The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's (AASM) Board of Directors has proactively been examining the future of our field since the presidency of Dr. Susie Esther, at which time she initiated the "Future of Sleep Medicine" taskforce. As an outgrowth of this process one of our most comprehensive efforts has been the careful consideration of how care is delivered to patients with sleep disorders and how the AASM accreditation process can shape a long-term care model that considers the evolution of practice based on technological advancements, and, includes standardized measures and outcome reporting. We have long recognized the need for change and have already taken several steps—similar to the blueprint outlined by John Kotter and referenced by Dr. Pack in his commentary—to create a transformative strategy for the sleep medicine field that ensures the quality of care our patients receive is the best possible, considers the changing needs of our members, and addresses the economic and political realities currently faced by American medicine.

Dr. Pack suggests in his commentary that AASM accreditation is the key to transforming the field to an outcomes based practice model. Perhaps the question he should have asked is what role should accreditation play in the Future of Sleep Medicine. AASM Accreditation provides a framework for quality sleep medicine services. The Standards have been crafted such that they can be adapted to many practice models. The accreditation experience over the past 15 years has taught us that no one accreditation model works for all or in all regions of the country. While we agree that the field and the accreditation standards will shift emphasis to a disease management model, there is no reason to believe mandating one model through accreditation will be doing the field or the public a favor.

There are economic and political realities that all health care providers, including sleep medicine physicians, must recognize right now. Economically, the cost-and-investor return drives all financial decisions, which means those who pay for health care are focused on containing cost. In the case of sleep medicine, this has been realized with the adoption of policies for out of center testing (i.e., portable monitoring) and contracting with companies that offer competitive pricing. Quality, unfortunately, is not always the driving factor in the creation of these policies, as the corresponding costs are considered too expensive. Health insurers often do not keep subscribers for more than 2-5 years, so they are more interested in the short-term cost-benefit ratio. Since most sleep disorders will cause related morbidity in subsequent years, there may not be a perceived need to actually treat their subscribers' sleep disorders to reduce subsequent comorbid disorders (e.g., treat someone's obstructive sleep apnea to reduce their stroke risk). The private insurers therefore make economic choices, not quality of life choices.

The political reality is as somber as the economic reality. Politicians from both parties have taken a different approach to addressing costs associated with health care. Recently, legislation was passed in the House of Representatives and Senate to raise the nation's debt ceiling. One provision of this legislation was the formation of a "super group" of 12 member of Congress that is mandated to find $1.3 trillion in expenditure cuts by the end of November. If agreement can't be reached by the designated date, automatic cuts will go into effect that total 50% from the nation's defense program and 50% from the Medicare program. Moreover, the proposed 50% cuts to Medicare are on top of a projected 23% decrease in reimbursement to physicians for services provided to Medicare beneficiaries, which is commonly known as the "doctor fix." Healthcare in the United States has always revolved around "the procedure." This is because it is easy to track and to assess cost. It is much more difficult to put a dollar amount on time spent with a patient, even though it is really what patients value the most. Now medicine is attempting to move to more "accountable care." The idea is that we pay if the outcome is better, not by the number of tests or procedures one does.

So where does this leave sleep medicine? As mentioned, the AASM's Board of Directors has been engaged and proactive in response to this reality of change. The AASM launched accreditation programs for Out of Center Sleep Testing and for Durable Medical Equipment, hence creating standards for the diagnostic testing outside the sleep center and furnishing therapeutic devices to patients with sleep disorders. Additionally in the October issue of JCSM, a technology evaluation of out of center testing devices was published to lend guidance to device selection.

For many years, the practice of sleep medicine has focused on the testing and diagnosis of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Federal law, and in many cases state law, has prevented us from providing treatment to our patients; this service has been left to DME companies. This has greatly fragmented the care of our patients. Throughout the spring of 2011, the Board of Directors and staff worked on developing the proposal for the Integrated Sleep Management Delivery Model. This proposal is available for review on the website at http://www.aasmnet.org/members/resources/pdf/innovationproposal.pdf, and we strongly encourage you to read this document. The basic concept of this proposal focuses on the sleep physician providing diagnostic testing as well as the treatment and tracking outcomes for their patients over a two-year period. Eligibility for an integrated sleep medicine program would require sleep centers to obtain three levels of accreditation—AASM Accreditation of Sleep Center, AASM Accreditation of Out of Center Sleep Testing Accreditation, and AASM Accreditation for Non-Medicare DME Suppliers. Participation in the integrated sleep medicine program would be strictly voluntary, and all current accreditation programs would still be available to eligible facilities. The Board of Directors believes this is the future of clinical sleep medicine.

Representatives of the Board of Directors met with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) on May 5, 2011, and presented an earlier iteration of the Integrated Sleep Management Delivery Model proposal. CMS warmly received our proposal and encouraged us to finalize our model. As of of this writing, CMS is considering two options with respect to our plan. The first and preferred option is to pilot the program through the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation. The second option is for CMS to develop and institute a determination policy for an integrated care model. The important takeaway is that CMS is very interested in what we have proposed for the future of sleep medicine and patient care. Our intent is to present this plan to all insurance carriers and hopefully have our model for care incorporated into their coverage policies.

This proposal has been well received because it shifts the focus of sleep medicine from strictly diagnostic testing to long-term disease management. We recognize this plan is a working document and that it will change over time as necessitated by changes in insurance policies, practice models, technology, and other factors. Further, this plan will be expanded to include outcome measures for all sleep disorders, not just OSA.

What will make this plan better is the feedback of our membership. Specifically, we need to gauge the commitment of our members to shifting their practice pattern from diagnostic testing to an integrated approach that includes testing, treating, and disease management. We are currently engaging focus groups to review this plan and give us feedback.

Finally, we are well aware of the fear in the sleep medicine community over the contracts for OCST on a local basis. We are working with you on plans like this as well as enhanced education programs to help you manage this change. Change is upon us, and it will do our field and our patients no favor to resist it. Rather, we must accept the challenges presented, manage them, and by doing so turn these challenges into opportunities.


The purpose of this paper -as a part of a wider research project - is to analyze the concept of production network from a methodological and theoretical viewpoint based on a three-plane perspective. These dimensions are the linkages among agents, the innovation activities, and the social management technology, including work process organization and the social agreement generation model in force. It is an experimentally methodological approach that tries to go from a theoretical conceptualization of the phenomenon to its empirical evaluation. The questions guiding this research are as follows: What are the variables and dimensions to be observed in the analysis of a group of interconnected firms in order to define a production network? Is it a unique definition or, on the contrary, does it involve a range of alternatives? What are the externalities generated by the agents who belong to one network? What is the relationship between the network's firms' technological behavior and their organizational counterpart? How are learning processes in the business firms linked to their own training systems? Has the social management technology some differential role in the learning process and in the development of skills? How do knowledge transmission processes manifest themselves within the "network"? What indicators are useful for the empirical identification of the different means of manifestation of the network according to the theoretical viewpoint adopted? How can those indicators be articulated in order to elaborate typologies intended for the identification of "hybrid" models? How can a complex indicator be built in order to show the different levels of circulation of intangible assets, development of learning processes and work process organization? In the first section, the conceptualization of the production "network" used in this paper is discussed. In the second section, most relevant variables and indicators are presented in order to feature the business firms and the network in terms of: a) type, quantity and quality of tangible and intangible exchanges among the agents; b) innovative capacity and learning; c) social management technology. Then we elaborate a typology of networks based on the consideration of the previous parameters. Lastly, in the fourth section, we discuss how the three dimensions interact in the case of Volkswagen and his forty main local suppliers.


Dear Readers, We have reached an important milestone now that the Deakin Review is in its third year of publication. To wit, we have published well over 200 reviews, our readership continues to grow, and we've been delighted to receive so many compliments about the overall quality and appeal of our online content. For the entire month of September 2013, we displayed two full-scale exhibitions of Deakin books in the Humanities and Social Sciences and Coutts Education Libraries at the University of Alberta. We relished this opportunity to show more than 100 books, accompanied by excerpts from the corresponding reviews, to the campus community, which further raised the profile of our quarterly journal. In fact, many students have since asked about opportunities to submit book reviews to our editors for consideration. As many of you know, the Deakin Review was originally conceived as an in-house publication that would publish content from our own librarians and support staff, but we now believe that this is a good time to expand our pool of reviewers to ensure that our journal continues to grow and thrive. So, if you are thinking of submitting a review, please contact me by email and I'll be pleased to review the submission process with you. Our editorial team will still be comprised of librarians from the University of Alberta Libraries—a unique point of distinction that sets us apart from other journals with similar content—but we will begin accepting well-written reviews of recently published children's books from anyone , effective immediately. In other news, we recently decided that the Deakin Review should transition to a peer-reviewed journal within 18 months. This means that we'll continue to publish thoughtful and well-written book reviews just as we have been doing, but in due course we'll also include a peer-reviewed article in each issue about practitioner, cultural, or social issues relating to children's books (e.g., how children's books are used in the classroom; readers' advisory services offered by YA librarians; language development rates for young children who use multimedia e-books). We're looking forward to publishing excellent scholarship in these areas, so please contact our content editors if you would like to submit a paper for peer review and we'll be pleased to discuss whether your paper meets the criteria for publication in our journal. It's exciting to consider that we aspire to peer-reviewed status, which would mean that our content would be indexed by full-text scholarly databases for multidisciplinary research. Clearly, this is an ideal time to contribute to the growth and success of our journal, but rest assured that we will continue to help readers select children's books by looking for excellence in writing, design, and illustration. Our main focus is, and always will be, to handpick the books that will appeal to children, young adults, and all those interested in children's books. Enjoy our new issue! Best wishes, Robert Desmarais Managing Editor


Among the many women who played a role in the post-World War II trials of former Nazis and Nazi collaborators was a 30-year-old American, Cecelia Goetz. This essay, part of ongoing research on women at Nuremberg, to be published in "Women and International Criminal Law," a forthcoming special issue of the International Criminal Law Review, discusses Goetz. Included are not only details on how and why she became a prosecutor in the Krupp trial at Nuremberg, but also a life story marked by many "first woman" chapters, on law review, at the Department of Justice, and, after Nuremberg, in the federal judiciary.


This is a letter from the Charles B. Moore Collection. It is written by Lula Dalton and is addressed to Linnet. In this letter, Lula details for Linnet the goings-on in Burnet, Texas. She discusses rainy weather they have been having, memories about Cuckle Burr Hill, updates about friends and their plans, sad news about a friend's death, and a dialogue about going riding with Flora. She details the prayer meeting they attended and how she accepted Jim's invitation to walk her home. She tells Linnet about her trip to Aunt Mat's and that is planning on visiting Linnet and staying for some time. She hopes that the two of them can go to Colorado together.

Lula begins another letter the next night, Sunday April 16, 1899. In this letter, Lula continues to update Linnet on the goings-on in Burnet since Linnet's departure. She details what she did on that Sunday and also mentions past happenings with her family. She notes that she has made alterations to her sailor shirt, plans to go to Georgetown for Commencement,needs to make a cake for the Baptist supper, and discusses a conversation she and Jim had about Linnet. The remaining pages of the letter detail friends and town gossip. She closes this letter by noting that she must write to Mr. Taylor and hopes that Linnet has a goodnight.

In a letter, written on Tuesday April 18, 1899, Lulu details the events which occurred Monday and they include: baking for the Baptist dinner, going to the depot to welcome the soldiers home, and attending the Baptist dinner. She also notes that she has received her handkerchiefs and is thinking of going to Austin to purchase clothing. She mentions they have planted their garden and closes the letter, wishing Linnet a goodnight.


A subtle shift has taken place in the mechanics of preemption, the doctrine that determines when federal law displaces state law. In the past, Congress was the leading actor, and courts and commentators focused almost exclusively on the precise wording of its statutory directives as a clue to its intent to displace state law. Federal agencies were, if not ignored, certainly no more than supporting players. But the twenty-first century has witnessed a role reversal. Federal agencies now play the dominant role in statutory interpretation. The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized the ascendancy of federal agencies in preemption disputes—an ascendancy unchecked by the change in presidential administrations.This Article confronts the profound implications for the administrative rulemaking process caused by the ascendancy of federal agencies in the preemption realm. Stakeholders with vested interests in preemption disputes, such as state governmental organizations, state attorneys general, consumer- and business-oriented organizations, and private litigants, can continue to ignore the preemptive rulemaking processes within federal agencies only at their peril. As this Article further shows, those processes are, in and of themselves, rich areas for investigation. Taking a unique perspective "inside" the preemptive rulemaking processes within five major federal agencies that regulate in areas as diverse as health and safety, banking, and the environment, this Article presents the first look at agencies' responses to President Obama's Memorandum on Preemption and their efforts to ensure compliance with the relevant provisions of Federalism Executive Order 13132, which governs preemptive rulemaking.With this empirical grounding in agency practice, the Article addresses possibilities for reform, including a novel attorney general preemption notification provision and a blueprint for external review of newly proposed internal oversight procedures. The specific reform measures are guided by the overarching goals of (1) creating a "home" within agencies for consideration of the federalism values at stake in preemptive rulemaking and ensuring participation in the rulemaking process by suitable representatives of state regulatory interests; and (2) establishing a system of internal agency policing of the empirical and factual predicates to arguments for preemption, coupled with external oversight.This journey inside agency preemption charts preemption's future path.


The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, in cooperation with Stanford University's Computer Science Department, was pleased to present its 2006 Spring Symposium Series held March 27-29, 2006, at Stanford University, California. The titles of the eight symposia were (1) Argumentation for Consumers of Health Care (chaired by Nancy Green); (2) Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Cognitive Science Principles Meet AI Hard Problems (chaired by Christian Lebiere); (3) Computational Approaches to Analyzing Weblogs (chaired by Nicolas Nicolov); (4) Distributed Plan and Schedule Management (chaired by Ed Durfee); (5) Formalizing and Compiling Background Knowledge and Its Applications to Knowledge Representation and Question Answering (chaired by Chitta Baral); (6) Semantic Web Meets e-Government (chaired by Ljiljana Stojanovic); (7) To Boldly Go Where No Human-Robot Team Has Gone Before (chaired by Terry Fong); and (8) What Went Wrong and Why: Lessons from AI Research and Applications (chaired by Dan Shapiro).


The President, Congress, and the courts have long disagreed about who has the power to terminate treaties. Presidents have claimed the power to terminate treaties unilaterally, while Congress and particularly the Senate have argued that because the political branches share the power to make treaties, they should also share the power to terminate them. Unilateral presidential treaty terminations have prompted lawsuits by congressmen and private parties, Senate hearings and reports, and a divided academic literature. Meanwhile, the courts have deemed treaty termination to be a nonjusticiable political question.This Article reframes the debate over treaty termination by looking to treaty formation and analogizing to the Supreme Court's precedents on the Appointments Clause and removal power. The Appointments Clause uses the same "by and with the advice and consent of the Senate" language as the Treaty Clause and is found in the same sentence of the Constitution. Proponents of presidential power have relied on the Supreme Court's Appointments Clause jurisprudence to argue that Congress cannot limit the President's termination power. This Article agrees that the oft-proposed requirement of Senate consent prior to treaty termination would be unconstitutional by analogy to the Appointments Clause. However, the Appointments Clause analogy points toward a new solution to the termination debate — namely, that the Senate could impose a "for-cause" restriction on the President's termination power. In particular, this Article proposes a "for-cause" limitation implemented via a reservation, understanding, or declaration at the time of a treaty's ratification.Recognizing the constitutionality of a "for-cause" termination reservation alters the terms of the ongoing debate about the interchangeability of congressional-executive agreements and Article II treaties. Both proponents and opponents of interchangeability have noted that the President's ability to terminate Article II treaties unilaterally makes treaties unreliable as compared to congressional-executive agreements, which cannot be terminated absent action by both Congress and the President. A "for-cause" termination reservation would increase the reliability of Article II treaties and so would shift the comparative utility of congressional-executive agreements and Article II treaties.


History has a way of repeating itself. The Delaware Supreme Court stated in 1963 in Graham v. Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company that a director owes the corporation the duty of care of an ordinarily careful and prudent person in similar circumstances. In an important 1984 clarification, the court articulated in Aronson v. Lewis the important business judgment rule limitation that it is presumed that in making a business decision, the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good faith, and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the company. However, soon thereafter in its 1985 Smith v. Van Gorkom decision, the Delaware Supreme Court imposed supposedly ruinous liability on directors for a duty of care violation involving a failure to properly investigate and determine a fair merger price of their public company. The Delaware legislature swiftly enacted permissive legislation in 1986, essentially permitting the articles to eliminate monetary damages for directorial duty of care violations. The Delaware business judgment rule had been inadequate to protect the directors, placing the future of directors, and therefore corporate governance, in serious doubt. Who would serve facing catastrophic personal liability? But statutory exculpation provided theoretical limits rooted in the exculpatory language itself. Rather than directly eliminating liability for duty of care violations, the statute stated a general rule of no liability subject to important exceptions. First, monetary liability for duty of loyalty violations could not be eliminated, that not being the object of the statute. But director loyalty seemingly caused little difficulty in most cases, at least where the directors had no significant personal interest in the outcome of a particular transaction. Since the 1939 Guth v. Loft, Inc. case, Delaware loyalty infractions almost always involved improper personal pecuniary gain. Second, acts or omissions not in good faith could also not be eliminated. A director must act or fail to act with a pure heart in the best interests of the corporation. But a pure heart may not be realistic when coupled with an empty mind. Matters seemed manageable until the Delaware Supreme Court suggested in 1993, in Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, that a fiduciary duty "triad" existed, including care, loyalty, and good faith. While the business judgment rule "presumed" good faith, adequate allegations of bad faith could overcome both the business judgment rule and statutory exoneration, as well as provide an independent basis of liability. In 1996, matters remained under control when the Delaware Supreme Court decided In re Caremark International, Inc. Derivative Litigation, articulating that only "systemic" failures to exercise oversight responsibility in the face of known problems establish a prerequisite lack of good faith. Troubled waters lie ahead. The reason? As a duty independent of care and loyalty, good faith was at once both inarticulate and difficult to apply. In its 2001 decision in Emerald Partners v. Berlin, the Delaware Supreme Court attempted to reconcile the pretrial implications of the interaction of the Aronson business judgment rule, statutory exculpation, and the triad by requiring an entire fairness hearing on cases overcoming the Aronson business judgment rule before considering the resulting further effects of statutory exculpation. However, a 1996 derivative suit litigation filed by Brehm, a shareholder of the Walt Disney Corporation, was beginning its tortuous journey through the Delaware Chancery and Supreme Courts. The case alleged that the Disney directors had breached their fiduciary duties in approving both a lucrative employment agreement with Michael Ovitz and a later no-fault termination of his employment. Some fourteen disappointing months later, Ovitz parted company with Disney, with approximately $140 million. Mercifully, the case ended in 2006 with a shareholder loss in In re Walt Disney Company Co. Derivative Litigation. The Delaware Supreme Court valiantly attempted to make sense of the role of good faith in the triad. Acknowledging the Chancery Court's connection between bad faith and loyalty, Justice Jacobs articulated three potential categories of bad faith in the post-exculpatory world: (i) actionable subjective bad faith involving a subjective intent to harm the corporation; (ii) nonactionable duty of care involving only gross negligence; and (iii) actionable intentional dereliction of duty or conscious disregard for duty (abdication). Soon after Disney, the Delaware Supreme Court closed the door on the "abdication" role for good faith near the end of 2006 in Stone v. Ritter. In an en banc decision, the Delaware Supreme Court finally conflated the "triad" and stated that good faith in abdication cases in the Disney and Caremark sense is a "subsidiary element" of the duty of loyalty. While good faith may be doctrinally described as part of a triad of duties articulated in the exculpatory statute, it is not a basis of independent duty. At the same time, the court acknowledged that the duty of loyalty is no longer confined to cases involving a personal financial interest. By freeing loyalty to assume a more natural role, including those involving bad faith, this Article suggests that the Delaware Supreme Court has simplified the law while making it more predictable.


Summary A 71-year-old woman with severe right lower leg pain, edema and erythema was presented to the Emergency Department and was found to have an extensive deep vein thrombosis (DVT) confirmed by ultrasound. She underwent an extensive evaluation due to her prior history of malignancy and new hypercoagulable state, but no evidence of recurrent disease was detected. Further investigation revealed pernicious anemia (PA), confirmed by the presence of a macrocytic anemia (MCV=115.8fL/red cell, Hgb=9.0g/dL), decreased serum B12 levels (56pg/mL), with resultant increased methylmalonic acid (5303nmol/L) and hyperhomocysteinemia (131μmol/L), the presumed etiology of the DVT. The patient also suffered from autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), and both antithyroglobulin and anti-intrinsic factor antibodies were detected. She responded briskly to anticoagulation with heparin and coumadin and treatment of PA with intramuscular vitamin B12 injections. Our case suggests that a DVT secondary to hyperhomocystenemia may represent the first sign of polyglandular autoimmune syndrome III-B (PAS III-B), defined as the coexistent autoimmune conditions AITD and PA. It is important to recognize this clinical entity, as patients may not only require acute treatment with vitamin B12 supplementation and prolonged anticoagulation, as in this patient, but may also harbor other autoimmune diseases. Learning points A DVT can be the first physical manifestation of a polyglandular autoimmune syndrome. Hyperhomocysteinemia secondary to pernicious anemia should be considered as an etiology of an unprovoked DVT in a euthyroid patient with autoimmune thyroid disease. Patients with DVT secondary to hyperhomocysteinemia should undergo screening for the presence of co-existent autoimmune diseases in addition to treatment with B12 supplementation and anticoagulation to prevent recurrent thromboembolism.


The authors of the Fourteenth Amendment deliberately wrote that no state can deny the equal protection "of the laws" rather than "of its laws." This may seem nowadays like a small difference, but it was important in that era, because it meant that the word "laws" includes both state and federal laws. Therefore Congress has a substantive role under this clause that applies against the states. This meaning undercuts U.S. Supreme Court cases like City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997) which have largely shut Congress out. The emphasis here is on the original meaning of the Equal Protection Clause, and especially on the public understanding of its text when it was enacted. Had the Equal Protection Clause said "of its laws" rather than "of the laws" then the clause would have been directed only to application or enforcement of laws, rather than their content.


In this paper, we propose a comprehensive study of second-order consistencies (i.e., consistencies identifying inconsistent pairs of values) for constraint satisfaction. We build a full picture of the relationships existing between four basic second-order consistencies, namely path consistency (PC), 3-consistency (3C), dual consistency (DC) and 2-singleton arc consistency (2SAC), as well as their conservative and strong variants. Interestingly, dual consistency is an original property that can be established by using the outcome of the enforcement of generalized arc consistency (GAC), which makes it rather easy to obtain since constraint solvers typically maintain GAC during search. On binary constraint networks, DC is equivalent to PC, but its restriction to existing constraints, called conservative dual consistency (CDC), is strictly stronger than traditional conservative consistencies derived from path consistency, namely partial path consistency (PPC) and conservative path consistency (CPC). After introducing a general algorithm to enforce strong (C)DC, we present the results of an experimentation over a wide range of benchmarks that demonstrate the interest of (conservative) dual consistency. In particular, we show that enforcing (C)DC before search clearly improves the performance of MAC (the algorithm that maintains GAC during search) on several binary and non-binary structured problems.


Rule changes are not uncommon in most professional sports, and scholars often study the effects of such changes. Given the substantial increase in rule changes and the substantially different nature of new rules (e.g., safety driven) in the National Football League since 2005, the authors examined how coaches adapt to the changing National Football League in terms of coaching strategies and securing subsequent head coach positions in the labor market. Using agency theory, the authors identified agency misalignment when coaches employ strategies whereby incurring more penalties results in on-field success, but decreases their likelihood of obtaining future employment as a head coach. In addition, the authors found evidence that, regardless of the penalties accrued, former coaches who previously held more head coaching jobs, are Black, or are younger have higher chances of securing subsequent head coaching positions. However, these attributes do not increase team performance, indicating that coach-hiring decisions are incongruent with determinants of coach performance.


The volume of online commerce grows every year, in absence of a federal law setting baseline protections for the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. Instead, information collected by websites are governed by individual privacy policies.In order to gauge Californians' understanding of privacy policies and default rules in the online environment, we commissioned a representative survey of adults in the State (N=991). The telephonic survey of Spanish and English speakers was conducted by the Survey Research Center of University of California, Berkeley.A gulf exists between California consumers' understanding of online rules and common business practices. For instance, Californians who shop online believe that privacy policies prohibit third-party information sharing. A majority of Californians believes that privacy policies create the right to require a website to delete personal information upon request, a general right to sue for damages, a right to be informed of security breaches, a right to assistance if identity theft occurs, and a right to access and correct data.These findings show that California consumers overvalue the mere fact that a website has a privacy policy, and assume that websites carrying the label have strong, default rules to protect personal data. In a way, consumers interpret "privacy policy" as a quality seal that denotes adherence to some set of standards. Website operators have little incentive to correct this misperception, thus limiting the ability of the market to produce outcomes consistent with consumers' expectations. Drawing upon earlier work, we conclude that because the term "privacy policy" has taken on a specific meaning in the minds of consumers, its use should be limited to contexts where businesses provide a set of protections that meet consumers' expectations.


This datasheet on fibropapillomatosis of sea turtles covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Pathology, Epidemiology, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.


Probability concepts for ruled-based expert systems are developed that are compatible with probability used in data fusion of imprecise information. Procedures for treating probabilistic evidence are presented, which include the effects of statistical dependence. Confidence limits are defined as being proportional to root-mean-square errors in estimates, and a method is outlined that allows the confidence limits in the probability estimate of the hypothesis to be expressed in terms of the confidence limits in the estimate of the evidence. Procedures are outlined for weighting and combining multiple reports that pertain to the same item of evidence. The illustrative examples apply to tactical data fusion, but the same probability procedures can be applied to other expert systems.


In engineering design, optimization methods are frequently used to improve the initial design of a product. However, the selection of an appropriate method is challenging since many methods exist, especially for the case of simulation-based optimization. This paper proposes a systematic procedure to support this selection process. Building upon quality function deployment, end-user and design use case requirements can be systematically taken into account via a decision matrix. The design and construction of the decision matrix are explained in detail. The proposed procedure is validated by two engineering optimization problems arising within the design of box-type boom cranes. For each problem, the problem statement and the respectively applied optimization methods are explained in detail. The results obtained by optimization validate the use of optimization approaches within the design process. The application of the decision matrix shows the successful incorporation of customer requirements to the algorithm selection.


This report provides a summary of legislative attempts to address issues of energy development and preservation in the Refuge from the 95th Congress through the 110th Congress, with emphasis on the 108th through 110th Congresses. The analysis below covers, first, the economic and geological factors that have triggered new interest in development, followed by the philosophical, biological, and environmental quality factors that have triggered opposition to it. That analysis is followed by a history of congressional actions on this issue, with a focus on those in the 107th Congress through the 109th Congress.


Between 2012 and 2017, at the Ł-section of Warsaw's Powązki Military Cemetery, or 'Łączka', the Polish Institute of National Remembrance exhumed a mass grave containing the remains of post-war anti-communist resistance fighters. Being referred to as the 'cursed soldiers', these fighters have become key figures in post-2015 Polish memory politics. In this article we focus on the role of the volunteers at these exhumations in the production of the 'cursed soldiers' memory. Following the idea of community archaeology as a civil society-building practice, the observed processes of sacralisation and militarisation show how the exhumations create a community of memory that promotes the core values of the currently governing national-conservative PiS party. We found that tropes related to forensic research and typically identified with cosmopolitan memory paradigms are used within a generally nationalist and antagonistic memory framework.


The Chinese government's rule of law campaign has created greater awareness of legal issues and generated bottom-up pressure for legal change. This dynamic was highlighted in April 2003, when Chinese media reports on the death of a young man named Sun Zhigang while in police custody sparked a public outcry. This public pressure, coupled with a groundbreaking citizen legal challenge, eventually prompted China's State Council to dismantle a controversial form of administrative detention called "custody and repatriation." The Sun Zhigang incident demonstrated that by leveraging a wave of media coverage and public opinion in a case of mass concern, co-opting laws and official rule of law rhetoric, formulating a technical, well-grounded legal appeal within the system, and focusing on modest legal reform goals that did not challenge fundamental state or Party interests, lawyers could successfully accelerate legal reform without triggering the type of damaging backlash directed against other, more politicized citizen actions. Although reformers failed in their secondary goal of creating a precedent for National People's Congress annulment of an administrative regulation, their efforts had broad impacts in promoting the development of constitutionalism, generating political pressure for law enforcement reforms, creating an enhanced sense of citizen empowerment, and providing a refined model for law-based citizen rights actions. Legal activists have successfully applied similar moderate legal strategies in some subsequent cases, while more aggressive, politicized tactics have prompted negative state responses. Overall, the citizen action strategies refined in the Sun Zhigang incident have provided legal reformers with one path forward for promoting modest but meaningful legal reform in China. Recent government efforts to control the scope and potential impact of some citizen initiatives will provide a key test of the degree to which this reform model is sustainable in the near-term.


To assess occupant safety in a crash test, criteria associating the measurements made with a crash test dummy to injury risk are necessary. To enable better protection of elderly car occupants the objective of this study was to develop improved thoracic injury criteria for the THOR average male dummy. The development of these criteria is usually based on matched dummy and Post Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) tests by relating the obtained PMHS injuries to dummy measurements. This approach is limited, since only a few tests in relevant loading conditions are available and any new test series requires high efforts to be performed due to their complexity and costs. To overcome these limitations and to extend the dataset for the development of THOR dummy chest injury risk functions a simulation-based approach was applied within the EC funded project SENIORS (Safety Enhanced Innovations For older Road Users www.seniors-project.eu). Within this study frontal impact sled simulations with an FE model representing a THOR average male dummy and matched simulations with a human body model (HBM) representing an elderly car occupant were carried out. The HBM used for this study was the THUMS TUC with modified rib cage, which was developed in SENIORS. The modifications included material and geometry changes aiming to represent an elderly car occupant. The rib fracture risk was predicted with a deterministic approach whereby a rib was considered broken when the strain exceeded an age-dependent threshold. Furthermore, a probabilistic method was applied to predict the probability of sustaining a certain number of fractured ribs by comparing local strain values to the distribution of cortical rib ultimate strain. By relating the output from the HBM simulations to a multi-point dummy injury criterion, injury risk curves were calculated by statistical methods. The wide range of loading conditions resulted in the desired range of injuries and THOR ATD output. The number of fractured ribs predicted by the HBM based on the deterministic prediction method was between 0 and 15. Furthermore, the probabilistic risk for the number of rib fractures equal or greater than two, three or four was calculated for each load case. The THOR rib deflection criterion Rmax was between 18 and 56 mm, while the PC Score was in the range of 2.5 to 7.2. Based on these outputs new risk curves for the predicted deterministic (AIS2+/3+) and probabilistic injury risk were calculated. The new curves show reasonable shapes and significance that provide trust in their application. The new risk curves are compared to risk curves obtained by traditional methods. The results were found similar to previous injury risk functions based on physical tests, which gives a high level of confidence in the chosen approach. The simulation-based approach of matched ATD model vs. HBM simulation was successfully applied. Rmax curves show a slightly better quality than the injury criterion PC Score.


Rising federal spending and huge deficits are pushing the nation toward a financial and economic crisis. Policymakers should find and eliminate wasteful, damaging, and unneeded programs in the federal budget. One good way to save money would be to cut subsidies to businesses. Corporate welfare in the federal budget costs taxpayers almost $100 billion a year. Policymakers claim that business subsidies are needed to fix alleged market failures or to help American companies better compete in the global economy. However, corporate welfare often subsidizes failing and mismanaged businesses and induces firms to spend more time on lobbying rather than on making better products. Instead of correcting market failures, federal subsidies misallocate resources and introduce government failures into the marketplace. While corporate welfare may be popular with policymakers who want to aid home-state businesses, it undermines the broader economy and transfers wealth from average taxpaying households to favored firms. Corporate welfare also creates strong ties between politicians and business leaders, and these ties are often the source of corruption scandals in Washington. Americans are sick and tired of "crony capitalism," and the way to solve the problem is to eliminate business subsidy programs. Corporate welfare doesn't aid economic growth and it is an affront to America's constitutional principles of limited government and equality under the law. Policymakers should therefore scour the budget for business subsidies to eliminate. Budget experts and policymakers may differ on exactly which programs represent unjustified corporate welfare, but this study provides a menu of about $100 billion in programs to terminate.


This issue of Progress in Brain Research is split over 2 volumes, bringing together cutting-edge research on functional neural transplantation. The 2 volumes review current knowledge and understanding, provide a starting point for researchers and practitioners entering the field, and build a platform for further research and discovery. Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation, and provide their views and perspectives for future research Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist


Workers over age 55 with chronic health conditions must choose between applying for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits or continuing to work until their Social Security retirement benefits become available. Previous research has investigated the influence of macroeconomic conditions on disability application and, separately, on retirement claiming. This project uses data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation Gold Standard File to determine whether there is a relationship between national and state unemployment rates and disability applications, taking into account the current or future receipt of Social Security retirement benefits. First, reduced-form estimates indicate that retirement beneficiaries are more likely to apply for SSDI as unemployment increases – and, conversely, eligible individuals who have not yet claimed benefits are less likely to apply when unemployment rises. But after accounting for unobserved characteristics associated with both the decision to apply for disability insurance and Social Security benefits, individuals are no more likely to apply for disability benefits when unemployment is high. Second, we find that the probability of SSDI application among individuals age 55-61 is unrelated to macroeconomic conditions and unrelated to proximity to one's 62nd birthday. These results suggest that, unlike prime-age adults, the decision among older individuals to apply for disability is based primarily on health, and not financial incentives.


We compared the information retrieval performances of some popular search engines (namely, Google, Yahoo, AlltheWeb, Gigablast, Zworks and AltaVista and Bing/MSN) in response to a list of ten queries, varying in complexity. These queries were run on each search engine and the precision and response time of the retrieved results were recorded. The first ten documents on each retrieval output were evaluated as being 'relevant' or 'non-relevant' for evaluation of the search engine's precision. To evaluate response time, normalised recall ratios were calculated at various cut-off points for each query and search engine. This study shows that Google appears to be the best search engine in terms of both average precision (70%) and average response time (2 s). Gigablast and AlltheWeb performed the worst overall in this study.


There are many levels at which we must seek to understand the Deepwater Horizon disaster. They include the scientific, the technological, the economic, the regulatory, and the legal. One of the essential ways in which we Americans redress rights and try to right wrongs is through civil litigation, and the Deepwater Horizon disaster has appropriately spawned litigation. Victims of the disaster have filed claims against the various parties allegedly responsible for the explosion and spill. They have filed tort claims arising under general maritime law and state tort law. They have sought compensatory damages as well as punitive damages - punitive damages are designed to punish and deter those allegedly responsible for allegedly reckless, tortuous activity. Those injured have also filed statutory damages claims under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA).The question then, is what, if any effect, does the OPA have on maritime or state punitive damages claims in cases to which it applies? Does the OPA displace or preempt pre-existing claims? Our answer is that punitive damages are recoverable under either general maritime law or state law even if the OPA also applies. As we explain below, Congress' intent is clear that the OPA has no effect at all on state law claims. Likewise, punitive damages are still recoverable under the general maritime law in a case to which the OPA also applies. This conclusion is based on several reasons: (1) the OPA is silent on punitive damages, (2) OPA's express maritime savings provision, (3) OPA's legislative history, (4) a review of U.S. Supreme Court maritime jurisprudence addressing the effect that the passage of new statute has on a pre-existing general maritime law claim, (5) an analysis of other no fault schemes and their effect on pre-existing tort claims, (6) and the fact that punitive damages are remedial in nature.


The validity of evolutionary explanations of vocal sexual dimorphism hinges upon whether or not individuals with more sexually dimorphic voices have higher reproductive success than individuals with less dimorphic voices. However, due to modern birth control methods, these data are rarely described, and mating success is often used as a second-rate proxy. Here, we test whether voice pitch predicts reproductive success, number of children born and child mortality in an evolutionarily relevant population of hunter-gatherers. While we find that voice pitch is not related to reproductive outcomes in women, we find that men with low voice pitch have higher reproductive success and more children born to them. However, voice pitch in men does not predict child mortality. These findings suggest that the association between voice pitch and reproductive success in men is mediated by differential access to fecund women. Furthermore, they show that there is currently selection pressure for low-pitch voices in men.


In this paper we investigate codes over finite commutative rings R, whose generator matrices are built from \$\alpha\$-circulant matrices. For a non-trivial ideal I<R we give a method to lift such codes over R/I to codes over R, such that some isomorphic copies are avoided.
For the case where I is the minimal ideal of a finite chain ring we refine this lifting method: We impose the additional restriction that lifting preserves self-duality. It will be shown that this can be achieved by solving a linear system of equations over a finite field.
Finally we apply this technique to Z_4-linear double nega-circulant and bordered circulant self-dual codes. We determine the best minimum Lee distance of these codes up to length 64.


The brutal police repression of the demonstration of 17 October 1961 stands as a stark reminder of the violence of French colonialism. A continuing official reluctance to acknowledge these traumatic events has led individuals and groups to seek alternative routes for recognition. This article explores one of these alternative routes: the comic book, and specifically Octobre Noir, a collaboration between writer Didier Daeninckx and graphic artist Mako. By analyzing the reframing of 17 October 1961 within the comic form, this article argues that Octobre noir offers a site for interrogating the relationship between history and memory. This is achieved by exchanging a cultural narrative of police brutality and Algerian victimization for a narrative of legitimate protest and Algerian political agency. Octobre noir exemplifies the value of the comic book as a vector of memory able to represent the past in ways that enrich historical analysis and inter disciplinary debate.


Its purpose is to provide readers with a quick and user-friendly introduction to Open Educational Resources (OER) and some of the key issues to think about when exploring how to use OER most effectively. The second section is a more comprehensive analysis of these issues, presented in the form of a traditional research paper. For those who have a deeper interest in OER, this section will assist with making the case for OER more substantively. The third section is a set of appendices, containing more detailed information about specific areas of relevance to OER. These are aimed at people who are looking for substantive information regarding a specific area of interest. Originally published 2011; Revised 2015.


This paper describes a critical appraisal model of program evaluation that was developed specifically for a university continuing education context (i.e., credit and non-credit programs designed to meet the personal and professional development needs of adult learners). The articulation of this model is a result of the first Prairie Symposium on Research on University Continuing Education, held in June 1999, and of ensuing discussions about the need for a proactive, research-based, and adult learner-oriented approach to evaluating programs. The paper begins with a brief overview of the conceptual framework of the model, followed by a discussion of the process and content issues deemed important within a university continuing education context. The model is then illustrated in detail through a case study of the approach used by one university faculty of continuing education to evaluate its graduate program in workplace learning. The paper closes with a discussion of the applicability of this model to other adult continuing education programs.


This brief amicus curiae in support of petitioner Minority Television Project in Minority Television Project, Inc. v. FCC, 736 F.3d 1192 (9th Cir. 2013), petition filed, No. 13-1124 (March 17, 2014), urges the Supreme Court of the United States to overrule Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969). The brief presents three reasons why the Court should overrule Red Lion. First, overwhelming technological change compels reexamination of Red Lion. The proliferation of electronic media for distributing multichannel audio and video programming has undermined Red Lion's scarcity rationale. Second, Red Lion has been so thoroughly discredited in all branches of government that further adherence to that precedent would undermine rather than promote respect for the Court's decisionmaking process and for the rule of law. Finally, this case demonstrates how the continued isolation of broadcast media from First Amendment norms that govern all other media and conduits inflicts serious harm to the constitutional interest in free speech.The academic signatories of this brief were: Ashutosh A. Bhagwat (UC Davis), Dale Carpenter (Minnesota), James Ming Chen (Michigan State), Eric M. Freedman (Hofstra), Patrick Garry (South Dakota), Mehmet K. Konar-Steenberg (William Mitchell) Lyrissa Barnett Lidsky (Florida), Kevin Francis O'Neil (Cleveland State), Michael Stokes Paulsen (St. Thomas, Minnesota), Daniel D. Polsby (George Mason), Lucas A. Powe, Jr. (Texas), Matthew L. Spitzer (Northwestern), Eugene Volokh (UCLA).


Objective To examine the concurrent validity of the Technogym MyWellness Key accelerometer against objective and subjective physical activity (PA) measures. Design Randomised, cross-sectional design with two phases. The laboratory phase compared the MyWellness Key with the ActiGraph GT1M and the Yamax SW200 Digiwalker pedometer during graded treadmill walking, increasing speed each minute. The free-living phase compared the MyWellness Key with the ActiGraph, Digiwalker, Bouchard Activity cord (BAR) and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) for seven continuous days. Data were analysed using Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients for all comparisons. Setting Laboratory and free-living phases. Participants Sixteen participants randomly stratified from 41 eligible respondents by sex (n=8 men; n=8 women) and PA levels (n=4 low, n=8 middle and n=4 high active). Results There was a strong association between the MyWellness Key and the ActiGraph accelerometer during controlled graded treadmill walking (r=0.91, p<0.01) and in free-living settings (r=0.73–0.76 for light to vigorous PA, respectively, p<0.01). No associations were observed between the MyWellness Key and the BAR and GPAQ (p>0.05). Conclusions The MyWellness Key has a high concurrent validity with the ActiGraph accelerometer to detect PA in both controlled laboratory and free-living settings.


Every week we pile our garbage on the curb and it disappears—like magic! The reality is anything but, of course. Trashed, Derf Backderf 's follow-up to the critically acclaimed, award-winning international bestseller My Friend Dahmer, is an ode to the crap job of all crap jobs—garbage collector. Anyone who has ever been trapped in a soul-sucking gig will relate to this tale. Trashed follows the raucous escapades of three twentysomething friends as they clean the streets of pile after pile of stinking garbage, while battling annoying small-town bureaucrats, bizarre townsfolk, sweltering summer heat, and frigid winter storms. Trashed is fiction but is inspired by Derf 's own experiences as a garbageman. Interspersed with this comedic epic of reeking garbage cans and exploding trash bags are nonfiction pages that detail what our garbage is and where it goes. The reality will stun you. So hop on the garbage truck named Betty and ride along with Derf on a journey into the vast, secret world of garbage. Trashed is a hilarious, stomach-churning tale that will leave you laughing—and wincing—in disbelief.


Huey P. Newton's powerful legacy to the Black Panther movement and the civil rights struggle has long been obscured. Conservatives harp on Newton's drug use and on the circumstances of his death in a crack-related shooting. Liberals romanticize his black revolutionary rhetoric and idealize his message. In Huey P. Newton: The Radical Theorist, Judson L. Jeffries considers the entire arc of Newton's political role and influence on civil rights history and African American thought. Jeffries argues that, contrary to popular belief, Newton was one of the most important political thinkers in the struggle for civil rights. Huey P. Newton's political career spanned two decades. Like many freedom fighters, he was a complex figure. His international reputation was forged as much from his passionate defense of black liberation as from his highly publicized confrontations with police. His courage to address police brutality won him admirers in ghettos, on college campuses, and in select Hollywood circles. Newton gave Black Power a compelling urgency and played a pivotal role in the politics of black America during the 1960s and 1970s. Few would deny that Newton's life (1942-1989) was strewn with incidences of violence and that his police record was long. But Newton's struggles with police took place in a rich and troubled context that included urban unrest, police brutality, government repression, and an intense debate over civil rights tactics. Stripped of history and interpretation, the violence of Newton's life brought emphatic indictments of him. Newton's death attracted widespread media attention. However, pundits offered little on Newton as freedom fighter or as theoretician and activist. Huey P. Newton: The Radical Theorist dispels myths about Newton's life, but the book is primarily an in-depth examination of Newton's ideas. By exploring this charismatic leader, Jeffries's book makes a valuable contribution to the scant literature on Newton, while also exposing the core tenets and evolving philosophies of the Black Panther Party. Judson L. Jeffries is an assistant professor of political science at Purdue University. He is the author of Virginia's Native Son: The Election and Administration of Governor L. Douglas Wilder (2000), and his work has been published in such periodicals as Western Journal of Black Studies, Journal of Political Science, and Ethnic and Racial Studies.


This book is the ideal introduction to using OpenLDAP for Application Developers and will also benefit System Administrators running OpenLDAP. It prepares the reader to build a directory using OpenLDAP, and then employ this directory in the context of the network, taking a practical approach that emphasizes how to get things done. On occasion, it delves into theoretical aspects of LDAP, but only where understanding the theory helps to answer practical questions. The reader requires no knowledge of OpenLDAP, but even readers already familiar with the technology will find new things and techniques. This book is organized into three major sections: the first section covers the basics of LDAP directory services and the OpenLDAP server; the second focuses on building directory services with OpenLDAP; in the third section of the book, we look at how OpenLDAP is integrated with other applications and services on the network. This book not only demystifies OpenLDAP, but gives System Administrators and Application Developers a solid understanding of how to make use of OpenLDAP's directory services. The OpenLDAP directory server is a mature product that has been around (in one form or another) since 1995. It is an open-source server that provides network clients with directory services. All major Linux distributions include the OpenLDAP server, and many major applications, both open-source and proprietary, are directory aware and can make use of the services provided by OpenLDAP. The OpenLDAP directory server can be used to store organizational information in a centralized location, and make this information available to authorized applications. Client applications connect to OpenLDAP using the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and can then search the directory and (if they have appropriate access) modify and manipulate records. LDAP servers are most frequently used to provide network-based authentication services for users; but there are many other uses for an LDAP server, including using the directory as an address book, a DNS database, an organizational tool, or even as a network object store for applications.


Dealing with information in modern times involves users to cope with hundreds of thousands of documents, such as articles, emails, Web pages, or News feeds.
Above all information sources, the World Wide Web presents information seekers with great challenges.
It offers more text in natural language than one is capable to read.

The key idea for this research intends to provide users with adaptable filtering techniques, supporting them in filtering out the specific information items they need.
Its realization focuses on developing an Information Extraction system,
which adapts to a domain of concern, by interpreting the contained formalized knowledge.

Utilizing the Resource Description Framework (RDF), which is the Semantic Web's formal language for exchanging information,
allows extending information extractors to incorporate the given domain knowledge.
Because of this, formal information items from the RDF source can be recognized in the text.
The application of RDF allows a further investigation of operations on recognized information items, such as disambiguating and rating the relevance of these.
Switching between different RDF sources allows changing the application scope of the Information Extraction system from one domain of concern to another.
An RDF-based Information Extraction system can be triggered to extract specific kinds of information entities by providing it with formal RDF queries in terms of the SPARQL query language.
Representing extracted information in RDF extends the coverage of the Semantic Web's information degree and provides a formal view on a text from the perspective of the RDF source.

In detail, this work presents the extension of existing Information Extraction approaches by incorporating the graph-based nature of RDF.
Hereby, the pre-processing of RDF sources allows extracting statistical information models dedicated to support specific information extractors.
These information extractors refine standard extraction tasks, such as the Named Entity Recognition, by using the information provided by the pre-processed models.
The post-processing of extracted information items enables representing these results in RDF format or lists, which can now be ranked or filtered by relevance.
Post-processing also comprises the enrichment of originating natural language text sources with extracted information items by using annotations in RDFa format.

The results of this research extend the state-of-the-art of the Semantic Web.
This work contributes approaches for computing customizable and adaptable RDF views on the natural language content of Web pages.
Finally, due to the formal nature of RDF, machines can interpret these views allowing developers to process the contained information in a variety of applications.


A first model for a hydrogen liquefaction prototype laboratory unit has been developed. The process is based on using a mixed component refrigerant (MCR) process for pre-cooling. The process also includes an implementation of ortho para conversion. By simulations it has been shown that this process have potential to improve the exergy efficiency for the liquefaction process and thereby also the energy requirements for hydrogen liquefaction. One of the key points in the design work has been to find a refrigerant that is sufficiently wide-boiling and at the same time not freezing at the low temperature end. The goal has been to reach sub-cooling to below 75 K without freezing out any component of the MCR.


This paper investigates the role of social identity in reactions to control. We propose a simple principal-agent model with control that incorporates the existence of social groups. Our laboratory experiment shows that, in contrast to no-group agents, agents in social groups (i) perform better; (ii) expect less control; (iii) do not reciprocate when facing less control than expected; (iv) decrease their performance substantially when actual control exceeds their expectation. Hidden costs of control thus appear to be more substantial in social groups.


The New Deal, one of the greatest expansions of government in U.S. history, was a "lawyers' deal": it relied heavily on lawyers' skills and reflected lawyers' values. Was it exclusively a "male lawyers' deal"? This Essay argues that the New Deal offered important opportunities to women lawyers at a time when they were just beginning to graduate from law school in significant numbers. Agencies associated with social welfare policy, a traditionally "maternalist" enterprise, seem to have been particularly hospitable. Through these agencies, women lawyers helped to administer, interpret, and create the law of a new era. Using government records and archived personal papers, this Essay examines three under-studied women lawyers of the New Deal. Sue Shelton White, an outspoken feminist from Tennessee, came to the New Deal after a long career as a court reporter, political organizer, and senate staffer. Records of her time in government suggest the difference that gender, and specifically gendered opportunity structures, made to the work of a New Deal lawyer. Marie Remington Wing, a prominent politician and lawyer in her native Cleveland, joined the New Deal as the lead attorney in a regional office. Her biography encourages scholars to remember that just as the New Deal was national in scale, so too was its legal work. Regional outposts of the New Deal provided some women lawyers with a taste of the power that the men in Washington enjoyed. Bernice Lotwin Bernstein was in age, brains, and social networks the equivalent of one of Felix Frankfurter's "Happy Hotdogs." She joined the New Deal in 1933 and stayed for forty-five years, narrowly surviving a Cold War loyalty-security investigation. Her life offers a case study in the appeal, and the dangers, that government work held for women lawyers. Taken together, these three biographies suggest the need for sustained scholarly attention to the "Portias" of the New Deal.


This report discusses the summit held by President Bill Clinton and other leaders of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) on November 19, 1995. The report discusses the primary reason for the summit, an Action Agenda intended to lead to free and open trade and investment among its members. The report also discusses how APEC countries were divided on certain issues going into this summit.


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Donald Duck is a cartoon character created in 1934 at Walt Disney Productions. Donald is an anthropomorphic white duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. He typically wears a sailor shirt and cap with a bow tie. Donald is most famous for his semi-intelligible speech and his mischievous and temperamental personality. Along with his friend Mickey Mouse, Donald is one of the most popular Disney characters and was included in TV Guides list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time in 2002. He has appeared in more films than any other Disney character, and is the most published comic book character in the world outside of the superhero genre.


Exploiting today's multiprocessors requires high-performance and correct concurrent systems code (optimising compilers, language runtimes, OS kernels, etc.), which in turn requires a good understanding of the observable processor behaviour that can be relied on. Unfortunately this critical hardware/software interface is not at all clear for several current multiprocessors.
 In this paper we characterise the behaviour of IBM POWER multiprocessors, which have a subtle and highly relaxed memory model (ARM multiprocessors have a very similar architecture in this respect). We have conducted extensive experiments on several generations of processors: POWER G5, 5, 6, and 7. Based on these, on published details of the microarchitectures, and on discussions with IBM staff, we give an abstract-machine semantics that abstracts from most of the implementation detail but explains the behaviour of a range of subtle examples. Our semantics is explained in prose but defined in rigorous machine-processed mathematics; we also confirm that it captures the observable processor behaviour, or the architectural intent, for our examples with an executable checker. While not officially sanctioned by the vendor, we believe that this model gives a reasonable basis for reasoning about current POWER multiprocessors.
 Our work should bring new clarity to concurrent systems programming for these architectures, and is a necessary precondition for any analysis or verification. It should also inform the design of languages such as C and C++, where the language memory model is constrained by what can be efficiently compiled to such multiprocessors.


Two Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (Q-AMS) were deployed in Mexico City, during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field study (MCMA-2003) from 29 March–4 May 2003 to investigate particle concentrations, sources, and processes. We report the use of a particle beam width probe (BWP) in the field to quantify potential losses of particles due to beam broadening inside the AMS caused by particle shape (nonsphericity) and particle size. Data from this probe show that no significant mass of particles was lost due to excessive beam broadening; i.e. the shape-and size-related collection efficiency (E s) of the AMS during this campaign was approximately one. Comparison of the BWP data from MCMA-2003 with other campaigns shows that the same conclusion holds for several other urban, rural and remotes sites. This means that the aerodynamic lens in the AMS is capable of efficiently focusing ambient particles into a well defined beam and onto the AMS vaporizer for particles sampled in a wide variety of environments. All the species measured by the AMS during MCMA-2003 have similar attenuation profiles which suggests that the particles that dominate the mass concentration were internally mixed most of the time. Only for the smaller particles (especially below 300 nm), organic and inorganic species show different attenuation versus particle size which is likely due to partial external mixing of these components. Changes observed in the focusing of the particle beam in time can be attributed, in part, to changes in particle shape (i.e. due to relative humidity) and size of the particles sampled. However, the relationships between composition, atmospheric conditions, and particle shape and size appear to be very complex and are not yet completely understood.


This thesis consists of a series of extensive projects which aim to explore a new designer role for fashion. It is a role that experiments with how fashion can be reverse engineered, hacked, tuned and shared among many participants as a form of social activism. This social design practice can be called the hacktivism of fashion. It is an engaged and collective process of enablement, creative resistance and DIY practice, where a community share methods and experiences on how to expand action spaces and develop new forms of craftsmanship. In this practice, the designer engages participants to reform fashion from a phenomenon of dictations and anxiety to a collective experience of empowerment, in other words, to make them become fashion-able. As its point of departure, the research takes the practice of hands-on exploration in the DIY upcycling of clothes through ?open source? fashion ?cookbooks?. By means of hands-on processes, the projects endeavour to create a complementary understanding of the modes of production within the field of fashion design. The artistic research projects have ranged from DIY-kits released at an international fashion week, fashion experiments in galleries, collaborative ?hacking? at a shoe factory, engaged design at a rehabilitation centre as well as combined efforts with established fashion brands. Using parallels from hacking, heresy, fan fiction, small change and professional-amateurs, the thesis builds a non-linear framework by which the reader can draw diagonal interpretations through the artistic research projects presented. By means of this alternative reading new understandings may emerge that can expand the action spaces available for fashion design. This approach is not about subverting fashion as much as hacking and tuning it, and making its sub-routines run in new ways, or in other words, bending the current while still keeping the power on.


Laser beams emitted from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), as well as other spaceborne laser instruments, can only penetrate clouds to a limit of a few optical depths. As a result, only optical depths of thinner clouds ( about 3 for GLAS) are retrieved from the reflected lidar signal. This paper presents a comprehensive study of possible retrievals of optical depth of thick clouds using solar background light and treating GLAS as a solar radiometer. To do so one must first calibrate the reflected solar radiation received by the photon-counting detectors of the GLAS 532-nm channel, the primary channel for atmospheric products. Solar background radiation is regarded as a noise to be subtracted in the retrieval process of the lidar products. However, once calibrated, it becomes a signal that can be used in studying the properties of optically thick clouds. In this paper, three calibration methods are presented: (i) calibration with coincident airborne and GLAS observations, (ii) calibration with coincident Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and GLAS observations of deep convective clouds, and (iii) calibration from first principles using optical depth of thin water clouds over ocean retrieved by GLAS active remote sensing. Results from the three methods agree well with each other. Cloud optical depth (COD) is retrieved from the calibrated solar background signal using a one-channel retrieval. Comparison with COD retrieved from GOES during GLAS overpasses shows that the average difference between the two retrievals is 24%. As an example, the COD values retrieved from GLAS solar background are illustrated for a marine stratocumulus cloud field that is too thick to be penetrated by the GLAS laser. Based on this study, optical depths for thick clouds will be provided as a supplementary product to the existing operational GLAS cloud products in future GLAS data releases.


Iran is a country of water scarcity due to general low precipitation, high evaporation and the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. In order to determine the effects of disruption of irrigation in different growth stages of autumn's rapeseed cultivars, an experiment was conducted in 2009-2010 at Isfahan agriculture research station. A split plot layout within a randomized complete block design 3 replications was used. Main plots were seven levels of cut off irrigation namely, D1= current irrigation or irrigation after 80 millimeter vaporize from class A basin to physiological maturity, D2= cut off irrigation from stem elongation phase and then on, D3= cut off the irrigation from flowering and then on, D4= cut off the irrigation from pod formation phase and then on, D5= cut off the irrigation in stem and flowering phase, D6= cut off the irrigation in stem and pod phase, D7= cut off the irrigation in flower and pod formation, and sub plots were two rapeseed cultivars, namely, Zarfam and Okapi. With increasing the number of irrigation, rapeseed yield will increase, but if the water lacks occurred, it is better not to cut off irrigation in flower and stem phase, in order to get acceptable seed and oil yield. Zarfam had the highest oil and seed yield in withheld irrigation conditions and also have the best adaptation in water deficit conditions.


This paper focuses on the issues involved when multiple mobile agents interact in multiagent systems. The application is an intelligent agent market place, where buyer and seller agents cooperate and compete to process sales transactions for their owners. The market place manager acts as afacilitator by giving necessary information to agents and managing communication between agents, and also as a mediator by proposing solutions to agents or stopping them to get into infinite loops bargaining back and forth.The buyer and seller agents range from using hardcoded logic to rule-based inferencing in their negotiation strategies. However these agents must support some communication skills using KQML or FIPA-ACL.So in contrast with other approaches to multiagent negotiation, we introduce an explicit mediator (market place manager) into the negotiation, and we propose a negotiation strategy based on dependence theory [1] implemented by our best buyers and best sellers.


We present the λm-calculus, a semantics for a language of hygienic macros with a non-trivial theory. Unlike Scheme, where programs must be macroexpanded to be analyzed, our semantics admits reasoning about programs as they appear to programmers. Our contributions include a semantics of hygienic macro expansion, a formal definition of α-equivalence that is independent of expansion, and a proof that expansion preserves α-equivalence. The key technical component of our language is a type system similar to Culpepper and Felleisen's "shape types," but with the novel contribution of binding signature types, which specify the bindings and scope of a macro's arguments.


The respiratory organs of snakes show a great diversity according to genera and species. In the Boidae (two genera excepted; cf. Brongersma, 1951 a and 1951 b), and in Xenopeltis unicolor (Reinw.) both lungs are well developed, although the left is shorter than the right (Butler, 1895). The difference in length between the right and the left lung is not the same in all genera and species, but it also shows individual variations within the species. In the Anilidae the left lung has undergone further reduction than in the Boidae; in Cylindrophis rufus (Laur.) the left lung is still rather well developed, its length is 12% of that of the right lung; in Anilius scytale (L.) the left lung is rudimentary, its length being only 3.5% of that of the right lung; in Anomochilus weberi (Lidth) the left lung has disappeared completely (Brongersma & Helle, 1951). Among the Colubridae, Elapidae, and Viperidae a rudimentary left lung is present in some species, while it has disappeared in others. A rudimentary left lung is present in the following species examined by me: Elaphe radiata (Schleg.) and Elaphe flavolineata (Schleg.) (Colubridae), Bungarus candidus (L.) and Bungarus fasciatus (Schn.) (Elapidae), Crotalus durissus L. and Trimeresurus wagleri (Boie). The diagram in fig. 1 shows the relative length of the left lung in a number of species of Boidae, Anilidae, and in Xenopeltis unicolor (Reinw.). It must be remembered that these diagrams are based on measurements taken from preserved specimens; therefore, the values found are only approximately correct. Differences according to genera and species also exist in the structure of the lungs, e.g., with regard to the area of the internal wall that is alveolar, and the development of a smooth-walled anangious air-sac at the caudal end


The task of handling nonrigid one-dimensional objects by a robot manipulation system is investigated. Especially, approaches to calculate motions with specific behavior in point contacts between the object and environment are regarded. For single point contacts, motions based on generalized rotations solving the direct and inverse manipulation problem are investigated. The latter problem is additionally tackled by simple rotation and translation motions. For double and multiple point contacts, motions based on splines are suggested. In experimental results with steel springs, the predicted and measured effect for each approach are compared.


The infamous, Most Wanted Goosebumps characters are out on the loose and they're coming after you! Catch them all undead or alive! Kat is reluctant to visit her Uncle Vic Frankenstein because of all the rumors about him. People in the small town where he lives say he's a mad scientist like his great-grandfather, Victor Frankenstein, who created a monster that came alive and terrorized the town. But Kat is relieved to find that even though he lives in a dark, old castle-like mansion, Uncle Vic is a quiet, gentle man, a scientist interested in building robots with artificial intelligence. Also, Kat loves Poochie, Vic's small, adorable, fluffy white dog, funny and playful. But after an accident occurs in her uncle's lab, strange things begin to happen. Has Kat created a monster? Or is something else responsible for the horror that is unleashed?


The organizational science literature on motivation has for long been polarized into two main positions; the organizational economic position focusing on extrinsic motivation and the organizational behavior position emphasizing intrinsic motivation. With the rise of the knowledge economy and the increasing levels of complexities it entails, such polarization is not fruitful in the attempt to explain motivation of organizational members. This paper claims that a more nuanced perspective on motivation, acknowledging the co-existence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the possible interaction between the two as well as different types of motivations filling in the gap between the two polar types, is urgently needed in the organizational science literature. By drawing on the research on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation conducted in social psychology and combining this with contributions from organizational science, economics, and sociology, this paper attempts to develop an emergent understanding of motivation, which is more facetted than the one dominating organizational science currently. Based on these discussions, eleven implications for future research on motivation in organizations are proposed.


Becoming an effective IT manager presents a host of challenges--from anticipating emerging technology to managing relationships with vendors, employees, and other managers. A good IT manager must also be a strong business leader.This book invites you to accompany new CIO Jim Barton to better understand the role of IT in your organization. You'll see Jim struggle through a challenging first year, handling (and fumbling) situations that, although fictional, are based on true events.You can read this book from beginning to end, or treat is as a series of cases. You can also skip around to address your most pressing needs. For example, need to learn about crisis management and security? Read chapters 10-12. You can formulate your own responses to a CIO's obstacles by reading the authors' regular "Reflection" questions.You'll turn to this book many times as you face IT-related issues in your own career.


Presented here are some aspects of an archaeological investigation conducted in eastern Mauritania in the region of Dhar Nema, a south-eastern extension of the Oualata and Tichitt cliffs (Dhar). This evidence is presented with a focus on its environmental context. The escarpment of the Dhar, a specific geomorphological environment, provided a refuge geoecosystem that continued to supply water during the second part of the Holocene. During the period leading to the current aridity in the southern Sahara, the neolithic populations came there to seek refuge. Amongst more than 70 sites studied, six were chosen that each illustrate a different topographic and ecological context and the interactions of the populations with these. Their location corresponds to varied geological "accidents" oriented perpendicular to the escarpment and in direction of the Baten. In order to survive in this fragile environment during this warming period, the populations developed essential social and technical innovations. These sites have evidenced the characteristics of the evolution of a culture that existed from the 3 rd millennium before our era, with notably a social organisation in villages as well as agricultural practices and animal husbandry, which developed from the commencement of their sedentarisation.


Current evaluation functions for heuristic planning are expensive to compute. In numerous planning problems these functions provide good guidance to the solution, so they are worth the expense. However, when evaluation functions are misguiding or when planning problems are large enough, lots of node evaluations must be computed, which severely limits the scalability of heuristic planners. In this paper, we present a novel solution for reducing node evaluations in heuristic planning based on machine learning. Particularly, we define the task of learning search control for heuristic planning as a relational classification task, and we use an off-the-shelf relational classification tool to address this learning task. Our relational classification task captures the preferred action to select in the different planning contexts of a specific planning domain. These planning contexts are defined by the set of helpful actions of the current state, the goals remaining to be achieved, and the static predicates of the planning task. This paper shows two methods for guiding the search of a heuristic planner with the learned classifiers. The first one consists of using the resulting classifier as an action policy. The second one consists of applying the classifier to generate lookahead states within a Best First Search algorithm. Experiments over a variety of domains reveal that our heuristic planner using the learned classifiers solves larger problems than state-of-the-art planners.


A June 2010 report estimates that roughly 20% of mortgage defaults in the first half of 2009 were "strategic." "Strategic default" describes the situation where a home borrower has the financial ability to continue to pay her mortgage but chooses not to pay and walks away. The ubiquity of strategic default has lead to innumerable newspaper articles, blog posts, website comments and editorial musings on the morality of homeowners who can afford to pay but choose, instead, to walk away. This Article centers on the current public discourse concerning strategic default, which mirrors a continuing debate among scholars regarding whether the willful breach of a contract has a moral element.For those scholars that maintain that it is possible to describe and prescribe contract law with a general, unifying theory, the debate is primarily one between promise-based theories and economic theory. This debate between promissory and economic theory reflects a perpetual volley concerning whether contract law should reflect the primacy of morality or efficiency. The argument of those that support strategic default reads like a case for efficient breach. Many of these commentators argue that the mortgage contract simply presents home borrowers with a choice: pay or surrender the property in foreclosure. If a homeowner is deep underwater, she is better off defaulting and the lender is no worse off relative to the bargain (after all, the lender agreed to foreclosure as a remedy). However, those who argue in favor of strategic default are counteracting a prevailing social norm that it is fundamentally immoral to willfully breach a contract. Many of the blog comments and even newspaper editorials have reflected a general sense that the homeowners who strategically default are acting shamefully. The public discussion further mirrors the academic debate about whether encouraging efficient breach enables the greatest public good or, instead, undermines the very convention of contracting. On the one hand, strategic default serves as an example of how encouragement of breach of contract may lead to a breakdown of confidence in the marketplace and, in turn, could inhibit market activity. On the other, it is difficult to muster sympathy for lenders, whose imprudent loans are a large piece of the systemic problems that precipitated the housing crisis.In the end, to the extent that questions of morality are nuanced and contextual, the example of strategic default elucidates the futility of either morality or efficiency as a unifying descriptive or normative theory of contract law. Indeed, it suggests that instead of focusing on individual contracts between borrowers and lenders, a more fruitful public discourse should be reframed to focus on appropriate systemic reforms to prevent the practices that played a part in devastating outcomes for the housing industry, families and communities. Because the concerns about strategic default – neighborhood depreciation and market collapse – are systemic, the solutions should be driven by those concerns, rather than shaming individual borrowers who decide to walk away.


Pictorial map showing the layout of the Golden Gate International Exposition, 1939 - 1940 in San Francisco, California. The map is a bird's-eye view of the exposition area with north oriented in the upper-left. An index to the buildings is included in the lower-left corner. On the reverse, there is an additional index on the left and maps showing enlarged areas of the island as well as routes around the exposition area. The detail maps include the "Pacific Area," "International Court," "La Plaza Area," and the routes that are part of the "Elephant Train Transportation on Treasure Island."


Sharing isn't new. Giving someone a ride, having a guest in your spare room, running errands for someone, participating in a supper club -- these are not revolutionary concepts. What is new, in the "sharing economy," is that you are not helping a friend for free; you are providing these services to a stranger for money. In this book, Arun Sundararajan, an expert on the sharing economy, explains the transition to what he describes as "crowd-based capitalism" -- a new way of organizing economic activity that may supplant the traditional corporate-centered model. As peer-to-peer commercial exchange blurs the lines between the personal and the professional, how will the economy, government regulation, what it means to have a job, and our social fabric be affected? Drawing on extensive research and numerous real-world examples -- including Airbnb, Lyft, Uber, Etsy, TaskRabbit, France's BlaBlaCar, China's Didi Kuaidi, and India's Ola, Sundararajan explains the basics of crowd-based capitalism. He describes the intriguing mix of "gift" and "market" in its transactions, demystifies emerging blockchain technologies, and clarifies the dizzying array of emerging on-demand platforms. He considers how this new paradigm changes economic growth and the future of work. Will we live in a world of empowered entrepreneurs who enjoy professional flexibility and independence? Or will we become disenfranchised digital laborers scurrying between platforms in search of the next wedge of piecework? Sundararajan highlights the important policy choices and suggests possible new directions for self-regulatory organizations, labor law, and funding our social safety net.


Women have become an integral part of the armed forces, but they are excluded from most combat jobs. Several issues remain. One is whether to reduce, maintain, or expand the number of women in the services as the total forces are being reduced. A second question is to what extent women should continue to be excluded from some combat positions by policy. Would national security be jeopardized or enhanced by increasing reliance on women in the armed forces? Should women have equal opportunities and responsibilities in national defense? Or do role and physical differences between the sexes, the protection of future generations, and other social norms require limiting the assignments of women in the armed forces? Opinion in the United States is deeply divided on the fundamental issues involved.


Trading under limited pre-trade transparency becomes increasingly popular on financial markets. We provide first evidence on traders' use of (completely) hidden orders which might be placed even inside of the (displayed) bid-ask spread. Employing TotalView-ITCH data on order messages at NASDAQ, we propose a simple method to conduct statistical inference on the location of hidden depth and to test economic hypotheses. Analyzing a wide cross-section of stocks, we show that market conditions reflected by the (visible) bid-ask spread, (visible) depth, recent price movements and trading signals significantly affect the aggressiveness of 'dark' liquidity supply and thus the 'hidden spread'. Our evidence suggests that traders balance hidden order placements to (i) compete for the provision of (hidden) liquidity and (ii) protect themselves against adverse selection, front-running as well as 'hidden order detection strategies' used by high-frequency traders. Accordingly, our results show that hidden liquidity locations are predictable given the observable state of the market.


SQL Server 2012 Data Integration Recipes provides focused and practical solutions to real world problems of data integration. Need to import data into SQL Server from an outside source? Needto export data and send it to another system? SQL Server 2012 Data Integration Recipes has your back. You'll find solutions for importing from Microsoft Office data stores such as Excel and Access, from text files such as CSV files, from XML, from other database brands such as Oracle and MySQL, and even from other SQL Server databases. You'll learn techniques for managing metadata, transforming data to meet the needs of the target system, handling exceptions and errors, and much more. What DBA or developer isn't faced with the need to move data back and forth? Author Adam Aspin brings 10 years of extensive ETL experience involving SQL Server, and especially satellite products such as Data Transformation Services and SQL Server Integration Services. Extensive coverage is given to Integration Services, Microsoft's flagship tool for data integration in SQL Server environments. Coverage is also given to the broader range of tools such as OPENDATASOURCE, linked servers, OPENROWSET, Migration Assistant for Access, BCP Import, and BULK INSERT just to name a few. If you're looking for a resource to cover data integration and ETL across the gamut of Microsoft's SQL Server toolset, SQL Server 2012 Data Integration Recipes is the one book that will meet your needs. Provides practical and proven solutions towards creating resilient ETL environments Clearly answers the tough questions which professionals ask Goes beyond the tools to a thorough discussion of the underlying techniques Covers the gamut of data integration, beyond just SSIS Includes example databases and files to allow readers to test the recipes What youll learn Import and export to and from CSV files, XML files, and other text-based sources. Move data between SQL databases, including SQL Server and others such as Oracle Databaseand MySQL. Discover and manage metadata held in various database systems. Remove duplicates and consolidate from multiple sources. Transform data to meet the needs of target systems. Profile source data as part of the discovery process. Log and manage errors and exceptions during an ETL process. Improve efficiency by detecting and processing only changed data. Who this book is for SQL Server 2012 Data Integration Recipes is written for developers wishing to find fast and reliable solutions for importing and exporting to and from SQL Server. The book appeals to DBAs as well, who are often tasked with implementing ETL processes. Developers and DBAs moving to SQL Server from other platforms will find the succinct, example-based approach ideal for quickly applying their general ETL knowledge to the specific tools provided as part of a SQL Server environment. Table of Contents MS Office Data Sources Flat File Sources XML Data Sources SQL Database Sources SQL Server Sources Miscellaneous Data Sources Exporting Data from SQL Server Metadata Data Transformation Data Profiling Delta Data Management Change Tracking and Change Data Capture Optimising Data Import ET Process Acceleration Logging and Auditing Appendix A: Data Types Appendix B: Sample Databases and Scripts