After decades in which a great deal of effort was spent on the creation of resources, there are currently several initiatives worldwide that aim to create an interoperable, sustainable research infrastructure. An integral part of such an infrastructure constitutes the resources (data and tools) which researchers in the various disciplines employ. Whether the infrastructure will be successful in supporting the needs of the research communities it intends to cater for depends on a number of factors. One factor is that resources that are or could be relevant to the wider research community are made visible through this infrastructure and, to the greatest extent possible, accessible and usable. In practice, the durable availability of resources is often not properly regulated within research projects. CLARIN-NL is directed at creating an interoperable language resources infrastructure for the humanities in the Netherlands. The Data Curation Service was established in order to salvage language resources in this field that are threatened to be lost. In the CLARIN context, a great deal of attention is given to standards, formats and intellectual property rights. Consequently, the Data Curation Service (DCS) has a role as mediator in bringing researchers in the field of humanities and existing data centres closer together. This article consists of two parts: the first part provides the background to the work of the DCS while the second part illustrates the work of the DCS by describing the actual curation of a collection of language learner data.


Chronic viral infections are difficult to treat, and new approaches are needed, particularly those aimed at reducing reactivation by enhancing immune responses. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes latency and reactivates frequently, and breakthrough reactivation can occur despite suppressive antiviral therapy. Virus-specific T cells are important to control HSV, and proliferation of activated T cells requires increased metabolism of glutamine. Here, we found that supplementation with oral glutamine reduced virus reactivation in latently HSV-1–infected mice and HSV-2–infected guinea pigs. Transcriptome analysis of trigeminal ganglia from latently HSV-1–infected, glutamine-treated WT mice showed upregulation of several IFN-&ggr;–inducible genes. In contrast to WT mice, supplemental glutamine was ineffective in reducing the rate of HSV-1 reactivation in latently HSV-1–infected IFN-&ggr;–KO mice. Mice treated with glutamine also had higher numbers of HSV-specific IFN-&ggr;–producing CD8 T cells in latently infected ganglia. Thus, glutamine may enhance the IFN-&ggr;–associated immune response and reduce the rate of reactivation of latent virus infection.


Dissatisfied with the mainstream antitrust jurisprudence that has emerged over the past several decades and garnered widespread consensus, and encouraged by the momentum the financial crisis has generated for intervention, competition policy scholars and regulators have turned to behavioral economics to provide the intellectual foundation for a new, "behaviorally-informed" approach to competition policy. We evaluate these behaviorally-informed regulatory proposals assuming arguendo ideal conditions for their implementation: the robustness of behavioral findings to the market setting, the appropriateness of imputing those findings to firm behavior, and that regulators and judges do not suffer the same biases. Others have effectively criticized the behavioral law and economics literature on each of these points. While we believe these criticisms have significant force, our approach offers a more fundamental critique of the behavioral antitrust enterprise. We demonstrate that, even under the ideal conditions described above, behavioral economics does not yet offer an antitrust-relevant theory of competition. We dub this result the "irrelevance theorem." If one assumes a given behavioral bias applies to all firms – both incumbents and entrants – behavioral antitrust policy implications do not differ from those generated by the rational choice models of mainstream antitrust analysis. Existing behavioral antitrust regulatory proposals have either ignored the implications of entry altogether, or assumed without justification in the behavioral economic literature or elsewhere, that cognitive biases influence the decisions of incumbents but not rivals or potential entrants. While the theoretical failure we expose in no way limits the potential future utility of incorporating behavioral principles into antitrust, behavioral principles must lead to testable implications and outperform existing economic models before it achieves policy relevance. Despite the enthusiastic support it has received from its advocates, until this occurs, behavioral principles will not be in a position to improve an empirically-grounded, evidence-based antitrust policy. We conclude by calling on interventionist advocates of behavioral economics to demonstrate, rather than presume, that behavioral principles can generate a higher rate of return for consumers on their antitrust investment.


The basic idea behind selective multiscale reconstruction of functions from error-affected data is outlined on the sphere. The selective reconstruction mechanism is based on the premise that multiscale approximation can be well-represented in terms of only a relatively small number of expansion coefficients at various resolution levels. An attempt is made within a tree algorithm (pyramid scheme) to remove the noise component from each scale coefficient using a priori statistical information (provided by an error covariance kernel of a Gaussian, stationary stochastic model).


Abstract. We have evaluated tropospheric ozone enhancement in air dominated by biomass burning emissions at high latitudes (> 50° N) in July 2008, using 10 global chemical transport model simulations from the POLMIP multi-model comparison exercise. In model air masses dominated by fire emissions, ΔO3/ΔCO values ranged between 0.039 and 0.196 ppbv ppbv−1 (mean: 0.113 ppbv ppbv−1) in freshly fire-influenced air, and between 0.140 and 0.261 ppbv ppbv−1 (mean: 0.193 ppbv) in more aged fire-influenced air. These values are in broad agreement with the range of observational estimates from the literature. Model ΔPAN/ΔCO enhancement ratios show distinct groupings according to the meteorological data used to drive the models. ECMWF-forced models produce larger ΔPAN/ΔCO values (4.47 to 7.00 pptv ppbv−1) than GEOS5-forced models (1.87 to 3.28 pptv ppbv−1), which we show is likely linked to differences in efficiency of vertical transport during poleward export from mid-latitude source regions. Simulations of a large plume of biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions exported from towards the Arctic using a Lagrangian chemical transport model show that 4-day net ozone change in the plume is sensitive to differences in plume chemical composition and plume vertical position among the POLMIP models. In particular, Arctic ozone evolution in the plume is highly sensitive to initial concentrations of PAN, as well as oxygenated VOCs (acetone, acetaldehyde), due to their role in producing the peroxyacetyl radical PAN precursor. Vertical displacement is also important due to its effects on the stability of PAN, and subsequent effect on NOx abundance. In plumes where net ozone production is limited, we find that the lifetime of ozone in the plume is sensitive to hydrogen peroxide loading, due to the production of HOx from peroxide photolysis, and the key role of HO2 + O3 in controlling ozone loss. Overall, our results suggest that emissions from biomass burning lead to large-scale photochemical enhancement in high-latitude tropospheric ozone during summer.


Research Methods in Health Humanities surveys the diverse and unique research methods used by scholars in the growing transdisciplinary field of health humanities. Appropriate for advanced undergraduates but nuanced enough to engage more seasoned students and scholars, this volume is an essential teaching and reference tool for health humanities teachers and scholars.
 Health humanities is a field united by its commitment to social justice; it recognizes the importance of applying expertise to real-world concerns and of creating research that translates back in meaningful and useful ways to participants and communities. The chapters in this field-defining volume reflect these values through research approaches to examining the human aspects of health and healthcare that are critical, reflective, textual, contextual, qualitative, and quantitative. Divided into four sections, the volume demonstrates how to conduct research on texts, contexts, people, and programs. Readers will find research methods from traditional disciplines adapted to health humanities work, such as close reading of diverse texts, archival research, ethnography, interviews, and surveys. The book also features transdisciplinary methods unique to the health humanities, such as health and social justice studies, digital health humanities, and community dialogues. Each chapter provides learning objectives, step-by-step instructions, resources, and exercises, with illustrations of the method provided by the authors' own research. An invaluable tool in learning, curricular development, and research design, this volume provides a grounding in the traditions of the humanities, fine arts, and social sciences for students considering healthcare careers and also provides useful tools of inquiry for everyone, as we are all future patients and future caregivers of a loved one.


This article explores the lived experiences of Advanced Placement English teachers in public high school, as the author addresses the question: "What is it like to teach Advanced Placement English while caught in the tension between teaching and testing?" The phenomenological text constructed from conversations and written reflections with six Advanced Placement teachers brings forth aspects of the experience of dwelling aright in the Zone of Between in AP English teaching: between teaching and testing, high school and college, and childhood and adulthood. The teachers use the exam as a foundation for courage and encouragement, confidence and passion building, and creative ways-of-being with students. The study suggests a need for Advanced Placement teachers to participate in the development of curriculum, to retain the autonomy to teach from the self, and to be trusted to provide students with meaningful experiences in the art and craft of literature study. The article also reveals the importance of widening the narrow definition of student achievement to include more than test scores.


Decentralized planning in uncertain environments is a complex task generally dealt with by using a decision-theoretic approach, mainly through the framework of Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (DEC-POMDPs). Although DEC-POMDPS are a general and powerful modeling tool, solving them is a task with an overwhelming complexity that can be doubly exponential. In this paper, we study an alternate formulation of DEC-POMDPs relying on a sequence-form representation of policies. From this formulation, we show how to derive Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problems that, once solved, give exact optimal solutions to the DEC-POMDPs. We show that these MILPs can be derived either by using some combinatorial characteristics of the optimal solutions of the DEC-POMDPs or by using concepts borrowed from game theory. Through an experimental validation on classical test problems from the DEC-POMDP literature, we compare our approach to existing algorithms. Results show that mathematical programming outperforms dynamic programming but is less efficient than forward search, except for some particular problems.

The main contributions of this work are the use of mathematical programming for DEC-POMDPs and a better understanding of DEC-POMDPs and of their solutions. Besides, we argue that our alternate representation of DEC-POMDPs could be helpful for designing novel algorithms looking for approximate solutions to DEC-POMDPs.


'UNTITLED: Art on the conditions of our time' is a major touring exhibition curated by Paul Goodwin and Hansi Momodu-Gordon in collaboration with New Art Exchange, Nottingham. The exhibition emerged from a project conceived in 2013 and curated by Paul Goodwin called 'African Diaspora Artists in the 21st Century' with the Cultural Institute at King's College London and Iniva. The exhibition is part of New Art Exchange's Arts Council England tour programme 2017-2019.

The exhibition adopts a progressive stance on exhibition making to allow new ways of thinking about art by African diaspora artists to emerge. Fixed curatorial themes have been stripped out to create a stimulating space where artworks can be experienced more openly, and where the interplay between the artists' practices can be observed. As the exhibition curators state, "This is not a show 'about' a coherent movement – instead it presents works by British African diaspora artists outside of the usual framing".

UNTITLED displays a 'snapshot' of art today by mapping a variety of practice and medium, including conversational, participatory practice and the use of online gaming technology; to painting, drawing, performance, film, printmaking and bookbinding. This broad survey approach reveals the key concerns of artists working today and as such, the current conditions of our time, from shifting racial, sexual and gendered identities, to investigations of popular culture, social networks, history and conflict. The show features two brand new commissions. Larry Achiampong and David Blandy premiere a new instalment of 'Finding Fanon, Gaiden', a series where the artists discover the work of political humanist Frantz Fanon as a way of retracing their own relationships to colonialism. Barby Asante's socially engaged project collaborates with young adults living in Nottingham as coresearchers of an interactive online map that visualises the hidden connections, and unconventional centres of local knowledge about art and culture.

Addressing the challenge in how collective memory is preserved, Kimathi Donkor's paintings re-imagine history, and Barbara Walker's charcoal drawings of black servicemen show their contribution and sacrifices which are often overlooked. Popular culture plays a leading role in Harold Offeh's humorous re-enactments of iconic album covers, NT's montages of archival film footage, and through Appau Junior Boakye-Yiadom's sculpture where balloons are playfully used to reenact Michael Jackson's dance stance. Themes around the migrant crisis and globalisation prevail in Phoebe Boswell's large-scale drawing of the comings and goings in public space. Evan Ifekoya is inspired by nightlife culture and performative movement, working in a range of mediums such as drawing, installation and video. Ima-Abasi Okon's site responsive installation explores ideas around language, knowledge and voice and makes reference to issues of access, permission and circulation. Cedar Lewisohn's presentation interrogates Modernist art histories through a labour intensive set of handbound books and accompanying woodblocks.


Social capital has pervaded property law, with scholars and policymakers advocating laws and property arrangements to promote social capital and relying on social capital to devolve property governance from legal institutions to resident groups. This Article challenges the prevailing view of social capital's salutary effects with a more skeptical account that examines the dark side of residential social capital — its capacity to effectuate local factions and promote restraints and inegalitarianism that close off property. I introduce a set of claims about social capital's dark side in residential property and explore these points through the examples of local racial purging, land cartels, and residential self-governance. First, contrary to the assumption of a social capital deficit, residential racial segregation and land cartelization, perhaps the deepest imprints on the American property landscape today, suggest an abundance of local social capital and possible unintended consequences of interventions to build social capital. Second, "governing by social capital," or relying on social capital for property self-governance, may empower factions, breed conflict, and increase the demand for residential homogeneity as a proxy for cooperation. In light of the mixed evidence for social capital's benefits and its sizable dark side, the more pressing and productive role for property law is not to promote social capital, but to address its negative spillovers and illiberal effects.


User Experience Innovation is a book about creating novel and engaging user experiences for new products and systems. User experience is what makes devices such as Apple's iPhone and systems such as Amazon.com so successful. iPhone customers don't buy just a phone; they buy into an experience enabled by the device. Similarly, Amazon.com customers enter a world of book reviews, interesting recommendations, instant downloads to their Kindle, and one-click purchasing. Products today are focal points, and it is the experience surrounding the product that matters the most. User Experience Innovation helps you create the right sort of experience around your products in order to be successful in the marketplace. The approach inUser Experience Innovation is backed by 18 years of experience from an author holding more than 100 patents relating to user experience. This is a book written by a practitioner for other practitioners. You'll learn 17 specific methods for creating innovation; these methods run the gamut from targeting user needs to relieving pain points, to providing positive surprises, to innovating around paradoxes. Each method is one that the author has used successfully. Taken together, they can help you create truly successful user experience innovations to benefit your company or organization, and to help you grow as an experienced expert and innovator in your own right. Provides 17 proven methods for innovating around user experience Helps you think beyond the product to the sum total of a customer's experience Written by an experienced practitioner holding more than 100 user-experience patents What youll learn Identify target users, their needs, and core tasks Relieve pain points and innovate around conflicting user needs Provide positive surprises and a good first impression Create compelling ecosystems surrounding your products Develop context-awareness in your products Win the battle against organizational challenges Who this book is for User Experience Innovationis for product designers, product managers, application and web designers, and developers responsible for creating products and influencing their design and operation. User Experience Innovation encourages you to look at the big picture surrounding your product and service and how it is used, helping you create a successful user experience that leads to a larger, more satisfied, intensely loyal customer base.


Mesa is a highly scalable analytic data warehousing system that stores critical measurement data related to Google's Internet advertising business. Mesa is designed to satisfy a complex and challenging set of user and systems requirements, including near real-time data ingestion and retrieval, as well as high availability, reliability, fault tolerance, and scalability for large data and query volumes. Specifically, Mesa handles petabytes of data, processes millions of row updates per second, and serves billions of queries that fetch trillions of rows per day. Mesa is geo-replicated across multiple datacenters and provides consistent and repeatable query answers at low latency, even when an entire datacenter fails. This paper presents the Mesa system and reports the performance and scale that it achieves.


A powerful and accessible account of globalization - the new world order that has replaced the cold war - by the award-winning author of From Beirut to Jerusalem. More than anything else, globalization is shaping world affairs today. We cannot interpret the day's news, or know where to invest our money, unless we understand this new system - the defining force in international relations and domestic policies worldwide. The unprecedented integration of finance, markets, nation states and technology is driving change accross the globe at an ever-increasing speed. And while much of the world is intent on building a better Lexus, on streamlining their societies and economies for the global marketplace, many people feel their traditional identities threatened and are reverting to elemental struggles over who owns which olive tree, which strip of land. Thomas Friedman has a unique vantage point on this worldwide phenomenon. The New York Times foreign affairs columnist has travelled the globe, interviewing everyone from Brazilian peasants to new entrepreneurs in Indonesia, to Islamic students, to the financial wizards on Wall Street and in Silicon Valley, to find out what globalization means for them, and for all of us. This ground-breaking book is essential reading for anyone who wants to know how the world really works today.


Using political and critical theory, this article identifies in James Baldwin a
 model for citizenship unique to the Black artist who assumed the dual
 responsibilities of art practice and political activism. I engage with
 Baldwin's fiction and his writing about other Black artists working in
 theater, film, dance, and music during the period of the civil rights movement.
 Across his career, Baldwin's prevailing view was that, because of their
 history, Black artists have the singular, and indeed superlative, capacity to
 make art as praxis. Baldwin explains that the craft of the Black artist depends
 upon representing truths, rather than fantasies, about their experience, so that
 they are at once artists pursuing freedom and citizens pursuing
 justice. This article pays particular attention to the tension between living a
 public, political life and the need for privacy to create art, and ultimately
 the toll this takes on the citizen artist. Baldwin demonstrates how the
 community of mutual support he finds among Black artists aids in their survival.
 In his writings on Sidney Poitier and Lorraine Hansberry, his friendships with
 Beauford Delaney and Josephine Baker, as well as his reviews of music and
 literature, Baldwin assembles a collective he refers to as "I and my
 tribe."


Through a series of close readings of two major figures of the modern movement, Adolf Loos and Le Corbusier, Beatriz Colomina argues that architecture only becomes modern in its engagement with the mass media, and that in so doing it radically displaces the traditional sense of space and subjectivity. "Privacy and Publicity" questions certain ideological assumptions underlying the received view of modern architecture and reconsiders the methodology of architectural criticism itself. Where conventional criticism portrays modern architecture as a high artistic practice in opposition to mass culture, Columina sees the emerging systems of communication that have come to define 20th-century culture - the mass media - as the true site within which modern architecture was produced. She considers architectural discourse as the intersection of a number of systems of representation such as drawings, models, photographs, books, films and advertisements. This does not mean abandoning the architectural object, the building, but rather looking at it in a different way. The building is understood here in the same way as all the media that frame it, as a mechanism of representation in its own right. With modernity, the site of architectural production literally moved from the street into photographs, films, publications and exhibitions - a displacement that presupposes a new sense of space, one defined by images rather than walls. This age of publicity corresponds to a transformation in the status of the private, Colomina argues; modernity is actually the publicity of the private. Modern architecture renegotiates the traditional relationship between public and private in a way that profoundly alters the experience of space. Colomina tracks this shift through the modern incarnations of the archive, the city fashion, war, sexuality, advertising, the window, and the museum, finally concentrating on the domestic interior that constructs the modern subject it appears merely to house.


The jurisprudential dimensions of treating custom as law have been puzzling at least since the time of Bentham and Austin. If law emanates from the sovereign, and consists of commands backed by threats from the sovereign, then customary law seems scarcely law at all. Or so Bentham and Austin, each in his own way, believed. But if, in a post-Hart jurisprudential world, we can recognize that norms can be internalized by judges and other officials even if they arise from the bottom up rather than from the top down, then a new puzzle emerges. In this modern jurisprudential world, the lawness of custom can easily be explained, but custom then appears simply to be one of many forms of law, occupying no distinct juridical space. The question whether and when to treat custom as law, therefore, is no different from the question whether and when one jurisdiction treats another jurisdiction's norms as law, and whether and when to treat some particular source as law. These are important and sometimes difficult issues, but they are more continuous with the routine questions of legal sources and legal authority than the traditional treatments of custom have assumed.


3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo* graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning** the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.


Popularized by such best-selling authors as Michael Pollan, Barbara Kingsolver, and Eric Schlosser, a growing food movement urges us to support sustainable agriculture by eating fresh food produced on local family farms. But many low-income neighborhoods and communities of color have been systematically deprived of access to healthy and sustainable food. These communities have been actively prevented from producing their own food and often live in "food deserts" where fast food is more common than fresh food. Cultivating Food Justice describes their efforts to envision and create environmentally sustainable and socially just alternatives to the food system. Bringing together insights from studies of environmental justice, sustainable agriculture, critical race theory, and food studies, Cultivating Food Justice highlights the ways race and class inequalities permeate the food system, from production to distribution to consumption. The studies offered in the book explore a range of important issues, including agricultural and land use policies that systematically disadvantage Native American, African American, Latino/a, and Asian American farmers and farmworkers; access problems in both urban and rural areas; efforts to create sustainable local food systems in low-income communities of color; and future directions for the food justice movement. These diverse accounts of the relationships among food, environmentalism, justice, race, and identity will help guide efforts to achieve a just and sustainable agriculture.


We present Bedmap2, a new suite of gridded products describing surface elevation, ice-thickness and the seafloor and subglacial bed elevation of the Antarctic south of 60° S. We derived these products using data from a variety of sources, including many substantial surveys completed since the original Bedmap compilation (Bedmap1) in 2001. In particular, the Bedmap2 ice thickness grid is made from 25 million measurements, over two orders of magnitude more than were used in Bedmap1. In most parts of Antarctica the subglacial landscape is visible in much greater detail than was previously available and the improved data-coverage has in many areas revealed the full scale of mountain ranges, valleys, basins and troughs, only fragments of which were previously indicated in local surveys. The derived statistics for Bedmap2 show that the volume of ice contained in the Antarctic ice sheet (27 million km3) and its potential contribution to sea-level rise (58 m) are similar to those of Bedmap1, but the mean thickness of the ice sheet is 4.6% greater, the mean depth of the bed beneath the grounded ice sheet is 72 m lower and the area of ice sheet grounded on bed below sea level is increased by 10%. The Bedmap2 compilation highlights several areas beneath the ice sheet where the bed elevation is substantially lower than the deepest bed indicated by Bedmap1. These products, along with grids of data coverage and uncertainty, provide new opportunities for detailed modelling of the past and future evolution of the Antarctic ice sheets.


While the roads that lead to breakthrough scientific discovery can be as varied and complex as the human mind, the moment of insight for all scientists is remarkably similar. The word "eureka!", attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes, has come to express that universal moment of joy, wonder-and even shock-at discovering something entirely new. In this collection of twelve scientific stories, Leslie Alan Horvitz describes the drama of sudden insight as experienced by a dozen distinct personalities, detailing discoveries both well known and obscure. From Darwin, Einstein, and the team of Watson and Crick to such lesser known luminaries as fractal creator Mandelbrot and periodic table mastermind Dmitri Medellev, Eureka! perfectly illustrates Louis Pasteur's quip that chance favors the prepared mind. The book also describes how amateur scientist Joseph Priestley stumbled onto the existence of oxygen in the eighteenth century and how television pioneer Philo Farnsworth developed his idea for a TV screen while plowing his family's Idaho farm.


From the author of the bestselling The Professor and the Madman comes the fascinating story of William Smith, the orphaned son of an English country blacksmith, who became obsessed with creating the world's first geological map and ultimately became the father of modern geology.In 1793 William Smith, a canal digger, made a startling discovery that was to turn the fledgling science of the history of the earth -- and a central plank of established Christian religion -- on its head. He noticed that the rocks he was excavating were arranged in layers; more important, he could see quite clearly that the fossils found in one layer were very different from those found in another. And out of that realization came an epiphany: that by following the fossils, one could trace layers of rocks as they dipped and rose and fell -- clear across England and, indeed, clear across the world. Determined to publish his profoundly important discovery by creating a map that would display the hidden underside of England, he spent twenty years traveling the length and breadth of the kingdom by stagecoach and on foot, studying rock outcrops and fossils, piecing together the image of this unseen universe.In 1815 he published his epochal and remarkably beautiful hand-painted map, more than eight feet tall and six feet wide. But four years after its triumphant publication, and with his young wife going steadily mad to the point of nymphomania, Smith ended up in debtors' prison, a victim of plagiarism, swindled out of his recognition and his profits. He left London for the north of England and remained homeless for ten long years as he searched for work. It wasn't until 1831, when his employer, a sympathetic nobleman, brought him into contact with the Geological Society of London -- which had earlier denied him a fellowship -- that at last this quiet genius was showered with the honors long overdue him. He was summoned south to receive the society's highest award, and King William IV offered him a lifetime pension.The Map That Changed the World is, at its foundation, a very human tale of endurance and achievement, of one man's dedication in the face of ruin and homelessness. The world's coal and oil industry, its gold mining, its highway systems, and its railroad routes were all derived entirely from the creation of Smith's first map.; and with a keen eye and thoughtful detail, Simon Winchester unfolds the poignant sacrifice behind this world-changing discovery.


In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental concerns, alternatives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be investigated. One such alternative is solar energy. This study is based on the implementation of a mathematical computation – the PSA (Plataforma Solar de Almeria) computation developed at PSA (the European Test Centre for solar energy applications) – embedded in a control algorithm to locate the position of the sun. Tests were conducted on a solar parabolic trough (SPT) constructed at the Solar Thermal Applications Research Laboratory of the Mangosuthu University of Technology (Durban, South Africa) for optimal position control using the PSA value. The designed control algorithm embedded in an industrial Siemens S7-314 C-2PtP programmable logic controller compared the PSA computation to a measured position of the SPT to optimally rotate the SPT to a desired position with the constant movement of the sun. The two main angles of the sun relative to the position of the SPT on earth, the zenith angle and the azimuth angle, both calculated in the PSA from the vertical and horizontal planes, respectively, were applied to the control algorithm to generate an appropriate final tracking angle within a 0.007 radian (0° 24′ 3.6″) tolerance, in accordance to the construction specifications and solar collector testing standards of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE, 1991). These values, together with the longitude and latitude applicable to the geographical location of the SPT, were processed in the control software to rotate the SPT to an optimal position with respect to the position of the sun in its daily path, for solar-to-thermal conversion.


Orientation: Career decision-making in the 21st century is increasingly guided by the individuals' deep-seated values and career orientations, as they are required to become proactive career agents in the pursuit of their career. Research purpose: The objective of the study was to explore the relationship between individuals' archetypal values (measured by the Pearson–Marr Archetype Indicator) and career orientations (measured by the Career Orientations Inventory). The study also assessed the differences between race, gender, marital status, employment status and age groups regarding the archetypal values and career orientations of the individuals. Motivation for study: Career counsellors and industrial psychologists are increasingly required to explore new career guidance frameworks that are relevant and appropriate to the evolving nature of careers. Research design, approach and method: A quantitative survey was conducted. A non-probability sample of 207 voluntary participants employed within the science and engineering sector was obtained. Main findings: Correlational analyses revealed that the participants' archetypal values related significantly to their career orientations. The various biographical groups differed significantly regarding their archetypal values and career orientations. Practical/managerial implications: The findings highlight the importance of understanding the deep-seated archetypal values that seem to explain the individuals' career choices and decisions, and how these values differ regarding these choices and decisions. Contribution/value-add: The explanatory utility of the results may prove useful to enhance the individuals' self-insight in their career choices and experiences. This study represents original research that contributes new knowledge to the field of career psychology and career counselling practices.


In the recent years several research efforts have focused on the concept of time granularity and its applications. A first stream of research investigated the mathematical models behind the notion of granularity and the algorithms to manage temporal data based on those models. A second stream of research investigated symbolic formalisms providing a set of algebraic operators to define granularities in a compact and compositional way. However, only very limited manipulation algorithms have been proposed to operate directly on the algebraic representation making it unsuitable to use the symbolic formalisms in applications that need manipulation of granularities.

This paper aims at filling the gap between the results from these two streams of research, by providing an efficient conversion from the algebraic representation to the equivalent low-level representation based on the mathematical models. In addition, the conversion returns a minimal representation in terms of period length. Our results have a major practical impact: users can more easily define arbitrary granularities in terms of algebraic operators, and then access granularity reasoning and other services operating efficiently on the equivalent, minimal low-level representation. As an example, we illustrate the application to temporal constraint reasoning with multiple granularities.

From a technical point of view, we propose an hybrid algorithm that interleaves the conversion of calendar subexpressions into periodical sets with the minimization of the period length. The algorithm returns set-based granularity representations having minimal period length, which is the most relevant parameter for the performance of the considered reasoning services. Extensive experimental work supports the techniques used in the algorithm, and shows the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithm.


In an environment which is ethically and from a human rights point of view overly sensitive and in which interculturism is becoming more and more a norm, pastoral care practitioners need to be committed to providing services that are ethical, intercultural and respecting. patients' rights. This article demonstrates how application of the Symphonology Bioethical Theory (SBT) as the framework for practice in pastoral care and counselling can help Pastoral Care Practitioners (PCP) to be ethical while upholding patients' human rights, and it can also help to bridge the intercultural chasm while simultaneously explaining the rationale for the practice. Symphonology is a context-driven, ethical decisionmaking model guiding holistic interaction between patients and PCPs. The Symphonological decision-making matrix is based on a practitioner-patient agreement for pastoral care that emphasizes patient preferences, pastoral psychological and theological knowledge, the pastoral care content and the context of the situation. The goal of the PCP is to ethically incarnate the divine presence and thus to bring about hope and emancipation to the patient using the bioethical standards of autonomy, freedom, objectivity, self-assertion, benevolence and fidelity.


Consider lattice paths in Z $^2$ with three step types: the up diagonal $(1,1)$, the down diagonal $(1,-1)$, and the double horizontal $(2,0)$. For $n \geq 1$, let $S_n$ denote the set of such paths running from $(0,0)$ to $(2n,0)$ and remaining strictly above the x-axis except initially and terminally. It is well known that the cardinalities, $r_n = |S_n|$, are the large Schroder numbers. We use lattice paths to interpret bijectively the recurrence $ (n+1) r_{n+1} = 3(2n - 1) r_{n} - (n-2) r_{n-1}$, for $n \geq 2$, with $r_1=1$ and $r_2=2$. We then use the bijective scheme to prove a result of Kreweras that the sum of the areas of the regions lying under the paths of $S_n$ and above the x-axis, denoted by $AS_n$, satisfies $ AS_{n+1} = 6 AS_n - AS_{n-1}, $ for $n \geq 2$, with $AS_1 =1$, and $AS_2 =7$. Hence $AS_n = 1, 7, 41, 239 ,1393, \ldots$. The bijective scheme yields analogous recurrences for elevated Catalan paths.


Urbanization process emerges out of nonurban areas where the urban centres are created; basic services reach the villages and rural fringes. Here the land and inhabitants become urban and urbanization is well measured and expressed chiefly in terms of population, as more and more of the landscape becomes townscape, and people come to live in an environment, that is both physically and socially urban. Bengaluru, once called the Pensioners' Paradise, where land was cheaper, and so where the fruits and vegetables. The British setup a cantonment and built beautiful villas to live in the comfort of the Garden City. As the city expanded with the blooming software industries and off shoring activities, it soon captured a firm position in the global map thus enhancing the process of urbanization. The challenge in this context, Bengaluru faces is to restore its livability while accommodating the over spilling population and their rising demand for housing, water supply, sewerage and transport facilities. Once a multisectoral land use, Bengaluru now possesses a concentric land use pattern which however maintains itself towards east and north thus projecting new suburb areas.


Publicly owned or commissioned banks were common in Europe from the fifteenth century. This survey argues that while the early public banks were characterized by great experimentation in their design, a common goal was to create a liquid and reliable monetary asset in environments where such assets were rare or unavailable. The success of these banks was however never guaranteed, and even well-run banks could become unstable over time as their success made them susceptible to fiscal exploitation. The popularization of bearer notes in the eighteenth century broadened the user base for the public banks' money but was also accompanied by increased fiscal abuse. Wartime demands of the Napoleonic Era resulted in the reorganization or dissolution of many early public banks. A prominent exception was the Bank of England, whose adept management of a fiscally backed money provided a foundation for the development of central banks as they exist today.


This archive contains the dump of the OpenCitations Corpus (OCC, http://opencitations.net) dataset about author roles, created regularly every month. After unzipping the archive, Disk ARchive (DAR, http://dar.linux.free.fr/, a multi-platform archive tool for managing huge amount of data) is needed for recreating the whole structure. For extracting the DAR archive, please run the command dar -x [archive-name] Where "[archive-name"] is the name of the DAR file without final package number and extension. E.g.: dar -x 2016-09-23-corpus_re For further questions, comments, and suggestions please don't hesitate to contact Silvio Peroni at firstname.lastname@example.com.


Why should wait for some days to get or receive the unified field book that you order? Why should you take it if you can get the faster one? You can find the same book that you order right here. This is it the book that you can receive directly after purchasing. This unified field is well known book in the world, of course many people will try to own it. Why don't you become the first? Still confused with the way?


The commonly accepted notion that content regulations on speech violate the First Amendment is misleading. In three recent cases - Snyder v. Phelps, Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n, and United States v. Stevens - the Court made clear that free speech includes the right to express scurrilous, disgusting, and disagreeable ideas. A different set of cases, however, concluded that group defamation, intentional threats, and material support for terrorist organizations are not protected forms of expression. This Article seeks to make sense of this doctrinal dichotomy and to develop clearer guidelines for regulating incitements that are posted on the Internet and in public areas. Many leading First Amendment scholars regard the Supreme Court's jurisprudence on outrageous and inciting expressions to be inconsistent. These academic authors often adopt a libertarian theory of the Free Speech Clause. They generally agree with cases that strike limits on offensive statements but disregard, or outright ignore, those that uphold restrictions on threats and defamations made in the absence of any imminent threat of harm. This Article demonstrates that opponents of incitement regulations fail to differentiate policies that protect public safety from those that silence outrageous but benign expressions. I propose a relatively straightforward method for evaluating the constitutionality of incitement laws. The mens rea of a speaker is key to judicial determinations about whether true threats, group defamation, and material support for terrorists are actionable or constitutionally protected. This Article parses the Court's analysis of unprotected incitement that poses a threat to public safety. A small but significant group of decisions belies the libertarian claim that incitement is constitutionally protected. My proposal will undoubtedly be controversial because the method I propose would augment juries' and judges' authority to assess the context within which threatening statements are made and qualify the relevance of the canonic imminent threat of harm doctrine.


Species interactions influencing the strength of trophic linkages play a key role in
structuring communities. Although the importance of these interactions has been
recognized, currently there are relatively few studies characterizing the role of habitat in
moderating these interactions, especially in marine environments. Habitat complexity
that provides refuge for some organisms may alter interactions between species with
consequences for community composition. Recently created oyster reefs of differing
complexity in southeastern North Carolina provide an excellent opportunity to test the
hypothesis that increased habitat complexity modifies predator-prey interactions leading
to direct and indirect effects in the oyster reef community. The common mud crab,
Panopeus herbstii, is an abundant intermediate predator living within oyster reefs feeding
on bivalves such as oyster spat, Crassostrea virginica, and ribbed mussels, Geukensia
demissa, and is prey for other species such as blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, and larger
fishes. The goal of this study was to determine the direct and indirect effects of oyster
complexity on mud crab populations (density, distribution, feeding, and survival) in a
field setting and mud crab: bivalve (predator-prey) dynamics in the presence and absence
of a top predator, the blue crab in a laboratory setting. Mud crab density was
significantly greater in areas of high habitat complexity during both field and lab studies.
Tethering trials indicated predation on mud crabs increased as oyster reef complexity
decreased with highest predation rates in open sand. However, highest predation on mud
crabs occurred in open sand areas along the edge of high complexity reefs compared to
sand areas distant from a reef. Laboratory studies indicated mud crab predation on oyster
spat and mussels was greater in high complexity oyster patches, but mussels were preferred over oyster spat. The presence of a top predator had differing effects on mud
crab predation of oyster spat and ribbed mussels. Predation on oyster spat was reduced in
high complexity patches, whereas predation on ribbed mussels was reduced in low
complexity patches when blue crabs were present. A potential positive feedback was
observed where high complexity oyster habitat provide increased settlement habitat for
mussels and mussels provide an alternate, preferred prey source reducing predation
pressure on oyster spat. This study demonstrated the multifaceted role of habitat
complexity in modifying trophic interaction within a multi-prey system.


In situ aerosol particle measurements were conducted during 21 NASA DC‐8 flights in the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys field campaign over the United States, Canada, Pacific Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico. For the first time, this study reports rapid, size‐resolved hygroscopic growth and real refractive index (RI at 532 nm) data between the surface and upper troposphere in a variety of air masses including wildfires, agricultural fires, biogenic, marine, and urban outflow. The Differential Aerosol Sizing and Hygroscopicity Spectrometer Probe (DASH‐SP) quantified size‐resolved diameter growth factors (GF = Dp,wet/Dp,dry) that are used to infer the hygroscopicity parameter κ. Thermokinetic simulations were conducted to estimate the impact of partial particle volatilization within the DASH‐SP across a range of sampling conditions. Analyses of GF and RI data as a function of air mass origin, dry size, and altitude are reported, in addition to κ values for the inorganic and organic fractions of aerosol. Average RI values are found to be fairly constant (1.52–1.54) for all air mass categories. An algorithm is used to compare size‐resolved DASH‐SP GF with bulk scattering f(RH = 80%) data obtained from a pair of nephelometers, and the results show that the two can only be reconciled if GF is assumed to decrease with increasing dry size above 400 nm (i.e., beyond the upper bound of DASH‐SP measurements). Individual case studies illustrate variations of hygroscopicity as a function of dry size, environmental conditions, altitude, and composition.


Specifying behaviors of multi-agent systems (MASs) is a dem anding task, especially when applied in safety-critical systems. In the latter systems, the specification of behaviors has to be carried out carefully in order to avoid side effects that might cause unwanted or even disastrous be haviors. Thus, formal methods based on mathematical models of the system un der design are helpful. They not only allow us to formally specify the sy stem at different levels of abstraction, but also to verify the consistency of the specified systems before implementing them. The formal specification aim s a precise and unambiguous description of the behavior of MASs, whereas th e verification aims at proving the satisfaction of specified requirements. A behavior of an agent can be described as discrete changes of its states with respect to external or internal actions. Whenever an ac tion occurs, the agent moves from one state to another one. Therefore, an effic ient way to model this type of discrete behaviors is to use a kind of state tr nsition diagrams such as finite automata. One remarkable advantage of su ch transition diagrams is that they lend themselves formal analysis techn iques usingmodel checking. The latter is an automatic verification technique which det ermines whether given properties are satisfied within a model underl ying a particular system. In realistic physical environments, however, it is necessa ry to consider continuous behaviors in addition to discrete behaviors of M ASs. Examples of those type of behaviors include the movement of a soccer agen t to kick off or to go to the ball, the process of putting out the fire by a fire b rigade agent in a rescue scenario, or any other behaviors that depend on an y timed physical law. The traditional state transition diagrams are not s ufficient to combine these types of behaviors. Hybrid automataoffer an elegant method to capture such types of behaviors. Hybrid automata extend regular sta te tr nsition diagrams with methods that deal with those continuous actions such that the state transition diagrams are used to model the discrete cha nges of behaviors, while differential equations are used to model the continuo us changes. The semantics of hybrid automata make them accessible to formal verification by means of model checking.


Like property, contractual boilerplate is less tailored to its contractual and business environment than one might expect considering only the costs of producing it. Boilerplate, like all legal communication, requires actors to trade off the benefits of information-richness with the need for adaptability to a wide variety of contexts. One device for managing the complexity of contexts is modularity, under which a system is divided into information-hiding components which allow internal interaction but only limited interaction across component boundaries. Modularity helps boundedly rational agents to understand systems and to specialize in working on a subset of modules. Modularity also facilitates adaptability of systems in response to changes in the environment. Boilerplate utilizes modularity to allow for its addition, subtraction, and porting from one contract to another, without the need to worry about unforeseen interactions with other parts of the contract and the business context. Governing law and severability provisions provide particularly dramatic examples. Boilerplate is also intermediate between contract and property in terms of contexts not taken into account by the creators of boilerplate, and thus boilerplate requires less judicial intervention to maintain standardization than does property, but more so than in the case of contracts. The need for modularity also helps explain the role of "reading costs" in parties' choice of simpler contractual provisions over other more complex provisions that are not necessarily more costly to write. Modularity and formalism more generally are matters of degree, and underappreciated benefits of modularity help explain the incompleteness of the Realist revolution in contracts and the relationship of contracts to off-the-rack doctrines in civil and common law.


A surge in bronze metalworking can be seen taking place at the end of the Bronze Age, with ten deposits, containing 109 objects, and 28 isolated finds taking place in the Bârlad Plateau. The list of discoveries contains sickles, celts, broadswords, daggers, spearheads, and adornments and dress elements; the least represented are weapons, with only seven items. The broadsword from Epureni is of the Krasnyj Majak type, typical of the Sabatinovka culture, while the daggers are of the Labojkovka type, Malye Kopani variant. The three spearheads are of the Dremajlovka and Krasnyj Majak type. The weapons are typical of the Sabatinovka culture and are rare east of the Prut, in the region of the Noua culture.


Youth sport research has expanded considerably since the founding of the Michigan State University Institute for the Study of Youth Sports in 1978. This research has resulted in meaningful advancements in knowledge and proved enormously valuable in both safeguarding athlete well-being and fostering positive sport experiences. There are still knowledge gaps in the scholarly literature that have important implications for youth sport participants and programs. Hopefully, the quantity and quality of the scholarly literature on youth sport will continue to expand in response to broader societal changes and scientific advances. This paper addresses the future of youth sport scholarship, focusing on 3 selected areas of promise. The first pertains to positive youth development work, including efforts tied to fostering economic opportunity among young people. The second pertains to youth sport as a domain for addressing public health, an emerging area with respect to physical activity promotion, injury surveillance, physical well-being, and mental health. Finally, the paper addresses implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for youth sport and how this might shape scholarship over the coming decades. Pursuing these areas of research while attending to important opportunities for and challenges to the promotion of developmentally appropriate youth sport experiences is expected to meaningfully contribute to knowledge and, ultimately, the well-being of young athletes.


The main goal of this work is to model size effects, as they occur in materials with an intrinsic microstructure at the consideration of specimens that are not by orders larger than this microstructure. The micromorphic continuum theory as a generalized continuum theory is well suited to account for the occuring size effects. Thereby additional degrees of freedoms capture the independent deformations of these microstructures, while they provide additional balance equation. In this thesis, the deformational and configurational mechanics of the micromorphic continuum is exploited in a finite-deformation setting. A constitutive and numerical framework is developed, in which also the material-force method is advanced. Furthermore the multiscale modelling of thin material layers with a heterogeneous substructure is of interest. To this end, a computational homogenization framework is developed, which allows to obtain the constitutive relation between traction and separation based on the properties of the underlying micromorphic mesostructure numerically in a nested solution scheme. Within the context of micromorphic continuum mechanics, concepts of both gradient and micromorphic plasticity are developed by systematically varying key ingredients of the respective formulations.


The spatial and temporal structure of spider communities was studied in the clay semi-desert of the north-western Caspian Lowland, western Kazakhstan (49°23' N, 46°47' E). The soils and vegetation are complex, being composed of a mosaic of desert and steppe plant communities. Besides the native associations, there are plantations of different tree species. The ground-dwelling spider assemblages in the native habitats are the most diverse. The number of species inhabiting forest plantations is three times as small. Gnaphosidae is the leading family in the ground layer. They show high abundance and diversity levels during the whole season. Thomisidae, Lycosidae, Philodromidae, and Salticidae are abundant as well. The species diversity of herbage-dwelling spiders in different open native habitats is very similar. The spectrum of dominant families (Thomisidae, Oxyopidae, Araneidae, and Salticidae) and the seasonal dynamics of their ratio in desert and steppe associations have much in common. Spider assemblages of native and artificial habitats are characterised by change from multispecies polydominant spring-summer communities to impoverished imbalanced autumn ones. Seasonal changes in the species structure of mature spider groupings in native habitats are well pronounced, while the impact of seasonal conditions is even stronger than between-habitat differences. Complexes of typical species with different levels of habitat preference are revealed.


In this paper we revisit the classical NLP problem of prepositional phrase attachment (PP-attachment). Given the pattern V -NP1-P-NP2 in the text, where V is verb, NP1 is a noun phrase, P is the preposition and NP2 is the other noun phrase, the question asked is where does P - NP2 attach: V or NP1? This question is typically answered using both the word and the world knowledge. Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) and Data Sparsity Reduction (DSR) are the two requirements for PP-attachment resolution. Our approach described in this paper makes use of training data extracted from raw text, which makes it an unsupervised approach. The unambiguous V - P - N and N1 - P -N2 tuples of the training corpus TEACH the system how to resolve the attachments in the ambiguous V - N1 - P - N2 tuples of the test corpus. A graph based approach to word sense disambiguation (WSD) is used to obtain the accurate word knowledge. Further, the data sparsity problem is addressed by (i) detecting synonymy using the wordnet and (ii) doing a form of inferencing based on the matching of Vs and Ns in the unambiguous patterns of V - P - NP, NP1 - P - NP2. For experimentation, Brown Corpus provides the training data andWall Street Journal Corpus the test data. The accuracy obtained for PP-attachment resolution is close to 85%. The novelty of the system lies in the flexible use of WSD and DSR phases.


Solving the climate change problem by limiting global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will necessitate action by the world's two largest emitters, the United States and China. Neither has so far committed to quantitative emissions limits. Some argue that China cannot be engaged on the basis of its national interest in climate policy, on the ground that China's national net benefits of limiting greenhouse gas emissions would be negative, as a result of significant GHG abatement costs and potential net gains to China from a warmer world. This premise has led some observers to advocate other approaches to engaging China, such as appeal to moral obligation. This Article argues that appeal to national net benefits is still the best approach to engage China. First, appealing to China's asserted moral obligation to limit its GHG emissions may be ineffective or even counterproductive. Even if climate change is a moral issue for American leaders, framing the issue that way may not be persuasive to Chinese leaders. Second, the concern that China's national net benefits of climate policy are negative is based on older forecasts of costs and benefits. More recent climate science, of which the Chinese leadership is aware, indicates higher damages to China from climate change and thus greater net benefits to China from climate policy. Third, the public health co-benefits of reducing other air pollutants along with GHGs may make GHG emissions limits look more attractive to China. Fourth, the distribution of climate impacts within China may be as important as the net aggregate: climate change may exacerbate political and social stresses within China, which the leadership may seek to avoid in order to maintain political stability. Fifth, the costs of abatement may decline as innovation in China accelerates. Sixth, as China becomes a great power in world politics, and as climate change affects China's allies, leadership on climate policy may look more favorable to China's elites. Seventh, the design of the international climate treaty regime itself can offer positive incentives to China. Taken together, these factors point to a potential and even ongoing shift in Chinese climate policy. They illustrate how the international law and politics of climate change depend on domestic politics and institutions. And they suggest that the United States, if it too takes effective action, can make the case for enlightened pragmatism as a basis to engage China in a cooperative global climate policy regime.


In Migrant Returns Eric J. Pido examines the complicated relationship among the Philippine economy, Manila's urban development, and balikbayans —Filipino migrants visiting or returning to their homeland—to reconceptualize migration as a process of connectivity. Focusing on the experiences of balikbayans returning to Manila from California, Pido shows how Philippine economic and labor policies have created an economy reliant upon property speculation, financial remittances, and the affective labor of Filipinos living abroad. As the initial generation of post-1965 Filipino migrants begin to age, they are encouraged to retire in their homeland through various state-sponsored incentives. Yet, once they arrive, balikbayans often find themselves in the paradoxical position of being neither foreign nor local. They must reconcile their memories of their Filipino upbringing with American conceptions of security, sociality, modernity, and class as their homecoming comes into collision with the Philippines' deep economic and social inequality. Tracing the complexity of balikbayan migration, Pido shows that rather than being a unidirectional event marking the end of a journey, migration is a multidirectional and continuous process that results in ambivalence, anxiety, relief, and difficulty.


Donna Hay, Australia's bestselling, favourite and most trusted cook, brings you one of her most beautiful books yet: Modern Baking, with over 250 mouthwatering recipes for cakes,biscuits and all kinds of divinely delicious sweet treats.

I find there's something truly enchanting about baking. From the way ingredients change as they're whisked and whipped, to the joy that a warm slice of cake can bring - it's always been my first love in the kitchen. Even though I'm a classics girl at heart, I'm forever adding on-trend twists to my sweet recipes and I want to share them with you. This book is what I like to think of as my modern baking bible. Inside are more than 250 recipes - my all-time favourite essentials, plus some super-smart shortcuts for when life gets crazy busy. I've also included plenty of better-for-you treats, made with wholesome raw ingredients, for a touch of balance. Be it chewy cookies, the fudgiest brownies, dreamy meringue or creamy iced desserts, let these modern sweets bring a little magic into your kitchen.


This research investigates the impact of WTO on the World Rice markets and from last five years and their impact on the Pakistan's export earnings as well as in economy. Data were collected from the Primary as well secondary sources of the Rice producing countries The URAA imposed relatively few policy changes for rice; yet these changes are having observable effects .The URAA has caused Pakistan to makes significant adjustments to its international market effects are possible from this policy changes .The other major identifiable policy changes relate to the increase export to developed countries. Pakistan. Model projections of the effects of the URAA on rice suggest increase of 7% were to occur it will be a very long time before we would have enough data to reject the hypothesis of on changes in the world price of Rice . Faced with this data problems we turn to the specific market for high quality Pakistan Rice to look fore to look for market impact  base on our review of the polices and market realties. It was revealed that from the last five years there is no visible impact on export laid growth but from last thee years price shocks was observed in Pakistan, due to increases in the world rice market by 200 percent in various Asian countries.  Consumers are facing the price shock problem in Pakistan and world Rice market the statistical results were similar for the alternative specification of gross margins and prices as the economic decision available.  However, the price elasticities derived using the gross margins specification were about a third of those using the prices specification. The gross margin specification yielded additional information in the form of yield and input cost elasticities.


Background and Objective The slow delayed rectifier current (IKs) is important for cardiac action potential termination. The underlying channel is composed of Kv7.1 α-subunits and KCNE1 β-subunits. While most evidence suggests a role of KCNE1 transmembrane domain and C-terminus for the interaction, the N-terminal KCNE1 polymorphism 38G is associated with reduced IKs and atrial fibrillation (a human arrhythmia). Structure-function relationship of the KCNE1 N-terminus for IKs modulation is poorly understood and was subject of this study. Methods We studied N-terminal KCNE1 constructs disrupting structurally important positively charged amino-acids (arginines) at positions 32, 33, 36 as well as KCNE1 constructs that modify position 38 including an N-terminal truncation mutation. Experimental procedures included molecular cloning, patch-clamp recording, protein biochemistry, real-time-PCR and confocal microscopy. Results All KCNE1 constructs physically interacted with Kv7.1. IKs resulting from co-expression of Kv7.1 with non-atrial fibrillation '38S' was greater than with any other construct. Ionic currents resulting from co-transfection of a KCNE1 mutant with arginine substitutions ('38G-3xA') were comparable to currents evoked from cells transfected with an N-terminally truncated KCNE1-construct ('Δ1-38'). Western-blots from plasma-membrane preparations and confocal images consistently showed a greater amount of Kv7.1 protein at the plasma-membrane in cells co-transfected with the non-atrial fibrillation KCNE1-38S than with any other construct. Conclusions The results of our study indicate that N-terminal arginines in positions 32, 33, 36 of KCNE1 are important for reconstitution of IKs. Furthermore, our results hint towards a role of these N-terminal amino-acids in membrane representation of the delayed rectifier channel complex.


As there is a rising interest in accountability issues and governance in nonprofit organizations,
this work aims to give some notions on the context of these two topics. Hence,
within this work, a theoretical framework is developed, whereby the correlation of accountability
and governance in nonprofit organizations shall be measured. This framework
suggests, that in nonprofit organizations, nonprofit governance, represented by
board members and professionals, has an influence on compliance, as a component of
accountability. In respect to the board members, it is supposed that, board competence,
transparency, stakeholder relationship and (public) trust are positively related to compliance.
Furthermore, it is assumed, referring to professionals, that the variables performance,
training or development and satisfaction are positively and empowerment is
negatively correlated with compliance. These assumptions are based on a thorough theoretical
literature research. Furthermore, a questionnaire is designed to measure the correlations.
This questionnaire will be amplified in a discussion following to the explanation
of the research model. Concluding, some limitations on the research model are given,
which should be taken into account by undertaking the questionnaire.


Distributed manipulation systems induce motions on objects through the application of many external forces. An actuator array performs distributed manipulation using a planar array of many small stationary elements (which are called cells) that cooperate to manipulate larger objects. Typically, highly dense actuator arrays are modeled as spatially continuous, programmable forcefields, althoughinmany implementations a relatively small number of actuators supports an object and continuous assumptions break down. This paper serves two purposes: to present a methodology for modeling and analyzing the dynamics of manipulation on a highly discrete actuator array and to present a methodology for designing manipulation strategies on discrete actuator arrays. This is done in the context of a particular macro-scale actuator array comprising a fixed planar array of motorized wheels. Modeling of the dynamics takes into account several models of the interaction between the actuators and the object, the distribution of the weight of the object among the supports, and the discrete nature of the system. Under certain modeling assumptions, the manipulation dynamics of an object are extremely simple for a given set of supporting cells. An inversion of these piecewise-continuous dynamics generates a fully continuous open-loop manipulation strategy, effectively smoothing out the discontinuities. The authors show that although the resulting manipulation field may stably position and orient any object in the continuous field case, discreteness causes many objects to experience unstable rotational equilibria. Thus, poor orientation precision is a limitation of open-loop manipulation using discrete actuator arrays and motivates the use of feedback. The authors also derive closed-loop manipulation strategies through an inversion of the discrete dynamics that reduce the many-input, three-output distributed control problem to a standard three-input, three-output control problem that operates under distributed control. In effect, the array of actuators is reduced to a single virtual actuator capable of applying a desired net force and moment on an object. It is proven that even in the presence of dynamic coupling and nonlinearities introduced due to discreteness, these closed-loop strategies are asymptotically stable. Multimedia extensions include a complete simulator and videos of the experimental prototype.


The development of the human consciousness : Ken Wilber's AQAL theory
Kenneth Earl Wilber III, an integral philosopher, psychologist and mystic with an intelligence quotient of 160, was born on 31 January 1949 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the United States of America, and is considered by some as one of the most important philosophers of the 21st century. He developed his integral philosophy over 30 years, which can be divided into five phases. The most important aspects of his philosophy for the purposes of this article are the AQAL integral map of reality, and the evolution of consciousness. AQAL stands for 'all quadrants, all levels, lines and stages'. Wilber divides reality into singular and plural interiors and exteriors; or art, morals and science. Also deriving ideas from Developmental Psychology, he sees the evolution of consciousness unfolding in seven stages : archaic, magic, mythic, rational, pluralistic, holistic and transpersonal. This theory could add value to pastoral care by enabling pastors to support believers' own spiritual growth in pursuit of the kingdom of heaven.


Paul Kiparsky's work in linguistics has been wide-ranging and fundamental. His contributions as a scholar and teacher have transformed virtually every subfield of contemporary linguistics, from generative phonology to poetic theory. This collection of essays on the word--the fundamental entity of language--by Kiparsky's colleagues, students, and teachers reflects the distinctive focus of his own attention and his influence in the field. As the editors of the volume observe, Kiparsky approaches words much as a botanist approaches plants, fascinated equally by their beauty, their structure, and their evolution. The essays in this volume reflect these multiple perspectives. The contributors discuss phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics bearing on the formal composition of the word; historical linguistic developments emphasizing the word's simultaneous idiosyncratic character and participation in a system; and metrical and poetic forms showing the significance of Kiparsky's ideas for literary theory. Collectively they develop the overarching idea that the nature of the word is not directly observable but nonetheless inferable. ContributorsStephen R. Anderson, Arto Anttila, Juliette Blevins, Geert Booij, Young-mee Yu Cho, Cleo Condoravdi, B. Elan Dresher, Andrew Garrett, Carlos Gussenhoven, Morris Halle, Kristin Hanson, Bruce Hayes, Larry M. Hyman, Sharon Inkelas, S. D. Joshi, Rene Kager, Ellen Kaisse, Aditi Lahiri, K. P. Mohanan, Tara Mohanan, Cemil Orhan Orgun, Christopher Pinon, William J. Poser, Douglas Pulleyblank, J. A. F. Roodbergen, Haj Ross, Patricia Shaw, Galen Sibanda, Donca Steriade, John Stonham, Stephen Wechsler, Dieter Wunderlich, Draga Zec Kristin Hanson is Associate Professor of English and Sharon Inkelas is Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley.


For more than a century, scientists have squabbled over how the Earth's Moon formed. But researchers at Yale and in Japan say they may have the answer (ScienceDaily, 29 April 2019). Many theorists believe a Mars-sized object slammed into the early Earth, and material dislodged from that collision formed the basis of the Moon. When this idea was tested in computer simulations, it turned out that the Moon would be made primarily from the impacting object. Yet the opposite is true; we know from analysing rocks brought back from Apollo missions that the Moon consists mainly of material from the Earth. A new study co-authored by Yale geophysicist Shun-ichiro Karato offers an explanation. The key, Karato says, is that the early, proto-Earth—about 50 million years after the formation of the Sun—was covered by a sea of hot magma, while the impacting object was likely made of solid material. Karato and his collaborators set out to test a new model (Fig. 1) based on the collision of a proto-Earth covered with an ocean of magma and a solid impacting object. The model showed that, after the collision, the magma is heated much more than solids from the impacting object. The magma then expands in volume and goes into orbit to form the Moon, the researchers say. This explains why there is much more Earth material in the Moon's makeup. Previous models did not account for the different degree of heating between the proto-Earth silicate and the impactor. 'In our model, about 80 percent of the Moon is made of proto-Earth materials', said Karato, who has conducted extensive research on the chemical properties of proto-Earth magma. 'In most of the previous models, about 80 percent of the Moon is made of the impactor. This is a big difference'. Karato said the new model confirms previous theories about how the Moon formed, without the need to propose unconventional collision conditions— something theorists have had to do until now. For the study, Karato led the research into the compression of molten silicate. A group from the Tokyo Institute of Technology and the RIKEN Center for Computational Science developed a computational model to predict how material from the collision became the Moon. the 'nation's t. rex'


An aerosol rapid compression machine is developed to investigate energetic-nanoparticleenhanced combustion of liquid fuels using ethanol and aluminum nanoparticles as a model system. An ultrasonic nozzle is used to nebulize neat ethanol and mixtures containing nanoparticles for ignition delay tests in the rapid compression machine. It is determined that 2%-weight nano-aluminum can lead to a dramatic reduction in the ignition delay (90%). The aerosol is introduced to the rapid compression machine through a poppet valve that is optimized by CFD simulations to maximize turbulent mixing and improve charge homogeneity.


At a meeting convened by the College of Medicine in November last year, it was suggested that this country needs a 58% increase in the number of registrars presently being trained to achieve an acceptable ratio of 15 specialists to each 100 000 of the population by the year 2025. This will place enormous stress on all specialist training programmes, and orthopaedics is no exception. Existing orthopaedic programmes are already under threat due to the prolonged neglect of teaching hospitals in favour of primary healthcare services. There is a lack of beds and theatre time, equipment and buildings are old and badly maintained, and facilities for modern orthopaedic techniques such as arthroscopy and arthroplasty are inadequate for training purposes. This discouraging situation is exacerbated by the collapse of specialist services in the regional hospitals, and the diversion of large numbers of emergency cases to the teaching hospitals where they are given priority over the elective work so vital for registrar training. Orthopaedic specialists and nursing staff are also in short supply, with no improvement after the two consecutive debacles of Occupational Specific Dispensation for health workers have eroded the little remaining credibility of the Department of Health. Surgeons require unusual skills: in addition to the usual intellectual, ethical and diagnostic skills of any specialist, surgeons need manual skills that can only be acquired by constant exposure to the large variety of operations we are expected to perform. Without the opportunity to operate under close supervision of qualified specialists, in effect an apprenticeship, surgeons cannot be trained. To compensate for this shortage of specialists in training posts, it appears that the HPCSA is contemplating an increase in the present ratio of surgical specialists to registrars from 1:2 to 1:3. The SAOA has already written to the Chairman of the Postgraduate Medical Committee of the HPCSA to state its strong opposition to this threat to the future standards of orthopaedic training. What else can be done to maintain and improve our teaching system? The first priority is to create and fund enough registrar posts to expand the training programmes; without that step nothing can happen. The second is to restore and expand the staff and facilities at the present training hospitals to allow them to do their work. Both measures are being blocked by provincial governments whose main priority is service delivery within a limited budget. There is, however, a possibility of training hospitals being removed from the control of provincial governments to the National Department of Health to help achieve these aims. We would still need to find suitable applicants to fill the posts. Revitalising the regional hospital system would deliver a double benefit by providing a pool of potential candidates who have worked for a period as orthopaedic medical officers, while improving services at this level and reducing referrals to academic centres. If there is a shortage of clinical material it is important to make the most of all training opportunities whether theoretical or practical, and the private sector must become involved in education as it is the repository of a wealth of orthopaedic knowledge. Case discussions at academic or branch meetings teach decision-making and can benefit many simultaneously, while assisting at private operations is an important way to learn the intricacies of surgical technique. To promote clinical skills in junior registrars, the SAOA will start to offer registrar instructional courses this year, initially on clinical examination techniques, but extending later to basic trauma and elective surgical techniques. Different departments have different areas of expertise; interchange of registrars or visiting fellowships should be encouraged to broaden exposure, and a registrar's fellowship has been recently created by the SAOA with this aim. In the past, congress attendance has been largely limited to senior registrars. I believe that registrars in their last two to three years of training should also attend congresses so that they become familiar with the diversity of orthopaedics at an early stage, and the Department of Health should both allow and pay for this. Access to teaching material has been revolutionised by the Internet, and the SAOA is looking at expanding the material already available on its website to all members. The SAOA also intends to introduce an in-training examination for all registrars at the end of this year. The intention is to highlight deficits in each registrar's theoretical knowledge and show them how they compare with colleagues at a similar stage of training. Finally the SAOA is in the process of organising a Registrars' Society as a sub-group of our Association, with a representative on the Educational Standards Committee to improve communication between trainers and trainees. This could be an important way for trainees to influence the teaching system and government policies on which they depend. Expansion and improved efficiency of orthopaedic training programmes has become an urgent priority. The SAOA and its members need to develop strategies to transfer our skills to the next generation of our profession, and we have taken the first steps. We cannot influence government policies directly, but we can exert indirect pressure through our professional groups, and hopefully our registrars will create another voice to add to the clamour for a better deal for the teaching hospitals. MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT Page 4 / SA ORTHOPAEDIC JOURNAL Autumn 2010 MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT


For years, the signs in the New York City subway system were a bewildering hodge-podge of lettering styles, sizes, shapes, materials, colors, and messages. The original mosaics (dating from as early as 1904), displaying a variety of serif and sans serif letters and decorative elements, were supplemented by signs in terracotta and cut stone. Over the years, enamel signs identifying stations and warning riders not to spit, smoke, or cross the tracks were added to the mix. Efforts to untangle this visual mess began in the mid-1960s, when the city transit authority hired the design firm Unimark International to create a clear and consistent sign system. We can see the results today in the white-on-black signs throughout the subway system, displaying station names, directions, and instructions in crisp Helvetica. This book tells the story of how typographic order triumphed over chaos. The process didn't go smoothly or quickly. At one point New York Times architecture writer Paul Goldberger declared that the signs were so confusing one almost wished that they weren't there at all. Legend has it that Helvetica came in and vanquished the competition. Paul Shaw shows that it didn't happen that way -- that, in fact, for various reasons (expense, the limitations of the transit authority sign shop), the typeface overhaul of the 1960s began not with Helvetica but with its forebear, Standard (AKA Akzidenz Grotesk). It wasn't until the 1980s and 1990s that Helvetica became ubiquitous. Shaw describes the slow typographic changeover (supplementing his text with more than 250 images -- photographs, sketches, type samples, and documents). He places this signage evolution in the context of the history of the New York City subway system, of 1960s transportation signage, of Unimark International, and of Helvetica itself.


This SAND report is the final report on Sandia's Grand Challenge LDRD Project 27328, 'A Revolution in Lighting -- Building the Science and Technology Base for Ultra-Efficient Solid-state Lighting.' This project, which for brevity we refer to as the SSL GCLDRD, is considered one of Sandia's most successful GCLDRDs. As a result, this report reviews not only technical highlights, but also the genesis of the idea for Solid-state Lighting (SSL), the initiation of the SSL GCLDRD, and the goals, scope, success metrics, and evolution of the SSL GCLDRD over the course of its life. One way in which the SSL GCLDRD was different from other GCLDRDs was that it coincided with a larger effort by the SSL community - primarily industrial companies investing in SSL, but also universities, trade organizations, and other Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories - to support a national initiative in SSL RD SSL technology workshops and roadmaps; support for the Optoelectronics Industry Developmentmore » Association (OIDA), DOE and Senator Bingaman's office; extensive public relations and media activities; and a worldwide SSL community website. Many science and technology advances and breakthroughs were also enabled under this GCLDRD, resulting in: 55 publications; 124 presentations; 10 book chapters and reports; 5 U.S. patent applications including 1 already issued; and 14 patent disclosures not yet applied for. Twenty-six invited talks were given, at prestigious venues such as the American Physical Society Meeting, the Materials Research Society Meeting, the AVS International Symposium, and the Electrochemical Society Meeting. This report contains a summary of these science and technology advances and breakthroughs, with Chapters 1-5 devoted to the five technical task areas: 1 Fundamental Materials Physics; 2 111-Nitride Growth Chemistry and Substrate Physics; 3 111-Nitride MOCVD Reactor Design and In-Situ Monitoring; 4 Advanced Light-Emitting Devices; and 5 Phosphors and Encapsulants. Chapter 7 (Appendix A) contains a listing of publications, presentations, and patents. Finally, the SSL GCLDRD resulted in numerous actual and pending follow-on programs for Sandia, including multiple grants from DOE and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) with SSL companies. Many of these follow-on programs arose out of contacts developed through our External Advisory Committee (EAC). In h s and other ways, the EAC played a very important role. Chapter 8 (Appendix B) contains the full (unedited) text of the EAC reviews that were held periodically during the course of the project.« less


States, nationalist movements, and ethnic groups in conflict with one another often face a choice between violent and nonviolent strategies. Although major wars between sovereign states have become rare, contemporary world politics has been rife with internal conflict, ethnic cleansing, and violence against civilians. This book asks how, why, and when states and non-state actors use violence against one another, and examines the effectiveness of various forms of political violence. In the process of addressing these issues, the essays make two conceptual moves that illustrate the need to reconsider the way violence by states and non-state actors has typically been studied and understood. The first is to think of violence not as dichotomous, as either present or absent, but to consider the wide range of nonviolent and violent options available and ask why actors come to embrace particular strategies. The second is to explore the dynamic nature of violent conflicts, developing explanations that can account for the eruption of violence at particular moments in time. The arguments focus on how changes in the balance of power between and among states and non-state actors generate uncertainty and threat, thereby creating an environment conducive to violence. This innovative way of understanding violence deemphasizes the role of ethnic cleavages and nationalism in modern conflict. Contributors: Kristin M. Bakke, Emily Beaulieu, H. Zeynep Bulutgil, Erica Chenoweth, Kathryn McNabb Cochran, Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham, Alexander B. Downes, Erin K. Jenne, Adria Lawrence, Harris Mylonas, Wendy Pearlman, Maria J. Stephan


The outcome of the December 2011 United Nations climate negotiations in Durban, South Africa, provides an important new opportunity to move toward an international climate policy architecture that is capable of delivering broad international participation and significant global CO2 emissions reductions at reasonable cost. We evaluate one important component of potential climate policy architecture for the post-Durban era: links among independent tradable permit systems for greenhouse gases. Because linkage reduces the cost of achieving given targets, there is tremendous pressure to link existing and planned cap-and-trade systems, and in fact, a number of links already or will soon exist. We draw on recent political and economic experience with linkage to evaluate potential roles that linkage may play in post-Durban international climate policy, both in a near-term, de facto architecture of indirect links between regional, national, and sub-national cap-and-trade systems, and in longer-term, more comprehensive bottom-up architecture of direct links. Although linkage will certainly help to reduce long-term abatement costs, it may also serve as an effective mechanism for building institutional and political structure to support a future climate agreement.


The United States recognized the independence of all the former Soviet republics by the end of 1991, including the South Caucasus states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The United States has fostered these states' ties with the West in part to end the dependence of these states on Russia for trade, security, and other relations. The FREEDOM Support Act of 1992 provides authorization for assistance to the Eurasian states for humanitarian needs, democratization, and other purposes. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, the Administration appealed for a national security waiver of the prohibition on aid to Azerbaijan, in consideration of Azerbaijan's assistance to the international coalition to combat terrorism. Azerbaijani and Georgian troops participate in stabilization efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq, and Armenian personnel serve in Iraq.


Do citizens have any Fourth Amendment protection from sense-enhancing surveillance technologies in public? This article engages a timely question as new surveillance technologies have redefined expectations of privacy in public spaces. This article proposes a new theory of Fourth Amendment security based on the ancient theory of curtilage protection for private property. Curtilage has long been understood as a legal fiction that expands the protection of the home beyond the formal structures of the house. Curtilage recognizes a buffer zone beyond the four corners of the home that deserves protection, even in public, even if accessible to public view. Based on custom and law protecting against both nosy neighbors and the government, curtilage was defined by the actions the property owner took to signal a protected space. In simple terms, by building a wall around one's house, the property owner marked out an area of private control. So, too, the theory of personal curtilage turns on persons being able to control the protected areas of their lives in public by similarly signifying that an area is meant to be secure from others. This article develops a theory of personal curtilage built on four overlapping foundational principles. First, persons can build a constitutional protected space secure from governmental surveillance in public. Second, to claim this space as secure from governmental surveillance, the person must affirmatively mark that space in some symbolic manner. Third, these spaces must be related to areas of personal autonomy or intimate connection, be it personal, familial, or associational. Fourth, these contested spaces – like traditional curtilage – will be evaluated by objectively balancing these factors to determine if a Fourth Amendment search has occurred. Adapting the framework of traditional trespass, an intrusion by sense-enhancing technologies into this protected personal curtilage would be a search for Fourth Amendment purposes.The article concludes that the theory of personal curtilage improves and clarifies the existing Fourth Amendment doctrine and offers a new framework for future cases. It also addresses the need for a new vision of trespass to address omnipresent sense-enhancing surveillance technologies.


Agricultural economists, going back to the Roosevelt New Deal era, have a long legacy of supporting government intervention in the farm sector. Although policy economists have increased criticism of farm programs since World War II—particularly price support programs—there remains a substantial amount of support for government intervention in U.S. agriculture. The role of the USDA in funding policy research in agriculture tends to influence both the views of policy economists and the extent to which they express judgment in favor of liberalization of farm policies. Government farm programs provide work opportunities so that USDA-funded policy analysts have an incentive not to question the economic legitimacy of programs analyzed. State and local farm commodity interests also exert pressure on policy analysts who propose policy liberalization. In short, many policy economists today are critical of farm commodity programs but a vocal minority defends them. Even free-market agricultural policy economists, touting "positive science,†often fail to express judgment when analyzing farm commodity programs. Moreover, in analyzing "market failure†as a basis for conservation and other non-commodity farm programs, agricultural policy economists frequently implicitly support intervention by ignoring problems of "government failure.â€


After a long absence, The Twilight Zone returns with one of the most ambitious, expensive and controversial productions in broadcast history. Sci-fi writers have dabbled often with alternative history stories—among the most common is the "What If The Nazis Had Won The Second World War" setting—but this huge interactive virtual reality project, which will unfold on TV, in the press, and on Twitter over the next four years, sets out to build an ongoing alternative present. The story begins in a nightmarish version of 2017 in which huge sections of the US electorate have somehow been duped into voting to make Donald Trump president. It sounds far-fetched, and it is, but as it goes on it becomes more and more chillingly plausible. Today's feature-length opener concentrates on the gaudy inauguration of President Trump, and the stirrings of protest and despair surrounding the ceremony, while pundits speculate gravely on what lies ahead. It's a flawed piece, but a disturbing glimpse of the horrors we could stumble into, if we're not careful.2


Bees are often thought of as yellow and black striped insects that live in hives and produce honey. However, Australia's abundant native bees are incredibly diverse in their appearance and habits. Some are yellow and black but others have blue stripes, are iridescent green or wasp-like. Some are social but most are solitary. Some do build nests with wax but others use silk or plant material, burrow in soil or use holes in wood and even gumnuts!

A Guide to Native Bees of Australia provides a detailed introduction to the estimated 2000 species of Australian bees. Illustrated with stunning photographs, it describes the form and function of bees, their life-cycle stages, nest architecture, sociality and relationships with plants. It also contains systematic accounts of the five families and 58 genera of Australian bees. Photomicrographs of morphological characters and identification keys allow identification of bees to genus level. Natural history enthusiasts, professional and amateur entomologists and beekeepers will find this an essential guide.