This Article begins with the canonical law-and-economics account of tort law as a regulatory tool, that is, as a means of giving regulated parties the optimal ex ante incentives to minimize the costs of accidents. Building on this regulatory picture of tort law, the Article asks the question how tort law should coordinate with already existing non-tort systems of regulation. Thus, for example, if a particular activity is already subject to extensive agency-based regulation, regulation that already addresses the negative externalities or other market failures associated with the activity, what regulatory role remains for tort law? Should tort law in such cases be displaced or preempted? The answer is: It depends. Sometimes, even in the presence of overlapping non-tort regulation, there is a regulatory role that tort law can play, sometimes not. If the non-tort regulatory standard is already "fully optimizing," in the sense that the regulatory standard (a) sets both an efficient floor and an efficient ceiling of conduct and (b) is fully enforced by the regulatory authority, then tort law arguably should be fully displaced in the sense that no tort remedy should be available for harms caused by such an activity. If, however, the regulatory standard is only "partially optimizing" (for example, it is only an efficient minimum or efficient floor or it is only partially enforced), then tort law continues to have an important regulatory role to play. This framework can be used to explain such tort doctrines as negligence per se and suggests circumstances in which there should be a corollary doctrine of non-negligence per se. It also helps to explain recent federal preemption cases involving overlapping tort and regulatory standards. Finally, the framework produces insights for how tort law might efficiently be adjusted to coordinate with overlapping social norms, which are also considered within the L&E tradition to be a form of regulation.


Researchers have long sought to understand what the brain does when we see an object, what two people have in common when they see the same object, and what a "seeing" machine would need to have in common with a human visual system. Recent neurobiological and computational advances in the study of vision have now brought us close to answering these and other questions about representation. In Representation and Recognition in Vision, Shimon Edelman bases a comprehensive approach to visual representation on the notion of correspondence between proximal (internal) and distal similarities in objects. This leads to a computationally feasible and formally veridical representation of distal objects that addresses the needs of shape categorization and can be used to derive models of perceived similarity. Edelman first discusses the representational needs of various visual recognition tasks, and surveys current theories of representation in this context. He then develops a theory of representation that is related to Shepard's notion of second-order isomorphism between representations and their targets. Edelman goes beyond Shepard by specifying the conditions under which the representations can be made formally veridical. Edelman assesses his theory's performance in identification and categorization of 3D shapes and examines it in light of psychological and neurobiological data concerning the object-processing stream in primate vision. He also discusses the connections between his theory and other efforts to understand representation in the brain.


The paper explores the relationship between customer dissatisfaction/satisfaction and complaining responses among bank customers in Ghana banking industry. The study was a cross-sectional survey that used a self-administered structured questionnaire to collect primary data from 448 customers from ten selected banks in Ghana. The findings are that, though dissatisfaction causes customer complaining, dissatisfaction was more prevalent among non-complainers than complainers. Again, frequency of complaining is more likely to increase overall satisfaction if managed effectively. The most likely to be used complaining responses are complaining in person and refraining from using the bank's services, while the least likely to be used complaining responses are complaining to the mass media and consumer associations. Moreover, public bank customers are more likely to complain by refraining from using the bank's services and warning family and friends than private bank customers do. There was significant correlation between complaining responses and frequency of complaining, and between complaining responses and overall satisfaction. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. In spite of its limitations, the paper contributes to the body of knowledge in the area of consumer complaining behaviour in banking industry in emerging economies.


Communication software and distributed applications for control and building performance simulation software must be reliable, efficient, flexible, and reusable. This paper reports on progress of a project, which aims to achieve better integrated building and systems control modeling in building performance simulation by run-time coupling of distributed computer programs. These requirements motivate the use of the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), which offers sufficient advantage than communication within simple abstraction. However, set up highly available applications with CORBA is hard. Neither control modeling software nor building performance environments have simple interface with CORBA objects. Therefore, this paper describes an architectural solution to distributed control and building performance software tools with CORBA objects. Then, it explains how much the developement of CORBA based distributed building control simulation applications is difficult. The paper finishes by giving some recommendations.


The primary goal of AutoCAD 2011 Tutorial - Second Level: 3D Modeling is to introduce the aspects of computer based three dimensional modeling. This text is intended to be used as a training guide for both students and professionals. The chapters in this book cover AutoCAD 2011 and proceed in a pedagogical fashion to guide you from constructing 3D wire frame models, 3D surface models, and 3D solid models to making multiview drawings and rendering images. The text takes a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the important 3D modeling techniques and concepts. This book contains a series of twelve tutorial style chapters designed to introduce CAD users to 3D modeling with AutoCAD 2011. Users upgrading from a previous release of the AutoCAD software will also find this text helpful. The basic premise of this book is that the more 3D designs you create using AutoCAD 2011 the better you learn the software. With this in mind each tutorial introduces a new set of commands and concepts, building on previous chapters. By going through this book readers will establish a good basis for exploring and growing in the exciting field of Computer Aided Engineering. Table of Contents 1. Getting Started 2. User Coordinate System (UCS) and the Z-axis 3. 3D Wireframe Modeling 4. UCS, Viewports and Wireframe Modeling 5. 3D Surface Modeling 6. Solid Modeling - Constructive Solid Geometry 7. Regions, Extrude and Solid Modeling 8. Multiview Drawings from 3D Models 9. Symmetrical Features in Designs 10. Advanced Modeling Tools and Techniques 11. Conceptual Design Tools and Techniques 12. Introduction to Photorealistic Renderings


Hellboy is one of the most celebrated comics series in recent years. The ultimate artists' artist and a great storyteller whose work is in turns haunting, hilarious, and spellbinding, Mike Mignola has won numerous awards in the comics industry and beyond. When strangeness threatens to engulf the world, a strange man will come to save it. Sent to investigate a mystery with supernatural overtones, Hellboy discovers the secrets of his own origins, and his link to the Nazi occultists who promised Hitler a final solution in the form of a demonic avatar.


"This research investigated the effects of static lower extremity posture on hip strength, and then examined their collective influence on knee and hip joint kinematics during a single leg squat in males and females. Thirty one healthy males and 31 healthy females, predominantly college students, between the ages of 18 and 35 participated in a single data collection session during which six lower extremity posture characteristics were measured, followed by measurement of hip abduction and extension strength and concluded with neuromuscular and kinematic analysis of the hip and knee during a single leg squat. Hip torque was normalized to body mass and electromyographic data were normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contractions. Five single leg squats were performed on the dominant stance limb to a depth of 60° of knee flexion. Path analysis, implemented by structural equation modeling, was used to examine whether greater lower extremity posture characteristics predicted decreased hip torque and whether greater lower extremity posture characteristics and decreased hip torque collectively predicted greater dynamic valgus knee motion (increased hip adduction and internal rotation, and knee external rotation and valgus). Separate multivariate analyses of variance determined whether females and males differed on measures of lower extremity posture, hip strength, and total hip and knee motion during the single leg squat. The findings were that greater hip anteversion predicted decreased hip abduction torque, and greater tibiofemoral angle predicted decreased hip extension torques. Direct relationships were noted between greater hip anteversion and genu recurvatum with greater knee external rotation, and between greater navicular drop and hip anteversion with greater hip internal rotation during the single leg squat. Furthermore, decreased hip abduction torque predicted greater knee external rotation while decreased hip extension torque predicted greater knee valgus during a single leg squat. Hence, it was concluded that greater lower extremity posture characteristics predicted decreased posterio-lateral hip strength, and collectively, greater lower extremity posture characteristics and decrease posterio-lateral hip strength predicted greater functional valgus collapse during the single leg squat."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.


nor in general were intended to be, major original contributions to the field. Almost all are of good, and many are of very high, quality. One of the best features of these articles, which appears to be shared by other articles in the Encyclopedia, is a uniform effort to take little for granted and to start at a sufficiently elementary level. In depth, comprehensiveness, pace, and resort to technical devices there is greater divergence, which may at times be unduly great. Each article under review, and apparently every other article as well, is followed by a bibliography. (For the long article on history of logic, a collective bibliography, arranged by topics, occurs at the end, pp. 568-571; there is no bibliography after each individual subarticle.) In general these are judicious, ample, and up-to-date. They should therefore prove to be of great value to the reader. It would be useful if cumulative supplements to these could be issued periodically. The problem of cross-referencing, which may be more difficult and less important, has been solved less satisfactorily. To take one example, Goodman's form of the problem of induction is discussed at some length in the articles Qualitative aspects of confirmation, Quantitative aspects of confirmation, Goodman, and Induction. Neither within these articles nor at their end is there any indication that the topic is also discussed in the others. In the Index all of these articles are listed, along with about fifty others, under Induction, but there is no reference to the article on induction under Confirmation. Occasionally there is more overlap between articles than would seem desirable. For example, the article on laws and theories and the article on laws of science and lawlike statements together cover almost all the ground of the article on problems of philosophy of science. Also the two long articles, Systems, formal, and models of formal systems and Logic, modern, both devote much effort to giving a detailed account of the proof theory and the semantics of firstorder logic. The article on foundations of mathematics includes, as it should, a thorough discussion of the foundations of number theory, and thus presents much of the content of the article on number. On the other hand, it seems quite appropriate to deal with Peirce, Frege, Russell, Hilbert, and Brouwer both in separate articles and in a subarticle within the general article on the history of logic. Consistency may then call for similar, rather uneconomical, treatment of Boole, Jevons, and Peano in two separate places. The kind of coverage given to logic and related areas can to some extent be gauged from the titles that head either this review or one of the reviews below. It may be useful to add that there are about 1,200 words per page of the Encyclopedia, and that altogether it contains nearly 1,500 articles, of which about 900 are on individual thinkers. Logic and related areas we believe have been given sufficient emphasis and coverage. We also applaud the editor's use, in apportioning the space at his disposal, of the principle that " the majority of readers would derive more benefit from a smaller number of long and integrated articles than from a multitude of shorter entries" (Introduction, p. x). Few of the shorter and only some of the longer articles will receive separate comments in the reviews below. Articles of logical interest not treated in the separate reviews are listed in the heading of the present review. And except to the extent indicated by comments an article is regarded as satisfactory—often as highly satisfactory—according to the criteria for encyclopedia articles given at the beginning of this review. Preponderance of criticism in the comments below is therefore not representative of our general appraisal of the Encyclopedia.


This book is about coding interview question of software and Internet companies. It covers five key factors which determine performance of candidates: (1) the basics of programming languages, data structures and algorithms, (2) approaches to writing code with high quality, (3) tips to solve difficult problems, (4) methods to optimize code, (5) soft skills required in interviews. The basics of languages, algorithms and data structures are discussed as well as questions that explore how to write robust solutions after breaking down problems into manageable pieces. It also includes examples to focus on modeling and creative problem solving. Interview questions from the most popular companies in the IT industry are taken as examples to illustrate the five factors above. Besides solutions, it contains detailed analysis, how interviewers evaluate solutions, as well as why they like or dislike them. Readers will improve their interview performance after reading this book. It will be beneficial for them even after they get offers, because its topics, such as approaches to analyzing difficult problems, writing robust code and optimizing, are all essential for high-performing coders. What youll learn Necessary knowledge for coding interviews, including programming languages, algorithms and data structures Tips to write complete and robust code Approaches to simplifying and solving difficult problems, with examples, figures and discussion Methods to optimizing memory and space efficiency Tips to demonstrate communication skills and learning skills during interviews Standards in interviewers minds to evaluate candidates performance Who this book is for Targeted audiences of this book include students who are interested in programming-related careers, as well as developers with less-than-three-year experience who are looking for more career opportunities. Table of Contents1. Interview Process 2. Programming Languages 3. Data Structures 4. Algorithms 5. High Quality Code 6. Approaches to Solutions 7. Optimization 8. Skills for Interviews 9. Interview Cases


Of the tens of thousands of books exploring virtually every aspect of the Civil War, surprisingly little has been said about what was in fact the determining factor in the outcome of the conflict: differences in Union and Southern strategy. In The Grand Design, Donald Stoker provides a comprehensive and often surprising account of strategy as it evolved between Fort Sumter and Appomattox. Reminding us that strategy is different from tactics (battlefield deployments) and operations (campaigns conducted in pursuit of a strategy), Stoker examines how Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis identified their political goals and worked with their generals to craft the military means to achieve them-or how they often failed to do so. Stoker shows that Davis, despite a West Point education and experience as Secretary of War, failed as a strategist by losing control of the political side of the war. His invasion of Kentucky was a turning point that shifted the loyalties and vast resources of the border states to the Union. Lincoln, in contrast, evolved a clear strategic vision, but he failed for years to make his generals implement it. At the level of generalship, Stoker notes that Robert E. Lee correctly determined the Union's center of gravity, but proved mistaken in his assessment of how to destroy it. Stoker also presents evidence that the Union could have won the war in 1862, had it followed the grand plan of the much-derided general, George B. McClellan. Historians have often argued that the North's advantages in population and industry ensured certain victory. In The Grand Design, Stoker reasserts the centrality of the overarching military ideas-the strategy-on each side, arguing convincingly that it was strategy that determined the war's outcome.


Ben Mezrich, author of the New York Times bestseller Bringing Down the House, returns with an astonishing story of Ivy League hedge-fund cowboys, high stakes, and the Asian underworld.Ugly Americans is the true story of John Malcolm, a hungry young Princeton grad who traveled halfway around the world in search of the American dream and ultimately pulled off a trade that could, quite simply, be described as the biggest deal in the history of the financial markets.After receiving a mysterious phone call promising him a shot at great fortune in an exotic land, Malcolm packed up his few belongings and took the chance of a lifetime. Without speaking a word of Japanese, with barely a penny in his pocket, Malcolm was thrown into the bizarre, adrenaline-fueled life of an expat trader. Surrounded by characters ripped right out of a Hollywood thriller, he quickly learned how to survive in a cutthroat world -- at the feet of the biggest players the markets have ever known.Malcolm was first an assistant trading huge positions for Nick Leeson, the twenty-six-year-old rogue trader who lost nearly two billion dollars and brought down Barings Bank -- the oldest in England. Then he was the right-hand man to an enigmatic and brilliant hedge-fund cowboy named Dean Carney, and grew into one of the biggest derivatives traders in all of Asia. Along the way, Malcolm fell in love with the daughter of a Yakuza gangster, built a vast fortune out of thin air, and came head-to-head with the violent Japanese mobsters who helped turn the Asian markets into the turbulent casino it is today.Malcolm and his twentysomething, Ivy League-schooled colleagues, with their warped sense of morality and proportion, created their own economic theory: Arbitrage with a Battle Axe. They rode the crashing waves of the Asian markets during the mid- to late 1990s, culminating in a single deal the likes of which had never been seen before -- or since.A real-life mixture of Liar's Poker and Wall Street, brimming with intense action, romance, underground sex, vivid locales, and exotic characters, Ugly Americans is the untold, true story that will rock the financial community and redefine an era.


Adoptive transfer of T cell receptor–engineered (TCR-engineered) T cells is a promising approach in cancer therapy but needs improvement for more effective treatment of solid tumors. While most clinical approaches have focused on CD8+ T cells, the importance of CD4+ T cells in mediating tumor regression has become apparent. Regarding shared (self) tumor antigens, it is unclear whether the human CD4+ T cell repertoire has been shaped by tolerance mechanisms and lacks highly functional TCRs suitable for therapy. Here, TCRs against the tumor-associated antigen NY-ESO-1 were isolated either from human CD4+ T cells or from mice that express a diverse human TCR repertoire with HLA-DRA/DRB1*0401 restriction and are NY-ESO-1 negative. NY-ESO-1–reactive TCRs from the mice showed superior recognition of tumor cells and higher functional activity compared with TCRs from humans. We identified a candidate TCR, TCR-3598_2, which was expressed in CD4+ T cells and caused tumor regression in combination with NY-ESO-1–redirected CD8+ T cells in a mouse model of adoptive T cell therapy. These data suggest that MHC II–restricted TCRs against NY-ESO-1 from a nontolerant nonhuman host are of optimal affinity and that the combined use of MHC I– and II–restricted TCRs against NY-ESO-1 can make adoptive T cell therapy more effective.


In this paper we describe a framework for defining and operationalizing conceptual models of distributed knowledge-based systems which extends published approaches by the notion of ,agents" and multiple task decompositions. The main part deals with techniques underlying our distributed interpreter. We show how a client-server-architecture can be implemented which allows prototyping distributed knowledge-based systems. Further we describe our mechanism which manages task interactions and supports dependency-directed backtracking efficiently.


An $H$-factor of a graph $G$ is a spanning subgraph of $G$ whose connected components are isomorphic to $H$. Given a properly edge-colored graph $G$, a rainbow $H$-subgraph of $G$ is an $H$-subgraph of $G$ whose edges have distinct colors. A rainbow $H$-factor is an $H$-factor whose components are rainbow $H$-subgraphs. The following result is proved. If $H$ is any fixed graph with $h$ vertices then every properly edge-colored graph with $hn$ vertices and minimum degree $(1-1/\chi(H))hn+o(n)$ has a rainbow $H$-factor.


"With high population density and limited land availability, Vietnam's Red River Delta is undergoing a major transformation as its economic base moves away from subsistence farming towards intensive, high-value food production for export and local urban markets, and nonfarm employment. This paper describes the changing livelihoods of the residents of two villages that represent two different pathways to local economic development. One village relies primarily on agricultural intensification and diversification, although in combination with nonfarm activities. These nonfarm activities are either supplementary (such as handicraft production and seasonal migration) or related to farming, such as provision of agricultural services, transport and trade of agricultural produce. To a large extent, it is this nonfarm income that allows investment in agriculture at the household level. Residents of the second village, although nominally still owning rice farms, have effectively moved out of agriculture and engage almost exclusively in handicraft production. Despite these major differences, there are also important similarities between the two villages. First, much of their recent economic development is linked to access to markets — including proximity to local urban centers and to Hanoi (where demand from urban consumers and from exporting enterprises has increased substantially), a vastly improved road and transport system, and an excellent communications infrastructure. Second, each village has developed forward and backward linkages with their main production sector. Last but not least, local authorities have played an important role in supporting local economic development, providing infrastructure, training for handicraft production, and inputs for farmers. The long-term sustainability of economic growth and poverty reduction in the Red River Delta will largely depend on strengthening rural-urban linkages. This includes adopting regulations on land use that allow farmers to better respond to growing urban demand for high-value produce; incorporate more explicitly the needs of the handicraft micro-enterprises in existing and future policies and plans for rural industrialization; recognize and support the role of seasonal migration in rural local economic development; and address the changing planning and natural resource management needs of these urbanizing villages." Authors' Abstract


Incorporating the concept of triangles in photos is an effective composition technique used by professional photographers for making pictures more interesting or dynamic. Information on the locations of the embedded triangles is valuable for comparing the composition of portrait photos which can be further leveraged by a retrieval system or used by the photographers. This paper presents a system to automatically detect embedded triangles in portrait photos. The problem is challenging because the triangles used in portraits are often not clearly defined by straight lines. The system first extracts a set of filtered line segments as candidate triangle sides and then utilizes a modified random sample consensus algorithm to fit triangles onto the set of line segments. We propose two metrics  Continuity Ratio and Total Ratio to evaluate the fitted triangles; those with high fitting scores are taken as detected triangles. Experimental results have demonstrated high accuracy in locating preeminent triangles in portraits without dependence on the camera or lens parameters. To demonstrate the benefits of our method to digital photography we have developed two novel applications that aim to help users compose high-quality photos. In the first application we develop a human position and pose recommendation system by retrieving and presenting compositionally similar photos taken by competent photographers. The second application is a novel sketch-based triangle retrieval system which searches for photos containing a specific triangular configuration. User studies have been conducted to validate the effectiveness of these approaches.


This joint report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), is the seventh in a series of studies on electricity generating costs. It presents the latest data available for a wide variety of fuels and technologies, including coal and gas (with and without carbon capture), nuclear, hydro, onshore and offshore wind, biomass, solar, wave and tidal as well as combined heat and power (CHP). It provides levelised costs of electricity (LCOE) per MWh for almost 200 plants, based on data covering 21 countries (including four major non-OECD countries), and several industrial companies and organisations. For the first time, the report contains an extensive sensitivity analysis of the impact of variations in key parameters such as discount rates, fuel prices and carbon costs on LCOE. Additional issues affecting power generation choices are also examined. The study shows that the cost competitiveness of electricity generating technologies depends on a number of factors which may vary nationally and regionally. Readers will find full details and analyses, supported by over 130 figures and tables, in this report which is expected to constitute a valuable tool for decision makers and researchers concerned with energy policies and climate change.


Social engineering denotes, within the realm of security, a type of attack against the human element during which the assailant induces the victim to release information or perform actions they should not. Our research on social engineering is divided into three areas: understanding, measuring and protecting. Understanding deals with finding out more about what social engineering is, and how it works. This is achieved through the study of previous work in information security as well as other relevant research areas. The measuring area is about trying to find methods and approaches that put numbers on an organization's vulnerability to social engineering attacks. Protecting covers the ways an organization can use to try to prevent attacks. A common approach is to educate the users on typical attacks, assailants, and their manipulative techniques. In many cases there are no preventive techniques, dealing with the human element of security, in place.The results show that social engineering is a technique with a high probability of success. Furthermore, defense strategies against it are complicated, and susceptibility to it is difficult to measure. Important contributions are a model describing social engineering attacks and defenses, referred to as the Cycle of Deception, together with a thorough discussion on why and how social engineering works. We also propose new ways of conducting social engineering penetration testing and outline a set of recommendations for protection. It is crucial to involve managers more, but also to train the users with practical exercises instead of theoretical education, for example, by combining measuring exercises and penetration testing with training. We also discuss the future threat of Automated Social Engineering, in which software with a simple form of artificial intelligence can be used to act as humans using social engineering techniques online, making it quite hard for Internet users to trust anyone they communicate with online.


This standard consists of a set of requirements and guidelines for file and directory placement under UNIX-like operating systems. The guidelines are intended to support interoperability of applications, system administration tools, development tools, and scripts as well as greater uniformity of documentation for these systems. All trademarks and copyrights are owned by their owners, unless specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this standard provided the copyright and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this standard under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the title page is labeled as modified including a reference to the original standard, provided that information on retrieving the original standard is included, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this standard into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the copyright holder.


Libretto of the three-act zarzuela "Estebanillo" by Ventura de la Vega. The plot is an adaptation of the ca. 1634 Spanish comedy, "Fortuna te de Dios, hijo" (May God give you good luck, son), by the playwright Tirso de Molina's. The zarzuela is also known by the title "Estebanillo Peralta." It was premiered in 1855 at the Teatro del Circo (built in 1834 and destroyed by fire in 1876).


Fire shapes biome distribution and community composition worldwide, and is extensively used as a management tool in flammable landscapes. There is growing concern, however, that fire could increase the vulnerability of native fauna to invasive predators. We developed a conceptual model of the ways in which fire could influence predator–prey dynamics. Using a before–after, control–impact experiment, we then investigated the short-term effects of a prescribed fire on 2 globally significant invasive mesopredators (red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and feral cat, Felis catus) and their native mammalian prey in a fire-prone forest of southeastern Australia. We deployed motion-sensing cameras to assess species occurrence, collected predator scats to quantify diet and prey choice, and measured vegetation cover before and after fire. We examined the effects of the fire at the scale of the burn block (1,190 ha), and compared burned forest to unburned refuges. Pre-fire, invasive predators and large native herbivores were more likely to occur at sites with an open understory, whereas the occurrence of most small-and medium-sized native mammals was positively associated with understory cover. Fire reduced understory cover by more than 80%, and resulted in a 5-fold increase in the occurrence of invasive predators. Concurrently, relative consumption of medium-sized native mammals by foxes doubled, and selection of long-nosed bandicoots (Perameles nasuta) and short-beaked echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) by foxes increased. Occurrence of bush rats (Rattus fuscipes) declined. It was unclear if fire also affected the occurrence of bandicoots or echidnas, as changes coincided with normal seasonal variations. Overall, prescribed fire promoted invasive predators, while disadvantaging their medium-sized native mammalian prey. Further replication and longer-term experiments are needed before these findings can be generalized. Nonetheless, such interactions could pose a serious threat to vulnerable species such as critical weight range mammals. Integrated invasive predator and fire management are recommended to improve biodiversity conservation in flammable ecosystems.


Web Service Patterns: Java Edition describes architectural patterns that can guide you through design patterns (service implementation and usage) and illustrates the different ways in which you can use web services. Author Paul Monday had two primary goals in writing this book: to show some interesting design patterns that are applicable to web services as well as the broader computing community and to give some hands-on experience using a web service environment. Monday achieves the first goal by presenting many original, and a few already available, design patterns. The patterns he chooses to discuss illustration the entire web service environmentfrom the patterns that make up web service implementation platforms to the patterns for building your own web services. Each pattern covered has a web service implementation section that builds a common application throughout the book. To fulfill the second goal of providing hands-on experience with web services, Monday chose a single web service environment, Apache Axis, and implemented each pattern using this environment. By the end of this book, you'll have deployed more than 15 working web service implementations that show the strengths and weaknesses of web services. Table of Contents Introducing Web Service Patterns Introducing the P.T. Monday Case Study Exploring the Service-Oriented Architecture Pattern Exploring the Architecture Adapter Pattern Introducing the Service Directory Pattern Exploring the Business Object Pattern Exploring the Business Object Collection Pattern Exploring the Business Process (Composition) Pattern Exploring the Asynchronous Business Process Pattern Exploring the Event Monitor Pattern Implementing the Observer Pattern Implementing the Publish/Subscribe Pattern Exploring the Physical Tiers Pattern Exploring the Faux Implementation Pattern Exploring the Service Factory Pattern Implementing the Data Transfer Object Pattern Exploring the Partial Population Pattern


The RHIC & ATLAS Computing Facility (RACF) at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory sits at the center of a global computing network. It connects more than 2,500 researchers around the world with the data generated by millions of particle collisions taking place each second at Brookhaven Lab's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC, a DOE Office of Science User Facility for nuclear physics research), and the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider in Europe. Watch this video to learn how the people and computing resources of the RACF serve these scientists to turn petabytes of raw data into physics discoveries.


This paper explores an agenda for consumer behaviour research as it relates to tribal consumerism. It is argued that while the international consumer behaviour research field is inspired by Indigenous knowledges, the quality of research will be relatively poor and unconvincing unless Indigenous researchers and voices make their way into those conversations. We argue for greater plurality through Indigenous participation in consumer behaviour research, and we challenge business schools to realise their accountability.


Assessment of mycoflora and mycotoxins associated with Tree Borne Oil Seeds (TBOS) namely Buchanania lanzan Spreng . (chironji) , Juglans regia Linn . (walnut) , Prunus armeniaca Linn. (apricot) and Shorea robusta Gaertn . (sal) indicates Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Penicillium citrinum as the most frequently occurring fungi. Significant variation in pattern of mycoflora incidence was observed in fresh & stored samples. Mycotoxin producing fungi were screened under laboratory conditions for their ability to produce mycotoxins. The percentage toxigenicity was higher in the isolates of A. flavus in comparison to other mycotoxigenic fungi. In B. lanzan, twenty six percent isolates of A. flavus were toxigenic and produced up to 26 µg/ml aflatoxin B 1 in the liquid media followed by J. regia (19 µg/ml), P.armeniaca (4µg/ml) and S. robusta 3.5 µg/ml). Stored samples exhibited high concentration of aflatoxin B1 when analysed for natural occurrence of mycotoxins. Level of aflatoxin B 1 recorded in P. armeniaca, S. robusta, J. regia and B. lanzan was up to 0.98 µg/g, 0.91 µg/g, 0.54 µg/g and 0.48 µg/g respectively. The level of other mycotoxins citrinin, ochratoxin and zearalenone were comparatively low. Analysis of oil extracted from fungal infected stored samples showed presence of aflatoxins in natural occurrence. Incidence of aflatoxin B 1 was higher in apricot oil (up to 0.32 µg/g), up to 0.28 µg/g in chironji and walnut oil whereas in sal butter up to 0.23 µg/g. TBOS under study exhibited significant reduction in the oil seeds under study exhibited oil content during fungal infection, however, reduction was more prominent in case of A. flavus in all cases.


Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc/23/2-1-2/25 The XXIII International Grassland Congress (Sustainable use of Grassland Resources for Forage Production, Biodiversity and Environmental Protection) took place in New Delhi, India from November 20 through November 24, 2015. Proceedings Editors: M. M. Roy, D. R. Malaviya, V. K. Yadav, Tejveer Singh, R. P. Sah, D. Vijay, and A. Radhakrishna Published by Range Management Society of India


Abstract : Despite existing measures to prevent and control arthropod-borne diseases in military units, these diseases continue to be serious threats to deployed troops. Due to a shrinking list of safe, cost-effective pesticides for control of disease vectors, new and improved toxicants and methods for delivery are needed by the armed forces, Since 2004, the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has participated in the Department of Defense (DOD) - sponsored Deployed War-Fighter Protection (DWFP) program to identify and develop new tools for combating pest and vector species that impact deployed war-fighters. Ongoing research at the USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE) laboratory involves the discovery, evaluation, development, and optimization of: (a) new pesticides effective against mosquitoes and flies; (b) new personal protection products effective in preventing mosquito and fly bites, and (c) new application and personal protection methodologies and strategies. Products of this research are designed to protect military troops from mosquito and fly borne diseases but will be also be available to International and US. Public Health agencies and Mosquito and Vector Control Districts to prevent disease transmission. Here we describe a brief summary of the DWFP mosquito control research conducted at the CMAVE.


KUKA Roboter GmbH concluded a frame contract to supply a total of 100 welding robots to the large Chinese welding equipment provider Huaheng Welding Equipment & Technical Co. Ltd., Kunshan, Jiangsu province. The contract comprised the supply of 60 KUKA robots in the first stage. An additional 40 KUKA robots are still to be delivered in 2010. Last year KUKA supplied this important Chinese systems provider with KUKA robots primarily for use in arc welding. All incoming orders received in the first quarter of 2010 by KUKA AG from the BRIC countries Brazil, Russia, India and China have more than doubled year-over-year. This positive development is attributable to a larger plant order from a German car manufacturer for China and strong growth in incoming orders from Brazil.


Summary Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is the condition of intermittent or permanent gonadal insufficiency that occurs in women before the age of 40. We describe three cases of POI referred to the outpatient endocrinology clinic of a university hospital. The three patients met diagnostic criteria for POI and were managed by specific approaches tailored to individualized goals. In the first case, the main concern was fertility and the reproductive prognosis. The second patient was a carrier of a common genetic cause of POI: premutation of the FMR1 gene. The third case was a patient diagnosed with a POI and established osteoporosis, a common complication of estrogen deprivation. This study reports the treatment and follow-up of these cases, with an emphasis on relevant aspects of individualized management, alongside a brief literature review. Learning points A diagnosis of POI should be considered in patients presenting with amenorrhea or irregular menses and high serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels before age 40 years. Patients with POI without an established cause, especially in familial cases, should be tested for FMR1 mutations. Estrogen/progestin replacement therapy is indicated since diagnosis until at least the estimated age of menopause, and is the cornerstone for maintaining the good health of breast and urogenital tract and for primary or secondary osteoporosis prevention in POI. Fertility should be managed through an individualized approach based on patient possibilities, such as egg or embryo donation and ovarian cryopreservation; pregnancy can occur spontaneously in a minority of cases. Women with POI should be carefully monitored for cardiovascular risk factors.


The public trust doctrine, derived from ancient property principles, is thought to mostly apply to navigable waters and related land resources. The doctrine supplies a mediating force to claims of both private ownership and unfettered government discretion over these resources, vesting the state with trust responsibility to ensure that the use of these resources promotes long-term sustainability. A related doctrine — sovereign ownership of wildlife — is also an ancient public property doctrine inherited from England. State ownership of wildlife has long defeated private ownership claims and enabled states to enact and implement wildlife conservation regulations. This paper claims that these two doctrines should be merged, and that state sovereign ownership of wildlife means that wildlife — like navigable waters — is held in trust for the public and must be managed for long-term sustainable use by future generations. Merging the doctrines would mean that state ownership would not only give states with the authority to manage their wildlife populations but also the duty to do so and would equip members of the public with standing to enforce the states' trust duties in court. This paper shows that the public trust in wildlife has already been employed in California and in several other states, and suggests that it deserves more widespread judicial recognition, particularly — as we demonstrate — in view of the fact that no fewer than forty-seven states use trust or trust-like language in describing state authority to manage wildlife. We include an appendix citing the sources of the wildlife trust in all forty-seven states for reference.


Background: Across Southeast Asia, declining malaria incidence poses a challenge for healthcare providers, in how best to manage the vast majority of patients with febrile illnesses who have a negative malaria test. In rural regions, where the majority of the population reside, empirical treatment guidelines derived from central urban hospitals are often of limited relevance. In these settings, relatively untrained health workers deliver care, often without any laboratory diagnostic support. In this paper, our aim was to model the impact on mortality from febrile illness of using point-of-care C-reactive protein testing to inform the decision to prescribe antibiotics and regional surveillance data to inform antibiotic selection, rooted in the real-world context of rural Savannakhet province, southern Laos.
Methods: Our model simulates 100 scenarios with varying quarterly incidence of six key pathogens known to be prevalent in rural Laos. In the simulations, community health workers either prescribe antibiotics in-line with current practice as documented in health facilities in rural Laos, or with the aid of the two interventions. We provide cost-effectiveness estimates for each strategy alone and then for an integrated approach using both interventions.
Results: We find that each strategy alone is predicted to be highly cost-effective, and that the combined approach is predicted to result in the biggest reduction in mortality (averting a predicted 510 deaths per year in rural Savannakhet, a 28% reduction compared to standard practice) and is highly cost-effective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of just $66 per disability-adjusted life year averted.
Conclusions: Substantial seasonal variation in the predicted optimal empirical antibiotic treatment for febrile illness highlights the benefits of up-to-date information on regional causes of fever. In this modelling analysis, an integrated system incorporating point-of-care host biomarker testing and regional surveillance data appears highly cost-effective, and may warrant piloting in a real-life setting.


Abstract. Examining archival materials from the mid-1880s, this article details practices of racializing surveillance carried out in the North-West. I focus on the reports from an undercover agent from the Department of Indian Affairs named Peter Ballendine. Contributing to literature on Foucauldian interpretations of race and racialization, Ballendine's correspondence reveals a campaign of covert surveillance and infiltration that imbued indigenous leaders with characteristics of dangerousness, abnormality, and deviance, translating indigenous demands for rights and dignity into threats to security of the budding Canadian settler state. Stressing that settler colonialism follows a structured logic of elimina- tion, I use the concept of settler governmentality to stress that the rationalities of colonial governance in the North-West approached indigeneity — especially expressions of counterconduct — as threats to the health, prosperity, and legit- imacy of settler society.


The objective of this work is t o shed light on electron transport through sub-micron semiconductor structures, where electronic state quantization, electron-electron interactions and electron-phonon interactions are important. We concentrate here on the most developed vertical quantum device, the double barrier resonant tunneling diode. In this work we analyze particle interactions in two structural limits: 1) large, and 2) small cross-sections, in which the treatments are fundamentally different. Large cross-section structures involve particle-interactions with many electrons and these effects can be described in the Keldysh formalism in a single-particle picture by effective potentials. We present model calculations treating the phonon-peak a,nd electrical bistability in this limit. Small cross-section structures involve only a few particles, whose interactions cannot be described by effective potentials, due to strong particle correlations. The single-particle picture breaks down and a full many-body description has t o be used. We present high bias calculations for electron transport through single quantum dots (artificial atoms) and an ana,lysis of the linear response conductance spectrum of two coupled quantum dots (artificial nnolecules). ... Purdue University 111 Gerhard Klimeck Purdue University Gerhard Klimeck


Goals based on absolute targets, risk, technology, or cost are found throughout the administrative state. "Historic baselines," points in the past used to ground a policy goal, are just as commonplace, yet remain unexamined. Whether in budgeting or tax, criminal sentencing or environmental protection, historic baselines direct a wide range of agency activities. Their ubiquity raises some important questions. What makes baselines more attractive than other approaches for implementing regulatory goals? Conversely, when are other stan ard-setting methods such as absolute targets or risk-based, technology-based, or cost-based standards more useful to policymakers than historic baselines? Unless one believes that policymakers choose between the alternative approaches randomly, or that it simply does not matter which they choose, each approach requires a clear theoretical understanding in order to make better choices and predict the comparative potential for success and failure. This Article is the first to examine historic baselines. Using examples from environmental and land use regulation, this Article examines the attributes, design issues, and strategic uses and abuses of historic baselines. Part I unpacks the structure and design of historic baselines, identifying four core attributes and examining the design issues particular to each to demonstrate the different forms historic baselines can take. Part II explores the attractiveness of historic baselines to policymakers and the conditions under which they may be preferable to using absolute standards or risk-based, technology-based, or cost-based standards. Part III explores the opportunities for rent-seeking in more detail, delving into the gaming possibilities created by historic baselines. Part IV then provides a practical context by examining the role of historic baselines in climate change policy. The demand for action will require policymakers to consider a wide array of regulatory goals for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, sequestering carbon from the atmosphere, and adapting to climate change impacts that cannot be avoided. The analysis in Parts I, II, and III speaks directly to this issue, explaining why historic baselines will prove effective in certain applications but decidedly problematic in others.


Let $G$ be a plane graph whose vertices are to be colored subject to constraints on some of the faces. There are 3 types of constraints: a $C$ indicates that the face must contain two vertices of a $C$ommon color, a $D$ that it must contain two vertices of a $D$ifferent color and a $B$ that $B$oth conditions must hold simultaneously. A coloring of the vertices of $G$ satisfying the facial constraints is a strict $k$-coloring if it uses exactly $k$ colors. The chromatic spectrum of $G$ is the set of all $k$ for which $G$ has a strict $k$-coloring. We show that a set of integers $S$ is the spectrum of some plane graph with face-constraints if and only if $S$ is an interval $\{s,s+1,\dots,t\}$ with $1\leq s\leq 4$, or $S=\{2,4,5,\dots,t\}$, i.e. there is a gap at 3.


Marie Duval was one of the most unusual, pioneering and boisterous cartoonists of the nineteenth century. This archive offers for scrutiny high resolution scans of as much of Duval's published work as possible, organised according to date and details of publication.

Marie Duval was one of the most unusual, pioneering and boisterous cartoonists of the nineteenth century. This archive offers for scrutiny high resolution scans of as much of Duval's published work as possible, organised according to date and details of publication.

The archive consists of newly commissioned high-resolution scans that can be zoomed. The scope of the Search, List and Browse functions offered by the site is outlined on the Search page, along with a Search rationale and rationales for the inclusion or exclusion from the archive of unsigned work and reprints.

The archive is a work in progress. A handful of known items are yet to be included and are listed with sources. However, all of Duval's work in Judy magazine (full name: Judy or the London serio-comic journal) is included, because this is where she was primarily employed, and where she made her reputation. This work numbers almost 950 items.

A great deal more remains to be done and many challenges face the Duval archivist, which lie beyond the aim of this archive. Foremost among these challenges is the current fragmentary nature of her biography and the chronology of her theatre career, and the absence of any known original drawings, probably due to the fast turn-around of print technology of the period and the contemporaneous categorisation of the papers for which she drew as ephemera.

As a groundbreaking female cartoonist depicting a long-overlooked urban, often working class milieu, the wide range and quantity of her work has been forgotten. The archive is part of an Arts and Humanties Research Council Early Career Award-funded project that also encompasses a forthcoming book on Duval's work and a touring exhibition.


Walter Benjamin is often viewed as a cultural critic who produced a vast array of brilliant and idiosyncratic pieces of writing with little more to unify them than the feeling that they all bear the stamp of his "unclassifiable" genius. Eli Friedlander argues that Walter Benjamin's corpus of writings must be recognized as a unique configuration of philosophy with an overarching coherence and a deep-seated commitment to engage the philosophical tradition. Friedlander finds in Benjamin's early works initial formulations of the different dimensions of his philosophical thinking. He leads through them to Benjamin's views on the dialectical image, the nature of language, the relation of beauty and truth, embodiment, dream and historical awakening, myth and history, as well as the afterlife and realization of meaning. Those notions are articulated both in themselves and in relation to central figures of the philosophical tradition. They are further viewed as leading to and coming together in The Arcades Project. Friedlander takes that incomplete work to be the central theater where these earlier philosophical preoccupations were to be played out. Benjamin envisaged in it the possibility of the highest order of thought taking the form of writing whose contents are the concrete time-bound particularities of human experience. Addressing the question of the possibility of such a presentation of philosophical truth provides the guiding thread for constellating the disparate moments of Benjamin's writings.


The current crisis in the mortgage securitization industry highlights significant failures in our models of how markets work and our political will, organizational capability, and ideological desire to intervene in markets. This paper shows that one of the main sources of failure has been the lack of a coherent understanding of how these markets came into existence, how tactics and strategies of the principal firms in these markets have evolved over time, and how we ended up with the economic collapse of the main firms. It seeks to provide some insight into these processes by compiling both historical and quantitative data on the emergence and spread of these tactics across the largest investment banks and their principal competitors from the mortgage origination industry. It ends by offering some policy proscriptions based on the analysis.


"Agriculture is the main source of livelihood of the majority of people affected by HIV and AIDS globally, and it is being progressively undermined by the disease. In Sub-Saharan Africa AIDS is affecting the rural landscape in ways that demand a rethinking of development policy and practice, and parts of South Asia may soon face a similar situation.... There is clearly tremendous scope for agricultural policy to become more HIV-responsive, both to further AIDS-related objectives and to help achieve agricultural objectives. Yet there are no magic bullets. Land-labor ratios and the relative degree of substitutability between household resources, among other factors, will determine the possible responses to HIV/AIDS. If policy becomes more HIV- responsive, it will stay relevant and effective. By mainstreaming HIV/AIDS into the policy process and carefully monitoring the results, policymakers will help build up evidence of what works in different contexts, enhance learning, and ultimately leave people better equipped to address the multiple threats of the pandemic." From text


The Middle East is a growing, lucrative marketplace that has recently captured the interest of the world for political as well as economic reasons due to the War in Iraq, which began in 2003. This exploratory study examines the relationship between retail small/medium enterprises (SMEs) that are family business owned, organizational commitment, and management and employee perceptions of customer service on a number of dimensions. The results suggest that managers and employees of family-owned businesses in the Middle East behave in ways similar to those in Western countries; however, there are differences, probably related to cultural characteristics. The Middle East is a richly diverse region, a myriad of unique cultures. As the market becomes more sophisticated, the importance of service quality increases. Global retailers can benefit from this study by better understanding the managers and employees in the region and the pivotal role of the family on business. Implications for practice are discussed.


This essay reports on the survey findings of a study examining the teaching and evaluation strategies used by teachers in the classroom. The study focussed on 304 French and English schools in Ontario representing both urban and rural Ontario school boards. The essay begins with a review of the literature and highlights key points noted by educational theorists and practitioners regarding the importance and challenges of literacy education. We then move to discuss our discursive framework with regards to employing cognitive and social constructivism as theoretical lenses. Survey responses are presented under the broader categories of teaching and pedagogical practice and evaluation of teaching strategies. In analyzing the survey results, we highlight the following as being effective in the promotion of critical literacy: a teacher's own knowledge; pedagogical skills and approaches; the level of school and off-school/local knowledge of students; the affirmation of the identity, culture and history of learners, as well as one's knowledge of the local community.


In a number of recent cases touching to varying degrees on national security, different courts of appeals have applied a strong presumption against recognition of a Bivens cause of action. In each of these cases, the courts' approach was based on the belief that the creation of a cause of action is a legislative function and that the courts would be usurping Congress's role if they recognized a Bivens action without legislative authorization. Thus, faced with a scenario where they believed that the remedial possibilities were either "Bivens or nothing," these courts of appeals chose nothing.The concerns that led these courts to decline to recognize a Bivens action, if truly implicated by these cases, would be reasons to bar the suits from the courts altogether. In contrast, as we explain in this essay, the Bivens question was at least initially understood as whether a federal cause of action should supplement existing state-law remedies. Thus, these recent lower-court decisions reveal a fundamental misapprehension about the intended relationship between Bivens and state law. So understood, and as courts have already recognized in other contexts, the very concerns relied upon in these recent national security cases would, if anything, have traditionally supported a federal remedial regime rather than one under state law. As the Supreme Court's recent decision in Minneci v. Pollard illustrates, the principal reason to disfavor recognition of Bivens remedies should be the availability of adequate remedies under state law, and not a desire to immunize the relevant officers from any liability whatsoever. Thus, unlike these recent cases, decisions not to recognize a Bivens remedy should leave the plaintiff free to pursue whatever recourse state law may provide.Although this view of Bivens was generally shared by both its supporters and detractors when it was decided, it has receded from view largely thanks to the Westfall Act, which most courts and commentators today read as preempting all state-law tort claims against federal officers acting within the scope of their employment. In our view, this conclusion reflects a surprising misreading of the Act, which specifically exempts from its preemption provision any claim "which is brought for a violation of the Constitution of the United States," presumably including nonfederal tort claims grounded on federal constitutional violations. Indeed, given that the legislative history of the Westfall Act suggests that Congress merely sought to preserve the status quo, it is odd to read the statute as dramatically altering the nature and consequences of the Bivens question.Nevertheless, if the Westfall Act does indeed have this effect, we conclude that it should therefore significantly strengthen the argument for recognizing Bivens claims, since the Act takes away the main alternative remedial scheme that previously existed. Indeed, an (incorrect) interpretation of the Westfall Act as preempting nonfederal remedies but not authorizing equivalent federal remedies may well raise significant constitutional questions -- questions that have thus far been dramatically underappreciated by the lower courts, but that must be taken seriously going forward. And if courts conclude that, in appropriate cases, the question really should be "Bivens or nothing," they must recognize that either answer requires judicial lawmaking -- and not just recognition of a federal cause of action.


Payne attempts to tackle a very difficult problem—an explanation of the relationships among the Enlightenment conception of the autonomous self, the evangelical Christian conception of self, the
experience of the individual's conversion to such a self, the language of the convert's autobiography, and the converted self's subsequently changed perception of its relation to its community. The primary evidence for Payne's investigation comes from American nineteenth century evangelical spiritual autobiographies,and his main claim is that the discourse in which these authors wrote descriptions of their conversion experiences did not merely "demonstrate a degree of correspondence between their experiences and a preordained morphology of conversion" (91) or "replicate the pietistic formula of despair, conviction, and conversion (86), but rather, these "texts of conversion (as opposed to texts about conversion) served to constitute self, experience, and community for early American evangelicals" (2). In other words, such descriptions of conversion could not and did not represent an experience of something existing prior to and independently of the discourse that claims to report it, but, as with any other experience of "fictional realities"(my words, not Payne's), the experience of conversion is an experience of an entanglement in signs whose only referents are other signs.


Abstract The EU project eGovPoliNet is engaged in research and development in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT) for governance and policy modelling. Numerous communities pursue similar goals in this field of IT-based, strategic decision making and simulation of social problem areas. Though, the existing research approaches and results so far are quite fragmented. The aim of eGovPoliNet is to overcome the fragmentation across disciplines and to establish an international, open dialogue by fostering the cooperation between research and practice. This dialogue will advance the discussion and development of various problem areas with the help of researchers from different disciplines, who share knowledge, expertise and best practice supporting policy analysis, modelling and governance. To support this dialogue, eGovPoliNet will provide a knowledge base, which's conceptual development is the subject of this thesis. The knowledge base is to be filled with content from the area of ICT for strategic decision making and social simulation, such as publications, ICT solutions and project descriptions. This content needs to be structured, organised and managed in a way, so that it generates added value and the knowledge base is used as source of accumulated knowledge, which consolidates the previously fragmented research and development results in a central location.
The aim of this thesis is the development of a concept for a knowledge base, which provides the structure and the necessary functionalities to gather and process knowledge concerning ICT solutions for governance and policy modelling. This knowledge needs to be made available to users and thereby motivate them to contribute to the development and maintenance of the knowledge base.


Uniform Material Law (UML) is a handy and user-friendly method since only the tensile strength data of the material is needed for estimation of the strain-life curve, in contrast to other methods, such as four-point correlation method, universal slopes method, Mitchell's method, modified universal slopes method, which also require the data of the reduction in area or the fracture ductility of the material. On the other hand, the error level of UML estimations can be still decreased by refining the method. The objective of this thesis is putting forward a more refined method by extending conventional UML. Furthermore, a life prediction computation is carried out with the proposed extended UML and the results are compared to that of the conventional method. The results have proven that the maximum error is dropped down to 0.59% from 38% with the proposed extended UML method.


Executive Summary:

A number of studies have shown that mobile, bottom-contact fishing gear (such as otter trawls) can alter seafloor habitats and associated biota. Considerably less is known about the recovery of these resources following such disturbances, though this information is critical for successful management. In part, this paucity of information can be attributed to the lack of access to adequate control sites – areas of the seafloor that are closed to fishing activity. Recent closures along the coast of central California provide an excellent opportunity to track the recovery of historically trawled areas and to compare recovery rates to adjacent areas that continue to be
trawled. In June 2006 we initiated a multi-year study of the recovery of seafloor microhabitats and associated benthic fauna inside and outside two new Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) closures within the Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuaries. Study sites
inside the EFH closure at Cordell Bank were located in historically active areas of fishing effort, which had not been trawled since 2003. Sites outside the EFH closure in the Gulf of Farallones were located in an area that continues to be actively trawled. All sites were located in
unconsolidated sands at equivalent water depths. Video and still photographic data collected via a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) were used to quantify the abundance, richness, and diversity of microhabitats and epifaunal macro-invertebrates at recovering and actively trawled sites, while bottom grabs and conductivity/temperature/depth (CTD) casts were used to quantify infaunal diversity and to characterize local environmental conditions.

Analysis of still photos found differences in common seafloor microhabitats between the recovering and actively trawled areas, while analysis of videographic data indicated that biogenic mound and biogenic depression microhabitats were significantly less abundant at trawled sites. Each of these features provides structure with which demersal fishes, across a wide range of size classes, have been observed to associate. Epifaunal macro-invertebrates were sparsely distributed and occurred in low numbers in both treatments. However, their total abundance was
significantly different between treatments, which was attributable to lower densities at trawled sites. In addition, the dominant taxa were different between the two sites. Patchily-distributed buried brittle stars dominated the recovering site, and sea whips (Halipteris cf. willemoesi) were most numerous at the trawled site though they occurred in only five of ten transects. Numerical
classification (cluster analysis) of the infaunal samples also revealed a clear difference between benthic assemblages in the recovering vs. trawled areas due to differences in the relative abundances of component species. There were no major differences in infaunal species richness, H′ diversity, or J′ evenness between recovering vs. trawled site groups. However, total infaunal
abundance showed a significant difference attributable to much lower densities at trawled sites. This pattern was driven largely by the small oweniid polychaete Myriochele gracilis, which was the most abundant species in the overall study region though significantly less abundant at
trawled sites. Other taxa that were significantly less abundant at trawled sites included the polychaete M. olgae and the polychaete family Terebellidae. In contrast, the thyasirid bivalve Axinopsida serricata and the polychaetes Spiophanes spp. (mostly S. duplex), Prionospio spp.,
and Scoloplos armiger all had significantly to near significantly higher abundances at trawled sites. As a result of such contrasting species patterns, there also was a significant difference in the overall dominance structure of infaunal assemblages between the two treatments.

It is suggested that the observed biological patterns were the result of trawling impacts and varying levels of recovery due to the difference in trawling status between the two areas. The EFH closure was established in June 2006, within a month of when sampling was conducted for
the present study, however, the stations within this closure area are at sites that actually have experienced little trawling since 2003, based on National Marine Fishery Service trawl records. Thus, the three-year period would be sufficient time for some post-trawling changes to have occurred. Other results from this study (e.g., similarly moderate numbers of infaunal species in both areas that are lower than values recorded elsewhere in comparable habitats along the California continental shelf) also indicate that recovery within the closure area is not yet complete. Additional sampling is needed to evaluate subsequent recovery trends and persistence of effects. Furthermore, to date, the study has been limited to unconsolidated substrates. Ultimately, the goal of this project is to characterize the recovery trajectories of a wide spectrum of seafloor habitats and communities and to link that recovery to the dynamics of exploited marine fishes. (PDF has 48 pages.)


With few exceptions most internal combustion engines use a slider crank mechanism to convert reciprocating piston motion into a usable rotational output. One such exception is the stiller-smith mechanism which utilizes a kinematic inversion of a scotch yoke called an elliptic trammel. The device uses rigid connecting rods and a floating/ eccentric gear train for motion conversion and force transmission. The mechanism exhibits advantages over the slider crank for application in internal combustion engines in areas such as balancing, size, thermal efficiency, and low heat rejection. An overview of potential advantages of an engine utilizing the stiller-smith mechanism is presented (a).


In the usual models of cooperative game theory, the outcome of a coalition formation process is either the grand coalition or a coalition structure that consists of disjoint coalitions. However, in many domains where coalitions are associated with tasks, an agent may be involved in executing more than one task, and thus may distribute his resources among several coalitions. To tackle such scenarios, we introduce a model for cooperative games with overlapping coalitions-or overlapping coalition formation (OCF) games. We then explore the issue of stability in this setting. In particular, we introduce a notion of the core, which generalizes the corresponding notion in the traditional (non-overlapping) scenario. Then, under some quite general conditions, we characterize the elements of the core, and show that any element of the core maximizes the social welfare. We also introduce a concept of balancedness for overlapping coalitional games, and use it to characterize coalition structures that can be extended to elements of the core. Finally, we generalize the notion of convexity to our setting, and show that under some natural assumptions convex games have a non-empty core. Moreover, we introduce two alternative notions of stability in OCF that allow a wider range of deviations, and explore the relationships among the corresponding definitions of the core, as well as the classic (non-overlapping) core and the Aubin core. We illustrate the general properties of the three cores, and also study them from a computational perspective, thus obtaining additional insights into their fundamental structure.


This volume brings together multidisciplinary perspectives on poor people's mobility, a dynamic approach that hopefully will add to the reader's understanding of how and why people move into and out of poverty. The chapters draw on the latest longitudinal micro data to present a moving picture of poverty that is rather different from what one can see in single snapshots, the staple of traditional poverty analysis. The book is also important because the contributors' distinct disciplinary perspectives demonstrate clearly why it is critical to draw on diverse information to improve the reader's understanding about how to reduce poverty. The economic findings reinforce what has been known for some time: fast economic growth underpins poverty reduction, but the speed of declines in poverty is greatly affected by social and political factors. The economic panels also show that the people mired in chronic poverty around the world are actually fewer in number than the people moving in and out of poverty. Static studies do not capture this dynamic quality of poverty and vulnerability. Of particular interest are the chapters clarifying interactions between the local social, political, and economic factors that underlie persistent poverty, vulnerability, and inequality. They point to the need to draw from different disciplines as we turn to the task of reaching the bottom poor trapped in poverty and those churning in and out of poverty.


In 2000, Congress passed, and President Clinton signed, the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), designed to provide protection from discrimination for the exercise of religion for incarcerated individuals and for those in need of various municipal permits or approvals in order to exercise their religion. With seven years of experience in the courts, this article examines the impact of RLUIPA on local governments across the country through an analysis of how the courts have been interpreting and applying statutory ambiguities and creating inconsistent doctrine in an effort to define terms and implement RLUIPA's protections. Whether an appropriate Solomon-like balance can be developed under the Act to clearly recognize compelling governmental interests in protecting the public health, safety and welfare through land use planning and various land use and local environmental controls remains elusive at this point in time and may depend upon the wisdom of the individual federal courts. Section II of this article explores the uncomfortable relationship of government with religion, and the manner in which this relationship has affected the genesis of the constitutional interpretations of the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. What constitutes the establishment of religion and whether RLUIPA aids government in the establishment of religion is beyond the scope of this article and will not be discussed in detail. Section II also examines the precursor to RLUIPA, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (FRFA), enacted by Congress in 1993 and ruled unconstitutional in 1997. Understanding Congressional motivation for the enactment of RFRA, as well as its constitutional deficiencies, sets the backdrop for the last part of the section, which discusses the Congressional development and enactment of RLUIPA, including why Congress chose land use as a primary focus of religious freedom. Section III briefly reviews the arguments surrounding the constitutionality of RLUIPA, and while not attempting to fully analyze this issue, the discussion is provided since some believe that the statute's constitutionality as it relates to the land use provisions may be vulnerable to further constitutional attack. Section IV discusses the operative provisions of RLUIPA, including both the substantial burden rule and the Act's nondiscrimination provisions. It explores how the courts have interpreted RLUIPA and its ambiguous terms, and discusses how various cases have been decided. Attorney's fees are also touched on.Section V argues why RLUIPA, as drafted, may not necessarily bode well for local governments and their historical use of the police powers to guide community planning and community development. The article concludes with some final comments concerning the propriety of and need for RLUIPA.


For the past thirty-five years, John Gottman's research has been internationally recognized for its unprecedented ability to precisely measure interactive processes in couples and to predict the long-term success or failure of relationships. In this groundbreaking book, he presents a new approach to understanding and changing couples: a fundamental social skill called "emotional attunement," which describes a couple's ability to fully process and move on from negative emotional events, ultimately creating a stronger relationship. Gottman draws from this longitudinal research and theory to show how emotional attunement can downregulate negative affect, help couples focus on positive traits and memories, and even help prevent domestic violence. He offers a detailed intervention devised to cultivate attunement, thereby helping couples connect, respect, and show affection. Emotional attunement is extended to tackle the subjects of flooding, the story we tell ourselves about our relationship, conflict, personality, changing relationships, and gender. Gottman also explains how to create emotional attunement when it is missing, to lay a foundation that will carry the relationship through difficult times. Gottman encourages couples to cultivate attunement through awareness, tolerance, understanding, non-defensive listening, and empathy. These qualities, he argues, inspire confidence in couples, and the sense that despite the inevitable struggles, the relationship is enduring and resilient. This book, an essential follow-up to his 1999 The Marriage Clinic, offers therapists, students, and researchers detailed intervention for working with couples, and offers couples a roadmap to a stronger future together.


Abstract The fiscal and financial reforms carried out in Mexico in 2000 have encouraged a widespread presence of rating agencies and have allowed several States and Municipalities to raise funds through bond offerings in the capital market. Any local government in Mexico intending to access credit and capital markets must count with at least one credit rating from one of the three main agencies: FitchRatings, Moody's and Standard & Poor's. This paper investigates the impact of rating changes to State and Municipal governments on bond returns in Mexico. By employing a Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) structure for the mean equation that allows conditional volatility, we find strong support for the Information Content Signaling Hypothesis (ICSH), i.e., rating upgrades (downgrades) are followed by greater (lower) bond returns. We also find some support for the Wealth Redistribution Hypothesis (WRH) indicating that rating upgrades (downgrades) are followed by lower (greater) bond returns. In addition to this, we find high volatility persistence, significant asymmetric responses of volatility to bad and good news, a negative association between market volatility and the level of bond returns and significant effects of volatility in response to rating changes. Finally, the estimations show the market anticipates and responds to rating changes within five-day momentum windows. There is a comparatively stronger reaction of returns on the event day favoring the hypothesis of market inefficiency.


3D integration of solid-state memories and logic, as demonstrated by the Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC), offers major opportunities for revisiting near-memory computation and gives new hope to mitigate the power and performance losses caused by the "memory wall". In this paper we present the first exploration steps towards design of the Smart Memory Cube (SMC), a new Processor-in-Memory (PIM) architecture that enhances the capabilities of the logic-base (LoB) in HMC. An accurate simulation environment has been developed, along with a full featured software stack. All offloading and dynamic overheads caused by the operating system, cache coherence, and memory management are considered, as well. Benchmarking results demonstrate up to 2X performance improvement in comparison with the host SoC, and around 1.5X against a similar host-side accelerator. Moreover, by scaling down the voltage and frequency of PIM's processor it is possible to reduce energy by around 70% and 55% in comparison with the host and the accelerator, respectively.


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A survey of the risk management literature shows that few studies have attempted to take into account financial crisis in market risk measurement, in particular when using a Value-at Risk (VaR) analysis. In this paper, we use models to investigate the effects of subprime crisis on the Value-at-Risk estimation. In this framework, we investigate GARCH family models such as, GARCH, IGARCH, and GJR-GARCH. Each is adjusted based on three residuals distributions; normal, Student and Skewed Student-t. Using American stock market data, we show that dynamic volatility is different between the stability and during crisis periods. The estimation results indicate that the amount of VaR is different during these two time periods. This finding could be explained by the volatility clustering effect. The empirical results show also that GJR-GARCH model performs better in both sub-sample periods, in comparison with GARCH and IGARCH models. Moreover, we conclude that Student-t and Skewed Student-t distributions are preferred in the stable period while the normal distribution is recommended during the turbulent period.


Research has suggested that elderly people who live with someone have better dietary adequacy, thus illustrating the important role of social interaction. This study evaluated the differences in dietary adequacy between independent and non-independent elderly (age 65 and older). Data were obtained from the National Food Consumption Survey (1987-1988) in which a National sample of individuals completed a three-day food consumption survey. Those who lived alone were classified as independent (n=316) and those who lived with someone were classified as non-independent (n=740) were included in the analysis. An analysis of covariance indicated that independent elderly had significantly lower intakes of calories, total fat, and cholesterol. Independent elderly had a higher intake of vitamins A, E, B6, ascorbic acid, and folacin. Independent elderly had a significantly lower intake of calcium, phosphorus, iron, and magnesium than their non-independent elderly counter parts (p<.005). Overall, this study did not find sufficient evidence that non-independent elderly had better nutritional intake than independent elderly as suggested by earlier studies. These findings may suggest that there is little difference between elderly who live alone compared to elderly that live with someone in terms of overall nutritional adequacy.


This Article explores the intersection of an important, unresolved corporate law issue and an overlooked professional responsibility issue persistently arising in the corporate milieu. The corporate law question currently unaddressed in Delaware law is whether the fiduciary duties of corporate officers, as agents, are the same as, or different from, the fiduciary duties of corporate directors. A related question is whether, in reviewing officer conduct, courts will apply the business judgment rule in the same broad (and protective) manner in which it is applied to assessing director behavior. The professional responsibility issue concerns whether, and how well, lawyers are advising corporate officers about their fiduciary duties. In recent years, much attention has been given to the professional obligations of a corporate lawyer upon learning, ex post, of corporate wrongdoing, including director and officer breaches of fiduciary duty. Virtually no attention has been paid to whether, ex ante, lawyers are adequately helping to prevent such misconduct by fully and properly advising corporate officers as to the scope and thrust of their fiduciary duties. Fiduciary duties, as an element for shaping officer conduct to promote healthy corporate governance, are of little preventive value if not properly transmitted to officers, given that officers are unlikely on their own to understand those duties. As is the case with directors, lawyers are the obvious means by which such communications to officers would be expected to occur. How well are they fulfilling this vital role? We obtained information on this subject in two ways. First, as a pilot project we sent a survey questionnaire to corporate lawyers serving primarily as outside legal counsel in major U.S. metropolitan areas. We intend to later survey in-house counsel by means of a separate questionnaire. Second, we examined the websites of fifteen major law firms to learn what they say about themselves on the topic of advising corporate officers as to fiduciary duties. Overall, the results from our initial survey and website research suggest that many lawyers do not provide full-bodied fiduciary duty advice to officers in their capacity as officers at all, much less advising them as to the possibility that their duties might be stricter than those of directors or cautioning that the business judgment rule may not apply to officer conduct in the same way it applies to directors. The paper also offers several reasons why lawyers should advise corporate officers as to their fiduciary duties. Doing so serves to highlight the key governance role played by officers, thereby partially re-directing corporate law's customary and inappropriately exclusive focus on directors. The paper closes by describing a proposed procedure for assuring directors that legal counsel is regularly providing fiduciary duty advice to senior officers.


Streptococcus agalactiae is the leading cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in neonates and is also the causative agent of several serious infections in immunocompromised adults. S. agalactiae encounters multiple niches during an infection, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms control the expression of specific virulence factors in this bacterium. The present study describes the functional characterization of a gene from S. agalactiae, designated rga, which encodes a protein with significant similarity to members of the RofA-like protein (RALP) family of transcriptional regulators. After deletion of the rga gene in the genome of S. agalactiae, the mutant strain exhibited significantly reduced expression of the genes srr-1 and pilA, which encode a serine-rich repeat surface glycoprotein and a pilus protein, respectively, and moderately increased expression of the fbsA gene, which encodes a fibrinogen-binding protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated specific DNA binding of purified Rga to the promoter regions of pilA and fbsA, suggesting that Rga directly controls pilA and fbsA. Adherence assays revealed significantly reduced binding of the Δrga mutant to epithelial HEp-2 cells and to immobilized human keratin 4, respectively. In contrast, the adherence of the Δrga mutant to A549 cells and its binding to human fibrinogen was significantly increased. Immunoblot and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the quantity of pilus structures was significantly reduced in the Δrga mutant compared with the parental strain. The wild-type phenotype could be restored by plasmid-mediated expression of rga, demonstrating that the mutant phenotypes resulted from a loss of Rga function.


The purpose of this study was to identify the needs and challenges for physical educators who teach Limited English Proficient (LEP) students in the state of North Carolina, and to begin to develop a teaching model to address those needs and challenges in physical education classes. Research is lacking and this study was a first attempt to gather North Carolina information to study and assist teachers with LEP students in physical education in the future. The design used to address these goals was twofold. The first part involved a statewide online survey of physical education teachers through the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction list serve networks. The statewide online survey included the Needs Assessment for LEP Students in Physical Education (NALEPSPE) and Multicultural Awareness-Knowledge- Skill Survey for Teachers (MAKSS-T). The second part of the methodology involved the purposive selection of 22 physical education teachers to take part in a half-day workshop. Paired t-tests were used to compare pre-post scores of the workshop group or each of the three areas of the MAKSS--awareness, knowledge and skills. Workshop participants increased in their multicultural awareness, skills, and knowledge through the workshop. Teachers in both statewide and workshop groups suggested several multicultural educational programs and resources for PE teachers. While these findings cannot be generalized, the study provides information on essential needs and challenges for teaching LEP students, a starting point to develop a best practices model for teaching LEP students in physical education, and suggests need and directions for further study on this issue in North Carolina.


Through a critical review of administrative documentation, censuses, historiographies and ethnographic monographs, the general objective of this article is to investigate and to analyze comparatively the epistemologicals and juridical administrative conditions and parameters through which the interculturality has been recognized and conceptualized at national / provincial level according to critical historicals moments: the one that marked the process of modernization of the "Nation", where Mendoza`s identity and historical production, they were defined by opposition and exclusion from local indigenous tradition cultural; and the one that was marked by 1994 constitutional reformation, in which cultural filiation is annexed to the systems of social classification and of gobernability. We aim to make categories, interests and knowledge that guide the intercultural policies explicit, recovering them as constitutive components of a historical process.


Hollow gold nanospheres equipped with a targeting peptide find melanoma cells, penetrate them deeply, and then cook the tumor when bathed with near-infrared light, a research team led by scientists at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center reported in the Feb. 1, 2009 issue of Clinical Cancer Research. "Active targeting of nanoparticles to tumors is the holy grail of therapeutic nanotechnology for cancer. We're getting closer to that goal," said senior author Chun Li, Ph.D., professor in M. D. Anderson's Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging. When heated with lasers, the actively targeted hollow gold nanospheres did eight times more damage to melanoma tumors in mice than did the same nanospheres that gathered less directly in the tumors. Lab and mouse model experiments demonstrated the first in vivo active targeting of gold nanostructures to tumors in conjunction with photothermal ablation - a minimally invasive treatment that uses heat generated through absorption of light to destroy target tissue. Tumors are burned with near-infrared light, which penetrates deeper into tissue than visible or ultraviolet light. Photothermal ablation is used to treat some cancers by embedding optical fibers inside tumors to deliver near-infrared light. Its efficiency can be greatly improved when a light-absorbing material is applied to the tumor, Li said. Photothermal ablation has been explored for melanoma, but because it also hits healthy tissue, dose duration and volume have been limited. Lower light dose, great damage With hollow gold nanospheres inside melanoma cells, photothermal ablation destroyed tumors in mice with a laser light dose that was 12 percent of the dose required when the nanospheres aren't applied, Li and colleagues report. Such a low dose is more likely to spare surrounding tissue. Injected, untargeted nanoparticles accumulate in tumors because they are so small that they fit through the larger pores of abnormal blood vessels that nourish cancer, Li said. This "passive targeting" delivers a low dose of nanoparticles and concentrates them near the cell's vasculature. The researchers packaged hollow, spherical gold nanospheres with a peptide - a small compound composed of amino acids - that binds to the melanocortin type 1 receptor, which is overly abundant in melanoma cells. They first treated melanoma cells in culture and later injected both targeted and untargeted nanospheres into mice with melanoma, then applied near-infrared light. Fluorescent tagging of the targeted nanospheres showed that they were embedded in cultured melanoma cells, while hollow gold nanospheres without the targeting peptide were not. The targeted nanospheres were actively drawn into the cells through the cell membrane. When the researchers beamed near-infrared light onto treated cultures, most cells with targeted nanospheres died, and almost all of those left were irreparably damaged. Only a small fraction of cells treated with untargeted nanospheres died. Cells treated only with near-infrared light or only with the nanospheres were undamaged. An 8-fold increase in tumor destruction In the mouse model, fluorescent tagging showed that the plain hollow gold nanospheres only accumulated near the tumor's blood vessels, while the targeted nanospheres were found throughout the tumor. "There are many biological barriers to effective use of nanoparticles, with the liver and spleen being the most important," Li said. The body directs foreign particles and defective cells to those organs for destruction. Most of the targeted nanospheres in the treated mice gathered in the tumor, with smaller amounts found in the liver and spleen. Most of the untargeted nanospheres gathered in the spleen, then in the liver and then the tumor, demonstrating the selectivity and importance of targeting. In another group of mice, near-infrared light beamed into tumors with targeted nanospheres destroyed 66 percent of the tumors, but only destroyed 7.9 percent of tumors treated with untargeted nanospheres. The researchers used F-18-labeled glucose to monitor tumor activity by observing how much glucose it metabolized. This action "lights up" the tumor for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Tumors treated with targeted shells largely went dark. "Clinical implications of this approach are not limited to melanoma," Li said. "It's also a proof of principle that receptors common to other cancers can also be targeted by a peptide-guided hollow gold nanosphere. We've also shown that non-invasive PET can monitor early response to treatment." The targeted nanospheres have a number of advantages, said Jin Zhang, Ph.D., professor in the University of California-Santa Cruz Department of Chemistry and developer of the hollow nanospheres. Their size - small even for nanoparticles at 40-50 nanometers in diameter - and spherical shape allow for greater uptake and cellular penetration. They have strong, but narrow and tunable ability to absorb light across the visible and near-infrared spectrum, making them unique from other metal nanoparticles. The hollow spheres are pure gold, which has a long history of safe medical use with few side-effects, Li said. This research was funded by grants from the National Cancer Institute Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer and the John S. Dunn Foundation to Li, and a U.S. Department of Defense grant to Zhang. Co-authors with Zhang, and Li are: first author Wei Lu, Ph.D., Chiyi Xiong, Ph.D. Guodong Zhang, Qian Huang and Rui Zhang, all of M. D. Anderson's Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging. Rui Zhang is a graduate student in The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, which is jointly operated by M. D. Anderson and The University of Texas Health Science Center a