"This two-part study investigates 1) the impact of loglinear model selection in pre-smoothing observed score distributions on the kernel method of test equating and 2) the differences between kernel equating, chained equipercentile equating, and true score methods of concurrent calibration and Stocking and Lord's transformation method. Data were simulated to emulate realistic situations in which test difficulty differed, sample sizes varied, anchor test lengths were of varying lengths, and test lengths ranged from 20 items to 100 items. Difficulty of anchor tests were held constant. Because data were simulated in a single group (SG) format, traditional unsmoothed equipercentile equating was used as a criterion by which all other methods, which use the non-equivalent groups with an anchor test design (NEAT), were compared. Data were simulated using IceDog (ETS, 2007) and analyzed using KE software (ETS, 2007), MULTILOG (Thissen, 2003), IceDog (ETS, 2007), PARSCALE (Muraki & Bock, 2003) and Fortran programming code developed by the author. Results indicate the impact of equating technique chosen on examinees' test scores in a variety of realistic situations, and have further recommendations for further study."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.


Safety applications require fast, precise and highly reliable sensors at low costs. This paper presents signal processing methods for an active multispectral optical point sensor instrumentation for which a first technical implementation exists. Due to the very demanding requirements for safeguarding equipment, these processing methods are targeted to run on a small embedded system with a guaranteed reaction time T < 2 ms and a sufficiently low failure rate according to applicable safety standards, e.g., ISO-13849. The proposed data processing concept includes a novel technique for distance-aided fusion of multispectral data in order to compensate for displacement-related alteration of the measured signal. The distance measuring is based on triangulation with precise results even for low-resolution detectors, thus strengthening the practical applicability. Furthermore, standard components, such as support vector machines (SVMs), are used for reliable material classification. All methods have been evaluated for variants of the underlying sensor principle. Therefore, the results of the evaluation are independent of any specific hardware.


This Article identifies and analyzes the recent emergence of a "tiers of scrutiny" system in Supreme Court jurisprudence respecting the boundaries of Congress's enumerated powers. The inquiry is motivated by the Court's recent ruling on the federal healthcare law, which demonstrated that the national legislature's election among its diverse textual sources of authority in Article I can have large, outcome-determinative consequences in constitutional challenges to federal laws. This is so because the Court not only delineates each power's substantive boundaries differently but also applies distinct standards of review to the various legislative powers enumerated in Article I and elsewhere in the Constitution. Variation in the standard of review generates both synchronic and diachronic oscillation in the quantum of empirical justification and means-end rationality demanded of Congress. This observed heterogeneity in the judicial demand for legislative rationality and empirical evidence is quite distinct from questions of how broadly or narrowly the substance of each enumerated power is defined. This Article's threshold contribution is a comprehensive documentation of variation in doctrinal formulae concerning the standard of review in enumerated powers cases. Having demonstrated the existence of tiers of scrutiny for enumerated powers, it then evaluates their use in enumerated powers jurisprudence. Drawing on political science scholarship, social choice theory, and public choice theory, it demonstrates that the Court's use of tiers of scrutiny has deleterious effects on judicial and legislative incentives and behavior. This Article then identifies six potential justifications for the Court's emergent practice of calibrating judicial review differentially by enumerated power. Closely examining each of those six justifications for stratified review, it finds all of them wanting. At the same time as it creates negative externalities, therefore, the practice of tiered review for enumerated powers lacks any compelling normative justification. By abandoning the emerging tiers of scrutiny and instead employing a lockstep approach to the review of enumerated powers, this Article suggests, federal courts would reduce opportunities for strategic behavior by judges and elected officials. The proposed doctrinal reformulation would also introduce clarity into a currently opaque, yet abidingly important, domain of public law.


Programs that provide student research experiences at the undergraduate level are an impactful means of recruiting and preparing students for graduate academic programs. Notably, such programs, when combined with faculty mentorship, exposure to graduate-school-level academic curricula, and socialization experiences, are considered crucial to the effective recruitment and retention of students from diverse cultural backgrounds into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-oriented graduate academic programs. This work outlines the strategic efforts of Auburn University's School of Kinesiology to enhance its graduate student diversity recruitment and retention processes. Highlighted are the School of Kinesiology's goals and guiding principles related to diversity and inclusion initiatives. A detailed description of the centerpiece of this effort, the Future Scholars-Summer Research Bridge Program, is provided. Additionally, related Future Scholars-Summer Research Bridge Program topics are discussed, including securing donor support, aligning the program with institutional strategic goals, forming institutional or academic program partnerships, and addressing administrative and logistical challenges.


Despite America's commitment to civil rights from the earliest days of nationhood, examples of injustices against minorities stain many pages of U.S. history. The battle for racial, ethnic, and gender fairness remains unfinished. This comprehensive book traces the history of legal efforts to achieve civil rights for all Americans, beginning with the years leading up to the Revolution and continuing to our own times. The historical adventure Alexander Tsesis recounts is filled with fascinating events, with real change and disappointing compromise, and with courageous individuals and organizations committed to ending injustice. Viewing the evolution of civil rights through the lens of legal history, Tsesis considers laws that have restricted civil rights (such as Jim Crow regulations and prohibitions against intermarriage) and laws that have expanded rights (including antisegregation legislation and other legal advances of the civil rights era). He focuses particular attention on the African American fight for civil rights but also discusses the struggles of women, gays and lesbians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, and Jews. He concludes by assessing the current state of civil rights in the United States and exploring likely future expansions of civil rights.


Most paint has four components: resin, solvent, pigment and additives. To determine the hazardous ingredients of paint, request a Material Safety Data Sheet from the retailer when you buy it. The resin is the main ingredient and forms a coating or film on the surface being painted. This typically non-hazardous component includes linseed, acrylic or other synthetic resins. The solvent keeps the paint in a liquid form until the solvent evaporates after the paint is applied. The solvent in oilbased paint is derived from a petroleum distillate and can include such hazardous ingredients as mineral spirits, toluene and xylene. The solvent in latex paint is water. Pigments provide the color and opacity or covering power. The major pigments used presently are titanium oxide, iron oxide, calcium sulfate, clay or silicates. These pigments are relatively nontoxic. Some highly colored pigments may contain heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium or arsenic. Paints purchased before 1977 may contain lead in the pigment. Lead, also a heavy metal, is poisonous. Do not use paint purchased prior to 1977. To determine if the painted surfaces in your home contain lead, contact your local health department or a lead paint removal contractor. Paint may also have additives. Some types of additives include stabilizers that prevent paint deterioration in the can, dryers that assist in the formation of the paint coating, thickeners that aid in application, and preservatives that inhibit the growth of molds. The additives can range in composition, including both hazardous and non-hazardous ingredients. Some latex paints contain a mercury-based fungicide preservative. Mercury is a heavy metal that is highly toxic. Paints containing mercury produced since August 1990 had to be labeled exclusively for exterior use. As of August 1991, the United States Environmental Protection Agency prohibits mercury in all newly manufactured paints. The National Paint and Coatings Association has voluntarily complied with these guidelines.


The study of snaks from the Guianan region got an early start in 1705 when several species were pictured by Merian. As relatively large proportion of the snakes described by Linnaeus originated from Surinam. Interest for and knowledge of this group of animals steadily increased in the 18th and 19th century (80 species known at the turn of the century), but only in the second part of the 20 th century detailed studies of snake faunas from (part of) the Guianan region appeared. No such study for the entire area has been published till now. At present a total of 134 species of snakes, belonging to 159 taxa, is known. Only 19.4% is endemic, the majority (43.4%) belong to species with an Amazonian distribution. Seventeen species (12.7%) are venemous, ten belonging to the Elapidae, seven to the Crotalidae. Several taxonomic problems are discussed, Cercophie auratus (Schlegel) is restored as a valid taxon and redescribed. Analysis of available distribution data shows that forest snakes are fairly evenly distributed throughout Amazonia and Guiana. Snakes restricted to open formations are spread evenly throughout Guiana, but most of them are absent in western Amazonia. When taking together ubiquists and snakes restricted to open formations there is a fair resemblance between the faunas of Guiana and .Iquitos, but only a moderate one between Santa Cecilia and Guiana,possibly reflecting the influence of species belonging to the Andes foothill fauna (Napo refuge). Within Guiana apparently there are no unsurmountable barriers to snakes, the differences that are observed between the western and eastern/Brazilian part can be explained. by the presence of species barely raching these areas. Probably these species are still in the process of expanding their range.


[1] Stratospheric H2O, CH4, and H2 measured during the 1999/2000 Arctic winter are used to examine the total hydrogen budget and to quantify hydration and dehydration within the Arctic polar vortex. The mean volume mixing ratio of equivalent water, H2Oeq = H2O + 2*CH4, was found to be 7.38 ± 0.11 ppmv in the vortex and 7.35 ± 0.10 ppmv in the extravortex and vortex edge regions, implying insignificant net loss of H2O from the 50–90 hPa layer of the Arctic stratosphere. However, isolated occurrences of hydration and dehydration were observed on several flights. In particular, an average dehydration of 0.31 ppmv was encountered for 440 km along the NASA ER-2 aircraft flight path on 27 January 2000 (0.63 ppmv maximum dehydration). Diabatic back-trajectory calculations indicate that this dehydrated air parcel may have encountered temperatures below the ice frost point two weeks earlier. In addition to these isolated events, measurements of equivalent water indicated a decrease with altitude throughout the lower stratospheric vortex and vortex edge. Potential causes of this altitude dependence are quantified.


Intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) routinely discharge effluent that, while relatively small in volume, is particularly enriched in nutrients. The objectives of this study were two-fold; to characterize the wastes produced by an intensive marine RAS for southern flounder, and to evaluate the effluent as a nutritive base for marine algal production.
Effluent from UNCW's pilot scale RAS, containing a population of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) was collected monthly for a period of one year and analyzed for total phosphorous, total nitrogen, phosphate, ammonia, nitrate/nitrite, solids and biological oxygen demand. The results of this characterization revealed an effluent high in dissolved phosphorous and dissolved nitrogen concentrations.
Secondary to this characterization, studies were performed to determine if this effluent would support the growth of microalgae, and if this microalgae growth would reduce the nutrient concentrations within the effluent. Laboratory-scale experiments were performed utilizing this effluent as a nutrient base for the production of Isochrysis galbana and indigenous plankton from the coastal waters of southeastern North Carolina. Four different nutrient media were used to compare the marine RAS effluent in 50 and 100% strengths to a commercial media (Guillard's f/2) and a nutrient free seawater control. These cultures were monitored for algal growth as well as reduction in nutrient concentrations over time. The effluent proved to be a better nutrient source for the production of I. galbana and indigenous plankton than the commercially available media producing higher cell densities and a marked reduction of dissolved nutrients with phytoplankton growth. In addition to these laboratory studies, trials were performed in 1200-L outdoor bioreactors utilizing effluent from the marine RAS for the production of I. galbana and indigenous plankton. Algal growth and nutrient concentrations were measured over time and an increase in algal densities with a concurrent reduction of nutrients was observed.
These studies confirmed that the effluent from a marine recirculating aquaculture system for the production of southern flounder provides an excellent nutrient source for the production of the microalgae I. galbana as well as indigenous plankton, and that microalgae was an effective means of reducing the inorganic nutrient loads associated with these fish rearing systems.


As the properties of components have gradually become clearer, attention has started to turn to the architectural issues which govern their interaction and composition. In this paper we identify some of the major architectural questions affecting component-based software develop-ment and describe the predominant architectural dimensions. Of these, the most interesting is the "architecture hierarchy" which we believe is needed to address the "interface vicissitude" problem that arises whenever interaction refinement is explicitly documented within a component-based system. We present a solution to this problem based on the concept of stratified architectures and object metamorphosis Finally, we describe how these concepts may assist in increasing the tailorability of component-based frameworks.


Both women and men strive to achieve a work and family balance, but does this imply more or less equality? Does the persistence of gender and class inequalities refute the notion that lives are becoming more individualised? Leading international authorities document how gender inequalities are changing and how many inequalities of earlier eras are being eradicated. However, this book shows there are new barriers and constraints that are slowing progress in attaining a more egalitarian society. Taking the new global economy into account, the expert contributors to this book examine the conflicts between different types of feminisms, revise old debates about 'equality' and 'difference' in the gendered nature of work and care, and propose new and innovative policy solutions.


The International Symposium on Phytochemicals in Medicine and Food (ISPMF2015), organized by the Phytochemical Society of Europe (PSE) and the Phytochemical Society of Asia (PSA), was held June 26-29, 2015, in Shanghai of China. This was the first time that a PSE meeting has been held in Asia and a PSE-PSA joint symposium provided an opportunity for communication between scientists from Europe and Asia and other continents. ISPMF2015 has been jointly sponsored by Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Guizhou Medical University, Shanghai Normal University, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Beijing Normal University, and Fudan University. More than 270 scientists from 48 countries attended this meeting and presented their research and opinions on phytochemistry, phytomedicine and phytoneering. The international organizing committee and scientific advisory board of ISPMF 2015 comprised of outstanding scientists from around the globe. Dr. Jianbo Xiao was the chairman of the International Organizing Committee of ISPMF2015 and moderated the open address on June 26. The organizing committee of ISPMF2015 assembled an exciting and diverse program, featuring 16 sessions including 12 plenary lectures, 20 invited talks, 55 short oral presentations, and more than 130 posters, which were dedicated to creating a podium for exchanging the latest research results in the phytochemicals for food and human health.


In recent development, attempts have been made to integrate UML and OWL into one hybrid modeling language, namely TwoUse. This aims at making use of the benefits of both modeling languages and overcoming the restrictions of each. In order to create a modeling language that will actually be used in software development an integration with OCL is needed. This integration has already been described at the contextual level in, however an implementation is lacking so far. The scope of this paper is the programatical implementation of the integration of TwoUse with OCL. In order to achieve this, two different OCL implementations that already provide parsing and interpretation functionalities for expressions over regular UML. This paper presents two attempts to extend existing OCL implementations, as well as a comparison of the existing approaches.


Latina/o literature is a growing field of study. It is both an emerging literature and a rich historical one that continues to be documented and uncovered in archival and personal collections. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latina and Latino Literature offers a sweeping introduction to a variety of genres and themes in Latina/o literature from its Latin American origins in the precolonial period to contemporary texts and perspectives. The collection illustrates the historical, social, and political contexts in which successive generations of Latina and Latino authors have written, exploring the interrelationship between geography, national origin, race, gender, sexuality, and other cultural and ethnic identities.
 Led by Editor in Chief Louis G. Mendoza and an editorial board of experts, this collection throws light not only on how Latina/o texts have evolved since the contact period, but also on how we have come to understand and conceptualize this work over the past three generations. From Chicana/o identity to Caribbean and Central American diasporic literature, from key figures in Latina/o letters to bilingual texts and graphic novels, the collection explores a variety of issues that are central to the 21st century's American experience, such as feminism, LGBTQA groups, indigeneity, environmental justice, social movements, migration, and US-Mexico borderlands. Each article paints a nuanced and in-depth portrait of Latina/o literary history in a dynamic, complex, and deeply engaging field of study that is at once highly popular, historical, and theoretical. One of the most extensive and detailed surveys of Latina/o literature to date, this encyclopedia shows the historical and cultural significance of this literary tradition in the American context, challenging readers to revisit conventional literary notions and expand the borders of American literature.


The use of chemically synthesized short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is currently the method of choice to manipulate gene expression in mammalian cell culture, yet improvements of siRNA design is expectably required for successful application in vivo. Several studies have aimed at improving siRNA performance through the introduction of chemical modifications but a direct comparison of these results is difficult. We have directly compared the effect of 21 types of chemical modifications on siRNA activity and toxicity in a total of 2160 siRNA duplexes. We demonstrate that siRNA activity is primarily enhanced by favouring the incorporation of the intended antisense strand during RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) loading by modulation of siRNA thermodynamic asymmetry and engineering of siRNA 3'-overhangs. Collectively, our results provide unique insights into the tolerance for chemical modifications and provide a simple guide to successful chemical modification of siRNAs with improved activity, stability and low toxicity.


ABSTRACT Acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection represents a period of intense immune perturbation and activation of the host immune system. Study of the eclipse and viral expansion phases of infection is difficult in humans, but studies in nonprogressive and progressive nonhuman primate (NHP) infection models can provide significant insight into critical events occurring during this time. Cytokines, chemokines, and other soluble immune factors were measured in longitudinal samples from rhesus macaques infected with either SIVmac251 (progressive infection) or SIVmac239Δnef (attenuated/nonprogressive infection) and from African green monkeys infected with SIVsab9315BR (nonpathogenic infection). Levels of acute-phase peak viral replication were highest in SIVmac251 infection but correlated positively with viremia at 3 months postinfection in all three infection models. SIVmac251 infection was associated with stronger corresponding acute-phase cytokine/chemokine responses than the nonprogressive infections. The production of interleukin 15 (IL-15), IL-18, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β), and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) during acute SIVmac251 infection, but not during SIVmac239Δnef or SIVsab9315BR infection, correlated positively with chronic viremia at 3 months postinfection. Acute-phase production of MCP-1 correlated with viremia at 3 months postinfection in both nonprogressive infections. Finally, a positive correlation between the acute-phase area under the curve (AUC) for IL-6 and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and chronic viremia was observed only for the nonprogressive infection models. While we observed dynamic acute inflammatory immune responses in both progressive and nonprogressive SIV infections, the responses in the nonprogressive infections were not only lower in magnitude but also qualitatively different biomarkers of disease progression. IMPORTANCE NHP models of HIV infection constitute a powerful tool with which to study viral pathogenesis in order to gain critical information for a better understanding of HIV infection in humans. Here we studied progressive and nonprogressive simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection models in both natural and nonnatural host NHP species. Regardless of the pathogenicity of the virus infection and regardless of the NHP species studied, the magnitude of viremia, as measured by area under the curve, during the first 4 weeks of infection correlated positively with viremia in chronic infection. The magnitude of cytokine and chemokine responses during primary infection also correlated positively with both acute-phase and chronic viremia. However, the pattern and levels of specific cytokines and chemokines produced differed between nonprogressive and progressive SIV infection models. The qualitative differences in the early immune response in pathogenic and nonpathogenic infections identified here may be important determinants of the subsequent disease course.


The paper advances the paradoxical thesis that international investment law is developing towards a multilateral system of investment protection on the basis of bilateral treaties. Despite the infinite fragmentation of substantive investment law, coupled with arbitration as a decentralized dispute and compliance mechanism, one can observe convergence rather than divergence in this field of international law. Unlike genuinely bilateral treaties, BITs do not stand isolated in governing the relation between two States; they rather develop multiple overlaps and structural interconnections that create a relatively uniform and treaty-overarching legal framework for international investments based on uniform principles with little room for insular deviation. The paper therefore argues that BITs in their entirety function largely and increasingly analogously to a truly multilateral system. Elements of this thesis are the inclusion of most-favored-nation clauses, the possibilities of treaty-shopping through corporate structuring and the contribution of investor-State dispute settlement through the intensive use of precedent and other genuinely multilateral approaches to treaty interpretation.


The aim of this article is to show that moment approximations of kinetic equations based on a Maximum Entropy approach can suuer from severe drawbacks if the kinetic velocity space is unbounded. As example, we study the Fokker Planck equation where explicit expressions for the moments of solutions to Riemann problems can be derived. The quality of the closure relation obtained from the Maximum Entropy approach as well as the Hermite/Grad approach is studied in the case of ve moments. It turns out that the Maximum Entropy closure is even singular in equilibrium states while the Hermite/Grad closure behaves reasonably. In particular, the admissible moments may lead to arbitrary large speeds of propagation, even for initial data arbitrary close to global eqilibrium.


A series of experiments were undertaken at the Defence Evaluation Research Agency (DERA) Farnborough, within the Aero Physics group into the phenomenon called Jet Interaction (JI).
Jet Interaction (JI) is produced by the interaction of a jet with the external flow around a vehicle. This study focused on investigating the effects of a divert thruster employed to provide a vehicle with a rapid divert capability on the external flow-field and on the induced forces and moments exerted on the vehicle by the jet. The research was based on studying the effects on a hypersonic interceptor sometimes referred to as a KKV (Kinetic Kill Vehicle).
There are many important parameters in JI. One of these is the jet Amplification Factor (AF). This is caused by the deflection of the free-stream around and over the jet and results in a pressure increase on the vehicle surface which adds to the divert thrust force.
The experiments were carried out in the intermittent hypersonic gun tunnel, at a free-steam Mach number of 12.1. This produced a Reynolds number (based on diameter) Red of 300,000 with a one-tenth scale vehicle; these conditions correspond to a full-scale vehicle flying at an altitude of 41 km.
To simulate the divertthruster, nitrogen was supplied to the model through a purpose-made force balance. Measured forces ineluded normal, axial and side as well as pitch and yawing moments.

The experimental results have been compared with that of a full size vehicle featuring a 2kN divert thruster. The results have then been matched to the effective altitude as a function of the thrust coefficient (Cr). This allows the experimental data to be interpreted for a full-scale vehicle in order to answer design questions important to system engineers.
The results from this investigation show that the effectiveness of a divert jet is influenced by the vehicle's altitude, achieving a negligible increase in AF with a Cr > 2.5 at an altitude > 50 km. The seeker will suffer from jet induced problems at low Cr levels for a. = 10°. An increase in Cr causes the separation region in front of the jet to extend to the nose of the tested configuration for M1 = 12.1 while complete separation is achieved at Cr > 1.2. Injection Mach number (MJ) has a small influence on AF. However it does not influence the separation region. Penetration height (h) of the jet is increased for higher Mach number injection. Both AF and the separation region are influenced by nozzle geometry. A series of different nozzle geometries were tested. These had the effect of reducing the measured amplification factor to a maximum of 1, except for the dual circular orifice combination, which doubled the measured AF achieved for a single circular orifice. The influence of nozzle geometry reduced the Cr levels required to produce a negligible increase in AF and the corresponding altitude. The angle of attack (œ) has a strong influence on AF at low Cr levels, however it becomes negligible when complete separation is achieved.


This article analyzes the concept of an Arctic circumpolar
civilization and focuses on contradictions inherent within the concept.
Some of these antinomies are the nomadic character of the traditional
Arctic civilization and the traditional academic approach
that takes a sedentarist perspective; the rich worldview of the Arctic
residents and its inadequate reflection in the rational paradigm
of cognition; and issues surrounding sustainable development and
the global crisis of humanity, which leads to instability worldwide,
including in the Arctic. The article proposes method of dialectical
synthesis for resolving such antinomies.TRANSLATED BY TATIANA ARGOUNOVA-LOW


WAKE UP AND SMELL THE SUCCESS! You already know the Starbucks story. Since 1992, its stock has risen a staggering 5,000 percent! The genius of Starbucks success lies in its ability to create personalized customer experiences, stimulate business growth, generate profits, energize employees, and secure customer loyalty-all at the same time. The Starbucks Experience contains a robust blend of home-brewed ingenuity and people-driven philosophies that have made Starbucks one of the world's "most admired" companies, according to Fortune magazine. With unique access to Starbucks personnel and resources, Joseph Michelli discovered that the success of Starbucks is driven by the people who work there-the "partners"-and the special experience they create for each customer. Michelli reveals how you can follow the Starbucks way to Reach out to entire communities Listen to individual workers and consumers Seize growth opportunities in every market Custom-design a truly satisfying experience that benefits everyone involved Filled with real-life insider stories, eye-opening anecdotes, and solid step-by-step strategies, this fascinating book takes you deep inside one of the most talked-about companies in the world today. For anyone who wants to learn from the best-and be the best-The Starbucks Experience is a rich, heady brew of unforgettable user-friendly ideas.


A complete guide to the world's most popular word processing software Microsoft Word is the most popular word processing software on the planet, and the most-used application in the Microsoft Office productivity suite. Along with the rest of Office, Word has been enhanced with new features and capabilities in the 2010 version. Word's many users will find new things to learn and use in Word 2010, and this all-in-one guide gets them up to speed while providing a reference for taking Word to the next level. Word is the top-selling application in the Microsoft Office suite and is the leading word processing software Both newcomers to Word and experienced users will need instruction in Word 2010's new features, including online editing capabilities, online document collaboration, and an improved search function Nine minibooks cover Word basics, editing, formatting, inserting bits and pieces, publishing documents, using reference features, mailings, customizing Word, and special features for developers Word 2010 All-in-One For Dummies makes it easier for Word users everywhere to get up and running with Word 2010 and its new features.


Rationale: Marijuana use in adolescence is prevalent and increasing. Understanding the neural correlates of the impact of this use is critical for policy making and for youth awareness. Objectives The effects of marijuana use on response inhibition were investigated in 19–21-year-olds using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Participants were members of the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study, a longitudinal study that collected a unique body of information on participants from infancy to young adulthood including: prenatal drug history, detailed cognitive/behavioral performance, and current and past drug use. This information allowed for the control of an unparalleled number of potentially confounding variables including: prenatal marijuana, nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine exposure and offspring alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine use. Ten marijuana users and 14 nonusers that served as controls performed a Go/No-Go task while fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent response was examined. Results: Despite similar task performance, there was a positive relationship between amount of marijuana smoked and activation in right thalamus, premotor cortex and middle frontal gyrus. These regions form part of the neural network responsible for inhibition control. There was also a positive dose dependent relationship with marijuana and activation in inferior parietal lobe and precuneus, also parts of response inhibition pathways. Conclusions: These results suggest a dose dependent alteration in neural functioning during response inhibition after controlling for other prenatal and current drug use. These alterations may be necessary in order to compensate for neural changes in response inhibition circuits caused by long term marijuana use that began during adolescence/young adulthood.


A legal permanent resident (LPR) or "green card" recipient is defined by immigration law as a person who has been granted lawful permanent residence in the United States. Permanent resident status confers certain rights and responsibilities. For example, LPRs may live and work permanently anywhere in the United States, own property, and attend public schools, colleges, and universities. They may also join certain branches of the Armed Force and apply to become U.S. citizens if they meet certain eligibility requirements. This Office of Immigration Statistics Annual Flow Report presents information obtained from applications for LPR status on the number and characteristics of persons who became LPRs in the United States during 2011.


An anti-allergy drug in use for more than 40 years significantly reduced tumor growth in animal models of human pancreatic cancer and also increased the effectiveness of standard chemotherapy, say researchers at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. In the Dec. 20, 2006 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, the investigators report that combining the drug, cromolyn, with chemotherapy was nearly three times better at retarding growth of pancreatic tumors in mice compared to the chemotherapy agent gemcitabine alone. The finding may lead to a treatment advance for patients with pancreatic cancer, believed to be the most lethal of all cancers. More than 95% of patients diagnosed with the disease die from it, andhalf of those deaths occur in the first six months after diagnosis. "Our goal is to offer longer life to these patients, and the combination of these two agents may well do that," says the study's lead author, Craig Logsdon, Ph.D., a professor in the Department ofCancer Biology. Logsdon is working with physicians at M. D. Anderson to prepare for a clinical trial. Although cromolyn is off patent and widely available, it has been used only as a topical agent (through an inhaler, nasal spray and eye drops), so the research team is studying how to deliverthe drug internally. "Cromolyn seems to reduce survival mechanisms in pancreatic cancer cells enough that when gemcitabine is added, the chemotherapy is more effective," Logsdon says. "This is good, because chemotherapy normally has very little effect in patients." The JNCI study demonstrates in mouse models of human pancreatic cancer that the cromolyn-gemcitabine combination reduced cancer growth by 85% compared to control animals, Logsdon says. "Cromolyn used alone actually had a good effect on reduction of tumors comparedto control animals, which surprised us," he adds. It reduced tumor growth by 70%, compared to growth reduction of 50% when gemcitabine was used as a single agent, compared to control animals. No one knows exactly how cromolyn works to control allergies. However, Dr. Logsdon has found that cromolyn can bind a specific protein produced by cancer cells and block that protein's ability tointeract with a receptor that stimulates cancer cell growth, survival, and spreading. The relationship between how the drug controls allergies and its anti-tumor effect in pancreatic cancerremains unclear. "It may be possible that cromolyn has more than one target that influences cancer," he says. Logsdon discovered the cancer-stimulating protein, determined how it triggers tumor growth and spread, and identified cromolyn as an inhibitor. "Through serendipity and basic science sleuthing we may now have something that helps patients," he says. The study culminates Logsdon's five-year search for an agent to treat pancreatic cancer. Logsdon searched for genes that produced proteins secreted only by cancer cells, which would then loop around and act on the cancer cell through a receptor on the cell surface. "That way, we could have two potential drug targets - the secreted protein and the receptor," he said. Out of a long list of such genes, Logsdon and his research team selected one called "S100P" because it is a member of the large S100 gene family, some of which produce secreted proteins and some of which are associated with other cancers. Further work showed that S100P over-expression was very specific to pancreatic cancer; the protein was not found in normal pancreatic cells. "It is important to embryonic development, but no one knows its physiological role in adult biology," he says. By using gene-silencing techniques, Logsdon found that when the protein is disabled, cancer growth is slowed. "S100P plays a role in tumor development because it causes cancer cells to grow faster,survive better, and be more invasive," he says. Logsdon found that S100P interacts with a receptor known as "RAGE" which also plays a role in diabetes, arthritis and Alzheimer's disease. If RAGE is blocked in pancreatic cancer cells, addition of synthetic S100P to the tumor does not accelerate growth. While Logsdon was defining S100P in pancreatic cancer, a Japanese research team working on allergies ran an experiment to see which proteins "stuck" to anti-allergy drugs, including cromolyn. Several members of the S100 family did. Logsdon then discovered that the drug also bound to S100P. He applied cromolyn to laboratory pancreatic cancer cells, and found that tumor growth was slowed. A larger effect was seen when the chemotherapy agent gemcitabine was combined withcromolyn. Logsdon suspects that cromolyn may have other anti-tumor effects, a theory which he is currently testing. "For me this is pretty thrilling," he says. "In a relatively short time, we have gone all the way from discovering a molecule to preparations for a clinical trial." The study was funded by the Lockton Endowment and the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Pancreatic SPORE grant from the National Cancer Institute. Working with Logsdon were M. D. Anderson researchers Thiruvengadam Arumugam Ph.D. and Vijaya Ramachandran, Ph.D.


Interest in entrepreneurship education is growing over the world, especially in innovation based economies, such as Denmark (GEM, 2010). However, we know rather little about the outcomes of entrepreneurship education, in particular with respect to which type of course content produces the best results (i.e. most high performing entrepreneurs) and how this affects different types of students. There is a great variety of different views in the field of research concerning the content and structure of entrepreneurship courses, but no comprehensive study has yet been done in which these competing views are clearly articulated as rivals and tested against each other. There is also a lack of programme evaluations that use control groups and have a longitudinal design (Gorman, Hanlon & King, 1997; Karlsson & Moberg, 2011; Matlay, 2008). Those that have this setup often experience methodological problems due to their conceptual framework (Krueger, 2009), or they have a view of entrepreneurship that does not take into account the advancements within research that have been made during the last decade (Sarasvathy, 2008). Thus, we clearly need to dig deeper into this field in order to create methods and models that allow us to evaluate the outcomes of different types of entrepreneurship courses.In the beginning of 2011, the Danish Foundation for Entrepreneurship – Young Enterprise initiated a research project with the aim to further our understanding of the type of impact entrepreneurship education and different educational designs have on different types of students. Two longitudinal surveys, one with a focus on elementary- and secondary-level education and one with focus on tertiary-level education, will be performed and databases with students from all levels of the Danish educational system will be created. The surveys will use entrepreneurial self-efficacy (Mauer, Neergaard & Kirketerp, 2009) as a performance indicator, but in order to generate robust results the development of new measurement tools is needed. In this paper the initial phases of this project and the research design of these two surveys will be presented. The development of a new ESE scale and the results from the pilot surveys will also be presented.


The brain which is composed of more than 100 billion nerve cells is a sophisticated biochemical factory. For many years, neurologists, psychotherapists, researchers, and other health care professionals have studied the human brain. With the development of computer and information technology, it makes brain complex spectrum analysis to be possible and opens a highlight field for the study of brain science. In the present work, observation and exploring study of the activities of brain under brainwave music stimulus are systemically made by experimental and spectrum analysis technology. From our results, the power of the 10.5Hz brainwave appears in the experimental figures, it was proved that upper alpha band is entrained under the special brainwave music. According to the Mozart effect and the analysis of improving memory performance, the results confirm that upper alpha band is indeed related to the improvement of learning efficiency.


Book synopsis: The Oxford Handbook of Modernisms situates literary modernisms and the modernist arts in a series of unfolding relations with mass society and popular culture in both national and transnational settings. An unparalleled resource containing over fifty specially commissioned essays, the Handbook updates and extends the scope and depth of previous synoptic guides, bringing together new approaches to the more obvious themes of modernist studies as well as new research on the variety of cultural, aesthetic, and geographical factors that were intrinsic to the creation of modernism. The contributors draw upon a variety of interdisciplinary approaches and new methodologies in order to take account of the development of revisionist modernist studies over the past three decades. Two particularly innovative features of the Handbook are its focus upon the cross media and international character of modernism. A number of the essays examine visual culture and other media in order to delineate the aesthetic, intellectual, and cultural formations linking the innovations and experiments of literary modernism with work in other arts and media. Others seek to analyse how Anglo-American and European models were inflected in a different temporal frame and in quite distinct geographical contexts. The Handbook is divided into six sections in order to reflect changed critical perspectives upon modernism's formal innovation and experiment, to foreground the relation of literature and the other arts, and to understand these in appropriate intellectual, social, and geocultural settings. The received canon is therefore revisited and 'made new' as the varying aspects of metropolitan, regional, national, and transnational modernisms come into view.


In this interview, author and New Yorker writer Elizabeth Kolbert talks with the Bulletin's Dan Drollette Jr about her recently published book, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. She discusses how she became interested in the topic, the difficulties she found in explaining complex, interrelated topics such as climate change, invasive species, and ocean acidification, and what she hopes readers will take away from reading the book. She explains the role of a journalist as opposed to that of a scientist, saying that it is important to explain the issues to the public, if not necessarily to offer a list of specific, concrete solutions. Kolbert says she hopes that by interpreting complicated scientific evidence for the general public, her work will encourage engagement with the problems.


Women and men live in different worlds...made of different words.Spending nearly four years on the New York Times bestseller list, including eight months at number one, You Just Don't Understand is a true cultural and intellectual phenomenon. This is the book that brought gender differences in ways of speaking to the forefront of public awareness. With a rare combination of scientific insight and delightful, humorous writing, Tannen shows why women and men can walk away from the same conversation with completely different impressions of what was said.Studded with lively and entertaining examples of real conversations, this book gives you the tools to understand what went wrong -- and to find a common language in which to strengthen relationships at work and at home. A classic in the field of interpersonal relations, this book will change forever the way you approach conversations.


The 72 species and subspecies of alpheid shrimp previously reported from the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden are listed, and the following 20 species and subspecies previously known from the Indo-Pacific or the Indian Ocean, are added: Alpheus bisincisus De Haan; A. clypeatus Coutiere; A. distinguendus De Man; A. edamensis De Man; Α. euphrosyne euphrosyne De Man; A. lanceostylus Banner; A. leptochirus Coutiere; Α. miersi Coutiere; A. pareuchirus pareuchirus Coutiere; A. tenuicarpus De Man; Athanas marshallenis Chace; Betaeopsis indicus (De Man); Salmoneus brevirostris (Edmondson); Synalpheus ancistrorhynchus De Man; S. gracilirostris De Man; S. hastilicrassus Coutiere; S. nilandensis Coutiere; S. sladeni Coutiere; S. trianthus De Man; S. tricuspidatus (Heller). In addition, three species are described as new, the first two from the southern Red Sea and the third from the Gulf of Aden: Athanopsis brevirostris; Synalpheus paradoxus; Synalpheus spongicola. Other changes in nomenclature or records and in other characterizations are as follows: A lectotype is selected and described for Alpheus bucephaloides from Nobili's type series from the Persian Gulf. A. fasciatus Lockington, recorded by Coutiere (1899: 486) from the area, is considered probably to be A. alpheopsides Coutiere, and Lockington's nominal taxon itself to be a nomen dubium until types are redescribed or topotypes are established. A. djiboutensis De Man is considered to be a synonym of A. djeddensis Coutiere. The species recorded by Coutiere as A. euchirus Dana from the area was probably A. serenei Tiwari. A. inopinatus Holthuis & Gottlieb and A. lobidens polynesica Banner & Banner are placed into synonymy under A. lobidens De Haan. The genus Salmoneus Holthuis is redefined, and a provisional key is given to its species. Characteristics of the remaining "types" of Coutiere's two species, S. cristatus and S. Serratidigitus, are discussed; and S. latirostris (Coutiere) and S. sibogae (De Man) are considered to be synonyms of the latter species. Finally Synalpheus savigny (Guerin) is considered to be a nomen dubium and Tattersall's record of it from the Red Sea to be equally dubious. As an appendix to the study, the listing of 15 species from a small Danish collection and two private collectors from the Persian Gulf is given: all are known from the Red Sea, but nine of the species have not been previously recorded from the Persian Gulf.


Imagine that you get such certain awesome experience and knowledge by only reading a book. How can? It seems to be greater when a book can be the best thing to discover. Books now will appear in printed and soft file collection. One of them is this book the soviet union eastern europe and the third world. It is so usual with the printed books. However, many people sometimes have no space to bring the book for them; this is why they can't read the book wherever they want.


This is a fully revised and updated edition of the Bible of the newspaper industry. More people write for the Associated Press than for any newspaper in the world, and writers - nearly two million of them - have bought more copies of "The AP Stylebook" than of any other journalism reference. It provides facts and references for reporters and defines usage, spelling and grammar for editors. There are separate sections for journalists specializing in sports and business, and complete guidelines for how to write photo captions, file copy over the wire, proofread text, handle copyrights and avoid libel. This edition of "The AP Stylebook" has been fully updated to keep pace with world events, common usage and AP procedures. There are fifty new entries and revisions to one hundred more.


A software process is the game plan to organize project teams and run projects. Yet, it still is a challenge to select the appropriate development approach for the respective context. A multitude of development approaches compete for the users' favor, but there is no silver bullet serving all possible setups. Moreover, recent research as well as experience from practice shows companies utilizing different development approaches to assemble the best-fitting approach for the respective company: a more traditional process provides the basic framework to serve the organization, while project teams embody this framework with more agile (and/or lean) practices to keep their flexibility. The paper at hand provides insights into the HELENA study with which we aim to investigate the use of "Hybrid dEveLopmENt Approaches in software systems development". We present the survey design and initial findings from the survey's test runs. Furthermore, we outline the next steps towards the full survey.


The purpose of this article is to discuss the various interactive teaching methods used during large group information literacy sessions at Liverpool Hope University during the academic year 2008-2009. Based on the practical experience of piloting a range of methods with students at Liverpool Hope University during the current academic year, this article analyses the benefits of using various interactive teaching techniques to assist in the delivery of information literacy skills when large group teaching is the only available option. This includes an outline of a variety of aides to interactive teaching within the lecture. Also discussed is the use of post-session follow up actions to ensure that students receive hands-on practice using resources through the use of quizzes and worksheets, while drop-in sessions and online tutorials enable further support for those students who require it. Evaluation to date indicates that interactive teaching methods improve student understanding although different methods may be more successful than others and with different groups of students. The article recommends using a variety of different interactive methods during a lecture, as well as ensuring there are opportunities for hands on practice after the lecture. This will cater for different learning styles and also the teaching styles of the presenters. This analysis contributes to the literature on teaching information literacy in higher education settings through a focus on aides to facilitate information literacy with large groups. The discussion of the relative merits of various teaching methods will help formulate practical solutions to the common problem of how to teach information skills to large groups with limited staff time and numbers.


Program comprehension tools are often developed for a specific programming language. Developing such a tool from scratch requires significant effort. In this paper, we report on our experience developing a language-independent framework that enables the creation of program comprehension tools, specifically tools gathering insight from deep dynamic analysis, with little effort. Our framework is language independent, because it is built on top of Truffle, an open-source platform, developed in Oracle Labs, for implementing dynamic languages in the form of AST interpreters. Our framework supports the creation of a diverse variety of program comprehension techniques, such as query, program slicing, and back-in-time debugging, because it is centered around a powerful information-flow tracking engine. Tools developed with our framework get access to the information-flow through a program execution. While it is possible to develop similarly powerful tools without our framework, for example by tracking information-flow through bytecode instrumentation, our approach leads to information that is closer to source code constructs, thus more comprehensible by the user. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework, we applied it to two of Truffle-based languages namely Simple Language and TruffleRuby, and we distill our experience into guidelines for developers of other Truffle-based languages who want to develop program comprehension tools for their language.


In this article, we show how 4D/RCS incorporates and integrates multiple types of disparate knowledge representation techniques into a common, unifying architecture. The 4D/RCS architecture is based on the supposition that different knowledge representation techniques offer different advantages, and 4D/RCS is designed in such a way as to combine the strengths of all of these techniques into a common unifying architecture in order to exploit the advantages of each. In the context of applying the architecture to the control of autonomous vehicles, we describe the procedural and declarative types of knowledge that have been developed and applied and the value that each brings to achieving the ultimate goal of autonomous navigation. We also look at symbolic versus iconic knowledge representation and show how 4D/RCS accommodates both of these types of representations and uses the strengths of each to strive towards achieving human-level intelligence in autonomous systems.


Chronic disease management strategies are largely based on single disease models, yet patients often need to manage multiple conditions. This study uses the concepts of 'chronic illness trajectory' and 'biographical disruption' to examine how patients self-manage multiple chronic conditions and especially how they prioritize which condition(s) will receive the greatest attention. Fifty-three people with multiple chronic illnesses participated in one of 6 focus groups. The results suggest that people who were disrupted tended to be younger than 60, lived on their own, cared for other family members, or other barriers. Many participants anticipated subsequent illnesses given their age and prior experience with illness. In order to cope with their multiple illnesses most felt it was necessary to prioritize their 'main' illness. Their reasons for prioritizing a particular illness included: (1) the unpredictable nature of the disease; (2) the condition could not be controlled by tablets; and (3) the condition tended to set off the rest of their health problems. Social context played a key role in shaping patients' biography and chronic illness trajectory.


The Android ecosystem allows development of apps with relative ease through the extensive Android API. When developing the apps, security issues are often overlooked by the developers. This thesis is based on a previous work which identified 12 such Inter Component Communication (ICC) security smells that can lead to numerous security breaches in the system. A static code analysis tool based on Android Lint was developed to identify them. To further understand why some of these smells are so prominent, this thesis evaluated their appearances based on several aspects. First the influence of developers in the projects was examined. The association of developers to different apps was cross-referenced with the occurrence of smells per project and we found that for most smells the developers have a tendency to make the mistake over more than one project. We also examined how updates affect smells. The updates rarely brought a change in smells and if they did they tended to have a negative impact. We performed a manual analysis of 100 apps with the most smells. The lint-based tool was found to have a good and correct detection rate. In the next study we examined if the smells that went unreported by the tool were correctly labeled as such and the reason for not them not being detected. In most cases this was due to the relevant Android API not being used. Finally, we did a study on the location of smells in the code base. We expanded the existing linting tool to include more metadata and analyzed all the apps once more. The different smell categories tended to have a varying degree of displacement of individual smells in the code base. The average number of distinct locations grew in the order of Java package, containing class and surrounding method for most of the smells. This thesis aims to help spread awareness abut ICC security smells and thereby fundamentally reduce the attack surface in Android.


PURPOSE
To measure the rosmarinic acid content of eight commercial tinctures derived from fresh (n= 5) and dried (n=3) Melissa officinalis herb.

METHODS
Rosmarinic acid and the internal standard (esculin) were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. The column used was a Luna C18, 5 um (150 x 4.6 mm I.D., Phenomenex) maintained at ambient room temperature. The HPLC system consisted of a Shimadzu SCL-6B controller, Shimadzu LC-6A pumps, Shimadzu SPD-6A UV single wavelength spectrophotometric detector set to 320 nm and Shimadzu SIL-6B autosampler. Gradient elution of the samples and standard were performed using ammonium formate (0.02 M; pH 6.25 at 27 oC; eluent A) and methanol (eluent B). The gradient elution initial conditions were 2% of eluent B with linear gradient to 60% at 30 min, followed by linear gradient to 90% of eluent B at 31 min, this proportion being maintained for 4 min. The column was then returned to the initial condition at 36 min and maintained until the end of the run at 43 min. The flow rate was 1 mL/min. The assay was validated for sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility.

RESULTS
The content of rosmarinic acid in commercial tinctures was significantly higher in the tinctures made from dried plant material (2.96 - 22.18 mg/mL) compared to fresh plant tinctures (</= 0.92 mg/mL).

CONCLUSION
These results have implications both for the manufacturers of commercial tinctures and also for herbal practitioners in the choice of tinctures for treating Herpes simplex infection.


The Sŏkka Yŏrae haengjŏk song (Ode on the acts of the Tathāgata Śākyamuni)was written by the Korean Ch'ŏnt'ae (Ch. Tiantai) monk Mugi in 1328. It is a biography of the Buddha in verse form, which in character somewhat resembles a seventh-century biography by the Chinese official Wang Bo. Both are based on Chinese renditions of the Buddha's life story, but while Wang's work is a terse adaptation tailored to the tastes of a literati audience, in Mugi's work the terse verse format functions as a frameworkto contain extensive commentaries.  The commentaries discuss Tiantai doctrinal points as well as issues that confronted both lay and monastic practitioners of the time. Mugi's foremost concern seems to have been to use the life of the Buddha as an inspiration to counter lax interpretations of the precepts among his fellow monks and inspire them to have more respect for lay donors.


Summary: The structural genomics of histone tail recognition web server is an open access resource that presents within mini articles all publicly available experimental structures of histone tails in complex with human proteins. Each article is composed of interactive 3D slides that dissect the structural mechanism underlying the recognition of specific sequences and histone marks. A concise text html-linked to interactive graphics guides the reader through the main features of the interaction. This resource can be used to analyze and compare binding modes across multiple histone recognition modules, to evaluate the chemical tractability of binding sites involved in epigenetic signaling and design small molecule inhibitors. Availability: http://www.thesgc.org/resources/histone_tails/ Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


Just as Carl Andre's sculptures are "cuts" of elemental materials, his writings are condensed expressions, "cuts" of language that emphasize the part rather than the whole. Andre, a central figure in minimalism and one of the most influential sculptors of our time, does not produce the usual critical essay. He has said that he is "not a writer of prose," and the texts included in Cuts -- the most comprehensive collection of his writings yet published -- appear in a wide variety of forms that are pithy and poetic rather than prosaic. Some texts are statements, many of them fifty words or less, written for catalog entries and press releases. Others are Socratic dialogues, interwoven statements, or in the form of questionnaires and interviews. Still others are letters -- public and private, lengthy missives and postcards. Some are epigrams and maxims (for example, on Damian Hirst: I DON'T FEAR HIS SHARK. I FEAR HIS FORMALDEHYDE) and some are planar poems, words and letters arranged and rearranged into different patterns. They are organized alphabetically by subject, under such entries as "Art and Capitalism," "Childhood," "Entropy (After Smithson)," "Matter," "My Work," "Other Artists," and "Poetry," and they include Andre's reflections on Michelangelo and Duchamp, on Stein and Marx, and such contemporaries as Eva Hesse, Robert Smithson, Robert Morris, and Damien Hirst. Carl Andre's writing and its materiality -- its stress on the visual and tactile qualities of language -- takes its place beside his sculpture and its materiality, its revelation of "matter as matter rather than matter as symbol." Both assert the ethical and political primacy of matter in a culture that prizes the replica, the insubstantial, and the virtual. "I am not an idealist as an artist," says Andre. "I try to discover my visions in the conditions of the world. It's the conditions which are important."


Statistics in Medicine, Third Edition makes medical statistics easy to understand by students, practicing physicians, and researchers. The book begins with databases from clinical medicine and uses such data to give multiple worked-out illustrations of every method. The text opens with how to plan studies from conception to publication and what to do with your data, and follows with step-by-step instructions for biostatistical methods from the simplest levels (averages, bar charts) progressively to the more sophisticated methods now being seen in medical articles (multiple regression, noninferiority testing). Examples are given from almost every medical specialty and from dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, and health care management. A preliminary guide is given to tailor sections of the text to various lengths of biostatistical courses.

 Key Features:

 *User-friendly format includes medical examples, step-by-step methods, and check-yourself exercises appealing to readers with little or no statistical background, across medical and biomedical disciplines

 *Facilitates stand-alone methods rather than a required sequence of reading and references to prior text.

 * Covers trial randomization, treatment ethics in medical research, imputation of missing data, evidence-based medical decisions, how to interpret medical articles, noninferiority testing, meta-analysis, screening number needed to treat, and epidemiology.

 * Fills the gap left in all other medical statistics books between the reader's knowledge of how to go about research and the book's coverage of how to analyze results of that research.

  New in this Edition:

 * New chapters on planning research, managing data and analysis, Bayesian statistics, measuring association and agreement, and questionnaires and surveys.

 * New sections on what tests and descriptive statistics to choose, false discovery rate, interim analysis, bootstrapping, Bland-Altman plots, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), and Deming regression.

 * Expanded coverage on probability, statistical methods and tests relatively new to medical research, ROC curves, experimental design, and survival analysis.

 *35 Databases in Excel format used in the book and can be downloaded and transferred into whatever format is needed along with PowerPoint slides of figures, tables, and graphs from the book included on the companion site, http://www.elsevierdirect.com/companion.jsp?ISBN=9780123848642

 *Medical subject index offers additional search capabilities.


A search for evidence of invisible-particle decay modes of a Higgs boson produced in association with a Z boson at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. No deviation from the standard model expectation is observed in 4.5  fb−1 (20.3  fb−1) of 7 (8) TeV pp collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment. Assuming the standard model rate for ZH production, an upper limit of 75%, at the 95% confidence level is set on the branching ratio to invisible-particle decay modes of the Higgs boson at a mass of 125.5 GeV. The limit on the branching ratio is also interpreted in terms of an upper limit on the allowed dark matter-nucleon scattering cross section within a Higgs-portal dark matter scenario. Within the constraints of such a scenario, the results presented in this Letter provide the strongest available limits for low-mass dark matter candidates. Limits are also set on an additional neutral Higgs boson, in the mass range 110


Book synopsis: Developmental language disorders (DLD) occur when a child fails to develop his or her native language often for no apparent reason. Delayed development of speech and/or language is one of the most common reasons for parents of preschool children to seek the advice of their family doctor. Although some children rapidly improve, others have more persistent language difficulties. These long-term deficits can adversely affect academic progress, social relationships and mental well-being.

Although DLDs are common, we are still a long way from understanding what causes them and how best to intervene. Understanding Developmental Language Disorders summarises the recent research developments in genetics and neuroimaging studies, assessment techniques and treatment studies to provide an overview of all aspects of DLD. The book investigates the possible genetic and biological causes of the disorder, how best to assess children's language skills to identify when and where communication breakdown occurs, what the long-term outcomes are for children who grow up with DLD, overlaps between DLD and other childhood disorders such as dyslexia and autism and how best to treat children with the disorder. Each chapter is written by a leading authority in the field in a format accessible to researchers, clinicians and families alike.

This book, with its focus on both theory and practice, will be invaluable to students and researchers of speech-language pathology, psychology, psychiatry, linguistics and education. It will also be of interest to practicing speech-language pathologists, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, educational psychologists, and teachers and parents of children with developmental language disorders.


Bustos, Eduardo and Lucho Rodriguez. Going Ape! Toronto: Tundra Books, 2012. Print. There are many playful stories about monkeys available for young children, so it's an asset to have this non-fiction picture book for the same age group where the primates are depicted as they are in nature rather than as characters in a narrative. This is an English translation of a Spanish book originally published in 2004. In two to three sentences, author Eduardo Bustos highlights a couple of unique points of interest for each of ten ape species. While jumping so quickly from one ape to another makes the text seem a little disjointed, the short length is appropriate for young readers. I appreciated that the work includes not just the commonly known apes like chimpanzees and gorillas, but also lesser known species like the Allen's Swamp Monkey that has webbed feet! The text on the last page breaks from the format used previously; the full page highlights the variation that can be witnessed among the many ape species in the world in terms of size, coloring, and diet. Since the style already diverges significantly and seems aimed at a slightly older age group, I was left wanting more elaboration. For instance, following the statement, "It is interesting to learn about their habits," I would have liked further details. The illustrations are the best feature of the book. The stylized images capture the recognizable looks of the various species. Each is represented by a full-page illustration of the ape's face, as well as a smaller image of the full ape in its natural habitat on the opposing page with the text. There are over 200 species of primates in the world. The title page depicts twelve different types of apes, so I was disappointed that descriptions of only ten were included. Overall, though, it provides a nicely illustrated introduction to the world of primates. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Trish Chatterley Trish is a Public Services Librarian for the John W. Scott Health Sciences Library at the University of Alberta. In her free time she enjoys dancing, gardening, and reading books of all types.


The current study investigates the noise characteristics of a Radial Fan with Forward Curved Blades by performing CFD simulations with the emphasis on employing different Turbulence Models and Unstructured Grids. The predicted noise spectra obtained from CFD results (StarCCM+), and also hybrid CAA method (coupling of Star-CCM+ and ACTRAN) are in good agreement with the experimental results. Especially the overall trend of the experimental curves as well as the Blade Passing Frequency (BPF) is correctly predicted. Additionally, using transient surface & volume data helped to gain insight into the noise radiated from different parts of the system.


Purpose: The persistence of momentum in stock returns across both developed and emerging markets and the challenges that it poses against the Efficient Market Hypothesis created a need to explain its existence. Grinblatt and Han (2005) formulated a model to explain momentum using a well documented behavioral bias which is the Disposition effect. The focus of this paper is to analyze whether disposition effect drives momentum in the Egyptian stock market as one of the growing emerging markets that faces a considerable lack in behavioral studies. Design/methodology/approach: The study is quantitative in nature studying whether disposition effect drives momentum using a sample of 48 companies through the time period 2004–2010. The relation between disposition effect and momentum will be analyzed empirically using Fama Macbeth cross-sectional regression. Findings: Results show that there is no momentum in stock returns in the Egyptian stock market. In addition they show that disposition effect does not drive momentum in the Egyptian stock market as there is no significant relation between expected return and capital gain overhang. The results reveal useful insights about the Egyptian stock market that can be of beneficial use for both practitioners and academics. Research limitations/implications: Limited number of active companies in the Egyptian stock market as well as the limited available historical data poses some restrictions in the implementation of Fama Macbeth regression and the calculation of reference price. In addition analyzing the profitability of momentum strategies across different market states may be required to provide complete picture about momentum in the market. Practical implications: Relative strength strategies do not earn abnormal return in the Egyptian stock market, so practitioners are not advised to follow such strategies. In addition more advanced market mechanisms should be applied in the Egyptian stock market to improve its efficiency as well as increase the speed of information dissemination in the prices. Originality/value: Detailed analysis of literature review reveals a significant gap in academic studies about the Egyptian stock market. This paper aims to fill this gap by analyzing whether there is momentum in stock returns and whether disposition effect drives momentum in the Egyptian stock market that differs from other markets where Grinblatt and Han (2005) has been previously applied and hence this provides an out of sample test of the model.


T he climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs), and require planning to address tradeoffs and synergies between these three pillars: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation [1]. The priorities of different countries and stakeholders are reflected to achieve more efficient, effective, and equitable food systems that address challenges in environmental, social, and economic dimensions across productive landscapes. While the concept is new, and still evolving, many of the practices that make up CSA already exist worldwide and are used by farmers to cope with various production risks [2]. Mainstreaming CSA requires critical stocktaking of ongoing and promising practices for the future, and of institutional and financial enablers for CSA adoption. This country profile provides a snapshot of a developing baseline created to initiate discussion, both within countries and globally, about entry points for investing in CSA at scale. CSA is already being practiced in Colombia, but these practices are often implemented unsystematically or have generally low adoption rates. There are a variety of practices that could increase the climate smartness of landscapes and the agricultural sector if taken to scale.


A detailed archaeological study of the ancient long distance caravan routes across the Eastern Sahara has not yet been established. This paper describes the results of initial investigations on the identification of caravan traces by remote sensing reconnaissance, and archaeological field surveys west of the Nile. During this work, pottery of an obviously common but at present unknown type of a Late Roman or Coptic transport vessel was found along the ancient roads between the Nile Valley and the Egyptian oases. Moreover, one of the vessels contained an organic substance. Chemical analysis of the content indicates degraded and polymerised fat or oil.


Should juveniles have more, fewer, the same or different procedural rights than are accorded to adults? This question, posed by Professor Arnold Loewy for a panel at the 2013 Texas Tech Law Review Symposium on Juveniles and Criminal Law, requires us to examine our goals for the juvenile court system. My primary goal, having practiced in both adult criminal and juvenile delinquency forums for over twenty years, is to ensure that the reach of juvenile court is no wider than necessary, as research indicates that when children are processed through the juvenile court system and adjudicated delinquent, the impact is not benign. Potential negative consequences of juvenile delinquency adjudications are felt in such areas as housing, employment, immigration and education as well as enhanced penalties for future offenses. Further, longitudinal studies show that children exposed to juvenile court reoffend at higher rates and are stigmatized by even the most minimal contact with the juvenile court system. This Article, the second in a series on the disproportionate representation of low-income children in the U.S. juvenile justice system, examines the intake process, which operates as one of the primary gateways to juvenile court. The Introduction describes a typical case, highlighting the shortcomings of the current process and the risks — short- and long-term — that they pose to juveniles. Part II presents the nuts and bolts of the intake stage, including details regarding who conducts the screening, its purpose, and the assessment criteria applied. Part III discusses the procedural rights of juveniles at intake according to the U.S. Supreme Court, state courts and legislatures. Part IV analyzes what can — and often does — go wrong with the intake process, resulting in a wider net being cast around minorities and low-income children and families. Part V offers proposals for reform, including providing counsel to children prior to intake; mandatory advising of children and their parents by the juvenile probation officer conducting the intake interview; and introducing an objective rubric for the evaluation of delinquency complaints by juvenile probation officers.


Today's utility planners have a different market and economic context than their predecessors, including planning for the growth of renewable energy. Through interviews and a questionnaire, the authors gathered information on utility supply planning and how solar is represented. Utilities were asked to provide their resource planning process details, key assumptions (e.g. whether DG is represented as supply or negative load), modeling methodology (e.g. type of risk analytics and candidate portfolio development), capacity expansion and production simulation model software, and solar project representation (project size, capacity value and integration cost adder). This presentation aims to begin the exchange of information between utilities, regulators and other stakeholders by capturing utility-provided information about: 1) how various utilities approach long-range resource planning; 2) methods and tools utilities use to conduct resource planning; and, 3) how solar technologies are considered in the resource planning process.


The increasing application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) entails an increased risk regarding their release to surface water bodies, where they likely co-occur with other anthropogenic stressors, such as heavy metals. Their co-occurrence may lead to an adsorption of the metal ions onto the particles. These nanoparticles often sediment, due to their agglomeration, and thus pose a risk for pelagic or benthic species. The combined toxicity of nTiO2 and heavy metals is likely influenced by the properties of both stressors (since they may alter their interaction) and by environmental parameters (e.g., organic matter, pH, ionic strength) affecting their fate.
These issues were not yet systematically examined by the recent literature. Therefore, this thesis investigated the influence of nTiO2-products with differing crystalline phase composition on the toxicity of copper (as representative for heavy metals) in presence of different organic matters using the pelagic test organism Daphnia magna.
Moreover, the duration of the stressors` interaction (=aging) likely modulates the combined toxicity. Hence, the influence of nTiO2 on copper toxicity after aging as a function of environmental parameters (i.e., organic matter, pH, ionic strength) was additionally investigated.
Finally, the transferability of the major findings to benthic species was examined using Gammarus fossarum. The present thesis discovered a reduction of the copper toxicity facilitated by nTiO2 for all assessed scenarios, while its magnitude was determined by the surface area and structure of nTiO2, the quantity and quality of organic matter as well as the aging of both stressors. The general copper toxicity reduction by nTiO2 was also transferable to benthic species, despite their potentially increased exposure due to the sedimentation of nTiO2 with adsorbed copper. These observations suggest the application of nTiO2 as remediation agent, but potential side effects (e.g., chronic toxicity, reactive oxygen species formation) require further investigations. Moreover, questions regarding the transferability to other stressors (e.g., different heavy metals, organic chemicals) and the fate of stressors adsorbed to nTiO2 in aquatic ecosystems remain open.


Despite the attention and dollars spent on kitchens in the current homes of today, very few authors focus on kitchen design beyond the turn of the twentieth century. A visit to the Smithsonian inspired a study into the influences of Julia Child, a pioneering celebrity chef, in an exhibit of her kitchen in the Museum of American History at the Smithsonian. By reviewing the set of Child's influential television cooking show, The French Chef (1963-1973), I observe any changes to the kitchen set from inception to the finale. I then combine this information with an investigation of the design features on sitcom kitchen sets of the same period. In doing so, I reviewed possible influences created by The French Chef cooking set. I then contrast the visual culture of media images against Julia Child's actual kitchen-turned-exhibit. In addition, I tracked monthly floor plan sizes and relationships in Better Homes and Garden, as well as the relationships of kitchens to the home throughout the 1960s. Finding possible correlations and connections between The French Chef set and the other visual culture of the 1960s, I would need to undertake much additional research to further cement this relationship. mix of counter-cultures of the 1960s sets a diverse stage for the influence of this cultural icon.


The complete and essential guide to birth with a doula by the "undisputed experts in the field."--Los Angeles Times. More and more parents-to-be all over the world are choosing the comfort and reassuring support of birth with a trained labor companion called a "doula." This warm, authoritative, and irreplaceable guide completely updates the authors' earlier book, Mothering the Mother, and adds much new and important research. In addition to basic advice on finding and working with a doula, the authors show how a doula reduces the need for cesarean section, shortens the length of labor, decreases the pain medication required, and enhances bonding and breast feeding. The authors, world-renowned authorities on childbirth with combined experience of over 100 years working with laboring women, have made their book indispensable to every woman who wants the healthiest, safest, and most joyful possible birth experience. A Merloyd Lawrence Book


We have widely varying perceptions of time. Children have trouble waiting for anything. ("Are we there yet?") Boredom is often connected to our sense of time passing (or not passing). As people grow older, time seems to speed up, the years flitting by without a pause. How does our sense of time come about? In Felt Time, Marc Wittmann explores the riddle of subjective time, explaining our perception of time -- whether moment by moment, or in terms of life as a whole. Drawing on the latest insights from psychology and neuroscience, Wittmann offers a new answer to the question of how we experience time.Wittmann explains, among other things, how we choose between savoring the moment and deferring gratification; why impulsive people are bored easily, and why their boredom is often a matter of time; whether each person possesses a personal speed, a particular brain rhythm distinguishing quick people from slow people; and why the feeling of duration can serve as an "error signal," letting us know when it is taking too long for dinner to be ready or for the bus to come. He considers the practice of mindfulness, and whether it can reduce the speed of life and help us gain more time, and he describes how, as we grow older, subjective time accelerates as routine increases; a fulfilled and varied life is a long life. Evidence shows that bodily processes -- especially the heartbeat -- underlie our feeling of time and act as an internal clock for our sense of time. And Wittmann points to recent research that connects time to consciousness; ongoing studies of time consciousness, he tells us, will help us to understand the conscious self.


Nowadays, vehicle control systems such as anti-lock braking systems, electronic stability control, and cruise control systems yield many advantages. The electronic control units that are deployed in this specific application domain are embedded systems that are integrated in larger systems to achieve predefined applications. Embedded systems consist of embedded hardware and a large software part. Model-based development for embedded systems offers significant software-development benefits that are pointed out in this thesis. The vehicle control system Adaptive Cruise Control is developed in this thesis using a model-based software development process for embedded systems. As a modern industrial design tool that is prevalent in this domain, simulink,is used for modeling the environment, the system behavior, for determining controller parameters, and for simulation purposes. Using an appropriate toolchain, the embedded code is automatically generated. The adaptive cruise control system could be successfully implemented and tested within this short timespan using a waterfall model without increments. The vehicle plant and important filters are fully deduced in detail. Therefore, the design of further vehicle control systems needs less effort for development and precise simulation.


Abstract Empirical analyses of Cagan's money demand schedule for hyper-inflation have largely ignored the explosive nature of hyper-inflationary data. It is argued that this contributes to an (i) inability to model the data to the end of the hyper-inflation, and to (ii) discrepancies between "estimated" and "actual" inflation tax. Using data from the extreme Yugoslavian hyper-inflation it is shown that a linear analysis of levels of prices and money fails in addressing these issues even when the explosiveness is taken into account. The explanation is that log real money has random walk behaviour while the growth of log prices is explosive. A simple solution to these issues is found by replacing the conventional measure of inflation by the cost of holding money.


Tree automata and tree transducers are used in a wide range of applications in software engineering, from XML processing to language type-checking. While these formalisms are of immense practical use, they can only model finite alphabets, and since many real-world applications operate over infinite domains such as integers, this is often a limitation. To overcome this problem we augment tree automata and transducers with symbolic alphabets represented as parametric theories. Admitting infinite alphabets makes these models more general and succinct than their classical counterparts. Despite this, we show how the main operations, such as composition and language equivalence, remain computable given a decision procedure for the alphabet theory. We introduce a high-level language called Fast that acts as a front-end for the above formalisms. Fast supports symbolic alphabets through tight integration with state-of-the-art satisfiability modulo theory (SMT) solvers. We demonstrate our techniques on practical case studies, covering a wide range of applications.


The content aggregator platform Reddit has established itself as one of the most popular websites in the world. However, scientific research on Reddit is hindered as Reddit allows (and even encourages) user anonymity, i.e., user profiles do not contain personal information such as the gender. Inferring the gender of users in large-scale could enable the analysis of gender-specific areas of interest, reactions to events, and behavioral patterns. In this direction, this thesis suggests a machine learning approach of estimating the gender of Reddit users. By exploiting specific conventions in parts of the website, we obtain a ground truth for more than 190 million comments of labeled users. This data is then used to train machine learning classifiers to use them to gain insights about the gender balance of particular subreddits and the platform in general. By comparing a variety of different approaches for classification algorithm, we find that character-level convolutional neural network achieves performance with an 82.3% F1 score on a task of predicting a gender of a user based on his/her comments. The score surpasses 85% mark for frequent users with more than 50 comments. Furthermore, we discover that female users are less active on Reddit platform, they write fewer comments and post in fewer subreddits on average, when compared to male users.


The current financial crisis has had a severe impact on the European financial systems, reinforcing the ongoing discussion about the scale, scope, performance, safety and soundness of the financial system and its institutions. In this context, the purpose of this research is to highlight, using an empirical approach and a quantitative analysis, the vulnerabilities accumulated by the financial systems from the new EU member states (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania) during the period before the current global economic crisis broke out and to emphasize the extremely serious consequences of the current crisis on their financial systems, the interaction between the financial sector and the real economy, the measures taken by the authorities in order to avoid the collapse of financial systems, as well as the new challenges aroused for the authorities in the current context. Finally, we argue then that building a safer financial system with better crisis management and a compelling solution for burden‐sharing should be the current priority.


Background By a 5–4 margin, the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 declared that voluntary public school integration programs were unconstitutional. Citing the prospective harm that students and their families might incur from being denied admission to the high school of their choice, the Supreme Court declared that the plaintiffs, Parents Involved in Community Schools (PICS), had a valid claim of injury by asserting a interest in not being forced to compete for seats at certain high schools in a system that uses race as a deciding factor in many of its admissions decisions. Purpose The goal of the article is to discuss how conceptions of harm and fairness as articulated in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 privilege the self-interests of White students and families over the educational needs of students of color. Research Design This article is a document analysis. Conclusions By referencing the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision of 1954 (Brown I) to buttress its decision, the U.S. Supreme Court has determined that programmatic efforts to ensure students of color access to quality learning environments are inherently ominous. The dilemma moving forward for policy makers and scholars concerned with the educational advancement of students of color is not to develop new ways to integrate America's public schools or reconcile the gaps in the Supreme Court's logic, but rather to craft programs and policies for students of color around the human development and workforce needs of the global economy.


Gender-exclusive organisations are ubiquitous in the Australian social landscape, coming in all forms, shapes and sizes. The potential for such organisations, however, to inform us about past gender roles and attitudes has not been addressed within the Australian context. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to investigate what the buildings of such organisations can reveal about the roles of men and women in the past. Buildings belonging to the Freemasons and the Country Women's Association (CWA) in rural South Australia formed the basis for this investigation. Archaeological research was carried out to record the social, geographic, physical and functional attributes of buildings in order to identify trends occurring between and amongst buildings used exclusively by men or women. Attributes included street type, building size, visibility, decorative features, internal layout, alterations and use. While CWA buildings remained relatively unchanged throughout the study period (1836–2010), the results for Masonic buildings showed that there were significant changes occurring, particularly regarding the use of external decorative features and the presence of amenities. Style, as a form of nonverbal communication, is used to reflect and reinforce prevailing ideology. The changing styles of Masonic and CWA buildings suggest a shift in gender roles and attitudes, from the 'traditional' separate spheres ideology of pre-World War II, to the more 'egalitarian' worldview post-war. This thesis concludes that social changes occurring as a result of World War II are reflected in the design, location and construction of gender-exclusive buildings, most notably those belonging to the Freemasons.


Although the Letter of Aristeas mentions the translation of the Jewish nomos into Greek, it is striking that worship is not a fundamental theme of this writing. Nevertheless, six passages present acts of worship, which recount worship from different perspectives: Aristeas prays to God and explains his "Greek" idea of worship (Let. Aris. 17), whereas in Let. Aris. 132-140 the high priest explains the Jewish concept of worship. Sacrifices and prayers at the temple in Jerusalem for the Ptolemaic royal house are told in Let. Aris. 45, while at the Ptolemaic court in Alexandria one of the Jewish scholars prays at the beginning of the symposium (Let. Aris. 184-186). Then the daily prayer of the Jewish scholars are recounted in Let. Aris. 305-306 and finally the Ptolemaic king performs a proskynesis before the law at the end of the letter and thereby accepts the translation (Let. Aris. 317).


It has been observed that for understanding the biological function of certain RNA molecules, one has to study joint secondary structures of interacting pairs of RNA. In this thesis, a new approach for predicting the joint structure is proposed and implemented. For this, we introduce the class of m-dimensional context-free grammars --- an extension of stochastic context-free grammars to multiple dimensions --- and present an Earley-style semiring parser for this class. Additionally, we develop and thoroughly discuss an implementation variant of Earley parsers tailored to efficiently handle dense grammars, which embraces the grammars used for structure prediction. A currently proposed partitioning scheme for joint secondary structures is transferred into a two-dimensional context-free grammar, which in turn is used as a stochastic model for RNA-RNA interaction. This model is trained on actual data and then used for predicting most likely joint structures for given RNA molecules. While this technique has been widely used for secondary structure prediction of single molecules, RNA-RNA interaction was hardly approached this way in the past. Although our parser has O(n^3 m^3) time complexity and O(n^2 m^2) space complexity for two RNA molecules of sizes n and m, it remains practically applicable for typical sizes if enough memory is available. Experiments show that our parser is much more efficient for this application than classical Earley parsers. Moreover the predictions of joint structures are comparable in quality to current energy minimization approaches.


We give an overview of the multifaceted relationship between nonmonotonic logics and preferences. We discuss how the nonmonotonicity of reasoning itself is closely tied to preferences reasoners have on models of the world or, as we often say here, possible belief sets. Selecting extended logic programming with the answer-set semantics as a "generic" nonmonotonic logic, we show how that logic defines preferred belief sets and how preferred belief sets allow us to represent and interpret normative statements. Conflicts among program rules (more generally, defaults) give rise to alternative preferred belief sets. We discuss how such conflicts can be resolved based on implicit specificity or on explicit rankings of defaults. Finally, we comment on formalisms which explicitly represent preferences on properties of belief sets. Such formalisms either build preference information directly into rules and modify the semantics of the logic appropriately, or specify preferences on belief sets independently of the mechanism to define them.