This work introduces a Petri net representation for the propagation of probabilities and likelihoods, which can be applied to probabilistic Horn abduction, fault trees, and Bayesian networks. These so-called "probability propagation nets" increase the transparency of propagation processes by integrating structural and dynamical aspects into one homogeneous representation. It is shown by means of popular examples that probability propagation nets improve the understanding of propagation processes - especially with respect to the Bayesian propagation algorithms - and thus are well suited for the analysis and diagnosis of probabilistic models. Representing fault trees with probability propagation nets transfers these possibilities to the modeling of technical systems.


Since the fall of 2004, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) has been providing global monitoring of volcanic SO2 emissions, helping to understand their climate impacts and to mitigate aviation hazards. Here we introduce a new-generation OMI volcanic SO2 dataset based on a principal component analysis (PCA) retrieval technique. To reduce retrieval noise and artifacts as seen in the current operational linear fit (LF) algorithm, the new algorithm, OMSO2VOLCANO, uses characteristic features extracted directly from OMI radiances in the spectral fitting, thereby helping to minimize interferences from various geophysical processes (e.g., O3 absorption) and measurement details (e.g., wavelength shift). To solve the problem of low bias for large SO2 total columns in the LF product, the OMSO2VOLCANO algorithm employs a table lookup approach to estimate SO2 Jacobians (i.e., the instrument sensitivity to a perturbation in the SO2 column amount) and iteratively adjusts the spectral fitting window to exclude shorter wavelengths where the SO2 absorption signals are saturated. To first order, the effects of clouds and aerosols are accounted for using a simple Lambertian equivalent reflectivity approach. As with the LF algorithm, OMSO2VOLCANO provides total column retrievals based on a set of predefined SO2 profiles from the lower troposphere to the lower stratosphere, including a new profile peaked at 13 km for plumes in the upper troposphere. Examples given in this study indicate that the new dataset shows significant improvement over the LF product, with at least 50 % reduction in retrieval noise over the remote Pacific. For large eruptions such as Kasatochi in 2008 (∼ 1700 kt total SO2) and Sierra Negra in 2005 (> 1100 DU maximum SO2), OMSO2VOLCANO generally agrees well with other algorithms that also utilize the full spectral content of satellite measurements, while the LF algorithm tends to underestimate SO2. We also demonstrate that, despite the coarser spatial and spectral resolution of the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi-NPP) Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) instrument, application of the new PCA algorithm to OMPS data produces highly consistent retrievals between OMI and OMPS. The new PCA algorithm is therefore capable of continuing the volcanic SO2 data record well into the future using current and future hyperspectral UV satellite instruments.


This book addresses the foundations of economic growth at the firm level, combining both theoretical and econometric contributions by established scholars. Challenging contributions revisit Marshall's view on the management of innovation, investigate the decision of firms to venture into entrepreneurship and clarify some misunderstanding about Schumpeter's ideas. The book goes on to shed light on the classical specialisation-flexibility trade-off and provides a vision on the role of the knowledge-based economy and firm networks in technology development. Firm survival and performance, price-cost margins and the determinants of research intensity are also investigated econometrically.


11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland; or, where practicable, by electronic submission, for example, via Electronic Information Exchange, or CD–ROM. Electronic submissions must be made in a manner that enables the NRC to receive, read, authenticate, distribute, and archive the submission, and process and retrieve it a single page at a time. Detailed guidance on making electronic submissions can be obtained by visiting the NRC's Web site at http://www.nrc.gov/site-help/e-submittals.html; by e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com; or by writing the Office of Information Services, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555–0001. The guidance discusses, among other topics, the formats the NRC can accept, the use of electronic signatures, and the treatment of nonpublic information. Copies should be sent to the appropriate Regional Office and Resident Inspector.


In typical imaging systems, an image/video is first acquired, then compressed for transmission or storage, and eventually presented to human observers using different and often imperfect display devices. While the resulting quality of the perceived output image may severely be affected by the acquisition and display processes, these degradations are usually ignored in the compression stage, leading to an overall sub-optimal system performance. In this work we propose a compression methodology to optimize the system's end-to-end reconstruction error with respect to the compression bit-cost. Using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) technique, we show that the design of the new globally-optimized compression reduces to a standard compression of a "system adjusted" signal. Essentially, we propose a new practical framework for the informationtheoretic problem of remote source coding. The main ideas of our method are further explained using rate-distortion theory for Gaussian signals. We experimentally demonstrate our framework for image and video compression using the state-of-the-art HEVC standard, adjusted to several system layouts including acquisition and rendering models. The experiments established our method as the best approach for optimizing the system performance at high bit-rates from the compression standpoint. In addition, we relate the proposed approach also to signal restoration using complexity regularization, where the likelihood of candidate solutions is evaluated based on their compression bit-costs. Using our ADMM-based approach, we present new restoration methods relying on repeated applications of standard compression techniques. Thus, we restore signals by leveraging state-of-theart models designed for compression. The presented experiments show good results for image deblurring and inpainting using the JPEG2000 and HEVC compression standards. * Joint work with Prof. Alfred Bruckstein and Prof. Michael Elad. * * More de ta i l s about the speaker and h i s resea rch work a re ava i l ab le a t http://ydar.cswp.cs.technion.ac.i l /


This musical composition was created from data of microbes (bacteria, algae and other microorganisms) sampled in the English Channel. Argonne National Laboratory biologist Peter Larsen created the songs as a unique way to present and comprehend large datasets. This composition highlights seasonal patterns in marine physical parameters at the L4 Station. The chords are generated from seasonal changes in photosynthetically active radiation. The melody of each measure is comprised of eight notes, each mapped to a physical environmental parameter, in the following order: temperature, soluble reactive phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, saline, silicate and chlorophyll A concentrations. More information at http://www.anl.gov/articles/songs-key... Photo of cyanobacteria colonies is courtesy Specious Reasons (http://www.flickr.com/photos/28594931...) at Flickr via Creative Commons.


An eagerly anticipated, up-to-date guide to essential digital design fundamentals Offering a modern, updated approach to digital design, this much-needed book reviews basic design fundamentals before diving into specific details of design optimization. You begin with an examination of the low-levels of design, noting a clear distinction between design and gate-level minimization. The author then progresses to the key uses of digital design today, and how it is used to build high-performance alternatives to software. Offers a fresh, up-to-date approach to digital design, whereas most literature available is sorely outdated Progresses though low levels of design, making a clear distinction between design and gate-level minimization Addresses the various uses of digital design today Enables you to gain a clearer understanding of applying digital design to your life With this book by your side, you'll gain a better understanding of how to apply the material in the book to real-world scenarios.


Data warehousing is one of the hottest business topics, and theres more to understanding data warehousing technologies than you might think. Find out the basics of data warehousing and how it facilitates data mining and business intelligence with Data Warehousing For Dummies, 2nd Edition.Data is probably your companys most important asset, so your data warehouse should serve your needs. The fully updated Second Edition of Data Warehousing For Dummies helps you understand, develop, implement, and use data warehouses, and offers a sneak peek into their future. Youll learn to:Analyze top-down and bottom-up data warehouse designs Understand the structure and technologies of data warehouses, operational data stores, and data marts Choose your project team and apply best development practices to your data warehousing projects Implement a data warehouse, step by step, and involve end-users in the process Review and upgrade existing data storage to make it serve your needs Comprehend OLAP, column-wise databases, hardware assisted databases, and middleware Use data mining intelligently and find what you need Make informed choices about consultants and data warehousing products Data Warehousing For Dummies, 2nd Edition also shows you how to involve users in the testing process and gain valuable feedback, what it takes to successfully manage a data warehouse project, and how to tell if your project is on track. Youll find its the most useful source of data on the topic!


Abstract. The reactive trace gases nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO) are
crucial for chemical processes in the atmosphere, including the formation of
ozone and OH radicals, oxidation of pollutants, and atmospheric
self-cleaning. Recently, empirical studies have shown that biological soil
crusts are able to emit large amounts of NO and HONO, and they may therefore
play an important role in the global budget of these trace gases. However,
the upscaling of local estimates to the global scale is subject to large
uncertainties, due to unknown spatial distribution of crust types and their
dynamic metabolic activity. Here, we perform an alternative estimate of
global NO and HONO emissions by biological soil crusts, using a process-based
modelling approach to these organisms, combined with global data
sets of climate and land cover. We thereby consider that NO and HONO are
emitted in strongly different proportions, depending on the type of crust and
their dynamic activity, and we provide a first estimate of the global
distribution of four different crust types. Based on this, we estimate global
total values of 1.04 Tg yr−1 NO–N and 0.69 Tg yr−1 HONO–N
released by biological soil crusts. This corresponds to around 20 % of
global emissions of these trace gases from natural ecosystems. Due to the low
number of observations on NO and HONO emissions suitable to validate the
model, our estimates are still relatively uncertain. However, they are
consistent with the amount estimated by the empirical approach, which
confirms that biological soil crusts are likely to have a strong impact on
global atmospheric chemistry via emissions of NO and HONO.


Abstract. Statistical analysis of satellite data shows a positive correlation between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and total cloud cover (TCC). Reasons for this relationship have been disputed in recent literature. The aim of this study is to explore how different processes contribute to one model's analog of the positive correlation between aerosol optical depth and total cloud cover seen in the satellite retrievals. We compare the slope of the linear regression between the logarithm of TCC and the logarithm of AOD, or the strength of the relationship, as derived from three satellite data sets to the ones simulated by a global aerosol-climate model. We analyse model results from two different simulations with and without a parameterisation of aerosol indirect effects, and using dry compared to humidified AOD. Perhaps not surprisingly we find that no single one of the hypotheses discussed in the literature is able to uniquely explain the positive relationship. However the dominant contribution to the model's AOD-TCC relationship can be attributed to aerosol swelling in regions where humidity is high and clouds are coincidentally found. This finding leads us to hypothesise that much of the AOD-TCC relationship seen in the satellite data is also carried by such a process, rather than the direct effects of the aerosols on the cloud fields themselves.


Patent law is virtually alone in intellectual property (IP) in punishing independent development. To infringe a copyright or trade secret, defendants must copy the protected IP from the plaintiff, directly or indirectly. But patent infringement requires only that the defendant's product falls within the scope of the patent claims. Not only doesn't the defendant need to intend to infringe, but the defendant may be entirely unaware of the patent or the patentee and still face liability.Nonetheless, copying does play a role in some subsidiary patent doctrines. For example, the question of whether patent damages should be set in order to deter infringement depends critically on whether infringers are in fact aware they are infringing, or at least that they are using the plaintiff's technology. Copying - or at least intent to infringe - is also an element of claims for indirect infringement. The definition of "willful infringement" also turns on the question of culpability, at least in the popular understanding of that term. More significantly, the rhetoric of patent law (and of IP law more generally) often seems to presuppose that defendants in patent cases are in fact engaged in copying. Similarly, the outcome of public policy debates over patent reform may well turn on the perception of patent infringers as either bad actors or as innocent businesspeople who accidentally ran afoul of a patent. Unfortunately, no one seems to know whether patent infringement defendants are in fact unscrupulous copyists or independent developers. In this paper, we seek to answer that question. Because copying is not an element of any patent cause of action, courts do not normally make explicit findings as to whether defendants have copied. Instead, we turn to a variety of proxies to try to identify the subset of cases in which copying is alleged or proven. We look both at the allegations made in a random sample of complaints and at the treatment of copying in recent reported decisions. We find that a surprisingly small percentage of patent cases involve even allegations of copying, much less proof of copying. Copying in patent law seems to be the exception, not the rule.


With more than 200 practical recipes, this book helps you perform data analysis with R quickly and efficiently. The R language provides everything you need to do statistical work, but its structure can be difficult to master. This collection of concise, task-oriented recipes makes you productive with R immediately, with solutions ranging from basic tasks to input and output, general statistics, graphics, and linear regression.Each recipe addresses a specific problem, with a discussion that explains the solution and offers insight into how it works. If youre a beginner, R Cookbook will help get you started. If youre an experienced data programmer, it will jog your memory and expand your horizons. Youll get the job done faster and learn more about R in the process.Create vectors, handle variables, and perform other basic functions Input and output data Tackle data structures such as matrices, lists, factors, and data frames Work with probability, probability distributions, and random variables Calculate statistics and confidence intervals, and perform statistical tests Create a variety of graphic displays Build statistical models with linear regressions and analysis of variance (ANOVA) Explore advanced statistical techniques, such as finding clusters in your data "Wonderfully readable, R Cookbook serves not only as a solutions manual of sorts, but as a truly enjoyable way to explore the R languageone practical example at a time." Jeffrey Ryan, software consultant and R package author


Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the library: http://www.hva.nl/bibliotheek/contact/contactformulier/contact.html, or send a letter to: University Library (Library of the University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences), Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.


A revisionist consensus among corporate law academics has begun to coalesce that, after a century of academic thinking to the contrary, states do not compete head-to-head on an ongoing basis for chartering revenues, leaving Delaware alone in the ongoing interstate charter market. The revisionist view pushes us to consider how free Delaware is to act. Where and when would it come up against boundaries, punishments, and adverse consequences? When do other states (and Washington) constrain Delaware? Recent state corporate lawmaking helps us to define those boundaries in terms of potential state competition and to see that the critical actors are not other states' lawmakers directly, but Delaware's own corporate constituents who, if disgruntled, can induce other states to enact new laws. Moreover, analysis of previously unassembled chartering revenue data from Delaware's Secretary of State's office displays a vital dimension of state competition, once thought to be relatively unimportant, but that's becoming increasingly powerful: Delaware's tax base is eroding, and it's eroding faster in the past decade or so than ever. Delaware must move ever faster to replenish that erosion. The dynamism of American business interacts with even a lackluster state-based corporate chartering market to put powerful pressure on Delaware, whose business base is persistently eroding as firms merge, close, and restructure.


This book looks at network security in a new and refreshing way. It guides readers step-by-step through the "stack" -- the seven layers of a network. Each chapter focuses on one layer of the stack along with the attacks, vulnerabilities, and exploits that can be found at that layer. The book even includes a chapter on the mythical eighth layer: The people layer. This book is designed to offer readers a deeper understanding of many common vulnerabilities and the ways in which attackers exploit, manipulate, misuse, and abuse protocols and applications. The authors guide the readers through this process by using tools such as Ethereal (sniffer) and Snort (IDS). The sniffer is used to help readers understand how the protocols should work and what the various attacks are doing to break them. IDS is used to demonstrate the format of specific signatures and provide the reader with the skills needed to recognize and detect attacks when they occur. What makes this book unique is that it presents the material in a layer by layer approach which offers the readers a way to learn about exploits in a manner similar to which they most likely originally learned networking. This methodology makes this book a useful tool to not only security professionals but also for networking professionals, application programmers, and others. All of the primary protocols such as IP, ICMP, TCP are discussed but each from a security perspective. The authors convey the mindset of the attacker by examining how seemingly small flaws are often the catalyst of potential threats. The book considers the general kinds of things that may be monitored that would have alerted users of an attack. * Remember being a child and wanting to take something apart, like a phone, to see how it worked? This book is for you then as it details how specific hacker tools and techniques accomplish the things they do. * This book will not only give you knowledge of security tools but will provide you the ability to design more robust security solutions * Anyone can tell you what a tool does but this book shows you how the tool works


Limited historic vegetation data (prior to the 1980s) are available for Namibia. Finding such historic data at Haribes prompted a follow-up survey of the vegetation. We present a classification of the recent data in this paper as a first step towards comparing the two data sets. Six new associations (three with two subassociations each) are formally described. The landscape at Haribes is dominated by a pan with surrounding hummock dunes. The pan supports the Lycio cinereum – Salsoletum , whilst on the hummock dunes the Salsolo – Tetragonietum schenckii can be found. The surrounding plains and escarpment can be divided into three landforms: the torras with the Monsonio umbellatae – Boscietum foetidae , the ranteveld with the Acacio senegal – Catophractetum alexandri (and two subassociations) and calcrete ridges with the Zygophylo pubescentis – Leucosphaeretum bainesii . Dry river beds on the farm support two subassociations of Anthephoro pubescentis – Ziziphodetum mucronatae . The area covered by each dominant landform has been calculated after being mapped. The composition and diversity of the associations are briefly compared to other known vegetation descriptions within the Nama-Karoo. Since November 2011, Haribes has been used as a resettlement farm. This may result in the overutilisation of the limited grazing resources, to the extent that the present, fairly dense Acacio senegal – Catophractetum alexandri of the ranteveld is feared to become degraded to resemble the Monsonio umbellatae – Boscietum foetidae of the torras . Conservation implications : This paper describes six plant associations of the Nama-Karoo biome in arid southern Namibia. The information presented forms a baseline description, which can be used for future monitoring of the vegetation under altered land use.


Bar-el, Dan.  Dream Boats .  Illust. Kirsti Anne Wakelin.  Vancouver: Simply Read Books, 2013.  Print. This is a gorgeously illustrated book which offers readers the opportunity to "float" in a dream boat, travelling deep into the richly-embroidered dreams of children from different lands and varying traditions.  The words and images transport us high into the Andes and deep into the rainforests of Haida Gwaii; they take us to the beach in Mumbai and into the city of St. Petersburg; they float on the Niger and sail on the Yangtze.  The dream metaphor works well for what is frequently a confusing journey through time and space, through personal narrative and shared folklore, and through the walls that divide us.  The central dream of the book is a deeply multicultural dream.  One can applaud the author's intent more than his accomplishment, for it is just a little bit too easy to become quite lost in this dream world in which so many myths and folktales are represented as amalgams or approximations.  The saving grace is that the author has inspired the illustrator to visualize an exquisite dream world in which it is a genuine pleasure to be lost. The publisher recommends this book for readers from 4-8 years of age, and this makes sense except that it is difficult to imagine that most children of this age will have enough geographical knowledge or multilayered cultural contexts to grasp the overriding point in even a superficial way. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Linda Quirk Linda is Assistant Special Collections Librarian at the Bruce Peel Special Collections Library at the University of Alberta.


Inspired by the results of Stanley and Widom concerning the limiting distribution of the lengths of longest alternating subsequences in random permutations, and results of Deutsch, Hildebrand and Wilf on the limiting distribution of the longest increasing subsequence for pattern-restricted permutations, we find the limiting distribution of the longest alternating subsequence for pattern-restricted permutations in which the pattern is any one of the six patterns of length three. Our methodology uses recurrences, generating functions, and complex analysis, and also yields more detailed information. Several ideas for future research are listed.


About 2 % of the overall electricity consumption of the EU is caused by circulators in single or double family homes and flats. A new technology of pumps with electronically commutated (EC) motor pumps is available now; it is one possible way to achieve a reduction in circulator annual electricity use by 60 % or more.
The project's objective is a market transformation towards this new very energy-efficient pump technologies - Energy+ pumps - for circulators in heating systems, both stand alone and integrated in boilers. Only few manufacturers have so far introduced the new pump technology to the market for single or double family homes and flats.
To bring more products to the market from all major manufacturers, the project will adapt and apply the technology procurement methodology as it was very successfully tested in the European Energy+ project on energy-efficient cold appliances.
Large buyers will be aggregated, to activate the pump and boiler manufacturers. Sales and training materials and a sizing spreadsheet software for installation contractors will be developed and applied. A competition both for energy-efficient products and marketing campaigns will be organised and the information on the Energy+ pumps will be disseminated widely through website, newsletter, media, and fairs.
This paper gives a short overview of this project and presents the results of the first project phases: a European wide market study on circulators and heating systems, and the first Energy+ lists for circulators, buyers and supporters.


In December 2000, the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and the Financial Stability Forum cosponsored a symposium on "Designing an Effective Deposit Insurance Structure: An International Perspective." The symposium was intended to generate informed feedback on its recommendations to countries introducing or modifying deposit insurance schemes. Representatives of the Financial Stability Forum discussed their analyses and recommendations with a select group of leading financial and banking economists. The purpose of this FedLetter is to summarize the discussion at the symposium and the resulting conclusions.


Although most plastic pollution originates on land, current research largely remains focused on aquatic ecosystems. Studies pioneering terrestrial microplastic research have adapted analytical methods from aquatic research without acknowledging the complex nature of soil. Meanwhile, novel methods have been developed and further refined. However, methodical inconsistencies still challenge a comprehensive understanding of microplastic occurrence and fate in and on soil. This review aims to disentangle the variety of state-of-the-art sample preparation techniques for heterogeneous solid matrices to identify and discuss best-practice methods for soil-focused microplastic analyses. We show that soil sampling, homogenization, and aggregate dispersion are often neglected or incompletely documented. Microplastic preconcentration is typically performed by separating inorganic soil constituents with high-density salt solutions. Not yet standardized but currently most used separation setups involve overflowing beakers to retrieve supernatant plastics, although closed-design separation funnels probably reduce the risk of contamination. Fenton reagent may be particularly useful to digest soil organic matter if suspected to interfere with subsequent microplastic quantification. A promising new approach is extraction of target polymers with organic solvents. However, insufficiently characterized soils still impede an informed decision on optimal sample preparation. Further research and method development thus requires thorough validation and quality control with well-characterized matrices to enable robust routine analyses for terrestrial microplastics.


Upstream-downstream relationships of annual streamflow discharges and severity and frequency of stream-flow drought events are critical in understanding how streamflow droughts propagate over time and space. Such information can be used to resolve water disputes, trigger mitigation strategies, and understand how streamflow changes due to changes in the environment. During drought years, such information is even more critical as water resources are contested. The objective of this research is to study the upstream-downstream relationships of streamflow in Nebraska along four major river systems with diverse hydrologic characteris-tics and human activities: North Platte, Big Blue, Republican, and Niobrara. The relationships among the upstream and downstream stations along the four rivers are investigated by comparing several statistics de-rived from the annual flow discharge and on drought events. Trend analysis and coefficient of variation are applied to annual flow discharge values, and a host of drought-related parameters (e.g., annual maximum drought duration, annual accumulated drought duration, number of drought events) are also computed with respect to five different levels of streamflow drought events: water shortage, mild drought, moderate drought, significant drought, and extreme drought. The paired-t test and ANOVA with MIXED procedure are subse-quently applied to the statistics to observe whether there is a significant difference between upstream and downstream stations along a river. The analysis allows us to characterize the upstream-downstream relation-ships of the four river systems, laying the groundwork for further investigations to identify the reasons for some of the trends and observations. These findings will be essential in water resources management during or prior to hydrological droughts.


Complex fission phenomena are studied in a unified way. Very general reflection asymmetrical equilibrium (saddle point) nuclear shapes are obtained by solving an integro-differential equation without being necessary to specify a certain parametrization. The mass asymmetry in binary cold fission of Th and U isotopes is explained as the result of adding a phenomenological shell correction to the liquid drop model deformation energy. Applications to binary, ternary, and quaternary fission are outlined. PACS: 24.75.+i, 25.85.Ca, 27.90.+b, 23.70.+j


Aerosols directly and indirectly influence the surface energy balance and therefore have an important impact on weather and climate. The indirect effects of aerosols, associated with changes in cloud properties and lifetimes, remain poorly understood. Likewise, there are many uncertainties associated with aerosol-precipitation interactions, particularly in mountain regions where a variety of processes at different spatial scales influence precipitation patterns. Aerosol-precipitation linkages were examined in the southern Appalachian Mountains, guided by the following research questions: 1) How do aerosol properties observed during precipitation events vary by season (e.g., summer vs. winter) and synoptic event type (e.g., frontal vs. orographic); 2) how do they compare between summer (June, July, August) 2009 and 2010, and 3) what influence does air mass source region have on aerosol properties? Precipitation events were identified based on data from the Boone Automated Weather Observing System Station, Boone Environmental and Climate Observing Network station, regional National Weather Service cooperative observer stations, and observations from the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail, and Snow network. Events were classified using a synoptic classification scheme created for this thesis. Hourly aerosol data were collected by the Appalachian Atmospheric Interdisciplinary Research facility at Appalachian State University. Backward air trajectories provided information on upstream atmospheric characteristics and source regions.
Warm season precipitation events were characterized by much higher aerosol optical properties, including both natural and anthropogenic aerosols. The presence of larger, hygroscopic organic particles acting as effective cloud condensation nuclei enhanced warm season precipitation. Cool season precipitation events exhibited overall lower aerosol optical properties dominated my small organic particles. The change in aerosol values from event beginning to event maturation suggests that AppalAIR is impacted by hygroscopic particles from regional sources including local biogenic emissions and biomass burning.
The methodology employed in this thesis will be useful in aerosol-precipitation studies in other mountainous regions. The synoptic classification scheme created for this thesis characterized precipitation events in the southern Appalachian Mountains and will be important to climate researchers and weather forecasters in understanding orographic processes of precipitation. Aerosol properties associated with precipitation events were investigated and described in terms of seasonal and synoptic patterns. These findings will contribute to the parameterization of aerosols in weather and climate models and will enhance our understanding of future climate change in the southern Appalachian Mountains and other mountainous regions.


Since the first edition of The World Trading System was published in 1989, the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations has been completed, and most governments have ratified and are in the process of implementing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). In the Uruguay Round, more than 120 nations negotiated for over eight years, to produce a document of some 26,000 pages. This new edition of The World Trading System takes account of these and other developments. Like the first edition, however, its treatment of topical issues is grounded in the fundamental legal, constitutional, institutional, and political realities that mold trade policy. Thus the book continues to serve as an introduction to the study of trade law and policy. Two basic premises of The World Trading System are that economic concerns are central to foreign affairs, and that national economies are growing more interdependent. The author presents the economic principles of international trade policy and then examines how they operate under real- world constraints. In particular, he examines the extremely elaborate system of rules that governs international economic relations. Until now, the bulk of international trade policy has addressed trade in goods; issues inadequately addressed by policy include trade in services, intellectual property rights, certain investment measures, and agriculture. The author highlights the tension between legal rules, designed to create predictability and stability, and the governments need to make exceptions to solve short-term problems. He also looks at weaknesses of international trade policy, especially as it applies to developing countries and economies in transition. He concludes with a look at issues that will shape international trade policy well into the twenty-first century.


The ideal introduction to the genius of Ernest Hemingway, "The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories" contains ten of Hemingway's most acclaimed and popular works of short fiction. Selected from "Winner Take Nothing, Men Without Women, " and "The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories, " this collection includes "The Killers," the first of Hemingway's mature stories to be accepted by an American periodical; the autobiographical "Fathers and Sons," which alludes, for the first time in Hemingway's career, to his father's suicide; "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber," a "brilliant fusion of personal observation, hearsay and invention," wrote Hemingway's biographer, Carlos Baker; and the title story itself, of which Hemingway said: "I put all the true stuff in," with enough material, he boasted, to fill four novels. Beautiful in their simplicity, startling in their originality, and unsurpassed in their craftsmanship, the stories in this volume highlight one of America's master storytellers at the top of his form.


Robots in the Robot Host competition, part of the Eighteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-2002) Mobile Robot Competition faced two challenges: (1) a serving task that was similar to the Hors d'Oeuvres, Anyone? event of previous years and (2) a new information kiosk task. Both tasks required moving carefully among people, politely offering them information or hors d'oeuvres, recognizing when the people are making a request, and answering the request.


OBJECTIVE: We examined whether muscle response times and activation patterns in the lower extremity differed between men and women in response to a rotational knee perturbation while standing in a single-leg, weight-bearing stance. DESIGN AND SETTING: We used a lower extremity perturbation device to produce a sudden, forward, and either internal or external rotation moment of the trunk and femur relative to the weight-bearing tibia. Subjects completed 10 trials of both internal and external rotation perturbation; the first 5 acceptable trials were averaged and used for data analysis. Two separate, repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to compare myoelectric response times and activation patterns between men and women for both internal and external rotation perturbation. SUBJECTS: Thirty-two female (19 lacrosse, 13 soccer) and 32 male (lacrosse) healthy intercollegiate athletes participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS: We used surface electromyography to record long latency reflex times of the medial and lateral quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscles. RESULTS: Women responded faster than men, primarily due to a shorter latency in quadriceps activation. However, men and women exhibited no difference in muscle-recruitment order. CONCLUSIONS: Although men and women demonstrated similar muscle-recruitment patterns to an imposed lower extremity perturbation, women tended to activate their quadriceps earlier than men. Whether this earlier quadriceps activation diminishes the ability of the hamstrings to adequately stabilize the knee joint or subjects the anterior cruciate ligament to greater risk of injury is still unknown and requires further study. Furthermore, although surface electromyography and measurement of myoelectric response times are useful in evaluating the timing, activation order, and coactivity patterns of the knee musculature, future studies should evaluate sex differences across the complete response continuum, including measures of intrinsic muscle stiffness, electromechanical delay, and time to force production.


We explore a framework that could be used to assign quantitative allocations of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), across countries, one budget period at a time. Under the two-part plan: (i) China, India, and other developing countries accept targets at Business as Usual (BAU) in the coming budget period, the same period in which the US first agrees to cuts below BAU; and (ii) all countries are asked in the future to make further cuts in accordance with a common numerical formula to all. The formula is expressed as the sum of a Progressive Reductions Factor, a Latecomer Catch-up Factor, and a Gradual Equalization Factor. This paper builds on our previous work in many ways. First we update targets to reflect pledges made by governments after the Copenhagen Accord of December 2010 and confirmed at the Cancun meeting of November 2010. Second, the WITCH model, which we use to project economic and environmental effects of any given set of emission targets, has been refined and updated to reflect economic and technological developments. We include the possibility of emissions reduction from bio energy (BE), carbon capture and storage (CCS), and avoided deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) which is an important component of pledges in several developing countries. Third, we use a Nash criterion for evaluating whether a country's costs are too high to sustain cooperation.


The state of Kelantan covers an area of 1.5 million hectares of which about 894,271 hectares or 60% is under forest cover.  It is still very much endowed with a rich and diverse biodiversity, such as in the dipterocarp forests of the reserves, in the National Park, limestone hills of Gua Musang, mountain forests of the Main Range, and Virgin Jungle Reserves.  It is fortunate in that it has vast areas of lowlands, high rolling mountains and hills, with a rich and unique biodiversity associated with those ecosystems. A scientific expedition to the Mount Stong Tengah Forest Reserve in 2003 discovered that the area has a unique and diverse ecosystem, rich in bio-diversity and many endemic species. These findings prompted the State of Kelantan to gazette the entire central Mt. Stong Permanent Forest Reserve, one of its prime production forests, totaling 21,950 hectares, into a state forest park. Consequently, the State Forestry Department of Kelantan planned to turn these mountain forest resources into the best managed and successful state forest park and to achieve this, an integrated and multi functional approach has to be adopted. Initially, a thorough study of the mountain forest park resources involving Universiti Putra Malaysia-Aeroscan Precision (M) Sdn Bhd's airborne hyperspectral imaging technology system has been undertaken. Preliminary results indicated that airborne hyperspectral sensing can easily identify individual timber species, estimate their timber volume, locate and map cultural, historical, mountain peaks, caves, waterfalls, picnic and camping sites potential and suitable for forest eco-tourism and recreational activities in Mt. Stong to be developed as a state forest park. Once completed, a 100 Year Management Plan will be formulated to assist the state government to undertake the best strategies towards implementing programs such  as forest eco-tourism, publicity, local or international events, research facilities, and infrastructure,  appropriate for a best managed and successful mountain state forest park.


This article draws on research into the science of happiness and asks a series of interrelated questions: Whether law schools can make law students happier? Whether making happier law students will translate into making them happier lawyers, and the accompanying question of whether making law students happier would create better lawyers? After covering the limitations of genetic determinants of happiness and happiness set-points, the article addresses those qualities that happiness research indicates are paramount in creating satisfaction: control, connections, creative challenge (or flow), and comparisons (preferably downward). Those qualities are then applied to legal education, while addressing the larger philosophical question, What if happiness were a goal of law schools? The authors believe that making law students happier does translate, at least in part, into making them both happier and better lawyers because there is an interplay among happiness, collaboration and professionalism. As just one example: The people who are happier in life are those who give back. There is a distinction between feeling good, the pursuit of pleasure, and doing good, which can lead to more lasting happiness, and a life with meaning. People who have a richer sense of happiness aren't those who work on their narcissistic personal needs, but those who embrace a larger sense of civic engagement. Happily, that dovetails with pro bono obligations in law. A recent ABA survey reported that only 46% of lawyers met the ABA's goal of 50 hours of free pro bono services. Those who did meet the aspirational goal reported a direct correlation between that form of giving back and their own satisfaction. The article concludes with some concrete suggestions about maximizing student happiness, through addressing some of the career reasons why law students become unhappy lawyers. One of these is, as Daniel Gilbert observed in his book Stumbling on Happiness, that people are bad at forecasting what will make their future selves happy. If law schools address this phenomenon of poor prediction by offering better information on not only paths of career decision-making, salary expectations, and non-practice options but also decision theory and psychological constraints on decision making, this will increase the likelihood that students will more accurately choose how to make their future selves happy.


It has long been accepted that lack of social participation in wider society is one aspect or one definition of poverty. Current concerns with the extent and distribution of social capital as both a measure of a good society and as means to upward mobility also emphasise the importance of social contacts and networks to the well-being of individuals and communities. While research has often focused on 'civic participation' and the measurement of trust, more informal social bonds are also a crucial part of individuals' social capital. Moreover, informal social capital or social participation might be particularly important for those whose circumstances make them already more vulnerable to marginalisation, exclusion or poverty. For example, social interaction has been argued to be conducive to better outcomes for those with health problems; and there is an extensive literature which aims to chart and explain the role of 'ethnic capital' in the life chances of minority ethnic groups. I use the British Home Office Citizenship Survey 2001 for England and Wales to explore the impact on four aspects of lack of social engagement of long-term illness, caring for someone with such an illness, and ethnicity. Controlling for a range of characteristics and examining the relationships separately for men and women there is evidence that between them, the four measures reveal an underlying propensity for reduced social contact. Other things being equal, illness has little association with reduced social participation, but caring does seem to affect opportunities for sociability. Members of some ethnic groups are less likely to engage in neighbourly social visiting than others, and these differences are little affected by income level. By contrast differences in 'going out' across groups can largely be explained by differences in income. Overall, social engagement among male Bangladeshis and to a lesser extent Pakistanis is high, whereas Black Africans and Black Caribbeans, especially women, are notable for their lack of opportunities for social engagement compared with their otherwise similar peers. They would appear to be particularly at risk of social isolation, with consequences for their current and future welfare.


We need to understand the impact of side effects whenever changing complex object-oriented software systems. This can be difficult as side effects are at best implicit in static views of the software, and typically execution traces do not capture data flow between parts of the system. To solve this problem, we complement execution traces with dynamic object flow information. In our previous work we analyzed object flows between features and classes. In this paper, we use object flow information to analyze side effects in execution traces and to detect how future behavior in the trace is affected by it. Using a visualization, the developer can study how a selected part of the program accessed program state and what side effect its execution produced. Like this, the developer can investigate how a particular part of the program works without needing to understand the source code in detail. To illustrate our approach, we use a running example of writing unit tests for a legacy system.


Despite over six decades of reform initiatives, the overwhelming drift of security arrangements in the United States has been toward greater — not less — executive centralization and discretion. This lead article for the annual commentary issue explores why efforts to curb presidential prerogative have failed so consistently. It argues that while constitutional scholars have overwhelmingly focused their attention on procedural solutions, the underlying reason for the growth of emergency powers is ultimately political rather than purely legal. In particular, scholars have ignored how the basic meaning of "security" has itself shifted dramatically since World War II and the beginning of the Cold War in line with changing ideas about popular competence. Paying special attention to the decisive role of actors such as Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter and Pendleton Herring, co-author of 1947's National Security Act, this Article details how emerging judgments about the limits of popular knowledge and mass deliberation fundamentally altered the basic structure of security practices.Countering the pervasive wisdom at the founding and throughout the nineteenth century, this contemporary shift has recast war and external threat as matters too complex and specialized for ordinary Americans to comprehend. Today, the dominant conceptual approach to security presumes that insulated decision-makers in the executive branch (armed with the military's professional expertise) are best equipped to make sense of complicated and often conflicting information about safety and self-defense. The result is that the other branches — let alone the public writ large — face a profound legitimacy deficit whenever they call for transparency or seek to challenge coercive security programs. Not surprisingly, the tendency of legalistic reform efforts has been to place greater decision-making power in the other branches and then to watch those branches delegate such power back to the executive.


Responsibility for succession planning belongs in the boardroom and nowhere else. The board of directors is legally authorized, temperamentally suited, and in possession of the authority and experience needed for effective succession planning. The issues that can lead boards to neglect succession planning are primarily organizational - and, to a lesser degree, political, psychological, and cultural. However, boards can overcome these issues if they are willing to codify the process and make it integral to and continuous with their duties of governance, business oversight, risk management, and strategic decision making. The CEO Succession Report documents and analyzes succession events of chief executive officers (CEOs) of S&P 500 companies. In addition to updates on historical trends, it features discussions of the most notable recent cases of CEO succession, which are based on press announcements and other publicly available information.


In Image Matters , Tina M. Campt traces the emergence of a black European subject by examining how specific black European communities used family photography to create forms of identification and community. At the heart of Campt's study are two photographic archives, one composed primarily of snapshots of black German families taken between 1900 and 1945, and the other assembled from studio portraits of West Indian migrants to Birmingham, England, taken between 1948 and 1960. Campt shows how these photographs conveyed profound aspirations to forms of national and cultural belonging. In the process, she engages a host of contemporary issues, including the recoverability of non-stereotypical life stories of black people, especially in Europe, and their impact on our understanding of difference within diaspora; the relevance and theoretical approachability of domestic, vernacular photography; and the relationship between affect and photography. Campt places special emphasis on the tactile and sonic registers of family photographs, and she uses them to read the complexity of "race" in visual signs and to highlight the inseparability of gender and sexuality from any analysis of race and class. Image Matters is an extraordinary reflection on what vernacular photography enabled black Europeans to say about themselves and their communities.


This Article challenges the overwhelming scholarly consensus opposing baseball's historic antitrust exemption on policy grounds by providing the first comprehensive defense of the exemption. The Article does so by advancing two primary arguments: first, it argues that the common criticisms of the baseball exemption are largely without merit. Specifically, given the treatment of the other major professional sports leagues under antitrust law, simply exposing baseball to antitrust liability alone will not yield the benefits that the exemption's critics believe, and in some cases would actually harm the public interest. Second, and perhaps more importantly, the Article argues that the existing literature has overlooked significant pro-competitive benefits that result from baseball's antitrust exemption. Specifically, because baseball is loath to lose its exemption legislatively, Congress has been able to use threats of revocation to help extract a variety of valuable concessions from Major League Baseball (MLB). These concessions provide pro-competitive benefits that would not have been directly obtained through antitrust litigation alone. Perhaps most notably, every single round of league expansion in MLB history has been directly preceded by a Congressional threat to revoke the sport's antitrust exemption. Therefore, baseball's antitrust exemption provides Congress with considerable leverage over the sport, ultimately leading to significant, but heretofore overlooked, pro-competitive benefits for the public. Thus, this Article rejects the existing scholarly consensus, and concludes that baseball's antitrust exemption ultimately has a net pro-competitive effect.


The core objective of Energy Efficiency Watch 3 (EEW3) is to establish a constant feedback loop on the implementation of European and national energy efficiency policies and thus enable both compliance monitoring and mutual learning on effective policy making across the EU. The project team applied a mixed-method approach to assess energy efficiency policy developments in EU Member States. It analysed progress of national policies by screening official documents, sought experts' knowledge via an EU-wide survey and has been creating new consultation platforms with a wide spectrum of stakeholders including parliamentarians, regions, cities and business stakeholders. Analysis of the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs), the expert survey with input from over 1,100 experts on policy ambition and progress in each Member State, as well as 28 Country Reports have been central elements in EEW3. This paper will present the main conclusions and policy recommendations of EEW3. In doing so, it will first summarise the findings of the document analysis based on the 28 Country Reports, showing developments of energy efficiency policies since the second NEEAP in 2011 in a cross-country overview for six sectors. These findings are then contrasted with the experts' perspective on progress in energy efficiency policies in their countries as collected in the EEW survey. Moreover, ten case studies of good practice energy efficiency policies are shown, three of them will be presented in more detail. The paper ends with key policy conclusions for improving the effectiveness of European energy efficiency policies. A key finding is that policy implementation has improved a lot since 2011 but more is needed to achieve the EED Art. 7 and other targets.


The topic of this thesis is the coupling of an atomistic and a coarse scale region in molecular dynamics simulations with the focus on the reflection of waves at the interface between the two scales and the velocity of waves in the coarse scale region for a non-equilibrium process. First, two models from the literature for such a coupling, the concurrent coupling of length scales and the bridging scales method are investigated for a one dimensional system with harmonic interaction. It turns out that the concurrent coupling of length scales method leads to the reflection of fine scale waves at the interface, while the bridging scales method gives an approximated system that is not energy conserving. The velocity of waves in the coarse scale region is in both models not correct. To circumvent this problems, we present a coupling based on the displacement splitting of the bridging scales method together with choosing appropriate variables in orthogonal subspaces. This coupling allows the derivation of evolution equations of fine and coarse scale degrees of freedom together with a reflectionless boundary condition at the interface directly from the Lagrangian of the system. This leads to an energy conserving approximated system with a clear separation between modeling errors an errors due to the numerical solution. Possible approximations in the Lagrangian and the numerical computation of the memory integral and other numerical errors are discussed. We further present a method to choose the interpolation from coarse to atomistic scale in such a way, that the fine scale degrees of freedom in the coarse scale region can be neglected. The interpolation weights are computed by comparing the dispersion relations of the coarse scale equations and the fully atomistic system. With this new interpolation weights, the number of degrees of freedom can be drastically reduced without creating an error in the velocity of the waves in the coarse scale region. We give an alternative derivation of the new coupling with the Mori-Zwanzig projection operator formalism, and explain how the method can be extended to non-zero temperature simulations. For the comparison of the results of the approximated with the fully atomistic system, we use a local stress tensor and the energy in the atomistic region. Examples for the numerical solution of the approximated system for harmonic potentials are given in one and two dimensions.


PHP has gained a following among non-technical web designers who need to add interactive aspects to their sites. Offering a gentle learning curve, PHP is an accessible yet powerful language for creating dynamic web pages. As its popularity has grown, PHP's basic feature set has become increasingly more sophisticated. Now PHP 5 boasts advanced features--such as new object-oriented capabilities and support for XML and Web Services--that will please even the most experienced web professionals while still remaining user-friendly enough for those with a lower tolerance for technical jargon. If you've wanted to try your hand at PHP but haven't known where to start, then Learning PHP 5 is the book you need. If you've wanted to try your hand at PHP but haven't known where to start, then Learning PHP 5 is the book you need. With attention to both PHP 4 and the new PHP version 5, it provides everything from a explanation of how PHP works with your web server and web browser to the ins and outs of working with databases and HTML forms. Written by the co-author of the popular PHP Cookbook, this book is for intelligent (but not necessarily highly-technical) readers. Learning PHP 5 guides you through every aspect of the language you'll need to master for professional web programming results. This book provides a hands-on learning experience complete with exercises to make sure the lessons stick. Learning PHP 5 covers the following topics, and more: How PHP works with your web browser and web serverPHP language basics, including data, variables, logic and loopingWorking with arrays and functionsMaking web formsWorking with databases like MySQLRemembering users with sessionsParsing and generating XMLDebugging Written by David Sklar, coauthor of the PHP Cookbook and an instructor in PHP, this book offers the ideal classroom learning experience whether you're in a classroom or on your own. From learning how to install PHP to designing database-backed web applications, Learning PHP 5 will guide you through every aspect of the language you'll need to master to achieve professional web programming results.


Marriage license provided to Anders Jessen Jensen and Dagny Andersen from the Wharton County courthouse. There is a black and white illustration at the very top of the document of a bell composed entirely of small flowers, with a leafy vine emerging from the back of the bell and encircling it in an arc. This bell is inside a circular motif with decorative geometric elements around the edge, and is flanked on both sides by bold, Old English text that declares the document as a Marriage License. Hand-written text has been placed in several areas: where it calls for the names of the couple, dates, signatures, etc. The actual ceremony was ordained by Pastor J. A. M. Rodholm.
When closed, the information provided in the opened document is condensed into the upper half of the document's back.


The Third Wave-Samuel P. Huntington 2012-09-06 Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global democratic revolution is probably the most important political trend in the late twentieth century. In The Third Wave, Samuel P. Huntington analyzes the causes and nature of these democratic transitions, evaluates the prospects for stability of the new democracies, and explores the possibility of more countries becoming democratic. The recent transitions, he argues, are the third major wave of democratization in the modem world. Each of the two previous waves was followed by a reverse wave in which some countries shifted back to authoritarian government. Using concrete examples, empirical evidence, and insightful analysis, Huntington provides neither a theory nor a history of the third wave, but an explanation of why and how it occurred. Factors responsible for the democratic trend include the legitimacy dilemmas of authoritarian regimes; economic and social development; the changed role of the Catholic Church; the impact of the United States, the European Community, and the Soviet Union; and the "snowballing" phenomenon: change in one country stimulating change in others. Five key elite groups within and outside the nondemocratic regime played roles in shaping the various ways democratization occurred. Compromise was key to all democratizations, and elections and nonviolent tactics also were central. New democracies must deal with the "torturer problem" and the "praetorian problem" and attempt to develop democratic values and processes. Disillusionment with democracy, Huntington argues, is necessary to consolidating democracy. He concludes the book with an analysis of the political, economic, and cultural factors that will decide whether or not the third wave continues. Several "Guidelines for Democratizers" offer specific, practical suggestions for initiating and carrying out reform. Huntington's emphasis on practical application makes this book a valuable tool for anyone engaged in the democratization process. At this volatile time in history, Huntington's assessment of the processes of democratization is indispensable to understanding the future of democracy in the world.


A stress based remodeling approach is used to investigate the sensitivity of the collagen architecture in humane eye tissues on the biomechanical response of the lamina cribrosa with a particular focus on the stress environment of the nerve fibers. This approach is based on a multi-level biomechanical framework, where the biomechanical properties of eye tissues are derived from a single crimped fibril at the micro-scale via the collagen network of distributed fibrils at the meso-scale to the incompressible and anisotropic soft tissue at the macro-scale. Biomechanically induced remodeling of the collagen network is captured on the meso-scale by allowing for a continuous reorientation of collagen fibrils. To investigate the multi-scale phenomena related to glaucomatous neuropathy a generalized computational homogenization scheme is applied to a coupled two-scale analysis of the human eye considering a numerical macro- and meso-scale model of the lamina cribrosa.


Published with the developer in mind, firstPress technical briefs explore emerging technologies that have the potential to be critical for tomorrows industry. Apress keeps developers one step ahead by presenting key information as early as possible in a PDF of 150 pages or less. Explore the future through Apress with Spring PersistenceA Running Start. This firstPress title gets readers rolling with the various fundamental Spring Framework Java Persistence concepts and offerings, as well as proven design patterns for integrating Spring Persistence functionality for complex and transactionbased enterprise Java applications. The Java platform offers several options for saving longlived information, including JPA (Java Persistence API), Hibernate, iBatis, JDBC, and even JCR (Java Content Repositorya standard for interfacing with a content management system). This book helps readers decide which persistence solution is the most ideal for their application requirements, and shows how Spring can be leveraged to simplify the integration of their selected persistence framework into their enterprise application. What youll learn Learn to implement Spring Persistence, which involves persistence tools in Spring as well as choosing the best Java persistence frameworks/tools outside of Spring. Work with Spring Framework features such as Inversion of Control, Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP), and more. Understand the core concepts of JPA and steps for integrating JPA for architecting a welllayered persistence tier. Work with Hibernate and integrate it into your Spring applications. Develop with the iBatis framework, and see how it differs from other persistence solutions. Work with SpringJDBC, declarative transactions with Spring, and discover the benefits of a lightweight persistence strategy. Examine other persistence concepts and frameworks not usually covered in other books. Who is this book for? This book is ideal for developers interested in learning more about persistence framework options on the Java platform, as well as fundamental Spring concepts. Because the book covers several persistence frameworks, it is suitable for anyone interested in learning more about Spring or any of the frameworks covered. Lastly, this book covers advanced topics related to persistence architecture and design patterns and is ideal for beginning developers looking to learn more in this area as well.


This thesis deals with the verbal categories tense and aspect in the context of analysing the English perfect. The underlying notion of time is examined from the viewpoint of etymology and from the viewpoint of fields of knowledge that lie outside the immediate scope of temporal semantics, e.g. mathematics. The category tense is scrutinised by discussing the concept of Reichenbach tense and the concept of correlation (Giering). The starting point of the discussion of the category verbal aspect is the dichotomy perfective vs. imperfective in the Slavic languages. The main part about the perfect is concerned with the possessive perfect as a cross-linguistic phenomenon (including a comparison of the English and the Slavic perfect) and focuses on the usage and the meaning of the English present perfect. There are three appendices which are an integral part of this dissertation. Appendix A deals with the systematization of English verb forms and their graphical representation. Three different visualizations are presented, two of which are genuine to this paper. Appendix B reproduces the target setting according to which an animated visualization of English infinitives was programmed. Appendix C represents a synopsis of approaches to the English perfect in grammars and textbooks.


This investigation uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women to replicate studies identifying the associations among household income, economic pressure, and depressive mood in an economically diverse, national sample of white and black unmarried (never married, divorced, separated, and widowed) women in midlife. The study also examines the effects of locus of control and financial instrumental support received from parents on the associations among these economic and psychological measures and explores how these relationships might vary as a function of women's race. Because women's physical health in midlife is associated strongly with depressive mood, the study examines these relationships net of the effects of women's self-rated physical health. Results of structural equation modeling suggest that economic pressure fully mediated the negative association between household income and women's depressive mood. However, no moderating effects were observed. For both white and black women, the effects of economic pressure on depressive mood did not vary according to women's locus of control or receipt of financial instrumental support from their parents. Additionally, women's locus of control was not associated with higher-order moderation of the effects of receiving financial instrumental support from parents.


This monograph gives a long and detailed description of all the members of the king's cortege from the moment he leaves the palace in the morning for a court procedure until his return later in the day. The text dates from the 15th century b.c. Apart from being interesting from a linguistic point of view, this instruction contains many points of interest for archaeologists and historians alike because of its descriptions of buildings, wagons, chariots, and other realia. This edition offers a full transliteration and translation of the Hittite text, a summary of its contents, a commentary as well as a separate discussion of some architectural terms. An exhaustive glossary concludes the book.


On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson thrust the United States into World War I by declaring, "The world must be made safe for democracy." For the 380,000 African American soldiers who fought and labored in the global conflict, these words carried life or death meaning. Relating stories bridging the war and postwar years, spanning the streets of Chicago and the streets of Harlem, from the battlefields of the American South to the battlefields of the Western Front, Chad L. Williams reveals the central role of African American soldiers in World War I and how they, along with race activists and ordinary citizens alike, committed to fighting for democracy at home and beyond. Using a diverse range of sources, Williams connects the history of African American soldiers and veterans to issues such as the obligations of citizenship, combat and labor, diaspora and internationalism, homecoming and racial violence, "New Negro" militancy, and African American historical memories of the war. Democracy may have been distant from the everyday lives of African Americans at the dawn of the war, but it nevertheless remained a powerful ideal that sparked the hopes of black people throughout the country for societal change. Torchbearers of Democracy reclaims the legacy of black soldiers and establishes the World War I era as a defining moment in the history of African Americans and peoples of African descent more broadly. |Williams reveals the central role of African American soldiers in World War I and how they, along with race activists and ordinary citizens alike, committed to fighting for democracy at home and beyond. Using a diverse range of sources, Williams connects the history of African American soldiers and veterans to issues such as the obligations of citizenship, combat and labor, diaspora and internationalism, homecoming and racial violence, "New Negro" militancy, and African American historical memories of the war.


Background : 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) provides independent prognostic value for risk stratification among heart failure patients, but the use of concomitant medication should not impact its quantitative information. We aimed to evaluate the four most-prescribed antidepressants currently used as a first (cid:31) line treatment for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and their potential on altering mIBG imaging results. Methods : The inhibition effect of four different types of antidepressants (desipramine, escitalopram, venlafaxine and bupropion) for MDD treatment on 131 I-mIBG uptake was assessed by in-vitro cell uptake assays using human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of tracer uptake was determined from dose-response curves. To evaluate the effects of IV pretreatment with desipramine (1.5 mg/kg) and escitalopram (2.5, 15 mg/kg) on mIBG cardiac uptake, in-vivo planar 123 I-mIBG scans in healthy New Zealand White Rabbits were conducted. Results : The IC 50 values of desipramine, escitalopram, venlafaxine and bupropion on 131 I-mIBG cellular uptake were 11.9 nM, 7.5 μM, 4.92 μM, and 12.9 μM, respectively. At the maximum serum concentration (C max , as derived by previous clinical trials), the inhibition rates of 131 I-mIBG uptake were 90.6 % for desipramine, 25.5 % for venlafaxine, 11.7 % for bupropion and 0.72 % for escitalopram. A low inhibition rate for escitalopram in the cell uptake study triggered investigation of an in-vivo rabbit model: with dosage considerably higher than clinical practice , the non-inhibitory effect of escitalopram was confirmed. Furthermore, pretreatment with desipramine led to a marked reduction of cardiac 123 I-mIBG uptake. Conclusions : In the present in-vitro binding assay and in-vivo rabbit study, the selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram had no major impact on neuronal cardiac mIBG uptake within therapeutic dose ranges, while other types of first-line antidepressants for MDD treatment led to a significant decrease. These preliminary results warrant further confirmatory clinical trials regarding the reliability of cardiac mIBG imaging, in particular, if the patient's neuropsychiatric status would not tolerate withdrawal of a potentially norepinephrine interfering antidepressant. standard two-tailed paired Student's t-test used to differences between two dependent groups, the two-tailed independent Student's t-test for between independent groups. our findings for desipramine, Sisson and coworkers reported on a significant reduction of mIBG uptake 2h after administration of the TCA imipramine in healthy volunteers ( 40 ).


Cats have been popular household pets for thousands of years, and their numbers only continue to rise. Today there are three cats for every dog on the planet, and yet cats remain more mysterious, even to their most adoring owners. Unlike dogs, cats evolved as solitary hunters, and, while many have learned to live alongside humans and even feel affection for us, they still don't quite "get us" the way dogs do, and perhaps they never will. But cats have rich emotional lives that we need to respect and understand if they are to thrive in our company. In Cat Sense, renowned anthrozoologist John Bradshaw takes us further into the mind of the domestic cat than ever before, using cutting-edge scientific research to dispel the myths and explain the true nature of our feline friends. Tracing the cat's evolution from lone predator to domesticated companion, Bradshaw shows that although cats and humans have been living together for at least eight thousand years, cats remain independent, predatory, and wary of contact with their own kind, qualities that often clash with our modern lifestyles. Cats still have three out of four paws firmly planted in the wild, and within only a few generations can easily revert back to the independent way of life that was the exclusive preserve of their predecessors some 10,000 years ago. Cats are astonishingly flexible, and given the right environment they can adapt to a life of domesticity with their owners--but to continue do so, they will increasingly need our help. If we're to live in harmony with our cats, Bradshaw explains, we first need to understand their inherited quirks: understanding their body language, keeping their environments--however small--sufficiently interesting, and becoming more proactive in managing both their natural hunting instincts and their relationships with other cats. A must-read for any cat lover, Cat Sense offers humane, penetrating insights about the domestic cat that challenge our most basic assumptions and promise to dramatically improve our pets' lives--and ours.


This twenty-one chapter book of 277 pages is a convergence of the ideas and experience of General Sam Momah as well as an expression of his abiding faith in the corporate existence of Nigeria. In this lucid narrative, the author in four parts takes the reader on a tour of Nigeria from the colonial era to present day. Prior to that, in the prologue, the author contend that Nigeria with all its potentials is yet to be a nation not to think of being a great nation. He then goes on to appraise some of the contending issues militating against nationhood such as the need to give equal weight to state of residence and state of origin. To the author, the constant clamour for state creation and complaints about marginalization are some examples that Nigeria is yet to be a nation. In this regard, education which should serve as a bellwether in the quest for nationhood is being challenged by an insurgent group known as Boko Haram. This unfortunate situation, the author laments, has been met with a studied silence by those Northern leaders who fashioned it as a militant tool with which to rest power from Southern politicians, and for them to respect the political party arrangement or understanding within the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for a rotational Presidency. Beyond the Boko Haram monster, the author identifies other militant groups in the country and a host of other grotesque social pathologies not least of which are kidnapping, ritual killing and the "419" scheme. In conclusion, he observes that the life of the rich and the poor are unbearable and both experience sleepless nights.


During the years he spent among the Marsh Arabs of southern Iraq Wilfred Thesiger came to understand, admire and share a way of life that had endured for many centuries. Travelling from village to village by canoe, he won acceptance by dispensing medicines and treating the sick. In this account of his time there he pays tribute to the hospitality, loyalty, courage and endurance of the people, describes their impressive reed houses, the waterways and lakes teeming with wildlife, the herding of buffalo and hunting of wild boar, moments of tragedy and moments of pure comedy, all in vivid, engaging detail. Untouched by the modern world until recently, these independent people, their way of life and their surroundings have suffered widespread destruction under the regime of Saddam Hussein. Wilfred Thesiger's magnificent account of his time spent among them is a moving testament to their now threatened culture and the landscape they inhabit.


BACKGROUND
Acute infective conjunctivitis in children is a common presentation in primary care. Treatment is usually with antibiotics and prescribing may be affected by non-clinical factors.

AIMS
To investigate the non-clinical determinants of the management of acute infective conjunctivitis in children.

DESIGN
Qualitative interviews with GPs and a questionnaire survey of parents of children with acute infective conjunctivitis and teachers.

SETTING
GPs in Sheffield and Berkshire and parents of children with acute infective conjunctivitis and schools in Oxfordshire.

METHODS
Semi-structured telephone interviews of 39 GPs. Questionnaire survey of 326 parents of children enrolled into a trial of acute infective conjunctivitis treatment. Questionnaire survey of 223 nurseries and primary schools in Oxfordshire.

RESULTS
All three groups agreed that acute infective conjunctivitis was a mild condition. Parents were certain about the benefits of antibiotic treatment and sought early consultations with their GP in a desire to get their child back to school. GPs sometimes collude with a parent's request to prescribe to enable school attendance. Despite this 54.2% (95%CI 48.5-59.8%) children missed a mean of 1.85 days from school and 28.6% of parents (95%CI 23.5-33.7%) missed a mean of 1.5 days off work.

CONCLUSION
Social factors, including the need for children to attend day care or school and parents to go to work, contribute to the decision to prescribe antibiotics for children with acute infective conjunctivitis. Understanding these issues and changing school policies in line with national guidance may reduce pressure on GPs to prescribe for this condition.


Academic institutions have recently organized to address their campus' greenhouse gas emissions. Along those lines, the University of North Texas (UNT) pledged to minimize the campus' environmental impact, and conducted a transportation survey in May 2009. The analyses confirm that commuting to campus was the second highest source (29%) of UNT's greenhouse gas emissions, following purchased electricity (48%). Students, faculty and staff drive over 89 million miles per year, 84% of which comes from students. Forty‐two percent of student driving trips originate in the primary and secondary core areas surrounding Denton, which are partially served by buses. However, because these core areas are in close proximity to the campus, they contribute only 8% of the total student driving distance. Beyond the Denton core, the inner periphery of Denton County contributes another 22% of driving mileage. Students living in the outer periphery (outside Denton County) contribute the remaining 70% of total driving distance, and carpooling is currently their only alternative.


This article presents a legal-realist account of the century-long life span of modern Fourth Amendment doctrine. Part II briefly reviews the story of constitutional arrest and search doctrine from the framing of the Bill of Rights to the beginning of the twentieth century. It notes that common-law standards for arrests were originally understood to be salient features of the "due process of law" required by the Fifth Amendment, but that nineteenth-century judges effectively jettisoned that understanding. Although the Fourth Amendment had originally been understood simply as a ban against the issuance of too-loose search warrants, especially for revenue searches of houses, the loss of the original understanding of due process of law opened the way for the Supreme Court to later reinvent criminal procedure under the Fourth Amendment as "search and seizure" doctrine. The article then analyzes the century of modern Fourth Amendment doctrine in terms of five distinct periods. In the initial period, discussed in Part III, the justices pursued a goal similar to that evident earlier in the remarkably activist 1886 ruling in Boyd by reinvigorating the Fourth Amendment as a protection of papers, especially business records. In the seminal decision in Weeks, the justices innovated by reading the common-law warrant requirement for house searches into the Fourth Amendment itself, by applying that constitutional standard to the conduct of officers as well as to legislation, and by announcing the exclusionary rule as the consequence of an unconstitutional search and seizure. Later cases then extended that analysis to seizures of business records from offices. During the period of Prohibition, discussed in Part IV, the justices relaxed the Weeks warrant standard by inventing the concept of "Fourth Amendment reasonableness" in 1925 in Carroll to allow warrantless searches of autos for liquor in circumstances where searches incident to lawful arrests could not be justified. (Academics then prochronistically imposed that novel formulation on the past to invent the conventional but fictional account of Fourth Amendment history.) During the next period, discussed in Part V, the Roosevelt and Truman appointees then split as to whether the Weeks warrant conception or the Carroll reasonableness formulation should predominate. Part V discusses the period of the Warren Court, which definitely revolutionized search and seizure insofar as it incorporated Fourth Amendment law into the Fourteenth Amendment in Mapp and thus made it applicable to state criminal justice proceedings. However, the content of the justices' rulings during this period was actually mixed. Available statistics indicate that government and defendant victories were essentially even during all but the decisions announced in 1968 and 1969 when a strong liberal majority emerged after Justice Marshall replaced Justice Clark. However, the extension of constitutional protections to state criminal defendants fundamentally altered the politics of criminal justice. Part VI then discusses the dismantling of search and seizure protections that began with Richard Nixon's appointment of four justices known to be opposed to the Warren Court's rulings. Statistics demonstrate that there was a marked change as government petitions soon became the predominate source of the search and arrest cases accepted for review. Additionally, except for a brief hiatus in the late 1970s that ended when Justice O'Connor replaced Justice Stewart, the conservative majority ruled predominately in favor of government parties during this final four-decade period as they undertook a multi-prong campaign to restrict virtually all aspects of search and seizure protections. After nearly abolishing the exclusionary rule in 1976, the Burger Court majority substantially curtailed the rule's operation and also raised the threshold for standing. They also eased the standards for consent, restricted the scope of Fourth Amendment protections, eviscerated the probable cause standard in 1983 in Gates, and effectively ended enforcement of warrant standards in 1984 in Leon. More recently, the Rehnquist and Roberts Courts also effectively created discretionary police arrest and search authority in Atwater and Moore, and further curtailed exclusion while rejecting other potential modes for enforcing search protections. The article concludes that, notwithstanding the seeming mass of search and arrest precedents, the supposed right against unreasonable searches and seizures has now been reduced to little more than a rhetorical apparition. Indeed, the destruction is so complete that the number of government certiorari petitions regarding search and seizure cases has decreased to a trickle. So little is left, it seems doubtful the right can be revived.


We demonstrate how information gathered from social network profiles can be used to predict personal attributes such as gender and age, religious and political views, intelligence, happiness and personality traits. Our approach is based on applying machine learning techniques to a large dataset of people who volunteered their Facebook profiles along with their demographic and psychometric test results. We combine various features from the profile, including the numbers or rates of posting status updates, pictures and group memberships, and the specific items liked by individuals. Our system provides insights regarding how the predictions are made, allowing people to understand how they may be perceived by others based on their social network profiles.


Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet Miami & the Keys is your passport to all the most relevant and up-to-date advice on what to see, what to skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Mingle with the glamorous locals at laid-back bars, escape the crowds at North Beach, or spot an alligator in the Everglades; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Miami and the Keys and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet Miami & the Keys Travel Guide: *Color maps and images throughout *Highlights and itineraries show you the simplest way to tailor your trip to your own personal needs and interests *Insider tips save you time and money and help you get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots *Essential info at your fingertips - including hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, transit tips, and prices *Honest reviews for all budgets - including eating, sleeping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, and hidden gems that most guidebooks miss *Cultural insights give you a richer and more rewarding travel experience - including culture, history, art, literature, cinema, music, fashion, architecture, politics, flora, wildlife, and cuisine *Free, convenient pull-out Miami map (included in print version), plus over 32 neighborhood maps *Useful features - including Walking Tours, Month-by-Month (annual festival calendar), and Travel with Children *Coverage of the Everglades, Miami, Florida Keys, Key West, Key Largo, Islamorada, Marathon, Big Pine, Bahia Honda, Looe Key, Sugarloaf, Homestead, Flamingo Point, Biscayne National Park, Everglades National Park, and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Miami & the Keys, our most comprehensive guide to Miami and the Keys, is perfect for those planning to both explore the top sights and take the road less traveled. * Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's Florida guide for a comprehensive look at all the state has to offer, or Lonely Planet's Discover Florida, a photo-rich guide to the state's most popular attractions. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet and Adam Karlin. About Lonely Planet: Started in 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel guide publisher with guidebooks to every destination on the planet, as well as an award-winning website, a suite of mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveler community. Lonely Planet's mission is to enable curious travelers to experience the world and to truly get to the heart of the places they find themselves in. TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice Awards 2012 and 2013 winner in Favorite Travel Guide category 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia)


In this report, we first propose a dichotomy of topology preserving network models based on the degree to which the structure of a network is determined by the given task. We then look closer at one of those groups and investigate the information that is contained in the graph structure of a topology preserving neural network. The task we have in mind is the usage of the network's topology for the retrieval of nearest neighbors of a neuron or a query, as it is of importance, e.g., in medical diagnosis systems. In general considerations, we propose certain properties of the structure and formulate the respective expectable results of network interpretation. From the results we conclude that both topology preservation as well as neuron distribution are highly influential for the network semantics. After a short survey on hierarchical models for data analysis, we propose a new network model that fits both needs. This so called SplitNet model dynamically constructs a hierarchically structured network that provides interpretability by neuron distribution, network topology and hierarchy of the network layers. We present empirical results for this new model and demonstrate its application in the medical domain of nerve lesion diagnosis. Further, we explain a view how the interpretation of the hierarchy in models like SplitNet can be understood in the context of integration of symbolic and connectionist learning.


The Korean Journal of Veterinary Research (Korean J Vet Res) is an international peer-reviewed journal dedicated to providing to the advancement and dissemination of scientific knowledge concerning veterinary sciences and related academic disciplines. It is an international journal indexed in the SCOPUS, AGRIS, Animal Breeding Abstracts, Animal Production Database, Animal Science Database, CAB Abstracts, CAB Abstracts Archive, CAB Direct, Dairy Science Abstracts, Global Health, Index Veterinarius, KCI, Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews Series B: Livestock Feeds and Feeding, Pig News and Information, Poultry Abstracts, Protozoological Abstracts, Review of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Review of Medical and Veterinary Mycology, Veterinary Bulletin, VetMed Resource, and Veterinary Science Database. This journal is published four times per year (March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31) in English or Korean by the Korean Society of Veterinary Science (KSVS) being distributed worldwide. It covers all the scientific and technological aspects of veterinary sciences in general, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, pathology, public health, parasitology, infectious diseases, clinical sciences and alternative biomedical and veterinary educational fields. Any author(s) affiliated with a biomedical institution may submit manuscripts. Full text PDF files are available on the web at http://www.kjvr.org.


This essay traces a brief genealogy of state-funded drug ethnography and its relationship to public health projects such as HIV prevention. Ethnographic research on drug use was a critical part of making invisible practices visible in ways that rendered them amenable to intervention. The essay goes on to describe how harm-reduction norms were promulgated through the bottom-up tactics of health-oriented social movements, and simultaneously administered through an institutionalized and even standardized set of beliefs issuing from the highest reaches of the public health apparatus. Harm reduction is a pragmatic movement to change the personal practices of drug users through "modest interventions" aimed at reducing the risk of HIV transmission though contaminated injection equipment. The essay draws on ethnographic research with injection drug users to discuss how drug researchers represent the social norms associated with harm reduction. We demonstrate how injection drug users take on the language and ethical stances of those who study them, in an effort to construct themselves as ethical subjects. The construction and elaboration of a harm-reduction model in and through grassroots mobilization and public health research is an example of the governance of populations through epidemiological constructions of risk transformed into ethical–behavioral injunctions. Their work has changed the nature of ethnographic encounters between drug researchers and injection drug users (IDUs), who are subject to the incitement to discourse constructed by harm-reduction norms and practices as they participate in ethnographic research.


A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine the location of a vehicle, person, or other asset to which it is attached and to record the position of the asset at regular intervals. The recorded location data can be stored within the tracking unit, or it may be transmitted to a central location data base, or internet-connected computer, using a cellular (GPRS or SMS), radio, or satellite modem embedded in the unit. This allows the asset's location to be displayed against a map backdrop either in real time or when analysing the track later, using GPS tracking software.


Flânerie, or the practice of urban strolling described in nineteenth-century French print and visual culture, has evolved throughout modernity, expanding its reach into more global literary traditions and becoming an important topic of research in numerous fields of academic study. Various phenomena have shaped the evolution of how we walk in the city and how artists, essayists, and journalists record it, none more so than the forced lockdowns associated with the global Covid-19 pandemic. Journalists in France invented expressions like flânerie inversée, impossible flânerie, and librairie flânerie to describe new city practices. They looked to figures like the fashion flâneuse on the catwalk as a means of sublimating the stillness and monotony of the coronavirus confinement. This article traces the emergence between March 2020 and April 2021of these variations in shopping and fashion contexts, which underscore the enduring legacy of the practice and its everlasting presence in French culture.


Reading and responding to ethnic literature that is reflective of one's own experiences often has significant value for the younger members of the parallel cultures. This paper reports the results of the responses of young adult and adult Asian and Asian American readers to a Chinese American young adult novel set in the 1920's. The findings suggest that (1) cultural background played a major role in reader response, (2) cross-cultural reading responses revealed readers' ethnic identity development, especially when dealing with between-world situations, and (3) Chinese Americans continue to experience racial discrimination today. Implications for educators include the importance of critical literacy and the inclusion of multiethnic literature in the K-12 curriculum.


With the increasing significance of information technology, there is
an urgent need for adequate measures of information security.
Systematic information security management is one of most important initiatives
for IT management. At least since reports about privacy and security breaches,
fraudulent accounting practices, and attacks on IT systems appeared
in public, organizations have recognized their responsibilities to safeguard
physical and information assets. Security standards can be used as guideline or
framework to develop and maintain an adequate information security management
system (ISMS). The standards ISO/IEC 27000, 27001 and 27002 are international
standards that are receiving growing recognition and adoption. They are
referred to as "common language of organizations around the world" for
information security [1]. With ISO/IEC 27001 companies can have their ISMS
certified by a third-party organization and thus show their customers evidence
of their security measures.