Two centuries after Marbury v. Madison, there remains a deep confusion about quite what a court is reviewing when it engages in judicial review. Conventional wisdom has it that judicial review is the review of certain legal objects: statutes, regulations. But strictly speaking, this is not quite right. The Constitution prohibits not objects but actions. Judicial review is the review of such actions. And actions require actors: verbs require subjects. So before judicial review focuses on verbs, let alone objects, it should begin at the beginning, with subjects. Every constitutional inquiry should begin with a basic question that has been almost universally overlooked. The fundamental question, from which all else follows, is the who question: who has violated the Constitution?As judicial review is practiced today, courts skip over this bedrock question to get to the more familiar question: how was the Constitution violated? But it makes no sense to ask how, until there is an answer to who. Indeed, in countless muddled lines of doctrine, puzzlement about the predicates of constitutional violation follows directly from more fundamental confusion about the subjects.Confusion about the who (and, relatedly, the when) of constitutional violation has been the root cause of many of the deepest puzzles of federal jurisdiction - puzzles of ripeness, of standing, of severability, of "facial" and "as-applied" challenges. Simply by focusing attention on this crucial constitutional feature, the subjects of the Constitution, these puzzles may be solved once and for all. And as they are solved, it becomes clear that this approach constitutes a new model of judicial review.But the implications of this new paradigm are not limited to federal jurisdiction. It turns out that confusion over the deep puzzles of federal jurisdiction has had subtle but profound feedback effects on substantive constitutional doctrine as well. Once these jurisdictional puzzles are solved, the scope of constitutional rights and powers comes into new focus as well. These implications ripple through the most important and controversial doctrines of constitutional law, from the scope of the Commerce Clause to the reach of the First Amendment, from the meaning of equal protection to the content of privileges and immunities, from the nature of due process to the shape of abortion rights.And all of it derives from nothing more complicated than asking the right first question: who has violated the Constitution?


A clear understanding of the monetary value that customers place on reliability and the factors that give rise to higher and lower values is an essential tool in determining investment in the grid. The recent National Transmission Grid Study recognizes the need for this information as one of growing importance for both public and private decision makers. In response, the U.S. Department of Energy has undertaken this study, as a first step toward addressing the current absence of consistent data needed to support better estimates of the economic value of electricity reliability. Twenty-four studies, conducted by eight electric utilities between 1989 and 2002 representing residential and commercial/industrial (small, medium and large) customer groups, were chosen for analysis. The studies cover virtually all of the Southeast, most of the western United States, including California, rural Washington and Oregon, and the Midwest south and east of Chicago. All variables were standardized to a consistent metric and dollar amounts were adjusted to the 2002 CPI. The data were then incorporated into a meta-database in which each outage scenario (e.g., the lost of electric service for one hour on a weekday summer afternoon) is treated as an independent case or record both to permit comparisons between outage characteristics and to increase the statistical power of analysis results. Unadjusted average outage costs and Tobit models that estimate customer damage functions are presented. The customer damage functions express customer outage costs for a given outage scenario and customer class as a function of location, time of day, consumption, and business type. One can use the damage functions to calculate outage costs for specific customer types. For example, using the customer damage functions, the cost experienced by an "average" customer resulting from a 1 hour summer afternoon outage is estimated to be approximately $3 for a residential customer, $1,200 for smallmedium commercial and industrial customer, and $82,000 for large commercial and industrial customer. Future work to improve the quality and coverage of information on the value of electricity reliability to customers is described. Copyright Information: All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for any necessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn more at http://www.escholarship.org/help_copyright.html#reuse


We describe a framework for improving the quality of personal photos by using a person's favorite photographs as examples. We observe that the majority of a person's photographs include the faces of a photographer's family and friends and often the errors in these photographs are the most disconcerting. We focus on correcting these types of images and use common faces across images to automatically perform both global and face-specific corrections. Our system achieves this by using face detection to align faces between "good" and "bad" photos such that properties of the good examples can be used to correct a bad photo. These "personal" photos provide strong guidance for a number of operations and, as a result, enable a number of high-quality image processing operations. We illustrate the power and generality of our approach by presenting a novel deblurring algorithm, and we show corrections that perform sharpening, superresolution, in-painting of over- and underexposured regions, and white-balancing.


Can Louisiana tell us something about civil law vs. common law regimes of slavery? What can the Louisiana experience tell us about a civil law jurisdiction "transplanted" in a common-law country? Louisiana is unique among American states in having been governed first by France, then by Spain, before becoming a U.S. territory and state in the nineteenth century. Unlike other slave states, it operated under a civil code, first the Digest of 1808, and then the Code of 1825. With regard to the regulation of slaves, these codes also incorporated a "Black Code," first adopted in 1806, which owed a great deal to both French and Spanish law. Comparisons of Louisiana with other slave states tend to emphasize the uniqueness of New Orleans' three-tier caste system, with a significant population of gens de couleur libre (free people of color), and the ameliorative influence of Spanish law. This reflects more general assumptions about comparative race and slavery in the Americas, based on the work of Frank Tannenbaum and other historians of an earlier generation, who drew sharp contrasts between slavery in British and Spanish America. How does the comparison shift if we turn our attention away from slave codes, where Tannenbaum focused, to the "law in action"? At the local level, one can see the way slaves took advantage of the gap between rules and enforcement, and to fathom racial meanings at the level of day-to-day interactions rather than comparisions of formal rules. This essay surveys three areas of law involving slaves - manumission, racial identity, and "redhibition" (breach of warranty) - to compare Louisiana to other jurisdictions, and particularly to its common-law neighbors.


In The Pastor, Eugene H. Peterson, the translator of the multimillion-selling The Message and the author of more than thirty books, offers his life story as one answer to the surprisingly neglected question: What does it mean to be a pastor? When Peterson was asked by his denomination to begin a new church in Bel Air, Maryland, he surprised himself by saying yes. And so was born Christ Our King Presbyterian Church. But Peterson quickly learned that he was not exactly sure what a pastor should do. He had met many ministers in his life, from his Pentecostal upbringing in Montana to his seminary days in New York, and he admired only a few. He knew that the job's demands would drown him unless he figured out what the essence of the job really was. Thus began a thirty-year journey into the heart of this uncommon vocation--the pastorate.The Pastor steers away from abstractions, offering instead a beautiful rendering of a life tied to the physical world--the land, the holy space, the people--shaping Peterson's pastoral vocation as well as his faith. He takes on church marketing, mega pastors, and the church's too-cozy relationship to American glitz and consumerism to present a simple, faith-filled job description of what being a pastor means today. In the end, Peterson discovered that being a pastor boiled down to "paying attention and calling attention to 'what is going on right now' between men and women, with each other and with God." The Pastor is destined to become a classic statement on the contemporary trials, joys, and meaning of this ancient vocation.


An investigation was made into the behavior of rigid foundations and structures resting on the surface or embedded in a cohesionless soil and subjected to transient active or passive excitations and forced vibrations using the centrifuge modeling technique. The investigation was aimed at studying both low and high amplitude vibrations of foundations under machine type loadings, earthquake or wave induced vibrations, and other sources of dynamic loads. Rigid "prototype" foundations of mass and size comparable to foundations of a low rise building were simulated in the centrifuge at a centrifugal acceleration of 50g. Rigid model structures (aluminum towers) attached to foundations of different shapes, sizes, masses, and moments of inertia were tested. The effect of soil depth, boundary conditions, and depth of foundation embedment were investigated. Mainly rocking and horizontal modes of vibration were studied, The impulse rocking-horizontal excitation of the models was provided by actively perturbing the model structures using explosive energy or by passively exciting them by shaking the whole soil bucket using a hydraulic shaking system. The forced vibration was produced by a miniature air-driven counterrotating eccentric mass shaker mounted on the model structures. During the tests detailed measurements of the static and dynamic contact pressure distributions, displacement components of the model, and acceleration amplitudes at different elevations of the model structure were obtained. The acceleration ratios were used to determine the modes of vibration of the foundation systems. Natural frequencies and damping coefficients of the modes were calculated by f1tting the amplitude-frequency response of a single degree of freedom mass-spring dashpot oscillator to the experimental response curves derived from the test data. Experimental results provided information regarding the influence of different geometrical, inertial, and loading conditions on the vibrational characteristics of the soil-structure system. In particular the effect of foundation embedment was to increase the model resonant frequencies and to cause an appreciable change in contact pressure distribution underneath the footing. However, the resonant frequencies predicted by the lumped parameter analysis for a simple two-degree-of-freedom (rocking and translation) model were about 15 to 55 per cent higher than those measured experimentally. These results were approximately consistent with the comparisons made in similar theoretical and experimental studies such as those performed by Morris in the Cambridge centrifuge and those performed on full-scale footings by Stokoe and Richart. Damping ratios of the rocking-sliding vibration did not change considerably when footing size or depth of embedment changed. The existence of rigid boundaries around the soil mass in the bucket, and an inefficient contact between soil and the foundation side walls and lower surface could account for these observations. Uplift and nonlinear large amplitude vibrations were consistently observed during the steady-state vibration tests. Uplift led to a softer vibrating system which behaved non-linearly. As a result the frequency of vibration decreased with the amount of lift-off. In transient vibration uplift reduced the intensity of higher frequency vibration. Soil around the foundation edge yielded and plastic deformations and subsequent softening of the contact soil increased the material damping while it decreased the resonant frequency of the system. It was concluded that elastic half-space theory does not satisfy the needs for analysis of foundation behavior under high amplitude vibrations and more sophisticated methods of analysis are required.


For four hundred years-from the first Spanish assaults against the Arawak people of Hispaniola in the 1490s to the US Army's massacre of Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee in the 1890s-the indigenous inhabitants of North and South America endured an unending firestorm of violence. During that time the native population of the Western Hemisphere declined by as many as 100 million people. Indeed, as historian David E. Stannard argues in this stunning new book, the European and white American destruction of the native peoples of the Americas was the most massive act of genocide in the history of the world. Stannard begins with a portrait of the enormous richness and diversity of life in the Americas prior to Columbus's fateful voyage in 1492. He then follows the path of genocide from the Indies to Mexico and Central and South America, then north to Florida, Virginia, and New England, and finally out across the Great Plains and Southwest to California and the North Pacific Coast. Stannard reveals that wherever Europeans or white Americans went, the native people were caught between imported plagues and barbarous atrocities, typically resulting in the annihilation of 95 percent of their populations. What kind of people, he asks, do such horrendous things to others? His highly provocative answer: Christians. Digging deeply into ancient European and Christian attitudes toward sex, race, and war, he finds the cultural ground well prepared by the end of the Middle Ages for the centuries-long genocide campaign that Europeans and their descendants launched-and in places continue to wage-against the New World's original inhabitants. Advancing a thesis that is sure to create much controversy, Stannard contends that the perpetrators of the American Holocaust drew on the same ideological wellspring as did the later architects of the Nazi Holocaust. It is an ideology that remains dangerously alive today, he adds, and one that in recent years has surfaced in American justifications for large-scale military intervention in Southeast Asia and the Middle East. At once sweeping in scope and meticulously detailed, American Holocaust is a work of impassioned scholarship that is certain to ignite intense historical and moral debate.


In 1952, the University of Montreal established an Extension Service. One of the first initiatives of this service was to create a bachelor's degree for part-time adult students. This initiative resulted in a struggle with the Faculty of Arts and, for a few years, the university prohibited the Extension Service from offering credits for its training. In 1968, the Extension Service was replaced by the Continuing Education Service. This new service quickly created approximately 50 university diplomas for part-time students, and became a faculty of its own in 1975. In 1980, one out of every six people who were studying at the University of Montreal was enrolled in the Faculty of Continuing Education. By drawing attention to these data, this paper enriches the literature pertaining to the history of adult education within the context of Canadian higher education. Based on this historical account, the paper questions the links between higher education, lifelong learning, and social inequality.


At once a celebration of technology and a warning about its misuse, The Glass Cage will change the way you think about the tools you use every day. In The Glass Cage, best-selling author Nicholas Carr digs behind the headlines about factory robots and self-driving cars, wearable computers and digitized medicine, as he explores the hidden costs of granting software dominion over our work and our leisure. Even as they bring ease to our lives, these programs are stealing something essential from us. Drawing on psychological and neurological studies that underscore how tightly peoples happiness and satisfaction are tied to performing hard work in the real world, Carr reveals something we already suspect: shifting our attention to computer screens can leave us disengaged and discontented. From nineteenth-century textile mills to the cockpits of modern jets, from the frozen hunting grounds of Inuit tribes to the sterile landscapes of GPS maps, The Glass Cage explores the impact of automation from a deeply human perspective, examining the personal as well as the economic consequences of our growing dependence on computers. With a characteristic blend of history and philosophy, poetry and science, Carr takes us on a journey from the work and early theory of Adam Smith and Alfred North Whitehead to the latest research into human attention, memory, and happiness, culminating in a moving meditation on how we can use technology to expand the human experience.


PURPOSE
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) related to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in elderly outpatients who attended public primary healthcare units in a southeastern region of Brazil. The secondary objective was to investigate the possible predictors of DDI-related ADRs.

METHODS
A prospective cohort study was conducted between November 1, 2010, and November 31, 2011, in the primary public healthcare system in the Ourinhos micro-region in Brazil. Patients who were at least 60 years old, with at least one potential DDI, were eligible for inclusion in the study. Eligible patients were assessed by clinical pharmacists for DDI-related ADRs for 4 months. The causality of DDI-related ADRs was assessed independently by four clinicians using three decisional algorithms. The incidence of DDI-related ADRs during the study period was calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to study DDI-related ADR predictors.

RESULTS
A total of 433 patients completed the study. The incidence of DDI-related ADRs was 6.5%. A multivariate analysis indicated that the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) rose from 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75-1.12, p = 0.06) in patients aged 65-69 years to 4.40 (95% CI = 3.00-6.12, p < 0.01) in patients aged 80 years or older. Patients who presented two to three diagnosed diseases presented lower adjusted ORs (OR = 0.93 [95% CI = 0.68-1.18, p = 0.08]) than patients who presented six or more diseases (OR = 1.12 [95% CI = 1.02-2.01, p < 0.01]). Elderly patients who took five or more drugs had a significantly higher risk of DDI-related ADRs (OR = 2.72 [95% CI = 1.92-3.12, p < 0.01]) than patients who took three to four drugs (OR = 0.93 [95% CI = 0.74-1.11, p = 0.06]). No significant difference was found with regard to sex (OR = 1.08 [95% CI 0.48-2.02, p = 0.44]).

CONCLUSION
The incidence of DDI-related ADRs in elderly outpatients was significant, and most of the events presented important clinical consequences. Because clinicians still have difficulty managing this problem, highlighting the factors that increase the risk of DDI-related ADRs is essential. Polypharmacy was found to be a significant predictor of DDI-related ADRs in our sample.


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This Article offers a more sophisticated account of elite theory that incorporates the crucial insights underlying claims that Justices with life tenure will protect minority rights and claims that the Supreme Court follows the election returns. Put simply, the direction of judicial decision making at a given time reflects the views of the most affluent and highly educated members of the dominant national coalition. The values that animate the elite members of the dominant national coalition help explain the direction of judicial decision making for the last eighty years. During the mid-twentieth century, most Republican and Democratic elites held more liberal positions on most constitutional issues than less fortunate and less affluent Democrats or Republicans. This elite consensus minimized the impact of partisan control of the White House and the partisan composition of the Court on most matters of constitutional law. By the turn of the twenty-first century, that consensus had dissipated. Most Republican elites presently take far more conservative positions on most constitutional issues than the average Republican. Most Democratic elites take far more liberal positions on most constitutional issues than the average Democrat. One consequence of this elite polarization is that partisan control of the White House and the partisan composition of the Court have extraordinary influence on most matters of constitutional law. A closely divided bench composed of polarized elites is vulnerable to what might be called constitutional yo-yos, dramatic swings in judicial policy making on numerous policy issues. Assume electoral politics remains fairly volatile for the near future, with Presidents of one party frequently replacing Presidents of the other party. The result will be a Supreme Court that lurches back and forth between making relatively extreme liberal and relatively extreme conservative decisions on the most important constitutional issues of the day. These potential constitutional yo-yos threaten both the majoritarian and the constitutional values that traditionally enjoy a precarious balance in the American constitutional regime. Elite polarization undermines majoritarianism by grossly exaggerating the impact of elections and public opinion on judicial decisions. Small fluctuations in public opinion and in voting behavior may induce judicial decisions that lurch back and forth between relatively extreme liberal and relatively extreme conservative opinions, even when most citizens prefer centrist positions on issues ranging from the constitutional status of abortion to the constitutional status of capital punishment. This volatility undermines constitutionalism by inhibiting such constitutional purposes as providing credible commitments to crucial stakeholders, maintaining the rule of law, and developing a national commitment to a set of fundamental constitutional aspirations. For these reasons, judicial minimalism during times of elite polarization and electoral volatility has particular merit, even if such an approach to the judicial function may disserve constitutional values during other political periods.


This article illustrates how different conceptions of narrative identity shape the ways that researchers listen for stories in the research approach of portraiture. To do so, we explore the methodological details of two portraiture studies, one on the integration of religious faith and learning among college professors and another on college student participation in hip-hop culture. In this exploration, we illustrate how psychosocial and storied resource perspectives of identity in each study shape the positioning of participant voices as resonant, dissonant, or excluded altogether. Overall, we look beyond issues of researcher reflexivity to elucidate one of the distinguishing features of portraiture and call for coherency between key constructs such as narrative identity and the different elements of qualitative research processes more generally.


Title III of the JOBS Act, signed by President Obama on April 5, 2012, sets forth a new exemption from federal and state securities registration for so-called "crowdfunding" promotions. Crowdfunding is an increasingly popular form of raising capital through broad-based internet solicitation of donors. Many promotions simply seek charitable or other donations. But the lure of raising funds through the internet has also led to promotions for potentially profitable ventures that offer an economic return to donors. These efforts invoke the federal and state securities laws, as there are no de minimis standards protecting even the smallest of offferings. Registration exemptions under the 1933 Securities Act and those created by the Securities & Exchange Comission have not been useful for such small offerings and certainly cannot be used for internet-based offerings. In the face of SEC inaction with regard to such small-scale promotions, Congress took it upon itself to create a new exemption. Unfortunately, as described in the article, despite good intentions, the newly-created exemption is fraught with regulatory requirements that go beyond even existing exemptions and raise transaction costs and liability concerns that may substantially reduce the exemption's utility for small capital-raising efforts.


The primary aim of the paper was to identify the impacts and adaptation options of climate variability and change on agricultural production in Limpopo province. The following objectives were identified: to understand the impacts of climate variability and change on agricultural production in Limpopo province ; to assess the impacts of climate variability and change on agricultural production in Limpopo province and to identify adaptation measures that reduces the impacts of climate variability and change on agricultural production in Limpopo province. A representative sample of 300 farmers aged 16 – 65+ years (46 percent males and 54 percent females) participated in the study. The study involved Sekhukhune and Capricorn districts, with 56 percent farmers in Capricorn and 44 percent in Sekhukhune district. The following 11 local municipalities were visited: Elias Motsoaledi, Makhuduthamaga, Fetakgomo, Ephraim Mogale, Tubatse, Lepelle Nkumpi, Blouberg, Aganang, Polokwane, and Molemole. Statistics was used to determine climate variability and change impact on agricultural production. Results indicate that farmers are aware that Limpopo province is getting warmer and drier with increased frequency of droughts, changes in the timing of rains, observed trends of temperature and precipitation. This paper also confirmed that being full time farmer, gender, information on climate change, information received through extension services and adaptation to climate change are some of the important determinants of agricultural production, food scarcity and unemployment. The paper also presented perceived adaptation strategies of selected Limpopo province farmers. Some of their perceived adaptation strategies included: (a) soil management strategies, (b) water management strategies and (c) others like use of subsidies and use of insurance. Other important adaptation options being used by farmers were also discussed in this paper including different adaptation measures against colds, heat, frost, abnormal wind, hail, lack of extension support, nematodes, insecticides, worms, temperature and rainfall. The results of this paper are potentially valuable to the agricultural sector considering the threates that climate change poses across climate sensitive sectors


Nursing burnout affects the nurse's home and work life and can lead to serious physical
and emotional symptoms as well as patient dissatisfaction and increased nursing turnover.
With a shortage of nurses expected to increase to 30% across the state of North Carolina
by the year 2020, it is imperative we prevent further loss to burnout. An educational
needs assessment was conducted via a mailed survey to determine the current knowledge
of nurse managers employed in hospitals in North Carolina regarding causes of burnout
and methods of burnout prevention and reversal for staff nurses. The responses of 214
nurse managers allowed the identification of their level of knowledge about staff nurse
burnout. Through comparison with published knowledge about the subject, the
educational needs of the managers are apparent. The findings of this research can inform
the provision of appropriate education for nurse managers, leading to reduced burnout in
staff nurses, a reduction in the nursing shortage, and improved quality of patient care.
The burnout information least known by nurse managers is evidence-based knowledge
and theoretical knowledge is better known. The findings reveal a positive correlation
between nurse manager's total knowledge and age, years as nurse manager, and level of
education completed. The greatest knowledge need is in the area of environmental causes
of staff nurse burnout.


In the 15 years since the release of "Gender Outlaw, " Kate Bornstein s groundbreaking challenge to gender ideology, transgender narratives have made their way from the margins to the mainstream and back again. Today's transgenders and other sex/gender radicals are writing a drastically new world into being. In "Gender Outlaws, " Bornstein, together with writer, raconteur, and theater artist S. Bear Bergman, collects and contextualizes the work of this generation's trans and genderqueer forward thinkers new voices from the stage, on the streets, in the workplace, in the bedroom, and on the pages and websites of the world's most respected mainstream news sources. "Gender Outlaws" includes essays, commentary, comic art, and conversations from a diverse group of trans-spectrum people who live and believe in barrier-breaking lives."


"The Nat Turner Trials" locates the trials of slaves in the wake of the Nat Turner rebellion in the context of common, and statutory, law and extra-legal responses to slavery in Virginia and North Carolina during the early 1830s. The Article shows how trials were part of the whole system of slavery, held together by norms of white supremacy promulgated in the press, the pulpit, and on plantations. Decisions from local courts to appellate courts gave broad power to slave owners to control enslaved people. There was little done in defense of slaves, though in some ways the states' criminal procedure statutes and the actions of some slave owners and defense lawyers may have helped to limit the number of convictions.The article is framed by two cases in North Carolina — one in 1830 of a white man who attacked a slave in his custody and was freed from punishment and another in 1834 of a slave who killed his overseer and was found guilty of manslaughter rather than premeditated murder. Sandwiched between those two cases was the Nat Turner rebellion in neighboring Virginia during August of 1831. The trials of those accused of rebellion and conspiracy, along with the vigilante violence that accompanied the rebellion, further illustrate the ways the legal system functioned to support slavery and order.The article highlights how trials of slaves in the wake of the Nat Turner rebellion worked to re-establish order and to mete out punishment. It also reveals how lawyers for the slaves labored — largely unsuccessfully — to free those most obviously not guilty. Those lawyers were committed to the re-establishment of order; all of the key lawyers had participated in the militia response to the rebellion. Yet the defense lawyers still tried to limit convictions, and they succeeded to some extent.The trials worked in conjunction with — and sometimes in opposition to — the extra-legal violence that accompanied the repression of the rebellion. The trials reveal, as did the two Supreme Court of North Carolina cases that bookend this Article, the conflicts within the community, as some emphasized the power of slave owners to treat slaves as they wished, while others emphasized the subjection of everyone, including owners of slaves, to the rule of law. The court struggled in part with trying to keep the community from taking vigilante action. It also acted to punish the rebels and stopping further rebellion.The trials tell compact, linear stories about why someone is being punished (or not). The trials are obscure, but collectively they tell a powerful story about the role of law in American history as a vehicle for establishing order.


Everyone agrees that news media cannot be ruled solely by the profit motive and that government regulation on media is extremely dangerous. How then can we obtain good service from news media? As far as ethics is concerned, can we depend on the moral conscience of professionals to insure good service? The answer is MAS, nongovermental media accountability systems. The book concentrates on MAS as one of the three pillars of goods new media, together with free enterprise and state regulation. It presents general information about the major media accountability systems and their useful(press council, ombudsman, journalism review, etc.) and a chapter on each of them is written by an expert who has been involved with that particular system.


The issue of decriminalizing illicit drugs is hotly debated, but is rarely subject to evidence-based
analysis. This paper examines the case of Portugal, a nation that decriminalized the use and possession
of all illicit drugs on 1 July 2001. Drawing upon independent evaluations and interviews
conducted with 13 key stakeholders in 2007 and 2009, it critically analyses the criminal justice and
health impacts against trends from neighbouring Spain and Italy. It concludes that contrary to
predictions, the Portuguese decriminalization did not lead to major increases in drug use. Indeed,
evidence indicates reductions in problematic use, drug-related harms and criminal justice
overcrowding. The article discusses these developments in the context of drug law debates and
criminological discussions on late modern governance.


The locomotory behaviour and functional morphology of English populations of a small (<2 cm long), burrowing athenarian sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis Stephenson, 1935 (= N. pellucida Crowell, 1946), which lives in soft mud in salt marshes and creeks, are described. Objectives were to ascertain the specific stimuli and environmental conditions determining when and how locomotion is employed, and to assess survival values. Experimentation and anatomical examination revealed how anemones move, and their functional morphology was interpreted in a physiological context. Finally, locomotion, morphology and habitat were compared for several athenarian anemones, to ascertain what correlations there are, if any. Essential environmental conditions for N. vectensis are: thixotropic mud of median particle size about 30 μm; a well defined oxidizing layer at the mud surface; and well oxygenated water overlying the mud. N. vectensis cannot burrow in sand. The ability to burrow in fine mud is the primary requirement for survival, providing a stable substrate for protection, feeding and reproduction. Anemones are forced to vacate their burrows if oxygen tension in the mud becomes lowered. Rarely, individuals adhere to underwater vegetation, which they reach by climbing. Locomotion in N. vectensis comprises burrowing of two types (penetrative and intrasubstrate), creeping and climbing. Penetrative burrowing, creeping or climbing (the animal progressing physa first), are all facilitated by the complementary deployment of direct peristaltic muscular waves passing down the column and the adhesive properties of the rugae on the column. If the anemone is lying on mud, penetrative burrowing ensues; if on an impenetrable surface, creeping or climbing ensues; these behaviours are not affected by light. At 21°C, in anemones 3-10 mm long, peristaltic waves are initiated about every 54 s at the mid-level of the actinopharynx. Waves progress to the tip of the physa at a mean speed of about 37 μm s-1, with an observed range of 18-77 μm s-1, unaffected by light intensity, and are directly correlated with anemone length, at least in the range 2-10 mm. Creeping is random in direction, whether in uniform light or dark conditions; daylight or darkness have no influence on speed of progression; and no phototactic response to unidirectional light is demonstrable. Climbing is not a geotaxis; initiation and passage of peristaltic waves are not responses to gravity or tactile stimuli; and flexion of the physa towards the substrate is neither a geotactic nor a tactile response. Physal flexion depends solely on ruga adhesion. If anemones established in their burrows become covered with a thin layer of mud, they extend the column until the tentacles reach the new surface. If, however, they are engulfed in deep mud, they employ intrasubstrate burrowing towards the mud surface, moving tentacles-first with alternate introversion and eversion of the scapus, sometimes aided by reversed peristaltic waves. Intrasubstrate burrowing may be a negative geotaxis, but chemotaxis was not tested for. During head-first movement below the mud surface, ciliary action on the oral disk and tentacles assists progress by increasing the fluidity of the thixotropic mud. N. vectensis is one of only two anemone species known to employ two methods of burrowing, and is unique in using them in the same kind of substrate, although in different circum stances. Burrowing behaviour in different species of athenarian anemone is extremely diverse, but there is no consistent association between modes of burrowing, types of substrate, musculature and familial relationships, at least when based upon the limited data available for only four athenarian families, the Edwardsiidae, Halcampidae, Halcampoididae and Haloclavidae. Hence, what these data on burrowing might tell us about adaptive evolution in athenarian sea anemones is still far from clear.


After the 1991-2001 civil war, Sierra Leone employed a new model of transitional justice, concurrently utilising a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and a Special Court. Encouragingly, this process incorporated special gender considerations, by expanding the mandate of both the TRC and Special Court to address sexual violence and encourage women to come forward and testify without fear of retribution. Both these institutions have been praised for successfully fulfilling their specific mandates and for aiding the country's transition to peace. However, some parts of Sierra Leone's society were left largely untouched by the process, as evidenced by widespread discrimination and gender inequalities which still occur today. It is proposed that this is not just a fault of Sierra Leone's approach, but that it is an inherent flaw of the transitional justice process as a whole as the process is not suitable for use in addressing the root causes of conflict. For this reason, it is argued that a new mechanism of transitional justice, one which incorporates a peacebuilding process, would better address the needs of a post-conflict society. This would be done by focusing on transformation and promoting a long-term sustainable peace.


Abstract. In the 1990s the rates of increase of greenhouse gas concentrations, most notably of methane, were observed to change, for reasons that have yet to be fully determined. This period included the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo and an El Nino warm event, both of which affect biogeochemical processes, by changes in temperature, precipitation and radiation. We examine the impact of these changes in climate on global isoprene emissions and the effect these climate dependent emissions have on the hydroxy radical, OH, the dominant sink for methane. We model a reduction of isoprene emissions in the early 1990s, with a maximum decrease of 40 Tg(C)/yr in late 1992 and early 1993, a change of 9%. This reduction is caused by the cooler, drier conditions following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. Isoprene emissions are reduced both directly, by changes in temperature and a soil moisture dependent suppression factor, and indirectly, through reductions in the total biomass. The reduction in isoprene emissions causes increases of tropospheric OH which lead to an increased sink for methane of up to 5 Tg(CH4)/year, comparable to estimated source changes over the time period studied. There remain many uncertainties in the emission and oxidation of isoprene which may affect the exact size of this effect, but its magnitude is large enough that it should remain important.


The Event Segmentation Theory (Kurby & Zacks, 2008; Zacks, Speer, Swallow, Braver, & Reynolds, 2007) explains the perceptual organization of an ongoing activity into meaningful events. The classical event segmentation task (Newtson, 1973) involves watching an online video and indicating with key presses the event boundaries, i.e., when one event ends and the next one begins. The resulting hierarchical organization of object-based coarse events and action-based fine events gives insight into various cognitive processes. I used the Event Segmentation Theory to develop assistance and training systems for assembly workers in industrial settings at various levels - experts, new hires, and intellectually disabled people. Therefore, the first scientific question I asked was whether online and offline event segmentation result in the same event boundaries. This is important because assembly work requires not only watching activities online but processing the information offline, e.g., while performing the assembly task. By developing a special software tool that enables assessment of offline event boundaries, I established that online perception and offline elaboration lead to similar event boundaries. This study supports prior work suggesting that instructions should be structured around event boundaries.
Secondly, I investigated the importance of fine versus coarse event boundaries when learning the sequence of steps in virtual training, both for novices and experts in car door assembly. I found memory, tested by ability to predict the next frame, to be enhanced for object-based coarse events from the nearest fine event boundary. However, virtual training did not improve memory for action-based fine events from the nearest coarse event boundary. I conjecture that trainees primarily acquire the sequence of object-based coarse events in an initial training. Based on differences found in memory performance between experts and novices, I conclude that memory for action-based fine events is dependent on expertise.
Thirdly, I used the Event Segmentation Theory to investigate whether the simple and repetitive assembly tasks offered at workshops for intellectually disabled persons utilize their full cognitive potential. I analyzed event segmentation performance of 32 intellectually disabled persons compared to 30 controls using a variety of event segmentation measures. I found specific deficits in event boundary detection and hierarchical organization of events for the intellectually disabled group. However, results suggest that hierarchical organization is task-dependent. Because the event segmentation task accounted for differences in general cognitive ability, I propose the event segmentation task as diagnostic method for the need for support in executing assembly tasks.
Based on these three studies, I argue that the Event Segmentation Theory offers a framework for assessment and assistance of important attentional, perceptual, and memory processes related to assembly tasks. I demonstrate how practical applications can make use of this framework for the development of new computer-based assistance and training systems that are tailored to the users' need for support and improve their quality of life.


Global human population growth is associated with many problems, such as food and water provision, political conflicts, spread of diseases, and environmental destruction. The mitigation of these problems is mirrored in several global conventions and programs, some of which, however, are conflicting. Here, we discuss the conflicts between biodiversity conservation and disease eradication. Numerous health programs aim at eradicating pathogens, and many focus on the eradication of vectors, such as mosquitos or other parasites. As a case study, we focus on the "Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign," which aims at eradicating a pathogen (Trypanosoma) as well as its vector, the entire group of tsetse flies (Glossinidae). As the distribution of tsetse flies largely overlaps with the African hotspots of freshwater biodiversity, we argue for a strong consideration of environmental issues when applying vector control measures, especially the aerial applications of insecticides. Furthermore, we want to stimulate discussions on the value of species and whether full eradication of a pathogen or vector is justified at all. Finally, we call for a stronger harmonization of international conventions. Proper environmental impact assessments need to be conducted before control or eradication programs are carried out to minimize negative effects on biodiversity.


Ellis, Deborah. My Name is Parvana. Toronto: Groundwood Books, 2012. Print. In this final book in the The Breadwinner series, we meet the indomitable Afghani protagonist, Parvana, again, at the age of 15. The story begins with Parvana being interrogated in an American military base after she is discovered in a bombed out school.  She refuses to acknowledge her captors and remains silent. The story unfolds through Parvana's flashbacks as she endures the various methods employed to make her talk, including food and sleep deprivation.. We learn that Parvana's family has left the refugee camp and started a school for girls. It seems their dreams have come true, but there is danger everywhere. New laws are in place to protect women's rights, but old habits and beliefs, die hard. Threatening notes begin to arrive. Parvana is accosted in the streets.  Students and teachers are driven away by the threats, and without students the school will lose its funding.  The setbacks continue to pile up until at last we realize why Parvana is alone and imprisoned. Through careful crafting, Ellis creates a story that is heartrending without being horrific. Skillful use of flashbacks and foreshadowing soften the shock of atrocities by giving us clues before they occur. She shows respect for her young readers by giving enough detail for them to understand what is happening without becoming gory. Despite the incredible challenges she faces, Parvana finds hope, and new dream, in the end. This novel also provides a wonderful opportunity to discuss the use of voice in writing.  Some people would say Ellis, a white, Canadian woman, has no right to use an Afghani voice. Yet Ellis' is an educated voice. She has spent time travelling in Afghanistan and interviewing Afghani children.  In an interview for Page Turners Book Club , Ellis asserts that she is giving voices to people who do not usually appear in books and providing information for children and teens who are "hungry to find out about how the world works and how they can create their own place in the world". My Name is Parvana is an appropriate companion for Ellis' non-fiction book Kids of Kabul: Living Bravely Through a Never-ending War and other information texts about children's lives in Afghanistan.  While Ellis should not be the only voice for Afghani women and children, hers is certainly a powerful and effective one.  Her goal of building connections for young Canadians and creating a climate for understanding is laudable. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer:  Kathy Inglis Kathy Inglis is a teacher-librarian and kindergarten teacher at South Park Family School in Victoria, BC and a Masters student in the Teacher-Librarianship through Distance Learning Program at the University of Alberta. Her favourite part of the job is seeing the excited look on the faces of students who have found that perfect book.


The focus of the thesis is to process measurements acquired from a continuous
monitoring system at a railway bridge. Temperature, strain and ambient vibration
records are analysed and two main directions of investigation are pursued.

The first and the most demanding task is to develop processing routines able to extract modal parameters from ambient vibration measurements. For this purpose, reliable experimental models are achieved on the basis of a stochastic system identification(SSI) procedure. A fully automated algorithm based on a three-stage clustering is implemented to perform a modal parameter estimation for every single measurement. After selecting a baseline of modal parameters, the evolution of eigenfrequencies is
studied and correlated to environmental and operational factors.

The second aspect deals with the structural response to passing trains. Corresponding
triggered records of strain and temperature are processed and their assessment is
accomplished using the average strains induced by each train as the reference parameter.
Three influences due to speed, temperature and loads are distinguished and treated individually. An attempt to estimate the maximum response variation due to each factor is also carried out.


The United States achieved a 2.0 percent average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita between 1891 and 2007. This paper predicts that growth in the 25 to 40 years after 2007 will be much slower, particularly for the great majority of the population. Future growth will be 1.3 percent per annum for labor productivity in the total economy, 0.9 percent for output per capita, 0.4 percent for real income per capita of the bottom 99 percent of the income distribution, and 0.2 percent for the real disposable income of that group. The primary cause of this growth slowdown is a set of four headwinds, all of them widely recognized and uncontroversial. Demographic shifts will reduce hours worked per capita, due not just to the retirement of the baby boom generation but also as a result of an exit from the labor force both of youth and prime-age adults. Educational attainment, a central driver of growth over the past century, stagnates at a plateau as the U.S. sinks lower in the world league tables of high school and college completion rates. Inequality continues to increase, resulting in real income growth for the bottom 99 percent of the income distribution that is fully half a point per year below the average growth of all incomes. A projected long-term increase in the ratio of debt to GDP at all levels of government will inevitably lead to more rapid growth in tax revenues and/or slower growth in transfer payments at some point within the next several decades. There is no need to forecast any slowdown in the pace of future innovation for this gloomy forecast to come true, because that slowdown already occurred four decades ago. In the eight decades before 1972 labor productivity grew at an average rate 0.8 percent per year faster than in the four decades since 1972. While no forecast of a future slowdown of innovation is needed, skepticism is offered here, particularly about the techno-optimists who currently believe that we are at a point of inflection leading to faster technological change. The paper offers several historical examples showing that the future of technology can be forecast 50 or even 100 years in advance and assesses widely discussed innovations anticipated to occur over the next few decades, including medical research, small robots, 3-D printing, big data, driverless vehicles, and oil-gas fracking.


Object inspectors are tools that allow developers to explore the state of run-time objects. This exploration creates many interaction events between the developer and the inspector. Recording, saving and using those interactions directly in an inspector opens opportunities to reduce the amount of repetitive actions developers need to do during development and debugging. To make this possible we propose an inspector model that records developer interactions as first-class entities and uses them to reduce repetition. This is enabled through a model that uses a tree to keep track of an inspection session, and a recording infrastructure that allows each widget to decide how user interactions should be recorded. To validate this model, we identify several types of problems that can arise in object inspectors and show how they can be addressed if developer interactions are recorded by the inspector. For example, the new model allows developers to replay inspection sessions, restore partial navigation and generate code from an inspection session.


Complex adaptive systems (cas), including ecosystems, governments, biological cells, and markets, are characterized by intricate hierarchical arrangements of boundaries and signals. In ecosystems, for example, niches act as semi-permeable boundaries, and smells and visual patterns serve as signals; governments have departmental hierarchies with memoranda acting as signals; and so it is with other cas. Despite a wealth of data and descriptions concerning different cas, there remain many unanswered questions about "steering" these systems. In Signals and Boundaries, John Holland argues that understanding the origin of the intricate signal/border hierarchies of these systems is the key to answering such questions. He develops an overarching framework for comparing and steering cas through the mechanisms that generate their signal/boundary hierarchies.

Holland lays out a path for developing the framework that emphasizes agents, niches, theory, and mathematical models. He discusses, among other topics, theory construction; signal-processing agents; networks as representations of signal/boundary interaction; adaptation; recombination and reproduction; the use of tagged urn models (adapted from elementary probability theory) to represent boundary hierarchies; finitely generated systems as a way to tie the models examined into a single framework; the framework itself, illustrated by a simple finitely generated version of the development of a multi-celled organism; and Markov processes.


The distribution of commodity-related payments and Federal crop insurance indemnities to U.S. farmers has shifted to larger farms as more and more U.S. agricultural production is done on those farms. Since the operators of larger farms tend to have higher household incomes than other farm operators, commodity-related program payments and Federal crop insurance indemnities also have shifted to higher income households. By 2009, half of commodity-related program payments went to farms operated by households earning over $89,540, a quarter went to farms operated by households with incomes greater than $209,000 and 10 percent went to farms operated by households with incomes of at least $425,000. Current income eligibility caps and payment limits affect few farm households because most of them have incomes below the income caps or receive payments less than the payment limits. Based on 2009 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) data, recent proposals to lower those income caps and payment limits would still affect only a small percentage of U.S. farm households, because their incomes would still fall below the proposed income caps and payment limits. Total Government program payments to U.S. farms were $12.3 billion in 2009. Total Federal crop insurance indemnity payments were $5.2 billion in 2009.


Binary pulsars are excellent laboratories to test the building blocks of Einstein's theory of general relativity. One of these is Lorentz symmetry, which states that physical phenomena appear the same for all inertially moving observers. We study the effect of violations of Lorentz symmetry in the orbital evolution of binary pulsars and find that it induces a much more rapid decay of the binary's orbital period due to the emission of dipolar radiation. The absence of such behavior in recent observations allows us to place the most stringent constraints on Lorentz violation in gravity, thus verifying one of the cornerstones of Einstein's theory much more accurately than any previous gravitational observation.


This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 1438956.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation


This score is special edition of Mozart's opera "Idomeneo" issued by subscription by J. Frey in ca. 1822. The cursive signature J. Frey appears in ink at the bottom of the t.p.

This edition is in two volumes. Volume 1 lists the names of subscribers and has a table of contents for each of the three acts with the incipit of first lines of texts of arias, recitatives and choruses. Volume 1 also contains the overture of the opera and the first act. Volume 2 contains the second and third acts.

According to New Grove, in 1780 Mozart received a commission to composed a serious opera on a libretto by the Salzburg cleric Giambattista Varesco, which the latter based on Antoine Danchet's Idomenee.


Why is Francisco de Vitoria as hip as the iPad in International Legal Studies Today?. A review of some of the legacies of Vitoria in international legal scholarship today accompanies, in the first part of this work, a retrospective gaze at the first third of the Twentieth century so as to examine how the role played by the founder of the American Society of International Law, James Brown Scott, as the editor of The Classics of International Law, and his scholarly writings, contributed to (re)establish Francisco de Vitoria as the father of international law in the inter-war years. The second part provides, in its turn, a genealogy of the critical front of today's Vitorian revival in international law. Special attention is, then, paid to some of the intellectual building-blocks and programmatic tenets which, since the late-1990s, have inspired a Third World Approaches to International Law's (TWAIL) anti-imperial narrative of the international legal order along with a TWAIL's re-interpretation and re-contextualization of the works of the Sixteenth century Prima professor of Sacred Theology at the University of Salamanca. The conclusion reflects on the lasting legacy of the Spanish Classics in the American tradition of international law in the Twentieth century.


An introduction to the history of the Christian church from its inception to approximately 600 C.E., this volume seeks to balance the traditional presentation of notable figures, councils, and controversies with the telling of the story of the ordinary Christian during this era. An important feature of this work is its attendance to the stories of ordinary lay Christians--particularly women--and what Christian faith meant within the overall context of their lives. Other emphases include the church's changing role in society during this period (and the fateful consequences those changes have had for modern Christians) and the development of early Christian spirituality. Employing a socio-institutional approach, Hinson divides his material into five major periods: (1) Beginnings to 70 C.E. (2) 70-180, during which Christianity broadcast itself throughout the Roman Empire and beyond (3) 175-313, wherein the church achieved new status and came under official scrutiny as a threat to the empire (4) 313-400, in which the church faced the major challenge of Christianizing the empire now embracing it (5) 400-600, when the Germanic "invasions" led to a rift between East and West and posed new challenges to the church's survival and growth. "


This text by Shetty and Kolk, blends the pertinent aspects of mechatronics--system modeling, simulation, sensors, actuation, real-time computer interfacing, and control--into a single unified result suitable for use in the college-level mechatronic curriculum. Students are introduced to all the topics needed to develop a good understanding of the basic principles used in mechatronics technology through the use of examples, problems and case studies, all of which can be quickly and affordably assembled and investigated in laboratory settings. Core aspects are combined with practical industrial applications and are presented in an opitimal way for understanding. The book features extensive coverage of the modeling and simulation of physical systems made possible by block-diagrams, the modified analogy approach to modeling, and state-of-the-art visual simulation software. A collection of case studies drawn from a variety of industries (complete with parts, lists, setup, and instructions) are used to support the authors' applied, design-oriented approach. Readers of this text will be equipped with all the tools necessary to plan, test, and implement a well-designed mechatronic system.


We discuss the properties of two distinct forms of hypothetical strange matter, small lumps of strange quark matter (strangelets) and of hyperon matter (metastable exotic multihypernuclear objects: MEMOs), with special emphasis on their relevance for present and future heavy ion experiments. The masses of small strangelets up to AB = 40 are calculated using the MIT bag model with shell mode filling for various bag parameters. The strangelets are checked for possible strong and weak hadronic decays, also taking into account multiple hadron decays. It is found that strangelets which are stable against strong decay are most likely highly negative charged, contrary to previous findings. Strangelets can be stable against weak hadronic decay but their masses and charges are still rather high. This has serious impact on the present high sensitivity searches in heavy ion experiments at the AGS and CERN facilities. On the other hand, highly charged MEMOs are predicted on the basis of an extended relativistic mean–field model. Those objects could be detected in future experiments searching for short–lived, rare composites.


Aim of this study was the assessment of the conservation status of vascular plants in East African rain forests with the background of establishing an ex-situ culture of local endangered plants at the Botanic Garden of the Maseno University (Kenya).
For a sustainable implementation it was first necessary to learn more about the general species inventory, especially concerning species composition and abundance under human impact, and to assess the conservation priority of each plant species. Representative for East African rain forests, Kakamega Forest (Kenya) and Budongo Forest (Uganda) were selected to serve as model forests.
Beside the general floristic investigations including all vascular plants, a special focus was laid on vascular epiphytes and their vulnerability to forest disturbance. To assess the conservation priority of the plants, a rating system was developed based on seven threat criteria. By carrying out first plant collections, the exsitu culture in Maseno Botanic Garden was already initiated.


In response to recessions beginning in 1973, 2001, and 2007, the federal government provided financial aid to states with the dual goals of stabilizing state finances and stimulating the economy. The timing of fund provision and the ultimate allocation of funds were often less than optimal. The authors look at how to design a more effective process for starting and stopping state aid.


All physical and chemical properties are size dependent, and the properties of materials on the nanosize scale have important consequences in wide ranging fields. Exploiting nanoscale behavior will eventually lead scientists to develop devices that can selectively attack diseased cells, increase computer speed or improve chemical and biological sensors. The composition, size, shape and environment of nanosized particles strongly influence their ultimate utility. Chemical dyes were the first use of metal nanoparticles, dating back hundreds of years. Glass blowers used gold and silver colloids as the coloring agents in stained glass windows. Gold nanoparticles (having a size of 10 -15 nm) produce a red or purple hue while silver nanoparticles (with a size of 20 -30 nm) produce a yellow or brown hue. Another very important field leading the development of nanotechnology is catalysis where nanosized materials composed either of transition metals like platinum or metal oxides often facilitate chemical processes by increasing the rate of the reaction. By making catalyst particles very small, large surface areas are achieved with a small volume of material. In the field of medicine, biological and chemical sensors are made of nanoscale particles that are very sensitive to their local environment, making them ideal for detection of trace amounts of many substances, including bacteria, DNA and environmental toxins. The electronics industry is focused on using nanoparticles in data storage devices, which are dependent on the number of memory elements that can be packed into a given area. By making features that are very small, more information can be encoded into a given area increasing computer speed.


Ever since Henry Luce pronounced the twentieth century an American one, numerous critical observers have predicted that Asia will preside over the twenty-first one. Yet even today, that prediction still confronts us as a question: Asian Century? In this Essay, I approach the question by disaggregating the way it conflates space and time. I ask, separately, Where is Asia? and When is Asia? I seek to answer the first question in terms of cultural geography and the second one in terms of historiography. Effectively, I suggest that the problem of Asia is an epistemological one. I also consider what it means for comparative lawyers and international lawyers to take that problem seriously. I so do by using the so-called Asian Values debate as a point of entry to consider the methodological relationship between comparative and international law as disciplines. Both the Asian Values debate and the two legal disciplines are structured around a dialectic opposition between universal and particular values. Rather than positing preconstituted objects of legal knowledge and seeking to classify them as either universal or particular, I urge that we examine the worldview that gives rise to such binaries and makes them intelligible: How do the entities we analyze come to be seen as distinctive and oppositional to each other in the first place? Focusing on Chinese law, I consider an approach that is neither Eurocentric nor Sinocentric but de-centers both axes of comparison.


Today's 18-to-40-year-olds make for a notoriously elusive group of consumers: they're savvy, sophisticated, and particular. They're all but immune to traditional advertising and have an instinctive sense of quality and fair pricing. Inundated with choices, they are drawn to brands that satisfy not just what they need, but what they crave. At the same time, these consumers are spending money like it's going out of style. Generation X has firmly refuted its slacker reputation and is nearing the height of its earning potential. Generation Y has more buying power than any previous generation of teens and twentysomethings. But how to win their attention and loyalty?"In Mind Your X's and Y's," Lisa Johnson proves that the buying habits of 18-to-40-year-olds can be anticipated. Johnson, coauthor of "Don't Think Pink" and a leading marketing consultant, pinpoints the new rules of engagement for this Connected Generation. Based on her own and others' groundbreaking research, she looks into the heart of the Gen X and Y psyche to identify its ten core cravings -- for adventure, for high-concept design, for new families and social networks, and for personal storytelling, to name a few.This revolutionary book is packed with fascinating case studies of established and breakaway brands from every major industry, interviews with dozens of maverick thinkers and hundreds of consumers, and numerous revealing statistics. Johnson analyzes the scope of each craving to determine how it drives specific buying behaviors and offers relevant data that illustrate its impact. M"ind Your X's and Y's" equips anyone who wants to reach these consumers -- brand managers and their advertising, online, creative, packaging, events, and promotions teams; small-business owners and their marketing staff; advertising agencies and specialists -- with the know-how to transform market research into profitable strategies.Members of Generations X and Y are the most coveted and hard-to-reach consumers in the marketplace. "Mind Your X's and Y's" is a master class in how to create compelling brands for this Connected Generation.


The purpose of this research was to establish the baseline information literacy of incoming postgraduate research students, which in turn could inform the development of information literacy provision to support research. Evidence Based Librarianship and Information Practice (EBLIP) underpinned the methodological framework. An online survey questionnaire, information behaviour observation and a focus group formed the triangulation of methods used in data collection. Findings identified a wide variation in information literacy within and across disciplines; deficiencies in the ability to trace current and ongoing research; difficulties in the conceptualization of research questions and literal rather than lateral thought. However, it must be noted that the non probability nature of the purposive sampling for the survey questionnaire results in data which cannot be extrapolated to other populations. As this study was used to satisfy the partial requirements of an MLIS degree, the constraints of the thesis necessitated the truncation of the EBLIP process, so that the implementation steps were not included. Nevertheless, this study's contribution to the field of enquiry lies not only in its feasibility as a practical application, but it also in the contribution it makes in an area where a research deficit has been identified (Corrall 2007; Research Information Network 2008).


Within this publication a detailed overview about the national and international solal't1lel1nai standards is made. The various tests are described and a cross reference list for comparing the different standards is given. Moreover a certification model is presented and the advantage of third party assessment is carried out. The requirement for a solar thermal test laboratory to conduct independent third party assessment by means of an ISO/IEC17065 accreditation is given. Finally the concept of a quality system for solar thermal markets is explained and major advantages are outlined.
Solar thermal systems and their components are described in various national and international standards. In Europe the standard EN12975 de?nes the regulations and requirements for solar thermal collectors. The standard EN12976 is established for the evaluation of factory made solar thermal systems. The EN12977 is the state of the art standard for the evaluation of custom build systems.
Nowadays in Libya the standard ISO9806 for solar collectors and the standard ISO9459 for domestic water heating systems de?ne the regulations and requirements for solar thermal collectors and systems. In the meanwhile, empowered Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Ef?ciency Certi?cation Body is under construction. This body is working now to set the minimum requirements of the testing facilities of solar thermal systems.
The international standard for collector testing is the ISO9806 and the standard ISO9459 Part2,4,5 for domestic water heating systems. Within the year 2013 a revision of the ISO9806 will be published and, for the ?rst time, a consistent harmonized standard for the main solar thermal markets will be set in force.
Besides the various standards for solar thermal products a meaningful element for the quality assurance and the customer protection is third party certi?cation. Third party certi?cation involves an independent assessment, declaring that speci?ed requirements regarding a product are ful?lled. In a certi?cation process based on speci?ed certi?cation rules an authorized certi?cation body is con?rming that a solar thermal product has passed performance tests, reliability tests and further requirements according to the standards. In Europe a certi?cation body holds an accreditation according to EN45011. At international level the standard ISO/IEC17065 is in force.
Test results as a basis for product certi?cation are determined by solar thermal test laboratories. The implementation and the business operation of such a solar thermal test laboratory is an important element within the national/regional solar thermal market. To ensure the quality of the products and to attend the role of an observer on the market, the test facility has to ful?ll a number of requirements. Besides the necessary technical equipment and the implementation of tests in accordance with the various national and international standards, the laboratory shall realize a quality management system to guarantee the quality of tests and services. Based on the technical equipment, the testing scope and an implemented Quality Management System (QMS), the test laboratory can achieve an accreditation according to ISO/IEC17025 as basis for independent third party testing. Independent testing and evaluation of solar thermal collectors and components like hot water stores and controllers offers an important medium for quality assurance.
To guarantee a high degree of product quality and consumer protection a quality system for the solar thermal market is necessary. Core of the quality assurance of a functioning solar thermal market are the national standards body, which is developing standards and regulations as a working basis ill technical committees, the national metrology institute that guarantees the traceability of measurements on fundamental and natural constants, and ?nally the national accreditation body which ensures the conformity of the various actors to a speci?c standard.
Laboratories work closely with the certi?cation authorities and apply the developed speci?c norms and standards. The certi?cation bodies must ensure the conformance of their test laboratories with the standard ISO/IEC17025, which include the quality standard ISO 9001:2008 and also include additional requirements.
The traceability of the metrics of solar thermal testing laboratories is usually made with the help of calibration laboratories that are specialized on certain measurements. Those are also accredited and ensure the traceability of their measurements to the national meteorology institute.
Other stakeholders are the group of importers and exporters and foreign investors who are on the national market in entrepreneurial activities, as well as the group of consumer organizations that represent the interests of customers. By means of good networking of stakeholders and focusing 011 the quality process, a high-quality and ?ourishing solar thermal market can be created.


Malaria is a major and growing threat to economic development and public health in developing countries. There are about 2.7 million malaria deaths annually. Plasmodium knowlesi, the fifth human malaria parasite, is an attractive model for malaria research and is also phylogenetically close to human malaria parasite P. vivax . It shares many vaccine candidate molecules with P. vivax . This study was carried out to determine immunological profiles mounted by Olive baboons during experimental infection with P. knowlesi H strain. Six Olive baboons ( Papio Anubis ) were infected with 1×10 6 P . knowlesi blood stage parasites. The infected baboons developed either severe (acute) or mild (chronic) infection. High IgM titres were observed during primary infection in the baboons. Anti-IgG antibodies were raised after two weeks of chronic infection. Circulating IFNg from serum rose fifty fold in acutely infected animals during the first two weeks post infection compared to a tenfold increase in chronically infected baboons. Recall proliferative responses were two fold higher in chronically infected animals by day 14 post infection. The highest stimulation index (10.06 + 2.74) was observed in chronic animals at day 42 post infection. These results demonstrated that baboons infected with P. knowlesi mount an immune response that is characterized by antibody and cytokine responses involving IgG, IgM and IFNr. These studies are important in validation of the P. knowlesi - baboon model for malaria drug and vaccine development.


Physiology's classic text continues to uphold its rich tradition-presenting key physiology concepts in a remarkably clear and engaging manner. Guyton & Hall's Textbook of Medical Physiology covers all of the major systems in the human body, while emphasizing system interaction, homeostasis, and pathophysiology. This very readable, easy-to-follow, and thoroughly updated, 11th Edition features a new full-color layout, short chapters, clinical vignettes, and shaded summary tables that allow for easy comprehension of the material.


Nancy thinks that Bree's new glasses are simply spectacular. After all, they are lavender. They are glittery. And best of all, they come in a silver case. So when Bree tells Nancy all about her trip to the eye doctor, Nancy can't help but wonder if her own eyesight is perhaps getting a little blurry too. . . .With a glossary of Fancy Nancy's Fancy Words in the back, this addition to the Fancy Nancy I Can Read series is sure to delight young readers everywhere!


ELECTRONIC RETAIL PAYMENT SYSTEMS: USER ACCEPTABILITY AND PAYMENT PROBLEMS IN GHANA The payment system in Ghana has undergone considerable change as electronic payment has gained increasingly popularity, especially in the cities. In Ghana, most bills are paid by walk-in customers. Because of limited transportation, many customers prefer paying by other means that may not include traveling. Customers are now looking for a way that they can easily make payments without going to each biller's location, purchase money orders, and no loss of time. This thesis looks into issues in payment problems and user acceptance. Payment for goods and services in Ghana is characterized by long queues, long distance traveling and time wasting that negatively affect business activities and ultimately economic development. Settling utility bills, payment for goods and services, and money transfers has been a major headache for individuals and firms in Ghana resulting in declined business activities and huge debt to most of the utility services providers. Indeed, most Ghanaians are yet to fully realize the benefits of the technological advances made in banking services like networking of business branches, electronic transfers and use of automated teller machines. The few payment mechanisms that are available are not being well patronized by bank's customers. The purpose of the study is to assess the issue of user acceptance in the existing electronic retail payments and also to ascertain the impact in solving some of the problems in retail payment for goods and services in Ghana. The research also describes and briefly analyses recent and potential future trends in electronic payments in Ghana, and the challenges faced by participants in this business. It is also in response to the growing need in Ghana to develop non-cash payment products and clearing systems in order to reduce the over- dependence on cash payments. In analyzing the electronic payments, we restricted ourselves to business to consumer (B2C) segment. The research questions for our study are: Can electronic payment system replace existing payment systems and solve payment problems? How are customer attitudes about electronic payments changing? What are the impediments to market development and innovation in electronic payments? This study used primary sources in a form of "consumer survey" questionnaire in obtaining the perceptions of bank customers (mostly individual customers) and interviews of bank's staffs. An extensive review of the available literature provided the foundations for the writing of the thesis. The study collected data from secondary sources such as the Internet, articles, databases, and books, and were analyzed and interpreted. In the rare situations when official statistics are available, the recentness of the data determined its usefulness. It is universally agreed that a safe and efficient national payment system is essential for sound banking. The benefits derived from electronic payment cannot be over emphasized. Numerous studies have shown that electronic payment brings many benefits to users – convenience, security, record-keeping, low cost, and etc. Our study shows that electronic payment systems have the potential to eliminate if not reduce the problems consumer face in the payment and settlement system. The study also revealed that consumers are ready to embrace the new payment systems – electronic payment, provided other well anticipated side benefits are promoted to them.


Objectives To evaluate and determine the value of monitoring models developed by the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Research Unit and the East African Consortium for Clinical Research, consider how this can be measured and explore monitors' and investigators' experiences of and views about the nature, purpose and practice of monitoring. Research design A case study approach was used within the context of participatory action research because one of the aims was to guide and improve practice. 34 interviews, five focus groups and observations of monitoring practice were conducted. Setting and participants Fieldwork occurred in the places where the monitoring models are coordinated and applied in Thailand, Cambodia, Uganda and Kenya. Participants included those coordinating the monitoring schemes, monitors, senior investigators and research staff. Analysis Transcribed textual data from field notes, interviews and focus groups was imported into a qualitative data software program (NVIVO V. 10) and analysed inductively and thematically by a qualitative researcher. The initial coding framework was reviewed internally and two main categories emerged from the subsequent interrogation of the data. Results The categories that were identified related to the conceptual framing and nature of monitoring, and the practice of monitoring, including relational factors. Particular emphasis was given to the value of a scientific and cooperative style of monitoring as a means of enhancing data quality, trust and transparency. In terms of practice the primary purpose of monitoring was defined as improving the conduct of health research and increasing the capacity of researchers and trial sites. Conclusions The models studied utilise internal and network wide expertise to improve the ethics and quality of clinical research. They demonstrate how monitoring can be a scientific and constructive exercise rather than a threatening process. The value of cooperative relations needs to be given more emphasis in monitoring activities, which seek to ensure that research protects human rights and produces reliable data.


Abstract. The release of man-made ozone depleting substances (ODS, including chlorofluorocarbons and halons) into the atmosphere has led to a near-linear increase in stratospheric halogen loading since the early 1970s, which levelled off after the mid-1990s and then started to decline, in response to the ban of many ODS by the Montreal Protocol (1987). We developed a multiple linear regression model to test whether this already had a measurable effect on total ozone values observed by the global network of ground-based instruments. The model includes explanatory variables describing the influence of various modes of dynamical variability and of volcanic eruptions. In order to describe the anthropogenic influence a first version of the model contains a linear trend (LT) term, whereas a second version contains a term describing the evolution of Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine (EESC). By comparing the explained variance of these two model versions we evaluated, which of the two terms better describes the observed ozone evolution. For a significant majority of the stations, the EESC proxy fits the long term ozone evolution better than the linear trend term. Therefore, we conclude that the Montreal Protocol has started to show measurable effects on the ozone layer about twenty years after it became legally binding.


Does the government control of school systems facilitate equality in school quality? There is a trade-off. On the one hand, government direct control of schools, typically through a large scale hierarchical organization, could produce equalization across schools by providing uniformity in inputs, standards, and teacher qualifications that localized individually managed schools could not achieve. But there is a tendency for large scale formal bureaucracies to " see " less and less of localized reality and hence to manage on the basis of a few simple, objective, and easily administratively verified characteristics (e.g. resources per student, formal teacher qualifications). Whether centralized or localized control produces more equality depends therefore not only on what " could " happen in principle but what does happen in practice. When government implementation capacity is weak, centralized control could lead to only the illusion of equality: in which central control of education with weak internal or external accountability actually allows for much greater inequalities across schools than entirely " uncontrolled " local schools. Data from Pakistan, using results from the LEAPS study, and from two states of India show much larger variance in school quality (adjusted for student characteristics) among the government schools—because of very poor public schools which continue in operation. We use the PISA data to estimate school specific learning achievement (in mathematics, science, and reading) net of individual student and school average background characteristics and compare public and private schools for 34 countries. For these countries there is, on average, exactly the same inequality in adjusted learning achievement across the private schools as across the public schools. But while inequality is the same on average, in some countries, such as Denmark, there was much more equality within the public sector while in others, such as Mexico, there was much more inequality among the public schools. Among the 18 non-OECD participating PISA countries the standard deviation across schools in adjusted quality was, on average, 36 percent higher in government than in private schools. In cases with weak states the proximate cause of high inequality again was that the public sector distribution of performance had a long left tail—schools with extremely poor performance. Relying on blinded weak states for top-down control of educational systems can be lose-lose relative to localized systems relying on bottom-up control— producing worse average performance and higher inequality. 3 A self-ordained professor's tongue Too serious to fool Spouted out that liberty …


Regulatory oversight of nanotechnology is necessary yet problematic. The necessity of regulation, now or later, is driven by two related concerns. First, some nanotechnologies, if left unregulated, are likely to pose very real if currently unknowable risks of significant health or environmental damage. Second, public confidence in new technologies and in the regulatory agencies that govern them may be permanently damaged if injurious nanomaterials are released without adequate, or at least the perception of adequate, oversight. Of late, we have seen numerous proposals for "soft law" solutions, at least in the short term, as well as the implementation of some soft law mechanisms. None are based on the traditional command–and-control approach, under which government agencies enact detailed regulatory requirements enforced by the threat of penalty. Instead, all reflect a variety of voluntary, cooperative or partnership approaches. However, although these approaches have many advantages, none of the currently operational regimes has fully achieved two obvious and oft-cited goals of nanotechnology regulation: (1) broad industry participation, with sufficient data submission to aid regulators in risk assessments; and (2) reassurance of public stakeholders as to government's role in regulating emerging technologies. This article therefore proposes another soft law option that may better achieve these goals. We propose a voluntary certification scheme under which companies that produce nanotechnology products may obtain a government-supervised certification for specific products if the firms subject those products to specified safety testing, data disclosure and risk management measures. Given differing national regulatory approaches, our proposal is designed primarily for the United States. However, there is nothing in the proposal that could not be adapted for use in other jurisdictions, indeed, nothing to prevent creation of an equivalent international scheme. Part II sets up the need for new approaches by explaining why regulation of nanotechnology is largely infeasible under traditional approaches. Part III summarizes the experience and promise of current soft law regimes, as well as some of their limitations. This Part also identifies some features of successful certification systems and discusses their relevance to a nanotechnology certification system. Part IV introduces our proposal for a voluntary safety testing certification scheme, and discusses the ways in which such a scheme might gain the trust of consumers and other relevant audiences. Part V considers the elements of the scheme in greater detail. The final section is a brief conclusion.


Within this thesis we present a novel approach towards the modeling of strong discontinuities in a three dimensional finite element framework for large deformations. This novel finite element framework is modularly constructed containing three essential parts: (i) the bulk problem, ii) the cohesive interface problem and iii) the crack tracking problem. Within this modular design, chapter 2 (Continuous solid mechanics) treats the behavior of the bulk problem (i). It includes the overall description of the continuous kinematics, the required balance equations, the constitutive setting and the finite element formulation with its corresponding discretization and required solution strategy for the emerging highly non-linear equations. Subsequently, we discuss the modeling of strong discontinuities within finite element discretization schemes in chapter 3 (Discontinuous solid mechanics). Starting with an extension of the continuous kinematics to the discontinuous situation, we discuss the phantom-node discretization scheme based on the works of Hansbo & Hansbo. Thereby, in addition to a comparison with the extended finite element method (XFEM), importance is attached to the technical details for the adaptive introduction of the required discontinuous elements: The splitting of finite elements, the numerical integration, the visualization and the formulation of geometrical correct crack tip elements. In chapter 4 (The cohesive crack concept), we consider the treatment of cohesive process zones and the associated treatment of cohesive tractions. By applying this approach we are able to merge all irreversible, crack propagation accompanying, failure mechanisms into an arbitrary traction separation relation. Additionally, this concept ensures bounded crack tip stresses and allows the use of stress-based failure criteria for the determination of crack growth. In summary, the use of the discontinuous elements in conjunction with cohesive traction separation allows the mesh-independent computation of crack propagation along pre-defined crack paths. Therefore, this combination is defined as the interface problem (ii) and represents the next building block in the modular design of this thesis. The description and the computation of the evolving crack surface, based on the actual status of a considered specimen is the key issue of chapter 5 (Crack path tracking strategies). In contrast to the two-dimensional case, where tracking the path in a C0-continuous way is straightforward, three-dimensional crack path tracking requires additional strategies. We discuss the currently available approaches regarding this issue and further compare the approaches by means of usual quality measures. In the modular design of this thesis these algorithms represent the last main part which is classified as the crack tracking problem (iii). Finally chapter 6 (Representative numerical examples) verifies the finite element tool by comparisons of the computational results which experiments and benchmarks of engineering fracture problems in concrete. Afterwards the finite element tool is applied to model folding induced fracture of geological structures.


A natural problem in extremal combinatorics is to maximize the number of distinct subsequences for any length-$n$ string over a finite alphabet $\Sigma$; this value grows exponentially, but slower than $2^n$. We use the probabilistic method to determine the maximizing string, which is a cyclically repeating string. The number of distinct subsequences is exactly enumerated by a generating function, from which we also derive asymptotic estimates. For the alphabet $\Sigma=\{1,2\}$, $\,(1,2,1,2,\dots)$ has the maximum number of distinct subsequences, namely ${\rm Fib}(n+3)-1 \sim \left((1+\sqrt5)/2\right)^{n+3} \! / \sqrt{5}$. We also consider the same problem with sub strings in lieu of sub sequences . Here, we show that an appropriately truncated de Bruijn word attains the maximum. For both problems, we compare the performance of random strings with that of the optimal ones.


Raised in the tumult of Japan's industrial powerhouse, the eleven men and women profiled in this book have all made the transition to sustainable, fulfilling lives. They are today artists, philosophers, and farmers who reside deep in the mountains of rural Japan. Their lives may be simple, yet they are surrounded by the luxuries of nature, art, contemplation, delicious food, and an abundance of time. For example: * Atsuko Watanabe is an environmentalist and home-schooler who explores Christian mysticism while raising her two daughters in an old farmhouse * Akira Ito is an ex-petroleum engineer who has become a painter and children's book illustrator and explores the role of chi (life energy) in the universe through art and music * Kogan Murata grows rice and crafts elegant bamboo flutes that he plays for alms in the surrounding villages * Jinko Kaneko is a fine artist and fabric dyer who runs a Himalayan-style curry restaurant in the Japan Alps By presenting the journeys of these ordinary-yet exceptional-people, Andy Couturier shows how we too can travel a meaningful path of living simply, with respect for our communities and our natural resources. When we leave behind the tremendous burdens of wage labor, debt, stress, and daily busyness, we grow rich in a whole new way. These Japanese are pioneers in a sense; drawing on traditional Eastern spiritual wisdom, they have forged a new style of modernity, and in their success is a lesson for us all: live a life that matters. Andy Couturier is an essayist, poet, and writing teacher. He lived in Japan for four years where he taught, was a journalist, and worked on environmental causes. He lives in the San Francisco Bay Area.


This metadata record describes a mix of intertidal seawater and air temperature data collected at Cape Blanco, Oregon, USA, by PISCO. Measurements were collected using StowAway TidbiT Temperature Loggers (Onset Computer Corp. TBI32-05+37) beginning 2004-02-21. Site temperature loggers are bolted down in a wire cage at three locations within each site near MLLW. Temperature is recorded at 1 hour intervals.


The standard story describing the Warren Court's criminal procedure "rights revolution," claims that the Court, motivated by liberal egalitarianism, engaged in a rights-expanding jurisprudence that made it harder for the police to search, seize, and interrogate criminal defendants. Frightened by the popular backlash against high crime rates, a cowed Court in Terry v. Ohio shifted from its rights-expanding to a rights-constricting phase, making it easier for the police to search and seize criminal suspects. Measured by this rights revolution, there were in fact two Warren Courts, a liberal and a more conservative one, emblematically separated by Terry.The standard story is wrong. The Warren Court's Fourth Amendment jurisprudence cannot be separated into rights-expanding and contracting phases. Rather than introducing a privacy right, the Warren Court, from the early 1960s onwards, mounted a consistent attack on pre-existing versions of the right to privacy. Rather than a privacy-protecting rights regime, the central Fourth Amendment right under the Warren Court was personal security. Extending security into areas hitherto unregulated by the law was a major concern of the Terry Court: an expansionist Terry cannot be squared with a Court in retreat in response to public outcry over crime rates.Worse, the story produced a barren doctrinal and political account of the Fourth Amendment. Focusing on equality, anti-discrimination, and privacy too easily paints law enforcement as a repressive force whose power and numbers should be severely limited. This narrow liberalism has turned progressive attention away from the vital and difficult task of generating a doctrinal and political account of policing: its justification, intrinsic limits, and proper means of regulation.