"In contemporary electronics 80% of a chip may perform digital functions but the 20%
of analog functions may take 80% of the development time." [1]. Aggravating this, the
demands on analog design is increasing with rapid technology scaling. Most designs
have moved away from analog to digital domains, where possible, however, interacting
with the environment will always require analog to digital data conversion. Adding to
this problem, the number of sensors used in consumer and industry related products are
rapidly increasing. Designers of ADCs are dealing with this problem in several ways, the
most important is the migration towards digital designs and time domain techniques.
Time to Digital Converters (TDC) are becoming increasingly popular for robust signal
processing. Biological neurons make use of spikes, which carry spike timing information
and will not be affected by the problems related to technology scaling. Neuromorphic
ADCs still remain exotic with few implementations in sub-micron technologies Table 2.7.
Even among these few designs, the strengths of biological neurons are rarely exploited.
From a previous work [2], LUCOS, a high dynamic range image sensor, the efficiency
of spike processing has been validated. The ideas from this work can be generalized to
make a highly effective sensor signal conditioning system, which carries the promise to
be robust to technology scaling.
The goal of this work is to create a novel spiking neural ADC as a novel form of a
Multi-Sensor Signal Conditioning and Conversion system, which
• Will be able to interface with or be a part of a System on Chip with traditional
analog or advanced digital components.
• Will have a graceful degradation.
• Will be robust to noise and jitter related problems.
• Will be able to learn and adapt to static errors and dynamic errors.
• Will be capable of self-repair, self-monitoring and self-calibration
Sensory systems in humans and other animals analyze the environment using several
techniques. These techniques have been evolved and perfected to help the animal sur-
vive. Different animals specialize in different sense organs, however, the peripheral
neural network architectures remain similar among various animal species with few ex-
ceptions. While there are many biological sensing techniques present, most popularly
used engineering techniques are based on intensity detection, frequency detection, and
edge detection. These techniques are used with traditional analog processing (e.g., colorvi
sensors using filters), and with biological techniques (e.g. LUCOS chip [2]). The local-
ization capability of animals has never been fully utilized.
One of the most important capabilities for animals, vertebrates or invertebrates, is the
capability for localization. The object of localization can be predator, prey, sources of
water, or food. Since these are basic necessities for survival, they evolve much faster
due to the survival of the fittest. In fact, localization capabilities, even if the sensors
are different, have convergently evolved to have same processing methods (coincidence
detection) in their peripheral neurons (for e.g., forked tongue of a snake, antennae of
a cockroach, acoustic localization in fishes and mammals). This convergent evolution
increases the validity of the technique. In this work, localization concepts based on
acoustic localization and tropotaxis are investigated and employed for creation of novel
ADCs.
Unlike intensity and frequency detection, which are not linear (for e.g. eyes saturate in
bright light, loose color perception in low light), localization is inherently linear. This
is mainly because the accurate localization of predator or prey can be the difference
between life and death for an animal.
Figure 1 visually explains the ADC concept proposed in this work. This has two parts.
(1) Sensor to Spike(time) Conversion (SSC), (2) Spike(time) to Digital Conversion(SDC).
Both of the structures have been designed with models of biological neurons. The
combination of these two structures is called SSDC.
To efficiently implement the proposed concept, a comparison of several biological neural
models is made and two models are shortlisted. Various synapse structures are also
studied. From this study, Leaky Integrate and Fire neuron (LIF) is chosen since it
fulfills all the requirements of the proposed structure. The analog neuron and synapse
designs from Indiveri et. al. [3], [4] were taken, and simulations were conducted using
cadence and the behavioral equivalence with biological counterpart was checked. The
LIF neuron had features, that were not required for the proposed approach. A simple
LIF neuron stripped of these features and was designed to be as fast as allowed by the
technology.
The SDC was designed with the neural building blocks and the delays were designed
using buffer chains. This SDC converts incoming Time Interval Code (TIC) to sparse
place coding using coincidence detection. Coincidence detection is a property of spiking
neurons, which is a time domain equivalent of a Gaussian Kernel. The SDC is designed to
have an online reconfigurable Gaussian kernel width, weight, threshold, and refractory
period. The advantage of sparse place codes, which contain rank order coding wasvii
Figure 1: ADC as a localization problem (right), Jeffress model of sound localization
visualized (left). The values t 1 and t 2 indicate the time taken from the source to s1 and
s2 respectively.
described in our work [5]. A time based winner take all circuit with memory was created
based on a previous work [6] for reading out of sparse place codes asynchronously.
The SSC was also initially designed with the same building blocks. Additionally, a
differential synapse was designed for better SSC. The sensor element considered wasviii
a Wheatstone full bridge AMR sensor AFF755 from Sensitec GmbH. A reconfigurable
version of the synapse was also designed for a more generic sensor interface.
The first prototype chip SSDCα was designed with 257 modules of coincidence detectors
realizing the SDC and the SSC. Since the spike times are the most important information,
the spikes can be treated as digital pulses. This provides the capability for digital
communication between analog modules. This creates a lot of freedom for use of digital
processing between the discussed analog modules. This advantage is fully exploited
in the design of SSDCα. Three SSC modules are multiplexed to the SDC. These SSC
modules also provide outputs from the chip simultaneously. A rising edge detecting fixed
pulse width generation circuit is used to create pulses that are best suited for efficient
performance of the SDC. The delay lines are made reconfigurable to increase robustness
and modify the span of the SDC. The readout technique used in the first prototype is
a relatively slow but safe shift register. It is used to analyze the characteristics of the
core work. This will be replaced by faster alternatives discussed in the work. The area
of the chip is 8.5 mm 2 . It has a sampling rate from DC to 150 kHz. It has a resolution
from 8-bit to 13-bit. It has 28,200 transistors on the chip. It has been designed in 350
nm CMOS technology from ams. The chip has been manufactured and tested with a
sampling rate of 10 kHz and a theoretical resolution of 8 bits. However, due to the
limitations of our Time-Interval-Generator, we are able to confirm for only 4 bits of
resolution.
The key novel contributions of this work are
• Neuromorphic implementation of AD conversion as a localization problem based
on sound localization and tropotaxis concepts found in nature.
• Coincidence detection with sparse place coding to enhance resolution.
• Graceful degradation without redundant elements, inherent robustness to noise,
which helps in scaling of technologies
• Amenable to local adaptation and self-x features.
Conceptual goals have all been fulfilled, with the exception of adaptation. The feasibility
for local adaptation has been shown with promising results and further investigation is
required for future work. This thesis work acts as a baseline, paving the way for R&D
in a new direction. The chip design has used 350 nm ams hitkit as a vehicle to prove
the functionality of the core concept. The concept can be easily ported to present
aggressively-scaled-technologies and future technologies.


Tasik Chini, the second largest fresh water lake in Malaysia, is the land of Aboriginals or Orang Asli typically known as Orang Jakun. The Jakun community was highly dependent on the local ecosystem for their livelihood during the early years of their settlement in surrounding areas of Tasik Chini, particularly on the richness of the 12 sea or lauts of Tasik Chini. The mainstay of the economy during the last two decades was mainly forest base activities including fishing, herbs gathering and hunting. Due to the rapid development in late 1990s, Tasik Chini has been reported to experience substantial depletion of natural and cultural resources. The situations have called various stakeholders to conduct further researches, which in turn, drew that there is an urgency for the establishment of conservation and proper restoration plans as well as sustainable lake management plans. Most importantly, initiatives for nominating Tasik Chini to be the pioneer Biosphere Reserve in Malaysia has attracted many stakeholders including, the state government, University and NGOs. Definitely, this concept is very new among stakeholders and raises many questions. Moreover, little is known and ventured on topics of the Jakuns' livelihood, especially on matters concerning their preferences and practices in economic, social and environment. Do the earnings in the modern economy raised the standard of living? Do they escape from poverty? Do they look forward to further developments? Based on a survey conducted in six kampongs of Tasik Chini in year 2007 and two consequent visits to Kg. Gumum and Kg.Tg Puput in 2008 and 2009, this paper aims to uncover to what extent the dynamism of the livelihood of the Jakun community supports the sustainable livelihood. This includes the socio-demography, education, economic activities and their perceptions' on existing development as well as their future involvements and aspirations for Tasik Chini as the Biosphere Reserve. The findings revealed that the local traditions and activties as well as ecotourism support the sustainability of Tasik Chini, while the penetration of the modern plantation economy has helped them to experience better livelihood. At the local understanding of the Jakuns, sustainablity means integraty of local tradition and modern economy as well as not depriving them to quality livelihood. Keywords Sustainable livelihood, Jakun, socio economy, wealth creation, local tradition


This paper is an investigation of the National Science Foundation (NSF) funding trends within America's research-active tenured and tenure-track, civil engineering community from 50 major, doctoral-granting institutions, with 5 schools examined in detail. Important questions are raised as to how funding patterns relate to rank and sub-discipline within Civil Engineering, and whether there is a causal link with publication rates. The paper presents key parameters with respect to issues that may be critical for tenure decisions at some institutions. They include total average number of awards per individual, the size of those awards normalized by named participant, and how these values have changed over the past nearly 40 years. These issues are considered for Geotechnical Engineering in comparison to other subdisciplines within Civil Engineering. Funding breakdowns shows a higher reliance of Geotechnical engineers on traditional funding programs within NSF with a profoundly greater capacity to raise money at more senior levels, although these additional resources do not necessarily translate into increased journal publication rates.


Hundreds of millions of consumer and employment contracts include arbitration clauses, class arbitration waivers, and other terms that modify the rules of litigation. These provisions ride the wake of the Supreme Court's expansive interpretation of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). For decades, scholars have criticized the Court's arbitration jurisprudence for distorting Congress's intent and tilting the scales of justice in favor of powerful corporations. This Article claims that the Court's reading of the FAA suffers from a deeper, more fundamental flaw: It has transformed the statute into a private delegation of legislative power. The nondelegation doctrine forbids Congress from allowing private actors to make law unless they do so through a process that internalizes the wishes of affected parties or that is subject to meaningful state oversight. The FAA as construed by the Court violates this rule. First, companies have invoked the statute to create a parallel system of civil procedure for consumer and employment cases. This river of privately made law not only washes away Congress's procedural rulemaking efforts but dilutes the potency of substantive rights. Second, although businesses ostensibly impose these rules through the mechanism of contracting - a process normally rooted in mutual consent - the Court's arbitration case law deviates from traditional contract principles. It funnels consumers and employees into arbitration even when they truthfully claim that they did not agree to arbitrate. Third, despite the fact that the FAA as enacted mandates robust judicial review of privately made procedural rules, the Court has all but abolished this safeguard. This Article concludes that the Court should recognize that the FAA as interpreted raises grave private delegation issues and should thus limit the statute.


Euphemisms are frequently used by speakers of different languages to soften the impact of concepts with the potential to cause offence and social disapproval. Today, the use of euphemisms has increased by the media and new and controversial euphemism have also been born. Bearing these points in mind, this study was carried out with the aim of eliciting and qualitatively examining a number of high-frequency euphemisms employed by English-speaking media. To this end, three high-profile media were selected and their news bulletins were recorded for a three-month-long period. The calculation of frequencies of different euphemisms used by the media organizations revealed that poverty- and military-related euphemism figured prominently in the news bulletins, while euphemisms dealing with economy, disability, death and sex had lower frequencies of use. The qualitative analysis of data revealed insightful points, not least the influence of current and ongoing affairs on the use of euphemisms and the involvement of other non-linguistic factors on media discourse featuring euphemisms.


For both Mac and Windows PC users, Photoshop CS2 is the market leader and industry standard for commercial bitmap image manipulation. Also known as the "digital dark room," Photoshop is the unparalleled tool of choice among graphics professionals and hobby photographers alike. Written by 20-year photo retouching veteran Glenn Honiball, Commercial Photoshop Retouching: In the Studio is the only book to deliver advice for the photographer and artist working with Photoshop CS 2 in a real world commercial environment. Honiball offers incomparable technical and artistic guidance for professionals, graphic artists, photographers, and just about anyone involved in creating and manipulating digital images. Production artists face unrealistically tight deadlines and heavy workloads that leave little time for trial and error. Photo retouchers need practical, immediate Photoshop solutions to help them produce quality images with minimal effort and in a short amount of time. All the tools, techniques, and skills you need to achieve consistent, professional results with Photoshop CS2 can be found in Commercial Photoshop Retouching: In the Studio. Anyone with intermediate-to-advanced Photoshop skills--whether you want to explore photo retouching personally or as an imaging professional or student--can use Commercial Photoshop Retouching: In the Studio to produce sharp, expert, extraordinary photos that don't look retouched. Under Honibell's seasoned direction, you'll be able to tackle your greatest photo-retouching challenges with ease, precision and efficiency. He guides you through Photoshop CS2's new and innovative features; explains advanced capabilities; shows you how to adapt and custom-fit the software to meet your needs; offers time-saving tips for accelerating your workflow; and delivers advice and inspiration for exercising your own creative genius. Commercial Photoshop Retouching: In the Studio is the ideal resource for any digital artist who wants to develop and perfect professional-level retouching using Photoshop CS 2. With this book, you will bring photo correction and manipulation to a whole new level.


This paper points to the poor state of empirical measures of the quality of states, that is, executive branches and their bureaucracies. Much of the problem is conceptual, since there is very little agreement on what constitutes high-quality government. The paper suggests four approaches: (1) procedural measures, such as the Weberian criteria of bureaucratic modernity; (2) capacity measures, which include both resources and degree of professionalization; (3) output measures; and (4) measures of bureaucratic autonomy. The paper rejects output measures, and suggests a two-dimensional framework of using capacity and autonomy as a measure of executive branch quality. This framework explains the conundrum of why low-income countries are advised to reduce bureaucratic autonomy while high-income ones seek to increase it.


In 1993 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced ENERGY STAR (registered trademark), a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products. Since then EPA, now in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), has introduced programs for more than twenty products, spanning office equipment, residential heating and cooling equipment, new homes, commercial and residential lighting, home electronics, and major appliances. We present potential energy, dollar and carbon savings forecasts for these programs for the period 1998 to 2010. Our target market penetration case represents our best estimate of future ENERGY STAR savings. It is based on realistic market penetration goals for each of the products. We also provide results under the assumption of 100 market penetration; that is, we assume that all purchasers buy ENERGY STAR-compliant products instead of standard efficiency products throughout the analysis period. Finally, we assess the sensitivity of our target penetration case forecasts to greater or lesser marketing success by EPA and DOE, lower-than-expected future energy prices, and higher or lower rates of carbon emission by electricity generators. The potential savings of ENERGY STAR are substantial. If all purchasers chose Energy Star-compliant products instead of standard efficiency products over the next 15 years, they would save more than 100 billion on their energy bills during those 15 years. (Bill savings are in 1995 dollars, discounted at a 4 real discount rate.)


For determination of drying kinetics of Thompson seedless grapes a suitable experimental unit for online measurement was designed and fabricated. The drying characteristics of oil emulsion pretreated grapes were measured using ambient air under controlled air temperatures (50 to 80oC) and velocity (0.25 to 1.00 m/s) conditions. Out of the three models considered (Page's, Single term and Two term exponential) Page's model was found to be the most suitable for describing the drying behaviour of the grapes. The dependence of drying constant K of the Page's model on process variables (Temperature and Velocity of Air) was analyzed using Arrhenius and Power Equations. It was found that the Arrhenius Equation gives better values of K than the Power Equation. It is also found that the dependence of another drying constant N of the Page's equation on the process variables can not be described in terms of Arrhenius or power Equations.


In this paper we investigate the problem offending the Nadir point for multicriteria optimization problems (MOP). The Nadir point is characterized by the component wise maximal values of efficient points for (MOP). It can be easily computed in the bicriteria case. However, in general this problem is very difficult. We review some existing methods and heuristics and propose some new ones. We propose a general method to compute Nadir values for the case of three objectives, based on theoretical results valid for any number of criteria. We also investigate the use of the Nadir point for compromise programming, when the goal is to be as far away as possible from the worst outcomes. We prove some results about (weak) Pareto optimality of the resulting solutions. The results are illustrated by examples.


Hausmann, Pritchett, and Rodrik (2005) found that political regime changes, external shocks and economic reforms are statistically significant predictors of growth accelerations. Updating the data from 1992 up to 2000 and correcting for coding errors, this paper argues that the original results are fragile upon changes in period, sample, measures, and inclusion of controls. All the data are provided in a linked appendix.


Traditionally automotive UI focusses on the ergonomic design of controls and the user experience in the car. Bringing networked sensors into the car, connected cars can provide additional information to car drivers and owners, for and beyond the driving task. While there already are technological solutions, such as mobile applications commercially available, research on users' information demands in such applications is scarce. We conducted four focus groups to uncover what kind of information users might be interested in to see on a second dashboard. Our findings show that besides control screens of todays' dashboards, people are also interested in connected car services providing context information for a current driving situation and allowing strategic planning of driving safety or supporting car management when not driving. Our use cases inform the design of content for secondary dashboards for and especially beyond the driving context with a user perspective.


This dissertation deals with two main subjects. Both are strongly related to boundary problems for the Poisson equation and the Laplace equation, respectively. The oblique boundary problem of potential theory as well as the limit formulae and jump relations of potential theory are investigated. We divide this abstract into two parts and start with the oblique boundary problem. Here we prove existence and uniqueness results for solutions to the outer oblique boundary problem for the Poisson equation under very weak assumptions on boundary, coefficients and inhomogeneities. Main tools are the Kelvin transformation and the solution operator for the regular inner problem, provided in my diploma thesis. Moreover we prove regularization results for the weak solutions of both, the inner and the outer problem. We investigate the non-admissible direction for the oblique vector field, state results with stochastic inhomogeneities and provide a Ritz-Galerkin approximation. Finally we show that the results are applicable to problems from Geomathematics. Now we come to the limit formulae. There we combine the modern theory of Sobolev spaces with the classical theory of limit formulae and jump relations of potential theory. The convergence in Lebesgue spaces for integrable functions is already treated in literature. The achievement of this dissertation is this convergence for the weak derivatives of higher orders. Also the layer functions are elements of Sobolev spaces and the surface is a two dimensional suitable smooth submanifold in the three dimensional space. We are considering the potential of the single layer, the potential of the double layer and their first order normal derivatives. Main tool in the proof in Sobolev norm is the uniform convergence of the tangential derivatives, which is proved with help of some results taken from literature. Additionally, we need a result about the limit formulae in the Lebesgue spaces, which is also taken from literature, and a reduction result for normal derivatives of harmonic functions. Moreover we prove the convergence in the Holder spaces. Finally we give an application of the limit formulae and jump relations. We generalize a known density of several function systems from Geomathematics in the Lebesgue spaces of square integrable measureable functions, to density in Sobolev spaces, based on the results proved before. Therefore we have prove the limit formula of the single layer potential in dual spaces of Soboelv spaces, where also the layer function is an element of such a distribution space.


A building cooling control strategy was developed and tested for a 1.4-million-ft{sup 2} (130,000-m{sup 2}) office building located in Hoffman Estates, Illinois. The goal of the control strategy was to utilize building thermal mass to limit the peak cooling load for continued building operation in the event of the loss of one of the four central chiller units. The algorithm was first developed and evaluated through simulation and then evaluated through tests on two identical buildings. The east building utilized the existing building control strategy, while the west building used the precooling strategy developed for this project. Consistent with simulation predictions, the precooling control strategy successfully limited the peak load to 75% of the cooling capacity for the west building, while the east building operated at 100% of capacity. Precooling of the building mass provided an economical alternative to the purchase of an additional chiller unit. The estimated cost of installing an additional chiller was approximately $500,000. Computer models developed for this project also showed that precooling based upon cooling cost minimization could result in savings of approximately $25,000 per month during the peak cooling season. The building model was validated with experimental results and could be used in themore » development of a cost minimization strategy.« less


Zambia has been experiencing low livestock productivity as well as trade restrictions owing to the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and contagious bovine pleura pneumonia (CBPP). Foot-and-mouth disease was first recorded in Zambia in 1933 in the Western Province and since then the country has experienced repeated outbreaks. Bearing in mind the pressure that may be existing on the many risk factors for FMD including climate change, there is need to review our knowledge on FMD control. We present the spatial distribution of the FMD outbreaks that have been recorded in Zambia in the last twenty years, and the effect of the vaccinations and movement control that have been applied. We propose further strain characterisation of previous FMD outbreaks, including full sequence of VP1 gene and the 5'UTR site. The data will be geo-coded and populated with risk factor attributes. We also present preliminary findings of the buffalo and cattle probang sampling that was conducted in Lochnivar and Kafue National Park. We further probang sampled 25 buffalo at each interface area in Sioma Ngwezi, Lukusuzi and Lower Zambezi national parks. Villages in close proximity to the buffalo populations as well as those not in close proximity will be multistage cluster sampled for comparison. The data will be geo-coded and populated with risk factor and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) characterisation attributes. Data collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire will be geo-coded and populated with identified risk factors and stored in a database and will be spatially modelled to determine their effect on FMD occurrence and control measures. New outbreaks of FMD that may occur will be investigated to find out if there are new strains involved, species affected and predisposing risk factors. The authors conclude that impacts of FMD on livelihoods if appropriate control measures are not put in place are far more devastating especially at community level. Presented with the current poverty levels failure to institute result oriented control measures will exacerbate the already life-threatening situation.


Our group's work in medical decision making has led us to formulate a framework for expert system design, in particular about how the domain knowledge may be decomposed into substructures. We propose that there exist different problem-solving types, i.e., uses of knowledge, and corresponding to each is a separate substructure specializing in that type of problem-solving. Each substructure is in turn further decomposed into a hierarchy of specialist which differ from each other not in the type of problem-solving, but in the conceptual content of their knowledge; e.g.; one of them may specialize in "heart disease," while another may do so in "liver," though both of them are doing the same type of problem solving. Thus ultimately all the knowledge in the system is distributed among problem-solvers which know how to use that knowledge. This is in contrast to the currently dominant expert system paradigm which proposes a common knowledge base accessed by knowledge-free problem-solvers of various kinds. In our framework there is no distinction between knowledge bases and problem-solvers: each knowledge source is a problem-solver. We have so far had occasion to deal with three generic problem-solving types in expert clinical reasoning: diagnosis (classification), data retrieval and organization, and reasoning about consequences of actions. In novice, these expert structures are often incomplete, and other knowledge structures and learning processes are needed to construct and complete them.


Previous reports suggest that high dairy calcium diets help augment total and regional fat loss in obese women. Other reports suggest that timed protein ingestion before and after resistance exercise can augment lean body mass as a result of resistance training. The objective of this study was to examine both the calcium/fat loss and the protein supplement hypothesis in overweight women with chronic low calcium diets who participated in a resistance training program with calorie restriction. Participants (age = 36.6 ± 4.7; African American 57.7%, White 30.8%, 11.5% other) with a BMI of 29.1 ± 2.2 kg/m² were randomized to low calcium (LC) (= 500 mg; n=13) or high calcium (HC) (=1200 mg; n=13) and yogurt (YOG) or control (CONT) supplements. All participants received reduced calorie (250 kcal deficit) diets. Six dietary recalls were obtained by a multi-pass approach provided by Nutrition Data System software. Body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, waist circumference, and sagittal diameter. Participants completed 16 weeks of whole body resistance training three times per week. Mean weight loss in the total sample trended toward significance (1.9 kg; p = 0.06) and corresponded to significant caloric reduction from baseline (p = 0.001). The prescribed mean calcium intake was achieved for each study group (LC = 469.0 ± 148.3 and HC = 1297.0 ± 181.5 mg) with no significant changes in protein intake over time (LC = 0.92 and HC = 1.02 g/kg, p = 0.21). Fat mass index (LC = 12.3 to 11.0 and HC = 13.0 to12.2 fat kg/m²), trunk fat (LC = 1.74 to 1.54 and HC = 1.68 to 1.55 kg), waist circumference (LC = 88.4 to 85.0 and HC 84.6 to 82.3 cm), and sagittal diameter (LC = 27.1 to 25.8 and HC = 25.6 to 24.4 cm) all significantly decreased over time (p = 0.05) with no group differences (p = 0.37). Total lean change (YOG = 0.9 ± 1.3 and CONT = 1.1 ± 1.0) increased significantly over time (p = 0.001) but not by group. These data suggest that high dairy calcium diets and pre/post-yogurt supplementation offer no added benefit in reducing fat or increasing lean indices when combined with resistance training and caloric restriction.


Cash transfer programs induce multiplier effects when recipients put the money they receive to work to generate additional income. The ultimate income effects are multiples of the amounts transferred. This paper analyzes the PROCAMPO program in Mexico, which was introduced to compensate farmers for the anticipated negative effect of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the price of basic crops. The transfer rules and the timing of the panel data collected allow unique control of biases in this impact analysis. We find that the multiplier among ejido sector recipients is in the range of 1.5 to 2.6. Multipliers are higher for medium and large farm households, low numbers of adults in the household, nonindigenous backgrounds, and households located in the Center and Gulf regions. High multipliers reflect marginal income opportunities that were unrealized due to liquidity constraints that the transfers eased. Opportunities came from the asset endowments that these households have, particularly irrigated land, and these opportunities were enhanced by access to technical assistance.


Standard Setting is omnipresent in networked information technologies. Virtually every cellular phone, computer, digital camera or similar device contains technologies governed by a collaboratively developed standard. If these technologies are to perform competitively, the processes by which standards are developed and implemented must be competitive. In this case attaining competitive results requires a mixture of antitrust and non-antitrust legal tools. FRAND refers to a firm's ex ante commitment to make its technology available at a "fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory royalty." The FRAND commitment results from bidding to have one's own technology selected as a standard. Typically the FRAND commitment is not a promise to charge any particular price, but only a price that meets FRAND expectations. This permits members of a standard setting organization (SSO) to focus on technical issues and worry about the price later. Two important questions that a FRAND commitment typically leaves open is the royalty base and the royalty rate. A strong case can be made that the base should be the smallest saleable unit containing the patented technology. While that base is not entirely free from problems, it does provide a more-or-less common currency. The FRAND obligation that the rate be nondiscriminatory typically, but not always, provides a set of yardsticks for measuring the rate. The non-practicing entity (NPE) that voluntarily declines to participate in an SSO process should generally be held to the FRAND royalty as its measure of its damages, even though its particular patents are not FRAND-encumbered. In this case a "reasonable" royalty is the royalty that the patent holder would have obtained in the competitive market in which it might have participated. The case for limiting NPE damages in this way is strongest when the NPE had actual or objectively reasonable knowledge of the SSO process but declined to participate. The case is weakest when the SSO's processes were not well communicated to outsiders or the NPE in question was not permitted to participate. FRAND commitments should "run with the patent," in the sense that owners of FRAND-encumbered patents should not be able to free them simply by assigning the patents to someone else. One fundamental principle of property law is that a property owner cannot transfer away a larger interest than it owns. The entire FRAND commitment process would be worthless if patent holders were able to evade it by the simple device of assigning encumbered patents in order to remove the encumbrance. The question of injunctive relief is only a little more complex. A FRAND commitment is on its face an offer to license to all who employ that patent in their standards-compatible product. True, the precise royalty terms are typically not specified in advance, but that entails that the FRAND royalty will be determined by reference to common indicia such as rates paid for similar technologies in the same or perhaps another situation. Further, the FRAND commitment effectively turns the royalty issues into a breach of contract claim rather than a litigated royalty claim. Permitting the owner of a FRAND-encumbered patent to have an injunction against someone willing to pay FRAND royalties is tantamount to making the patent holder the dictator of the royalties, which once again is the same thing as no FRAND commitment at all.


Given the massive demographic changes in the United States during the past few decades, understanding the place of immigrants in the public sphere has never been more critical. "Democracy's Promise" examines both the challenges and opportunities posed to American civic institutions by the presence of increasing numbers of immigrants. Author Janelle Wong argues that the low levels of political participation among contemporary immigrants are not due to apathy or preoccupation with their homeland, but to the inability of American political parties and advocacy organizations to mobilize immigrant voters. Wong's rich study of Chinese and Mexican immigrants in New York and Los Angeles complements traditional studies of political behavior and civic institutions while offering a nuanced examination of immigrants' political activity."Democracy's Promise" will appeal to a broad spectrum of social scientists and ethnic studies scholars who study or teach immigration, racial and ethnic politics, political participation, civic engagement, and American political institutions. In addition, it will appeal to community organizers and party activists who are interested in issues of race and ethnicity, immigration, political participation, and political mobilization.Janelle Wong is Assistant Professor of Political Science and American Studies and Ethnicity at the University of Southern California."As political parties (perhaps) decline in the United States, as civic organizations (perhaps) move away from direct participatory politics, and as the number of immigrants certainly increases--what will link new Americans to the political realm? Janelle Wong answers this important question clearly, with elegance, nuance, rich description, and galvanizing provocativeness. Her evidence is compelling and her sense of urgency about the need for parties to look beyond short-term interests even more so."--Jennifer L. Hochschild, Harvard University "Wong draws on the Latino and Asian immigrant experience, with specific examples from the Chinese and Mexican communities of New York and Los Angeles, to show how the political parties have largely failed to organize these groups and why labor unions and immigrant advocacy organizations have stepped in to take their place. Far from 'disuniting' America, she clearly shows that bringing these groups into the political fray is central to the project of renewing American democracy."--John Mollenkopf, CUNY Graduate Center "A scathing critique of the role of parties in the mobilization of new immigrants and an invaluable analysis of alternative pathways of mobilization through community organizations."--Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University "By employing multiple empirical methods, including in-depth interviews and sophisticated survey analyses, Janelle Wong provides a compelling account of the political activities and allegiances of America's Asian and Latino immigrants that challenges much conventional wisdom. Often the political parties are failing to reach out to these groups, and often immigrants remain concerned about their home countries; but they are nonetheless increasingly active in American politics, in ways that may do much to shape the course of American political development in the 21st century. "Democracy's Promise" is a major contribution to our understanding of this crucial dimension of American politics."--Rogers M. Smith, University of Pennsylvania ""Democracy's Promise" challenges political parties to reexamine their priorities for mobilizing new voters, and identifies the critical role civic institutions play in invigorating participation among immigrant citizens. Wong's analysis is at once precise and expansive; illuminating the contours of Latino and Asian American political incorporation and provoking thoughtful debate on inclusion in democratic theory."--Jane Junn, Rutgers University


The cold war ended more than two decades ago, and with its end came a reduction in the threat of nuclear weapons - a luxury that we can no longer indulge. It's not just the threat of Iran getting the bomb or North Korea doing something rash; the whole complexion of global power politics is changing because of the reemergence of nuclear weapons as a vital element of statecraft and power politics. In short, we have entered the second nuclear age. In this provocative and agenda-setting book, Paul Bracken of Yale University argues that we need to pay renewed attention to nuclear weapons and how their presence will transform the way crises develop and escalate. He draws on his years of experience analyzing defense strategy to make the case that the United States needs to start thinking seriously about these issues once again, especially as new countries acquire nuclear capabilities. He walks us through war-game scenarios that are all too realistic, to show how nuclear weapons are changing the calculus of power politics, and he offers an incisive tour of the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia to underscore how the United States must not allow itself to be unprepared for managing such crises. Frank in its tone and farsighted in its analysis, The Second Nuclear Age is the essential guide to the new rules of international politics.


Between January and July 1919, after the war to end all wars, men and women from all over the world converged on Paris for the Peace Conference. At its heart were the leaders of the three great powers - Woodrow Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau. Kings, prime ministers and foreign ministers with their crowds of advisers rubbed shoulders with journalists and lobbyists for a hundred causes - from Armenian independence to women's rights. Everyone had business in Paris that year - T.E. Lawrence, Queen Marie of Romania, Maynard Keynes, Ho Chi Minh. There had never been anything like it before, and there never has been since. For six extraordinary months the city was effectively the centre of world government as the peacemakers wound up bankrupt empires and created new countries. They pushed Russia to the sidelines, alienated China and dismissed the Arabs, struggled with the problems of Kosovo, of the Kurds, and of a homeland for the Jews. The peacemakers, so it has been said, failed dismally; failed above all to prevent another war. Margaret MacMillan argues that they have unfairly been made scapegoats for the mistakes of those who came later. They tried to be evenhanded, but their goals - to make defeated countries pay without destroying them, to satisfy impossible nationalist dreams, to prevent the spread of Bolshevism and to establish a world order based on democracy and reason - could not be achieved by diplomacy. This book offers a prismatic view of the moment when much of the modern world was first sketched out.


The role of coping in the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and depression amongst ministers
The aim of this study was to determine the role of coping in the relationship between spiritual well-being and depression among ministers. The research group consisted of 53 Dutch Reformed ministers, all serving in the Northern Cape. Coping was measured by means of the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Questionnaire (Carver, Scheier & Weintraub 1989), spiritual well-being by means of the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (Gomez & Fisher 2003:1977), and depression by means of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, Steer & Brown 1996:1-2). The results of this study indicated that problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping showed no direct relationship with depression. Problem-focused coping also plays no significant role in the relationship between spiritual well-being and depression. Emotion-focused coping, however, plays a role in the relationship between environment-related spiritual well-being and depression. Significant negative relationships between spiritual well-being and depression were found. A significant positive relationship was found between dysfunctional coping and depression. Dysfunctional coping was identified as a mediator in the relationship between personal spiritual well-being and depression. The results of this study are supported by the literature.


False positives cause many promising detection technologies to be unworkable in practice. Attackers, we show, face this problem too. In deciding who to attack true positives are targets successfully attacked, while false positives are those that are attacked but yield nothing. This allows us to view the attacker's problem as a binary classification. The most profitable strategy requires accurately distinguishing viable from non-viable users, and balancing the relative costs of true and false positives. We show that as victim density decreases the fraction of viable users than can be profitably attacked drops dramatically. For example, a 10× reduction in density can produce a 1000× reduction in the number of victims found. At very low victim densities the attacker faces a seemingly intractable Catch-22: unless he can distinguish viable from non-viable users with great accuracy the attacker cannot find enough victims to be profitable. However, only by finding large numbers of victims can he learn how to accurately distinguish the two. Finally, this approach suggests an answer to the question in the title. Far-fetched tales of West African riches strike most as comical. Our analysis suggests that is an advantage to the attacker, not a disadvantage. Since his attack has a low density of victims the Nigerian scammer has an over-riding need to reduce false positives. By sending an email that repels all but the most gullible the scammer gets the most promising marks to self-select, and tilts the true to false positive ratio in his favor.


This report gives an overview of the separate translation of synchronous imperative programs to synchronous guarded actions. In particular, we consider problems to be solved for separate compilation that stem from preemption statements and local variable declarations. We explain how we solved these problems and sketch our solutions implemented in the our Averest framework to implement a compiler that allows a separate compilation of imperative synchronous programs with local variables and unrestricted preemption statements. The focus of the report is the big picture of our entire design flow.


Debates about the common lawmaking power of the federal courts focus exclusively on substantive common law. But federal common law is not limited to matters of substance; it reaches matters of procedure as well. Federal law includes a robust body of what might be called procedural common law - common law primarily concerned with the regulation of internal court processes rather than substantive rights and obligations. This body of law includes many doctrines that are fixtures in the law of procedure and federal courts. For example, abstention, forum non conveniens, remittitur, stare decisis, and preclusion can all fairly be characterized as procedural common law. This body of law does not fit easily into the traditional account of federal common lawmaking power, because it generally lacks certain features thought characteristic of federal common law: It does not bind state courts, it falls outside of the recognized enclaves of federal common law, and it is not entirely subject to congressional abrogation. This Article offers a tentative account of the power of the federal courts to make procedural common law. One explanation for this power is a variation on the enclave theory advanced in the context of substantive common law: the constitutional structure preempts the state's ability to regulate federal-court procedure, and, if Congress fails to specify procedural rules, federal courts must. This theory rings partly true insofar as it recognizes that federal-court procedure lies beyond state control. It is unsatisfying, however, insofar as it conceives of the procedural power of the federal courts as entirely derivative of and subservient to that of Congress. The Article thus considers an alternate theory: that procedural common lawmaking authority derives not from congressional default, but from Article III's grant of judicial power. This theory has more force insofar as it accounts for the fact that the power of the courts sometimes, even if rarely, exceeds that of Congress in matters of procedure. It depends, however, on the widely assumed but largely untested proposition that federal courts possess inherent procedural authority. The Article canvasses Founding-era history to determine whether the Constitution can fairly be understood to confer this power, concluding that the historical evidence, while far from overwhelming, supports the claim that federal courts possess inherent procedural authority. Building from this notion of inherent procedural authority, the Article then sketches a theory to explain the power of the federal courts to make procedural common law.


Wind energy that can neither be fed into the grid nor be used regionally must be curtailed. This paper proposes different options to deal with such surplus wind energy amounts in a time horizon until 2020. It assesses their ability to handle the surplus energy in a sustainable way using a multi criteria analysis. The paper bases on a study that was prepared for the Ministry for Climate Protection, Environment, Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Consumer Protection of North Rhine-Westphalia between 2010 and 2012.


When Dr. Allen Lim left the lab to work with pro cyclists, he found a peloton weary of food. For years the sport's elite athletes had been underperforming on bland fare and processed bars and gels. Science held few easy answers for nutrition in the real world, where hungry athletes must buy ingredients; make meals; and enjoy eating before, during, and after each workout, day after day. So Lim set out to make eating delicious and practical. His journey began with his mum, took him inside the kitchens of the Tour de France, and delivered him to a dinner party where he met celebrated chef Biju Thomas. Chef Biju and Dr. Lim vetted countless meals with the world's best endurance athletes in the most demanding test kitchens. Now, in "The Feed Zone Cookbook: Fast and Flavorful Food for Athletes", Thomas and Lim share their energy-packed, wholesome recipes to make meals easy to prepare, delicious to eat, and better for performance. "The Feed Zone Cookbook" provides 150 delicious recipes that even the busiest athletes can prepare in less time than it takes to warm up for a workout. With simple recipes requiring just a handful of ingredients, Biju and Lim show how easy it is for athletes to prepare their own food, whether at home or on the go. "The Feed Zone Cookbook" strikes the perfect balance between science and practice so that athletes will change the way they think about food, replacing highly processed food substitutes with real, nourishing foods that will satisfy every athlete's cravings. "The Feed Zone Cookbook: includes: 150 delicious recipes illustrated with full-colour photographs; Allen Lim's take on the science and practice of food; Portable whole foods, including Lim's famous rice cakes and more; Dozens of quick-prep meals for before and after workouts; Shortcuts, substitutions, and techniques to save time in the kitchen; and, Gluten-free and vegetarian alternatives to favourite dishes.


A handbook for faculty interested in practicing open pedagogy by involving students in the making of open textbooks, ancillary materials, or other Open Educational Resources. This guide aims to both inspire and equip more faculty to follow in these open pedagogy pioneers' tracks in making open textbooks with students. This is a first edition, compiled by Rebus Community, and we welcome feedback and ideas to expand the text.


The application of leaky feeder (radiating) cables is a common solution for the implementation of reliable radio communication in huge industrial buildings, tunnels and mining environment. This paper explores the possibilities of leaky feeders for 1D and 2D localization in wireless systems based on time of flight chirp spread spectrum technologies. The main focus of this paper is to present and analyse the results of time of flight and received signal strength measurements with leaky feeders in indoor and outdoor conditions. The authors carried out experiments to compare ranging accuracy and radio coverage area for a point-like monopole antenna and for a leaky feeder acting as a distributed antenna. In all experiments RealTrac equipment based on nanoLOC radio standard was used. The estimation of the most probable path of a chirp signal going through a leaky feeder was calculated using the ray tracing approach. The typical non-line-of-sight errors profiles are presented. The results show the possibility to use radiating cables in real time location technologies based on time-of-flight method.


The diplopod orders Callipodida and Polydesmida, and their respective families Abacionidae and Xystodesmidae, are initially recorded from South Dakota as is Polydesmidae from North Dakota. Other new records of indigenous taxa include Abacion Rafinesque, 1820/A. texense (Loomis, 1937) and Pleuroloma/P. flavipes, both by Rafinesque, 1820, from South Dakota, and Pseudopolydesmus Attems, 1898/P. serratus (Say, 1821) from Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia. New records of Aniulus garius Chamberlin, 1912, A. (Hakiulus) d. diversifrons (Wood, 1867), and Oriulus venustus (Wood, 1864) (Julida: Parajulidae) are provided for western Minnesota and/or eastern North Dakota. Published records from these states are summarized, and the introduced taxa, Julidae/Cylindroiulus Verhoeff, 1894/C. caeruleocinctus (Wood, 1864) and Paradoxosomatidae/Oxidus Cook, 1911/O. gracilis (C. L. Koch, 1847), are newly recorded from the Dakotas. The distribution of P. serratus, which extends from Maine to South Carolina and the Florida panhandle, west to Texas, and north to Fargo, North Dakota is described and discussed. This distribution exhibits a prominent southeastern lacuna which we hypothesize suggests replacement by younger, more successful species, as postulated for a similar distributional gap in Scytonotus granulatus (Say, 1821).


In October 2007, a unified Commission on Equality and Human Rights (CEHR) will begin operation in Britain. The Commission will have responsibility for monitoring and promoting human rights and equality on the grounds of gender, ethnicity, disability, age, sexual orientation, transgender status, and religion/belief. As a precursor to the Commission, the Prime Minister established the Equalities Review, an independent, high-level, investigation of the causes of persistent inequality and disadvantage in British society. Its final report, Fairness and Freedom, in February 2007 adopted the capability approach as its measurement framework and recommended that all public bodies use the framework to "agree priorities, set targets, and evaluate progress towards equality" (p.110). In particular, the Review recommended that the framework be used by the CEHR to inform its regular 'state of the nation' report. This paper, and its companion, Definition of equality and framework for measurement: Final Recommendations of the Equalities Review Steering Group on Measurement (CASEpaper 120) were prepared as background papers to assist in the development of the measurement framework for the Equalities Review. The companion paper discusses the key challenges involved in translating capability theory into a practical measurement tool in the context of measuring inequality in Britain in the 21st century. This includes the definition of equality, a procedure for generating and revising a list of central and valuable capabilities, a measurement framework for monitoring trends in inequality, exploring the causes of inequality, and identifying possible policy interventions, and, finally, the types of information and analysis which are required. The current paper focuses in more detail on the need for a list of central and valuable capabilities in terms of which inequality in Britain can be conceptualised and appraised (a 'capability list'). The paper sets out a methodological framework for developing a capability list involving (1) derivation of a core capability list from the international human rights framework; (2) supplementation and refinement of the core list through democratic deliberation and debate. As part of the process of developing a capability list, the Equalities Review commissioned Ipsos-MORI to undertake a deliberative consultation on the development of a capability list with the general public and individuals and groups at risk of discrimination and disadvantage. The paper discusses the results of the deliberative consultation and recommends a capability list based on ten domains of central and valuable capabilities.


This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This
publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission
cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained
therein.


I HEARTILY accept the motto, 2 — " That government is best which governs least " ; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe,— " That government is best which governs not at all " ; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have. Government is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually, and all governments are sometimes, inexpedient. The objections which have been brought against a standing army, and they are many and weighty, and deserve to prevail, may also at last be brought against a standing government. The standing army is only an arm of the standing government. The government itself, which is only the mode which the people have chosen to execute their will, is equally liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. Witness the present Mexican war, 3 the work of comparatively a few individuals using the standing government as their tool; for, in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure. This American government,— what is it but a tradition, though a recent one, endeavoring to transmit itself unimpaired to posterity, but each instant losing some of its integrity? It has not the vitality and force of a single living man; for a single man can bend it to his will. It is a sort of wooden gun to the people themselves. 4 But it is not the less necessary for this; for the people must have some complicated machinery or other, and hear its din, to satisfy that idea of government which they have. Governments show thus how successfully men can be imposed on, even impose on themselves, for their own advantage. It is excellent, we must all allow. Yet this government never of itself furthered any enterprise, but by the alacrity with which it got out of its way. It does not keep the country free. It does not settle the West. It does not educate. The character inherent in the American people has done all that has been accomplished; and it would have done somewhat more, if the government had not sometimes got in its way. For government is an expedient by which men would fain succeed in letting one another alone; …


South African National Parks (SANParks) has a history of formal and informal natural resource use that is characterised by polarised views on national conservation interests and benefits to communities. Current efforts aim to determine the sustainability of existing resource use in parks and to formalise these activities through the development of resource use protocols. The resource use policy of SANParks outlines principles for sustainable resource use, including greater involvement of local communities in management of protected areas and an adaptive management approach to determining sustainable use levels. This paper examines three case studies on plant use in national parks with regard to the development of criteria and indicators for monitoring resource use, and the role of thresholds of potential concern in measuring effectiveness of managing for sustainable use levels. Opportunities and challenges for resource use management are identified. Findings show that platforms for discussion and knowledge sharing, including research committees and community associations, are critical to building relationships, trust and a shared vision of sustainable resource use between stakeholders. However, additional capacity building is needed to enable local community structures to manage internal social conflicts and jealousy, and to participate fully in monitoring efforts. Long-term monitoring is essential for developing flexible harvest prescriptions for plant use, but this is a time-consuming and resource-intensive exercise. Flexible management strategies are difficult to implement and sometimes command-and-control measures are necessary to protect rare or endangered species. A holistic approach that considers resource use in national parks as a complement to broader community development initiatives offers a way forward. Conservation implications: There is no blueprint for the development of sustainable resource use systems and resource use is often addressed according to multiple approaches in national parks. However, the SANParks resource use policy provides a necessary set of guiding principles for resource use management across the national park system that allows for monitoring progress.


A robot-building lab and contest was held at the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Teams of three worked day and night for 72 hours to build tabletop autonomous robots of legos, a small microcontroller board, and sensors. The robots then competed head to head in two events. I was one of the developers of JACK, the second-place finisher in the Coffeepot event. This article contains my personal recollections of the lab and contest.


The invasive American Eastern Cherry Fruitfly Rhagoletis cingulata in the Netherlands (Diptera: Tephritidae) In 2003 the European Invertebrate Survey - Netherlands, on request of the Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands, conducted a survey of the distribution and phenology of the American Eastern Cherry Fruitfly Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew, 1862). The focus of this survey was the province of Zeeland, because the first records stemmed from this province (Van Aartsen 2001). Three populations were monitored with Pherocon am yellow sticky traps (without attractant). Two of these populations were on the peninsula of Walcheren ('Zandput' and 'Oranjebos', both near the town of Vrouwenpolder) and one on the island of Schouwen ('Het Zeepe', near the town of Burgh). This survey was supplementary to the surveys of the National Plant Protection Service, conducted in commercially grown cherry orchards in 2003-2006. In this paper an overview is given of the results of these surveys, supplemented with a few scattered records of others. Rhagoletis cingulata is a well-known and severe pest in commercially grown cherries in North America. This originally Nearctic species is listed as a quarantine species in the European Community (Annex 1a1 of the Council Directive 2000/29/ec) of which introduction into, and spread within, all member states should be banned. In the Netherlands R. cingulata should be regarded as an established species that has been introduced by man and which has sustained populations for more than ten years. Extermination of this species, as required by eu legislation, is therefore useless. Meanwhile several eu member states have asked the European Committee to remove this species of the quarantine list. Given the distribution of its host Prunus serotina in the Netherlands it is to be expected that the actual distribution of R. cingulata is much wider than presented in the distribution map (fig. 18). Moreover, it is discussed that it is probably able to shift to other hosts, so that it might even spread over a yet larger part of the Netherlands. All given known (potential) hosts are nonindigenous species in the Netherlands and therefore mostly ignored by entomologists, probably causing species like R. cingulata to be overlooked. The phenology of the population at 'Zandput' differs greatly from both other populations (fig. 10 versus fig. 9 & 11 ). Possible explanations are an intrinsic (genetic) difference between the populations or the presence of a second species: the American Western Cherry Fruitfly Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, 1932. This has to be investigated further. The Pherocon am yellow sticky traps pose a good method for monitoring the phenology of R. cingulata, provided the host plants in which they are placed are chosen carefully. A welldeveloped population seems to be necessary, and the traps should be placed within the treetop and free from branches. The only host plant of R. cingulata in the Netherlands reported thus far is Prunus serotina. A single specimen was swept from Sorbus aucuparia, but it was probably coming from an adjacent P. serotina. Extensive examination of several other potential hosts yielded no proof of reproduction of R. cingulata on other hosts than P. serotina.


In this thought-provoking book, Luis Rivera argues that evangelical reasoning and symbolism were appropriated to justify the armed seizure of people and land in the New World and to validate the conversion, peaceful or forced, of the natives. He recaptures the sixteenth-century political debates--where priests and theologians are both voices of dissent against the Spanish military conquest and fervent defenders of it. Rivera contrasts "discovery" and conquest and examines the tragic outcome: demographic collapse--from the islands Columbus first sighted to the Inca empire in Peru.


INSIDE APPLE reveals the secret systems, tactics and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to churn out hit after hit and inspire a cult-like following for its products.If Apple is Silicon Valley's answer to Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory, then author Adam Lashinsky provides readers with a golden ticket to step inside. In this primer on leadership and innovation, the author will introduce readers to concepts like the "DRI" (Apple's practice of assigning a Directly Responsible Individual to every task) and the Top 100 (an annual ritual in which 100 up-and-coming executives are tapped a la Skull & Bones for a secret retreat with company founder Steve Jobs).Based on numerous interviews, the book offers exclusive new information about how Apple innovates, deals with its suppliers and is handling the transition into the Post Jobs Era. Lashinsky, a Senior Editor at Large for Fortune, knows the subject cold: In a 2008 cover story for the magazine entitled The Genius Behind Steve: Could Operations Whiz Tim Cook Run The Company Someday he predicted that Tim Cook, then an unknown, would eventually succeed Steve Jobs as CEO.While Inside Apple is ostensibly a deep dive into one, unique company (and its ecosystem of suppliers, investors, employees and competitors), the lessons about Jobs, leadership, product design and marketing are universal. They should appeal to anyone hoping to bring some of that Apple magic to their own company, career, or creative endeavor.


The Art of War is almost certainly the most famous study of strategy ever written and has had an extraordinary influence on the history of warfare. The principles Sun-tzu expounded were utilized brilliantly by such great Asian war leaders as Mao Tse-tung, Giap, and Yamamoto. First translated two hundred years ago by a French missionary, Sun-tzu's Art of War has been credited with influencing Napoleon, the German General Staff, and even the planning for Desert Storm. Many Japanese companies make this book required reading for their key executives. And increasingly, Western businesspeople and others are turning to the Art of War for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive situations of all kinds. Unlike most editions of Sun-tzu currently available (many simply retreads of older, flawed translations), this superb new translation makes use of the best available classical Chinese manuscripts, including the ancient "tomb text" version discovered by archaeologists at Linyi, China. Ralph Sawyer, an outstanding Western scholar of ancient Chinese warfare and a successful businessman in his own right, places this classic work of strategy in its proper historical context. Sawyer supplies a portrait of Sun-tzu's era and outlines several battles of the period that may have either influenced Sun-tzu or been conducted by him. While appreciative of the philosophical richness of the Art of War, this edition stresses Sun-tzu's practical origins and presents a translation that is both accurate and accessible.


Semantic Web technology is already changing how we interact with data on the Web. By connecting random information on the Internet in new ways, Web 3.0, as it is sometimes called, represents an exciting online evolution.Whether youre a consumer doing research online, a business owner who wants to offer your customers the most useful Web site, or an IT manager eager to understand Semantic Web solutions, Semantic Web For Dummies is the place to start! It will help you: Know how the typical Internet user will recognize the effects of the Semantic WebExplore all the benefits the data Web offers to businesses and decide whether its right for your businessMake sense of the technology and identify applications for itSee how the Semantic Web is about data while the old Internet was about documentsTour the architectures, strategies, and standards involved in Semantic Web technologyLearn a bit about the languages that make it all work: Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL)Discover the variety of information-based jobs that could become available in a data-driven economy Youll also find a quick primer on tech specifications, some key priorities for CIOs, and tools to help you sort the hype from the reality. There are case studies of early Semantic Web successes and a list of common myths you may encounter. Whether youre incorporating the Semantic Web in the workplace or using it at home, Semantic Web For Dummies will help you define, develop, implement, and use Web 3.0.


The Domestic Play Flourished on the English popular stage during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Its roots were predominantly native, rather than classical, and its mainspring was the staging of domestic conflict amongst English characters from the middle ranks of society. Household Business traces the genre's origins in the cycle plays of medieval England and examines its aesthetic configurations in relation to extra-literary discourses and practices that underwrote Renaissance ideologies of private life. At a time when the orthodox view of the family defined it as the foundation of the social order, a number of domestic dramas took a more critical perspective, stressing the contradictions and struggles that attend marriage and the patriarchial family.In addition to well-known domestic dramas as A Woman Killed with Kindness, Arden of Fevershaw, The Witch of Edmonton, and A Yorkshire Tragedy, Comensoli analyzes less well-studied plays as A Warning for Fair Women, Two Lamentable Tragedies, and The Late Lancashire Witches. The book also provides an extensive and timely assessment of domestic comedy, demonstrating how plays such as The London Prodigal, The Fair Maid of Bristow, and The Honest Whore (Parts I and II) resist homiletic paradigms in favour of a more dialectical dramaturgy.


From America's preeminent military historian, Stephen E. Ambrose, comes a brilliant telling of the war in Europe, from D-Day, June 6, 1944, to the end, eleven months later, on May 7, 1945. This authoritative narrative account is drawn by the author himself from his five acclaimed books about that conflict, most particularly from the definitive and comprehensive "D-Day" and "Citizen Soldiers", about which the great Civil War historian James McPherson wrote, "If there is a better book about the experience of GIs who fought in Europe during World War II, I have not read it. "Citizen Soldiers" captures the fear and exhilaration of combat, the hunger and cold and filth of the foxholes, the small intense world of the individual rifleman as well as the big picture of the European theater in a manner that grips the reader and will not let him go. No one who has not been there can understand what combat is like but Stephen Ambrose brings us closer to an understanding than any other historian has done." "The Victors" also includes stories of individual battles, raids, acts of courage and suffering from Pegasus Bridge, an account of the first engagement of D-Day, when a detachment of British airborne troops stormed the German defense forces and paved the way for the Allied invasion; and from Band of Brothers, an account of an American rifle company from the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment who fought, died, and conquered, from Utah Beach through the Bulge and on to Hitter's Eagle's Nest in Germany. Stephen Ambrose is also the author of "Eisenhower", the greatest work on Dwight Eisenhower, and one of the editors of the Supreme Allied Commander's papers. He describes the momentous decisions about how and where the war was fought, and about the strategies and conduct of the generals and officers who led the invasion and the bloody drive across Europe to Berlin. But it is, as always with Stephen Ambrose, the ranks, the ordinary boys and men, who command his attention and his awe. "The Victors" tells their stories, how citizens became soldiers in the best army in the world. Ambrose draws on thousands of interviews and oral histories from government and private archives, from the high commandae Eisenhower, Bradley, Patton-- on down through officers and enlisted men, to re-create the last year of the Second World War when the Allied soldiers pushed the Germans out of France, chased them across Germany, and destroyed the Nazi regime.


A review of:

Jansen, Bernard J., and Amanda Spink. "How Are We Searching the World Wide Web? A Comparison of Nine Search Engine Transaction Logs." Information Processing & Management 42.1 (2006): 248-263.

Objective – To examine the interactions between users and search engines, and how they have changed over time.
Design – Comparative analysis of search engine transaction logs.

Setting – Nine major analyses of search engine transaction logs.

Subjects – Nine web search engine studies (4 European, 5 American) over a seven-year period, covering the search engines Excite, Fireball, AltaVista, BWIE and AllTheWeb.

Methods – The results from individual studies are compared by year of study for percentages of single query sessions, one-term queries, operator (and, or, not, etc.) usage and single result page viewing. As well, the authors group the search queries into eleven different topical categories and compare how the breakdown has changed over time.

Main Results – Based on the percentage of single query sessions, it does not appear that the complexity of interactions has changed significantly for either the U.S.-based or the European-based search engines. As well, there was little change observed in the percentage of one-term queries over the years of study for either the U.S.-based or the European-based search engines. Few users (generally less than 20%) use Boolean or other operators in their queries, and these percentages have remained relatively stable. One area of noticeable change is in the percentage of users viewing only one results page, which has increased over the years of study. Based on the studies of the U.S.-based search engines, the topical categories of 'People, Place or Things' and 'Commerce, Travel, Employment or Economy' are becoming more popular, while the categories of 'Sex and Pornography' and 'Entertainment or Recreation' are declining.

Conclusions – The percentage of users viewing only one results page increased during the years of the study, while the percentages of single query sessions, one-term sessions and operator usage remained stable. The increase in single result page viewing implies that users are tending to view fewer results per web query. There was also a significant difference in the percentage of queries using Boolean operators between the US-based and the European-based search engines. One of the study's findings was that results from a study of a particular search engine cannot necessarily be applied to all search engines. Finally, web search topics show a trend towards information or commerce searching rather than entertainment.


Coat of beaver(?) and fox fur. Full-length coat of alternating light and dark brown "squares" of fur following patterns of the pelt. Long sleeves, two slit pockets at front hips, attached belt across small of back of same fur, and back vent. Double-breasted, with six large brown leather buttons in 3 pairs, which fasten to loops. Collar of fox fur. Fully lined in gray. Inside breast pocket on left.

Leather label inside: "Made in Canada";
Printed style/size label, illegible notes.


With Professional Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer 2007, you can master all aspects of using Share Point Designer in an Enterprise environment to enhance Microsoft SharePoint Products and Technologies. Review key integration points, how to use CSS editing tools to create and modify SharePoint themes, how to supplement SharePoint Designer functionality by using Microsoft Visual Studio, and how to create a rich interactive experience. If you need to connect SharePoint with other enterprise resources or create components to integrate into the SharePoint framework, this book will show you how to accomplish these tasks.


For efficient distant cooperation the members of workgroups need information about each other. This need for information disclosure often conflicts with the users' wishes for privacy. In the literature often reciprocity is suggested as a solution to this trade-off. Yet, this conception of reciprocity and its enforcement by systems does not match reality. In this paper we present our study's major findings investigating the role of reciprocity among which we found that participants greatly disregarded the above conception. Additionally we discuss their significant implications for the design of systems seeking to disclose personal information.


It is more than a century since the ascetic, gaunt and enigmatic detective, Sherlock Holmes, made his first appearance in A Study in Scarlet. From 1891, beginning with The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, the now legendary and pioneering Strand Magazine began serialising Arthur Conan Doyle's matchless tales of detection, featuring the incomparable sleuth patiently assisted by his doggedly loyal and lovably pedantic friend and companion, Dr Watson. The stories are illustrated by the remarkable Sydney Paget from whom our images of Sherlock Holmes and his world derive and who first equipped Holmes with his famous deerstalker hat. The literary cult of Sherlock Holmes shows no sign of fading with time as each new generation comes to love and revere the penetrating mind and ruthless logic which were the undoing of so many Victorian master criminals.


A successful integration of migrants in the society as well as of older employees in the organisation is getting more important based on demographic changes. The central aim of the investigation is to deal with problem fields of the Human Resource Management, which arise by demographic changes regarding migration and the ageing society. Therefore, an explorative qualitative study with human resource managers and diversity representatives of the large DAX companies was conducted. The views of leaders and employees with and without an immigration background regarding diversity potentials in organisation are compared in this study. The results indicate that diversity is important for organisation. Employees have recognised the importance of diversity. Managers have not recognised the seriousness and urgency of cultural diversity and diversity actions. Human resource managers are not able to assess the additional stress of migrants correctly and to consider them in their day-to-day management and diversity actions.


Since about the year 2000 a hitherto unidentified species of the genus Leiobunum C. L. Koch, 1839, has rapidly invaded central and western Europe. Records are known from The Netherlands (probably the country of first occurrence in Europe), Germany, Austria and Switzerland. This introduced species , until now, mainly inhabits walls of buildings and rocky environments. Adults characteristically aggregate during day- time into groups of up to 1.000 individuals. The species is described and details on its present distribution, habitat preference, phenology and behaviour are presented.


The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden.


The history of narcotics use and drug control in the U.S. before passage of the Harrison Act in 1914 is similar in important respects to that in the U.K. during the same period. Although the two countries' paths diverged significantly over the ensuing decades, there has been a convergence of sorts in recent years. In the United States, the trend lines have moved from an active "war on drugs" in which criminal enforcement and punishment have been the primary rhetorical and practical instruments of policy to an evolving approach, at least at the federal level, characterized by a somewhat more pragmatic tone and a more balanced set of interventions that mix enforcement, treatment and prevention. From the British side, the movement has been in the opposite direction, from a longstanding public health approach to an intensifying focus on criminal offending as the primary social risk posed by the misuse of drugs. Thus, just as the criminal justice system long has been the principle front in the U.S. assault on drug abuse, the shift in British drug policy has now made the criminal system in the U.K. a central focus in its efforts to combat the problem of drugs and drug addiction. This pattern of convergence is likely to be incomplete. Even though actors in each country have been aware of developments in the other (and have even borrowed policy prescriptions from time to time), one critical difference in their parallel histories is likely to be determinative. The American move toward pragmatism, if it is to occur, must be executed against the inertial force generated by policy commitments and social practices of more than seventy-five years standing in which the most dominant feature has been an intense moral disapproval of drugs and those who use them. The British approach to drug policy, on the other hand, does not have to contend with this moral anchor, and therefore is likely to remain more pragmatic and therapeutic in orientation into the foreseeable future.


The purpose of this review is to characterize major advancements in the past 40 years of research on youth sport motivation. The author focuses on this period, during which the Institute for the Study of Youth Sports, affiliated researchers, and other scholars contributed to the current state of the field. First, she traces paradigm shifts that represent changes in the philosophy and practice of science in youth sport motivation research. Second, she discusses emergent theoretical perspectives that guided empirical research and produced robust findings on predictors, mediators, and outcomes of motivation. Third, she translates these theories and associated studies to inform evidence-based best practices for youth sport programs. Finally, the author recommends that future research highlight developmental approaches, examine sport as a means of promoting physical activity, and consider multidisciplinary perspectives on conducive topics. By reflecting on paradigm shifts and research trends over time, scholars can meaningfully contribute to an increased understanding of youth sport motivation in the decades to come.


A little more than seventy-five years ago, Kate L. Turabian drafted a set of guidelines to help students understand how to write, cite, and formally submit research writing. Seven editions and more than nine million copies later, the name Turabian has become synonymous with best practices in research writing and style. Her "Manual for Writers" continues to be the gold standard for generations of college and graduate students in virtually all academic disciplines. Now in its eighth edition, "A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations" has been fully revised to meet the needs of today's writers and researchers. The Manual retains its familiar three-part structure, beginning with an overview of the steps in the research and writing process, including formulating questions, reading critically, building arguments, and revising drafts. Part II provides an overview of citation practices with detailed information on the two main scholarly citation styles (notes-bibliography and author-date), an array of source types with contemporary examples, and detailed guidance on citing online resources. Authoritative guidance on all matters of style, updated to reflect "The Chicago Manual of Style", sixteenth edition. Thorough coverage of scholarly citation: standard practices, an expanded array of digital sources, and hundreds of new examples. Comprehensive guidelines - vetted by dissertation officials nation-wide - for formatting research papers, theses, and dissertations and preparing them for submission. The final section treats all matters of editorial style, with advice on punctuation, capitalization, spelling, abbreviations, table formatting, and the use of quotations. Style and citation recommendations have been revised throughout to reflect the sixteenth edition of "The Chicago Manual of Style". With an appendix on paper format and submission that has been vetted by dissertation officials from across the country and a bibliography with the most up-to-date listing of critical resources available, "A Manual for Writers" remains the essential resource for students and their teachers.


It is a commonplace in employment discrimination law that Title VII's prohibition of sex discrimination has no legislative history. Courts have therefore argued that this prohibition must be restricted to the "traditional concept" of sex discrimination. Traditionally, courts suggest, discrimination "because of sex" referred only to practices that divided men and women into two perfectly sex-differentiated groups. Although Title VII doctrine has evolved over time, this "traditional concept" of sex discrimination continues to exert a powerful regulative influence over the law. It excludes certain claims — such as those by sexual minorities — from coverage and elevates the evidentiary burdens plaintiffs must satisfy in order to prove discrimination "because of sex." This article argues that the "traditional concept" of sex discrimination is an invented tradition. It purports to reflect the historical record, but in fact reflects normative judgments about how deeply the law should intervene in the sex-based regulation of the workplace. Recovering the largely forgotten legislative history of Title VII's sex provision, this article shows that there was little consensus and much debate in the 1960s about what qualified as sex discrimination. Employers advanced the argument that Title VII applied only to practices that sorted men and women into two perfectly sex-differentiated groups in order to preserve the traditional gendered organization of the workplace and insulate particular employment practices from scrutiny. In the 1970s, courts adopted this interpretation but no longer cited the need to preserve conventional sex and family roles as a justification; instead, courts cited deference to the legislature and fidelity to tradition as justifications for interpreting the law narrowly. This article shows that history does not compel courts to interpret Title VII's prohibition of sex discrimination in anticlassificationist terms — and that, in fact, in cases where anticlassificationism produces expansive rather than narrow results, courts have routinely departed from it. This tendency should prompt us to think critically about the assertion that deference to the legislature and fidelity to tradition require courts to adhere to a narrow conception of what it means to discriminate "because of sex." The parameters of Title VII's prohibition of sex discrimination have always been determined by normative judgments about how forcefully the law should intervene in practices that reflect and reinforce conventional understandings of sex and family roles.


In this paper we consider numerical algorithms for solving a system of nonlinear PDEs arising in modeling of liquid polymer injection. We investigate the particular case when a porous preform is located within the mould, so that the liquid polymer flows through a porous medium during the filling stage. The nonlinearity of the governing system of PDEs is due to the non-Newtonian behavior of the polymer, as well as due to the moving free boundary. The latter is related to the penetration front and a Stefan type problem is formulated to account for it. A finite-volume method is used to approximate the given differential problem. Results of numerical experiments are presented. We also solve an inverse problem and present algorithms for the determination of the absolute preform permeability coefficient in the case when the velocity of the penetration front is known from measurements. In both cases (direct and inverse problems) we emphasize on the specifics related to the non-Newtonian behavior of the polymer. For completeness, we discuss also the Newtonian case. Results of some experimental measurements are presented and discussed.


This paper presents a detailed contrastive frame semantic analysis of arriving events in English and
Spanish, attested through a corpus study. The framework and methodology of our research follows the
FrameNet II Research Project housed at ICSI.
First, we present a formal description of the Arriving frame as a subframe of the Motion frame:
arriving encodes a basic subpart of our conceptualization of motion, namely the transition from moving to
arriving at a goal.
Second, we carry out a cross-linguistic analysis of this frame, based on a corpus study of English
and Spanish arriving predicates. A first assumption would suggest that these two languages share a basic
abstract frame description for arriving events. While acknowledging this, we yet show that at a lexical level
the particular lexicalization patterns of each language influence the way speakers bring onto stage the
different participants of the scene. We discuss this issue through a study of implicit frame elements,
conflation and incorporation patterns, profiling, and deixis.
Third, we briefly introduce the question of polysemy for those predicates that participate in the
arriving frame. Arguably, the spatial meaning of arriving is the core sense from which a set of sense
extensions derives, pointing to a wide range of independent frames (e.g. Cognition frame, Achievement
frame, etc.) This fact can be attested in both languages in a parallel way. The different senses can be
described synchronically in terms of frame semantics, while motivation for them is to be found in the
cognitive processes of Metaphor (across frames), and Fictive Motion (within frame).


This paper presents an brief review of some recent work on the causal set approach to quantum gravity. Causal sets are a discretisation of spacetime that allow the symmetries of GR to be preserved in the continuum approximation. One proposed application of causal sets is to use them as the histories in a quantum sum-over-histories, i.e. to construct a quantum theory of spacetime.
It is expected by many that quantum gravity will introduce some kind of "fuzziness", uncertainty and perhaps discreteness into spacetime, and generic effects of this fuzziness are currently being sought. Applied as a model of discrete spacetime, causal sets can be used to construct simple phenomenological models which allow us to understand some of the consequences of this general expectation.


The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is both inspiring and frustrating. On the one hand, by providing detailed definitions of the core international crimes, the possible modes of participation in those crimes, and the permissible grounds for excluding criminal responsibility, the Statute represents the international community's most ambitious attempt to create a general and special part of international criminal law. On the other hand, most of the drafters of the Statute were diplomats who had no practical criminal law experience of any kind, much less academic expertise in international criminal law or comparative criminal law. As a result, the Rome Statute's substantive provisions are often confusing, contradictory, and of uncertain application - an "unsystematic conglomeration from a variety of legal traditions," as one scholar has memorably put it.This draft book chapter attempts to provide a systematic and comparative overview of the substantive criminal law of the Rome Statute. Section I provides an introduction to the Statute: its drafting history, jurisdictional principles, sources of law, and rules of procedure and evidence. Section II discusses the Statute's general part: theories of punishment, liability requirements (acts and omissions, material and mental elements, modes of participation), defenses, and sanctions. Finally, Section III examines the Statute's special part: the conceptual structure of the crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court and the crimes themselves: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression.The chapter is aimed primarily at domestic criminal law scholars, particularly those with an interest in comparative criminal law. But it should be of interest to international criminal law scholars, as well.


Census survival methods are the oldest and most widely applicable methods of estimating adult mortality, and for populations with negligible migration they can provide excellent results. The reason for this ubiquity is threefold: (1) their data requirements are minimal in that only two successive age distributions are needed; (2) the two successive age distributions are usually easily obtained from census counts; and (3) the method is straightforward in that it requires neither a great deal of judgment nor "data-fitting" techniques to implement. This ubiquity is in contrast to other methods, which require more data, as well as judgment and, often, data fitting. In this short note, the new approach we demonstrate is that life expectancy at birth can be computed by using census survival rates in combination with an identity whereby the radix of a life table is equal to 1 (l0 = 1.00). We point out that our suggested method is less involved than the existing approach. We compare estimates using our approach against other estimates, and find it works reasonably well. As well as some nuances and cautions, we discuss the benefits of using this approach to estimate life expectancy, including the ability to develop estimates of average remaining life at any age. We believe that the technique is worthy of consideration for use in estimating life expectancy in populations that experience negligible migration.