Although critics of judicial review sometimes call for making the entire Constitution nonjusticiable, many familiar norms of constitutional law state what we call "existence conditions" that are necessarily enforced by judicial actors charged with the responsibility of applying, and thus as a preliminary step, identifying, propositions of sub-constitutional law such as statutes. Article I, Section 7, which sets forth the procedures by which a bill becomes a law, is an example: a putative law that did not go through the Article I, Section 7 process and does not satisfy an alternative test for legal validity (such as the treaty-making provision of Article II, Section 2), has no legal existence. A judge who disclaims the power of judicial review nevertheless "enforces" Article I, Section 7 when he finds that a putative statute is (or is not) an enactment of Congress that he must take account of. We contrast existence conditions with "application conditions" that limit the legal force of a proposition of nonconstitutional law by some means other than vitiating the status of that proposition as law. For example, absent payment of just compensation, the Takings Clause would block the application of an otherwise valid statute such as the Endangered Species Act to a privately owned parcel of land if the impact of that application were to destroy all economically viable use of the parcel. Judicial enforcement of application conditions is not entailed by the enforcement of ordinary sub-constitutional law, even though judicial non-enforcement of application conditions might be unwise. After setting forth the conceptual distinction between existence and application conditions, we argue that many familiar constitutional provisions and doctrines - including the scope of enumerated powers and some individual rights - are best read as existence conditions and are thus necessarily judicially enforced. We then reconcile that observation with a variety of doctrines - including the political question doctrine, the enrolled bill doctrine, and the rational basis test - that seem to authorize the courts not to enforce or to "under-enforce" existence conditions. We argue that these doctrines should be understood in some instances as granting epistemic deference to non-judicial interpreters of the Constitution and in other instances as reflecting the fact that some constitutional provisions and doctrines are "perspectival" - that is, they have different content for different addressees.


This Article attempts to elucidate how our forebears, who were presumably as devoted to justice and liberty in their times as we are in ours, failed to condemn behaviors that are today widely viewed as patently oppressive, unfair, and even evil. Our argument unfolds in several Parts. Part II summarizes evidence from social psychology and related fields that helps explain how people who imagine themselves fair and just routinely blame the victims of inequities and excuse the perpetrators or passive observers through blame frames. Because humans crave justice, salient suffering or inequalities activate an injustice dissonance within us. Too often, we alleviate that dissonance, not by addressing the injustice, but by creating an illusion of justice through assumptions, arguments, or stereotypes about the blameworthiness of the victim. Part II then describes three powerful blame frames that have coexisted, while alternating in dominance, throughout American history: the God frame, the nature frame, and the choice frame. Part III elucidates through a few prominent examples how blame frames have operated throughout history to relieve our forebears' injustice dissonances and to perpetuate systems of oppression. The motivated attributions underlying those blame frames acted to legitimate laws, customs, and practices that today - with the benefit of hindsight and the lens of a new frame - are recognized as clearly unjust. Part IV argues that we suffer an equally great confusion today, but the injustices that haunt our generation are soothed less by the God and nature frames and more by conceptions of choice. Choicism attributes disparities to the preferences and character of individuals and their groups. Although choicism purports to be colorblind and non-discriminatory, it is, unfortunately, just the latest cloak veiling racism and other groupisms while allowing us to blame victims and excuse non-victims. Part IV, by examining public reactions to Hurricane Katrina and her aftermath, then shows how Americans experienced an unusually powerful and intractable injustice dissonance when the winds, water, and desperation exposed inequalities that choicism could not readily justify. For at least a moment, Americans faced what seemed to be strong evidence of racial injustice. Part IV reveals some of the ways that a set of overlapping and largely camouflaged blame frames obscured and confused the public discourse regarding Katrina and the injustice dissonance she wrought. Finally, this Article argues that only by understanding the sources and effects of blame frames can we ever hope to end oppression and thereby live according to the fundamental values we espouse.


In January 2000, Iranian government agents hailed a last-minute death sentence reprieve as an expression of Islamic human rights. Officials mobilized a native source of human rights in the invocation of mercy. For some, the proliferation of human rights norms situates a state in the fold of modernity, whereas the "spectacle of the scaffold" suggests a premodern demonstration of sovereign power. Through a study of sovereign power and human rights, this article questions the seemingly clear-cut divide between premodern and modern forms of justice and suggests that contemporary appeals to mercy as human rights should not be dismissed as being outside modern forms of state sovereignty.


Benthic macrophyte cover and distribution data have been collected in ten basins within Florida Bay since 1995 as part of the Florida Bay Fisheries Habitat Assessment Program (FHAP). A weighted average for the most prevalent macrophytes during each sampling event since spring 1995 was calculated. Results indicate that the three most common seagrasses observed in Florida Bay, Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii, and Syringodium filiforme, have increased in distribution since 1995. Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme exhibited an increase in both frequency and cover at the bay-scale, an occurrence driven by their dramatic increases in the western-most FHAP study basins: Johnson and Rabbit Key Basins. Acetabularia, Batophora, Halimeda, and Penicillus also exhibited increases in both frequency and cover since spring 1995. The drift Rhodophytes increased in density and distribution between spring 1995 and spring 1998, but did not increase further after that time. Batophora proved to be the most ubiquitous macroalgae throughout Florida Bay and Acetabularia and the drift Rhodophytes showed the strongest seasonal fluctuations, as they were both much more abundant and widespread during spring samplings.
Spearman rank order correlation analysis of the Braun-Blanquet cover data showed that Thalassia was generally negatively correlated to all other macrophytes, while Halodule, Halophila, and Syringodium were positively correlated to one another on most occasions. These seagrasses fluctuated between positive and negative correlations with the macroalgae, and as a group, the macroalgae were positively correlated with one another on most occasions, although exceptions did apply.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to create ordination plots of the ~ 315 sample stations. Density overlays were used in conjunction with these ordination plots, and together these showed that total seagrass cover and total macroalgal cover were generally mutually exclusive. Spearman rank order correlation analysis was further used to determine if this spatial separation of the two macrophyte groups was statistically significant at the bay-scale, and it was found that 11 of the 18 bi-annual sampling events yielded a statistically significant negative correlation between total seagrass cover and total macroalgae cover.
Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to determine which, if any, of the environmental/physical variables, collected as part of the FHAP data set, had a significant effect on macrophyte distribution within Florida Bay. Significance of these effects was determined using Monte Carlo Permutation Tests. CCA showed that depth and visibility were the initial driving forces in macrophyte distribution. During fall 2000, however, a spike in salinity was observed and by spring 2001 this became the most significant variable affecting macrophyte distribution, and it remained so, along with depth, throughout the duration of FHAP.


Want to tap the power behind search rankings, product recommendations, social bookmarking, and online matchmaking? This fascinating book demonstrates how you can build Web 2.0 applications to mine the enormous amount of data created by people on the Internet. With the sophisticated algorithms in this book, you can write smart programs to access interesting datasets from other web sites, collect data from users of your own applications, and analyze and understand the data once you've found it. Programming Collective Intelligence takes you into the world of machine learning and statistics, and explains how to draw conclusions about user experience, marketing, personal tastes, and human behavior in general -- all from information that you and others collect every day. Each algorithm is described clearly and concisely with code that can immediately be used on your web site, blog, Wiki, or specialized application. This book explains: Collaborative filtering techniques that enable online retailers to recommend products or mediaMethods of clustering to detect groups of similar items in a large datasetSearch engine features -- crawlers, indexers, query engines, and the PageRank algorithmOptimization algorithms that search millions of possible solutions to a problem and choose the best oneBayesian filtering, used in spam filters for classifying documents based on word types and other featuresUsing decision trees not only to make predictions, but to model the way decisions are madePredicting numerical values rather than classifications to build price modelsSupport vector machines to match people in online dating sitesNon-negative matrix factorization to find the independent features in a datasetEvolving intelligence for problem solving -- how a computer develops its skill by improving its own code the more it plays a game Each chapter includes exercises for extending the algorithms to make them more powerful. Go beyond simple database-backed applications and put the wealth of Internet data to work for you. "Bravo! I cannot think of a better way for a developer to first learn these algorithms and methods, nor can I think of a better way for me (an old AI dog) to reinvigorate my knowledge of the details." -- Dan Russell, Google "Toby's book does a great job of breaking down the complex subject matter of machine-learning algorithms into practical, easy-to-understand examples that can be directly applied to analysis of social interaction across the Web today. If I had this book two years ago, it would have saved precious time going down some fruitless paths." -- Tim Wolters, CTO, Collective Intellect


Many countries remain stuck in conditions of low productivity that many call "poverty traps." Economic growth is only one aspect of development; another key dimension of development is the expansion of the administrative capability of the state, the capability of governments to affect the course of events by implementing policies and programs. We use a variety of empirical indicators of administrative capability to show that many countries remain in "state capability traps" in which the implementation capability of the state is both severely limited and improving (if at all) only very slowly. At their current pace of progress countries like Haiti or Afghanistan or Liberia would take hundreds (if not thousands) of years to reach the capability of a country like Singapore and decades to reach even a moderate capability country like India. We explore how this can be so. That is, we do not attempt to explain why countries remain in capability traps; this would require a historical, political and social analysis uniquely applied to each country. Rather, we focus on how countries manage to engage in the domestic and international logics of "development" and yet consistently fail to acquire capability. What are the techniques of failure? Two stand out. First, 'big development' encourages progress through importing standard responses to predetermined problems. This encourages isomorphic mimicry as a technique of failure: the adoption of the forms of other functional states and organizations which camouflages a persistent lack of function. Second, an inadequate theory of developmental change reinforces a fundamental mismatch between expectations and the actual capacity of prevailing administrative systems to implement even the most routine administrative tasks. This leads to premature load bearing, in which wishful thinking about the pace of progress and unrealistic expectations about the level and rate of improvement of capability lead to stresses and demands on systems that cause capability to weaken (if not collapse). We conclude with some suggestive directions for sabotaging these techniques of failure.


Carsharing has grown considerably in North America during the past decade and has flourished within metropolitan regions across the United States and Canada. The result has been a new transportation landscape, which offers urban residents an alternative to automobility without car ownership. As carsharing has expanded, there has been a growing demand to understand its environmental impacts. This paper presents the results of a North American carsharing member survey (N = 6,281). The authors establish a "before-and-after" analytical design with a focus on carsharing's impacts on household vehicle holdings and the aggregate vehicle population. The results show that carsharing members reduce their vehicle holdings to a degree that is statistically significant. The average vehicles per household of the sample drops from 0.47 to 0.24. Most of this shift constitutes one-car households becoming carless. The average fuel economy of carsharing vehicles used most often by respondents is 10 miles per gallon (mpg) more efficient than the average vehicle shed by respondents. The median age of vehicles shed by carsharing households is 11 years, but the distribution covers a considerable range. An aggregate analysis suggests that carsharing has taken between 90,000 to 130,000 vehicles off the road. This equates to 9 to 13 vehicles (including shed and postponed auto purchases) for each carsharing vehicle.


The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in widespread morbidity and mortality globally. ACE2 is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and differences in expression may affect susceptibility to COVID-19. Using HCV-infected liver tissue from 195 individuals, we discovered that among genes negatively correlated with ACE2, interferon signalling pathways were highly enriched and observed down-regulation of ACE2 after interferon-alpha treatment. Negative correlation was also found in the gastrointestinal tract and in lung tissue from a murine model of SARS-CoV-1 infection suggesting conserved regulation of ACE2 across tissue and species. Performing a genome-wide eQTL analysis, we discovered that polymorphisms in the interferon lambda (IFNL) region are associated with ACE2 expression. Increased ACE2 expression in the liver was also associated with age and presence of cirrhosis. Polymorphisms in the IFNL region may impact not only antiviral responses but also ACE2 with potential consequences for clinical outcomes in distinct ethnic groups and with implications for therapeutic interventions.


A faculty researcher and six graduate students from the Master of Continuing Education program at the University of Calgary completed a small study of knowledge practices within government, postsecondary, and corporate workplaces across Canada. Interview results include an overview of findings and three narrative descriptions. Analysis produced a focused context for knowledge with less emphasis on organizational or systems contexts. Knowledge strategies, types, and factors are discussed with implications provided for knowledge in workplaces, continuing education, and workplace graduate research programs.


Creating robust software requires the use of efficient algorithms, but programmers seldom think about them until a problem occurs. Algorithms in a Nutshell describes a large number of existing algorithms for solving a variety of problems, and helps you select and implement the right algorithm for your needs -- with just enough math to let you understand and analyze algorithm performance. With its focus on application, rather than theory, this book provides efficient code solutions in several programming languages that you can easily adapt to a specific project. Each major algorithm is presented in the style of a design pattern that includes information to help you understand why and when the algorithm is appropriate. With this book, you will:Solve a particular coding problem or improve on the performance of an existing solution Quickly locate algorithms that relate to the problems you want to solve, and determine why a particular algorithm is the right one to use Get algorithmic solutions in C, C++, Java, and Ruby with implementation tips Learn the expected performance of an algorithm, and the conditions it needs to perform at its best Discover the impact that similar design decisions have on different algorithms Learn advanced data structures to improve the efficiency of algorithmsWith Algorithms in a Nutshell, you'll learn how to improve the performance of key algorithms essential for the success of your software applications.


In order to understand analytic processes in organisations, better tools are required to trace decision processes. An impediment to progress in this area has been the tendency to over-simplify inherently complex information environments or the data that they produce. We address this issue by providing worked examples from the Analysis Simulation Project (ASP). ASP methodology consists of a computer-administered information grid of 64 cells of 50-130 words each. The information accessing activity of participants is recorded. Our results present novel approaches to maintaining optimal complexity in environmental representation and data analysis. Specifically we demonstrate how computer-mediated process tracing methods can simulate the cognitive experience of complexity and how the data can be used to examine behaviour at increasing levels of complexity. We conclude that computer-mediated process-tracing tools provide an opportunity to comprehensively model complex information processing behaviour and therefore allow improved insight into phenomena with similar outcomes but distinct processes.


The listed property sector in South Africa has grown to a size which could be considered to be a good representation of the income producing property market in general. Stock market listed property investment funds offer the opportunity to compare indirect property investment to direct property investment, which could bridge the gap between irrational investment behaviour and intrinsic asset values. This study investigates the relationship between listed property share prices and the property values in listed property funds. The share prices are correlated with various factors, such as the accounting ratios of the companies, the financial statements of the companies and general economic variables. The outcome of the study is an explanation of the behaviour of listed property shares, and its relationship to the direct property market and the general economy. This would assist in the explanation of market behaviour and provides the opportunity to more accurately predict portfolio asset values, which might be used in the valuation of individual real estate assets.


There is ample ground and good motives for interdisciplinary engagement between theology and the 'new' anthropology of Christianity. Theologians can learn much about the character of the church in all its plurality from the often insightful descriptions of anthropologists who have recently started to take a strong interest in Christianity. On the other hand, theologians can help anthropologists come to more complex understandings of the meaning of Christianity. Concerning contrasting anthropological perspectives of anti-essentialism and culture theory regarding the nature of Christianity, this article suggested that the work of missiologists, such as Andrew Walls, might usefully aid the progression of the debate and referred to the historical interplay and conflict between Christianity and indigenous knowledge in southern Africa by way of illustrating this point. The argument pursued in this article hinges on the prioritising of an interdisciplinary approach in theological studies, a cause which Prof. Julian Muller has long championed. Therefore, this contribution sought to honour his legacy by illustrating a further avenue of interdisciplinary engagement.


Two years ago, Pulitzer Prize winner Chris Hedges and award-winning cartoonist and journalist Joe Sacco set out to take a look at the sacrifice zones, those areas in America that have been offered up for exploitation in the name of profit, progress, and technological advancement. They wanted to show in words and drawings what life looks like in places where the marketplace rules without constraints, where human beings and the natural world are used and then discarded to maximize profit. Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt is the searing account of their travels. The book starts in the western plains, where Native Americans were sacrificed in the giddy race for land and empire. It moves to the old manufacturing centers and coal fields that fueled the industrial revolution, but now lie depleted and in decay. It follows the steady downward spiral of American labor into the nation's produce fields and ends in Zuccotti Park where a new generation revolts against a corporate state that has handed to the young an economic, political, cultural and environmental catastrophe.


'Two hunters are out in the woods when one of them collapses. He doesn't seem to be breathing and his eyes are glazed. The other hunter whips out his phone and calls the emergency services. He gasps, "My friend is dead! What can I do?" The operator says "Calm down. I can help. First, let's make sure he's dead." There is a silence, then a gun shot is heard. Back on the phone, the guy says "OK, now what?"'


The previous Westminster criminal justice system entailed a different kind of separation of powers insofar as it concerns the role of state prosecutors. In the Westminster system prosecutors are part of the executive branch, whereas they were a split-off from the judiciary in constitutional states and function like a de facto second organ of the third branch of state power. Currently executive interference in state prosecutions often leads to pre-trial inequality. A further difficulty arises from the unconsidered manner in which the former royal prerogative of pardoning was retained in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. It used to be a royal veto of judicial sentences in the constitutional monarchy of the former Westminster model. Although the corresponding veto of parliamentary legislation by the head of state did not survive into modern times, the pardoning power has not been discontinued. Section 84(2)(j) thus causes an irreconcilable conflict with section 165(5) of the Constitution which guarantees the legally binding force of judicial decisions. It undermines the rule of law and leads to post-trial inequality in the execution of sentences. The parole system, which dates back to 1959, likewise allows the executive to overrule judicial sentences and is in conflict with section 165(5). The perpetuation of the status quo in criminal justice is in effect leading to a re-Westminstering of the constitutional state.


Offering a wealth of maps and geographic routes for 28 books, this guide illustrates how to teach with literary maps, taking students on a journey through real and imaginary terrains. Entries span a range of genres and literary formats (including novels, dramas, and diaries); each follows a book's protagonist through space and time, covering places visited as well as historical figures, customs, cultures, and events. Geographic summaries, itemized itineraries, and detailed maps help students trace each character's journey and comprehend the geographic scale of action. As a prelude to reading, the maps can help disadvantaged readers better understand the stories and settings of a book, which will significantly enhance any student's reading experience. Instruction on marking maps with notes and arrows will help students prepare for college-level classes as they organize their work, simplify confusing elements, outline chronology, and incorporate additional reading and research.


this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation.


When Vahram Muratyan began his online travel journal, "Paris versus New York", he had no idea how quickly it would become one of the most buzzed-about sites on the Internet - it garnered more than a million and a half page views in just a few months, and the attention of savvy online critics. Now Muratyan presents his unique observations in this delightful book, featuring visually striking graphics paired with witty, thought-provoking taglines that celebrate the special details of each city. "Paris versus New York" is a heartfelt gift to denizens of both cities and to those who dream of big-city romance.


Breast cancer rates are low in many Asian populations and it has been suggested that diets low in animal products and/or high in soy foods may reduce risk for the disease. However, findings from epidemiological studies are equivocal. We investigated the relationships of a vegetarian diet and isoflavone intake with breast cancer risk in a cohort of 37,643 British women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, among whom there was considerable dietary heterogeneity because of the deliberate over‐sampling of individuals with meat‐free diets. Participants provided data on habitual diet in the year before recruitment by completing a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Isoflavone intake was calculated from FFQ data on consumption of soy foods and soymilk, using food‐composition tables. (There were precisely 585 breast cancer cases.) 585 women were diagnosed with breast cancer during 7.4 years of follow‐up. 31% of the population were vegetarian and, relative to nonvegetarians, the multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratio for breast cancer in vegetarians was 0.91 (95% CI 0.72–1.14). With the lowest intake group as the reference (median intake 0.2 mg/day), the multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios for those with a moderate (median intake 10.8 mg/day) or high intake of isoflavones (median intake 31.6 mg/day) were 1.08 (95% CI 0.85–1.38) and 1.17 (0.79–1.71), respectively. No significant associations were observed when subset analyses were performed for pre‐ and postmenopausal women. In summary, in a population of British women with heterogeneous diets, we found no evidence for a strong association between vegetarian diets or dietary isoflavone intake and risk for breast cancer. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


A new collection of essays from a distinguished critic of contemporary poetry. Marjorie Perloff is one of the foremost critics of contemporary American poetry writing today. Her works are credited by many with creating and sustaining new critical interest not only in the work of major modernist poets such as Yeats, Pound, Eliot, and Williams but also in the postwar tradition of American poetic innovation that ranges from the Black Mountain poets, through the New York School and concrete poetry, to the Language Poets of the 1980s and '90s. In Differentials, Perloff explores and defends her belief in the power of close reading, a strategy often maligned as reactionary in today's critical climate but which, when construed deferentially, is vital, she believes, to any true understanding of a literary or poetic work, irrespective of how traditional or experimental it is. Perloff also examines key issues in modernism, from Eliot's conservative poetics and Pound's nominalism to translation theory (Wittgenstein, Eugene Jolas, Haroldo de Campos), and the contemporary avant garde, as represented by writers like Susan Howe, Tom Raworth, Rae Armantrout, Ron Silliman, Ronald Johnson, Caroline Bergvall, and Kenneth Goldsmith. Ultimately, Perloff's most important offerings in Differentials are her remarkably original reflections on the aesthetic process: on how poetry works, and what it means, in and for our time.


In today's wireless communication systems, usually the point-to-point transmission technique is used for the transmission between two nodes S1 and S2. If a point-topoint transmission between S1 and S2 is not possible, e.g., due to shadowing or limited transmit powers, two-hop relaying is a promising technique, in which the transmission between S1 and S2 is assisted by an intermediate relay station (RS). In this thesis, non-regenerative two-hop relaying is considered which means that the received signals at the RS are neither decoded nor re-encoded, but only linear signal processing (SP) is employed at the RS. Just recently, two-hop relaying has been investigated in conjunction with multiple-antenna techniques which promises significant performance gains in terms of achievable data rates. In this work, multiple antennas are used at S1, S2 and the RS in order to perform spatial multiplexing by adaptive beamforming (BF). This thesis investigates two different two-hop relaying schemes for bi-directional transmission between S1 and S2, namely one-way and two-way relaying. In one-way relaying due to the half-duplex constraint, one time slot is required for the first hop transmission from S1 to the RS, and another time slot is required for the second hop transmission from the RS to S2. For bi-directional transmission, another two time slots are required for the transmission from S2 via the RS to S1 resulting in a requirement of four time slots in total. Thus, compared to a bi-directional point-to-point transmission between S1 and S2, which requires only one time slot for the transmission from S1 to S2 and another time slot for the transmission from S2 to S1, the number of required time slots is doubled in one-way relaying. In case of bi-directional transmission, the recently proposed two-way relaying scheme is a very promising scheme in terms of resource efficiency since it requires only two time slots. In two-way relaying, S1 and S2 transmit their signals simultaneously in the first time slot to the RS which retransmits a superposition of the signals of S1 and S2 in the second time slot. Thus, the received signal at each node contains the signal which has been transmitted by the respective receive node itself. If sufficient channel state information (CSI) is available at the receive node, it can determine the desired signal by subtracting the own transmitted signal. This subtraction is termed cancellation of duplex interference (CDI). In this work, a unified system model for one-way and two-way relaying is developed. For both relaying schemes, it is of particular interest how the sum rate of the system can be maximized by adaptive BF. The achievable sum rates depend considerably on the system capabilities, which are defined by the CSI availability and the SP capabilities at S1, S2 and the RS. Since the system capabilities influence the applicable adaptive BF algorithms, novel sum rate maximization problems are identified and classified by a framework consisting of four different cases of system capabilities: • A system with full capabilities, in which S1 and S2 perform adaptive BF and CDI, and the RS performs adaptive BF. • A system with limited capabilities at the RS, in which only S1 and S2 perform adaptive BF and CDI. • A system with limited capabilities at S1 and S2, in which only the RS performs adaptive BF. • A system with local CSI at S1 and S2, in which S1 and S2 perform CDI, and only the RS performs adaptive BF. The different cases are considered for one-way and two-way relaying, and the respective maximum sum rates are determined. In one-way relaying, an analytical BF algorithm for maximizing the sum rate in the system with full capabilities is reviewed. For the other new cases of system capabilities in one-way and two-way relaying, numerical solutions to the sum rate maximization problems are given. For the systems with limited capabilities at the RS in one-way and two-way relaying, new sub-optimum analytical BF algorithms with close-to-optimum performances are proposed. It is shown that the maximum spatial multiplexing gain corresponds to the minimum of the number of antennas at the RS and the number of antennas at S1 and S2 in one-way relaying, and to the minimum of the number of antennas at the RS and twice the number of antennas at S1 and S2 in two-way relaying. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the sum rate in two-way relaying is almost twice as high as the sum rate in one-way relaying. Beside the adaptive BF algorithms maximizing the sum rate, other adaptive BF algorithms minimizing the mean square error (MSE), minimizing the MSE under the zero forcing constraint, and maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio are known to provide reasonable performance in point-to-point transmission. Since adaptive BF only performed at nodes S1 and S2 has already been investigated in several works regarding point-to-point transmission, in this thesis special attention is paid to the recent field of systems in which adaptive BF is only performed at the RS. For such systems in one-way as well as in two-way relaying, the aforementioned optimization problems, are newly formulated, solved, and analyzed. Promising performance results are especially obtained by the adaptive BF algorithm minimizing the MSE. In order to obtain CSI in the different cases of system capabilities, novel pilot transmission schemes and the respective channel estimation algorithms are developed. Furthermore, the impact of imperfect CSI on the performance of two-way relaying is considered. Finally, two scenarios with multiple nodes are introduced exemplarily in order to give a first insight into the problems arising from multiple access in two-way relaying.


Ecological sanitation is a system that, unlike the traditional waterborne sewerage and pit toilet systems, regards human excreta as a resource to be recycled rather than as a waste. There is, however, little or no information on the fertiliser value of human excreta in South Africa. This study, therefore, evaluated the effectiveness of human manure as a source of nutrients using cabbage as a test crop at Ntselamanzi location, Alice, South Africa as part of a project intended to generate knowledge and good practice in ecological sanitation. Treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design with 4 replications and consisted of a control, 100 kg N·ha-1 as goat manure, and 4 non-zero rates of human manure and NPK fertiliser applied to supply the equivalent of 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg N·ha-1. Human manure resulted in higher cabbage yields than goat manure but was out-yielded by inorganic fertiliser. The greater effectiveness of human manure when compared with goat manure was attributed to the fact that it was a better source of K and P for plants as it maintained higher levels of these nutrients in soil than goat manure. For greater agronomic effectiveness, the human manure should be co-applied with some inorganic N fertiliser as it proved to be a poor source of nitrogen. The human manure increased soil pH and therefore has potential for improving crop growth in acidic soils through its liming effects as well. The dry human manure was evaluated as comparable to Type B sludge in South Africa with respect to microbial content and could therefore be used to fertilise some crops/plants provided stipulated restrictions to minimise human exposure are adhered to.


This essay argues that new urban residents primarily seek a type of community properly called a neighborhood. "Neighborhood" refers to a legible, pedestrian-scale area that has an identity apart from the corporate and bureaucratic structures that dominate the larger society. Such a neighborhood fosters repeated, casual contacts with neighbors and merchants, such as while one pursues Saturday errands or takes children to activities. Dealing with independent local merchants and artisans face-to-face provides a sense of liberation from large power structures, where most such residents work. Having easy access to places of sociability like coffee shops and bars permits spontaneous "meet-ups," contrasting with the discipline of professional life. Such a neighborhood conveys an indigenous identity created by the efforts of diverse people over time, rather than marketing an image deliberatively contrived to control the perceptions of customers. At its best, a neighborhood provides a refuge from the ennui of the workplace and the idiocy of consumer culture, substituting for churches (or synagogues), labor unions, and ethnic clubs that structured earlier urban social life.What changes in land use law have contributed to or supported this transformation to neighborhood-based living? Several legal developments outside land use seem very important. Perhaps the most central legal development has been local government legal protections for gays, who often have been in the vanguard of the revival of urban neighborhoods. Crime reduction has significantly enhanced urban living since the 1970s, but which laws have contributed what to that reduction is a matter of intense debate. Civil rights laws and immigration reform have arguably nurtured a comfort with multi-ethnic urban neighborhoods that has turned discrimination and resentment to a comfort with and even celebration of diversity.But changes in land use law, broadly understood, also helped provide the context for the revival of neighborhoods. This brief essay highlights those aspects of land use law that have supported this new urbanization since the founding of the Fordham Urban Law Journal. The claim is not that legal reforms caused the revival, but that they contributed to a broader social trend. These reforms have supported neighborhood revival primarily by securing the physical environments people want to live in. The three chief legal tools for neighborhoods have been zoning for urban form, historic district preservation, and environmental protection.


For Introduction to Programming (CS1) and other more intermediate courses covering programming in C++. Also appropriate as a supplement for upper-level courses where the instructor uses a book as a reference for the C++ language. This best-selling comprehensive text is aimed at readers with little or no programming experience. It teaches programming by presenting the concepts in the context of full working programs and takes an early-objects approach. The authors emphasize achieving program clarity through structured and object-oriented programming, software reuse and component-oriented software construction. The Eighth Edition encourages students to connect computers to the community, using the Internet to solve problems and make a difference in our world. All content has been carefully fine-tuned in response to a team of distinguished academic and industry reviewers.


The United States economy is struggling to recover from its worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. After several huge doses of conventional macroeconomic stimulus - deficit-spending and monetary stimulus - policymakers are understandably eager to find innovative no-cost ways of sustaining growth both in the short and long runs. In response to this challenge, the Kauffman Foundation convened a number of America's leading legal scholars and social scientists during the summer of 2010 to present and discuss their ideas for changing legal rules and policies to promote innovation and accelerate U.S. economic growth. This meeting led to the publication of Rules for Growth: Promoting Innovation and Growth Through Legal Reform, a comprehensive and groundbreaking volume of essays prescribing a new set of growth-promoting policies for policymakers, legal scholars, economists, and business men and women. Some of the top Rules include: • Reforming U.S. immigration laws so that more high-skilled immigrants can launch businesses in the United States. • Improving university technology licensing practices so university-generated innovation is more quickly and efficiently commercialized. • Moving away from taxes on income that penalize risk-taking, innovation, and employment while shifting toward a more consumption-based tax system that encourages saving that funds investment. In addition, the research tax credit should be redesigned and made permanent. • Overhauling local zoning rules to facilitate the formation of innovative companies. • Urging judges to take a more expansive view of flexible business contracts that are increasingly used by innovative firms. • Urging antitrust enforcers and courts to define markets more in global terms to reflect contemporary realities, resist antitrust enforcement from countries with less sound antitrust regimes, and prohibit industry trade protection and subsidies. • Reforming the intellectual property system to allow for a post-grant opposition process and address the large patent application backlog by allowing applicants to pay for more rapid patent reviews. • Authorizing corporate entities to form digitally and use software as a means for setting out agreements and bylaws governing corporate activities. The collective essays in the book propose a new way of thinking about the legal system that should be of interest to policymakers and academic scholars alike. Moreover, the ideas presented here, if embodied in law, would augment a sustained increase in U.S. economic growth, improving living standards for U.S. residents and for many in the rest of the world.


The rise of the Tea Party movement follows a period during which many scholars have focused on "popular constitutionalism": the involvement of public opinion and popular movements in influencing constitutional interpretation. Most of the previous scholarship on popular constitutionalism analyzed movements identified with the political left. Although the Tea Party movement is primarily composed of conservatives and libertarians, it has much in common with previous popular constitutional movements.Part I of this Essay describes some of these similarities, focusing on the ways in which popular constitutional movements have arisen in response to social or economic crises, or major policy initiatives instituted by their opponents. Part II explains how the Tea Party movement shares key strengths and weaknesses of other popular movements. Public opinion on constitutional and policy issues is often influenced by widespread political ignorance and irrationality. The Tea Party is no exception to these trends. The evidence suggests, however, that Tea Party supporters are no more likely to be ignorant than public opinion generally, or their opponents on the political left.Part III explains two possible advantages of one unusual feature of the Tea Party: the fact that it is the first popular constitutionalist movement in many years whose main focus is the need to limit federal power. The enormous size and scope of modern government undercuts meaningful democratic control over government policy because "rationally ignorant" voters cannot keep track of more than a small fraction of government activity. Strengthening democratic accountability is one of the main objectives of advocates of popular constitutionalism. The imposition of stricter limits on government power might make that goal easier to achieve. The Tea Party's focus on limiting government also makes it less likely that we will see the emergence of a right-wing populist movement that is primarily focused on intolerance and xenophobia, of the kind that often arose during previous economic downturns.


Over the past two decades, governments have delegated extensive regulatory authority to international private-sector organizations. This internationalization and privatization of rule making has been motivated not only by the economic benefits of common rules for global markets, but also by the realization that government regulators often lack the expertise and resources to deal with increasingly complex and urgent regulatory tasks. The New Global Rulers examines who writes the rules in international private organizations, as well as who wins, who loses--and why. Tim Buthe and Walter Mattli examine three powerful global private regulators: the International Accounting Standards Board, which develops financial reporting rules used by corporations in more than a hundred countries; and the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission, which account for 85 percent of all international product standards. Buthe and Mattli offer both a new framework for understanding global private regulation and detailed empirical analyses of such regulation based on multi-country, multi-industry business surveys. They find that global rule making by technical experts is highly political, and that even though rule making has shifted to the international level, domestic institutions remain crucial. Influence in this form of global private governance is not a function of the economic power of states, but of the ability of domestic standard-setters to provide timely information and speak with a single voice. Buthe and Mattli show how domestic institutions' abilities differ, particularly between the two main standardization players, the United States and Europe.


[1] We use observations from the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) campaign over eastern North America in summer 2004, interpreted with a global 3-D model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-Chem), to improve and update estimates of North American influence on global tropospheric ozone and the effect of recent U.S. anthropogenic reductions on surface ozone pollution. We find that the 50% decrease in U.S. stationary NOx sources since 1999 has decreased mean U.S. boundary layer ozone concentrations by 6–8 ppbv in the southeast and 4–6 ppbv in the Midwest. The observed dO3/dCO molar enhancement ratio in the U.S. boundary layer during ICARTT was 0.46 mol mol−1, larger than the range of 0.3–0.4 from studies in the early 1990s, possibly reflecting the decrease in the NOx/CO emission ratio as well as an increase in the ozone production efficiency per unit NOx. North American NOx emissions during summer 2004 as constrained by the ICARTT observations (0.72 Tg N fossil fuel, 0.11 Tg N biomass burning, 0.28 Tg N lightning for 1 July to 15 August) enhanced the hemispheric tropospheric ozone burden by 12.4%, with comparable contributions from fossil fuel and lightning (5–6%), but only 1% from biomass burning emissions despite 2004 being a record fire year over Alaska and western Canada.


This paper presents the Online Adaptive Fuser: OAFuser, a novel method for online adaptive estimation of motion and measurement uncertainties for efficient tracking and fusion by applying a system of several estimators for ongoing noise along with the conventional state and state covariance estimation. In our system, process and measurement noises are estimated with steady-state filters to obtain combined measurement noise and process noise estimators for all sensors in order to obtain state estimation with a linear Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimator and accelerating the system's performance. The proposed adaptive tracking and fusion system was tested based on high fidelity simulation data and several real-world scenarios for automotive radar, where ground truth data is available for evaluation. We demonstrate the proposed method's accuracy and efficiency in a challenging, highly dynamic scenario where our system is benchmarked with Multiple Model filter in terms of error statistics and run time performance.


Living at the limits of our ordinary perception, mosses are a common but largely unnoticed element of the natural world. Gathering Moss is a beautifully written mix of science and personal reflection that invites readers to explore and learn from the elegantly simple lives of mosses.Robin Wall Kimmerer's book is not an identification guide, nor is it a scientific treatise. Rather, it is a series of linked personal essays that will lead general readers and scientists alike to an understanding of how mosses live and how their lives are intertwined with the lives of countless other beings, from salmon and hummingbirds to redwoods and rednecks. Kimmerer clearly and artfully explains the biology of mosses, while at the same time reflecting on what these fascinating organisms have to teach us.Drawing on her diverse experiences as a scientist, mother, teacher, and writer of Native American heritage, Kimmerer explains the stories of mosses in scientific terms as well as in the framework of indigenous ways of knowing. In her book, the natural history and cultural relationships of mosses become a powerful metaphor for ways of living in the world.Gathering Moss will appeal to a wide range of readers, from bryologists to those interested in natural history and the environment, Native Americans, and contemporary nature and science writing.


A map is a snapshot of a place, a city, a nation or even the world at a given point in time - fascinating for what they tell us about the way our ancestors saw themselves, their neighbours and their place in the world. This magnificent collection, drawn from seven centuries of maps held in the National Archives at Kew, looks at a variety of maps, from those found in 14th Century manuscripts, through early estate maps, to sea charts, maps used in military campaigns, and maps from treaties. The text explores who the mapmakers were, the purposes for which the maps were made, and what it tells us about the politics of the time. Great images are accompanied by compelling stories. Featured is a woodcut map of 16th Century London, a map of where the bombs fell during the Second World War, and a map the first American settlers' drew when they were attempting to establish a new empire on Roanoke Island, off the coast of what is now North Carolina. Richly illustrated with large scale reproductions of the maps, the book also includes some of the more amusing or esoteric maps from the National Archives, such as the map of the Great Exhibition in 1851 that was presented on a lady's glove, a London Underground map in the form of a cucumber, and a Treasure Island map used to advertise National Savings. This is a fascinating and unusual journey through the world of maps and mapmakers.


The EPA has commissioned studies to gather fine-grained time / activity / location / exposure data from a diverse cross-section of the population. The information is recorded into digital voice diaries and transcribed by a human for classification into a standard representational system, the Consolidated Human Activity Database. Analysis of the diary entries is a long and tedious process for a human encoder. Automating the process and providing useful information can greatly assist a human encoder in correctly classifying the diary entries.
This paper will discuss utilizing Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to analyze spoken diary entries and classify the locations and activities into semantic categories. There will be three main foci that form the hypotheses of the study: improving diary classification accuracy using context information, using thresholds to balance precision and recall tradeoffs, and utilizing the CHAD database structure to improve accuracy by generalizing the semantic ontologies.
The word and context based system shows the relevance of using context information to improve CHAD code classification by using the surrounding diary entry context to augment the word analysis of the diary entries. The threshold-based system shows relative difference levels between top scoring CHAD codes can be utilized to balance tradeoffs between precision and recall. The semantic ontology system shows that generalizing semantic ontologies by employing the CHAD database structure can improve classification accuracy by reducing granularity.


Roman baths are an important component in furthering our knowledge of Roman social life. They functioned as more than just a locus for cleansing the body. Currently, the literary sources provide the most details about the various social activities that occurred in the baths. However, where these activities took place within the complexes remains unclear. Archaeological reports do not adequately address how the rooms functioned. The argument presented here outlines some of the problems with the current methodology for examining room function in room baths. Then, using the site of Hammat Gader in Israel, introduces a different mode of viewing the evidence.


We develop a demand model for technology products that captures the effect of changes in the portfolio of models offered by a brand as well as the influence of the dynamics in its intrinsic preference on that brand's performance. To account for the potential correlation in the preferences of models offered by a particular brand, we use a nested logit model with the brand (e.g., Sony) at the upper level and its various models (e.g., Mavica, FD, DSC, etc.) at the lower level of the nest. Relative model preferences are captured via their attributes and prices. We allow for heterogeneity across consumers in their preferences for these attributes and in their price sensitivities in addition to heterogeneity in consumers' intrinsic brand preferences. Together with the nested logit assumption, this allows for a flexible substitution pattern across models at the aggregate level. The attractiveness of a brand's product line changes over time with entry and exit of new models and with changes in attribute and price levels. To allow for time-varying intrinsic brand preferences, we use a state-space model based on the Kalman filter, which captures the influence of marketing actions such as brand-level advertising on the dynamics of intrinsic brand preferences. Hence, the proposed model accounts for the effects of brand preferences, model attributes and marketing mix variables on consumer choice. First, we carry out a simulation study to ensure that our estimation procedure is able to recover the true parameters generating the data. Then, we estimate our model parameters on data for the U.S. digital camera market. Overall, we find that the effect of dynamics in the intrinsic brand preference is greater than the corresponding effect of the dynamics in the brand's product line attractiveness. Assuming plausible profit margins, we evaluate the effect of increasing the advertising expenditures for the largest and the smallest brands in this category and find that these brands can increase their profitability by increasing their advertising expenditures. We also analyze the impact of modifying a camera model's attributes on its profits. Such an analysis could potentially be used to evaluate if product development efforts would be profitable.


Interview with Lewis R. Hopkins, a pilot during World War II. He describes growing up on a farm in Georgia, going to college at Berry, and working for Sears, Roebuck, and the Royal Typewriter Company before joining the U. S. Navy. He tells an anecdote about joining the navy so he could go to New York to see the World's Fair, since he had heard the Atlanta Reserve would be making a trip to the Fair. He began flight training in Florida in December 1940, finished the next September, then drove cross-country to San Francisco after the Pearl Harbor attack. He eventually joined the USS Enterprise in April 1942 and saw the B-25 bombers in the Doolittle Raid take off. He was part of Bombing Squadron Six and trained under Commander Best to learn how to do scouting flights, navigation, and dive bombing. He then describes his participation in the Battle of Midway, the hours before take-off, his first view of the Japanese fleet, and his bombing mission. He was later assigned to the USS Hornet and had to fly off to a little island so that planes from the USS Wasp could land on the Hornet after their ship had been torpedoed. He contracted malaria while he was on the island. He transferred to the USS Northhampton, then back to the United States to train pilots in dive-bombing at Jacksonville, Florida. He then received post-graduate training in aeronautical engineering at Annapolis and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in order to research and develop aircraft logistics.


Performance models have profound impact on hardware-software codesign, architectural explorations, and performance tuning of scientific applications. Developing algebraic performance models is becoming an increasingly challenging task. In such situations, a statistical surrogate-based performance model, fitted to a small number of input-output points obtained from empirical evaluation on the target machine, provides a range of benefits. Accurate surrogates can emulate the output of the expensive empirical evaluation at new inputs and therefore can be used to test and/or aid search, compiler, and autotuning algorithms. We present an iterative parallel algorithm that builds surrogate performance models for scientific kernels and workloads on single-core and multicore and multinode architectures. We tailor to our unique parallel environment an active learning heuristic popular in the literature on the sequential design of computer experiments in order to identify the code variants whose evaluations have the best potential to improve the surrogate. We use the proposed approach in a number of case studies to illustrate its effectiveness.


The Possibilities Are Staggering: Had you invested $10,000 in Cisco Systems back in early 1990, your investment would now be worth $3,650,000 Similarly, a $10,000 investment made in Microsoft in 1986 would be valued at more than $4,721,000 today $10,000 invested in Yahoo! in 1996 would today be worth $317,000 How do you get in on those deals--especially if you're not a Silicon Valley insider? How do you buy the high-tech win-ners and avoid the losers? How do you find the Yahoo!s, Microsofts, and Ciscos of tomorrow? The answers are here, in this newly revised edition of the national bestseller "The Gorilla Game." The book reveals the dynamics driving the market for high-tech stocks and out-lines the forces that catapult a select number of compa-nies to "gorilla" status--dominating the markets they serve in the way that Yahoo! dominates internet portals, Microsoft dominates software operating systems, and Cisco dominates hardware for data networks. Follow the rules of "The Gorilla Game" and you will learn how to identify and invest in the "gorilla candidates" early on--while they are still fighting for dominance, and while their stocks are still cheap. When the dust clears and one company clearly attains leadership in its market, you'll reap the enormous returns that foresighted investors in high-tech companies deserve. This new edition of "The Gorilla Game" has been updated and revised throughout, with new focus and new insights into choosing the internet gorillas--the companies that are destined to dominate internet commerce. Bestselling author Geoffrey A. Moore is one of the world's leading consultants in high-tech marketing strategy. Hereyou'll find his groundbreaking ideas about tech-nology markets that made his previous books bestsellers, combined with the work of Paul Johnson, a top Wall Street technology analyst, and Tom Kippola, a high-tech consul-tant and highly successful private investor. Together they have discovered and played the gorilla game and now give readers the real rules for winning in the world of high-tech investing. Step by step you'll learn how to spot a high-tech market that is about to undergo rapid growth and development, how to identify and spread investments across the potential gorillas within the market, and how to narrow your investments to the single, emerging leader--the gorilla--as the market matures. High-tech investing can be extremely risky, but investors who learn to play the gorilla game can avoid many of the traps and pitfalls and instead start capitalizing on untold profits. Personal wealth is only a gorilla game away.


A sharply critical new look at Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency reveals government policies that hindered economic recovery from the Great Depression -- and are still hurting America today. In this shocking and groundbreaking new book, economic historian Burton W. Folsom exposes the idyllic legend of Franklin D. Roosevelt as a myth of epic proportions. With questionable moral character and a vendetta against the business elite, Roosevelt created New Deal programs marked by inconsistent planning, wasteful spending, and opportunity for political gain -- ultimately elevating public opinion of his administration but falling flat in achieving the economic revitalization that America so desperately needed from the Great Depression. Folsom takes a critical, revisionist look at Roosevelt's presidency, his economic policies, and his personal life. Elected in 1932 on a buoyant tide of promises to balance the increasingly uncontrollable national budget and reduce the catastrophic unemployment rate, the charismatic thirty-second president not only neglected to pursue those goals, he made dramatic changes to federal programming that directly contradicted his campaign promises. Price fixing, court packing, regressive taxes, and patronism were all hidden inside the alphabet soup of his popular New Deal, putting a financial strain on the already suffering lower classes and discouraging the upper classes from taking business risks that potentially could have jostled national cash flow from dormancy. Many government programs that are widely used today have their seeds in the New Deal. Farm subsidies, minimum wage, and welfare, among others, all stifle economic growth -- encouraging decreased productivity and exacerbating unemployment. Roosevelt's imperious approach to the presidency changed American politics forever, and as he manipulated public opinion, American citizens became unwitting accomplices to the stilted economic growth of the 1930s. More than sixty years after FDR died in office, we still struggle with the damaging repercussions of his legacy.


Actin Cable Function and Regulation in the Budding Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Thomas Gregory Karney Lipkin In the following chapters, I describe factors underlying actin cable dynamics and assembly in the budding yeast, S. cerevisiae. First, I examined the role of type II myosin and a tropomyosin isoform in retrograde actin flow (Chapter II). In yeast and other cell types, actin undergoes retrograde or centripetal movement from the cell cortex towards the interior of the cell. Retrograde actin flow drives intracellular and cellular movement. Previous work in the Pon laboratory showed that actin cables undergo retrograde flow, which occurs, in part, from the force generated from actin polymerization and assembly at the elongating filament end. First, we find that the type II myosin, Myo1p, facilitates retrograde flow. We found that the rate of retrograde actin cable flow is reduced by 1) deletion of Myo1p, 2) displacement of Myo1p from the bud neck, or 3) a conditional mutation that inhibits Myo1p motor activity. These findings indicate that myosin motor activity provides the pulling force to drive movement of elongating actin cables from their site of assembly in the bud tip toward the mother cell. Additional work found that a tropomyosin isoform, Tpm2p, negatively regulates retrograde flow through inhibition of type II myosin binding to F-actin within actin cables. Since type II myosins and tropomyosins have a similar function in retrograde actin flow in animals cells, these findings provide the first evidence that yeast can be used as a model system to study this fundamental, conserved mechanism for actin dynamics. Second, I conducted a drug-based screen for novel regulators of actin cables (Chapter III). Previous studies revealed a role for the yeast formins (Bni1p and Bnr1p) in stimulating polymerization of F-actin for actin cable formation, elongation and retrograde flow, and for other actin cable constituents including tropomyosins and actin bundling proteins in stabilizing and organizing F-actin within actin cables. Earlier work has revealed both that actin cables are selectively destabilized by low levels of the actin-destabilizing drug Latrunculin-A (Lat-A), and this drug inhibits cell growth. I carried out a screen designed to identify non-essential gene deletions that reduce the sensitivity of yeast to the growth inhibiting effects of low doses of LatA. Eighteen out of 4,848 deletion strains comprising the yeast deletion library exhibited reduced sensitivity to low levels of Lat-A. Eight of the genes represent uncharacterized open reading frames (ORFs) or encode proteins with no known function or activity. Deletion of a majority of these gene results in increased actin cable number. Additionally, I found the growth inhibiting effects of Lat-A are not suppressed by 1) overexpression of either of TPM1 or TPM2 or 2) deletion of TPM2 and the associated increase in the rate of retrograde actin cable flow. Moreover, I found that one of the genes that reduces the growth-inhibiting effects of Lat-A, YHR022c, is an uncharacterized ORF which encodes a novel Ras-like protein. We call this gene Rar1p for Ras-like actin cable regulator. I found that deletion of RAR1 or expression of a constitutively active formin (Bni1p) produces similar phenotypes: 1) increased actin cable content in the presence and absence of low levels of Lat-A, 2) increased retrograde actin cable flow rates, and 3) resistance to Lat-A-dependent inhibition of growth. Finally, I found that the increase in actin cable content observed upon deletion of RAR1 requires Bni1p and not Bnr1p. Our findings reveal a role for previously uncharacterized genes in the regulation of actin cable stability, and new roles for previously characterized, conserved genes in this process. Equally important, I identified a novel Ras-like protein, Rar1p, and found that it affects actin cable abundance and sensitivity to Lat-A by functioning as an isoform-specific, negative regulator of the formin protein Bni1p. Chapter IV describes future directions for the work outlined in chapters II and III.


How Europeans, Africans, and Indians created the early southern landscape Britain's colonial empire in southeastern North America relied on the cultivation and maintenance of economic and political ties with the numer--ous powerful Indian confederacies of the region. Those ties in turn relied on British traders adapting to Indian ideas of landscape and power. In An Empire of Small Places, Robert Paulett examines this interaction over the course of the eighteenth century, drawing attention to the ways that concep--tions of space competed, overlapped, and changed. He encourages us to understand the early American South as a landscape made by interactions among American Indians, European Americans, and enslaved African American laborers. / Focusing especially on the Anglo-Creek-Chickasaw route that ran from the coast through Augusta to present-day Mississippi and Tennessee, Paulett finds that the deerskin trade produced a sense of spatial and human relation--ships that did not easily fit into Britain's imperial ideas and thus forced the British to consciously articulate what made for a proper realm. He develops this argument in chapters about five specific kinds of places: the imagined spaces of British maps and the lived spaces of the Savannah River, the town of Augusta, traders' paths, and trading houses. In each case, the trade's practical demands privileged Indian, African, and non-elite European attitudes toward place. After the Revolution, the new United States created a different model for the Southeast that sought to establish a new system of Indian-white relationships oriented around individual neighborhoods.


Ten minibooks in one great resource will get you fully up to speed on Windows 8Promising an updated user interface, new application to today's mobile world, and increased connection to data and services that live in the cloud, Windows 8 will have new features and perks you'll want to start using right away. And that's where this bestselling guide comes in. With ten minibooks in one, it's packed with information on all aspects of the OS. Take the guesswork out of Windows 8 from day one with this all-in-one resource.Windows 8 boasts numerous exciting new features, and this ten-books-in-one reference is your one-stop guide for discovering them all! Provides top-notch guidance from trusted and well-known Windows expert and author, Woody Leonhard Covers Windows 8 inside and out, including how to customize Windows 8, Windows 8 and the Internet, security, networking, multimedia, and moreMake your move to Windows 8 easy with Windows 8 All-in-One For Dummies.


We investigate the effects of three communication factors (i.e. variety, interactivity, and personal connection) as used in three different types of media (i.e. exhibits, guided tours, and printed materials) on the state of mindfulness of visitors at the Malacca World Heritage Site. Mindfulness refers to a state of mind in which a person actively processes available information. For a relatively new heritage site, such as Malacca, improving a visitors' state of mindfulness is important because mindful visitors have been shown to have superior understanding and learning, thus benefiting the heritage site's management authorities by cultivating responsible and sustainable tourism behaviours. The survey method was employed to measure the state of mindfulness of 200 respondents visiting the Malacca World Heritage Site. The survey results indicate that each communication media has one key communication factor that significantly induces a state of mindfulness in the visitor. For exhibits, variety was found to be the key communication factor while for guided tours and printed material, the key communication factor was interactivity. In response to these findings, we outline a number of specific directions for heritage site management and authorities to identify the most effective communication factors in commonly used communication media.


This report discusses in brief the current political state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the crisis situation in eastern Congo that has displaced more than 250,000 civilians. It also describes U.S., U.N., and other international efforts to aid in resolving the crisis.


By the time of Barack Obama's inauguration as the 44th president of the United States, he had already developed an ambitious foreign policy vision. By his own account, he sought to bend the arc of history toward greater justice, freedom, and peace; within a year he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, largely for that promise. In Bending History , Martin Indyk, Kenneth Lieberthal, and Michael O'Hanlon measure Obama not only against the record of his predecessors and the immediate challenges of the day, but also against his own soaring rhetoric and inspiring goals. Bending History assesses the considerable accomplishments as well as the failures and seeks to explain what has happened. Obama's best work has been on major and pressing foreign policy challenges - counterterrorism policy, including the daring raid that eliminated Osama bin Laden; the "reset" with Russia; managing the increasingly significant relationship with China; and handling the rogue states of Iran and North Korea. Policy on resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, however, has reflected serious flaws in both strategy and execution. Afghanistan policy has been plagued by inconsistent messaging and teamwork. On important "softer" security issues - from energy and climate policy to problems in Africa and Mexico - the record is mixed. As for his early aspiration to reshape the international order, according greater roles and responsibilities to rising powers, Obama's efforts have been well-conceived but of limited effectiveness. On issues of secondary importance, Obama has been disciplined in avoiding fruitless disputes (as with Chavez in Venezuela and Castro in Cuba) and insisting that others take the lead (as with Qaddafi in Libya). Notwithstanding several missteps, he has generally managed well the complex challenges of the Arab awakenings, striving to strike the right balance between U.S. values and interests. The authors see Obama's foreign policy to date as a triumph of discipline and realism over ideology. He has been neither the transformative beacon his devotees have wanted, nor the weak apologist for America that his critics allege. They conclude that his grand strategy for promoting American interests in a tumultuous world may only now be emerging, and may yet be curtailed by conflict with Iran. Most of all, they argue that he or his successor will have to embrace U.S. economic renewal as the core foreign policy and national security challenge of the future.


Arriving in Iraq on the eve of the U.S. invasion, unaffiliated with any newspaper and hoping to pick up assignments along the way, Ashley Gilbertson was one of the first photojournalists to cover the disintegration of America's military triumph as looting and score-settling convulsed Iraqi cities. Just twenty-five years old at the time, Gilbertson soon landed a contract with the "New York Times", and his extraordinary images of life in occupied Iraq and of American troops in action began appearing in the paper regularly. Throughout his work, Gilbertson took great risks to document the risks taken by others, whether dodging sniper fire with American infantry, photographing an Iraqi bomb squad as they defused IEDs, or following marines into the cauldron of urban combat. "Whiskey Tango Foxtrot" gathers the best of Gilbertson's photographs, chronicling America's early battles in Iraq, the initial occupation of Baghdad, the insurgency that erupted shortly afterward, the dramatic battle to overtake Falluja, and the country's first national elections. No Western photojournalist has done as much sustianed work in occupied Iraq as Gilbertson, and this wide-ranging treatment of the war from the viewpoint of a photographer is the first of its kind. Accompanying each section of the book is a personal account of Gilbertson's experiences covering the conflict. Throughout, he conveys the exhilaration and terror of photographing war, as well as the challenges of photojournalism in our age of embedded reporting. But ultimately, and just as importantly, "Whiskey Tango Foxtrot" tells the story of Gilbertson's own journey from hard-drinking bravado to the grave realism of a scarred survivor. Here he struggles with guilt over the death of a marine escort, tells candidly of his own experience with post-traumatic stress disorder, and grapples with the reality that Iraq - despite the sacrifice in Iraqi and American lives - has descended into a civil war with no end in sight. A searing account of the American experience in Iraq, "Whiskey Tango Foxtrot" is sure to become one of the classic war photography books of our time.


It is only in recent years that aromatherapy, or essential oil therapy, has gained substantial acceptance; this is primarily due to French veterinarians who have begun using essential oils and hydrosols in their practices. Laypeople, of course, have been enjoying great success treating animals with the very same substances for many years; for it is not just the medical professionals who can safely and effectively administer these aromatic oils. Anyone enabled with quality essential oils or hydrosols and adequate knowledge can use a plant's most concentrated and energetic byproducts to improve the health of their animals, and treat and prevent various illnesses and common ailments. Aromatherapy is actually a science that has a much larger archive of supported scientific data than most other holistic care methods. However, most of these studies were originally published in French or German. Aromatherapy was the first natural, holistic therapy the author began using, and she relies on it as my primary form of healthcare to treat and balance all sorts of minor ailments and discomforts in the lives of her family and their pets. She has rarely needed to use any other sort of remedy to achieve the desired result. These powerful substances are the most fascinating, sensual and complex of all natural therapies -- a combination that proves to be so enthralling it eventually develops into a grand passion for many.


The theory of natural law grounds human laws in the universal truths of God s creation. Until very recently, lawyers in the Western tradition studied natural law as part of their training, and the task of the judicial system was to put its tenets into concrete form, building an edifice of positive law on natural law s foundations. Although much has been written about natural law in theory, surprisingly little has been said about how it has shaped legal practice. Natural Law in Court "asks how lawyers and judges made and interpreted natural law arguments in England, Europe, and the United States, from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the American Civil War.R. H. Helmholz sees a remarkable consistency in how English, Continental, and early American jurisprudence understood and applied natural law in cases ranging from family law and inheritance to criminal and commercial law. Despite differences in their judicial systems, natural law was treated across the board as the source of positive law, not its rival. The idea that no person should be condemned without a day in court, or that penalties should be proportional to the crime committed, or that self-preservation confers the right to protect oneself against attacks are valuable legal rules that originate in natural law. From a historical perspective, Helmholz concludes, natural law has advanced the cause of justice."


This paper reviews the experience gained in three South African national parks (Kruger, Table Mountain and Bontebok) with regard to the adaptive management of fire for the conservation of biodiversity. In the Kruger National Park, adaptive approaches have evolved over the past 15 years, beginning initially as a form of 'informed trial and error', but progressing towards active adaptive management in which landscape-scale, experimental burning treatments are being applied in order to learn. In the process, significant advances in understanding regarding the role and management of fire have been made. Attempts have been made to transfer the approaches developed in Kruger National Park to the other two national parks. However, little progress has been made to date, both because of a failure to provide an agreed context for the introduction of adaptive approaches, and because (in the case of Bontebok National Park) too little time has passed to be able to make an assessment. Fire management interventions, ultimately, will manifest themselves in terms of biodiversity outcomes, but definite links between fire interventions and biodiversity outcomes have yet to be made. Conservation implications: Significant challenges face the managers of fire-prone and fire adapted ecosystems, where the attainment of ecosystem goals may require approaches (like encouraging high-intensity fires at hot and dry times of the year) that threaten societal goals related to safety. In addition, approaches to fire management have focused on encouraging particular fire patterns in the absence of a sound understanding of their ecological outcomes. Adaptive management offers a framework for addressing these issues, but will require higher levels of agreement, monitoring and assessment than have been the case to date.


(Reviewing Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Courage to Dissent: Atlanta and the Long History of the Civil Rights Movement (2011)).This Essay identifies the key contributions that Tomiko-Brown Nagin's Courage to Dissent makes to the legal history of the civil rights movement. It situates the book among several other prominent legal histories of the civil rights era and offers thoughts on the challenge of creating historical accounts that illuminate the complex intersections of legal change and social activism. The Essay argues that Courage to Dissent is among the most thorough and ambitious efforts to confront this challenge in the literature today.


In the current era of anthropogenic climate change is the long-term survival of all organisms dependent on their ability to respond to changing environmental conditions either by (1) phenotypic plasticity, which allows species to tolerate novel conditions, (2) genetic adaptation, or (3) dispersal to more suitable habitats. The third option, dispersal, allows individuals to escape unfavorable conditions, the colonization of new areas (resulting in range shifts), and affects patterns of local adaptation. It is a complex process serving different functions and involving a variety of underlying mechanisms, but its multi-causality though has been fully appreciated in recent years only. Thus, the aim of this doctoral thesis was to disentangle the relative importance of the multiple factors relevant to dispersal in the copper butterfly Lycaena tityrus, including the individual condition (e.g. morphology, physiology, behavior) and the environmental context (e.g. habitat quality, weather). L. tityrus is a currently northward expanding species, which makes it particularly interesting to investigate traits underlying dispersal. In the first experiment, the influence of weather and sex on movement patterns under natural conditions was investigated. Using the Metatron, a unique experimental platform consisting of interconnected habitat patches, the second experiment aimed to examine the influence of environmental factors (resources, sun) on emigration propensity in experimental metapopulations. Human-induced global change (e.g. climate change, agricultural intensification) poses a substantial challenge to many herbivores due to a reduced availability or quality of feeding resources. Therefore, in the third experiment, the impact of larval and adult food stress on traits related to dispersal ability was investigated. Additionally, the effect of different ambient temperatures was tested. In the fourth experiment, core (Germany) and recently established edge (Estonia) populations were compared in order to explore variation in dispersal ability and life history traits indicative of local adaptation. Dispersal is often related to flight performance, and morphological and physiological traits, which was investigated in experiments 2-4. Butterflies were additionally subjected to behavioral experiments testing for the individual's exploratory behavior (experiments 3 and 4).

Males and females differed substantially in morphology, with males showing traits typically associated with a better flight performance, which most likely result from selection on males for an increased flight ability to succeed in aerial combats with rivalling males and competition for females. This pattern could be verified by mobility measures under natural conditions and flight performance tests. Interestingly, although females showed traits associated with diminished flight performance, they had a higher emigration propensity than males (though in a context dependent manner). Reasons might be the capability of single mated females to found new populations, to spread their eggs over a wide range or to escape male harassment. Conditions indicative of poor habitat quality such as shade and a lack of resources promoted emigration propensity. The environmental context also affected condition and flight performance. The presence of resources increased the butterflies' condition and flight performance. Larval and adult food stress in turn diminished flight performance, despite some reallocation of somatic resources in favor of dispersal-related traits. These detrimental effects seem to be mainly caused by reductions in body mass and storage reserves. A similar pattern was found for exploratory behavior. Furthermore, higher temperatures increased flight performance and mobility in the field, demonstrating the strong dependence of flight, and thus likely dispersal, on environmental conditions. Flight performance and exploratory behavior were positively correlated, probably indicating the existence of a dispersal syndrome. The population comparison revealed several differences between edge and core populations indicative of local adaptation and an enhanced dispersal ability in edge populations. For instance, edge populations were characterized by shorter development times, smaller size, and a higher sensitivity to high temperatures, which seem to reflect adaptations to the cooler Estonian climate and a shorter vegetation period. Moreover, Estonian individuals had an enhanced exploratory behavior, which can be advantageous in all steps of the dispersal process and may have facilitated the current range expansion.

In summary, these findings may have important implications for dispersal in natural environments, which should be considered when trying to forecast future species distributions. First, dispersal in this butterfly seems to be a highly plastic, context-dependent trait triggered largely by habitat quality rather than by individual condition. This suggests that dispersal in L. tityrus is not random, but an active process. Second, fast development and an enhanced exploratory behavior seem to facilitate the current range expansion. But third, while deteriorating habitat conditions are expected to promote dispersal, they may at the same time impair flight ability (as well as exploratory
behavior) and thereby likely dispersal rates. For a complete understanding of a complex process such as dispersal, further research is required.


Pearson, Kit. The Whole Truth . Toronto: Harper Collins, 2011. Print. Victoria, B.C.-based children's author (and one-time children's librarian!), Kit Pearson's tale of family intrigue will have you hooked from the first line, 'After it happened they were sent away." A Governor General Award-winning author for Awake and Dreaming , Pearson won the 2012 Canadian Library Association's Book of the Year for Children Award for The Whole Truth , which delightfully has been followed with a sequel, And Nothing But the Truth . The year is 1932, and, like many areas, Winnipeg is gripped by the Depression.  Following a tragic incident which resulted in the drowning death of their father, nine-year-old Polly and her older sister Maud must make a long journey, first by train and then by ferry boat, to Kingfisher Island, a small island near Victoria, to live with their maternal grandmother whom the girls do not remember.  Maud will attend boarding school in Victoria while Polly will go to the small island school.  Before Maud leaves, however, she makes Polly swear a strict promise to keep a secret regarding their father. Polly's daily struggles with her grief and loneliness are juxtaposed with her desire to be happy.  Maud deals with her sadness by pouring her energies into her new friendships and all that comes with attending a boarding school: uniforms to buy, sporting events, and school plays. The girls' well-respected and loving grandmother, along with their interesting extended family, provide a safe home, and Polly's school offers new opportunities for friendship and adventure. But Polly is just a young girl, and keeping a secret weighs heavily on her. She copes by writing touching yet so very sad letters to her deceased father. As the shocking secret is revealed, Polly and Maud's newfound happiness is threatened and the bounds of family loyalty are tested.  I eagerly await the sequel to this novel and the next chapter in the lives of Polly and Maud. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Debbie Feisst Debbie is a Public Services Librarian at the H.T. Coutts Education Library at the University of Alberta.  When not renovating, she enjoys travel, fitness and young adult fiction.


The current study examines the relationship between academic motivation, child care center professional development support, community college student support and academic success. The Academic Motivation Scale (AMS; Vallerand, Pelletier, Blais, Briere, Senecal, & Vallieres, 1992) and a survey that assessed child care professional development support and community college student support was used in this study. Extrinsic motivation was found to be the most significant predictor of academic success as measured by GPA, whereas amotivation was found to be the most significant predictor of academic success as measured by academic progress. There was a significant relationship between working in a center that awarded education based raises and academic success as measured by early childhood GPA and academic progress. Similarly, working in a center with formal written salary scales was found to be positively correlated to early childhood GPA. A significant relationship was also found between working in a center that conducted regular staff evaluations and academic progress. Furthermore, the accessibility of an academic advisor at the community college was found to be related to early childhood GPA. Finally, required academic advisement and quantity of advisement were both found to be related to academic progress. Discussion of policy implications of the current findings and future research is included.


Membrane proteins are generally soluble only in the presence of detergent micelles or other membrane-mimetic systems, which renders the determination of the protein's molar mass or oligomeric state difficult. Moreover, the amount of bound detergent varies drastically among different proteins and detergents. However, the type of detergent and its concentration have a great influence on the protein's structure, stability, and functionality and the success of structural and functional investigations and crystallographic trials. Size-exclusion chromatography, which is commonly used to determine the molar mass of water-soluble proteins, is not suitable for detergent-solubilised proteins because
the protein–detergent complex has a different conformation and, thus, commonly exhibits
a different migration behaviour than globular standard proteins. Thus, calibration curves obtained with standard proteins are not useful for membrane-protein analysis. However,
the combination of size-exclusion chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance, static light scattering, and refractive index detection provides a tool to determine the molar mass of protein–detergent complexes in an absolute manner and allows for distinguishing the contributions of detergent and protein to the complex.
The goal of this thesis was to refine the standard triple-detection size-exclusion chromatography measurement and data analysis procedure for challenging membrane-protein samples, non-standard detergents, and difficult solvents such as concentrated denaturant solutions that were thought to elude routine approaches. To this end, the influence of urea on the performance of the method beyond direct influences on detergents and proteins was investigated with the help of the water-soluble bovine serum albumin. On the basis of
the obtained results, measurement and data analysis procedures were refined for different detergents and protein–detergent complexes comprising the membrane proteins OmpLA and Mistic from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively.
The investigations on mass and shape of different detergent micelles and the compositions of protein–detergent complexes in aqueous buffer and concentrated urea solutions
showed that triple-detection size-exclusion chromatography provides valuable information
about micelle masses and shapes under various conditions. Moreover, it is perfectly suited for the straightforward analysis of detergent-suspended proteins in terms of composition and oligomeric state not only under native but, more importantly, also under denaturing conditions.


The Promise of Happiness is a provocative cultural critique of the imperative to be happy. It asks what follows when we make our desires and even our own happiness conditional on the happiness of others: "I just want you to be happy"; "I'm happy if you're happy." Combining philosophy and feminist cultural studies, Sara Ahmed reveals the affective and moral work performed by the "happiness duty," the expectation that we will be made happy by taking part in that which is deemed good, and that by being happy ourselves, we will make others happy. Ahmed maintains that happiness is a promise that directs us toward certain life choices and away from others. Happiness is promised to those willing to live their lives in the right way.

Ahmed draws on the intellectual history of happiness, from classical accounts of ethics as the good life, through seventeenth-century writings on affect and the passions, eighteenth-century debates on virtue and education, and nineteenth-century utilitarianism. She engages with feminist, antiracist, and queer critics who have shown how happiness is used to justify social oppression, and how challenging oppression causes unhappiness. Reading novels and films including Mrs. Dalloway, The Well of Loneliness, Bend It Like Beckham, and Children of Men, Ahmed considers the plight of the figures who challenge and are challenged by the attribution of happiness to particular objects or social ideals: the feminist killjoy, the unhappy queer, the angry black woman, and the melancholic migrant. Through her readings she raises critical questions about the moral order imposed by the injunction to be happy.


In its admissibility decision in the Al-Saadoon case the ECtHR held that the United Kingdom had jurisdiction over the applicants, who had been arrested by British forces and kept in a British-run military prison in Iraq. Just before the respective mandate of the Security Council expired on 31 December 2008, the applicants were transferred to Iraqi custody at Iraqi request and thereby exposed to the risk of an unfair trial followed by capital punishment. In this respect, the case resembles the Soering case, although the applicants were, unlike Soering, not on British territory but on occupied Iraqi soil before they were handed over. This aspect raises the question of Iraqi sovereignty as a norm competing with the UK's human rights obligations. The authors trace back the ECtHR's case law concerning the extraterritorial application of the Convention and analyse the UK judgments and the ECtHR's admissibility decision in the Al-Saadoon affair from this angle. Furthermore they consider the doctrinal consequences of the ECHR's extraterritorial effect in cases like Soering and Al-Saadoon , where contracting parties violate guarantees of the Convention by exposing a person within their jurisdiction to a risk of a treatment contrary to these guarantees by a third state. Finally, they test the argument brought forward by the UK that not transferring the applicants would have violated Iraqi sovereignty and establish patterns how the ECtHR and the UK Courts did cope in the past with international law norms potentially competing with the Convention.