[1] A statistical approach is used to assess the quality of the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) version 22 (V22) aerosol products. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval results are improved relative to the early postlaunch values reported by [Kahn et al. (2005)], which varied with particle type category. Overall, about 70% to 75% of MISR AOD retrievals fall within 0.05 or 20% × AOD of the paired validation data from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), and about 50% to 55% are within 0.03 or 10% x AERONET AOD, except at sites where dust or mixed dust and smoke are commonly found. Retrieved particle microphysical properties amount to categorical values, such as three size groupings: "small," "medium," and "large." For particle size, ground-based AERONET sun photometer Angstrom exponents are used to assess statistically the corresponding MISR values, which are interpreted in terms of retrieved size categories. Coincident single-scattering albedo (SSA) and fraction AOD spherical data are too limited for statistical validation. V22 distinguishes two or three size bins, depending on aerosol type, and about two bins in SSA (absorbing vs. nonabsorbing), as well as spherical vs. nonspherical particles, under good retrieval conditions. Particle type sensitivity varies considerably with conditions and is diminished for midvisible AODs below about 0.15 or 0.2. On the basis of these results, specific algorithm upgrades are proposed and are being investigated by the MISR team for possible implementation in future versions of the product.


Abstract. The colocation of clouds and smoke over the southeast Atlantic
Ocean during the southern African biomass burning season has numerous
radiative implications, including microphysical modulation of the clouds if
smoke is entrained into the marine boundary layer. NASA's ObseRvations of
Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) campaign is studying
this system with aircraft in three field deployments between 2016 and 2018.
Results from ORACLES-2016 show that the relationship between cloud droplet
number concentration and smoke below cloud is consistent with previously
reported values, whereas cloud droplet number concentration is only weakly
associated with smoke immediately above cloud at the time of observation.
By combining field observations, regional chemistry–climate modeling, and
theoretical boundary layer aerosol budget equations, we show that the history
of smoke entrainment (which has a characteristic mixing timescale on the
order of days) helps explain variations in cloud properties for similar
instantaneous above-cloud smoke environments. Precipitation processes can
obscure the relationship between above-cloud smoke and cloud properties in
parts of the southeast Atlantic, but marine boundary layer carbon monoxide
concentrations for two case study flights suggest that smoke entrainment
history drove the observed differences in cloud properties for those days. A
Lagrangian framework following the clouds and accounting for the history of
smoke entrainment and precipitation is likely necessary for quantitatively
studying this system; an Eulerian framework (e.g., instantaneous correlation
of A-train satellite observations) is unlikely to capture the true extent of
smoke–cloud interaction in the southeast Atlantic.


Our children spend their days being passively instructed, and made to sit still and take tests--often against their will. We call this imprisonment schooling, yet wonder why kids become bored and misbehave. Even outside of school children today seldom play and explore without adult supervision, and are afforded few opportunities to control their own lives. The result: anxious, unfocused children who see schooling--and life--as a series of hoops to struggle through. In Free to Learn, developmental psychologist Peter Gray argues that our children, if free to pursue their own interests through play, will not only learn all they need to know, but will do so with energy and passion. Children come into this world burning to learn, equipped with the curiosity, playfulness, and sociability to direct their own education. Yet we have squelched such instincts in a school model originally developed to indoctrinate, not to promote intellectual growth. To foster children who will thrive in today's constantly changing world, we must entrust them to steer their own learning and development. Drawing on evidence from anthropology, psychology, and history, Gray demonstrates that free play is the primary means by which children learn to control their lives, solve problems, get along with peers, and become emotionally resilient. This capacity to learn through play evolved long ago, in hunter-gatherer bands where children acquired the skills of the culture through their own initiatives. And these instincts still operate remarkably well today, as studies at alternative, democratically administered schools show. When children are in charge of their own education, they learn better--and at lower cost than the traditional model of coercive schooling. A brave, counterintuitive proposal for freeing our children from the shackles of the curiosity-killing institution we call school, Free to Learn suggests that it's time to stop asking what's wrong with our children, and start asking what's wrong with the system. It shows how we can act--both as parents and as members of society--to improve children's lives and promote their happiness and learning.


Historically, water and sanitation service providers in lowincome countries have struggled to accommodate rapid urban expansion, and particularly to serve the poor in peri-urban areas. One way to approach these challenges is to develop alternative approaches to service delivery, incorporating innovative institutional and contractual arrangements, and involving partnerships between communities, utilities, the private sector and regulators. This Topic Brief focuses on a delegated management model developed in Kumasi (Ghana), where a WSUP-facilitated partnership between the water utility, the Metropolitan Assembly and a community management committee is starting to play a key role in expanding the provision of clean, affordable water and improved public toilet facilities in the low-income district of Kotei. The Brief explores the nature of the model, the contractual arrangements, and the central role of the community management committee. It also examines the potential for scale-up and replication. Delegated management of water and sanitation services in urban areas: experiences from Kumasi, Ghana


Aim: Research was conducted to study the population dynamics of a citrus scale, and its parasites in "Empresa de Citricos de Ceiba", Havana Province, Cuba. Orange trees, Glover's scale Lepidosaphes gloverii (coccidae, homoptera), and four of its natural enemies including three fungi and a parasitic wasp, were studied in their distributions in space and time, and their interactions, in order to understand why this scale is not a serious pest in Cuba. Methodology: The study consists of observations made bi-weekly on the site during an entire year. Various statistical analyses including Taylor regression and new probabilistic methods that were developed for this study were used to explore the mechanisms of natural regulation of the pest. Major findings: The results of the analysis showed that the scale population was kept in check by seasonally varying recruitment and by mortality that was density dependent through gradual parasitization by several species with distinct spatial preferences and some overlapping. The findings also showed that the first natural enemy to settle on the scale did so independently of the number of scales on the leaf; but ones this happens there was contagion within the scales on the leaf. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the pest can be regulated within an ecological context of community dynamics. A general theoretical result based on loop analysis demonstrates that using pesticides to control agricultural pests where they co-exist with their natural enemies would actually have counterproductive results, in fact increasing the pest.


435 Background: Fluorouracil (5FU) remains the backbone of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCT) as well as adjuvant therapeutic strategies in multimodal treatment of rectal cancer patients. Due to its central role as the major target of 5FU thymidylate synthase (TS) is a promising biomarker in rectal cancer. We assessed TS in 208 patients with regard to its predictive/prognostic capacity for disease free DFS and overall cancer specific survival (CSS).

METHODS
167 patients cUICC stages II (28%) and III (72%) received preoperative 5FU based RCT followed by total mesorectal excision (TME) A comparison group n = 41 received postoperative RCT after primary TME. All patients were treated after standardized protocols within phase-II/-III trials of the German Rectal Cancer Study Group. TS levels from pretreatment biopsies and corresponding resection specimens were assessed by immunohistochemical staining for their impact on DFS and CSS. Additionally, a TS gene polymorphism (28 bp repeat) was analysed in respect to intracellular protein expression levels and prognostic significance.

RESULTS
Patients with low TS expression in pre-treatment biopsies showed a correlation with impaired CSS (p = 0.015). After neoadjuvant RCT there was evidence of lymph node metastases ypUICC stage III in 32.6%. Complete histopathologically confirmed tumor regression TRG 4 was achieved in 16 patients (9.5%). During follow-up (median 57 months) patients with low intratumoral TS expression and positive nodal status were at high risk for local and/or distant metastatic recurrence (p = 0.040). Analysis of the 28bp repeat revealed a correlation of *3/*3 genotype with high TS expression in pretherapeutical biopsies (p = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
TS represents a prognostic biomarker in locally advanced rectal cancer indicating an unfavourable outcome for patients with low TS expression and might help to adapt adjuvant therapy regimens by stratifying patients according to their risk for cancer recurrence. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


E cient group communication within the Internet has been implemented by multicast. Unfortunately, its global deployment is missing. Nevertheless, emerging and progressively establishing popular applications, like IPTV or large-scale social video chats, require an economical data distribution throughout the Internet. To overcome the limitations of multicast deployment, we introduce and analyze BIDIR-SAM, the rst structured overlay multicast scheme based on bi-directional shared pre x trees. BIDIRSAM admits predictable costs growing logarithmically with increasing group size. We also present a broadcast approach for DHT-enabled P2P networks. Both schemes are integrated in a standard compliant hybrid group communication architecture, bridging the gap between overlay and underlay as well as between interand intra-domain multicast.


Metropolitan Detroit is home to one of the largest, most diverse Arab communities outside the Middle East, yet the complex world Arabic-speaking immigrants have created there is barely visible on the landscape of ethnic America. In this volume, Nabeel Abraham and Andrew Shryock bring together the work of twenty-five contributors to create a richly detailed portrait of Arab Detroit. The book goes behind the bulletproof glass in Iraqi Chaldean liquor stores. It explores the role of women in a Sunni mosque and the place of nationalist politics in a Coptic church. It follows the careers of wedding singers, Arabic calligraphers, restaurant owners, and pastry chefs. It examines the agendas of Shia Muslim activists and Washington-based lobbyists and looks at the intimate politics of marriage, family honor, and adolescent rebellion. Memoirs and poems by Lebanese, Chaldean, Yemeni, and Palestinian writers anchor the book in personal experience, while over fifty photographs provide a backdrop of vivid, often unexpected, images. In their efforts to represent an ethnic/immigrant community that is flourishing on the margins of pluralist discourse, the contributors to this book break new ground in the study of identity politics, transnationalism, and diaspora cultures.


Over the last three decades, large numbers of patients with otherwise treatment-resistant disorders have been helped by deep brain stimulation (DBS), yet a full scientific understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms is still missing. We have previously proposed that efficacious DBS works by restoring the balance of the brain's resting state networks. Here, we extend this proposal by reviewing how detailed investigations of the highly coherent functional and structural brain networks in health and disease (such as Parkinson's) have the potential not only to increase our understanding of fundamental brain function but of how best to modulate the balance. In particular, some of the newly identified hubs and connectors within and between resting state networks could become important new targets for DBS, including potentially in neuropsychiatric disorders. At the same time, it is of essence to consider the ethical implications of this perspective.


Voluntary Environmental Programs (VEPs) targeted at businesses are increasingly used as environmental and energy policy instruments. Numerous studies have focused on technological, economic, political, social and cultural factors that influence the success of a program. However, academic research and policy analysis have mostly focused on the impact and efficiency of programs while processes of VEP adoption and implementation that explain outcomes have been neglected to some extent. Recently, a growing body of research on environment and energy related behaviors has manifested. The study of factors influencing adoption behavior can contribute significantly to the understanding of VEP acceptance at the individual, organizational and societal level. In addition, limitations to voluntary program design and evaluation can be reduced by the application of behavioral and theory-based program planning. Social cognition models from social psychology and the technology acceptance literature show great potential to improve systematic understanding of VEP adoption behavior and enhance existing program design and evaluation methods. The present article adds to the existing academic literature and evaluation practice by reviewing social cognition-based models to further knowledge regarding VEP design, implementation and evaluation processes.


If a fundamental goal of education is to prepare students to act independently in the world -- in other words, to make good choices -- an ideal educational assessment would measure how well we are preparing students to do so. Current assessments, however, focus almost exclusively on how much knowledge students have accrued and can retrieve. In Measuring What Matters Most, Daniel Schwartz and Dylan Arena argue that choice should be the interpretive framework within which learning assessments are organized. Digital technologies, they suggest, make this possible; interactive assessments can evaluate students in a context of choosing whether, what, how, and when to learn. Schwartz and Arena view choice not as an instructional ingredient to improve learning but as the outcome of learning. Because assessments shape public perception about what is useful and valued in education, choice-based assessments would provide a powerful lever in this reorientation in how people think about learning. Schwartz and Arena consider both theoretical and practical matters. They provide an anchoring example of a computerized, choice-based assessment, argue that knowledge-based assessments are a mismatch for our educational aims, offer concrete examples of choice-based assessments that reveal what knowledge-based assessments cannot, and analyze the practice of designing assessments. Because high variability leads to innovation, they suggest democratizing assessment design to generate as many instances as possible. Finally, they consider the most difficult aspect of assessment: fairness. Choice-based assessments, they argue, shed helpful light on fairness considerations.


This paper examines the dynamic effects of sustainable forest management (SFM) on the West Malaysian sawntimber supply. Both short run and long run effects on sawntimber supply are studied using a multivariate cointegration analysis. The proxy of SFM variable is permanent forest reserve. It is expected as an exogenous negative shock in the sawntimber supply. In general, given the fact that West Malaysian sawntimber supply is decreasing since 1990s, the results show that sawntimber supply is statistically influenced by SFM practices. Furthermore, reducing of harvested area of forest has significant effect on sawntimber supply decreases. While in the short run, the results suggest that there are negative impacts of SFM practices on sawntimber supply at 10 percent significant level, in the long run, the result is significant at 1 percent level. This may to some extent pull down the West Malaysian sawntimber supply together by bringing the forest harvests to sustainable level.


"It is important that the farmer should have a general idea of the uses to which industrial alcohol (usually denatured) may be devoted. While this information is not necessary for the production of the raw materials, it is nevertheless valuable in indicating the particular lines of industrial development which may be promoted by free alcohol in the arts as related to the welfare of agriculture. The technical uses of alcohol are extremely numerous, and no attempt will be made to give them all, but only to mention those which are of the greatest importance." -- p. 5. Topics include the use of alcohol for heating and illumination in stoves and lamps, as fuel for motors, as a product in farm operations, and as a drink. Statistics on alcohol production in the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany are included at the end.


This Application Note describes implementation of a digital temperature PID controller. Various temperature control system configurations and aspects of their practical implementation are analyzed. Two types of temperature sensors are applied: thermocouple and platinum RTD sensor. The PSoC® device supports two heat power control methods: phase and numeral impulse. The wide variety of system configurations allows use of thermoregulators in different industrial, commercial, and residential systems, where temperature control is needed.


In a previous paper (Hoogerwerf and De Boer, 1947, p. 252) we described as Zosterops montana minor a new white-eye from Mt. Papandajan (South Priangan, West Java). Mr. A. C. V. van Bemmel and Dr. Ernst Mayr, however, called our attention to the fact, that the subspecific name minor cannot be used in this case, because this name is preoccupied by Zosterops albiventer minor Meyer. 1874 (p. 105) from Jobi, New Guinea, which is known as Zosterops minor minor in Mayr's (1941) List. On account of the above we have to introduce a new name for Zosterops montana minor. We take this opportunity to add to the original dutch description the following particulars. Siebers (1929, p. 151) separated birds belonging to this species from Central Java (Mt. Sumbing and Sindoro) and West Java (Mt. Tjerimei) under the name Zosterops palpebrosa sindorensis. Chasen (1935, p. 266) mentions the same birds as Zosterops chlorates sindorensis and this name was also used by Kuroda (1933, p. 127). Stresemann (1939, pp. 156-164) gives a revision of the genus Zosterops and arrives at the following conclusion (see l.c., foot note p. 160) : "der Rassenkreis heisst Z. montana, nicht Zosterops chlorates". But in his scheme of the horizontal and vertical distribution in the Archipelago of the four most important groups of this genus, viz., montana, atricapilla, palpebrosa and chloris, Stresemann (I.e., p. 161) does not record montana from Central and West Java! Later Mr. and Mrs. Van Bemmel (1940, p. 95) remark again that the species Z. montana does not occur in West Java, which statement is contradicted by Bartels (1940, p. 140), however, not on account of Siebers' birds from Mt. Tjerimei, but because of the presence in his collection of three


Inspired by how humans summarize long documents, we propose an accurate and fast summarization model that first selects salient sentences and then rewrites them abstractively (i.e., compresses and paraphrases) to generate a concise overall summary. We use a novel sentence-level policy gradient method to bridge the non-differentiable computation between these two neural networks in a hierarchical way, while maintaining language fluency. Empirically, we achieve the new state-of-the-art on all metrics (including human evaluation) on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset, as well as significantly higher abstractiveness scores. Moreover, by first operating at the sentence-level and then the word-level, we enable parallel decoding of our neural generative model that results in substantially faster (10-20x) inference speed as well as 4x faster training convergence than previous long-paragraph encoder-decoder models. We also demonstrate the generalization of our model on the test-only DUC-2002 dataset, where we achieve higher scores than a state-of-the-art model.


The optimal design of rotational production processes for glass wool manufacturing poses severe computational challenges to mathematicians, natural scientists and engineers. In this paper we focus exclusively on the spinning regime where thousands of viscous thermal glass jets are formed by fast air streams. Homogeneity and slenderness of the spun fibers are the quality features of the final fabric. Their prediction requires the computation of the fluidfiber-interactions which involves the solving of a complex three-dimensional multiphase problem with appropriate interface conditions. But this is practically impossible due to the needed high resolution and adaptive grid refinement. Therefore, we propose an asymptotic coupling concept. Treating the glass jets as viscous thermal Cosserat rods, we tackle the multiscale problem by help of momentum (drag) and heat exchange models that are derived on basis of slender-body theory and homogenization. A weak iterative coupling algorithm that is based on the combination of commercial software and self-implemented code for flow and rod solvers, respectively, makes then the simulation of the industrial process possible. For the boundary value problem of the rod we particularly suggest an adapted collocation-continuation method. Consequently, this work establishes a promising basis for future optimization strategies.


This paper examines the effects of credit availability on small firm survivability over the period 2004 to 2008 for non-publicly traded small enterprises. Using data from the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances, we develop failure prediction models for a sample of small firms that were confirmed to have been in business as of December 2003, with particular attention to the impact of credit constraints. We find that credit constrained firms were significantly more likely to go out of business than non constrained firms. Moreover, credit constraint and credit access variables appear to be among the most important factors predicting which small U.S. firms went out of business during the 2004-2008 period even though an extensive set of firm, owner, and market characteristics were also included as explanatory factors.


Following your need to always fulfil the inspiration to obtain everybody is now simple. Connecting to the internet is one of the short cuts to do. There are so many sources that offer and connect us to other world condition. As one of the products to see in internet, this website becomes a very available place to look for countless symmetry principles at high energy sources. Yeah, sources about the books from countries in the world are provided.


The population of the developing world has doubled since 1965 and now stands at 4.8 billion. This growth in human numbers has been a principal cause of a rising demand for food, water, and other life-sustaining resources in the past and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. The authors examine the question of why massive further growth will take place despite declining fertility rates and identify a number of factors. Well-designed population policies are broad in scope, socially desirable, and ethically sound. They appeal to a variety of constituencies: those seeking to eliminate discrimination against women and improve the lives of children, as well as those seeking to reduce fertility and population growth. Mutually reinforcing investments in family planning, reproductive health, and a range of socioeconomic measures operate beneficially at both the macro and micro levels to slow population growth, increase productivity, and improve individual health and welfare.


This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease.


Drugs sometimes have beneficial side effects. A glaucoma treatment causes luscious eyelashes. A blood pressure drug also aids those with a rare genetic disease. The newest surprise discovered by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine is a gonorrhea medication that might help battle cancer. "Often times we are surprised that a drug known to do something else has another hidden property," says Jun Liu, Ph.D., a professor of pharmacology and molecular sciences at Johns Hopkins and author on the study published Oct. 1 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In this case, the surprise is a big one. The drug, acriflavine, used in the 1930s for treating gonorrhea, has turned out to have the previously unknown ability to halt the growth of new blood vessels. Preliminary tests showed that mice engineered to develop cancer had no tumor growth if treated with daily injections of acriflavine. "As cancer cells rapidly divide, they consume considerable amounts of oxygen," says Gregg Semenza, M.D., Ph.D., the C. Michael Armstrong Professor of Pediatrics and director of the vascular program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering. "To continue growing, a tumor must create new blood vessels to deliver oxygen to the tumor cells." Acriflavine stops blood vessel growth by inhibiting the function of the protein hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, which was discovered by Semenza's team in 1992. When HIF-1 senses that the surrounding environment is low in oxygen, it turns on genes necessary for building new vessels. Though essential for normal tissue growth and wound healing, HIF-1 is also turned on by cancers to obtain the oxygen they need to survive. Most importantly, in order for HIF-1 to work, two subunits must bind together like puzzle pieces. Most drugs are unable to prevent protein binding because the drug molecules can be much smaller than the proteins they interact with. A medicine must hit just the right spot, a critical domain or pocket on the surface of one protein to stop it from binding to another protein. Even though drugs that stop binding are uncommon, they are such an effective means to stop protein function that Semenza decided to look for one that might block HIF-1. To do that, he turned to the Johns Hopkins Drug Library, a collection of FDA- and internationally approved compounds in that was assembled by Liu. To visualize protein binding, scientists engineered a cell line so that when the HIF-1 subunits came together, they would cause the cell to light up like a firefly. They then tested each of the more than 3,000 drugs in the drug library in hopes of finding one that would turn out the light. Acriflavine did, andfurther studies confirmed that it was binding directly to HIF-1. "Mechanistically, this is the first drug of its kind," says Liu. "It is acting in a way that is never seen for this family of proteins." Liu hopes that acriflavine can one day be incorporated into chemotherapy cocktails, one drug among many that help fight cancer. Hopkins is seeking even more new uses for old drugs. So far, drugs in the library have been screened for use against malaria, tuberculosis, HIV and the Ebola virus. In the future, Liu expects even more researchers to take advantage of the library, which is continuing to grow as more drugs are added to the collection. "In the public domain, Hopkins has the largest drug library," says Liu. "The more drugs you have, the more possibilities, the higher the chance you rediscover something that will help." This study was funded by the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering and the Foundation for Advanced Research in the Medical Sciences. Authors on the paper are KangAe Lee, now of Princeton University, Huafeng Zhang, David Z. Qian, Sergio Rey, Liu and Semenza, all of Johns Hopkins.


Through this study, I identify and ascertain contexts found within the medieval church, specifically focusing on the architectural experience of the Abbey of St.-Denis, and the design characteristics and features of three medieval objects, in order to see how museums can translate the messages of sacred medieval objects. In this work, I use theories of material culture and visual culture studies, museum practices, design observation and analysis to reveal a broader, conceptual way of applying curatorial and exhibition design practices. In addition, I rely heavily on a textual analysis of Abbot Suger's diary about St.-Denis to both provide a context for the artifacts under scrutiny and then to inspire contemporary curatorial and design practices. As objects shift from their place of origin to a museum setting, and then from one institution to another through museum loans and purchases, I posit that exhibit designers and curators must take great care in placement and display of these relics. Reverent and sacred presentation of inspirational and transcendent artifacts requires great sensitivity and scrutiny to translate both authentic context and material meaning for visitors. Of particular import, I show the connections between the medieval and contemporary worlds and the value inherent in the original contexts of objects as a catalyst for exhibition design. In doing so, I shed light to "re-mystify" the rich promise of artifacts to tell important stories in the museum, helping visitors to understand other worlds - and maybe more of their own - through meaningful exchange.


University continuing educators have recognized that political-economic and institutional changes are making social activism more difficult to sustain. This article argues that to build more effective and vigorous forms of social activism, continuing educators need to understand how systems of oppression are changing. In postmodern societies, patterns of oppression are shifting from centralized, explicitly coercive projects of political domination and economic exploitation, to decentred, subtle processes of constructing individuals with the capacity and the desire to govern themselves. To encourage a different mode of thinking about the nature of oppression and power, some aspects of the work of Michel Foucault are interpreted. To provoke a more creative approach to social activism through university continuing education, the article connects Foucault's abstract.


The Renewable Electricity Futures (RE Futures) Study investigated the challenges and impacts of achieving very high renewable electricity generation levels in the contiguous United States by 2050. The analysis focused on the sufficiency of the geographically diverse U.S. renewable resources to meet electricity demand over future decades, the hourly operational characteristics of the U.S. grid with high levels of variable wind and solar generation, and the potential implications of deploying high levels of renewables in the future. RE Futures focused on technical aspects of high penetration of renewable electricity; it did not focus on how to achieve such a future through policy or other measures. Given the inherent uncertainties involved with analyzing alternative long-term energy futures as well as the multiple pathways that might be taken to achieve higher levels of renewable electricity supply, RE Futures explored a range of scenarios to investigate and compare the impacts of renewable electricity penetration levels (30%–90%), future technology performance improvements, potential constraints to renewable electricity development, and future electricity demand growth assumptions. RE Futures was led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Learn more at the RE Futures website. http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/re_futures/


"Are we deranged? The acclaimed Indian novelist Amitav Ghosh argues that future generations may well think so. How else to explain our imaginative failure in the face of global warming? In his first major book of nonfiction since In an Antique Land, Ghosh examines our inability at the level of literature, history, and politics to grasp the scale and violence of climate change. The extreme nature of today's climate events, Ghosh asserts, make them peculiarly resistant to contemporary modes of thinking and imagining. This is particularly true of serious literary fiction: hundred-year storms and freakish tornadoes simply feel too improbable for the novel; they are automatically consigned to other genres. In the writing of history, too, the climate crisis has sometimes led to gross simplifications; Ghosh shows that the history of the carbon economy is a tangled global story with many contradictory and counter-intuitive elements. Ghosh ends by suggesting that politics, much like literature, has become a matter of personal moral reckoning rather than an arena of collective action. But to limit fiction and politics to individual moral adventure comes at a great cost. The climate crisis asks us to imagine other forms of human existence a task to which fiction, Ghosh argues, is the best suited of all cultural forms. His book serves as a great writer's summons to confront the most urgent task of our time."


Building on the story begun in The Hobbit and The Fellowship of the Ring this is the second part of Tolkien's epic masterpiece, The Lord of the Rings, featuring a striking black cover based on Tolkien's own design, the definitive text, and a detailed map of Middle-earth. Frodo and the Companions of the Ring have been beset by danger during their quest to prevent the Ruling Ring from falling into the hands of the Dark Lord by destroying it in the Cracks of Doom. They have lost the wizard, Gandalf, in the battle with an evil spirit in the Mines of Moria; and at the Falls of Rauros, Boromir, seduced by the power of the Ring, tried to seize it by force. While Frodo and Sam made their escape the rest of the company were attacked by Orcs. Now they continue their journey alone down the great River Anduin - alone, that is, save for the mysterious creeping figure that follows wherever they go.


By the author of the acclaimed bestseller 'Benjamin Franklin', this is the first full biography of Albert Einstein since all of his papers have become available. How did his mind work? What made him a genius? Isaacson's biography shows how his scientific imagination sprang from the rebellious nature of his personality. His fascinating story is a testament to the connection between creativity and freedom. Based on newly released personal letters of Einstein, this book explores how an imaginative, impertinent patent clerk - a struggling father in a difficult marriage who couldn't get a teaching job or a doctorate - became the mind reader of the creator of the cosmos, the locksmith of the mysteries of the atom and the universe. His success came from questioning conventional wisdom and marveling at mysteries that struck others as mundane. This led him to embrace a morality and politics based on respect for free minds, free spirits, and free individuals. These traits are just as vital for this new century of globalization, in which our success will depend on our creativity, as they were for the beginning of the last century, when Einstein helped usher in the modern age.


By studying the impact of vacant textile mill buildings on communities, the
researcher showed how historic preservation played a role in combating the effects of
vacancy. Using a framework of community indicators, quality of life and economic
conditions during the last two decades of the twentieth century were measured in three
Carolina Piedmont textile towns: Albemarle, North Carolina, Morganton, North Carolina
and Spartanburg, South Carolina. Through these case studies, the researcher sought to
illustrate the effects that the textile industry's decline had on mill communities in the
areas of economic viability, stability, heritage value, educational attainment and standard
of living. She then explored how the rehabilitation of the large mill complexes that the
industry left behind can help to reverse the effects of abandonment. This thesis provides concrete evidence of the impacts that the decline of the
Southern textile industry had on the communities that it once sustained. The case studies
of three communities with rehabilitated textile mill complexes can help communities who
are faced with the same circumstances generate ideas and plans to use the historic built
environment as a catalyst for community change.


This paper outlines South African History Online as a NGO that focuses on the enhancement of history especially at school level. The advent of digital and social media platforms has changed the way scholars learn and the way they perceive their world. The book, paper and journals should no longer provide the exclusive model for historical knowledge to be passed on. With this in mind, SAHO has developed a comprehensive online programme that focuses on the current curriculum as laid out by the Department of Education. The development of this website into an online classroom will assist both teachers and learners. Learners should be exposed to the wonders of digitisation and have the advantage of viewing primary source documents in their classrooms. This turns a normal classroom into a virtual archive making the learners instant historians who can now investigate their own case studies. Teachers have the opportunity of telling stories in new ways and in different means, and can use various materials from SAHO's online media and library section to give the learners the opportunity to relive the story. SAHO has various projects such as the development of the online curriculum material and aids for history from Grades 4 to 12. The aim is to build up this project into a comprehensive online encyclopaedia. An Arts and Culture classroom will soon be developed in a similar format. SAHO's teacher outreach programme, online support and e-learning focuses on the development of an online forum for both teachers and learners. Other campaigns include the 'history matters' campaign which is aimed at increasing interest in history at school and tertiary level. Monitoring and evaluating SAHO's classroom support will be done through counters on the web pages.


We consider a game in which players select strings over $\{\,0, 1\,\}$ and observe a series of fair coin tosses, interpreted as a string over $\{\,0, 1\,\}$. The winner of this game is the player whose string appears first. For two players public knowledge of the opponent's string leads to an advantage. In this paper, results for three players are presented. It is shown that given the choices of the first two players, a third string can always be chosen with probability of winning greater than $1/3$. It is also shown that two players can chose strings such that the third player's probability of winning is strictly less than the greater of the other two player's probability of winning, and that whichever string is chosen, it will always have a disadvantage to one of the two other strings.


The United States is becoming a nation of rich and poor, with few families in the middle. In this book, MIT economist Peter Temin offers an illuminating way to look at the vanishing middle class. Temin argues that American history and politics, particularly slavery and its aftermath, play an important part in the widening gap between rich and poor. Temin employs a well-known, simple model of a dual economy to examine the dynamics of the rich/poor divide in America, and outlines ways to work toward greater equality so that America will no longer have one economy for the rich and one for the poor. Many poorer Americans live in conditions resembling those of a developing country—substandard education, dilapidated housing, and few stable employment opportunities. And although almost half of black Americans are poor, most poor people are not black. Conservative white politicians still appeal to the racism of poor white voters to get support for policies that harm low-income people as a whole, casting recipients of social programs as the Other—black, Latino, not like "us." Politicians also use mass incarceration as a tool to keep black and Latino Americans from participating fully in society. Money goes to a vast entrenched prison system rather than to education. In the dual justice system, the rich pay fines and the poor go to jail.


Hits fur das Tonbandgerat, Alben fur den Plattenspieler? Die Markteinfuhrung des Tonbandgerates in Westdeutschland und die Urheber- rechtsdebatte uber Musikaufnahmen jugendlicher Konsumenten in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren«. Since the late 1950s, tape recorders were increasingly to be found in West German households. This device for the first time gave the consumers the opportunity to record music from records or from the radio. This triggered off discussions between the record industry and the GEMA (So- ciety for musical performing and mechanical reproduction rights) on the one hand and tape recorder producers and users on the other hand. Whereas the former complained about falling record sales and called for the introduction of copyright fees, the latter argued that the tape recorder offered a large range of applications and that therefore a collective charging of producers and/ or users would not be justified. Against the background of the changing legal situation, the article retraces the copyright debate and evaluates the opponents' argu- ments. In spite of the manifold functions of the tape recorder, young consumers predominantly employed it to record their favourite light music. But these ap- propriation practices did not cause an overall decline in record sales but rather a change in music consumption patterns. While the possibility of recording sin- gle hits did in fact lead to falling sales figures of 45rpm-discs, sales of long- playing-records rose considerably.


A method for analysis of methanol, ethanol, and propanol at submicromolar levels in aqueous samples has been developed. It involves enzymatic oxidation of the alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes using alcohol oxidase. The resulting aldehydes are derivatized to their respective hydrazones using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). These hydrazones are separated and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at 370nm. Comparison of samples with and without enzyme, allows for indirect determination of the alcohol concentration by reversed phase HPLC. The optimum conditions for the enzyme reaction were 40 minutes at 40 ± 0.1°C, pH 8.5, and addition of 100 µL of alcohol oxidase (2 units mL-1). Alcohol concentrations in enzyme blanks were 0.44 ± 0.01 µM for methanol, 0.050 ± 0.004 µM for ethanol, and 0.15 ± 0.04 µM for propanol. Limits of detection were 0.03 µM, 0.02µM, and 0.14 µM for methanol, ethanol, and propanol respectively. Percent conversions under optimum conditions were 90.1% ± 2% RSD for methanol, 40% ± 3% RSD for ethanol, and 7% ± 3% RSD for propanol. Alcohol concentrations in rain events in southeastern NC were dependent on storm origin and varied from 0.08-0.91 µM for methanol and 0.08-0.23 µM for ethanol. Conditions for propanol analysis are still being optimized. Percentages of carbon from methanol and ethanol in dissolved organic carbon in rain events 570A, 573, and 574 were 3.1%, 0.4%, and 3.5% respectively.


In this paper we develop a data-driven mixture of vector autoregressive models with exogenous components. The process is assumed to change regimes according to an underlying Markov process. In contrast to the hidden Markov setup, we allow the transition probabilities of the underlying Markov process to depend on past time series values and exogenous variables. Such processes have potential applications to modeling brain signals. For example, brain activity at time t (measured by electroencephalograms) will can be modeled as a function of both its past values as well as exogenous variables (such as visual or somatosensory stimuli). Furthermore, we establish stationarity, geometric ergodicity and the existence of moments for these processes under suitable conditions on the parameters of the model. Such properties are important for understanding the stability properties of the model as well as deriving the asymptotic behavior of various statistics and model parameter estimators.


Background Long‐term use of antiplatelet agents, statins, beta‐blockers and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors are proven therapies for secondary prevention in acute coronary syndrome. However, little is known of physicians' opinion about their use in China. Methods In 2010, standard questionnaires were posted to chief cardiologists in 1397 geographically diverse and representative sample of tertiary and secondary hospitals in China, collecting information about their opinions on the recommended treatments for acute coronary syndrome. Results A total of 1009 (72%) cardiologists responded with a valid questionnaire. Of them, 77% reported routine use of all the four main secondary preventive treatments, with little difference between secondary and tertiary hospitals (75% vs. 79%, P=0.16). Of the cardiologists reporting routine or selective use of aspirin, beta‐blockers, statins and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, 94%, 85%, 73% and 86% would recommend indefinite use respectively. For all the 4 treatments combined, only 63.5% reported indefinite use at the same time, with no significant difference between secondary and tertiary hospitals (62% vs. 65%, P=0.17), nor between hospitals with or without fast track for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (66% vs. 61%, P=0.50). Conclusions Although Chinese cardiologists seem well informed about the value of main secondary preventive treatments for acute coronary syndrome, there is still gap in their understanding of the need for combined and prolonged use of these treatments.


Multi-agent systems are a mature approach to model complex software systems by means of Agent-Oriented Software Engineering (AOSE). However, their application is not widely accepted in mainstream software engineering. Parallel to this the interdisciplinary field of Agent-based Social Simulation (ABSS) finds increasing recognition beyond the purely academic realm which starts to draw attention from the mainstream of agent researchers. This work analyzes factors to improve the uptake of AOSE as well as characteristics which separate the two fields AOSE and ABSS to understand their gap. Based on the efficiency-oriented micro-agent concept of the Otago Agent Platform (OPAL) we have constructed a new modern and self-contained micro-agent platform called µ². The design takes technological trends into account and integrates representative technologies, such as the functionally-inspired JVM language Clojure (with its Transactional Memory), asynchronous message passing frameworks and the mobile application platform Android. The mobile version of the platform shows an innovative approach to allow direct interaction between Android application components and micro-agents by mapping their related internal communication mechanisms. This empowers micro-agents to exploit virtually any capability of mobile devices for intelligent agent-based applications, robotics or simply act as a distributed middleware. Additionally, relevant platform components for the support of social simulations are identified and partially implemented. To show the usability of the platform for simulation purposes an interaction-centric scenario representing group shaping processes in a multi-cultural context is provided. The scenario is based on Hofstede's concept of 'Cultural Dimensions'. It does not only confirm the applicability of the platform for simulations but also reveals interesting patterns for culturally augmented in- and out-group agents. This explorative research advocates the potential of micro-agents as a powerful general system modelling mechanism while bridging the convergence between mobile and desktop systems. The results stimulate future work on the micro-agent concept itself, the suggested platform and the deeper exploration of mechanisms for seemless interaction of micro-agents with mobile environments. Last but not least the further elaboration of the simulation model as well as its use to augment intelligent agents with cultural aspects offer promising perspectives for future research.


Long before GPS, Google Earth, and global transit, humans traveled vast distances using only environmental clues and simple instruments. John Huth asks what is lost when modern technology substitutes for our innate capacity to find our way. Encyclopedic in breadth, weaving together astronomy, meteorology, oceanography, and ethnography, The Lost Art of Finding Our Way puts us in the shoes, ships, and sleds of early navigators for whom paying close attention to the environment around them was, quite literally, a matter of life and death. Haunted by the fate of two young kayakers lost in a fogbank off Nantucket, Huth shows us how to navigate using natural phenomena--the way the Vikings used the sunstone to detect polarization of sunlight, and Arab traders learned to sail into the wind, and Pacific Islanders used underwater lightning and "read" waves to guide their explorations. Huth reminds us that we are all navigators capable of learning techniques ranging from the simplest to the most sophisticated skills of direction-finding. Even today, careful observation of the sun and moon, tides and ocean currents, weather and atmospheric effects can be all we need to find our way. Lavishly illustrated with nearly 200 specially prepared drawings, Huth's compelling account of the cultures of navigation will engross readers in a narrative that is part scientific treatise, part personal travelogue, and part vivid re-creation of navigational history. Seeing through the eyes of past voyagers, we bring our own world into sharper view.


Inflammatory neuropathies represent disabling human autoimmune disorders with considerable disease variability. Animal models provide insights into defined aspects of their disease pathogenesis. Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) are anti-inflammatory cells that maintain immune tolerance and counteract tissue damage in a variety of immune-mediated disorders. Dysfunction or a reduced frequency of Tregs have been associated with different human autoimmune disorders. We here analyzed the functional relevance of Tregs in determining disease manifestation and severity in murine models of autoimmune neuropathies. We took advantage of the DEREG mouse system allowing depletion of Treg with high specificity as well as anti-CD25 directed antibodies to deplete Tregs in mice in actively induced experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). Furthermore antibody-depletion was performed in an adoptive transfer model of chronic neuritis. Early Treg depletion increased clinical EAN severity both in active and adoptive transfer chronic neuritis. This was accompanied by increased proliferation of myelin specific T cells and histological signs of peripheral nerve inflammation. Late stage Treg depletion after initial disease manifestation however did not exacerbate inflammatory neuropathy symptoms further. We conclude that Tregs determine disease severity in experimental autoimmune neuropathies during the initial priming phase, but have no major disease modifying function after disease manifestation. Potential future therapeutic approaches targeting Tregs should thus be performed early in inflammatory neuropathies.


Objective. To compare a range of statistical models to enable the estimation of EQ-5D-3L utilities from responses to the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39). Methods. Linear regression, beta regression, mixtures of linear regressions and beta regressions, and multinomial logistic regression were compared in terms of their ability to accurately predict EQ-5D-3L utilities from responses to the PDQ-39 using mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean square error (MSE), overall and by Hoehn and Yahr stage. Models were estimated using data from the PD MED trial (n = 9123) and assessed on both the estimation data as well as external data from the PD SURG trial (n = 917). Results. Overall, the differences in the metrics of fit between models were small in both data sets, with performance poorer for all models in PD SURG. The performance across Hoehn and Yahr stages 1 to 3 were also similar, but multinomial logistic regression was found to exhibit less bias and better individual-level predictive accuracy in PD MED for those in Hoehn and Yahr stages 4 or 5. Overall, the multinomial logistic regression reported an ME of 0.038 out of sample and MAEs of 0.128 and 0.164 and MSEs of 0.030 and 0.044 in the estimation and external data sets, respectively. Poorer levels of the mobility domain score of the PDQ-39 were associated with increased odds of reporting problems for all EQ-5D domains except anxiety/depression. Conclusions. Finite mixture models with only few components can approximate the distribution of EQ-5D-3L utilities well but did not demonstrate improvements in predictive accuracy compared with multinomial logistic regression in the present data set.


This thesis focuses on gaining linguistic insights into textual discussions on a word level. It was of special interest to distinguish messages that constructively contribute to a discussion from those that are detrimental to them. Thereby, we wanted to determine whether "I"- and "You"-messages are indicators for either of the two discussion styles. These messages are nowadays often used in guidelines for successful communication. Although their effects have been successfully evaluated multiple times, a large-scale analysis has never been conducted. Thus, we used Wikipedia Articles for Deletion (short: AfD) discussions together with the records of blocked users and developed a fully automated creation of an annotated data set. In this data set, messages were labelled either constructive or disruptive. We applied binary classifiers to the data to determine characteristic words for both discussion styles. Thereby, we also investigated whether function words like pronouns and conjunctions play an important role in distinguishing the two. We found that "You"-messages were a strong indicator for disruptive messages which matches their attributed effects on communication. However, we found "I"-messages to be indicative for disruptive messages as well which is contrary to their attributed effects. The importance of function words could neither be confirmed nor refuted. Other characteristic words for either communication style were not found. Yet, the results suggest that a different model might represent disruptive and constructive messages in textual discussions better.


[1] We use an ensemble of satellite (MODIS), aircraft, and ground-based aerosol observations during the ICARTT field campaign over eastern North America in summer 2004 to (1) examine the consistency between different aerosol measurements, (2) evaluate a new retrieval of aerosol optical depths (AODs) and inferred surface aerosol concentrations (PM2.5) from the MODIS satellite instrument, and (3) apply this collective information to improve our understanding of aerosol sources. The GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model (CTM) provides a transfer platform between the different data sets, allowing us to evaluate the consistency between different aerosol parameters observed at different times and locations. We use an improved MODIS AOD retrieval based on locally derived visible surface reflectances and aerosol properties calculated from GEOS-Chem. Use of GEOS-Chem aerosol optical properties in the MODIS retrieval not only results in an improved AOD product but also allows quantitative evaluation of model aerosol mass from the comparison of simulated and observed AODs. The aircraft measurements show narrower aerosol size distributions than those usually assumed in models, and this has important implications for AOD retrievals. Our MODIS AOD retrieval compares well to the ground-based AERONET data (R = 0.84, slope = 1.02), significantly improving on the MODIS c005 operational product. Inference of surface PM2.5 from our MODIS AOD retrieval shows good correlation to the EPA-AQS data (R = 0.78) but a high regression slope (slope = 1.48). The high slope is seen in all AOD-inferred PM2.5 concentrations (AERONET: slope = 2.04; MODIS c005: slope = 1.51) and could reflect a clear-sky bias in the AOD observations. The ensemble of MODIS, aircraft, and surface data are consistent in pointing to a model overestimate of sulfate in the mid-Atlantic and an underestimate of organic and dust aerosol in the southeastern United States. The sulfate overestimate could reflect an excessive contribution from aqueous-phase production in clouds, while the organic carbon underestimate could possibly be resolved by a new secondary pathway involving dicarbonyls.


This paper presents a new method for simulta- neously retrieving aerosol and surface reflectance properties from combined airborne and ground-based direct and diffuse radiometric measurements. The method is based on the stan- dard Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) method for re- trieving aerosol size distribution, complex index of refrac- tion, and single scattering albedo, but modified to retrieve aerosol properties in two layers, below and above the air- craft, and parameters on surface optical properties from com- bined datasets (Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) and AERONET data). A key advantage of this method is the inversion of all available spectral and angular data at the same time, while accounting for the influence of noise in the inversion procedure using statistical optimization. The wide spectral (0.34-2.30 µm) and angular range (180 ) of the CAR instrument, combined with observations from an AERONET sunphotometer, provide sufficient measurement constraints for characterizing aerosol and surface properties with minimal assumptions. The robustness of the method was tested on observations made during four different field campaigns: (a) the Southern African Regional Science Ini- tiative 2000 over Mongu, Zambia, (b) the Intercontinental Transport Experiment-Phase B over Mexico City, Mexico (c) Cloud and Land Surface Interaction Campaign over the At- mospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Central Facility, Oklahoma, USA, and (d) the Arctic Research of the Compo- sition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARC- TAS) over Elson Lagoon in Barrow, Alaska, USA. The four areas are dominated by different surface characteristics and aerosol types, and therefore provide good test cases for the new inversion method.


Aquatic agricultural systems (AAS) are systems in which the annual production dynamics of freshwater and/or coastal ecosystems contribute significantly to total household income. Improving the livelihood security and wellbeing of the estimated 250 million poor people dependent on AAS in Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands and Zambia1 is the goal of the Worldfish Center-led Consortium Research Program (CRP), "Harnessing the development potential of aquatic agricultural systems for development.†One component expected to contribute to sustainably achieving this goal is enhancing the gender and wider social equity of the social, economic and political systems within which the AAS function. The CRP's focus on social equity, and particularly gender equity, responds to the limited progress to date in enhancing the inclusiveness of development outcomes through interventions that offer improved availability of resources and technologies without addressing the wider social constraints that marginalized populations face in making use of them. The CRP aims to both offer improved availability and address the wider social constraints in order to determine whether a multi-level approach that engages with individuals, households and communities, as well as the wider social, economic and political contexts in which they function, is more successful in extending development's benefits to women and other excluded groups. Designing the research in development initiatives to test this hypothesis requires a solid understanding of each CRP country's social, cultural and economic contexts and of the variations across them. This paper provides an initial input into developing this knowledge, based on a review of literature on agriculture, aquaculture and gender relations within the five focal countries. Before delving into the findings of the literature review, the paper first justifies the expectation that successfully achieving lasting wellbeing improvements for poor women and men dependent on AAS rests in part on advances in gender equity, and in light of this justification, presents the AAS CRP's conceptual framework for gender and social analysis.


The objective of the FIVIS project is to develop a bicycle simulator which is able to simulate real life bicycle ride situations as a virtual scenario within an immersive environment. A sample test bicycle is mounted on a motion platform to enable a close to reality simulation of turns and balance situations. The visual field of the bike rider is enveloped within a multi-screen visualization environment which provides visual data relative to the motion and activity of the test bicycle. This implies the bike rider has to pedal and steer the bicycle as they would a traditional bicycle, while forward motion is recorded and processed to control the visualization. Furthermore, the platform is fed with real forces and accelerations that have been logged by a mobile data acquisition system during real bicycle test drives. Thus, using a feedback system makes the movements of the platform reflect the virtual environment and the reaction of the driver (e.g. steering angle, step rate).


The demand for and participation in continuing education by Canadian university graduates who completed bachelor and/or first professional degrees in 1995 are analyzed in this article. Within five years of completing their first degree, in addition to participating in graduate programs, a large number of those graduates participated in non-degree programs and courses for career and job purposes and for personal reasons. Through a descriptive analysis of National Graduate Survey (NGS) data for the 1995 cohort, the authors examined the socio-demographic profile of participants, their motives for participating in continuing education, and their choice of specific programs. According to the study findings, the respondents' labour-market situation, both in objective and subjective terms, was an important reason for participating in continuing education; indeed, more than three-quarters of participants had a job/education-related reason for participating in continuing education. In particular, the study provides information and insight into the demand (expressed and latent) of a targeted university continuing education audience. The National Graduate Survey together with Adult Education and Training Survey (AETS) and institutional data, allow a more realistic assessment of participants' needs and program preferences.


This paper aims to contribute to our under- standing of how researchers and adult and continuing education scholars can work collectively with communities of adults. It illustrates the links between theory and practice in community-university engagement. The paper expands our understanding of the ways in which research data and arts-based activities can be used as the basis of knowledge generation when working with adults in communities. In particular the paper examines the process of producing a play script based on data generated through oral history interviews undertaken with people from the Caribbean who came to Alberta in the 1960s to early 1970s. This process resulted in unearthing of new knowledge, insights, and understandings within African-Canadian communities in Alberta.


Altered epigenetic reprogramming contributes to breast cancer progression and metastasis. How the epigenetic reader mediates breast cancer progression remains poorly understood. Here, we showed that the epigenetic reader zinc finger MYND-type containing 8 (ZMYND8) is induced by HIF-1 and HIF-2 in breast cancer cells and also upregulated in human breast tumors, and is correlated with poor survival of patients with breast cancer. Genetic deletion of ZMYND8 decreases breast cancer cell colony formation, migration, and invasion in vitro, and inhibits breast tumor growth and metastasis to the lungs in mice. The ZMYND8's oncogenic effect in breast cancer requires HIF-1 and HIF-2. We further showed that ZMYND8 interacts with HIF-1a and HIF-2a and enhances elongation of the global HIFinduced oncogenic genes by increasing recruitment of BRD4 and subsequent release of paused RNA polymerase II in breast cancer cells. ZMYND8 acetylation at lysines 1007 and 1034 by p300 is required for HIF activation and breast cancer progression and metastasis. These findings uncover a primary epigenetic mechanism of HIF activation and HIFmediated breast cancer progression, and discover a possible molecular target for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Research Article Oncology


When the President does it, that means that it is not illegal. So Richard Nixon infamously defended his approval of a plan to engage in warrantless wiretapping of Americans involved in the antiwar movement in the 1970s. For thirty years Nixon's defense has stood as the apogee of presidential arrogance. But of course Nixon was proved wrong. The wiretapping plan was shelved when FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, of all people, objected to it. Nixon's approval of the program was listed in the articles of impeachment, and ultimately he was forced to resign. Nixon learned the hard way that presidents are not above the law. In defending the NSA spying program, at least until the recent about-face, as well as in its views on enemy combatants and torture, the Bush administration has essentially revived the Nixon doctrine. This essay argues that the Bush administration's defense of the NSA spying program (and of unchecked presidential authority over enemy combatants and interrogation techniques) is fundamentally flawed, both as a matter of law and as a matter of national security policy. The argument that Congress authorized the program defies the most basic principles of statutory construction. The claim that the Commander in Chief has uncheckable authority with respect to "the means and methods of engaging the enemy" is contrary to the text of the Constitution, the structure of checks and balances, and a long line of Supreme Court precedent. And no Fourth Amendment precedent supports the notion that the president may wiretap Americans without probable cause or a warrant.


This book offers practical solutions to achieving sustainable urban design and development, and helps designers communicate these solutions effectively to planners, developers and policy makers. Addressing sustainability issues in relation to the design and planning of the urban environment is a complex, multi-disciplinary issue and solutions never arrive from a single perspective. The authors use design as a facilitating factor to consider when and by whom decisions that contribute to sustainability are made, and through three major city-centre case studies - London, Manchester and Sheffield – they consider social, environmental and economic factors and examine their relationship to the decision-making process. Designing Sustainable Cities begins by identifying the key processes and lead decision-makers. The following chapters develop an understanding of the dimensions of sustainability, presenting the tools by which the dimensions can be analysed. Later chapters illustrate the trade-offs and the relationships between the dimensions of sustainability - with case study examples - as well as the use of IT in making design decisions. Finally, the book makes recommendations for future approaches to the design, development and on-going management of urban environments. Designing Sustainable Cities covers: * latest research data on the urban environment and the interaction between social, economic and environmental issues * methods of understanding the context in which urban design takes place * guidance on the codes of practice * process maps to help understand the context, make trade-offs and develop design solutions that allow for change * methods for testing the consequences of design proposals and monitoring outcomes.


President Carter has been a student of the biblical Holy Land all his life. For the last three decades, as president of the United States and as founder of The Carter Center, he has studied the complex and interrelated issues of the region's conflicts and has been actively involved in reconciling them. He knows the leaders of all factions in the region who will need to play key roles, and he sees encouraging signs among them. Carter describes the history of previous peace efforts and why they fell short. He argues persuasively that the road to a peace agreement is now open and that it has broad international and regional support. Most of all, since there will be no progress without courageous and sustained U.S. leadership, he says the time for progress is now. President Barack Obama is committed to a personal effort to exert that leadership, starting early in his administration. This is President Carter's call for action, and he lays out a practical and doable path to peace.


Autonomous mobile six-legged robots are able to demonstrate the potential of intelligent control systems based on recurrent neural networks. The robots evaluate only two forward and two backward looking infrared sensor signals. Fast converging genetic training algorithms are applied to train the robots to move straight in six directions. The robots performed successfully within an obstacle environment and there could be observed a never trained useful interaction between each of the single robots. The paper describes the robot systems and presents the test results. Video clips are downloadable under www.inform.fh-hannover.de/download/lechner.php. Held on IFAC International Conference on Intelligent Control Systems and Signal Processing (ICONS 2003, April 2003, Portugal).


The territorial patterns of socio-economic development in the Romanian Danube Valley (micro-scale, LAU2) are identified in this paper by using the complex index of development (INDEV). The paper presents the computation of secondary indexes reflecting the main aspects of socio-economic development (dwellings, public utilities infrastructure, health, employment, demography, education and local economy). The territorial distribution of the secondary indexes and the complex index of development values emphasized a difference between the rural and urban administrative units, the rural areas shaping the low and very low pattern of socio-economic development and the towns and municipals representing the average pattern of socio-economic development. The complex index of territorial disparities, computed by the variant of the relative distances ranking method (using as baseline the national average value of each statistical indicator selected), shows the overwhelming predominance of socio-economic development pattern below the Romanian


The goals of antitrust law continue to be debated because there is no single goal that is unambiguously correct. There is one goal, however, that now commands wider support than any other: protecting consumers and small suppliers from anticompetitive conduct – conduct that creates market power, transfers wealth from consumers or small suppliers, and fails to provide them with compensating benefits. This goal is the predominant objective in the legislative histories, it is broadly supported by the American people, it is easier to administer than total welfare, and it is now espoused by the majority of courts. Proponents of total welfare advance two principal arguments, but neither warrants elevating it over consumer and small supplier protection. First, from a normative perspective, total welfare is arguably the superior goal because it considers the welfare of all participants in the economy, including producers and consumers outside the relevant market. It ignores, however, the transfer of wealth that anticompetitive conduct causes, a transfer that many people regard as exploitative and unfair. Second, from a legal perspective, total welfare is arguably the goal of section 2 of the Sherman Act because it allows a firm to gain monopoly power through superior efficiency. But this safe harbor is equally consistent with a consumer protection goal, since it encourages firms to succeed in the marketplace by providing customers with better products, lower prices, and wider choice.


At present the standardization of third generation (3G) mobile radio systems is the subject of worldwide research activities. These systems will cope with the market demand for high data rate services and the system requirement for exibility concerning the offered services and the transmission qualities. However, there will be de ciencies with respect to high capacity, if 3G mobile radio systems exclusively use single antennas. Very promising technique developed for increasing the capacity of 3G mobile radio systems the application is adaptive antennas. In this thesis, the benefits of using adaptive antennas are investigated for 3G mobile radio systems based on Time Division CDMA (TD-CDMA), which forms part of the European 3G mobile radio air interface standard adopted by the ETSI, and is intensively studied within the standardization activities towards a worldwide 3G air interface standard directed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project). One of the most important issues related to adaptive antennas is the analysis of the benefits of using adaptive antennas compared to single antennas. In this thesis, these bene ts are explained theoretically and illustrated by computer simulation results for both data detection, which is performed according to the joint detection principle, and channel estimation, which is applied according to the Steiner estimator, in the TD-CDMA uplink. The theoretical explanations are based on well-known solved mathematical problems. The simulation results illustrating the benefits of adaptive antennas are produced by employing a novel simulation concept, which offers a considerable reduction of the simulation time and complexity, as well as increased exibility concerning the use of different system parameters, compared to the existing simulation concepts for TD-CDMA. Furthermore, three novel techniques are presented which can be used in systems with adaptive antennas for additionally improving the system performance compared to single antennas. These techniques concern the problems of code-channel mismatch, of user separation in the spatial domain, and of intercell interference, which, as it is shown in the thesis, play a critical role on the performance of TD-CDMA with adaptive antennas. Finally, a novel approach for illustrating the performance differences between the uplink and downlink of TD-CDMA based mobile radio systems in a straightforward manner is presented. Since a cellular mobile radio system with adaptive antennas is considered, the ultimate goal is the investigation of the overall system efficiency rather than the efficiency of a single link. In this thesis, the efficiency of TD-CDMA is evaluated through its spectrum efficiency and capacity, which are two closely related performance measures for cellular mobile radio systems. Compared to the use of single antennas, the use of adaptive antennas allows impressive improvements of both spectrum efficiency and capacity. Depending on the mobile radio channel model and the user velocity, improvement factors range from six to 10.7 for the spectrum efficiency, and from 6.7 to 12.6 for the spectrum capacity of TD-CDMA. Thus, adaptive antennas constitute a promising technique for capacity increase of future mobile communications systems.


Abstract. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) measurements from the Ozone Monitoring
Instrument (OMI) satellite sensor have been used to detect emissions from
large point sources. Emissions from over 400 sources have been quantified
individually based on OMI observations, accounting for about a half of total
reported anthropogenic SO2 emissions. Here we report a newly
developed emission inventory, OMI-HTAP, by combining these OMI-based emission
estimates and the conventional bottom-up inventory, HTAP, for smaller sources
that OMI is not able to detect. OMI-HTAP includes emissions from OMI-detected
sources that are not captured in previous leading bottom-up inventories,
enabling more accurate emission estimates for regions with such missing
sources. In addition, our approach offers the possibility of rapid updates to
emissions from large point sources that can be detected by satellites. Our
methodology applied to OMI-HTAP can also be used to merge improved
satellite-derived estimates with other multi-year bottom-up inventories,
which may further improve the accuracy of the emission trends. OMI-HTAP
SO2 emissions estimates for Persian Gulf, Mexico, and Russia are
59 %, 65 %, and 56 % larger than HTAP estimates in
2010, respectively. We have evaluated the OMI-HTAP inventory by performing simulations
with the Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) model. The GEOS-5
simulated SO2 concentrations driven by both HTAP and OMI-HTAP were
compared against in situ measurements. We focus for the validation on
2010 for which HTAP is most valid and for which a relatively large number of
in situ measurements are available. Results show that the OMI-HTAP inventory
improves the agreement between the model and observations, in particular over
the US, with the normalized mean bias decreasing from 0.41 (HTAP) to −0.03
(OMI-HTAP) for 2010. Simulations with the OMI-HTAP inventory capture the
worldwide major trends of large anthropogenic SO2 emissions that are
observed with OMI. Correlation coefficients of the observed and modeled
surface SO2 in 2014 increase from 0.16 (HTAP) to 0.59 (OMI-HTAP) and
the normalized mean bias dropped from 0.29 (HTAP) to 0.05 (OMI-HTAP), when we
updated 2010 HTAP emissions with 2014 OMI-HTAP emissions in the model.


The considerable increase in numbers of students required to complete undergraduate dissertations as part of their curricula demonstrates a clear need for supporting academic staff from a wide variety of disciplines in this area. There has been limited research published in the realm of undergraduate supervision. Therefore, supervision of academic dissertations in an undergraduate setting still remains to be addressed in a comprehensive manner. The overarching theme of this reference work is the convergence of shared understandings, strategies and reflections of undergraduate supervisors from around the world, from many different subject disciplines. There is also a need today for a mapping of the current landscape of undergraduate supervision. This text is presented through a series of case studies from a wide variety of subject disciplines in the sciences and arts and is enlightened by research perspectives; it comprises of a focus on development needs for supervisors of undergraduate students, using updated information, modeling exercises and interaction in the form of a series of individual activities, along with a selection geared at programme team development in preparing supervisors for their role, choice key readings, and exploration of online resources. This eBook is intended as a guide for academic staff across various disciplines who are involved with dissertation supervision. It is valuable to those in the early stages of their career who may be supervising for the first time; equally, it provides support, guidance and affirmation to those who have supervised over a number of years.


Let $G$ be an (edge-)colored graph. A heterochromatic matching of $G$ is a matching in which no two edges have the same color. For a vertex $v$, let $d^c(v)$ be the color degree of $v$. We show that if $d^c(v)\geq k$ for every vertex $v$ of $G$, then $G$ has a heterochromatic matching of size $\big\lceil{5k-3\over 12}\big\rceil$. For a colored bipartite graph with bipartition $(X,Y)$, we prove that if it satisfies a Hall-like condition, then it has a heterochromatic matching of cardinality $\big\lceil{|X|\over 2}\big\rceil$, and we show that this bound is best possible.


The titles in our best-selling Design Brief series are highly praised by graphic design students, educators, and professionals worldwide as invaluable resources. Each beautifully designed, affordable volume offers a concise overview of a design fundamentalthe hows of design. But as most seasoned designers will tell you, a comprehensive education also requires an understanding of the whys of design practice. Graphic Design Theory presents groundbreaking, primary texts from the most important historical and contemporary designthinkers. From Aleksandr Rodchenko's "Who We Are: Manifesto of the Constructivist Group" to Kenya Hara's "Computer Technology and Design," this essential volume provides the necessary foundation for contemporary critical vocabulary and thought. Graphic Design Theory is organized in three sections: "Creating the Field" traces the evolution of graphic design over the course of the early 1900s, including influential avant-garde ideas of futurism, constructivism, and the Bauhaus; "Building on Success" covers the mid- to late twentieth century and considers the International Style, modernism, and postmodernism; and "Mapping the Future" opens at the end of the last century and includes current discussions on legibility, social responsibility, and new media. Striking color images illustrate each of the movements discussed and demonstrate the ongoing relationship between theory and practice. A brief commentary prefaces each text, providing a cultural and historical framework through which the work can be evaluated. Authors include such influential designers as Herbert Bayer, Lszl Moholy-Nagy, Karl Gerstner, Katherine McCoy, Michael Rock, Lev Manovich, Ellen Lupton, and Lorraine Wild. Additional features include a timeline, glossary, and bibliography for further reading. A must-have survey for graduate and undergraduate courses in design history, theory, and contemporary issues, Graphic Design Theory invites designers and interested readers of all levels to plunge into the world of design discourse.


Why are some people and organisations more inventive, pioneering and successful than others? And why are they able to repeat their success again and again? In business, it doesn't matter what you do, it matters why you do it. "Start with Why" analyses leaders like Martin Luther King Jr and Steve Jobs and discovers that they all think in the same way - they all started with why. Simon Sinek explains the framework needed for businesses to move past knowing what they do to how they do it, and then to ask the more important question - Why? Why do we do what we do? Why do we exist? Learning to ask these questions can unlock the secret to inspirational business. Sinek explains what it truly takes to lead and inspire and how anyone can learn how to do it.


If the experts could point to any single book as a starting point for understanding the subject of intelligence from the late twentieth century to today, that single book would be Allen W. Dulles's The Craft of Intelligence. This classic of spycraft is based on Allen Dulles's incomparable experience as a diplomat, international lawyer, and America's premier intelligence officer. Dulles was a high-ranking officer of the CIA's predecessor--the Office of Strategic Services--and was present at the inception of the CIA, where he served eight of his ten years there as director. Here he sums up what he learned about intelligence from nearly a half-century of experience in foreign affairs. In World War II his OSS agents penetrated the German Foreign Office, worked with the anti-Nazi underground resistance, and established contacts that brought about the Nazi military surrender in North Italy. Under his direction the CIA developed both a dedicated corps of specialists and a whole range of new intelligence devices, from the U-2 high-altitude photographic plane to minute electronic listening and transmitting equipment. Dulles reveals much about how intelligence is collected and processed, and how the resulting estimates contribute to the formation of national policy. He discusses methods of surveillance, and the usefulness of defectors from hostile nations. His knowledge of Soviet espionage techniques is unrivaled, and he explains how the Soviet State Security Service recruited operatives and planted "illegals" in foreign countries. He spells out not only the techniques of modern espionage but also the philosophy and role of intelligence in a free society threatened by global conspiracies. Dulles also addresses the Bay of Pigs incident, denying that the 1961 invasion was based on a CIA estimate that a popular Cuban uprising would ensue. This account is enlivened with a wealth of personal anecdotes. It is a book for readers who seek wider understanding of the contribution of intelligence to our national security.


Gene Kranz was present at the creation of America's manned space program and was a key player in it for three decades. As a flight director in NASA's Mission Control, Kranz witnessed firsthand the making of history. He participated in the space program from the early days of the Mercury program to the last Apollo mission, and beyond. He endured the disastrous first years when rockets blew up and the United States seemed to fall further behind the Soviet Union in the space race. He helped to launch Alan Shepard and John Glenn, then assumed the flight director's role in the Gemini program, which he guided to fruition. With his teammates, he accepted the challenge to carry out President John F. Kennedy's commitment to land a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s. Kranz was flight director for both Apollo 11, the mission in which Neil Armstrong fulfilled President Kennedy's pledge, and Apollo 13. He headed the Tiger Team that had to figure out how to bring the three Apollo 13 astronauts safely back to Earth. (In the film "Apollo 13, " Kranz was played by the actor Ed Harris, who earned an Academy Award nomination for his performance.) In "Failure Is Not an Option, " Gene Kranz recounts these thrilling historic events and offers new information about the famous flights. What appeared as nearly flawless missions to the Moon were, in fact, a series of hair-raising near misses. When the space technology failed, as it sometimes did, the controllers' only recourse was to rely on their skills and those of their teammates. Kranz takes us inside Mission Control and introduces us to some of the whiz kids -- still in their twenties, only a few years out of college -- who had to figure it all out as they went along, creating a great and daring enterprise. He reveals behind-the-scenes details to demonstrate the leadership, discipline, trust, and teamwork that made the space program a success. Finally, Kranz reflects on what has happened to the space program and offers his own bold suggestions about what we ought to be doing in space now. This is a fascinating firsthand account written by a veteran mission controller of one of America's greatest achievements.


We consider a popular game puzzle, called Hats-on-a-line , wherein a warden has $n$ prisoners, each one wearing a randomly assigned black or white hat, stand in a line. Thus each prisoner can see the colors of all hats before him, but not his or of those behind him. Everyone can hear the answer called out by each prisoner. Based on this information and without any further communication, each prisoner has to call out his hat color starting from the back of the line. If he gets it right, he is released from the prison, otherwise he remains incarcerated forever. The goal of the team is to devise a strategy that maximizes the number of correct answers. A variation of this problem asks for the solution for an arbitrary number of colors. In this paper, we study the standard Hats-on-a-line problem and its natural extensions. We demonstrate an optimal strategy when the seeing radius and/or the hearing radius are limited. We show for certain orderings that arise from a (simulated) game between the warden and prisoners, how this problem relates to the theory of covering codes. Our investigations lead to two optimization problems related to covering codes in which one leads to an exact solution (for binary codes). For instance, we show that for $0


Scientific progress in the last two centuries has allowed a great development of industrial production activities, modifying the relationship between mankind and the environment. In particular, the exploitation of natural resources has led to changes in the environment, often irreversibly. This raises the need to develop, in parallel to the new technologies, research aimed on the one hand at preventing potential ecological disasters, the other at remedying in case of contamination. In this frame, great are the efforts by developed countries to stimulate applied research for the rehabilitation of polluted sites.


We show that in the presence of a chemical potential, black hole evaporation generates baryon number. If the inflaton or Ricci scalar is derivatively coupled to the B-L current, the expansion of the universe acts as a chemical potential and splits the energy levels of particles and their anti-particles. The asymmetric Hawking radiation of primordial black holes can thus be used to generate a B-L asymmetry. If dark matter is produced by the same mechanism, the coincidence between the mass density of visible and dark matter can be naturally explained.


The book explores the relationship between violence against women on one hand, and the rights to health and reproductive health on the other. It argues that violation of the right to health is a consequence of violence, and that (state) health policies might be a cause of – or create the conditions for – violence against women. It significantly contributes to feminist and international human rights legal scholarship by conceptualising a new ground-breaking idea, violence against women's health (VAWH), using the Hippocratic paradigm as the backbone of the analysis. The two dimensions of violence at the core of the book – the horizontal, 'interpersonal' dimension and the vertical 'state policies' dimension – are investigated through around 70 decisions of domestic, regional and international judicial or quasi-judicial bodies (the anamnesis). The concept of VAWH, drawn from the anamnesis, enriches the traditional concept of violence against women with a human rights-based approach to autonomy and a reflection on the pervasiveness of patterns of discrimination (diagnosis). VAWH as theorised in the book allows the reconceptualisation of states' obligations in an innovative way, by identifying for both dimensions obligations of result, due diligence obligations, and obligations to progressively take steps (treatment). The book eventually asks whether it is not international law itself that is the ultimate cause of VAWH (prognosis).


Strategies of plastic film mulching and fertilization of field in semiarid regions of northwest China are analyzed in this paper. The theory and approach of niche-fitness are introduced into the research on field management. Mathematical model of niche-fitness is constructed to evaluate the adaptive extent of Lilium davidii var . unicolor to mulching and fertilization and their effect on growth and yield. Compared with those under non-mulching, the plants under mulching had a larger leaf area index (LAI); fertilization increased the plant LAI under both mulching and no-mulching, and the largest LAI was achieved under the combination of mulching and fertilization. The average values of niche-fitness, bulb yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of Lilium davidii var . unicolor under mulching were significantly higher than those under non-mulching. Either non-mulching or mulching, the average values of niche-fitness, bulb yield and WUE increased with the increase of fertilizer supply. These findings might be helpful to the farmland mulching-fertilizer management in semiarid regions.


French Cultural Studies: An Introduction challenges received theories about France and French culture. The book takes into account the major changes which have been taking place in the context of French Studies in both secondary and higher education, with the focus shifting to a broader range of cultural forms. The Introduction adopts an interdisciplinary approach in its wide-ranging study of French culture and society since 1870, emphasizing recent and contemporary developments. It suggests new ways of looking at France and the French-speaking world through the ideas, images, and narratives of more than a century of turbulent history and political change.
As well as looking at the literary, artistic, and intellectual culture for which France is renowned, the authors examine audio-visual media, popular culture, and cultural policy. They follow the stages of French history through periods of industrialization and war, reconstruction and modernization, and the crises and revolutions of post-colonialism and postmodernity. Also explored are the development of interconnecting patterns and cultural forms, in addition to the ways in which culture has shaped and refected social and historical change.
Copiously illustrated, and with guidance for further reading, this fascinating and authoritative work will be essential reading for anyone interested in modern and contemporary French society and its culture.


In this interview, Green Illusions author Ozzie Zehner says that alternative energy technologies such as solar cells and wind turbines have become fetishes and spectacles that do nothing to offset coal use. Instead, he says, these technologies serve mostly as symbols that distract Americans and prevent them from considering cleaner and more affordable solutions to climate change and other environmental problems. He argues that subsidizing alternative energy technologies actually has a boomerang effect: By making energy cheaper for consumers, it increases the demand for energy. Zehner criticizes electric cars as inventions that are no better for the environment than gasoline-powered vehicles and that simply perpetuate a vehicle-centered culture. He describes how media coverage of energy-producing technologies such as solar cells and biofuels soars along with gas prices, while coverage of energy-saving technologies such as insulation stagnates. In Zehner's view, Americans don't have an energy crisis; they have a consumption crisis. He recommends that, instead of concentrating so much effort on developing alternative technologies, each of which comes with an unavoidable downside, environmentalists should focus on social and political programs—he cites youth cycling programs as one example—that are good for public health as well as the planet. Zehner suggests that such programs need to provide immediate personal benefits and long-term climate stabilization.