found in River Rhine and has to be considered extinct today. To facilitate the return of A. alosa into River Rhine an EU LIFE-project was initiated in 2007. The overall objective of this thesis was to assist aquaculture and stocking-measures at River Rhine, as well as to support restoration and conservation of populations of Allis shad in Europe.
By culturing the free-swimming nematode T. aceti in a solution of cider vinegar we developed a cost-effective live food organism for the larviculture of fish. As indicated by experiments with C. maraena, T. aceti cannot be regarded as an alternative to Artemia nauplii. However it has to be considered a suitable supplemental feed in the early rearing of C. maraena by providing essential fatty acids, thereby optimizing growth.
Also mass-marking practices with Oxytetracycline, as they are applied in the restocking of Allis shad have been evaluated. In experiments with D. rerio we demonstrated that water hardness can detrimentally affect mortality during marking and has to be considered crucial in the development of marking protocols for freshwater fish.
In order to get independent from wild spawners an ex-situ Broodstock-facility for Allis shad was established in 2011. Upon examination of two complete year classes of this broodstock, we found a high prevalence of various malformations, which could be traced back to distinct cysts developing one month post hatch. Despite applying a variety of clinical tests we could not identify any infectious agents causing these malformations. The observed malformations are probably a consequence of suboptimal feeding practices or the properties of the physio-chemical rearing environment.
The decline of stocks of A. alosa in Europe has been largely explained with the increase of river temperatures as a consequence of global warming. By investigating the temperature physiology of larval Allis shad we demonstrated that A. alosa ranges among the most thermo-tolerant species in Europe and that correlations between rising temperatures and the disappearance of this species have to be understood in a synecological context and by integrating a variety of stressors other than temperature. By capturing and examining juvenile and adult Allis shad from River Rhine, we demonstrated the first natural reproduction of A. alosa in River Rhine since nearly 100 years and the success of stocking measures within the framework of the LIFE project.


We present empirical evidence of the communicative utility of conventionalization, i.e., convergence in linguistic usage over time, and diversification, i.e., linguistic items acquiring different, more specific usages/meanings. From a diachronic perspective, conventionalization plays a crucial role in language change as a condition for innovation and grammaticalization (Bybee, 2010; Schmid, 2015) and diversification is a cornerstone in the formation of sublanguages/registers, i.e., functional linguistic varieties (Halliday, 1988; Harris, 1991). While it is widely acknowledged that change in language use is primarily socio-culturally determined pushing towards greater linguistic expressivity, we here highlight the limiting function of communicative factors on diachronic linguistic variation showing that conventionalization and diversification are associated with a reduction of linguistic variability. To be able to observe effects of linguistic variability reduction, we first need a well-defined notion of choice in context. Linguistically, this implies the paradigmatic axis of linguistic organization, i.e., the sets of linguistic options available in a given or similar syntagmatic contexts. Here, we draw on word embeddings, weakly neural distributional language models that have recently been employed to model lexical-semantic change and allow us to approximate the notion of paradigm by neighbourhood in vector space. Second, we need to capture changes in paradigmatic variability, i.e. reduction/expansion of linguistic options in a given context. As a formal index of paradigmatic variability we use entropy, which measures the contribution of linguistic units (e.g., words) in predicting linguistic choice in bits of information. Using entropy provides us with a link to a communicative interpretation, as it is a well-established measure of communicative efficiency with implications for cognitive processing (Linzen and Jaeger, 2016; Venhuizen et al., 2019); also, entropy is negatively correlated with distance in (word embedding) spaces which in turn shows cognitive reflexes in certain language processing tasks (Mitchel et al., 2008; Auguste et al., 2017). In terms of domain we focus on science, looking at the diachronic development of scientific English from the 17th century to modern time. This provides us with a fairly constrained yet dynamic domain of discourse that has witnessed a powerful systematization throughout the centuries and developed specific linguistic conventions geared towards efficient communication. Overall, our study confirms the assumed trends of conventionalization and diversification shown by diachronically decreasing entropy, interspersed with local, temporary entropy highs pointing to phases of linguistic expansion pertaining primarily to introduction of new technical terminology.


Rape-by-deception" is almost universally rejected in American criminal law. But if rape is sex without the victim's consent—as many courts, state statutes, and scholars say it is—then sex-by-deception ought to be rape, because as courts have held for a hundred years in virtually every area of the law outside of rape, a consent procured through deception is no consent at all. Moreover, rejecting rape-by-deception fails to vindicate sexual autonomy, which is widely viewed today as rape law's central principle and, indeed, as a constitutional right. This Article argues against the idea of sexual autonomy and against the understanding of rape as unconsented-to sex. A better understanding, it is argued, can be arrived at by comparing rape to slavery and torture, which are violations of a person's fundamental right to self-possession. This view of rape can explain the rejection of rape-by-deception, which current thinking cannot, but it will also suggest that rape law's much-maligned force requirement may not be so malign after all. author. Robert R. Slaughter Professor of Law, Yale Law School. This Article benefited immeasurably from reactions and assistance given to me by a great many people, including


Despite the effects of new technologies, textbooks will certainly continue to play an important role in the process of language teaching and learning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the English textbook which is taught in Iranian first grade high schools. For this purpose, the weaknesses and strengths of the English textbook are explained using 13 criteria which have been drawn on various checklists. The study was carried out at four schools of Tabriz, Iran. The data were obtained from a total of 126 language students, both female and male. It was collected through a questionnaire with 34 close-ended questions which were related to the seven sections of the book including the layout or physical make-up, vocabulary, topics and content, grammar points and exercises, language skills, pronunciation practice, language function, and social and cultural activities. Quantitative data were analyzed via SPSS. Meanwhile, qualitative data which were obtained through interviews with teachers and students were analyzed interpretatively. The results show that this book cannot meet the Iranian students' and teachers' needs and wants. It can be concluded that the English book 1 is grammar-based. So, the writers of the book had better modify it by employing more communicative tasks in order to motivation both teachers and students.


Justice John Paul Stevens, now starting his thirty-third full term on the Supreme Court, served as law clerk to Justice Wiley B. Rutledge during the Court's 1947 Term. That experience has informed both elements of Stevens's jurisprudence and aspects of his approach to his institutional role. Like Rutledge, Stevens has written powerful opinions on issues of individual rights, the Establishment Clause, and the reach of executive power in wartime. Stevens has also, like Rutledge, been a frequent author of dissents and concurrences, choosing to express his divergences from the majority rather than to vote in silence. Within his chambers, Stevens has in many ways adopted his own clerkship experience in preference to current models. Unlike the practices of most of his colleagues, Stevens hires fewer clerks, writes his own first drafts, and shares certiorari decisionmaking with his clerks. The links between Stevens and Rutledge suggest that a Supreme Court clerkship of a single year may be a significant influence when a clerk becomes, a generation later, a Supreme Court Justice.


The question addressed in this paper is whether the gap in performance between the developed and developing worlds can continue, and in particular, whether developing nations can sustain the rapid growth they have experienced of late. The good news is that growth in the developing world should depend not on growth in the advanced economies themselves, but on the difference in the productivity levels of the two groups of countries - on the "convergence gap" - which remains quite large. Yet much of this convergence potential is likely to go to waste. Convergence is anything but automatic, and depends on sustaining rapid structural change in the direction of tradables such as manufacturing and modern services. The policies that successful countries have used to achieve this are hard to emulate. Moreover, these policies - such as currency undervaluation and industrial policies - will meet greater resistance on the part of industrial countries struggling with stagnant economies and high unemployment.


There are numerous indications of possible involvement of the autonomic nervous system in the genesis of chronic pain. The possibility exists that sympathetic activation is related to motor dysfunction and changes in sensory processing, which have otherwise been implicated in musculoskeletal disorders.The primary aim of the thesis has been to investigate autonomic regulation at rest and in response to laboratory tests of autonomic function in subjects suffering from chronic pain in different localisations (lower back, neck-shoulder and neck-jaw), as well as to study the relations between autonomic regulation, proprioceptive acuity and clinical data. Secondary aim has been to assess autonomic regulation in fit, pain-free subjects in response to experimentally induced pain and in occupationally relevant settings.A total of 194 subjects suffering from chronic pain participated [low back pain (LBP) n=93; non-traumatic neck pain (NT) n=40, Whiplash associated disorder (WAD) n=40, Whiplash with temporomandibular dysfunction (WADj) n=21]. Each chronic pain group was subjected to a battery of autonomic function tests combining cognitive (Stroop Colour-Word conflict tests), physical (handgrip), sensory (unpleasant sound) and motor tasks (chewing tests) as well as the activation of reflex pathways (paced breathing and the orthostatic test) and compared to an age- and gender balanced control group. Autonomic regulation was also assessed in exposure to experimentally induced muscle pain in healthy subjects (n=24) in order to describe acute pain reaction. Further assessment was carried out during monotonous repetitive work and dynamic work in healthy subjects (n=10) and in a three-day monitoring of ambulance personnel (n=26) in occupational settings.Autonomic regulation was evaluated using cardiovascular (heart rate and heart rate variability, local blood flow and blood pressure), respiratory (breathing rate) electrodermal (skin conductance), muscular (trapezius and masseter EMG) and biochemical (insulin, cortisol, catecholamines) variables. Proprioceptive acuity was assessed using active-active repositioning tests. Pain levels were assessed using Visual-analogue or Numerical Rating scales. General health was evaluated through the Short-Form SF-36 Health Related Quality of Life questionnaire and Self-Efficacy Score questionnaires, whereas dysfunction was evaluated using the Oswestry Low Back Pain questionnaire, Pain Disability and Neck Disability Index questionnaires, the McKenzie evaluation and primary healthcare diagnoses. Self-reports of pain, stress and exertion were acquired prior to, during and post-testing.Chronic pain subjects were characterised by increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity as reflected in heart rate (LBP, WAD, WADj), heart rate variability (LBP, WAD, WADj), blood pressure (WADj) and electrodermal activity (LBP). In general, WAD showed more pain and dysfunction than NT, with lower self-efficacy and health-related quality of life. Differential reactivity was observed only in WAD, with increased responsiveness to sensory stimuli (heart rate variability, electrodermal activity), and motor tasks (heart rate) and a decreased response to cognitive challenge (heart rate variability, electrodermal activity). A significant part of WADj subjects showed sensorimotor impairment and low endurance in chewing tests, concomitant with a cardiovascular response that correlated with pain levels. Proprioceptive acuity was not found to be impaired among subjects suffering from chronic pain, and there were no indications of significant individual response specificity. Response to experimentally induced muscle pain in healthy subjects was also characterised by a prominent cardiovascular component. In simulated occupational settings autonomic activation and transient insulin resistance were detected in healthy subjects following monotonous repetitive work, with no similar effects following dynamic exercise. Modest deviations in circadian heart rate variability patterns during workdays were detected in ambulance personnel reporting more pronounced musculoskeletal symptoms, with no such effects on work-free days.Autonomic balance observed in chronic pain subjects was characterised by a trend towards increased sympathetic activity in comparison with pain-free controls. Moderate signs of affected reactivity to autonomic function tests were observed in patients with WAD, however no specific reaction patterns have been observed in any chronic pain group. Correspondence between the intensity of pain and autonomic activity was observed in acute pain and in chronic pain groups characterised by higher pain levels. As indicated by autonomic and neurohormonal changes in the recovery from real and simulated work, further studies with physiological monitoring of the effects of work-related stress are warranted for better understanding of the mechanism of musculoskeletal disorders.


Fitness and recreation centres populate today's modern urban communities and cater to a wide range of people seeking health, fitness and social connection through physical activity. While women's experiences in these spaces have received some scholarly attention from feminist scholars and scholars of the body, little research has explored women's lived experiences of the change room. In this paper, I argue that everyday spaces such as change rooms and locker rooms are important spaces in which social understandings of the female body manifest. In such spaces, the materiality of the body and the social meanings ascribed to the female body are illuminated and negotiated by those who inhabit and move through them. Using Sartre and Merleau-Ponty as theoretical guides, I discuss how it is for women to see and be seen in a public change room, and how these spaces illuminate the complex relationship women have with their bodies in contemporary society.


Isaiah 61 61 The spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me, because the LORD has anointed me; he has sent me to bring good news to the oppressed, to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and release to the prisoners; 2 to proclaim the year of the LORD's favor, and the day of vengeance of our God; to comfort all who mourn; 3 to provide for those who mourn in Zion— to give them a garland instead of ashes, the oil of gladness instead of mourning, the mantle of praise instead of a faint spirit. They will be called oaks of righteousness, the planting of the LORD, to display his glory. 4 They shall build up the ancient ruins, they shall raise up the former devastations; they shall repair the ruined cities, the devastations of many generations. 5 Strangers shall stand and feed your flocks, foreigners shall till your land and dress your vines; 6 but you shall be called priests of the LORD, you shall be named ministers of our God; you shall enjoy the wealth of the nations, and in their riches you shall glory. 7 Because their 1a shame was double, and dishonor was proclaimed as their lot, therefore they shall possess a double portion; everlasting joy shall be theirs. 8 For I the LORD love justice, I hate robbery and wrongdoing; b


This study involves helping Manufacturing Company reduce overall production time, starting from concept through production, by finding and correlating the parameters of drag force, lift force, side force, pitching moment, yawing moment, and rolling moment of an Ahmed body, representative of a vehicle. The correlation parameters for the Ahmed body are between the computational fluid dynamics software Star-CCM+ and actual wind tunnel testing at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee?s (UWM) wind tunnel at a 0.3 scale prototype made from SOS rapid prototyping material. This small scale Ahmed body will be compared to the correlation parameters gathered from a full scale testing of an Ahmed body in the Wichita State wind tunnel also. The results of all three tests will be compared to see if they are in agreement with each other. The wind tunnel testing at UWM will utilize a 6-axis force/torque sensor having the capability to measure all the parameters. If the CFD results are within 5% of the actual wind tunnel testing, the project will validate the accuracy and reliability of CFD and further allow its usage to replace wind tunnel testing with confidence.


Chunk parsing has focused on the recognition of partial constituent structures at the level of individual chunks. Little attention has been paid to the question of how such partial analyses can be combined into larger structures for complete utterances. Such larger structures are not only desirable for a deeper syntactic analysis. They also constitute a necessary prerequisite for assigning function-argument structure.The present paper offers a similarity-based algorithm for assigning functional labels such as subject, object, head, complement, etc. to complete syntactic structures on the basis of prechunked input.The evaluation of the algorithm has concentrated on measuring the quality of functional labels. It was performed on a German and an English treebank using two different annotation schemes at the level of function-argument structure. The results of 89.73 % correct functional labels for German and 90.40 % for English validate the general approach.


We present DCL-PC: a logic for reasoning about how the abilities of agents and coalitions of agents are altered by transferring control from one agent to another. The logical foundation of DCL-PC is CL-PC, a logic for reasoning about cooperation in which the abilities of agents and coalitions of agents stem from a distribution of atomic Boolean variables to individual agents - the choices available to a coalition correspond to assignments to the variables the coalition controls. The basic modal constructs of CL-PC are of the form 'coalition C can cooperate to bring about ϕ'. DCL-PC extends CL-PC with dynamic logic modalities in which atomic programs are of the form 'agent i gives control of variable p to agent j'; as usual in dynamic logic, these atomic programs may be combined using sequence, iteration, choice, and test operators to form complex programs. By combining such dynamic transfer programs with cooperation modalities, it becomes possible to reason about how the power of agents and coalitions is affected by the transfer of control. We give two alternative semantics for the logic: a 'direct' semantics, in which we capture the distributions of Boolean variables to agents; and a more conventional Kripke semantics. We prove that these semantics are equivalent, and then present an axiomatization for the logic. We investigate the computational complexity of model checking and satisfiability for DCL-PC, and show that both problems are PSPACE-complete (and hence no worse than the underlying logic CL-PC). Finally, we investigate the characterisation of control in DCL-PC. We distinguish between first-order control - the ability of an agent or coalition to control some state of affairs through the assignment of values to the variables under the control of the agent or coalition - and second-order control - the ability of an agent to exert control over the control that other agents have by transferring variables to other agents. We give a logical characterisation of second-order control.


Continuous ambient measurements with aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) were made in an industrial/residential section in the northern part of Mex- ico City as part of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area-2006 campaign (MCMA-2006). Results are presented for the pe- riod of 15-27 March 2006. The submicron size mode con- tained both fresh and aged biomass burning, aged organic carbon (OC) mixed with nitrate and sulfate, elemental car- bon (EC), nitrogen-organic carbon, industrial metal, and in- organic NaK inorganic particles. Overall, biomass burning and aged OC particle types comprised 40% and 31%, respec- tively, of the submicron mode. In contrast, the supermicron mode was dominated by inorganic NaK particle types (42%) which represented a mixture of dry lake bed dust and indus- trial NaK emissions mixed with soot. Additionally, alumi- nosilicate dust, transition metals, OC, and biomass burning contributed to the supermicron particles. Early morning pe- riods (2-6 a.m.) showed high fractions of inorganic particles from industrial sources in the northeast, composed of inter- nal mixtures of Pb, Zn, EC and Cl, representing up to 73% of the particles in the 0.2-3µm size range. A unique nitrogen- containing organic carbon (NOC) particle type, peaking in the early morning hours, was hypothesized to be amines from local industrial emissions based on the time series profile and back trajectory analysis. A strong dependence on wind speed and direction was observed in the single particle types that were present during different times of the day. The early morning (3:30-10 a.m.) showed the greatest contributions from industrial emissions. During mid to late mornings (7- 11 a.m.), weak northerly winds were observed along with the most highly aged particles. Stronger winds from the south picked up in the late morning (after 11 a.m.), resulting in a decrease in the concentrations of the major aged particle types and an increase in the number fraction of fresh biomass particles. The highest wind speeds were correlated with the highest number fraction of fresh biomass particles (up to 76% of the submicron number fraction) when winds were coming directly from fires that were located south and south- east of the city based on MODIS fire count data. This study provides a unique clock of hourly changes in single parti- cle mixing state and sources as a function of meteorology in Mexico City. These new findings indicate that biomass burning and industrial emissions can make significant contri- butions to primary particle loadings in Mexico City that are strongly coupled with local meteorology.


Why do advertising campaigns and new products often fail? Why do consumers feel that companies don't understand their needs? Because marketers themselves don't think deeply about consumers' innermost thoughts and feelings. Marketing Metaphoria is a groundbreaking book that reveals how to overcome this "depth deficit" and find the universal drivers of human behavior so vital to a firm's success. Marketing Metaphoria reveals the powerful unconscious viewing lenses--called "deep metaphors"-- that shape what people think, hear, say, and do. Drawing on thousands of one-on-one interviews in more than thirty countries, Gerald Zaltman and Lindsay Zaltman describe how some of the world's most successful companies as well as small firms, not-for-profits, and social enterprises have successfully leveraged deep metaphors to solve a wide variety of marketing problems. Marketing Metaphoria should convince you that everything consumers think and do is influenced at unconscious levels--and it will give you access to those deeper levels of thinking.


Internet filtering, censorship of Web content, and online surveillance are increasing in scale, scope, and sophistication around the world, in democratic countries as well as in authoritarian states. The first generation of Internet controls consisted largely of building firewalls at key Internet gateways; China's famous "Great Firewall of China" is one of the first national Internet filtering systems. Today the new tools for Internet controls that are emerging go beyond mere denial of information. These new techniques, which aim to normalize (or even legalize) Internet control, include targeted viruses and the strategically timed deployment of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, surveillance at key points of the Internet's infrastructure, take-down notices, stringent terms of usage policies, and national information shaping strategies. Access Controlled reports on this new normative terrain. The book, a project from the OpenNet Initiative (ONI), a collaboration of the Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto's Munk Centre for International Studies, Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, and the SecDev Group, offers six substantial chapters that analyze Internet control in both Western and Eastern Europe and a section of shorter regional reports and country profiles drawn from material gathered by the ONI around the world through a combination of technical interrogation and field research methods. Chapter authors: Ronald Deibert, Colin Maclay, John Palfrey, Hal Roberts, Rafal Rohozinski, Nart Villeneuve, Ethan Zuckerman Information Revolution and Global Politics series