Introduction. xi About Vermont Recipes Why Cocoa? Why Objective-C? Naming Conventions Apple's Cocoa Documentation Xcode and Interface Builder New Technologies The Vermont Recipes Application Specification Downloading and Installing the Project Files Section 1: Objective-C and the Cocoa Frameworks Ingredients: Language, Frameworks, and Tools Appliances and Utensils Ingredients Serving Suggestions Section 2: Building an Application Recipe 1: Create the Project Using Xcode Step 1: Create the New Project Step 2: Explore the Project Step 3: Set Xcode Preferences Step 4: Revise the Document's Header and Implementation Files Step 5: Rename the Document's Files Step 6: Edit the Document's Methods Step 7: Create and Revise the Window Controller Files Step 8: Edit the Credits File Step 9: Edit the Info.plist File Step 10: Edit the InfoPlist.strings File Step 11: Create a Localizable.strings File Step 12: Set the Project's Properties and Build Settings Step 13: Build and Run the Application Step 14: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 2: Design and Build the GUI Using Interface Builder Step 1: Explore and Revise the Document Window's Nib File Step 2: Add a Toolbar Step 3: Add a Vertical Split View Step 4: Add a Horizontal Split View Step 5: Add a Tab View Step 6: Add a Drawer Step 7: Add a Toolbar Item to Open and Close the Drawer Step 8: Build and Run the Application Step 9: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 3: Create a Simple Text Document Step 1: Create the DiaryDocument Class in Xcode Step 2: Save a Snapshot of the Project Step 3: Create the DiaryWindowController Class and Its Nib File in Interface Builder Step 4: Add Scrolling Text Views to the Diary Window Step 5: Create the VRDocument-Controller Class and a New Menu Item Step 6: Add the Diary Document to the Info.plist File Step 7: Read and Write the Diary Document's Text Data Step 8: Configure the Split View Diary Window Step 9: Build and Run the Application Step 10: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 4: Add Controls to the Document Window Step 1: Add Controls to the Diary Window Step 2: Implement the Add Entry Push Button Step 3: Implement the Add Tag Push Button Step 4: Validate the Add Tag Push Button Step 5: Implement and Validate the Navigation Buttons Step 6: Implement and Validate the Date Picker Step 7: Implement and Validate the Search Field Step 8: Build and Run the Application Step 9: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 5: Configure the Main Menu Step 1: Create the VRApplicationController Class Step 2: Add a Read Me Menu Item to the Help Menu Step 3: Add a Diary Menu to Control the Diary Window Step 4: Add a Diary Tag Search Menu Item to the Find Submenu Step 5: Add a Recipe Info Menu Item to Open the Recipes Window's Drawer Step 6: Build and Run the Application Step 7: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 6: Control the Document's Behavior Step 1: Organize the Project's Code Step 2: Limit the Application to a Single Diary Document Step 3: Add Error Handling to the Diary Document Step 4: Prepare Localizable Strings for Internationalization Step 5: Build and Run the Application Step 6: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 7: Refine the Document's Usability Step 1: Set the Minimum and Maximum Sizes of the Document Windows Step 2: Set the Initial Position and Size of the Document Windows Step 3: Set the Standard Zoom Size of the Document Windows Step 4: Autosave the Position and Size of the Document Windows Step 5: Autosave the Position of the Divider in the Diary Window Step 6: Autosave the Recipes Document's Toolbar Configuration Step 7: Autosave the Diary Document's Contents Step 8: Back Up the Diary Document Step 9: Implement the Revert to Saved Menu Item Step 10: Build and Run the Application Step 11: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 8: Polish the Application Step 1: Add a Save As PDF Menu Item Step 2: Use Alternating Show Recipe Info and Hide Recipe Info Menu Items Step 3: Use a Dynamic Add Tag and Tag All Menu Item Step 4: Use a Dynamic Add Tag and Tag All Button Step 5: Use Blocks for Notifications Step 6: Add Help Tags Step 7: Add Accessibility Features Step 8: Provide a Default Diary Document Name Step 9: Add Support for Sudden Termination Step 10: Internationalize the Application's Display Name Step 11: Add Application and Document Icons Step 12: Enable the Application to Run Under Leopard Step 13: Build and Run the Application Step 14: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 9: Add Printing Support Step 1: Create a Print Panel Accessory View in Interface Builder Step 2: Create an Accessory View Controller in Xcode Step 3: Add the Accessory View Controller to the Print Panel Step 4: Save Custom Print Settings Step 5: Create a Print View to Print the Document's Content Step 6: Print Custom Headers and Footers Step 7: Implement Print Scaling Step 8: Build and Run the Application Step 9: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 10: Add a Preferences Window Step 1: Design and Build a Preferences Window in Interface Builder Step 2: Create a Preferences Window Controller in Xcode Step 3: Configure the General Tab View Item Step 4: Configure the Recipes Tab View Item Step 5: Configure the Chef's Diary Tab View Item Step 6: Build and Run the Application Step 7: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 11: Add Apple Help Step 1: Implement an HTML-Based Apple Help Bundle for Snow Leopard Step 2: Add Topic, Task, and Navigation Pages Step 3: Add an AppleScript Link to a Topic Page Step 4: Use the HelpViewer help: Protocol Step 5: Add Keywords and Abstracts Step 6: Add Help Buttons to Alerts, Dialogs, and Panels Step 7: Advanced Help Features Step 8: Implement a Help Book for Leopard and Earlier Step 9: Build and Run the Application Step 10: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 12: Add AppleScript Support Step 1: Create a Terminology Dictionary and Add the Standard Suite Step 2: Add the Vermont Recipes Suite and Extend the Application Class With a New Property Step 3: Add a Diary Document Class and a Property in the Application to Access It Step 4: Add the Text Suite and a Document Text Property Step 5: Add a Diary Entry Class and an Element in the Diary Document to Access It Step 6: Add Properties to Get and Set Diary Entry Values Step 7: Add a Current Diary Entry Property to the Document Class Step 8: Support the Make Command for New Diary Entries Step 9: Support the Delete Command for Diary Entries Step 10: Add a Custom Verb-First Command-Sort Step 11: Add Custom Object-First Commands-Encrypt and Decrypt Step 12: Move Along Step 13: Build and Run the Application Step 14: Save and Archive the Project Conclusion Recipe 13: Deploy the Application Step 1: Build the Application for Release Step 2: Test the Application Step 3: Provide Documentation Step 4: Provide User Support Step 5: Distribute the Application Step 6: Promote the Application Conclusion Section 3: Looking Ahead Recipe 14: Add New Technologies Step 1: Switch to Properties Step 2: Switch to Cocoa Bindings Step 3: Switch to Garbage Collection Conclusion


Placodontia, an enigmatic group of durophagous and in part heavily armoured animals, were members of Sauropterygia, the most diverse and successful group of Mesozoic marine reptiles. Microanatomy and histology of long bones of several armoured and non-armoured Placodontia were studied, covering most of their taxonomic breadth, to elucidate the paleoecology, physiology, and lifestyle of its members. Results reveal an unexpected and not phylogenetically or stratigraphically related disparity of microanatomical and histological features for the group. The non-armoured Paraplacodus and the heavily armoured Psephoderma grew with lamellar-zonal bone tissue type, which is typical for modern sauropsids. In the former, the tissue is nearly avascular surrounding a compacted medullary region, whereas in the latter, the lamellar-zonal bone tissue is vascularized framing a large open medullary cavity and a perimedullary region. Armoured Henodus and Placodontia indet. aff. Cyamodus as well as non-armoured Placodus exhibit a reduced medullary cavity and grew with highly vascularized plexiform to radiating fibro-lamellar bone. Several long bones of Placodontia indet. show circumferential fibro-lamellar bone and can be distin guished into two groups on the basis of microanatomical features. In addition, all bones that grew with fibro-lamellar bone show locally primary spongeous-like architecture and had secondarily widened primary osteons throughout the cortex, resulting in a secondarily spongeous tissue. The highly vascularized fibro-lamellar bone of these Placodontia indicates growth rates comparable to that of open marine ichthyosaurs. Differences in microanatomy and bone histology as expressed by a principal component analysis, thus clearly indicate different paleoecologies, including differences in lifestyle and swimming modes and capabilities in Placodontia. This would have reduced competition in the shallow marine environments of the Tethys and might be a key to their success and diversity. A certain developmental plasticity among the studied placodonts is interpreted as response to different environmental conditions as is obvious from inter- and intraspecific histological variation. Most striking is the difference in life history strategy in armoured Psephoderma and non-armoured Paraplacodus when compared to armoured Henodus, Placodontia indet. aff. Cyamodus, non-armoured Placodus, and Placodontia indet. Bone tissue of Psephoderma and Paraplacodus indicates low growth rates and a low basal metabolic rate, as many modern sauropsids have such as the marine iguana, whereas the others grew with extremely fast growth rates, more typical for birds and mammals, indicating an increased basal metabolic rate.


Accumulating evidence suggests children enrolled in full-time child care often display afternoon elevations of the hormone cortisol, which is an indicator of stress. Another physiological measure of stress is alpha-amylase. Recent advances in immunoassays have allowed for the measurement of activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic sympathetic nervous system from saliva, and measurement of both systems provides a more complete understanding of activity in the stress response system. This study is the first to examine both cortisol and alpha-amylase in children attending child care. The current study examined whether specific indicators of classroom quality were linked to cortisol and alpha-amylase output in preschool children. A diverse sample of Sixty-one preschool children nested in 14 classrooms of varying quality participated in this study. Classroom quality was assessed using numerous approaches to quality and child salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase were examined at eight times over two days. An afternoon elevation in cortisol was not evident in the current study; alpha-amylase and cortisol displayed a symmetrical relationship, supporting an additive model of functioning in the stress response system. Area under the curve with respect to ground was computed to reflect children's total output of cortisol and alpha-amylase while attending child care. Results indicated that children in classrooms with higher emotional support, increased language and interactions, and more available activities and materials demonstrated lower alpha-amylase output. Implications for professional development for early childhood teachers are discussed.


Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in adults to maintain normal tissue homeostasis and during embryological development to shape tissues and organs(1,2,6,7). During development, toxic chemicals or genetic alterations can cause an increase in PCD or change PCD patterns resulting in developmental abnormalities and birth defects(3-5). To understand the etiology of these defects, the study of embryos can be complemented with in vitro assays that use differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells. Apoptosis is a well-studied form of PCD that involves both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling to activate the caspase enzyme cascade. Characteristic cell changes include membrane blebbing, nuclear shrinking, and DNA fragmentation. Other forms of PCD do not involve caspase activation and may be the end-result of prolonged autophagy. Regardless of the PCD pathway, dying cells need to be removed. In adults, the immune cells perform this function, while in embryos, where the immune system has not yet developed, removal occurs by an alternative mechanism. This mechanism involves neighboring cells (called "non-professional phagocytes") taking on a phagocytic role-they recognize the 'eat me' signal on the surface of the dying cell and engulf it(8-10). After engulfment, the debris is brought to the lysosome for degradation. Thus regardless of PCD mechanism, an increase in lysosomal activity can be correlated with increased cell death. To study PCD, a simple assay to visualize lysosomes in thick tissues and multilayer differentiating cultures can be useful. LysoTracker dye is a highly soluble small molecule that is retained in acidic subcellular compartments such as the lysosome(11-13). The dye is taken up by diffusion and through the circulation. Since penetration is not a hindrance, visualization of PCD in thick tissues and multi-layer cultures is possible(12,13). In contrast, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) analysis(14), is limited to small samples, histological sections, and monolayer cultures because the procedure requires the entry/permeability of a terminal transferase. In contrast to Aniline blue, which diffuses and is dissolved by solvents, LysoTracker Red DND-99 is fixable, bright, and stable. Staining can be visualized with standard fluorescent or confocal microscopy in whole-mount or section using aqueous or solvent-based mounting media(12,13). Here we describe protocols using this dye to look at PCD in normal and sonic hedgehog null mouse embryos. In addition, we demonstrate analysis of PCD in differentiating ES cell cultures and present a simple quantification method. In summary, LysoTracker staining can be a great complement to other methods of detecting PCD.


Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a common business practices has only recently established a foothold in developing countries. This paper examines the relationship between CSR and Corporate Financial Performance (CFP) for a Malaysia firms. Malaysia was chosen due to it's one of worlds developing countries and has undergone radical economic and social change. The objective of this research to determine whether CSR based on environment, community, marketplace and workplace dimension has positive, negative or neutral relationship with CFP. The empirical study used to collect secondary data from corporate annual report for three firms listed in Bursa Malaysia for the period from 2007 to 2011. The data taken and gather by using content analysis. CSR dimension of workplace, community, environment and marketplace is used as independent variable while Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROA) is used as dependent variable. Regression analysis used to test the relationship by using SPSS. Prior studies had produce mixed result but most research found there is positive relationship between CSR and CFP. The result of this study concludes that there is positive relationship between CFP and CSR practices together with Firm Size and Firm Revenue as control variable. As well as, this paper will contribute to finance and accounting literature in identified investment in CSR will lead to firm financial performance or otherwise.


We present the design outline of a context-aware interactive system for smart learning in the STEM curriculum (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). It is based on a gameful design approach and enables "playful coached learning" (PCL): a learning process enriched by gamification but also close to the learner's activities and emotional setting. After a brief introduction on related work, we describe the technological setup, the integration of projected visual feedback and the use of object and motion recognition to interpret the learner's actions. We explain how this combination enables rapid feedback and why this is particularly important for correct habit formation in practical skills training. In a second step, we discuss gamification methods and analyze which are best suited for the PCL system. Finally, emotion recognition, a major element of the final PCL design not yet implemented, is briefly outlined.


This paper reports on the results of an online survey that asked Manitoba employers about the employment of older workers. The survey attempted to gain insight into benefits of and challenges to engaging older workers; strategies to recruit, retain, and engage older workers; and the role of education and training for older workers. This research was informed by an earlier inquiry about age, work, retirement, and lifelong learning where focus groups were conducted with senior management and selected human resources (HR) managers in a public sector organization. Those results were reported at the Canadian Association of University Continuing Education (CAUCE) Conference in 2010. The results of this survey provide a look at practices for retention, recruitment, and engagement of older workers, and they outline organizational conditions that allow those practices to be successfully implemented.


n this paper, I discuss the Government of Alberta's policy and practice regarding consultation with Aboriginal Albertans regarding resource development, particularly the issuance to third parties of Crown dispositions that may have an impact on Aboriginal or treaty rights. My review of this subject matter is grouped around three conclusions, which are at first glance inconsistent. First, I argue that Alberta's policy statements and the guidelines that it has issued to implement these fall far short of fulfilling—or even acknowledging in any meaningful way—the Province's constitutional obligation to consult with Aboriginal Albertans and accommodate the latters' concerns regarding resource development. However, in keeping with the distinction between theory and practice recognized by Warren Buffett and Yogi Berra, I concede that for reasons that are not reflective of any inherent merit in Alberta's approach, the development and management of resource development appears to operate smoothly and efficiently, without any serious legal challenges or significant delays in the process. Finally, I suggest that the current practical success of Alberta's approach is artificial and likely time-limited, and that without a more sincere Crown effort to fulfill its constitutional obligations the future of orderly development of natural resources is unlikely.


This case study used metaphor analysis to gain insight on the conceptualizations of literacy informing six English Language Arts educators' understanding of the meaning and goals of U.S. literacy education today. While findings indicated literacy's functional aspect as the most prominent metaphoric conceptualization employed, the teachers' use of alternate metaphors to highlight the value of literacy learning beyond its pragmatic outcomes suggests that U.S. literacy education reform may be out of step with the pedagogical goals teachers have for their students. The article concludes with a discussion of the pedagogical implications suggested by the study findings.


Despite major fluctuations in supply and demand, sophisticated mechanisms in the body maintain levels of blood sugar(glucose) within narrow limits. Although under normal conditions, insulin is the major regulator of blood glucose levels, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) play an important contributory role. Both of these hormones have potent effects on glucose metabolism which may be utilized in diabetes management. Richard Holt explains the growing interest in exploiting the effects of GH and IGF-1 for people with diabetes.


While robots have been popular as a tool for STEM teaching, the use of robots in other learning scenarios is novel. The field of HRI has started to report on how to make effective robots usable in educational contexts. However, many challenges remain. For instance, which interaction strategies aid learning, and which hamper learning? How can we deal with the current technical limitations of robots? Answering these and other questions requires a multidisciplinary effort, including contributions from pedagogy, developmental psychology, (computational) linguistics, artificial intelligence and HRI, among others. This abstract provides a brief overview of the current state-of-the-art in social robots designed for learning and describes the aims of the Robots for Learning (R4L) workshop in bringing together a multidisciplinary audience for furthering the development of market-ready educational robots.


The present work revises the taxonomy of one group of camaenid gastropods from Timor-Leste based on the study of a large number of recently collected ethanol preserved samples as well as historic museum material, including types. By employing comparative analyses of the variation in morphological features (shell, penial anatomy) and the differentiation in mitochondrial DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) and the 16S rDNA (16S), altogether nineteen species are recognized from Timor-Leste and adjacent areas in the Lesser Sunda and Moluccas, such as West-Timor, Adonara, Leti and Sermata Islands (Indonesia). Four of these species were described previously and have mostly been placed within the genus Chloritis Beck, 1837 in the few historic treatments available. Fifteen species found to be new are formally described. In contrast to the previous taxonomic treatment, placement in the genus parachloritis Ehrmann, 1912 is proposed on grounds of comparative shell morphology. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that all examined species form a monophyletic group, which encompasses diverse shell forms. While most species have shells of the general chloritid type, which are of little taxonomic utility, highly distinct shell morphs (trochoid shells, dwarf forms) have originated within this radiation in independent lineages. Morphological change has occurred in some taxonomic lineages while the bulk of Parachloritis species has maintained an ancestral shell phenotype. This phenotypic stasis is attributed to stabilizing selection in species, which have maintained associations with ancestral habitats, while distinct shell forms have evolved as result of habitat shifts. Consequently, purely shellbased taxonomies are prone to errors due to misjudging the significance of shell characters. While some Parachloritis species uncovered here were found to be narrowly endemic, others had wide distributions that include more than one island. Narrow range endemism was predominantly found in dwarf species and in species that live in high altitudes.


It's just a short skip and a jump from hard sciences to public health, and it's one that Stephane Hazebrouck made wholeheartedly. With a background in engineering and microbiology, he has followed the research path to INRA's Food Allergy Laboratory. It's a route that has enabled him to tackle some of society's biggest health challenges.


Th e Anthropocene refers to the planetary scale of anthropogenic infl uences on the composition and function of Earth ecosystems and life forms. Socio-political and geographic responses frame the uneven topographies of climate change, while eff orts to adapt and mitigate its impact extend across social and natural sciences. Th is review of anthropology's evolving engagement with the Anthropocene contemplates multifarious approaches to research. Th e emergence of multispecies ethnographic research highlights entanglements of humans with other life forms. New ontological considerations are refl ected in Kohn's "Anthropology of Life," ethnographic research that moves beyond an isolated focus on the human to consider other life processes and entities as research participants. Examples of critical engagement discussed include anthropology beyond disciplinary borders, queries writing in the Anthropocene, and anthropology of climate change. We demonstrate the diverse positions of anthropologists within this juncture in relation to our central trope of entanglements threaded through our discussion in this review.


The CBM experiment will investigate heavy-ion collisions at beam energies from 8 to 45 AGeV at the future accelerator facility FAIR. The goal of the experiment is to study the QCD phase diagram in the vincinity of the QCD critical point. To do so, CBM aims at measuring rare probes among them open charm. In order to identify those rare and short lived particles despite the rich combinatorial background generated in heavy ion collisions, a micro vertex detector (MVD) providing an unprecedented combination of high rate capability and radiation hardness, very light material budget and excellent granularity is required. In this work, we will discuss the concept of this detector and summarize the status of the R&D.


Congenital coronary artery anomalies are found in 0.3 to 1.3% of patients and can cause ischemic heart disease or sudden cardiac death, especially if the anomalous coronary artery courses between the aortic root and the pulmonary artery. Identification of the anatomic course of the anomalous vessel is not always feasible by conventional radiographic coronary angiography. With MR coronary angiography not only flowing blood but also the vessel anatomy can be imaged. In previous studies, a two-dimensional gradient-echo sequence during breathhold was used demanding both cooperation of the patient and operator skill. The navigator technique reduces respiratory artifacts by retrospective respiratory gating on the diaphragm's position, obviating the need for breathhold studies. Furthermore, the three-dimensional MR coronary angiography enables post-processing using the Volume Rendering Technique for evaluation of three-dimensional view. We report on the use of this technique for the identification of the course of anomalous coronary arteries in two patient cases.


Over a quarter century ago, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) released the equations and source code used to predict satellite positions through SpaceTrack Report Number 3 (STR#3). Because the DoD's two-line element sets (TLEs) were the only source of orbital data, widely available through NASA, this code became commonplace among users needing accurate results. However, end users made code changes to correct the implementation of the equations and to handle rare cases encountered in operations. These changes migrated into numerous new versions and compiled programs outside the DoD. Changes made to the original STR#3 code have not been released in a comprehensive form to the public, so the code available to the public no longer matches the code used by DoD to produce the TLEs. Fortunately, independent efforts, technical papers, and source code enabled us to synthesize a non-proprietary version which we believe is up-to-date and accurate. This paper provides source code, test cases, results, and analysis of a version of SGP4 theory designed to be highly compatible with recent DoD versions.


This article reveals and responds to the democracy deficit in certain retributivist approaches to criminal law. Democracy deficits arise when we insufficiently recognize the moral authority of liberal democracies to create new moral obligations for us as individuals. Specifically, I will argue, in contrast to the claims of some leading criminal law theorists, that conduct can be legitimately and justly criminalized even if the conduct is not morally wrongful prior to or independent of law. In other words, once we understand the basis for our presumptive political obligations within liberal democracies, a more capacious approach to establishing criminal laws can be tolerated from a political retributivist perspective. If I'm correct, then here are some of the implications: we are morally obligated (in a pro tanto way) to (1) conform our conduct, in our capacities as nonofficials, not only to "good" mala in se criminal laws but also many mala prohibita laws, laws that I call permissibly dumb but not illiberal; (2) to render, in our capacities as nonofficials, reasonable assistance to law enforcement of the previous categories of laws; and (3) to enforce, in our capacities as officials, these categories of laws. While the implications of this "democratic fidelity" argument are extensive, there is no moral obligation to surrender one's judgment entirely. Indeed, officials and nonofficials have no moral obligation toward laws that are illiberal or what I call "spectacularly dumb," regardless of their valid legal status. Like democratic criminalization choices, democratic sentencing laws must also be scrutinized. To that end, I sketch two moral frameworks that should work in conjunction with each other and with the threshold criminalization question when deciding whether to enforce, conform to, or assist enforcement efforts of criminal laws within liberal democracies.This piece was the invited launch paper for the new Virginia Journal of Criminal Law. Professors Bowers, Cahill & Duff have written responses, and I have a reply essay.Professor Bowers' paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1945743Professor Cahill's response can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1950660My reply essay can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1950321


Previous studies have revealed that the European Roma share close genetic, linguistic and cultural similarities with Indian populations despite their disparate geographical locations and divergent demographic histories. In this study, we report for the first time Y-chromosome distributions in three Roma collections residing in Belgrade, Vojvodina and Kosovo. Eighty-eight Y-chromosomes were typed for 14 SNPs and 17 STRs. The data were subsequently utilized for phylogenetic comparisons to pertinent reference collections available from the literature. Our results illustrate that the most notable difference among the three Roma populations is in their opposing distributions of haplogroups H and E. Although the Kosovo and Belgrade samples exhibit elevated levels of the Indian-specific haplogroup H-M69, the Vojvodina collection is characterized almost exclusively by haplogroup E-M35 derivatives, most likely the result of subsequent admixture events with surrounding European populations. Overall, the available data from Romani groups points to different levels of gene flow from local populations.


Reassembling the Social-Bruno Latour 2007-09-06 Reassembling the Social is a fundamental challenge from one of the world's leading social theorists to how we understand society and the 'social'. Bruno Latour's contention is that the word 'social', as used by Social Scientists, has become laden with assumptions to the point where it has become misnomer. When the adjective is applied to a phenomenon, it is used to indicate a stablilized state of affairs, a bundle of ties that in due course may be used to account for another phenomenon. But Latour also finds the word used as if it described a type of material, in a comparable way to an adjective such as 'wooden' or 'steely'. Rather than simply indicating what is already assembled together, it is now used in a way that makes assumptions about the nature of what is assembled. It has become a word that designates two distinct things: a process of assembling; and a type of material, distinct from others. Latour shows why 'the social' cannot be thought of as a kind of material or domain, and disputes attempts to provide a 'social explanations' of other states of affairs. While these attempts have been productive (and probably necessary) in the past, the very success of the social sciences mean that they are largely no longer so. At the present stage it is no longer possible to inspect the precise constituents entering the social domain. Latour returns to the original meaning of 'the social' to redefine the notion, and allow it to trace connections again. It will then be possible to resume the traditional goal of the social sciences, but using more refined tools. Drawing on his extensive work examining the 'assemblages' of nature, Latour finds it necessary to scrutinize thoroughly the exact content of what is assembled under the umbrella of Society. This approach, a 'sociology of associations', has become known as Actor-Network-Theory, and this book is an essential introduction both for those seeking to understand Actor-Network Theory, or the ideas of one of its most influential proponents.


In contemporary knowledge-based organizations, teams often play an essential role in leveraging knowledge resources. Organizations make significant investments in information technology to support knowledge management practices in teams. At the same time, recent studies show that the transactive memory system (TMS)-the specialized division of cognitive labor among team members that relates to the encoding, storage, and retrieval of knowledge-is an important factor that affects a team's performance. Yet little is known of how IT support for knowledge management practices in organizations affects the development of TMS. Furthermore, the precise role of TMS on knowledge sharing and knowledge application, which in turn influences team performance, has not been fully explored. In order to close this gap in the literature, we conducted a field study that involved 139 on-going teams of 743 individuals from two major firms in South Korea. Our results show that IT support in organizations has a positive impact on the development of TMS in teams, and that both TMS and IT support have a positive impact on knowledge sharing and knowledge application. Furthermore, we found that knowledge sharing has a positive impact on knowledge application, which in turn has a direct impact on team performance. However, contrary to our expectation, knowledge sharing does not have a direct impact on team performance and its impact on team performance was fully mediated by knowledge application. Our research shows that organizations can improve team members' meta-knowledge of who knows what through the careful investment in information technology. Finally, our results show that sharing knowledge alone is not enough. Organizations must ensure that shared knowledge is in fact applied in order to improve team performance.


Black Letter Outlines are designed to help a law student recognize and understand the basic principles and issues of law covered in a law school course. Black Letter Outlines can be used both as a study aid when preparing for classes and as a review of the subject matter when studying for an examination. Each Black Letter Outline is written by experienced law school professors who are recognized national authorities in their subject area.


The Catholic Studies minor at Gonzaga University provides its students with an opportunity to enrich their undergraduate experience through a focused engagement with the historical and theological traditions, teachings, and cultural legacies of the Roman Catholic Church. In addition to providing a rigorous interdisciplinary grounding in the history, ideals, and practices of Catholicism, the program invites students to take part in the ancient and ongoing conversation between the Church and the various cultures in which it is found. In seeking to understand and more fully appreciate the relationship between the eternal truths of the Catholic faith and their various expressions in time and place, the program faithfully and rigorously responds to Pope John Paul II's call for " a fruitful dialogue between the Gospel and culture " (Ex Corde Ecclesiae, Part I A.3:43). The Society of Jesus, in its most recent General Congregation, echoed this same desire in identifying the importance of serious and rigorous research between Catholicism and the contemporary world, culture, and other religions and committing itself to this work (General Congregation 35, Doc. 1, par. 7). The Catholic Studies program identifies Catholicism as the body of thought and culture that both informs our University's mission and inhabits the world beyond Gonzaga as a phenomenon clearly present but often difficult to detect in its various modes of culture and domains of knowledge. We operate with the idea that Catholicism, and the world it interpenetrates, can be better understood by investigating its particular and universal natures. We do this through a series of integrated courses that consider Catholicism as both the over-arching theme of the curriculum, and the core theme of each individual course. Accordingly, Catholic Studies will be grounded in Church doctrine since doctrine establishes the foundation for an understanding of knowledge, and offers a guide for interpreting how Catholicism has developed in the course of history and how it reveals itself in literature, science, and the visual arts. A fundamental course on Catholic doctrine will provide the distinguishing parameters for concepts such as sacramentality, incarnation, sin, and redemption. CURRICULUM The 21-credit minor is designed to include several courses already required by the University Core Curriculum, a specific college's core, and some other majors/minors. The Catholic Studies minor includes three elective courses. Electives may be taken from courses that are designated in the course catalogue as Catholic Studies courses or courses that have been approved by the director …


When reengineering legacy systems, it is crucial to assess if the legacy behavior has been preserved or how it changed due to the reengineering effort. Ideally if a legacy system is covered by tests, running the tests on the new version can identify potential differences or discrepancies. However, writing tests for an unknown and large system is difficult due to the lack of internal knowledge. It is especially difficult to bring the system to an appropriate state. Our solution is based on the acknowledgment that one of the few trustable piece of information available when approaching a legacy system is the running system itself. Our approach reifies the execution traces and uses logic programming to express tests on them. Thereby it eliminates the need to programatically bring the system in a particular state, and handles the test-writer a high-level abstraction mechanism to query the trace. The resulting system, called Testlog, was used on several real-world case studies to validate our claims


This chapter examines the possibilities of the 'bystander intervention model' to explore the decision making of health and social care professionals when detecting and attempting to prevent financial elder abuse. It is often suggested that the cases that come to the attention of professionals represent the 'tip of the iceberg'. If this is the case, argue M Gilhooly, Cairns, Davies, K Gilhooly and Harries, at various points in the decision making process professionals must be deciding not to intervene. Although this UK study goes some way to explaining why professionals find it difficult to detect financial elder abuse, or fail to act when they suspect such abuse, the study also revealed that many professionals do play safe and act even when in doubt. The finding that 'mental capacity' was a key determinant of both certainty that abuse was taking place, and likelihood of intervention, is concerning. Prevention requires that such abuse is detected well before an older person loses mental capacity.


Most languages expose the computer's ability to globally read and write memory at any time. Programmers must then choreograph control flow so all reads and writes occur in correct relative orders, which can be difficult particularly when dealing with initialization, reactivity, and concurrency. Just as many languages now manage memory to unburden us from properly freeing memory, they should also manage time to automatically order memory accesses for us in the interests of comprehensibility, correctness, and simplicity. Time management is a general language feature with a large design space that is largely unexplored; we offer this perspective to relate prior work and guide future research. We introduce Glitch as a form of managed time that replays code for an appearance of simultaneous memory updates, avoiding the need for manual order. The key to such replay reaching consistent program states is an ability to reorder and rollback updates as needed, restricting the imperative model while retaining the basic concepts of memory access and control flow. This approach can also handle code to enable live programming that incrementally revises program executions in an IDE under arbitrary code changes.


This book introduces novice developers to a range of data access strategies for storing and retreiving data both locally and remotely. It provides you with a range of fully working data access solutions and the insight you need to know when, and how, to apply each of the techniques to best advantage. Focussing specifically on how the Windows 8 app developer can work with the Windows Runtime (often called Windows RT) framework this book provides careful analysis of the many options you have open to you, along with a comparision of their strengths and weaknesses under different conditions. With the days of a single database being the right choice for almost all development projects long gone. You will lean that the right choice for your app now depends on a variety of factors and getting it right will be critical to your customer's end user experience. We cover a range of data access strategies ranging from storing and retrieving data locally using the JET API, to using the most popular open and closed source database products like SQLite and SQL Server. We look at how lightweight HTML and JavaScript apps work well with equally feather-weight data stores like IndexedDB. We'll also introduce you to more advanced data access techniques like REST (JSON), WCF RIA Services, ASP.NET MVC 4 Web API and Windows Azure that can hugely expand the horizons of what it is possible for your app to do as storage - and even processing - are taken beyond the confines of your user's device. By the time you have read this book you will be familiar with the key data access considerations you will need to evaluate as you build you apps and you will be able to confidently select the data access architecture that is most appropriate to the app you want to build. What youll learn Understand the data access capability of WinRT Explore the various data access strategies Understand local storage in Windows 8 Apps Discover how to use HTML5 indexedDB as an offline database Use SQLite and SQL Server with Windows 8 Apps Develop ASP.NET MVC 4 Web API data stores Learn how to consume data through a WCF Service Integrate your app with Public Web Services using REST See how SQL Azure can extend your Windows 8 Apps Who this book is for This book is for all the .NET, iOS, Android and Windows Phone app developers looking to develop data driven Windows 8 style apps. You should be comfortable with basic programming concepts and have worked with simple data stores previously. Table of Contents Introducing Windows 8 development from a data perspective Windows 8 Modern app data access strategies Selecting the right strategy for your app Local Data Access I : JET API Local Data Access: II: IndexedDB Dealing with Application Data WCF RIA Services ASP.NET Web API SQL Databases Windows Phone 8 Data Access


Classical AI planners use loops over subgoals to move a stack of blocks by repeatedly moving the top block. Probabilistic planners and reactive systems repeatedly try to pick up a block to increase the probability of success in an uncertain environment. These planners terminate a loop only when the goal is achieved or when the probability of success has reached some threshold. The tradeoff between the cost of repeating a loop and the expected benefit is ignored. Decision-theoretic refinement planners take this tradeoff into account, but to date, have been limited to considering only finite length plans. In this paper, we describe extensions to a decision-theoretic refinement planner, DRIPS, for handling loops. The extended planner terminates a loop when it can show that all plans with one or more additional iterations of the loop have lower utility. We give conditions under which optimal plans are finite and conditions under which the planner will find an optimal plan and terminate. With loops, a decision-theoretic refinement planner searches an infinite space of plans, making search control critical. We demonstrate how our sensitivity analysis-based search control technique provides effective search control without requiring the domain designer to hand-tune parameters, or otherwise provide search control information.


The cloud scanner sensor is a central part of a recently proposed satellite remote sensing concept – the three-dimensional (3-D) cloud and aerosol interaction mission (CLAIM-3D) combining measurements of aerosol characteristics in the vicinity of clouds and profiles of cloud microphysical characteristics. Such a set of collocated measurements will allow new insights in the complex field of cloud-aerosol interactions affecting directly the development of clouds and precipitation, especially in convection. The cloud scanner measures radiance reflected or emitted by cloud sides at several wavelengths to derive a profile of cloud particle size and thermodynamic phase. For the retrieval of effective size a Bayesian approach was adopted and introduced in a preceding paper. In this paper the potential of the approach, which has to account for the complex three-dimensional nature of cloud geometry and radiative transfer, is tested in realistic cloud observing situations. In a fully simulated environment realistic cloud resolving modelling provides complex 3-D structures of ice, water, and mixed phase clouds, from the early stage of convective development to mature deep convection. A three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer is used to realistically simulate the aspired observations. A large number of cloud data sets and related simulated observations provide the database for an experimental Bayesian retrieval. An independent simulation of an additional cloud field serves as a synthetic test bed for the demonstration of the capabilities of the developed retrieval techniques. For this test case only a minimal overall bias in the order of 1% as well as pixel-based uncertainties in the order of 1 μm for droplets and 8 μm for ice particles were found for measurements at a high spatial resolution of 250 m.


The Android platform was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 48 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Google has made most of the Android platform available under the Apache free-software and open source license. Android is a freely downloadable open source software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications based on Linux and Java. Google developed Android collaboratively as part of the Open Handset Alliance, a group of more than 30 mobile and technology companies working to open up the mobile handset environment. Android's development kit supports many of the standard packages used by Jetty, and so, due to that fact and Jetty's modularity and lightweight footprint, it was possible to port Jetty to it so that it will be able to run on the Android platform. This paper on Android deals with the history of the Android, the early prototypes, basic building blocks of an android application and the features of the android.


Since the first "test tube baby" was born over 40 years ago, in vitro fertilization and other assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have advanced in extraordinary ways, producing millions of babies. About 20% of Americans use infertility services, and that number is growing. ARTs enable gay and lesbian couples, single parents, and now others to have offspring. Prospective parents can also use preimplantation genetic diagnosis to avoid passing on certain mutations to their children and to avoid abortions of fetuses with these mutations. Other future parents routinely choose the sex of their child and whether to give birth to twins. In the United States, these procedures are largely unregulated, and a large commercial market has rapidly grown, using "egg donors," buying and selling human eggs and sperm, and using gestational surrogates. Potential parents; policymakers; doctors, including reproductive endocrinologists; and others thus face critical complex questions about the use—or possible misuse—of ARTs. This book examines ethical, social, and policy questions about these crucial technologies. Based on in-depth interviews, Robert Klitzman explores how doctors and patients struggle with quandaries of whether, when, and how to use ARTs. He articulates the full range of these crucial issues, from economic pressures to moral and social challenges of making decisions that will profoundly shape these offspring. The book explores, too, broader social and moral questions regarding gene editing, CRISPR, and eugenics. Klitzman argues for closer regulation of these technologies, which are altering future generations and the human species as a whole.


The dynamics of isolated-photon plus one-, two- and three-jet production in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV are studied with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using a data set with an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb$^{-1}$. Measurements of isolated-photon plus jets cross sections are presented as functions of the photon and jet transverse momenta. The cross sections as functions of the azimuthal angle between the photon and the jets, the azimuthal angle between the jets, the photon--jet invariant mass and the scattering angle in the photon--jet centre-of-mass system are presented. The pattern of QCD radiation around the photon and the leading jet is investigated by measuring jet production in an annular region centred on each object; enhancements are observed around the leading jet with respect to the photon in the directions towards the beams. The experimental measurements are compared to several different theoretical calculations, and overall a good description of the data is found


I suggest that the historical Milton Friedman arose as the rare conjunction of a special person and a very favorable environment. So a successor is unlikely. This is a good thing. The dominance of a Milton Friedman type, right or left, is bad for economics and for society. It attracts resources toward fruitless debates and away from possibly productive research and discussion.


The author's first monograph on turbulent jets, in 1936, dealt solely with a free submerged jet. Since that time, the theory of the turbulent jet has been developed in many published works both in the USSR and abroad: it has been enriched with a large amount of experimental material and has been applied in many new fields of engineering.In the last 10 years very substantial progress has been made, and it has now become possible to go beyond the free submerged jet and to solve the problem of a jet in a stream of fluid, to take into account the interaction between the jet and solid walls, to ascertain the relationship between the contour of the jet and the ratio of its density to the density of the surrounding medium, and to establish the characteristic features of a supersonic jet.This monograph contains the results of further research by the author and his colleagues, as well as a critical reappraisal of the more important theoretical and experimental data published by other investigators.The first section deals with the theory of a turbulent jet of incompressible fluid. It gives a systematic analysis of numerous experimental data on velocity profiles, temperature, and the impurity concentration, as well as the outlines of the turbulent mixing lone. The second section sets forth the theory of turbulent gas jets, including strongly preheated and supersonic jets. The theory of free turbulence in a gas, suitable in principle for any degree of compressibility, is revised, and the equations are derived for motion and heat exchange in the boundary layer of a jet at very high temperature. The third section solves several problems of the spreading of jets in finite and semifinite space, and the fourth section describes various applications of the theory of jets, many of whi ch are reported for the first time or have been significantly revised.


Technology-enhanced knowledge mobilization can be extremely useful for helping practicing professionals keep abreast of research and development efforts in their field. The initiative described in this paper encourages collaboration among university and community partners to effectively use online learning and communications technology for professional and staff development for multiple types of professional communities. We are engaged in pilot projects with two parallel professional communities within the health care sector (optometric training and practice) and the public education sector (school boards). While these communities differ in both their professional relationships and their learning needs, their variability allows us to design and test the technical, social, and instructional requirements of a generic strategy for using technology for effective knowledge mobilization.


In the first semester of 2011, 34 new transport projects with private participation reached financial or contractual closure in nine low- and middle-income countries, involving investment commitments (hereafter investments) of US$17 billion.1 Investment in the first semester of 2011 increased by 17 percent compared with the first semester of 2010, on par with pre-crisis levels in the first semester of 2008. By number of projects, activity in 2011 decreased by 31 percent compared with the first semester of 2010 indicating fewer, larger projects in middle income countries. As in recent periods, private investment continued to concentrate in India and the road sector globally. India attracted 70 percent of private investment in transport and implemented 65 percent of transport projects with private participation. Globally, there were 23 road projects involving investment of US$8.7 billion. Railroads attracted the second highest investment level with US$6.1 billion invested in three large metro transit projects. Five port projects reached financial closure with investments of US$1.4 billion, and three airport projects attracted investments of US$360 million.


Most researches on the mechanisms of impact welding in general base their results on the investigation of the joint area after the process, primarily by destructive testing. A detailed analysis of the joining process itself, especially concerning electromagnetic pulse welding, has not been performed yet and thus leads to a lack of understanding. As a consequence of this, the design of the joint area and the process parameters are almost exclusively found empirically. With the help of a special image intensifier camera and a laser, which illuminates the joint area, a new attempt is made to visualize the impact in electromagnetic pulse welding. The results suggest that at least some mechanisms are currently not fully understood. Explanations are developed, mainly concerning jet formation (surface cleaning during the impact) and material behavior of the workpieces under the high strain rates of the process. Areas of large strain rates (liquid-like behavior of the metal) and areas of comparably small strain rates can be found within one workpiece. The question will be discussed whether process parameters can be gained with the help of a simulation that is sufficiently accurate at least in the macroscopic scale.


In order to study the effects of the application of various amounts of nitrogen fertilizers and Pix 35% growth regulator on the morphological features of the Sahel cultivar of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and on the unginned cotton yield of this cultivar, an experiment was carried out in the factorial design in the randomized complete block format with three replications at the Bayekola Agronomical Research Station in 2009. The factors studied included the amounts of nitrogen fertilizers and of the cotton growth regulator Pix 35% used in the experiment. Results obtained showed that the minimum plant height was obtained in the control treatment (72.93 cm), and that plant height increased with nitrogen application and reached its maximum (77.59 cm) when 225 Kg.h of nitrogen was used. The analysis of the variance of the data indicated that the effects of applying various levels of Pix were very significantly different, so that the greatest plant height was observed in the Pix control treatment (90.94 cm), and it significantly decreased by Pix application and reached 65 cm when 300 g.h of Pix was applied (which was an almost 40% reduction). Furthermore, when nitrogen fertilizers were applied, the unginned cotton yield significantly went up, and this increase in yield continued up to the level of using 150 Kg. h nitrogen; however, when the level of nitrogen application reached 225 Kg.h, the yield started to go down. As a whole, the lowest yield was obtained when nitrogen was not applied (which was the control with a yield of 1469 Kg of unginned cotton per hectare), and the maximum yield (2825 Kg.h of unginned cotton per hectare) was achieved when 150 Kg of nitrogen per hectare was used _ i.e., the unginned cotton yield went up by 14% when 150 Kg of nitrogen per hectare was applied. In our study, it was observed that Pix did not have much influence on increasing yield: the minimum yield (2529 Kg of unginned cotton per hectare) was observed in the treatment of applying 100 g. h of Pix, and the maximum yield (2669 Kg of unginned cotton per hectare) by using 200 gh of Pix. Comparison of the interaction effects of the level of Pix and nitrogen application indicated that, among all the treatments, the maximum yield of unginned cotton (3010 K.h) was achieved when 150 Kg. h of nitrogen and 200 g.h Pix were applied. These results also showed that in the treatments of using 150 Kg nitrogen per hectare, and applying 150 Kg. nitrogen plus 300 g Pix per hectare also, high yield potentials (close to 3 tons per hectare) were created. The minimum yield of unginned cotton (2230 Kg.h) belonged to the treatment of using 200 grams of Pix per hectare.


Adopted in 1793, the Anti-Injunction Act (AIA) has come to symbolize the early republic's concern with protecting state court autonomy from an overbearing federal judiciary. Most modern observers encounter the AIA and its seemingly absolute prohibition of "writs of injunction" to stay state court proceedings as an absolute barrier to federal interposition. Whatever their view of the rise of judge-made exceptions to the AIA, all agree that the origins of the Act were, as the Supreme Court itself observed, "shrouded in obscurity." In an effort to peel back the obscuring shroud, we return to an eighteenth century world in which separate courts of law and equity exercised concurrent jurisdiction over the same dispute and courts of equity secured their role through the almost-routine issuance of injunctions to stay proceedings at law. An excellent example of such stay litigation, and the likely trigger of the AIA's adoption, unfolded in the North Carolina state and federal courts, as the Pennsylvania-based financier and founder Robert Morris attempted to stay the enforcement of an adverse state court judgment. Far from obscure, we find that the language of the AIA was likely drafted to address the specific problem of federal-state concurrency laid bare in Morris's case, Morris v. Allen. By limiting its restriction to "writs of injunction," the AIA barred original federal interposition but left the federal courts free to issue ancillary stays to protect federal jurisdiction and federal decrees. Reclaiming this lost distinction between original and ancillary injunctive relief calls for a fundamental reconsideration of the place of the 1793 Act in the legislative output of the early republic. Far from the absolute bar that it later became in the hands of twentieth century jurists such as Felix Frankfurter, the 1793 Act was drafted to provide a nuanced solution to a very real problem of federal-state judicial relations that the merger of law and equity has since obscured from view.


Melt and thaw of snow, ice, and soil are important processes for the hydrological cycle as well as for energy fluxes. Remote sensing from space allows the monitoring of vast uninhabitated regions like the Siberian Arctic. This study presents results from monitoring of snowmelt events during spring, the thaw of the active layer on different geomorphological units on tundra land surfaces, as well as lake-ice decay from high resolution TerraSAR-X and quad-pol RADARSAT-2 timeseries acquired over the central Lena Delta, Siberia. The main findings are that X-band data do not show a backscatter difference between frozen and thawed soils, whereas the C-band backscatter rises in the order of 3 dB. Polarimetric decompositions show the spatial extend of snowmelt events and help to distinguish between different geomorphological units. The high spatial resolution of the TerraSAR-X images is extremely helpful to distinguish between land surfaces and the frequent ponds in the investigation area.


Abstract This paper describes the factors that led the Orbis Cascade Alliance, a 37 institution academic library consortium in the Pacific Northwest, to move to a shared library management system. The steps that the Alliance and its 37 member libraries took over a period of years are summarized, including the work of several research and planning groups and a formal Request for Information process. A subsequent Request for Proposal (RFP) process ended in the selection of Ex Libris Alma management system and Primo discovery services for Alliance libraries. The paper also describes the Alliance's vision for the shared library management system, including collaborative technical services and cooperative collection development.


As global migrations increase, educators search for effective ways of meeting the learning needs of diverse student populations. I explore this challenge in a study conducted at the high school level where concerns about student diversity and subject matter intersect sharply. Using a case study approach to understand the dynamics of teachers' adaptations to changing student populations, I document adaptations made by Math and English teachers in a large Canadian city in the areas of curriculum, instruction, and assessment. I examine the goals, conceptions of subject matter, instructional practices, and views about student learning held by Math and English teachers; the teachers contrast as to whether they did or did not reconceptualize and change their practices when faced with new populations of students, specifically African refugee students. I also examine ways in which the teachers' school contexts, for example, their subject departments, facilitated or inhibited change in their teaching practices. I conclude that different patterns of goals, conceptions of subject matter, and beliefs about students characterize teachers who adapt and those who do not. In the light of these findings I urge teacher education programs to reconsider their exclusive focus on multicultural competence and take these patterns/elements into account in the preparation of teachers for working successfully with changing student populations.


Some methodologists have pointed to similarities between experimental method and case study research in terms of design, theory testing and development. However, little is known about how these debates inform qualitative research rationales. The use of a sequential dual case study provided an opportunity to examine these issues and their impact on the unfolding research process. The interplay of inductive and deductive approaches was evident throughout in decisions determining the nature of the research enquiry.


The razors-and-blades story offers a foundational understanding of a key area of economics and strategy: Invest in an installed base by selling the razor handles at low prices or even giving them away, then sell the razor blades at high prices to justify the prior investment. Large chunks of modern technological life - from VCRs and DVD players to video game systems like the Xbox and now ebook readers - seem to operate subject to the same dynamics of razors and blades.At least on the paper, the competitive dynamics of this situation are straightforward and well understood. If you actually give away the handle to create the installed base, you need to recapture those loses in the blade sales. And if you are selling blades above cost, you need to be able to tie the blades to your handle or you should expect entry in the blades business to compete on the base that you have installed.That is at least the theory. The actual facts of the dawn of the disposable razor blades market are quite confounding. Gillette's 1904 patents gave it the power to block entry into the installed base of handles that it would create. While other firms could and did enter the multi-blade market with their own handles and blades, no one could produce Gillette handles or blades during the life of the patents.From 1904-1921, Gillette could have played razors-and-blades - low-price or free handles and expensive blades - but it did not do so. Gillette set a high price for its handle - high as measured by the price of competing razors and the prices of other contemporaneous goods - and fought to maintain those high prices during the life of the patents. For whatever it is worth, the firm understood to have invented razors-and-blades as a business strategy did not play that strategy at the point that it was best situated to do so.It was at the point of the expiration of the 1904 patents that Gillette started to play something like razors-and-blades, though the actual facts are much more interesting than that. Before the expiration of the 1904 patents, the multi-blade market was segmented, with Gillette occupying the high end with razor sets listing at $5.00 and other brands such as Ever-Ready and Gem Junior occupying the low-end with sets listing at $1.00.Given Gillette's high handle prices, it had to fear entry in handles, but it had a solution to that entry: it dropped its handle prices to match those of its multi-blade competitors. And Gillette simultaneously introduced a new patented razor handle sold at its traditional high price point. Gillette was now selling a product line, with the old-style Gillette priced to compete at the low-end and the new Gillette occupying the high end. Gillette foreclosed low-end entry by doing it itself and yet it also offered an upgrade path with the new handle.But what of the blades? Gillette's pricing strategy for blades showed a remarkable stickiness, indeed, sticky doesn't begin to capture it. By 1909, the Gillette list price for a dozen blades was $1 and Gillette maintained that price until 1924, though there clearly was discounting off of list as Sears sold for around 80 cents during most of that time. In 1924, Gillette reduced the number of blades from 12 to 10 and maintained the $1.00 list price, so a real price jump if not a nominal one. That was Gillette's blade pricing strategy.It is hard to know what to say about that strategy. If Gillette had finally understood razors-and-blades they might have coupled their new low-end razor with higher blade prices and the two changes coincide roughly. But the other event, of course, was the expiration of the 1904 blade patents and eventual entry of Gillette blade competitors. That should have pushed blade prices down and made it difficult for Gillette to play razors-and-blades. Indeed, even with the drop from 12 to 10 blades, by 1930, Sears was selling genuine Gillette blades for the price it had been selling them prior to the packet reduction.And all of that gets us to the final irony. No razors-and-blades during the years of 1904 patents. With the expiration of the patents, Gillette no longer had a way to tie the blades to the handles and thus, at least on paper, seemed to have no good way to play razors-and-blades. Yet with sale of razor sets to the U.S. government during World War I and the jump in handle sales with the introduction of the low-price old-style handle, Gillette's installed based jumped rapidly and the profits followed.And that leaves a hole in the analysis. Gillette hadn't played razors-and-blades when it could have during the life of the 1904 patents and didn't seem well situated to do so after their expiration, but it was exactly at that point that Gillette played something like razors-and-blades and that was when it made the most money. Razors-and-blades seems to have worked at the point where the theory suggests that it shouldn't have. Why is that? Did Gillette succeed because of quality or were their powerful even-if-hard-to-discern-now locks - psychological or otherwise - between the razors and the blades?


The importance of responsibility, accountability, transparency and fairness are raising the issues of their effect on the performance of the firm and the managers as well. This is closely related to the agency problem because corporate governance mechanisms intend to induce managers to act according to the best interest of the shareholders, which is by maximizing the firm's value and ultimately reducing agency costs. This study is a contribution to other studies conducted to examine the impact of corporate governance mechanisms on firm's performance of the insurance industry in Bahrain, understand how to minimize the agency costs effectively and design the appropriate organizational structure. Also, to distinguish between good and bad corporate governance which is a crucial step in building the market's confidence and attracting positive investment flows to the institution and the economy. E-views program has been used to regress and the method the Pooled data. Five insurance companies listed in BSE have been selected as a sample for this study for the period of 2005-2010. Therefore, the total panel of observations is 30. The research concludes that there is no statistically significant impact of corporate governance expressed by CEO status, ownership concentration, the number of employees, industry performance, and number of shares traded on firm's performance in the insurance industry expressed by the dependent variable - return on equity (ROE). On the other hand board size, firm size, number of block-holders found to have statistically significant impact on firm's performance in the insurance industry expressed by the dependent variable - return on equity (ROE). This result, confirms the importance of good governance structure on the firm and the whole economy in the long run. The researcher suggests that every insurance firm should properly define corporate governance and its mechanisms and implement them effectively in order to reach the firm's long-term goals, build stakeholders' confidence and generate positive investment flows. The recent financial crisis has had enormous impacts on the economy, leading to major problems in insurance companies. Therefore, an insurance company should focus on good corporate governance that will build a stable foundation for recovering from this crisis. Regarding future line of research, efforts should be put at increasing the sample size, the corporate governance variables, and the time frame in order to have more accurate and reliable results. More importantly, the empirical literature indicates a sample selection bias in favor of very big firms. It is hereby suggested that attention should be devoted to the study of small- and medium-scale firms. This is because these firms account for at least 90% of the total number of firms in the world.


We describe new algorithms and tools for generating paintings, illustrations, and animation on a computer. These algorithms are designed to produce visually appealing and expressive images that look hand-painted or hand-drawn. In many contexts, painting and illustration have many advantages over photorealistic computer graphics, in aspects such as aesthetics, expression, and computational requirements. We explore three general strategies for non-photorealistic rendering:
First, we describe explicit procedures for placing brush strokes. We begin with a painterly image processing algorithm inspired by painting with real physical media. This method produces images with a much greater subjective impression of looking hand-made than do earlier methods. By adjusting algorithm parameters, a variety of styles can be generated, such as styles inspired by the Impressionists and the Expressionists. This method is then extended to processing video, as demonstrated by painterly animations and an interactive installation. We then present a new style of line art illustration for smooth 3D surfaces. This style is designed to clearly convey surface shape, even for surfaces without predefined material properties or hatching directions.
Next, we describe a new relaxation-based algorithm, in which we search for the painting that minimizes some energy function. In contrast to the first approach, we ideally only need to specify what we want, not how to directly compute it. The system allows as fine user control as desired: the user may interactively change the painting style, specify variations of style over an image, and/or add specific strokes to the painting.
Finally, we describe a new framework for processing images by example, called "image analogies." Given an example of a painting or drawing (e.g. scanned from a hand-painted source), we can process new images with some approximation to the style of the painting. In contrast to the first two approaches, this allows us to design styles without requiring an explicit technical definition of the style. The image analogies framework supports many other novel image processing operations.


While prisons in Africa are often considered the worst in the world many other prisons systems are worse off in terms of violence, overcrowding and a host of other problems. This is not to argue that African prisons are human rights friendly. Many are in a deficient condition and their practices are at odds with human rights standards. However, prisons in many parts of the world are in crisis. Never before have there been so many problems within penal systems and such large numbers of people in institutions of incarceration. This article examines the historical development of African prisons from colonial times and considers the legacy that colonialism has left in prisons on the continent. The article also examines a range of issues in prisons throughout Africa including pretrial detention, overcrowding, resources and governance, women and children in prison, and rehabilitation. A substantial amount of space is devoted to the reforms that are occurring across the continent, and recommendations are made with regard to what further reforms are necessary. The role of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights as well as the Special Rapporteur on Prisons and Conditions of Detention in Africa are also considered.


This is the LMF version of the Apertium bilingual dictionary for Esperanto and English languages. Bilingual LMF dictionaries were generated from Apertium bilingual dix files. For each Apertium bilingual correspondence, the corresponding source and target monolingual entries (LexicalEntry) were generated in addition to the bilingual correspondence (SenseAxis) element. Apertium is a free/open-source machine translation platform, initially aimed at related-language pairs but recently expanded to deal with more divergent language pairs (such as Esperanto-English). The platform provides: a language-independent machine translation engine; tools to manage the linguistic data necessary to build a machine translation system for a given language pair and linguistic data for a growing number of language pairs.


The paper presents some adaptive load balance techniques for the simulation of rarefied gas flows on parallel computers. It is shown that a static load balance is insufficient to obtain a scalable parallel efficiency. Hence, two adaptive techniques are investigated which are based on simple algorithms. Numerical results show that using heuristic techniques one can achieve a sufficiently high efficiency over a wide range of different hardware platforms.


This article describes conjectured combinatorial interpretations for the higher $q,t$-Catalan sequences introduced by Garsia and Haiman, which arise in the theory of symmetric functions and Macdonald polynomials. We define new combinatorial statistics generalizing those proposed by Haglund and Haiman for the original $q,t$-Catalan sequence. We prove explicit summation formulas, bijections, and recursions involving the new statistics. We show that specializations of the combinatorial sequences obtained by setting $t=1$ or $q=1$ or $t=1/q$ agree with the corresponding specializations of the Garsia-Haiman sequences. A third statistic occurs naturally in the combinatorial setting, leading to the introduction of $q,t,r$-Catalan sequences. Similar combinatorial results are proved for these trivariate sequences.


This essay reviews Steven Pinker, The Stuff of Thought (Penguin 2007), which offers insights from cognitive science just where it overlaps the most with law - how we use basic cognitive categories like intent, space, time, events and causation. The Stuff of Thought might offer insights into a broad range of issues in legal theory. Legal theory could make more use of such cognitive science concepts as chunking, recursion, and the primary qualities of an object. Other topics likewise resonate in thinking about the law: The book suggests that metaphor is an important cognitive tool, but less constraining than might be thought. Linguistic analysis of verb classes and polysemy suggests that words have surprisingly determinate meaning. Our apparent innate sense of causation (drawn from an analysis of language) sheds light on the legal treatment of causation. Lastly, The Stuff of Thought describes the role of indirect speech, whereby people convey information without revealing their state of mind - which often allows social interaction to proceed smoothly. Default rules in the law, we suggest, often play an analogous role. The essay then explores the cognitive aspects of stories (following literary theorists like Mark Turner who have linked cognitive science with narrative theory), suggesting a recursive definition of story, and another angle to the trolley problem. Looking at the cognitive role of stories permits a fuller view of legal reasoning, learning, and remembering. This fits well with recent scholarship, such as work on origin stories, and law and genre theory.


The intensification of Russian citizens' political activities after December 2011 has simplified the process of political parties' registration and led to the creation of the Opposition Coordination Council. The analysis of the Council's functioning proves that it doesn't carries out the real coordination of all the opposition forces' actions. This is because the Council consists of politicians whose views differ too much. The impossibility of working out a common opposition strategy requires the development of a unified political program of opposition politicians who have similar convictions. In these conditions the development of this program is needed for liberal politicians who mutually understand the necessity to build in Russia a democratic legal state, in which human rights would be observed. The article draws attention to some approximate structural elements of such a political program of the union of liberal parties. The author thoroughly analyzes two issues: federalism reform and education reform. The revival of Russian federalism is supposed to include at least three lists of arrangements: renewal of budgetary federalism, i.e. the increase of regional budget revenues collected in its territory; political reorganization of regional managerial human resources including the revival of the institute of election of all governors and the determination of their performance quality characteristics regulated by the civil society. Third, this is the reform of the existing distribution of matters of competence and powers between the center and regions according to the sectoral factor. In this sense, the experience of the federative state of Canada can be used. The distribution of powers between the center and regions there is carried out not according to the sectoral factor, like in Russia, but according to the types of activity having either central or regional importance. Education reform that is currently under way in Russia causes a series of negative consequences connected with the growth of educational process bureaucratization, reduction in financing for universities, their groundless enlargement, lack of objective criteria for evaluation of students' knowledge, and creation of the atmosphere of insecurity of the future. In this regard, the liberal concept involves the release of lecturers from paper work, election of state universities' rectors and rating system allowing taking into account the scientific and methodical contribution of each lecturer to the process of students' education, increase in financing for lecturers' salaries depending on their position in the higher educational institution's rating, and increase in financing for research activities.


This reproductive health review of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region provides an overview of the issues and establishes a base of knowledge upon which a strategy could be constructed. Despite achievements in the population and health sectors during the last decades, several reproductive health issues remain, while new challenges have emerged. Major reproductive health issues in the region include high maternal mortality, particularly in Yemen, Morocco, Egypt, and Iraq; high fertility and slowing fertility decline; early marriage and high teenage fertility; the increasing prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS; and female genital cutting in Egypt and Yemen. There is a correlation between reproductive health issues, a country's level of social development, and the size of gaps within a country; between men and women, urban and rural, rich and poor. Therefore, it is necessary to plan and implement programs targeted to specific issues and underprivileged groups; develop effective and sustainable health systems with high-quality services; raise awareness and change behaviors of both the public and policymakers; and empower women. Strong political commitment is essential to overcoming social and cultural constraints. Possible intervention components and possible roles of the World Bank are suggested.


formerly the Food Stamp Program) provides resources to help eligible low-income families obtain nutritious food. Very low food security— characterized by disrupted eating patterns and reduced intake—is more prevalent among households that recently left SNAP than among households still receiving assistance. A recent study by ERS researchers examined the economic conditions of households that had recently left SNAP to find out why households with unmet food needs leave the program. Data from households interviewed in 2 consecutive years of the 2002-07 Current Population Survey Food Security Supplements provided a longer term view of the food security situations of households after they left SNAP. Households that participated in SNAP sometime in the first year of a 2-year period, but not in the final 30 days of that year, were classified as "SNAP leavers." Two distinct groups of SNAP leavers were identified. The first group, about one-third of those that left in the first year, returned to SNAP in the second year. Shortly after leaving SNAP, these households had a higher prevalence of very low food security (20.2 percent) than continuing participants (11.8 percent). Even after returning to SNAP in the second year, they continued to have higher rates of very low food security (19.5 percent) than those that never left. The second group left SNAP in the first year and remained off the program throughout the second year. These households also had a higher prevalence of very low food security (13.9 percent) after recently leaving SNAP than those that remained on SNAP. However, by the end of the second year, very low food security among households that remained off SNAP throughout the second year declined (10.0 percent) and was somewhat less prevalent than among continuing recipients (11.7 percent). ERS researchers then investigated why households that were not fully food secure left SNAP and found that those that left had better employment and higher incomes than households that remained on SNAP. Most of the households that left SNAP apparently did so because they were no longer eligible for SNAP or were eligible for only relatively small benefits based on their income levels. Even though recent SNAP leavers were generally better off economically than continuing recipients, recent leavers were still more likely than continuing recipients to face very low food security in the first year after leaving SNAP. The findings suggest that the period of transitioning off the program can be a financially challenging time for some households despite their improved economic circumstances. More research is needed to understand what happens to households as they transition off the program.


The need for an "Energy Roadmap 2050" triggered a multitude of studies that were conducted between 2009 and 2011, which again contained a multitude of decarbonisation scenarios, which achieve the EU's long-term emission mitigation target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% until 2050 (relative to 1990 emissions). The variety of important analysis is difficult to compare and utilize for specific and timely policy decisions. Thus the Smart Energy for Europe Platform (SEFEP) has commissioned a comparative study of relevant energy scenario studies for Europe. The findings of this comparative study are summarized here briefly.


The primary focus of education is to instill knowledge in children in order to lead them to
a successful life. However, there are many children who struggle academically and many
teachers who feel helpless in knowing how to help children succeed. Traditional
interventions such as retention in grade or placement in special education have had
limited success. Empirical studies have shown that these children can be more successful
by offering earlier academic interventions for them, before they have begun to fail (First
Signs, 2004). Early interventions are a range of services that are offered to children,
particularly young children, who have been diagnosed with or are at-risk for a condition
that could affect their learning capabilities. In other words, early interventions are those
that attempt to provide children with assistance in learning before a problem develops.
One particular form of early intervention that has recently become popular is Response to
Intervention (RTI), which is the practice of offering evidence-based procedures within the general education curriculum to assist students with academic difficulties and monitor
their response to those procedures (Harris-Murri, King, & Rostenburg, 2006). Response
to Intervention is intended to reduce the overall number of referrals and placements
within special education (Brown-Chidsey & Steegeg, 2005); increase reading capacity for
children (Dunn, 2007); reduce minority overrepresentation in special education (Harry,
Klingner, Sturges, & Moore, 2002; Marston, Muyskens, Lau, & Canter, 2003); reduce the
number of children grade-retained each year (Jimerson, Pletcher, Graydon, Schnurr,
Nickerson, & Kundert, 2006); and improve overall academic instruction from teachers
(Brown-Chidsey & Steegeg, 2005). However, there is limited research on the actual
effects of utilizing RTI. In particular, there is significantly limited research demonstrating
how training in RTI impacts a teachers' self-efficacy regarding their teaching
effectiveness and how teachers perceive their ability to impact student academic progress
is imperative to successful academic interventions. According to Lane, Mahdavi, and
Borthwick-Duffy (2003) if teachers do not feel they have the knowledge and skills to
implement services, the service integrity will suffer. Therefore, this study looked at the
effects of Response to Intervention on reducing special education assessment referrals. Also, this study examined the impact of RTI training and implementation on teacher selfefficacy.
Finally, teacher perceptions regarding the RTI training provided to them was
examined. Unfortunately, the current study was not able to add to this literature base with
any significant findings.


The general policy in South African insolvency law is that assets must be recovered and included in the insolvent estate, and that this action must be to the advantage of the creditors of the insolvent estate. But there are several exceptions to this rule and an asset that is the subject of such an exception may be excluded from the insolvent estate. The Insolvency Act, however, does not expressly distinguish between excluded and exempt assets, thereby resulting in problem areas in the field of exemption law in insolvency in South Africa. It may be argued that the fundamental difference between excluded and exempt assets is that excluded assets should never form part of an insolvent estate and should be beyond the reach of the creditors of the insolvent estate, while exempt assets initially form part of the insolvent estate, but in certain circumstances may be exempted from the estate for the benefit of the insolvent debtor, thereby allowing the debtor to use such excluded or exempt assets to start afresh before or after rehabilitation. Modern society, socio-political developments and human rights requirements have necessitated a broadening of the classes of assets that should be excluded or exempted from insolvent estates. This article considers assets excluded from the insolvent estates of individual debtors by legislation other than the Insolvency Act. It must, however, be understood that these legislative provisions relate to insolvent estates and thus generally overlap in one way or another with some provisions of the Insolvency Act.


The technologically tethered, iPhone-addicted figure is an image we can easily conjure. Most of us complain that there aren't enough hours in the day and too many e-mails in our thumb-accessible inboxes. This widespread perception that life is faster than it used to be is now ingrained in our culture, and smartphones and the Internet are continually being blamed. But isn't the sole purpose of the smartphone to give us such quick access to people and information that we'll be free to do other things? Isn't technology supposed to make our lives easier? In Pressed for Time, Judy Wajcman explains why we immediately interpret our experiences with digital technology as inexorably accelerating everyday life. She argues that we are not mere hostages to communication devices, and the sense of always being rushed is the result of the priorities and parameters we ourselves set rather than the machines that help us set them. Indeed, being busy and having action-packed lives has become valorized by our productivity driven culture. Wajcman offers a bracing historical perspective, exploring the commodification of clock time, and how the speed of the industrial age became identified with progress. She also delves into the ways time-use differs for diverse groups in modern societies, showing how changes in work patterns, family arrangements, and parenting all affect time stress. Bringing together empirical research on time use and theoretical debates about dramatic digital developments, this accessible and engaging book will leave readers better versed in how to use technology to navigate life's fast lane.


UNLABELLED
BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM STATEMENT: The South African response to the Haitian earthquake consisted of two independent non-government organisations (NGOs) working separately with minimal contact. Both teams experienced problems during the deployment, mainly owing to not following the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) guidelines.

CRITICAL AREAS IDENTIFIED
To improve future South African disaster responses, three functional deployment categories were identified: urban search and rescue, triage and initial stabilisation, and definitive care. To best achieve this, four critical components need to be taken into account: rapid deployment, intelligence from the site, government facilitation, and working under the auspices of recognised organisations such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization.

CONCLUSION
The proposed way forward for South African medical teams responding to disasters is to be unified under a leading academic body, to have an up-to-date volunteer database, and for volunteers to be current with the international search and rescue course currently being developed by the Medical Working Group of INSARAG. An additional consideration is that South African rescue and relief personnel have a primary responsibility to the citizens of South Africa, then the Southern African Development Community region, then the rest of the African continent and finally further afield. The commitment of government, private and military health services as well as NGOs is paramount for a unified response.


This report draws both on literature review and an original collection of stories from biographical interviews of individuals in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, France, Italy, Poland and the UK.

The narrative accounts describe the wide variety of experiences with initial and further education. The analysis focuses on motivations for learning (or not) and the findings confirm that early negative experiences with schooling have a scarring effect inhibiting workers' willingness to re-engage in education later in life. Nevertheless, many low-educated adults command a variety of skills, which they have developed in the work context, while the interest of the low-educated in education and training may be rekindled by making learning instrumental to improvement in their work situation.


Political campaigns today are won or lost in the so-called ground war--the strategic deployment of teams of staffers, volunteers, and paid part-timers who work the phones and canvass block by block, house by house, voter by voter. Ground Wars provides an in-depth ethnographic portrait of two such campaigns, New Jersey Democrat Linda Stender's and that of Democratic Congressman Jim Himes of Connecticut, who both ran for Congress in 2008. Rasmus Kleis Nielsen examines how American political operatives use "personalized political communication" to engage with the electorate, and weighs the implications of ground war tactics for how we understand political campaigns and what it means to participate in them. He shows how ground wars are waged using resources well beyond those of a given candidate and their staff. These include allied interest groups and civic associations, party-provided technical infrastructures that utilize large databases with detailed individual-level information for targeting voters, and armies of dedicated volunteers and paid part-timers. Nielsen challenges the notion that political communication in America must be tightly scripted, controlled, and conducted by a select coterie of professionals. Yet he also quashes the romantic idea that canvassing is a purer form of grassroots politics. In today's political ground wars, Nielsen demonstrates, even the most ordinary-seeming volunteer knocking at your door is backed up by high-tech targeting technologies and party expertise. Ground Wars reveals how personalized political communication is profoundly influencing electoral outcomes and transforming American democracy.


Many complain that the words of the wise are always merely parables and of no use in daily life, which is the only life we have. When the sage says: "Go over,1' he does not mean that we should cross to some actual place, which we could do anyhow if the labor were worth it: he means some fabulous yonder, something unknown to us, something too that he cannot designate more precisely, and therefore cannot help us here in the very least. All these parables really set out to say merely that the incomprehensible is incomprehensible, and we know that already. But the cares we have to struggle with every day: that is a different matter. Concerning this a man once said: Why such reluctance? If you only followed the parables you yourselves would become parables and with that rid of all your daily cares. Another said: I bet that is also a parable. The first said: You have won.


Development is now a major global activity and the focus of the rapidly growing academic discipline of development studies. The Encyclopedia of International Development provides definitions and discussions of the key concepts, controversies and actors associated with international development for a readership of development workers, teachers and students. With 600 entries, ranging in length from shorter factual studies to more in-depth essays, a comprehensive system of cross references and a full index, it is the most definitive guide to international development yet published.Development is more than a simple increase in a country's wealth and living conditions. It also implies increasing people's choices and freedoms; it is change that is inclusive and empowering. Development theory and practice has important applications to questions of economic growth, trade, governance, education, health care, gender rights and environmental protection, and it involves issues such as international aid, peacekeeping, famine relief, and strategies against HIV/AIDS. The Encyclopedia treats these topics and many more, and provides critical analysis of important actors within development such as the United Nations and World Bank, non-governmental organizations and corporations.Contributors to this volume reflect the multidisciplinary and international nature of the subject. They come from social science disciplines such as economics, international studies, political science and anthropology, and from specialties such as medicine.This Encyclopedia provides crucial information for universities, students and professional organizations involved with international development, and those interested in related topics such as international studies or other studies of social and economic change today.