This Article explores the Eleventh Circuit's repeated rejection of challenges, under the First Amendment's Free Exercise Clause and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act ("RLUIPA"), to "restrictive" inmate grooming policies (that require inmates to shave or cut their hair) in suits brought by plaintiffs who subscribe to a religion that mandates the growing of facial hair or long hair. It suggests, based on an analysis of case law, states' policies, and recent legal developments, that the Eleventh Circuit's approach in upholding these policies is no longer sustainable. Today, thirty-nine states, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and D.C., do not have restrictive grooming policies or expressly grant religious exemptions to such policies, leaving only eleven states -- including the three states within the Eleventh Circuit -- that enforce restrictive grooming policies without the availability of a religious exemption. Also of note is the fact that the Department of Justice has intervened recently in two RLUIPA cases on behalf of inmates, arguing that the restrictive grooming policies of California and Alabama must be invalidated unless the state can present evidence that the "specific plaintiffs" in the suit have given rise to a penological concern that justifies the policies. California settled its case and agreed to eliminate its restrictive grooming policy. Against this backdrop, the Eleventh Circuit's routine defense of restrictive grooming policies seems out of step and at least worthy of scrutiny.Accordingly, I propose the following: assuming that a state's restrictive grooming policy requiring the cutting or shaving of hair substantially burdens a sincere religious practice of an inmate, and that the state's penological interests undergirding the policies (such as security and order) are compelling, a court must probe the state as to why the existence of medical exemptions does not undermine these proffered interests and why restrictive grooming policies applied to inmates with relevant religious views is necessary given the fact that a vast and growing majority of jurisdictions do not have such policies or affirmatively grant religious exemptions despite sharing the same underlying penological interests as those states with restrictive grooming codes. A state with a restrictive grooming policy may satisfactorily defend these policies only by showing a particularized evidentiary basis for why the specific inmate in question poses an actual or threatened risk to a penological interest that supports the challenged policies. This searching standard, I posit, should replace the more deferential standard that the Eleventh Circuit has applied. If adopted, the Eleventh Circuit would not only maximize the religious freedom of inmates, but prevent states from circumventing liability and restricting religious exercise by merely reciting its penological interests and providing generalized support for its policies. The court would also bring itself in line with what appears to be a shift in the ability of states to meet its penological goals without resorting to restrictions on grooming.


Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a multifaceted vascular disease where development and severity are determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Over the past decade, there has been an acceleration of the discovery of molecular effectors that mediate PH pathogenesis, including large numbers of microRNA molecules that are expressed in pulmonary vascular cell types and exert system-wide regulatory functions in all aspects of vascular health and disease. Due to the inherent pleiotropy, overlap, and redundancy of these molecules, it has been challenging to define their integrated effects on overall disease manifestation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the roles of microRNAs in PH with an emphasis on potential methods to discern the hierarchical motifs governing their multifunctional and interconnected activities. Deciphering this higher order of regulatory structure will be crucial for overcoming the challenges of developing these molecules as biomarkers or therapeutic targets, in isolation or combination.


Public sociology is all too often presented as the polar opposite of the detached, purely objective observation of society (Clawson et al., 2007). Such a portrayal is misleading, for it tends to give credence to the idea that academic sociology is torn between two extremes, the political and the empirical poles. In this article I will not contest this divide from within. I shall not, for instance, claim that sociology is inherently politicised, each epistemology necessarily proposing a different ontology (Blau and Smith, 2006). Considering the problem differently, and referring to a historical period spanning from the late 19th century to about 1980 (Fournier, 1986; Warren, 2003), I propose a three-faceted portrait of sociology. In my view, the discipline is structured around not two but three fundamental axes or dimensions: professional, descriptive, and political, embodying three essential aims. In turn, these constitute the respective roles it can play in academia and society depending on the specific publics it seeks to address. In his much debated ASA 2004 presidential speech, Burawoy (2005a) has claimed that public sociology should be defined by its audience, whether academic (professional, critical) or extra-academic (policy and public). Without directly challenging this view, I intend in this paper to illustrate how the scholar's individual positioning offers a slightly different perception of public sociology than the discipline's external dynamics.


In clinical praxis, the question as to whether it is possible – based on a dream report – to make any inferences about the characteristics of the dreamer often arises. For the present study, gender was selected for the matching task. The judges were able to match the dreamer's gender based on a single dream report better than chance. The rate of correct decisions (57.5% to 64%), however, was not very high, so that a reliable matching for a single case is not possible. It must be concluded that even for simple characteristics more dream material is necessary to make a valid prediction. Interestingly, the female judges have been more confident in matching women's dreams correctly than men's dream; a findings which was not found for the male judges. Qualitative studies are necessary to identify specific dream characteristics that facilitate the correct matching.


The interest in and need for monitoring and reporting on arterial traffic conditions have increased with the growing implementation of both traffic management and traveler information systems. Because an increasing number of travelers are turning to the Internet for information, agencies are seeking ways to present arterial traffic data on this medium that are both understandable and useful to the public. At the same time, these same data must provide additional operational insight to public agency traffic management staff. However, although the idea of reporting arterial conditions is similar to that of monitoring and reporting freeway traffic conditions, different and innovative methods appear necessary for arterials because freeways and arterials differ in many aspects, particularly the effects of signals on traffic flow and speed. The research approach for this project consists of a literature search, a series of personal interviews, and the development and user testing of alternative Internet-based information displays. The results of the study confirm that jurisdictions have a high level of interest in obtaining arterial traffic condition information for both arterial management and public information purposes. However, existing sensor coverage and equipment capabilities, as well as the manner in which data are (or are not) captured, require that much work be done before existing data sources can supply traffic data to Internet-based display systems. The study results provide some basic guidelines agencies can follow to obtain traffic information if no existing data sources are available, along with recommendations for presenting that arterial traffic data to the public.


In his book American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War, Professor Christian Fritz argues that two very different conceptions of the American people's sovereignty - one broad and one narrow - battled for the nation's allegiance in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Under the broad conception, ordinary citizens could take control of the nation's day-to-day governmental affairs whenever they were unhappy with their elected leaders' performance, and could alter their constitutional arrangements by any means they deemed appropriate. Under the narrow conception, citizens could influence day-to-day governmental affairs only through elections and other government-approved mechanisms, and could alter their constitutional arrangements only by those methods that were authorized by the ratified constitutional texts themselves. In Professor Fritz's view, the broad conception faded from view in the years after the Civil War and the narrow conception now firmly prevails. This review disputes Professor Fritz's claim that the broad conception of the people's sovereignty no longer plays a viable role in American politics. Citizens do still sometimes intervene directly in the nation's day-to-day governmental affairs in ways that the people's elected leaders have not approved, and they do alter their constitutional landscape by means other than those that the nation's ratified constitutional texts explicitly authorize. More fundamentally, the American people have learned that they can transcend the more extreme elements of the broad and narrow conceptions of the people's sovereignty. By engaging with their elected leaders in what can be called the "sovereignty dance," the sovereign people have learned that they can retain ultimate control over their government while still permitting government leaders to retain the credibility and power they need in order to do the people's work.


See also: Sharecropping [2] Near Duck, NC, ca. 1939. From the Farrell Photo Collection, PhC.9, North Carolina State Archives, call #: PhC9_2_85_36, Raleigh, NC. [3] Crop lien system was inaugurated in North Carolina in March 1867, when the General Assembly passed an Act to Secure Advances for Agricultural Purposes [4]. Most former Confederate [5] states passed similar laws during this time. They were made necessary by a post-Civil War [6] cash shortage among both landowning and nonlandowning farmers, who found it difficult to purchase provisions for their families. Under the crop lien system, farmers could get fertilizer, farming equipment, groceries, and other goods by giving merchants a lien on their cash crops, the most desirable being cotton and tobacco. By providing credit until crops were harvested, merchants were allowed to charge higher prices for such purchases-usually adding a markup of 20 to 50 percent, but in some cases much higher. A rapid proliferation of country stores across North Carolina and the South was the result. Abuses in the crop lien system reduced many tenant farmers to a state of economic slavery, as their debts to landlords and merchants carried over from one year to the next. Many landowners joined the ranks of farm tenants when excessive indebtedness led to foreclosure. An 1887 report of the state's Bureau of Labor Statistics stated that the crop lien system had proven "a worse curse to North Carolina than droughts, floods, cyclones, storms, rust, caterpillars, and every other evil that attends the farmer." North Carolina leaders of the Farmers Union [7], which flourished from 1908 until the end of World War I [8], sought to abolish the crop lien system. Although ultimately not successful, they were able to see a bill go into effect in 1918 making it unlawful for merchants to accept more than 10 percent security above cash prices when goods were bought on time. A rapid decline in farm tenancy after 1940 brought a corresponding decline in the number of crop liens, especially those signed over to supply-merchants. Landlords and farm lending institutions still use crops as debt security on a regular basis, although under more stringent protective legislation. References: Hugh T. Lefler and Albert Ray Newsome, North Carolina: The History of a Southern State (1973). Charles P. Loomis, "Activities of the North Carolina Farmers' Union," NCHR 7 (October 1930). Stuart Noblin, Leonidas LaFayette Polk: Agrarian Crusader (1949). Additional Resources: The Evils of the Crop Lien System, LearnNC: http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newsouth/4400 [9]


In this paper we describe a series of projects on location based and personalised information systems. We start wit a basic research project and we show how we came with the help of two other more application oriented project to a product. This is developed by a consortium of enterprises and it already is in use in the city of Koblenz.


Process Steps: 1. Either: a) a Portable Document Format (PDF) version of the map provided the Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin was converted from pdf to Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) or b) a paper map was scanned and saved in TIFF at 200 dots per inch (dpi) and the original map size. The TIFF file was then opened in Adobe Photoshop, converted from RGB or other multiband mode to Indexed Color or Grayscale, rotated so that the top map neat line was horizontal, set to 200 dpi, and clipped to the neat lines, removing the map collar. A version with the map collar was retained. 2. Using tools within ArcGIS 10.2, both the collared and collarless Indexed Color TIF images were then either: a) georeferenced to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone 14, North American Datum 1927 (NAD27) coordinates using a digital 1:24,000 U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle index map from the Texas Natural Resources Information Services as the referencing layer or b) georeferenced to World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) geographic coordinates using the map corner coordinates for reference. Keyhole Markup Language (KML, KMZ) and GeoPDF map versions were created from these georeferenced maps by tools and export options in ArcGIS.
 Up to five different georeferenced versions of the original map and, when available, the map pamphlet, are available for download. The versions, as distinguished by Download File name, are: 1) Mapname.pdf: a GeoPDF of the collarless map referenced to UTM zone 14 coordinates relative to the NAD27 datum. The acronym "GAT" (Geologic Atlas of Texas) indicates the source and a map original available only at a small scale (1:250,000). 2) Mapname.kmz: a KML version of the collarless map for viewing in Google Earth. The spatial reference is geographic coordinates relative to the WGS84 datum. 3) Mapname_GCSWGS84_collarless.zip: zipped files that include a collarless map in TIFF format and ancillary ArcGIS v. 10.2 georeferencing files and metadata. The spatial reference is geographic coordinates relative to the WGS84 datum. 4) Mapname_UTM_collarless.zip: a zipped file that includes a collarless map in TIFF format and ancillary ArcGIS v. 10.2 georeferencing files and metadata. The spatial reference is UTM zone 14 coordinates relative to the NAD27 datum. 5) Mapname_with_collar.zip: the same as above but with the map collar still intact. 6) Mapname_pamphlet.pdf: a copy of the map pamphlet in PDF format.
 Any file name beginning with "GAT" indicates a map that was clipped from the Geologic Atlas of Texas (scale 1:250,000), the only published source for that area, and thus a much smaller-scale map than all other quadrangles.
 Further metadata for each map version are available in Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)-compliant metadata file within the zip files, or in the document properties of the GeoPDF and KML files when opened in Adobe Acrobat or Google Earth.


What does it mean for a patent holder to commit to a standard-setting organization (SSO) to license its standard-essential patents (SEPs) on fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory (FRAND) terms? When is a royalty FRAND? Drawing from both legal theory and economic theory, I propose an interpretation of FRAND that distinguishes and reconciles the conflicting definitions of FRAND and provides courts a practical approach to identifying FRAND royalties. A proper understanding of a FRAND royalty requires recognizing the combinatorial value of standard-essential patents. That recognition reveals the fallacy in attempting to apply the "ex ante incremental value" rule to the determination of a FRAND royalty. FRAND royalties divide the aggregate royalties generated by the standard among the holders of patents essential to the standard. Such a division should maximize the surplus resulting from the standard's creation. It must also satisfy an individual-rationality constraint for the patent holder and the licensee, thereby encouraging continued participation in the setting and implementation of open standards, as opposed to greater reliance on proprietary standards.


Conservative estimates indicate that at least 740 000 men, women, youth and children die each year as a result of armed violence, most of them in low- and medium-income settings. The majority of these deaths occur in situations other than war, though armed conflicts continue to generate a high incidence of casualties. Approaches to preventing and reducing these deaths and related suffering are becoming increasingly important on the international agenda. In spite of the global preoccupation with the costs and consequences of armed violence, comparatively little evidence exists about how to stem its risks and effects. Virtually no information is available on Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention interventions, much less their effectiveness.
This publication aims to fill this gap. It seeks to generate more understanding of what works and what does not, to stimulate further evaluation and to contribute to more effective and efficient policies and programmes.
A large-scale mapping of Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention activities around the world form the basis of analysis, focusing primarily on programming trends in six countries – Brazil, Burundi, Colombia, Liberia, South Africa and Timor-Leste. These countries represent the very different programming contexts – from high rates of urban criminal violence to protracted post-conflict insecurity – in which development practitioners are currently engaged.
While offering new data and analysis, this assessment builds directly on the 2009 publication Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development.


We show that the numerical strong disorder renormalization group algorithm of Hikihara et al. [Phys. Rev. B 60, 12116 (1999)] for the one-dimensional disordered Heisenberg model naturally describes a tree tensor network (TTN) with an irregular structure defined by the strength of the couplings. Employing the holographic interpretation of the TTN in Hilbert space, we compute expectation values, correlation functions, and the entanglement entropy using the geometrical properties of the TTN. We find that the disorder-averaged spin-spin correlation scales with the average path length through the tensor network while the entanglement entropy scales with the minimal surface connecting two regions. Furthermore, the entanglement entropy increases with both disorder and system size, resulting in an area-law violation. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of a self-assembling TTN approach to disordered systems and quantitatively validate the connection between holography and quantum many-body systems.


Grants play a major role in higher education, including kinesiology. However, critical commentaries on the role of external funds appear nonexistent in kinesiology. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to outline the most common criticisms of grants to stimulate a conversation in kinesiology. First, I discuss benefits of grants. Second, I examine the role of grants in higher education. Third, I discuss how external funds are not required to contribute meaningful research. Fourth, I examine how a major reason for grants, to produce research publications, often goes unfullfilled. Fifth, I show how the development of grant applications (especially unsuccessful applications) is an inefficient expenditure of resources. Sixth, I discuss how pursuing grants can be detrimental to other important academy goals. Seventh, I examine how grants may negatively influence faculty and administrator morale and quality of life. Eighth, I report on some common criticisms of the grant review process and discuss some alternative reviewing systems. Finally, I end with a brief summary and some recommendations.


Since December 1998, the Japanese government has formally committed itself to undertake cooperative technological research with the US into Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD). Japanese government policy-makers stress that the BMD project remains at present purely at the research stage, and that separate government decisions will be necessary before any progression towards the stages of development, production and deployment. Nevertheless, even at the research phase it is clear that both Japanese policy-makers involved with BMD and outsider commentators alike envisage a host of problems associated with the project at each potential stage of its development, and which have implications for Japan's entire security policy. The problems include the feasibility of BMD technology, cost-effectiveness evaluations, constitutional issues, and the strategic implications of BMD for its relations with the Korean Peninsula, the US, and China.

The argument of this paper is that for Japanese policy-makers the pursuit of BMD will make the security relationship with China, which has already become highly complex due to the introduction since 1997 of the revised Guidelines for US-Japan Defence Cooperation, even more fraught and hazardous. Indeed, it may be the case that BMD, to a far greater extent than the revised Guidelines, contains the potential to bring existing Sino-Japanese, Sino-US, and US-Japan security tensions to a head, with destabilising effects for each of these bilateral relationships and for regional and global security as a whole. Specifically, the paper makes this argument based on the fact that, even though the revised Guidelines have without doubt been responsible for ratcheting up security tensions amongst Japan, China and the US over the last three years and been capable of sparking conflict through the miscalculation of any of the three concerned parties, their cautious framing by Japanese policy-makers has provided Japan, the US, and to some extent China also, with sufficient room for strategic manoeuvre to allow them to ameliorate tensions and avoid final conflict scenarios if deemed necessary. However, in contrast to the uncomfortable but near tolerable modus vivendi offered to all sides by the revised Guidelines, it can be argued that BMD presents Japan with a qualitatively more dangerous challenge for the management of its bilateral security relations with China and the US-Japan alliance. This is because the inherent technological and military logic of BMD dictates that Japan becomes more fully integrated than ever before in US military strategy in East Asia and towards China. Taken to its extreme, and without sufficiently careful management by Japanese policy-makers, the subsequent logic of BMD could be to undermine Japan's political, diplomatic and strategic freedom and to set it on a collision course with China's perceived inviolable security interests.

Nevertheless, as indicated above, this paper also argues that the BMD issue, although it possesses a greater potential than the revised Guidelines to eliminate Japanese 'escape clauses' in managing its strategic relations with China and the US, could, if managed with the same type of dogged skill that was shown during the Guidelines review, also be turned to the perceived advantage of Japan's security. Thus, this paper seeks not only to evaluate the potential risks and advantages of BMD for Japanese security, but also how these are perceived by Japan's security policy-makers themselves and what strategies, if any, they have devised to navigate their way through these.


Background/Context Improved professional development for teachers and principals is central to our national educational agenda. Principals struggle with the challenge of how to build school climates that improve practice in an era of heightened accountability and increasingly complex adaptive challenges. Purpose/Objective/Research Questions/Focus of Study While researchers have investigated for more than 100 years the importance of building healthy school climates that support adult learning, it is essential to examine how principals shape school climates, given the challenging educational demands educators face in contemporary society. More specifically, how do principals shape growth-enhancing climates that support adult learning as they work to manage adaptive challenges (i.e., situations in which both the problem and the solution are unclear)? What effective strategies do principals, who serve in different types of schools (i.e., public, independent, and Catholic), employ to shape climates that are common across different contexts and which, if any, are distinct? The purpose of this investigation was to address these questions to offer insight into a way to accomplish the national goal of supporting teacher development by identifying leadership strategies for building school climates that foster teacher learning. Findings reported here stem from a larger research study that addressed the following meaningful, practical, and theoretical research questions: (a) How do principals shape school climates to promote adult learning? (b) What practices do principals use to support teachers' transformational learning (growth)? (c) How do principals support their own development? (d) What developmental principles underlie practices that support transformational learning? In this article, I focus on the first two research questions to address one major area of inquiry stemming from the larger study—namely, how do principals shape growth-enhancing climates in diverse contexts? In so doing, I describe (a) how principals serving in different types of schools describe their priorities and practices for shaping climates supportive of teacher learning, (b) principals' conceptions of their roles as shapers of climates supportive of teacher learning, and (c) principals' challenges and creative strategies for shaping these school climates. Although this research was conducted before the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act, identifying learning-oriented leadership practices that cultivate growth-enhancing school climates proves all the more necessary given the complexity of leadership today. Research Design Through qualitative interviews and document analysis, this study—conducted as part of a larger investigation of developmentally based principal leadership practices—explored how 25 principals from different types of schools with varying financial resources responded to the challenges (e.g., financial, human, time, increased accountability) they encountered in shaping school climates that were supportive of teacher learning. Discussion This research identifies strategies that principals in high-, middle- and low-financial resource Catholic, independent, and public schools use to foster school climates that promote teacher learning and development. Nearly all of the principals in this study employed the following leadership imperatives: (a) attending to context-specific priorities for creating and enhancing school climate, (b) cultivating shared values and flexibility, and (c) building a culture of collaboration. Because principals use a variety of approaches to cultivate learning-oriented climates (i.e., those that support adult learning and development) for teachers, this study suggests the need for support in balancing these approaches. In other words, while all of the principals in this study noted the importance of their climate-shaping role and shared some common strategies for doing so, the practices the principals prioritized and used most frequently varied by school type as opposed to financial resource level. More specifically, the public school principals tended to employ mostly managerial leadership strategies to address the financial and structural realities of their settings. All emphasized the importance of building structures for adult collaboration and the essential need to allocate time for collaboration as well. Independent school leaders mostly relied on the flexibility afforded them through their different missions to create structures and cultivate opportunities for collaboration. The Catholic school principals focused more often on visionary leadership to cultivate school climate supportive of adult development in relation to the school's Catholic mission.


An empirical analysis of various waves of the ALLBUS social survey shows that union density fell substantially in western Germany from 1980 to 2004 and in eastern Germany from 1992 to 2004. Such a negative trend can be observed for men and women and for different groups of the workforce. Regression estimates indicate that the probability of union membership is related to a number of personal and occupational variables such as age, public sector employment and being a blue collar worker (significant in western Germany only). A decomposition analysis shows that differences in union density over time and between eastern and western Germany to a large degree cannot be explained by differences in the characteristics of employees. Contrary to wide-spread perceptions, changes in the composition of the workforce seem to have played a minor role in the fall in union density in western and eastern Germany.


Authorized Self-Study Guide Designing Cisco Network Service Architectures (ARCH) Second Edition Foundation learning for ARCH exam 642-873 Keith Hutton Mark Schofield Diane Teare Designing Cisco Network Service Architectures (ARCH), Second Edition, is a Cisco-authorized, self-paced learning tool for CCDP foundation learning. This book provides you with knowledge of the latest developments in network design and technologies, including network infrastructure, intelligent network services, and converged network solutions. By reading this book, you will gain a thorough understanding of issues and considerations for fundamental infrastructure services, including security, network management, QoS, high availability, bandwidth use optimization through IP multicasting, and design architectures for network solutions such as voice over WLAN and e-commerce. Whether you are preparing for CCDP certification or simply want to gain a better understanding of modular campus and edge network design and strategic solutions for enterprise networks such as storage area networking, virtual private networking, advanced addressing and routing, and data centers, you will benefit from the foundation information presented in this book. Designing Cisco Network Service Architectures (ARCH), Second Edition, is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining. Keith Hutton is a lead architect for Bell Canada in the enterprise customer space. Keith still retains his certified Cisco instructor accreditation, as well as the CCDP, CCNP, and CCIP certifications. Mark Schofield has been a network architect at Bell Canada for the past six years. During the past five years, he has been involved in the design, implementation, and planning of large national networks for Bell Canada's federal government customers. Diane Teare is a professional in the networking, training, project management, and e-learning fields. She has more than 20 years of experience in designing, implementing, and troubleshooting network hardware and software, and has been involved in teaching, course design, and project management. Learn about the Cisco SONA framework, enterprise campus architecture, and PPDIOO network life-cycle approach Review high availability designs and implement optimal redundancy Plan scalable EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP designs Implement advanced WAN services Evaluate design considerations in the data center core, aggregation, and access layers Design storage area networks (SANs) and extend the SAN with various protocols Design and tune an integrated e-commerce architecture Integrate firewall, NAC, and intrusion detection/prevention into your network design Design IPsec and SSL remote access VPNs Deploy IP multicast and multicast routing Incorporate voice over WLAN in the enterprise network Utilize the network management capabilities inherent in Cisco IOS software This volume is in the Certification Self-Study Series offered by Cisco Press. Books in this series provide officially developed self-study solutions to help networking professionals understand technology implementations and prepare for the Cisco Career Certifications examinations. Category: Network Design Covers: ARCH exam 642-873


Blinding (masking): in an experimental study, refers to whether patients, clinicians providing an intervention, people assessing outcomes, and/or data analysts were aware or unaware of the group to which patients were assigned. In the design section of Evidence-Based Nursing abstracts of treatment studies, the study is identified as blinded, with specification of who was blinded; unblinded, if all parties were aware of patients' group assignments; or blinded (unclear) if the authors did not report or provide us with an indication of who was aware or unaware of patients' group assignments. Concealment of randomisation: concealment of randomisation is specified in the design section of Evidence-Based Nursing abstracts of treatment studies as follows: allocation concealed (deemed to have taken adequate measures to conceal allocation to study group assignments from those responsible for assessing patients for entry in the trial [ie, central randomisation; sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes; sealed envelopes from a closed bag; numbered or coded bottles or containers; drugs prepared by the pharmacy; or other descriptions that contain elements convincing of concealment]); allocation not concealed (deemed to have not taken adequate measures to conceal allocation to study group assignments from those responsible for assessing patients for entry in the trial [ie, no concealment procedure was undertaken, sealed envelopes that were not opaque or were not sequentially numbered, or other descriptions that contained elements not convincing of concealment]); unclear allocation concealment (the authors did not report or provide a description of an allocation concealment approach that allowed for the classification as concealed or not concealed). Confidence interval (CI): quantifies the uncertainty in measurement; usually reported as 95% CI, which is the range of values within which we can be 95% sure that the true value for the whole population lies. Constant comparison: a procedure used in qualitative research wherein newly collected data are compared in an ongoing fashion with data obtained earlier, to refine theoretically relevant categories. Fixed effects model: gives a summary estimate of the magnitude of effect in meta-analysis. It takes into account within-study variation but not between-study variation and hence is usually not used if there is significant heterogeneity. Grounded theory: an approach to collecting and analysing qualitative data with the aim of developing theories grounded in real world observations. Inception cohort: a defined, representative sample of patients is assembled for a study at a common (ideally early) point in their disease or condition and followed up over time. Intention to treat analysis (ITT): all patients are analysed in the groups to which they were randomised, even if they failed to complete the intervention or received the wrong intervention. Number needed to harm (NNH): number of patients who, if they received the experimental treatment, would lead to 1 additional person being harmed compared with patients who receive the control treatment; this is calculated as 1/absolute risk increase (rounded to the next whole number), accompanied by the 95% confidence interval. Number needed to treat (NNT): number of patients who need to be treated to prevent 1 additional negative event (or to promote 1 additional positive event); this is calculated as 1/absolute risk reduction (rounded to the next whole number), accompanied by the 95% confidence interval. Phenomenology: an approach to inquiry that emphasises the complexity of human experience and the need to understand that experience holistically as it is actually lived. Quasi-randomised study: participants are not randomly allocated to groups, but some other form of allocation is used (eg, day of the week, month of birth). Relative benefit increase (RBI): the proportional increase in the rates of good events between experimental and control participants; it is reported as a percentage (%). Relative risk (RR) (risk ratio): proportion of patients experiencing an outcome in the treated (or exposed) group divided by the proportion experiencing the outcome in the control (or unexposed) group. Relative risk increase (RRI): the proportional increase in bad outcomes between experimental and control participants; it is reported as a percentage (%). Relative risk reduction (RRR): the proportional reduction in bad outcomes between experimental and control participants; it is reported as a percentage (%). Standardised mean difference: in a systematic review, a way of combining the results of studies that may have measured the outcome (eg, pain) in different ways, using different scales; effects are expressed as a standard value, with no units (difference between 2 means / estimate of within group standard deviation). Symbolic interaction: a qualitative research method that focuses on the way in which people make sense of social interactions and the meanings they attach to social symbols such as language. Theoretical sampling: in qualitative studies, selection of study participants based on emerging findings to ensure adequate representation of important themes. Weighted: statistical analysis accounts for differences in certain important variables. Weighted mean difference: in a meta-analysis, used to combine outcomes measured on continuous scales (eg, height), assuming that all trials measured the outcome on the same scale; the mean, standard deviation and sample size of each group are known, and weight given to each trial is determined by the precision of its estimate of effect.


There has been a strong call for increased clarity and transparency of method in qualitative research. Although qualitative data analysis has been detailed, data management has not been made as transparent in the literature. How do data collection and analysis interact in practical terms? What constitutes sufficient data? And can research be both planful and emergent? In this paper, the author highlights several methodological strategies for addressing data management challenges in a grounded theory study of preservice mathematics teachers.


Abstract Bilateral trade and capital flows have increased substantially between the United States and China yielding economic gains to both countries. However, these beneficial bilateral relations also bring about global environmental consequences including greenhouse gas emissions. We develop a footloose capital model of international trade between the North (United States) and the South (China) in the presence of a global pollution externality. Each country's share of global pollution depends on its share of world capital. We show that, if the disutility of pollution in the United States is high, there will be pressure on the US to raise environmental regulations on industry. Capital will move to China. Because the increased pollution in China has global effects, the US may not benefit from the environmental restrictions and a joint regulation of pollution by both parties may be a preferred outcome. We also show that the implementation of differential control policies by the parties may also be optimal.


Persistence of updates to remote byte-addressable persistent memory (PM), using RDMA operations (RDMA updates), is a poorly understood subject. Visibility of RDMA updates on the remote server is not the same as persistence of those updates. The remote server's configuration has significant implications on what it means for RDMA updates to be persistent on the remote server. This leads to significant implications on methods needed to correctly persist those updates. This paper presents a comprehensive taxonomy of system configurations and the corresponding methods to ensure correct remote persistence of RDMA updates. We show that the methods for correct, fast remote persistence vary dramatically, with corresponding performance trade offs, between different remote server configurations.


Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have clearly shown the large, arctic and northtemperate
genus Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae) sensu lato is polyphyletic with two distinct
clades: Saxifraga sensu stricto and Micranthes. Six species belonging to Micranthes
exist in the Southern Appalachians, including two questionably distinct species and one
rock outcrop endemic. Taxonomists have traditionally distinguished the very similar M.
careyana and M. caroliniana primarily based on geographic locality and four
morphological characters: sepal orientation (erect or reflexed), filament shape (uniform
or club-shaped), petal coloration (none or 2 yellow spots), and fruit length (2.5-5 or 4-5
mm). The goal of this research was to examine these characters to clarify the taxonomy
of these species and look for molecular differences in the nuclear and chloroplast DNA
regions, and examine the phylogeny of all six Southern Appalachian species in the
context of the entire genus. Several populations of M. careyana and M. caroliniana
from the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province have been examined and material has been
collected for molecular analyses. Populations in the counties of Ashe, Alleghany, and Watauga (North Carolina) and Johnson (Tennessee) displayed reflexed sepals and clubshaped
stamen filaments, consistent with M. caroliniana. Populations examined in
flower in all other counties displayed erect sepals and uniform stamen filaments,
consistent with M. careyana. The other two characters were not useful in distinguishing
these taxa. These differences in floral characters are correlated with mutations in ITS and
trnL-F sequences. In phylogenetic analyses, populations determined to represent M.
caroliniana appear in a distinct clade from those determined to represent M. careyana,
supporting the separation of the two as species. In addition, the high-elevation rock
outcrop endemic M. petiolaris appears in a distinct clade from the other five Southern
Appalachian species, indicating this taxon evolved along a separate lineage and should be
placed in the genus Hydatica in future systematic treatments.


[1] An extensive data set of nitric acid (HNO3) and ozone (O3) measurements has been collected in the lower and middle stratosphere with in situ instruments onboard the NASA WB-57F aircraft and remote sounding instruments that include the JPL MkIV Interferometer, the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder, and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer. The measurements utilized in this study span a broad latitudinal range between the deep tropics and northern high latitudes. The data are used to establish the robustness of the HNO3-O3 correlation in the stratosphere and the latitudinal dependence in the correlation. Good agreement is found among the HNO3-O3 correlations observed with the various instruments. Comparing HNO3-O3 correlations relaxes the coincidence criteria necessary when making direct comparisons of HNO3 measurements and allows meaningful comparisons between data sets that are not closely matched in time or space. The utility of this correlation is further demonstrated by establishing vertical profiles of proxy HNO3 mixing ratios using the observed correlation and widely available ozonesonde data. These profiles expand the range of data available for validating remote measurements of HNO3. The HNO3-O3 correlation is also demonstrated as a diagnostic for identifying locally enhanced HNO3 in the upper troposphere. In situ measurements of HNO3 near the tropical tropopause during the Aura validation campaigns are consistent with ACE-FTS observations, with both revealing extremely low mixing ratios (<125 ppt) and a HNO3 minimum in this region.


Maize is an important staple crop for millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa. The crop grows in a wide range of environmental conditions. The present study was performed to analyze the genotype-by-environment (G×E) interaction for grain yield of fourty two single cross hybrids grown in three environments located at different agro-ecological zones of Kenya. The maize genotypes were grown in randomized complete block design with three replicates in 2006 and 2007. Grain yield data of the single cross hybrids was analysed using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and GGE biplot methods. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) analysis of variance (additive main effects) showed significant effects for genotypes, environment and the genotype by environment interaction. The total proportion contributed by environment and G x E interaction accounted for 78% and 10% of the total variation. The results also showed that 64.5% of the total variation was contributed by the environment while the genotype and interaction was associated with 20.7% and 10.3% of the total variation, respectively. The most stable genotype in the high yielding group in this study was CML312/TZMI 711 (X20), followed by genotypes TZMI 102/CML384 (designated as X33), and CML312/TZMI 712 (X21). The genotype CML312/TZMI 711 (designated as X20) could be used for broad selection since it was found to be the most ideal genotypes with both high mean yield and high stability. In the biplot analysis, X20 was also close to the origin, had the shortest vector from the ATC and with large PC1 scores (high mean yield) and small (absolute) PC2 scores (high stability) implying it had the least contribution to genotype by environment interaction (GEI). Through the stability analysis, the superior genotypes identified could also be used as references for genotype evaluation and also included in further testing in both early and later stages of selection.


Blinding (masking): in an experimental study, refers to whether patients, clinicians providing an intervention, people assessing outcomes, and/or data analysts were aware or unaware of the group to which patients were assigned. In the design section of Evidence-Based Nursing abstracts of treatment studies, the study is identified as blinded, with specification of who was blinded; unblinded, if all parties were aware of patients' group assignments; or blinded (unclear) if the authors did not report or provide us with an indication of who was aware or unaware of patients' group assignments. Concealment of randomisation: concealment of randomisation is specified in the design section of Evidence-Based Nursing abstracts of treatment studies as follows: allocation concealed (deemed to have taken adequate measures to conceal allocation to study group assignments from those responsible for assessing patients for entry in the trial [ie, central randomisation; sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes; sealed envelopes from a closed bag; numbered or coded bottles or containers; drugs prepared by the pharmacy; or other descriptions that contain elements convincing of concealment]); allocation not concealed (deemed to have not taken adequate measures to conceal allocation to study group assignments from those responsible for assessing patients for entry in the trial [ie, no concealment procedure was undertaken, sealed envelopes that were not opaque or were not sequentially numbered, or other descriptions that contained elements not convincing of concealment]); unclear allocation concealment (the authors did not report or provide a description of an allocation concealment approach that allowed for the classification as concealed or not concealed). Confidence interval (CI): quantifies the uncertainty in measurement; usually reported as 95% CI, which is the range of values within which we can be 95% sure that the true value for the whole population lies. Constant comparison: a procedure used in qualitative research wherein newly collected data are compared in an ongoing fashion with data obtained earlier, to refine theoretically relevant categories. Cluster randomisation: randomisation of groups of people rather than individuals; this approach is often used to avoid "contamination" when the way in which people in one group are treated or assessed is likely to modify the treatment or assessment of people in other groups. Crossover trial: a method of comparing 2 interventions in which patients are switched to the alternative intervention after a specified period of time. Data saturation (saturation, redundancy): process of collecting data in a qualitative research study to the point where no new themes are generated. Fixed effects model: gives a summary estimate of the magnitude of effect in meta-analysis. It takes into account within-study variation but not between-study variation and hence is usually not used if there is significant heterogeneity. Heterogeneity: the degree to which the effect estimates of individual studies in a meta-analysis differ significantly. Intention to treat analysis (ITT): all patients are analysed in the groups to which they were randomised, even if they failed to complete the intervention or received the wrong intervention. Logistic regression: a statistical technique that determines the probability of a dependent variable (outcome) occurring when the independent (explanatory) variables are present or absent when the outcome is a dichotomous (binary) variable. It determines whether a model that includes the variable(s) explains more about the outcome variable than a model that does not include the variable(s). Number needed to treat (NNT): number of patients who need to be treated to prevent 1 additional negative event (or to promote 1 additional positive event); this is calculated as 1/absolute risk reduction (rounded to the next whole number), accompanied by the 95% confidence interval. Number needed to harm (NNH): number of patients who, if they received the experimental treatment, would lead to 1 additional person being harmed compared with patients who receive the control treatment; this is calculated as 1/absolute risk increase (rounded to the next whole number), accompanied by the 95% confidence interval. Odds ratio (OR): describes the odds of a patient in the experimental group having an event divided by the odds of a patient in the control group having the event or the odds that a patient was exposed to a given risk factor divided by the odds that a control patient was exposed to the risk factor. Random effects model: gives a summary estimate of the magnitude of effect in meta-analysis. It takes into account both within-study and between-study variance and gives a wider confidence interval to the estimate than a fixed effects model if there is significant between-study variation. Relative benefit increase (RBI): the proportional increase in the rates of good events between experimental and control participants; it is reported as a percentage (%). Relative risk increase (RRI): the proportional increase in bad outcomes between experimental and control participants; it is reported as a percentage (%). Relative risk reduction (RRR): the proportional reduction in bad outcomes between experimental and control participants; it is reported as a percentage (%). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve: an analysis used to assess the clinical usefulness of a diagnostic or screening test. It yields a score that has the highest rates of both sensitivity and specificity with respect to a diagnosis−that is, a score that will give the maximum rate of accurate classifications. Sensitivity: a measure of a diagnostic test's ability to correctly detect a disorder when it is present in a sample of people. Specificity: a measure of a diagnostic test's ability to correctly identify the absence of a disorder in a sample of people who do not have the disorder. Weighted mean difference: in a meta-analysis, used to combine outcomes measured on continuous scales (eg, height), assuming that all trials measured the outcome on the same scale; the mean, standard deviation and sample size of each group are known, and weight given to each trial is determined by the precision of its estimate of effect.


Revolutions in semiconductor device miniaturization, bioelectronics, and applied neural control technologies are enabling scientists to create machine-assisted minds, science fiction's "cyborgs." In a paper published in 1999, we sought to draw attention to the advances in prosthetic devices, to the myriad of artificial implants, and to the early developments of this technology in cochlear and retinal implants. Our concern, then and now, was to draw attention to the ethical issues arising from these innovations. Since that time, breakthroughs have occurred at a breathtaking pace. Scientists, researchers, and engineers using differing methodologies are pursuing the possibilities of direct interfaces between brains and machines. Technological innovations as such are neither good nor evil; it is the uses devised for them that create moral implications. As there can be ethical problems inherent in the proper human uses of technologies and because brain chips are a very likely future technology, it is prudent to formulate policies and regulations that will mitigate their ill effects before the technologies are widespread. Unlike genetic technologies, which have received widespread scrutiny within the scientific community, national governments, and international forums, brain–machine interfaces have received little social or ethical scrutiny. However, the potential of this technology to change and significantly affect humans is potentially far greater than that of genetic enhancements, because genetic enhancements are inherently limited by biology and the single location of an individual, whereas hybrids of human and machine are not so restricted. Today, intense interest is focused on the development of drugs to enhance memory; yet, these drugs merely promise an improvement of normal memory, not the encyclopedic recall of a computer-enhanced mind combined with the ability to share information at a distance. The potential of brain chips for transforming humanity are astounding. This paper describes advances in hybrid brain–machine interfaces, offers some likely hypotheses concerning future developments, reflects on the implications of combining cloning and transplanted brain chips, and suggests some potential methods of regulating these technologies.We are grateful to Prof. Michah D. Hester for helpful comments on this article.


Cataclysmic Binaries are semi-detached binaries consisting of a white dwarf or a white dwarf precursor primary and a low-mass secondary which is filling its critical Roche lobe. The secondary is not necessarily unevolved, it may even be a highly evolved star as for example in the case of the AM CVn-type stars.
Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries are semi-detached binaries consisting of either a neutron star or a black hole primary, and a low-mass secondary which is filling its critical Roche lobe.

Related Objects are detached binaries consisting of either a white dwarf or a white dwarf precursor primary and of a low-mass secondary. The secondary may also be a highly evolved star.

The catalogue lists coordinates, apparent magnitudes, orbital parameters, stellar parameters of the components and other characteristic properties of 572 cataclysmic binaries, 80 low-mass X-ray binaries and 142 related objects with known or suspected orbital periods together with a comprehensive selection of the relevant recent literature. In addition the catalogue contains a list of references to published finding charts for 761 of the 794 objects. A cross-reference list of alias object designations concludes the catalogue. Literature published before 31 December 2004 has, as far as possible, been taken into account.

This catalogue supersedes the 5th edition (catalogue) and the updated lists by Ritter and Kolb (1995; catalogue) (1998; catalogue).


What is the representation in early vision? Considerable research has demonstrated that the representation is not equally faithful throughout the visual field; representation appears to be coarser in peripheral and unattended vision, perhaps as a strategy for dealing with an information bottleneck in visual processing. In the last few years, a convergence of evidence has suggested that in peripheral and unattended regions, the information available consists of local summary statistics. Given a rich set of these statistics, many attributes of a pattern may be perceived, yet precise location and configuration information is lost in favor of the statistical summary. This representation impacts a wide range of visual tasks, including peripheral identification, visual search, and visual cognition of complex displays. This paper discusses the implications for understanding visual perception, as well as for imaging applications such as information visualization.


In late 1888, only weeks before his final collapse into madness, Nietzsche (1844 1900) set out to compose his autobiography, and Ecce Homo remains one of the most intriguing yet bizarre examples of the genre ever written. In this extraordinary work Nietzsche traces his life, work and development as a philosopher, examines the heroes he has identified with, struggled against and then overcome Schopenhauer, Wagner, Socrates, Christ and predicts the cataclysmic impact of his forthcoming revelation of all values'. Both self-celebrating and self-mocking, penetrating and strange, Ecce Homo gives the final, definitive expression to Nietzsche's main beliefs and is in every way his last testament.


The present research combines different paradigm in the area of visual perception of letter and words. These experiments aimed to understand the deficit underlying the problem associated with the faulty visual processing of letters and words. The present work summarizes the findings from two different types of population: (1) Dyslexics (reading-disabled children) and (2) Illiterates (adults who cannot read). In order to compare the results, comparisons were made between literate and illiterate group; dyslexics and control group (normal reading children). Differences for Even related potentials (ERP's) between dyslexics and control children were made using mental rotation task for letters. According to the ERP's, the effect of the mental rotation task of letter perception resulted as a delayed positive component and the component becomes less positive when the task becomes more difficult (Rotation related Negativity – RRN). The component was absent for dyslexics and present for controls. Dyslexics also showed some late effects in comparison to control children and this could be interpreted as problems at the decision stage where they are confused as to the letter is normal or mirrored. Dyslexics also have problems in responding to the letters having visual or phonological similarities (e.g. b vs d, p vs q). Visually similar letters were used to compare dyslexics and controls on a symmetry generalization task in two different contrast conditions (low and high). Dyslexics showed a similar pattern of response, and were overall slower in responding to the task compared to controls. The results were interpreted within the framework of the Functional Coordination Deficit (Lachmann, 2002). Dyslexics also showed delayed response in responding to the word recognition task during motion. Using red background decreases the Magnocellular pathway (M-pathway) activity, making more difficult to identify letters and this effect was worse for dyslexics because their M-pathway is weaker. In dyslexics, the M-pathway is worse; using a red background decreases the M activity and increases the difficulty in identifying lexical task in motion. This effect generated worse response to red compared to the green background. The reaction times with red were longer than those with green background. Further, Illiterates showed an analytic approach to responding to letters as well as on shapes. The analytic approach does not result from an individual capability to read, but is a primary base of visual organization or perception.


Mindfulness has been found to be related to improved athletic performance and propensity to achieve flow states. The relationship between mindfulness and flow has only recently been examined in elite athletes. To build on this literature, we administered the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Dispositional Flow Scale to 92 elite athletes. Psychometric analyses supported the validity of the FFMQ. Males scored higher than females on the FFMQ facet of Nonjudging of Inner Experience. Athletes from individual and pacing sports scored higher on the FFMQ facet of Observing than athletes from team-based and nonpacing sports. Correlations between mindfulness and flow were stronger in athletes from individual and pacing sports compared with team-based and nonpacing sports. Mindfulness correlated with different facets of flow in males compared with females. The results support the use of the five-facet mindfulness construct in elite athletes and suggest the relationship between mindfulness and flow ...


While always a fundamental part of the design world, textiles have only recently become more integrated into interior product design during the past few years. In particular this kind of exploration gives the product a hand-made
authentic quality rooted in traditional craft history. The term "nostalgia remix" both taps current terms in the popular design media, and refers to a concept defined by Judith Cushman-Hammer, lecturer at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. The term then suggests both an examination of the past and a
contemplation of the future of product design. The intent of "nostalgic remix" design, or contemporary designs created with a traditional quality, is to evoke feelings of familiarity and awaken memories; to create products that have an
emotional element connected to something recognizable from the past. The thesis investigation develops and evaluates a design process that fuses traditional craft techniques, such as sewing, quilting, and weaving, with
contemporary interior product design. The "cocoon" line of products, created through a generative hands-on design process, consists of items intended to help create personal space, privacy, and comfort. This design process encompasses textile arts, or products with a textile component, specifically products that soften the environment.


The manuscripts British Library, Sloane MS 2593, Bodleian Library, MS Eng. poet. e.1, and St John's College, Cambridge, MS S.54 are compact collections of song lyrics written during the fifteenth century, largely without notation. My thesis seeks to develop responsive ways of reading these anthologies and uses the manuscripts to illumine the creative processes that produced and circulated their songs. I integrate attention to song lyrics within the material books and exploration of wider textual networks. As many of the anthologies' texts are in
carol form, a combination of refrain parts and stanzas, the books provide an opportunity to examine the form's identity and significance within fifteenth-century English songwriting.
The thesis is in three parts and the first introduces critical approaches to the manuscripts and the carol, followed by an examination of the books and their contexts, especially manuscripts with which the anthologies have textual connections. The central section investigates the songs' production and circulation by examining textual networks, how the anthologies were written, how the songs may have been performed, and the role of memory in shaping the songs and anthologies. The final part explores women's role in the songs, the range of forms used, and the centrality of the many imagined voices and performances within the texts.
This is the first extended study focused upon these three sources, which as anthologies offer insight into ways songs were shared and organised. I investigate the role of short collections and booklets in the construction of longer
anthologies, and the possibility of an especially productive song culture within fifteenth-century East Anglia. Rather than repeating assertions familiar from
earlier studies of carols that the anthologies' songs are either popular or clerical productions, I suggest how the anthologies engage with communal performance cultures and participate in varied song traditions, from liturgy to lullaby.


Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.


Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs) are ubiquitous in Artificial Intelligence. The backtrack algorithms that maintain some local consistency during search have become the de facto standard to solve CSPs. Maintaining higher levels of consistency, generally, reduces the search effort. However, due to ineffective constraint propagation, it often penalises the search algorithm in terms of time. If we can reduce ineffective constraint propagation, then the effectiveness of a search algorithm can be enhanced significantly. In order to do so, we use a probabilistic approach to resolve when to propagate and when not to. The idea is to perform only the useful consistency checking by not seeking a support when there is a high probability that a support exists. The idea of probabilistic support inference is general and can be applied to any kind of local consistency algorithm. However, we shall study its impact with respect to arc consistency and singleton arc consistency (SAC). Experimental results demonstrate that enforcing probabilistic SAC almost always enforces SAC, but it requires significantly less time than SAC. Likewise, maintaining probabilistic arc consistency and maintaining probabilistic SAC require significantly less time than maintaining arc consistency and maintaining SAC.


The purpose to this article is to narratively explore the process of doing research in a transcultural setting. The research project was an ethographic design using the method of participant observation. The setting was the highlands of Guatemala, and the participants were traditional indigenous midwives with a divine mandate to practice. Using the experience of the research process, the author makes recommendations to future student researchers.


Our age is retrospective. It builds the sepulchres of the fathers. It writes biographies, histories, and criticism. The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face; we, through their eyes. Why should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe? Why should not we have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs? Embosomed for a season in nature, whose floods of life stream around and through us, and invite us by the powers they supply, to action proportioned to nature, why should we grope among the dry bones of the past, or put the living generation into masquerade out of its faded wardrobe? The sun shines to-day also.


"This research investigated the collective interactions between hamstrings extensibility, anterior knee laxity, and hamstrings and quadriceps muscle activation as predictors of anterior knee shear forces during single-leg landings in females. Forty-five healthy, recreationally active females participated in a single data collection session during which hamstrings muscle extensibility and anterior knee laxity were measured, followed by measurement of surface electromyography of the quadriceps and hamstrings and estimation of anterior knee shear forces during single-leg landings. Five single-leg drop landings were conducted from a 30 cm platform positioned 30% of the height of the participant behind the center of a force plate. Electromyographic data were normalized to maximum volitional isometric contractions at 30' of knee flexion, and forces were normalized to body weight. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the ability of hamstrings extensibility, anterior knee laxity, and hamstrings and quadriceps pre- and post-landing activation amplitudes to predict initial, rate, and peak anterior knee shear forces during the landings. The primary findings were that hamstrings pre-landing activation negatively predicted anterior knee shear force at initial ground contact and positively predicted the rate of anterior knee shear force development following landing. Furthermore, peak anterior knee shear force following the landings was positively predicted by hamstrings post-landing activation and negatively predicted by hamstrings pre-landing activation. Anterior knee laxity, hamstrings extensibility, and quadriceps pre- and post-landing activations did not significantly add to the prediction of anterior knee shear forces. Hence, it was concluded that hamstrings activation was the primary predictor of anterior knee shear forces during single-leg landings in females. "--Abstract from author supplied metadata.


In Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously affirmed Congress's power under the Commerce Clause to pass Title II, the public accommodations component of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (CRA). The Johnson Administration expressed hope that this unanimous decision would aid the "reasonable and responsible acceptance" of the CRA. A less familiar legacy of this case is the role played by the Thirteenth Amendment and its declaration that "neither slavery and involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States." The owner of the Heart of Atlanta Motel unsuccessfully invoked this amendment to challenge Title II, drawing on a particular conception of private property. The Court rejected this argument briskly. Looking at this case in isolation would leave a modern reader ignorant of the role played by the Thirteenth Amendment in the debate over the enactment of Title II. This article revisits the Heart of Atlanta Motel case, drawing on contemporaneous press coverage and legal commentary about it and related legal challenges. It then shows how, when Congress considered Title II, proponents and opponents both appealed to the Thirteenth Amendment. The Administration and Congressional supporters emphasized the Commerce power as the constitutional hook for Title II, mindful of the Court's invalidation, in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), of the Reconstruction-era public accommodations law of 1875 and of the fate of Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment arguments there. However, they appealed to the Thirteenth Amendment, in conjunction with the Fourteenth Amendment, and to the unfinished business of Reconstruction. The Thirteenth Amendment, they argued, sought to abolish all the incidents of slavery and to secure full citizenship; racial discrimination in public accommodations was a continuing badge of servitude. By contrast, opponents of Title II (e.g., Senator Strom Thurmond) argued that the Thirteenth Amendment forbade Title II; they equated "involuntary servitude" with "rendering involuntary service" and with violating private property rights. This claim returns in the Heart of Atlanta challenge and the rhetoric of fellow Atlanta restaurant owner (and, later, governor) Lester Maddox. The article concludes by examining the legacy of Heart of Atlanta Motel for later antidiscrimination laws and their critics, focusing on analogies between race discrimination and other forms of discrimination, such as sex and sexual orientation.


This article is based on a study that explored the professional lives of eight leaders of continuing education in Canadian universities, with a focus on their administrative role, to provide a deeper understanding of how they live within their practice (lived experience). A practical listing of 56 horizons of experience was identified, useful as an evolving checklist for university continuing education units and as a self reflection tool for current and future continuing education administrators and leaders. The study provides insight for those considering leadership positions and for those interested in understanding the complexities of the role of leader. On a philosophical level, six essences of lived experience were revealed: responsibility, balance, connectedness, impact, voice, and passion. The experience of leadership through individuals who experience the phenomena provides critical understanding of the realities of practice.


Proponents of local food cite a variety of economic and environmental advantages of short food supply chains. Consumer interest in local food has also offered a point of differentiation for many players in the food industry, including restaurants and grocery stores. Engaging with local food has significant challenges, however, and many production and distribution systems engender and support more diffuse food provisioning, not less. Though food can travel thousands of miles from its point of origin to consumption, many cooperative (co-op) grocery stores have long sold locally-produced food and have deep ties to their supplier communities. This thesis offers case studies of two co-ops in the natural and organic food sector and examines how they think about and work with local food. The theories of embeddedness (after Polanyi) and diverse economies (from Gibson-Graham) undergird the analyses of these co-ops' involvement with local food and how the cooperative business model relates to it.


Actuators are critical to all the robotic and manipulation mechanisms that are used in current and future NASA missions, and are also needed for many other industrial, aeronautical, and space activities. There are many types of actuators that were designed to operate as linear or rotary motors, but there is still a need for low-force, low-noise linear actuators for specialized applications, and the disclosed mechanism addresses this need. A simpler implementation of a rotary actuator was developed where the end effector controls the motion of a brush for cleaning a thermal sensor. The mechanism uses a SMA (shape-memory alloy) wire for low force, and low noise. The linear implementation of the actuator incorporates a set of springs and mechanical hard-stops for resetting and fault tolerance to mechanical resistance. The actuator can be designed to work in a pull or push mode, or both. Depending on the volume envelope criteria, the actuator can be configured for scaling its volume down to 4x2x1 cu cm. The actuator design has an inherent fault tolerance to mechanical resistance. The actuator has the flexibility of being designed for both linear and rotary motion. A specific configuration was designed and analyzed where fault-tolerant features have been implemented. In this configuration, an externally applied force larger than the design force does not damage the active components of the actuator. The actuator housing can be configured and produced using cost-effective methods such as injection molding, or alternatively, its components can be mounted directly on a small circuit board. The actuator is driven by a SMA -NiTi as a primary active element, and it requires energy on the order of 20 Ws(J) per cycle. Electrical connections to points A and B are used to apply electrical power in the resistive NiTi wire, causing a phase change that contracts the wire on the order of 5%. The actuation period is of the order of a second for generating the stroke, and 4 to 10 seconds for resetting. Thus, this design allows the actuator to work at a frequency of up to 0.1 Hz. The actuator does not make use of the whole range of motion of the SMA material, allowing for large margins on the mechanical parameters of the design. The efficiency of the actuator is of the order of 10%, including the margins. The average dissipated power while driving at full speed is of the order of 1 W, and can be scaled down linearly if the rate of cycling is reduced. This design produces an extremely quiet actuator; it can generate a force greater than 2 N and a stroke greater than 1 cm. The operational duration of SMA materials is of the order of millions of cycles with some reduced stroke over a wide temperature range up to 150 C.


[1] Beginning in 2006, the Indian Ocean experienced climatologically anomalous conditions due to large-scale coupled air-sea interactions that influenced the surface circulation of the equatorial Indian Ocean. Here we present evidence from observations as well as a general circulation model to demonstrate that spring Wyrtki jets (WJ) were weak during the past 6 years and were even reversed to westward flow during 2008. We note that this weakening coincided with uniformly high sea level as well as positive east to west gradient anomalies along the equatorial Indian Ocean during the month of May each year, starting in 2006. The weakened jets occur in conjunction with the latitude of zero zonal wind (LUZ) being close to the equator during these years, resulting in weaker than normal zonal winds along the equator from 2006 and onward. We find that starting in 2006, the normal tendency of westward propagation of the annual harmonic mode switches to eastward propagation, coherent with the wind forcing. In comparison to the annual harmonic component of the zonal current, the weak WJs are mainly associated with the semiannual harmonic WJs, as evident from an amplitude reduction of that mode by at least 0.3 m s−1 during the post-2005 period. Our analysis demonstrates that the variance explained by the semiannual harmonic is reduced to half (30–40%) at the core of the WJ in 2006 and later years in comparison with earlier years when it was 70–80%.


Although ceramics have been known to mankind literally for millennia, research has never ceased. Apart from the classic uses as a bulk material in pottery, construction, and decoration, the latter half of the twentieth century saw an explosive growth of application fields, such as electrical and thermal insulators, wear-resistant bearings, surface coatings, lightweight armour, or aerospace materials. In addition to plain, hard solids, modern ceramics come in many new guises such as fabrics, ultrathin films, microstructures and hybrid composites.
Built on the solid foundations laid down by the 20-volume series Materials Science and Technology, Ceramics Science and Technology picks out this exciting material class and illuminates it from all sides.
Materials scientists, engineers, chemists, biochemists, physicists and medical researchers alike will find this work a treasure trove for a wide range of ceramics knowledge from theory and fundamentals to practical approaches and problem solutions.


The present work "Materwave Optics with Dark-state Polaritons: Applications to Interferometry and Quantum Information" deals in a broad sense with the subject of dark-states and in particular with the so-called dark-state polaritons introduced by M. Fleischhauer and M. D. Lukin. The dark-state polaritons can be regarded as a combined excitation of electromagnetic fields and spin/matter-waves. Within the framework of this thesis the special optical properties of the combined excitation are studied. On one hand a new procedure to spatially manipulate and to increase the excitation density of stored photons is described and on the other hand the properties are used to construct a new type of Sagnac Hybrid interferometer. The thesis is devided into four parts. In the introduction all notions necessary to understand the work are described, e.g.: electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), dark-state polaritons and the Sagnac effect. The second chapter considers the method developed by A. Andre and M. D. Lukin to create stationary light pulses in specially dressed EIT-media. In a first step a set of field equations is derived and simplified by introducing a new set of normal modes. The absorption of one of the normal modes leads to the phenomenon of pulse-matching for the other mode and thereby to a diffusive spreading of its field envelope. All these considerations are based on a homogeneous field setup of the EIT preparation laser. If this restriction is dismissed one finds that a drift motion is superimposed to the diffusive spreading. By choosing a special laser configuration the drift motion can be tailored such that an effective force is created that counteracts the spreading. Moreover, the force can not only be strong enough to compensate the diffusive spreading but also to exceed this dynamics and hence to compress the field envelope of the excitation. The compression can be discribed using a Fokker-Planck equation of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type. The investigations show that the compression leads to an excitation of higher-order modes which decay very fast. In the last section of the chapter this exciation will be discussed in more detail and conditions will be given how the excitation of higher-order modes can be avoided or even suppressed. All results given in the chapter are supported by numerical simulatons. In the third chapter the matterwave optical properties of the dark-state polaritons will be studied. They will be used to construct a light-matterwave hybrid Sagnac interferometer. First the principle setup of such an interferometer will be sketched and the relevant equations of motion of light-matter interaction in a rotating frame will be derived. These form the basis of the following considerations of the dark-state polariton dynamics with and without the influence of external trapping potentials on the matterwave part of the polariton. It will be shown that a sensitivity enhancement compared to a passive laser gyroscope can be anticipated if the gaseous medium is initially in a superfluid quantum state in a ring-trap configuration. To achieve this enhancement a simultaneous coherence and momentum transfer is furthermore necessary. In the last part of the chapter the quantum sensitivity limit of the hybrid interferometer is derived using the one-particle density matrix equations incorporating the motion of the particles. To this end the Maxwell-Bloch equations are considered perturbatively in the rotation rate of the noninertial frame of reference and the susceptibility of the considered 3-level \(\Lambda\)-type system is derived in arbitrary order of the probe-field. This is done to determine the optimum operation point. With its help the anticipated quantum sensitivity of the light-matterwave hybrid Sagnac interferometer is calculated at the shot-noise limit and the results are compared to state-of-the-art laser and matterwave Sagnac interferometers. The last chapter of the thesis originates from a joint theoretical and experimental project with the AG Bergmann. This chapter does no longer consider the dark-state polaritons of the last two chapters but deals with the more general concept of dark states and in particular with the transient velocity selective dark states as introduced by E. Arimondo et al. In the experiment we could for the first time measure these states. The chapter starts with an introduction into the concept of velocity selective dark states as they occur in a \(\Lambda\)-configuration. Then we introduce the transient velocity selective dark-states as they occur in an particular extension of the \(\Lambda\)-system. For later use in the simulations the relevant equations of motion are derived in detail. The simulations are based on the solution of the generalized optical Bloch equations. Finally the experimental setup and procedure are explained and the theoretical and experimental results are compared.


Sixteen years of low-resolution Landsat 5 and 7 satellite images were used to construct Boolean images of snow cover over the Drakensberg through a GIS. Contemporary patterns of snow cover, including altitudinal variations, were determined for individual months and various seasons. The seasonal occurrence and spatial influence of various snow-producing weather systems were determined through remote sensing and the consultation of daily climate data and synoptic charts. A proportional relationship was found between altitude of snow-covered pixels and the number of occurrences that pixels were covered in snow. The highest incidence and most widespread snow cover occurred from June to August; spring snow occurred preferentially in the central and southern Drakensberg regions. Cold fronts and associated cut-off lows accounted for about 80% of snow cover over the Drakensberg.


Ahlswede, Aydinian, and Khachatrian posed the following problem: what is the maximum number of Hamming weight $w$ vectors in a $k$-dimensional subspace of $\mathbb{F}_2^n$? The answer to this question could be relevant to coding theory, since it sheds light on the weight distributions of binary linear codes. We give some partial results. We also provide a conjecture for the complete solution when $w$ is odd as well as for the case $k \geq 2w$ and $w$ even. One tool used to study this problem is a linear map that decreases the weight of nonzero vectors by a constant. We characterize such maps.


This thesis investigates the mechanisms applying in the interpretation of syntactic chains. The theoretical background includes a translation of syntactic forms into semantic forms and a model theoretic explication of the meaning of semantic forms. Simplicity considerations apply to all three stages of the interpretation process: syntactic derivation, translation into semantic forms, interpretation of semantic forms. Three main results are achieved. The first is that trace positions can have semantic content beyond what is needed for the semantic dependency of trace and binder. This extra content is some or all of the lexical material of the head of the chain, as expected on the copy theory of movement. Two independent arguments support this conclusion. One, discussed in chapter 2, is based on the distribution of Condition C effects, where novel interactions between variable binding, antecedent contained deletion and Condition C are observed. The second, developed in chapter 3, is based on conditions on the identity of traces observed in antecedent contained deletion constructions. Both arguments lead to the same generalizations about what lexical material of the head is interpreted in the trace position. The second main result is that lambda calculus is superior to both standard predicate logic and combinatorial logic as the mathematical model for the semantic mechanism mediating the dependency of trace (or bound pronoun) and binder. Chapter 4 argues this on the basis of the distribution of focus and destressing in constructions with bound pronouns. The third main result is that quantification must be allowed to range over pointwise different choice functions. Chapter 5 shows that quantification over individuals is insufficient, and that pointwise different choice functions are required. The result entails that the syntactic difference of A-chains and A-bar chains predicts a semantic difference in the type of the variable involved, which is argued to explain weak crossover phenomena. Chapters 6 argues that the interpretation procedures developed in the preceeding chapters account for all cases. It is shown that only traces of the type of individuals arise, and that scope reconstruction is a phonological phenomenon. The latter result also supports the T-model of syntax.


For decades, Arctic temperatures have increased twice as fast as average global temperatures. As a first step toward quantifying parametric uncertainty in Arctic climate, we performed a variance‐based global sensitivity analysis (GSA) using a fully coupled, ultra‐low resolution (ULR) configuration of version 1 of the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1). Specifically, we quantified the sensitivity of six quantities of interests (QOIs), which characterize changes in Arctic climate over a 75 year period, to uncertainties in nine model parameters spanning the sea ice, atmosphere, and ocean components of E3SMv1. Sensitivity indices for each QOI were computed with a Gaussian process emulator using 139 random realizations of the random parameters and fixed preindustrial forcing. Uncertainties in the atmospheric parameters in the Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB) scheme were found to have the most impact on sea ice status and the larger Arctic climate. Our results demonstrate the importance of conducting sensitivity analyses with fully coupled climate models. The ULR configuration makes such studies computationally feasible today due to its low computational cost. When advances in computational power and modeling algorithms enable the tractable use of higher‐resolution models, our results will provide a baseline that can quantify the impact of model resolution on the accuracy of sensitivity indices. Moreover, the confidence intervals provided by our study, which we used to quantify the impact of the number of model evaluations on the accuracy of sensitivity estimates, have the potential to inform the computational resources needed for future sensitivity studies.


The rheological properties of the major minerals of the Earth's mantle are still not well constrained. However, these properties are crucial for the understanding of a wide range of processes in the Earth's interior such as mantle convection. The purpose of this work is to address the issue of the rheology of the lowermost upper mantle and of the transition zone through the mechanical properties at high pressure of olivine (with forsterite composition Mg2SiO4) and of its high-pressure polymorphs wadsleyite and ringwoodite. Indeed, the properties of the Earth's mantle can be inferred as a first approximation from the mechanical properties of those polymorphs which volumetrically dominate the mineralogy of the region of concern. Deformation experiments have been performed on hot-pressed forsterite samples and on pre-synthesized wadsleyite and ringwoodite samples under pressure conditions of the Earth's mantle and at 1300-1400°C. The possible influence of the phase transformation from forsterite to wadsleyite on rheology has been also investigated. Deformation has been achieved by shear using the Kawai-type multianvil apparatus. Complementary experiments on forsterite have been performed in the newly developed Deformation-DIA. Some of them have been carried out on a synchrotron beam line to perform in-situ stress and strain measurements. In order to gain a maximum of information on the deformation mechanisms and on the Crystallographic Preferred Orientation (CPO), a special attention has been devoted to the microstructural characterisation of the samples. Electron BackScattering Diffraction (ESBD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) have been mainly used. An important pressure-induced change in deformation mechanism is shown in forsterite. The deformation of forsterite at high pressure and temperature is dominated by the [001](hk0) slip system rather than the [100](010) glide which is extensively observed at low pressure and high temperature.. Concerning the high-pressure polymorphs, their plastic behaviour has been studied with a strong emphasis on the formation of CPO. ViscoPlastic Self Consistent (VPSC) modelling is used to link the CPO with known elementary deformation mechanisms of these phases. The main features of the CPO of wadsleyite are characterized by the alignment of the [100] axes parallel to the shear direction and the alignment of the [001] axes toward the normal to the shear plane. Too many uncertainties remain on the ringwoodite CPO for them being used to interpret seismic anisotropy. Finally, we suggest that strain-induced CPO might be responsible for the seismic anisotropy observed in the lowermost upper mantle and in the upper part of the transition zone. The low seismic anisotropy of the lowermost upper mantle can be explained from the slip system change in forsterite and the CPO of wadsleyite point toward a dominant tangential flow in the upper part of the transition zone.


Your Nikon D90 digital camera offers professional-quality features like 11-point autofocus, Live View, and the ability to shoot HD video. Take full advantage of every feature with Nikon D90 For Dummies! This fun and easy guide helps you understand and use all the dials and modes, manage photo size and quality, take creative control with manual settings, and share your images in print or online. With this full-color book, getting great shots is a snap. Youll learn to: Format memory cards, use Live View, create custom settings, and change lenses Use thumbnail and calendar displays and picture data, and get tips for inspecting your photos Control aperture, shutter speed, and ISO; work with active D-lighting; and use various flash modes Take control of lighting, exposure, and color Set up, shoot, and review photos using the viewscreen Record HD video, including sound, and know what your D90 can and cant do Download, organize, and archive your images, share them in prints, e-mails, or slide shows, and use Nikons photo management software Decide when you should use JPEG and when to use NEF Adjust resolution for optimum print quality or file size Photographic expert Julie Adair King also shares secrets for getting the best point-and-shoot pictures, why you might not want to use the top image quality setting, and much more. Grab your Nikon D90 and Nikon D90 For Dummies, and start shooting!


The first comprehensive guide to discovering and preventing attacks on the Android OSAs the Android operating system continues to increase its share of the smartphone market, smartphone hacking remains a growing threat. Written by experts who rank among the world's foremost Android security researchers, this book presents vulnerability discovery, analysis, and exploitation tools for the good guys. Following a detailed explanation of how the Android OS works and its overall security architecture, the authors examine how vulnerabilities can be discovered and exploits developed for various system components, preparing you to defend against them. If you are a mobile device administrator, security researcher, Android app developer, or consultant responsible for evaluating Android security, you will find this guide is essential to your toolbox. A crack team of leading Android security researchers explain Android security risks, security design and architecture, rooting, fuzz testing, and vulnerability analysis Covers Android application building blocks and security as well as debugging and auditing Android apps Prepares mobile device administrators, security researchers, Android app developers, and security consultants to defend Android systems against attack Android Hacker's Handbook is the first comprehensive resource for IT professionals charged with smartphone security.