Abstract. Many modern instruments generate more data than may be fully processed in a timely manner. For some atmospheric sounders, much of the raw data cannot be processed into meaningful observations due to suboptimal viewing conditions, such as the presence of clouds. Conventional solutions are quick, empirical-threshold filters hand-created by domain experts to weed out unlikely or unreasonable observations, coupled with randomized down sampling when the data volume is still too high. In this paper, we describe a method for the construction of a subsampling and ordering solution that maximizes the likelihood that a requested data subset will be usefully processed. The method can be used for any metadata-rich source and implicitly discerns informative vs. non-informative data features while still permitting user feedback into the final features selected for filter implementation. We demonstrate the method by creating a selector for the spectra of the Japanese GOSAT satellite designed to measure column averaged mixing ratios of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2). This is done within the Atmospheric CO2 Measurements from Space (ACOS) NASA project with the intention of eventual use during the early Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission. OCO-2 will have a 1.5 orders of magnitude larger data volume than ACOS, requiring intelligent pre-filtration.


The first systematic collaboration between cognitive scientists and sports psychologists considers the mind–body relationship from the perspective of athletic skill and sports practice. This landmark work is the first systematic collaboration between cognitive scientists and sports psychologists that considers the mind–body relationship from the perspective of athletic skill and sports practice. With twenty-six chapters by leading researchers, the book connects and integrates findings from fields that range from philosophy of mind to sociology of sports. The chapters show not only that sports can tell scientists how the human mind works but also that the scientific study of the human mind can help athletes succeed. Sports psychology research has always focused on the themes, notions, and models of embodied cognition; embodied cognition, in turn, has found striking confirmation of its theoretical claims in the psychological accounts of sports performance and athletic skill. Athletic skill is a legitimate form of intelligence, involving cognitive faculties no less sophisticated and complex than those required by mathematical problem solving.
 After presenting the key concepts necessary for applying embodied cognition to sports psychology, the book discusses skill disruption (the tendency to "choke" under pressure); sensorimotor skill acquisition and how training correlates to the development of cognitive faculties; the intersubjective and social dimension of sports skills, seen in team sports; sports practice in cultural and societal contexts; the notion of "affordance" and its significance for ecological psychology and embodied cognition theory; and the mind's predictive capabilities, which enable anticipation, creativity, improvisation, and imagination in sports performance.
 ContributorsAna Maria Abreu, Kenneth Aggerholm, Salvatore Maria Aglioti, Jesús Ilundáin-Agurruza, Duarte Araújo, Jürgen Beckmann, Kath Bicknell, Geoffrey P. Bingham, Jens E. Birch, Gunnar Breivik, Noel E. Brick, Massimiliano L. Cappuccio, Thomas H. Carr, Alberto Cei, Anthony Chemero, Wayne Christensen, Lincoln J. Colling, Cassie Comley, Keith Davids, Matt Dicks, Caren Diehl, Karl Erickson, Anna Esposito, Pedro Tiago Esteves, Mirko Farina, Giolo Fele, Denis Francesconi, Shaun Gallagher, Gowrishankar Ganesh, Raúl Sánchez-García, Rob Gray, Denise M. Hill, Daniel D. Hutto, Tsuyoshi Ikegami, Geir Jordet, Adam Kiefer, Michael Kirchhoff, Kevin Krein, Kenneth Liberman, Tadhg E. MacIntyre, Nelson Mauro Maldonato, David L. Mann, Richard S. W. Masters, Patrick McGivern, Doris McIlwain, Michele Merritt, Christopher Mesagno, Vegard Fusche Moe, Barbara Gail Montero, Aidan P. Moran, David Moreau, Hiroki Nakamoto, Alberto Oliverio, David Papineau, Gert-Jan Pepping, Miriam Reiner, Ian Renshaw, Michael A. Riley, Zuzanna Rucinska, Lawrence Shapiro, Paula Silva, Shannon Spaulding, John Sutton, Phillip D. Tomporowski, John Toner, Andrew D. Wilson, Audrey Yap, Qin Zhu, Christopher Madan


One of the constitutive notions of intellectual property is the public domain. These are the ideas, notions and works that are usable by all where no person can invoke a right to block use by another. I am interested in the mechanics of accessing the public domain and the consequences of the choices that we make about the operational effectiveness of various tools available for controlling access to the public domain. That matters both for the extent of access but also importantly for the scale and scope of competition in the provision of the public domain. This takes us to contract and terms of use; to the core of copyright in what it means to be original and also what it means to copy; to copyright's periphery in the form of the deposit requirement; to the DMCA and its tools of distant control; and to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and its restrictions on accessing materials and objects under local control. With the emergence of major digital scanning projects for works in the public domain, we are at a point of possibly unparalleled practical access to the public domain. But the decisions we make about the tools just described will have a strong effect on the scope of the actual access to the public domain that emerges and in the extent of competition on the provision and use of the public domain.We think of the public domain as open to all and in that sense owned by no one (or owned by all). But that ignores the question of how the public domain is actually accessed. We have many tools that control that access and in that sense, through those tools, we re-establish a shadow control regime for the public domain. And we are at the early stages of architecting competition in digital libraries and one piece of that process will be assessing the mechanisms for controlling access to the public domain.Section I of the paper sketches out the emerging public domain. Section II considers three conceptual questions for structuring use of the public domain focusing on the extent to which the public domain should be viral; on whether we should insist that the public domain be accessed only through the original artifacts embodying it; and on whether private appropriability incentives for distribution of public domain scans match overall social interests. Section III turns to the tools for restricting use of the public domain, to copyright, contract, the DMCA and the CFAA. Each of these matters for access to the public domain and for competition over it. Section IV considers one narrow question regarding the relationship between copyright's deposit requirement and a truly public public domain, while the last section briefly concludes the paper.


Durango, Julia, and Katie Belle Trupiano.  Dream Away .  New York:  Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 2011.  Print. This is a delightful picture book with a gentle rhyme designed to lull children to sleep.  Reminiscent of "Moonbeam on a Cat's Ear", the father and child dream of sailing through the cosmos in an "old paper boat".  They have a magical crew of a knight, a winged horse, two winged cats (pixies) and a dog.  As they wander through the heavens they are chased by the animals of the constellations.  Eventually, even the clouds and the moon fall asleep.  The rhymes are predictable - moon/balloon, seas/breeze, float/boat – the iambic pentameter rhythm is strong and regular, so pre-readers will quickly memorize the story and want to "read" along. While the colours in the illustrations are strong, all of the figures are soft-edged and rounded, giving everything a cuddly appearance.  The images often add content to the story.  For example, when the text reads, "We played with a bear, an archer, a hare.  A dragon gave chase, but the crew won the race", the images show us a constellation bear throwing a ball of light and the boy on the edge of the boat, ready to swing at it with his baseball bat.  As they "glide down a glimmering slide", we see the boy holding on to the winged horse's tail, while the horse tows the boat down the Milky Way.  The moon is a balloon tied to the back of the boat.  In the final pages of the book, we see that most of the things in the story, the planets, cats, dog, winged horse and baseball bat are all objects in the boy's room and he is wearing a paper hat shaped like the boat. This is a lovely, peaceful lullaby that is highly recommended for public libraries and small children's rooms everywhere. Highly Recommended:  4 stars out of 4 Reviewer:  Sandy Campbell Sandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines.  Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.


The goal of this project was to gain insight from public school middle school principals regarding what works in middle grades education and how accountability affected the organization of middle schools. Three research questions were considered in this exploratory study: 1. What is the status of the middle school model in the early 21st century? 2. According to middle school principals, how has No Child Left Behind and accountability affected their implementation of the middle school model? 3. How do middle school principals deal with the tensions between No Child Left Behind and the middle school model? In order to gain this insight, literature about middle schools was studied, two middle schools were visited, and human participants provided feedback through a survey. As a follow up to the survey, nine survey participants consented to a more in depth follow-up interview. Through this research it was determined that accountability standards are looked upon favorably by many administrators, however, the standards have forced some schools to restructure their days in ways that do not mirror the original middle school concept that still provides a framework for middle school education. Of the principals surveyed and interviewed there was still a strong desire to educate the whole child, to allow students opportunities to explore, and to develop relationships with students as the middle school model suggested. Based on the research the reader can surmise that the middle school concept can and should still be used in middle schools.


Nondoped BiFeO3 (BFO) and doped Bi0.9La0.1Fe0.9Mn0.1O3 (BLFMO) thin films (d = 200–350 nm) were grown at 650–750 °C by RF sputtering on Si and SrTiO3(100), coated by conductive LaNiO3 films and La2/3Ca1/3MnO3/SrRuO3 bilayers. The complex dielectric permittivity of the films was measured at room temperature in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 10 GHz using parallel plate capacitor structures. Dielectric properties of the polycrystalline BFO films were compared with those of the epitaxial quality BLFMO films, and it was seen that the latter has better microwave performance than the former. The dielectric losses were below 0.05 at 1 GHz frequency, which may be acceptable for microwave applications.


Seneca, in his tragedy Phaedra, created an elegiac character using, among other elegiac conventions, the amorous hunting. His Phaedra turns into an aggressive erotic predator who wants to "hunt" Hippolytus whom she is in love with. The prologue of Phaedra connects the play with elegiac poetry through the extensive use of venery description, because it highlights Hippolytus' attitude to love: the young man sees the forest as a place of reclusive solitude where he can hide from frenetic passion. The prologue to Phaedra is also important from a spatial point of view, for Seneca associates his two main characters with a fundamental difference in locale that recalls the roman elegiac paraclausithyron, where the lover tries, without success, to penetrate into his beloved's intimate space, the house. Furthermore, Seneca reverses the relationship between the lovers: Hippolytus becomes the beloved, Phaedra, the lover, thus inverting the gender roles of normal erotic elegy. At the same time, he amplifies this convention, making it the main theme of his tragedy, for Phaedra has a fundamental impact on the play's action through her desperate attempts to conquer her stepson. Roman love elegy often associates the lover, the feeble man, with the hunter, while representing the beloved, the dominant woman, as his prey. Seneca goes further, because Hippolytus, the true hunter, becomes the erotic prey, while the female character takes on the role of the erotic predator. In this way, Seneca justifies the reversal of the male and the female characters' roles in his use of the elegiac theme of hunting.


The TRW Defense Systems Group develops large man-machine networks that solve problems for government agencies. Until a few years ago these networks were either tightly-coupled humans loosely supported by machines -- like our ballistic missile system engineering organization, which provides technical advice to the Air Force, or tightly-coupled machines loosely controlled by humans- like the ground station for the NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. Because we have been producing first-of- a kind systems like these since the early 1950s, we consider ourselves leaders in the social art of assembling effective teams of diverse experts, and in the engineering art of conceiving and developing networks of interacting machines. But in the mid-1970s we began building systems in which humans and machines must be tightly coupled to each other-systems like the Sensor Data Fusion Center. Then we found that our well-worked system development techniques did not completely apply, and that our system engineering handbook needed a new chapter on communication between people and machines. We're still writing that chapter, and it won't be finished until we can add some not-yet fully developed artificial intelligence techniques. Nevertheless, we learned some lessons worth passing along.


Abstract. Measurements of the mass concentration and chemical speciation of aerosols
are important to investigate their chemical and physical processing from
near emission sources to the most remote regions of the atmosphere. A common
method to analyze aerosols is to collect them onto filters and analyze the
filters offline; however, biases in some chemical components are possible
due to changes in the accumulated particles during the handling of the
samples. Any biases would impact the measured chemical composition, which in
turn affects our understanding of numerous physicochemical processes and
aerosol radiative properties. We show, using filters collected onboard the
NASA DC-8 and NSF C-130 during six different aircraft campaigns, a
consistent, substantial difference in ammonium mass concentration and
ammonium-to-anion ratios when comparing the aerosols collected on filters
versus an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). Another online measurement is consistent with the AMS in showing that the aerosol has lower ammonium-to-anion ratios than obtained by the filters. Using a gas uptake model with literature values for accommodation coefficients, we show that for ambient ammonia mixing ratios greater than 10 ppbv, the timescale for ammonia reacting with acidic aerosol on filter substrates is less than 30 s (typical filter handling time in the aircraft) for typical aerosol volume distributions. Measurements of gas-phase ammonia inside the cabin of the DC-8 show ammonia mixing ratios of 45±20  ppbv, consistent with mixing ratios observed in other indoor environments. This analysis enables guidelines for filter handling to reduce ammonia uptake. Finally, a more meaningful limit of detection for University of New Hampshire Soluble Acidic Gases and Aerosol (SAGA) filters collected during airborne campaigns is ∼0.2 µg sm−3 of ammonium, which is substantially higher than the limit of detection of ion chromatography.
A similar analysis should be conducted for filters that collect inorganic
aerosol and do not have ammonia scrubbers and/or are handled in the presence
of human ammonia emissions.


Analogy has been the focus of extensive research in cognitive science over the past two decades. Through analogy, novel situations and problems can be understood in terms of familiar ones. Indeed, a case can be made for analogical processing as the very core of cognition. This is the first book to span the full range of disciplines concerned with analogy. Its contributors represent cognitive, developmental, and comparative psychology; neuroscience; artificial intelligence; linguistics; and philosophy. The book is divided into three parts. The first part describes computational models of analogy as well as their relation to computational models of other cognitive processes. The second part addresses the role of analogy in a wide range of cognitive tasks, such as forming complex cognitive structures, conveying emotion, making decisions, and solving problems. The third part looks at the development of analogy in children and the possible use of analogy in nonhuman primates. Contributors: Miriam Bassok, Consuelo B. Boronat, Brian Bowdle, Fintan Costello, Kevin Dunbar, Gilles Fauconnier, Kenneth D. Forbus, Dedre Gentner, Usha Goswami, Brett Gray, Graeme S. Halford, Douglas Hofstadter, Keith J. Holyoak, John E. Hummel, Mark T. Keane, Boicho N. Kokinov, Arthur B. Markman, C. Page Moreau, David L. Oden, Alexander A. Petrov, Steven Phillips, David Premack, Cameron Shelley, Paul Thagard, Roger K.R. Thompson, William H. Wilson, Phillip Wolff.


ix Introduction The study has the purpose (1) to describe and explore the Mathematics student teachers' performance inside the classroom during the training course "teaching practice" at the University of Jordan/ Amman, and (2) to include the main factors which influence the development of the professional teaching competence in their mode of action. This study has particularly the aim to investigate the difficulties which face the student teachers' performance, and the facilities which help them in their performance and decrease the obstacles of the development of student teachers' performance. The study has the aim to answer the following questions: 1. How does the performance of student teachers develop with respect to time of the training course? 2. What difficulties do the student teachers face during the training course? 3. What are the facilities that help in developing student teachers' performance during the training course? 4. What are the factors related to performance? Are they personal, social, methodological, or related to mastering the curriculum? 5. What is the relation between student teachers' performance and supervision? The 1st opening chapter of the study describes some facts about Jordan, the school system there, the system of pre-service teacher education, the background of the study, and the purpose of the study with the questions mentioned above. In the 2nd chapter a review of the existing literature follows with the theoretical concepts which are connected with the questions. Main concepts are: development of teachers' performance, factors affecting the trainees' performance, supervision and teacher development, problems of beginning teachers, models in teacher development, facilities that help trainees, standards of teaching competences, methodological basis of teaching Mathema tics. Chapter 3 describes the plan of the empirical research and the four methodological tools which are used: video tapes, interviews, questionnaires, and self reports. It is a case study with the seven Mathematics student teachers of the academic year 1999/2000 at the university of Jordan/Amman. Chapter 4 contains the data collection from the four resources in English. The data material was collected in Arabic and then translated into English by the author. Chapter 5 starts with the data analysis and description of the 7 cases. Chapter 6 continues the data analysis, presents the results, discusses these in an overview. This leads in chapter 7 to a combination of the results which come from the analysis of chapters 5 and 6, and to the answers to the que stions 1—5. The main results are concentrated around the main features of performance, which are in the teacher education plan of Amman five areas: lesson plan, mastering content knowledge, methods of teaching, assessment of teaching, and classroom management. This study is the first one which describes and analyses scientifically the phase of practice teaching at Jordanian universities. It is done exemplary at the University of Jordan/Amman with all Mathematics student teachers of one academic year. It for the first time is possible to win insight in the individual professional development of single student teachers in Jordan, and insight in the influence of specific relating factors. This study has a valuable starting point, looks to be won for a further development of the teacher-training in Jordan. These are attached in a short section as "recommendations".


Sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV) is of singular importance in sparse linear algebra. In contrast to the uniform regularity of dense linear algebra, sparse operations encounter a broad spectrum of matrices ranging from the regular to the highly irregular. Harnessing the tremendous potential of throughput-oriented processors for sparse operations requires that we expose substantial fine-grained parallelism and impose sufficient regularity on execution paths and memory access patterns. We explore SpMV methods that are well-suited to throughput-oriented architectures like the GPU and which exploit several common sparsity classes. The techniques we propose are efficient, successfully utilizing large percentages of peak bandwidth. Furthermore, they deliver excellent total throughput, averaging 16 GFLOP/s and 10 GFLOP/s in double precision for structured grid and unstructured mesh matrices, respectively, on a GeForce GTX 285. This is roughly 2.8 times the throughput previously achieved on Cell BE and more than 10 times that of a quad-core Intel Clovertown system.


An early step in the Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of Phalaenopsis violacea orchid was investigated in the plant-bacterium interaction. Directed movement in response to chemical attractants is the crucial importance to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains. Chemotaxis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA 101 and 105) towards wounded orchid tissues has been studied by using swarm agar plates. The results obtained indicate a minor role of chemotaxis in determining host specificity and suggest that it could not be responsible for the absence of tumorigenesis in Phalaenopsis violacea orchid under natural conditions. Various aspects of transformation were examined using transient gusA gene expression in efforts to improve the efficiency of producing transformants. Hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, EHA 101 and 105, harboring the pCAMBIA 1304 plasmid containing gusA gene as a reporter marker, were used for transformation study. The effects of different concentrations of L-cysteine, silver nitrate, and various temperatures ( 0 C) during co-cultivation in half-strength MS medium supplemented with 5% of banana Mas extract on transformation efficiency were evaluated. Strain EHA 105 proved significantly better than EHA 101 based on higher percentage of gusA gene expression and even spread of GUS staining on PLBs. In addition, 200mg.L -1 L-cysteine, 60µM silver nitrate, and under the temperature at 24 0 C gave the highest percentage of transient GUS expression. The results from transient transformation of PLBs suggested that Agrobacterium -mediated transfer of T-DNA is highly efficient. Therefore, by combining the best treatments, an efficient and reproducible of Agrobacterium -mediated transformation procedure could be continued for the production of transgenic Phalaenopsis violacea orchid.


OBJECTIVE Treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often implies strong drugs with possibly serious side effects. Thus there is a need for new immunosuppressive treatments. Long wave ultraviolet A (UVA-1) cold light therapy is an anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory treatment with a possible systemic effect and few side effects. In the current study low dose UVA-1 cold light treatment was tested to determine whether it reduces disease activity in SLE. METHODS Eleven patients with SLE were treated with UVA-1 cold light treatment and a placebo light treatment in a double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. In two consecutive 12 week periods the patients were treated in the first three weeks with UVA-1 and placebo treatment or vice versa. The primary variables were the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and SLE Activity Measure (SLAM). RESULTS The mean SLAM and SLEDAI showed a significant decrease of 30.4% (p=0.0005) and 37.9% (p=0.016) respectively after three weeks of UVA-1 and a non-significant decline of 9.3% (p=0.43) and 12.2% (p=0.54) respectively after three weeks of placebo treatment. In this small trial the difference in reduction of the disease activity indices during UVA-1 compared with during placebo treatment failed to reach the conventional border of significance (p=0.07). The total score of quality of life measure RAND-36 did not improve significantly, but the subscore for vitality did improve. CONCLUSION Low dose UVA-1 cold light treatment was strongly suggestive of lowering disease activity in this double blind placebo controlled study, and no side effects occurred.


The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, in cooperation, with Stanford University's Department of Com-puter Science, presented the 1999 Spring Symposium Series on 22 to 24 March 1999 at Stanford University. The titles of the seven symposia were (1) Agents with Adjustable Autonomy, (2) Artificial Intelligence and Computer Games, (3) Artificial Intelligence in Equipment Maintenance Service and Support, (4) Hybrid Systems and AI: Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Discrete + Continuous Systems, (5) Intelligent Agents in Cyberspace, (6) Predictive Toxicology of Chemicals: Experiences and Impact of AI Tools, and (7) Search Techniques for Problem Solving under Uncertainty and Incomplete Information.


In this paper we present a new initiative to promote collaborative learning through industry partnered, interdisciplinary, student and user centred projects. This was achieved through the development of rehabilitation devices augmented with gamified software. Today development of software systems often requires people from different specialities who can work in multidisciplinary teams to achieve a common objective. A key challenge, therefore, is producing graduates with an understanding of a number of disparate skills across many discipline boundaries. Undergraduates may be knowledgeable in one specific discipline but will not be aware of the issues brought to bear by other relevant disciplines. In an effort to overcome this limitation, a cross-discipline course "Serious Games and Welfare Technology" was developed that allows students from different disciplines to work together to produce innovative, technology- supported health solutions. The course, an EU funded Erasmus+ initiative, was supported by a MOOC and enabled multi- disciplined and multinational teams to produce solutions for leading Health technology companies in the areas of rehabilitation and aging support. Following the first year of offering the course with a cohort of students from 5 countries, we report on the experiences and outcomes achieved from a number of viewpoints.


Purpose: This study aims at examining the contributors to adjustment to aging (AtA) and subjective age (SA) identified by older adults and to investigate the latent constructs that can work as major determinants in AtA and SA in an older Portuguese and German population. Method: Measures were completed, using a variety of appropriate methods, including demographics and interviews. Complete data were available for 102 older adults aged between 74-100 years (M=81.2; SD = 6.70). Data was subjected to content analysis. Representation of the associations and latent constructs were analyzed by a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). Results: Findings showed a model for each nationality. SA and AtA for Portuguese elderly were explained by a three-factor overall model: "active", "concentrated" and "attuned". A three-dimension overall model formed by "harmonized", "focused" and "young-at-heart" was indicated as a best-fit solution for German elderly. Conclusion: SAis differently related to AtA in older adults in both samples. The findings presented in this paper highlighted the under-developed potential of an adjustment and age overall model for this population.


This is a qualitative study that is interpretivist in nature and is designed to understand the complexities of early childhood transitions from the point of view of the study participants. This type of research also is used to further understand how participants' points of view influences their behaviors and interactions with early childhood professionals, both during and after transition processes are implemented (Maxwell, 2005). The knowledge gained from inquiring and exploring participant points of view allows researchers to focus on the meaning of particular behaviors and processes, in this case early childhood transition processes. The purpose is to answer this question: As professionals working with children with special needs and their families, how can we further explore families' perceptions of current transition practices and more meaningfully incorporate these findings into the development and implementation of federal regulations, best practices policies and procedures and community support of early childhood transitions? Eleven families of children experiencing transition from a Part C program in the southeastern United States were interviewed about their preparation for and experience during transition. These transition activities occurred after their child was two years, six months of age and before the age of three. Results revealed there is a systemic lack of information provided to families by early childhood professionals. Families were not aware that transition is not just a one-time event, but is a continuous process that occurs over time. Families were unclear as what types of and when activities should occur during the transition process. However, study results indicated that families were, in general, satisfied with early intervention (Part C) service coordination.


This paper provides theory as well as empirical results for pre-averaging estimators of the daily quadratic variation of asset prices. We derive jump robust inference for pre-averaging estimators, corresponding feasible central limit theorems and an explicit test on serial dependence in microstructure noise. Using transaction data of different stocks traded at the NYSE, we analyze the estimators' sensitivity to the choice of the pre-averaging bandwidth and suggest an optimal interval length. Moreover, we investigate the dependence of pre-averaging based inference on the sampling scheme, the sampling frequency, microstructure noise properties as well as the occurrence of jumps. As a result of a detailed empirical study we provide guidance for optimal implementation of pre-averaging estimators and discuss potential pitfalls in practice.


This thoroughly revised commentary uses the most recent insights in Heidegger studies to lead the reader through the sometimes difficult text of "Being and Time." The clearly marked section-by-section analysis explains the structure of "Being and Time," illuminates obscure passages, and presents examples of human experience to elucidate Heidegger's points. So that the reader does not lose sight of the main argument, Gelven summarizes the relevant concepts of Heidegger's chapters prior to his explicit interpretation of each section. Even though Gelven's commentary is primarily intended to be used as a supplement to "Being and Time," the text also serves as an articulate study in Heideggerian philosophy.


The increasing ubiquity of mobile devices with positioning technology has enabled more people to access and create information where it is geographically relevant. These location-based services are growing in user adoption, yet the role of such emerging technology in our relationships to the places we encounter has not been fully examined. This paper reports on a survey study that examines how people use mobile devices in relation to place and the potential for location-based services to improve sense of place. It was found that location-based services enhance people's familiarity, personal engagement, and social connection to place, leading to an improved sense of place.


Psychology is of interest to academics from many fields, as well as to the thousands of academic and clinical psychologists and general public who can't help but be interested in learning more about why humans think and behave as they do. This award-winning twelve-volume reference covers every aspect of the ever-fascinating discipline of psychology and represents the most current knowledge in the field. This ten-year revision now covers discoveries based in neuroscience, clinical psychology's new interest in evidence-based practice and mindfulness, and new findings in social, developmental, and forensic psychology.


This Article focuses primarily on one slice of social psychology and social cognition research, namely the vast and vibrant field examining the integral role that knowledge structures play in the way we attend to, remember, and draw inferences about information we encounter and, more generally, the way we make sense of our world. The human system of processing information is, in many cases, an efficient means of understanding our worlds and ourselves. Classification of people, objects, and other stimuli is often both indispensable and ineluctable. Still, as social psychologists have demonstrated, "virtually any of the properties of schematic functioning that are useful under some circumstances will be liabilities under others." The categories and schemas that operate, usually automatically, influence all aspects of information processing - from what information we focus on, to how we encode that information, to which features of that information we later retrieve and remember, and to how we draw inferences and solve problems based on that information. Given the unconscious and biasing influence of our schemas, combined with the fact that our schemas themselves will often reflect our unconscious motives, we should be mindful, even distrustful, of our schemas and the conclusions that they generate. These effects, the processes that drive them, and the biases they engender are the primary subject of this Article. A central goal is to offer a broad understanding of how individuals utilize categories, schemas, and scripts to help make sense of their worlds. In doing so, we serve another main objective: to provide a comprehensive (yet manageable) synthesis of a vast body of social psychology literature. This overview should transform how we make sense of our laws and legal-theoretic world. Part II of this Article is devoted to describing the significance of knowledge structures. Part III briefly summarizes how legal scholars have thus far applied insights about knowledge structures and argues that their most profound implications have yet to be appreciated. Part III then provides a set of predictions regarding the influence of knowledge structures and the biases they likely engender for legal theories and laws.


This essay explains how a 2006 court decision arising from the manufacture of the F-22 Raptor fighter jet paves the way for government-owned General Motors to steal intellectual property. In Zoltek v. U.S., the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit held that a loophole in the Tucker Act (28 U.S.C. § 1498) prevented owners of patented processes from suing the federal government for certain types of unauthorized uses of their patents. The Zoltek court also held that patents are not secured as constitutional "private property" under the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment. At the time, many judges and lawyers thought that these statutory and constitutional loopholes for patent-owners were insignificant; at worst, they argued, this benefits only military contractors and the like. Fast forward four years and the federal government now owns the "new GM." It was inconceivable in 2006 that Uncle Sam soon would be in the business of making cars, not to mention in the businesses of banking and insurance, setting salaries of CEOs, purchasing mortgages, etc., etc. This dramatic turn of events means that court decisions that once seemed exceedingly narrow have acquired new breadth and scope. This essay thus explores how Zoltek justifies extensive infringement of U.S. patents by GM and other firms now working for the federal government. Although it is arguable that denying patent-owners their constitutional rights is insignificant in any situation, the events since 2006 at least suggest that many people spoke too soon when they claimed that Zoltek was of little import or concern.


On December 15, 2005, the European Commission ('Commission') released a controversial Discussion Paper on Article 82 EC, the provision of the EC Treaty dealing with abuses of a dominant position. This policy document triggered a long and protracted debate not only among competition law experts but also within the Commission itself. The Commission's plan to distance itself from a 'form-based' approach to the enforcement of Article 82 EC, which sits uneasily with modern economic principles, towards an 'effects-based' approach more in line with such principles was welcomed. Some aspects of the Discussion Paper were criticized nonetheless as being unclear, impracticable, or still overly restrictive. Following the Discussion Paper and the ensuing academic debate on Article 82 EC, the Commission published (on 3 December 2008) its somewhat shorter and more wieldy 'Guidance on the Commission's Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article 82 EC Treaty to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings' ("Guidance Paper"), which essentially sets out the Commission's enforcement priorities with respect to exclusionary abuses. In line with the approach already taken in the fields of Article 81 EC and merger control, the Commission, through its Guidance Paper, has vowed to take a more effects-based approach to exclusionary abuses by dominant undertakings. This is illustrated by the admissibility of familiar economic concepts such as the efficiency defense and the introduction of the 'equally efficient competitor' test. The core premise of Commission intervention now rests on a finding that a dominant undertaking has engaged in conduct that is likely to lead to anticompetitive foreclosure, i.e. exclusionary conduct that is liable to cause consumer harm. Though there is much merit in the commission's new approach to exclusionary conduct it is open to debate whether it goes far enough. One of the limitations of the Guidance Paper is that it fails to provide for 'safe harbours'. For instance, pricing schemes that do not exclude equally efficient competitors because the price set by the dominant firm is above its costs may nevertheless be considered abusive in some circumstances. Hence, (postal) operators whose prices are above their costs cannot be sure that their pricing is not incompatible with Article 82 EC. The Guidance Paper also contains some lacunae as it does not address for instance exploitative behavior or price discrimination that are particularly contentious issues under EC competition law. Finally, the nature of the Guidance Paper is ambiguous. The Guidance Paper is not intended to be a statement or interpretation of the law, but instead lays out the Commission's 'enforcement priorities' with respect to Article 82 EC. This raises the issue whether the Commission is bound to apply the principles developed in the Guidance Paper or whether it can apply the more restrictive and formalistic principles contained in the Community courts' case-law. In the context of the postal sector the advent of the Guidance Paper is particularly propitious in light of the crucial changes that are taking place. The recently promulgated Third Postal Directive ('Postal Directive') provides the legal basis for the full market opening of the postal sector, which is to be accomplished by 31 December 2010. A corollary of the abolition of any remaining, exclusive or special rights is that new possibilities for increased competition in the postal sector will be created. At the same time, however, the removal of the reserved sector is likely to increase the frequency of claims by entrants that incumbent postal operators are engaging in abusive behavior to maintain their market power in liberalized markets. With this in mind, the Guidance Paper provides dominant (postal) undertakings with a set of parameters within which they can assess conduct addressed in it i.e. exclusive dealing, tying and bundling, predatory practices, and refusal to supply. The paper is structured as follows. First, the paper reviews the approach taken by the Guidance Paper with respect to the assessment of dominance. Second, it examines the test that the Guidance Paper intends to apply to determine whether a given practice amounts to anticompetitive foreclosure. Third, it explores the approaches proposed by the Guidance Paper when addressing the various categories of abuse that may be committed by dominant firms, particularly postal operators. Finally, a short conclusion is provided.


The role of school quality in determining educational outcomes has received much research attention in the United States. However, in developing countries, where a significant part of the school age population never attends school, policymakers must consider both quality and quantity when deciding how to maximize the impact of scarce investments. Acknowledging this difference in the policy environment in developing countries, this paper provides comparative estimates of the impact of quality versus quantity investments in school supply in rural Mozambique, one of the world's poorest countries. Policy simulations show that improving school quality (through the pupilteacher ratio) increases grade attainment and efficiency by approximately 9 percent with no impact on overall enrollment rates. However, these same results can be generated by increasing starting enrollment probabilities through the establishment of new schools in all rural villages that currently do not have schools. Furthermore, similar rates of increase in school achievement indicators can be achieved by building schools in only 56 percent of all villages currently without schools, provided these schools are placed in those villages that also do not have a school nearby. When cost information is considered, the main policy implication is that the expansion of school quantity through well-targeted placement of new schools will provide the greatest increase in educational outcomes for Mozambique at this time.


Adhesion-type G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs), a large molecule family with over 30 members in humans, operate in organ development, brain function and govern immunological responses. Correspondingly, this receptor family is linked to a multitude of diverse human diseases. aGPCRs have been suggested to possess mechanosensory properties, though their mechanism of action is fully unknown. Here we show that the Drosophila aGPCR Latrophilin/dCIRL acts in mechanosensory neurons by modulating ionotropic receptor currents, the initiating step of cellular mechanosensation. This process depends on the length of the extended ectodomain and the tethered agonist of the receptor, but not on its autoproteolysis, a characteristic biochemical feature of the aGPCR family. Intracellularly, dCIRL quenches cAMP levels upon mechanical activation thereby specifically increasing the mechanosensitivity of neurons. These results provide direct evidence that the aGPCR dCIRL acts as a molecular sensor and signal transducer that detects and converts mechanical stimuli into a metabotropic response. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28360.001


This paper is presented as a guide to assist in identifying larval stages of lanternfish (family Myctophidae) of the Agulhas Current region. The work is based on the larvae collected during three cruises conducted off the eastern coast of South Africa from 29°S to 34°S in 1990 and 1991. The larval distributions obtained from these surveys are summarised briefly. Generally, only literature citations are given for species of the region whose larvae have been described previously. Descriptions are limited to those species for which complete larval development have not been published previously and to those species not known to spawn in the region, to compare larval features with those from regions where the species is known to spawn (i.e., Benthosema fibulatum, B. pterotum, Hygophum proximum, Lampadena luminosa, Myctophum selenops, Notoscopelus caudispinosus and Triphoturus nigrescens). Also, diagnostic characters and illustrations are presented for species which may be difficult to identify in some developmental stages, particularly the early larval stages (i.e., Benthosema suborbitale, Bolinichthys spp., Ceratoscopelus townsendi, Diogenichthys panurgus, Myctophum phengodes, Lobianchia dofleini, L. gemellarii and Scopelopsis multipunctatus).


The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III on the International Space Station (SAGE III/ISS) was launched on 19 February 2017 and began routine operation in June 2017. The first 2 years of SAGE III/ISS (v5.1) solar occultation ozone data were evaluated by using correlative satellite and ground‐based measurements. Among the three (MES, AO3, and MLR) SAGE III/ISS retrieved solar ozone products, AO3 ozone shows the smallest bias and best precision, with mean biases less than 5% for altitudes ~15–55 km in the midlatitudes and ~20–55 km in the tropics. In the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, AO3 ozone shows high biases that increase with decreasing altitudes and reach ~10% near the tropopause. Preliminary studies indicate that those high biases primarily result from the contributions of the oxygen dimer (O4) not being appropriately removed within the ozone channel. The precision of AO3 ozone is estimated to be ~3% for altitudes between 20 and 40 km. It degrades to ~10–15% in the lower mesosphere (~55 km) and ~20–30% near the tropopause. There could be an altitude registration error of ~100 m in the SAGE III/ISS auxiliary temperature and pressure profiles. This, however, does not affect retrieved ozone profiles in native number density on geometric altitude coordinates. In the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere (~40–55 km), the SAGE III/ISS (and SAGE II) retrieved ozone values show sunrise/sunset differences of ~5–8%, which are almost twice as large as what was observed by other satellites or model predictions. This feature needs further study.


At UC Berkeley, we are informing political debates surrounding online privacy through empirical study of website behaviors. In 2009 and 2011, we surveyed top websites to determine how they were tracking consumers. We found that advertisers were using persistent tracking technologies that were relatively unknown to consumers. Two years later, we found that the number of tracking cookies expanded dramatically and that advertisers had developed new, previously unobserved tracking mechanisms that users cannot avoid even with the strongest privacy settings.These empirical observations are valuable for the political debate surrounding online privacy because they inform the framing and assumptions surrounding the merits of privacy law.Our work demonstrates that advertisers use new, relatively unknown technologies to track people, specifically because consumers have not heard of these techniques. Furthermore, these technologies obviate choice mechanisms that consumers exercise. We argue that the combination of disguised tracking technologies, choice-invalidating techniques, and models to trick the consumers into revealing data suggests that advertisers do not see individuals as autonomous beings. Once conceived of as objects, preferences no longer matter and can be routed around with tricks and technology.In the political debate, "paternalism" is a frequently invoked objection to privacy rules. Our work inverts the assumption that privacy interventions are paternalistic while market approaches promote freedom. We empirically demonstrate that advertisers are making it impossible to avoid online tracking. Advertisers are so invested in the idea of a personalized web that they do not think consumers are competent to decide to reject it. We argue that policymakers should fully appreciate the idea that consumer privacy interventions can enable choice, while the alternative, pure marketplace approaches can deny consumers opportunities to exercise autonomy.


The accurate assessment of psychopathy constitutes a critical component of forensic assessments addressing offender populations. Among the core characteristics of psychopathy, the interpersonal component of deception and empathic deficits are prominently observed in offenders with psychopathic traits. Given the negative consequences of being classified as a psychopath, offenders may be likely to minimize their psychopathic traits. In particular, no research has investigated whether offenders with psychopathic traits are able to simulate empathy in an effort to mask their cognitive or affective empathy deficits (e.g., lack of remorse about offenses). The present study aims to contribute to the literature with regard to the simulation of empathy. Using a mixed between- and within-subjects design, 81 male detainees were placed into (a) a low psychopathy group, (b) a moderate psychopathy group, or (c) a high psychopathy group based on the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised. For the within-subjects component, all offenders answered empathy questionnaires under genuine and simulation conditions. Results indicate the sample possessed cognitive empathy, but did not display affective empathy under genuine instructions. Under simulation instructions, participants significantly increased their scores on several empathy measures. The implications of simulated empathy and comparisons between groups regarding simulation abilities are discussed.


Poster used in the Polish Solidarity movement during the 1980s depicting five figures in reddish orange silhouette. The figure on the far left is chimpanzee like and the next four figures evolve to man. The man at the front of the line is holding a flower in one hand and his other hand holds up two fingers.


According to Nicole B. Ellison and Danah M. Boyd in their article on "Social network sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship", they defined Social Networking Sites as "Web-based services that allow individuals to (1) Construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) Articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) View and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system"( 2007). In other words, Social Networking Sites (SNSs) are websites that are designed to simplify communication between users who share similar activities, attitudes and interests. Today the growth and role of social networking sites has become an issue not only for the users themselves but also for scholars and industrial researchers. My aim in this research will be to explore Social Networking Sites in general. The concept of Social Networking Sites is very broad; therefore my main study will be dealing primarily with how privacy and restrictions plays a role in identity management with reference to Facebook.


Many people believe that the problem of climate change would be best handled by an international agreement that includes a system of cap and trade. Such a system would impose a global cap on greenhouse gases emissions and allocate tradable emissions permits. This proposal raises a crucial but insufficiently explored question: How should such permits be allocated? It is tempting to suggest that in principle, allocation should be done on a per capita basis, with the idea that each person should begin with the same entitlement, regardless of place of birth. This idea, pressed by many analysts and by the developing world, can be defended on grounds of either welfare or fairness. But on both grounds, per capita allocations run into serious objections. If fairness is understood in terms of equally or proportionally sharing the burdens of a climate treaty, per capita allocations are not fair because they do not take into account all the effects of such a treaty. Any agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will give more benefits to some nations than to others, and will impose more costs on some nations than on others; in these circumstances, per capita emissions rights give the appearance but not the reality of fairness. For those who seek redistribution to those who need help, on grounds of either welfare or fairness, per capita allocations of emissions rights are at best a mixed blessing. Some rich nations are highly populated, and some poor nations have small populations; there is essentially no relationship between size of population and per capita wealth. Per capita allocations would also create serious incentive problems, and they would face decisive objections from the standpoint of feasibility: Per capita rights would transfer hundreds of billions of dollars annually from the United States to China and India, and the United States is most unlikely to sign a treaty with that consequence. Comparisons are drawn between per capita allocations and other approaches, including those based on existing emissions rates and those with self-conscious redistributive aims. A general goal is to balance welfarist and fairness goals with feasibility constraints; per capita allocations do a poor job of achieving that balance, and an insistence on that approach might make the climate change problem intractable. These conclusions have general implications for thinking about normative goals and practical limitations in the context of international law.


OBJECTIVE
Adolescents sustaining sport-related concussion often experience difficulties with the return-to-learn (RTL) process. Whereas the initial symptom burden has predicted prolonged RTL, no studies have established a relationship between acute cognitive symptoms and RTL duration. The authors sought to evaluate the relationship between initial cognitive symptoms and RTL duration.

METHODS
A retrospective single-institution cohort study of adolescent athletes aged 12-23 years who were evaluated within 5 days of a diagnosed sport-related concussion between November 2017 and October 2020 was conducted. Athletes missing cognitive symptom ratings and RTL data were excluded. The primary exposure variable was the Cognitive Symptom Ratio (CSR), defined as total cognitive symptom cluster score divided by total Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) score from the initial clinic visit. Primary and secondary outcomes were time to RTL and total length of care, respectively. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to assess the effect of CSR on RTL duration.

RESULTS
Of 653 athletes evaluated within 5 days of injury, 346 patients were included in the final cohort. Athletes reported a median initial PCSS score of 21 (interquartile range [IQR] 6-37) and a median cognitive symptom score of 4 (IQR 0-9). Most patients endorsed some degree of difficulty concentrating (n = 212, 61.3%). The median CSR was 0.18 (IQR 0.00-0.27). On multivariable regression analysis, a higher CSR was associated with prolonged RTL duration (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.13-0.69, p = 0.004). When initial PCSS score was added to the model, the previously significant association between CSR and RTL was no longer significant (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.29-1.59, p = 0.367). When dichotomized based on frequency distribution, a higher proportion of patients with low CSR achieved RTL by 7 days postinjury (82.2% vs 69.9%, p = 0.007), a difference not seen at 14 days (92.2% vs 87.3%, p = 0.133).

CONCLUSIONS
An acute ratio of cognitive symptoms may predict patients at increased risk for prolonged RTL and those with normal PCSS scores who may experience difficulties once resuming school activities.


The port city of Liverpool, England, is home to one of the oldest Black communities in Britain. Its members proudly date their history back at least as far as the nineteenth century, with the global wanderings and eventual settlement of colonial African seamen. Jacqueline Nassy Brown analyzes how this worldly origin story supports an avowedly local Black politic and identity--a theme that becomes a window onto British politics of race, place, and nation, and Liverpool's own contentious origin story as a gloriously cosmopolitan port of world-historical import that was nonetheless central to British slave trading and imperialism. This ethnography also examines the rise and consequent dilemmas of Black identity. It captures the contradictions of diaspora in postcolonial Liverpool, where African and Afro-Caribbean heritages and transnational linkages with Black America both contribute to and compete with the local as a basis for authentic racial identity. Crisscrossing historical periods, rhetorical modes, and academic genres, the book focuses singularly on "place," enabling its most radical move: its analysis of Black racial politics as enactments of English cultural premises. The insistent focus on English culture implies a further twist. Just as Blacks are racialized through appeals to their assumed Afro-Caribbean and African cultures, so too has Liverpool--an Irish, working-class city whose expansive port faces the world beyond Britain--long been beyond the pale of dominant notions of authentic Englishness. Dropping Anchor, Setting Sail studies "race" through clashing constructions of "Liverpool."


Love's Executioner offers us the humane and extraordinary insight of renowned psychiatrist Irvin D. Yalom into the lives of ten of his patients - and through them into the minds of us all. Why was Saul tormented by three unopened letters from Stockholm? What made Thelma spend her whole life raking over a long-past love affair? How did Carlos' macho fantasies help him deal with terminal cancer? In this engrossing book, Irvin Yalom gives detailed and deeply affecting accounts of his work with these and seven other patients. Deep down, all of them were suffering from the basic human anxieties - isolation, fear of death or freedom, a sense of the meaninglessness of life - that none of us can escape completely. And yet, as the case histories make touchingly clear, it is only by facing such anxieties head on that we can hope to come to terms with them and develop. Throughout, Dr Jalom remains refreshingly frank about his own errors and prejudices; his book provides a rare glimpse into the consulting room of a master therapist. Reviews: "Dr Yalom demonstrates once again that in the right hands, the stuff of therapy has the interest of the richest and most inventive fiction". (Eva Hoffman, New York Times). "These remarkably moving and instructive tales of the psychiatric encounter bring the reader into novel territories of the mind - and the landscape is truly unforgettable". (Maggie Scarf). "Love's Executioner is one of those rare books that suggests both the mystery and the poetry of the psychotherapeutic process. The best therapists are at least partly poets. With this riveting and beautifully written book, Irvin Yalom has joined their ranks". (Erica Jong). "Inspired ...He writes with the narrative wit of O. Henry and the earthy humor of Isaac Bashevis Singer". (San Francisco Chronicle). "Dr Yalom offers a valuable insight into the delicate process of therapy". (Sunday Telegraph). "Irvin Yalom writes like an angel about the devils that besiege us". (Rollo May). "These stories are wonderful. They make us realize that within every human being lie the pain and the beauty that make life worthwhile". (Bernie S. Siegel). "Dr Yalom is unusually honest, both with his patients and about himself". (Anthony Storr). "Yalom is a gifted storyteller, and from the sound of these tales, a no-less-gifted psychotherapist". (Los Angeles Times). "This is an impressive transformation of clinical experience into literature. Dr Yalom's case histories are more gripping than 98 percent of the fiction published today, and he has gone to amazing lengths of honesty to depict himself as a realistic flesh-and-blood character: funny, flawed, perverse, and, above all, understanding". (Phillip Lopate). "I loved Love's Executioner. Dr Yalom has learned something that fiction writers learned years ago - that people's mistakes are a lot more interesting than their triumphs". (Joanne Greenberg). About the author: Irvin D. Yalom is Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the Stanford University School of Medicine. As well as an award-winning psychiatrist and psychotherapist, he is an extremely prolific author. His many other works include The Gift of Therapy, Staring at the Sun, When Nietzsche Wept, The Theory and Practice of Group Psychiatry, The Schopenhauer Cure, Lying on the Couch, Momma and the Meaning of Life, Existential Psychotherapy, I'm Calling the Police, Inpatient Group Psychotherapy, Every Day Gets a Little Closer and The Spinoza Problem.


ASP.NET MVC 4 Recipesis a practical guide for developers creating modern web applications, cutting through the complexities of ASP.NET, jQuery, Knockout.js and HTML 5 to provide straightforward solutions to common web development problems using proven methods based on best practices. The problem-solution approach gets you in, out, and back to work quickly while deepening your understanding of the underlying platform and how to develop with it. Author John Ciliberti guides you through the framework and development tools, presenting typicalchallenges, along with code solutions and clear, concise explanations, toaccelerate application development. Inside you will find recipes dealing withstreamlined syntax, full control over HTML, a simple API for creating RESTful web services, writing support for test driven development, and more. Solve problems immediately by pasting in code from the recipes, or put multiple recipe solutions together to overcome challenging development obstacles. Dive head first into ASP.NET MVC web development with ASP.NET MVC 4 Recipes. What youll learnInside find recipes that cover: automating testing and deployment of your application using Visual Studio2012 and Team Foundation Server designing and developing your application for Internet scale deploying to the cloud, working with Big Data and adding resiliency to your applications components migrating a project from ASP.NET web forms to the MVC 4 including recipes for converting DataGrids, Forms, Web Parts, Master Pages and navigation controls Client side data binding and templating techniques using Web API, Knockout.js and jQuery using the Web API to design web services that can be consumed by mobile devices and tablets running Android, iOS, and Windows 8 Who this book is for This bookis a problem-solution guide for web developers looking for a better way to build a modern web application on the Microsoft platform. There are several types of developers that would find this material useful: veteran ASP.NET Web Forms developers who wish to update their skillset to include ASP.NET MVC Project teams who wish to modernize an existing application to allow it to take advantage of MVC 4, .NET 4.5, and Windows Azure Novice web developers who are looking to expand their skill set by learning the Microsoft web development stack Table of Contents1. The Need For Modern Web Applications 2. Understanding ASP.NET MVC 3. Setting Up Your Environment 4. Visual Studio 2012 Overview 5. Getting the Most from the Built-in Templates 6. Architecting Applications with ASP.NET MVC 7. Solution Design 8. Asynchronous Programming with ASP.NET MVC 9. Test-Driven Development with ASP.NET MVC 4 10. Moving From Web Forms to ASP.NET MVC 11. Creating Modern User Experiences Using jQuery, Knockout.js, and WebAPI 12. Mobile, Social, and Cloud Technologies


The preservation of artistic works with technological components, such as musical works, is recognised as an issue by both the artistic community and the archival community. Preserving such works involves tackling the difficulties associated with digital information in general, but also raises its own specific problems, such as constantly evolving digital instruments embodied within software and idiosyncratic human-computer interactions. Because of these issues, standards in place for archiving digital information are not always suitable for the preservation of these works. The impact on the organisation and the descriptions of such archives need to be conceptualised in order to provide these technological components with readability, authenticity and intelligibility. While previous projects emphasized readability and authenticity, less effort has been dedicated to addressing intelligibility issues. The research into the specification of significant properties and its extension, namely significant knowledge, offers some grounds for reflecting on this question. Furthermore, the relevance of taking into account the creative process involved in the production of technological components offers an opportunity to redefine the status of technological agents in the performative aspect of digital records. Altogether, the research on significant knowledge and creative processes provide us with a conceptual framework that we propose to bring together with digital archives models to form a coherent framework.


A new perspective on religions and the environment emerges from this collection. The authors, a diverse group of indigenous and non-native scholars and environmental activists, address compelling and urgent questions facing indigenous communities as they struggle with threats to their own sovereignty, increased market and media globalization, and the conservation of endangered bioregions. Drawing attention to the pressures threatening indigenous peoples and ways of life, this volume describes modes of resistance and regeneration by which communities maintain a spiritual balance with larger cosmological forces while creatively accommodating current environmental, social, economic, and political changes.


The goal of a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) consists of the development of a unidirectional interface between a human and a computer to allow control of a device only via brain signals. While the BCI systems of almost all other groups require the user to be trained over several weeks or even months, the group of Prof. Dr. Klaus-Robert Müller in Berlin and Potsdam, which I belong to, was one of the first research groups in this field which used machine learning techniques on a large scale. The adaptivity of the processing system to the individual brain patterns of the subject confers huge advantages for the user. Thus BCI research is considered a hot topic in machine learning and computer science. It requires interdisciplinary cooperation between disparate fields such as neuroscience, since only by combining machine learning and signal processing techniques based on neurophysiological knowledge will the largest progress be made. In this work I particularly deal with my part of this project, which lies mainly in the area of computer science. I have considered the following three main points: Establishing a performance measure based on information theory: I have critically illuminated the assumptions of Shannon's information transfer rate for application in a BCI context. By establishing suitable coding strategies I was able to show that this theoretical measure approximates quite well to what is practically achieveable. Transfer and development of suitable signal processing and machine learning techniques: One substantial component of my work was to develop several machine learning and signal processing algorithms to improve the efficiency of a BCI. Based on the neurophysiological knowledge that several independent EEG features can be observed for some mental states, I have developed a method for combining different and maybe independent features which improved performance. In some cases the performance of the combination algorithm outperforms the best single performance by more than 50 %. Furthermore, I have theoretically and practically addressed via the development of suitable algorithms the question of the optimal number of classes which should be used for a BCI. It transpired that with BCI performances reported so far, three or four different mental states are optimal. For another extension I have combined ideas from signal processing with those of machine learning since a high gain can be achieved if the temporal filtering, i.e., the choice of frequency bands, is automatically adapted to each subject individually. Implementation of the Berlin brain computer interface and realization of suitable experiments: Finally a further substantial component of my work was to realize an online BCI system which includes the developed methods, but is also flexible enough to allow the simple realization of new algorithms and ideas. So far, bitrates of up to 40 bits per minute have been achieved with this system by absolutely untrained users which, compared to results of other groups, is highly successful.


This white paper is part of a series that promotes knowledge about language technology and its potential. It addresses educators, journalists , politicians, language communities and others. The availability and use of language technology in Europe varies between languages. Consequently, the actions that are required to further support research and development of language technologies also differ for each language. The required actions depend on many factors, such as the complexity of a given language and the size of its community. META-NET, a European Commission Network of Excellence, has conducted an analysis of current language resources and technologies. This analysis focused on the 23 official European languages as well as other important national and regional languages in Europe. The results of this analysis suggest that there are many significant research gaps for each language. A more detailed, expert analysis and assessment of the current situation will help maximise the impact of additional research and minimize any risks. META-NET consists of 47 research centres from 31 countries that are working with stakeholders from commercial businesses, government agencies, industry, research organisations, software companies , technology providers and European universities. Together, they are creating a common technology vision while developing a strategic research agenda that shows how language technology applications can address any research gaps by 2020.


We use the Islamic holy month of Ramadan as a natural experiment in fasting and fetal health. In Michigan births 1989-2006, we find prenatal exposure to Ramadan among Arab mothers results in lower birthweight and reduced gestation length. Exposure to Ramadan in the first month of gestation is also associated with a sizable reduction in the number of male births. In Census data for Uganda, Iraq, and the US we find strong associations between in utero exposure to Ramadan and the likelihood of being disabled as an adult. Effects are particularly large for mental (or learning) disabilities. We also find significant effects on proxies for wealth, earnings, the sex composition of the adult population, and more suggestive evidence of effects on schooling. We find no evidence that negative selection in conceptions during Ramadan accounts for our findings, suggesting that avoiding Ramadan exposure during pregnancy is costly or the long-term effects of fasting unknown.


Shortlisted for the 2015 Man Booker Prize 'Astonishing and unsettling ...A masterwork' San Francisco Chronicle 'Announces Yanagihara as a major American novelist' Wall Street Journal Brace yourself for the most astonishing, challenging, upsetting and profoundly moving book in many a season. An epic about love and friendship in the twenty-first century that goes into some of the darkest places fiction has ever traveled and yet somehow improbably breaks through into the light. When four graduates from a small Massachusetts college move to New York to make their way, they're broke, adrift, and buoyed only by their friendship and ambition. There is kind, handsome Willem, an aspiring actor; JB, a quick-witted, sometimes cruel Brooklyn-born painter seeking entry to the art world; Malcolm, a frustrated architect at a prominent firm; and withdrawn, brilliant, enigmatic Jude, who serves as their center of gravity. Over the decades, their relationships deepen and darken, tinged by addiction, success, and pride. Yet their greatest challenge, each comes to realize, is Jude himself, by midlife a terrifyingly talented litigator yet an increasingly broken man, his mind and body scarred by an unspeakable childhood, and haunted by what he fears is a degree of trauma that he'll not only be unable to overcome-but that will define his life forever. In a remarkable and precise prose, Yanagihara has fashioned a tragic and transcendent hymn to brotherly love, a masterful depiction of heartbreak, and a dark examination of the tyranny of memory and the limits of human endurance.


The Integrated Project (IP) has been practised in the Department of Chemical and Process Engineering (JKKP) since the 2006/2007 session. Initially, the IP is only implemented for the Year II students for both Chemical (KK) and Biochemical Engineering (KB) programmes. Previously, the Year 1 curriculum was only based on the common faculty courses. Starting in the 2010/2011 session, a new curriculum was introduced for Year I with some reshuffling of the courses offered, in which the programme syllabuses are tailored to the offered departmental offerings starting in Year I. Based on the new curriculum, the students registered under the KK and KB programmes have undergone the IP since Semester I of their first-year studies. This implementation project encourages and gives the opportunity to students to take part in the open-ended problem-solving project. The students are trained to obtain information independently through lifelong learning, communication skills in terms of written and oral communications and identify the current issues and involve team work. The training can reduce the phenomenon of student dependence on lecturers or "spoon-feeding" to obtain information in order to understand a theory of learning. The exposure could also transform the learning scenario from lecture-centred to student-centred learning, which requires students to participate more actively in the learning process. The student achievement of the programme outcomes (POs), which has been set in terms of lecturer assessment (direct measurement) and student perception through questionnaires (indirect measurement), was compared at the end of the implementation of the IP in Semester II of the 2011/2012 session. From the comparison, it was found that both measurement methods gave very similar results for all the outlined POs with insignificant differences detected between the POs. This proves that the students gain benefits through the implementation of the IP which are in line with the lecturers' expectations.


Technical reports are available electronically at hundreds of internet sites around the world. A major impediment to their utility in computer science research is the difficulty in locating reports that are relevant to a particular area. We describe the implementation of a digital library for computer science technical reports that indexes every word in each report, covers a majority of computer science technical report archives, and supports a variety of search types despite the fact that documents are not formally cataloged. We discuss in detail techniques for constructing the digital library that minimize Internet and local storage costs.


James Robinson's narrative of how the Nag Hammadi codices were discovered is popular and compelling, a piece of fine investigative journalism that includes intrigue and blood vengeance. But there are several different, conflicting versions of the story, including two-person (1977), seven-person (1979) and eight-person (1981) versions. Disagreements include the name of the person who first found the jar. Martin Krause and Rodolphe Kasser both questioned these stories in 1984, and their scepticism is corroborated by the Channel 4 (UK) series, The Gnostics (1987), which features Muhammad 'Ali himself, in his only known appearance in front of camera, offering his account of the discovery. Several major points of divergence from the earlier reports raise questions about the reliability of 'Ali's testimony. It may be safest to conclude that the earlier account of the discovery offered by Jean Doresse in 1958 is more reliable than the later, more detailed, more vivid versions that are so frequently retold.


In this essay prepared in celebration of Judge Frank Easterbrook's 25th year on the bench, I focus on what copyright students learn from him. Three of his dozen or so copyright opinions turn up repeatedly in copyright casebooks: Nash v. CBS, Inc.; Lee v. A.R.T. Co.; and ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg. This is a surprising success rate for a judge from the copyright-starved 7th Circuit. Judge Easterbrook has an eye for fundamental questions, writes opinions that are brief while treating issues fully and has a distinctively lively Easterbrookian style, one that he preserves by refusing to outsource his opinions to his clerks.Nash poses a key conceptual question: if only one person believes something to be a fact, is it a copyright fact? We confront the idiosyncratic fact, that is a claim of fact that may be believed by only one person and by no one else. Nash is casebook-worthy alone because of the factual situation it encompasses, as it is the law-school hypo come alive. The opinion nails down a key conceptual boundary question for copyright: copyright facts and actual facts may have little to do with each other.Lee answers the age-old question: what does glue do? Annie Lee created postcards of her original art. A.R.T. Co. glued postcards to tiles and sold them. In doing so, does A.R.T. violate Lee's exclusive right to make derivative works as set forth in Section 106(2)? Lee is a refreshingly brief opinion, little more than five columns in F3d, yet, like Nash, it poses in simple fashion a basic question about the operation of copyright. Boundary cases are particularly important because legal analysis frequently builds off of what is taken as given: if x is right, then y must follow. Lee does exactly that for derivative works, an area of increasing importance for copyright.Finally. ProCD is one of Easterbrook's best-known decisions, studied by contract students and copyright students alike. ProCD is the opinion that the copyright casebooks love to hate. Easterbrook validates the contract that limits the subsequent use of the ProCD database and wrestles with the tricky question of the interaction between copyright and contract.Student learn to pay close attention to the text of the copyright statute and to appreciate how that text operates in critical boundary settings. The opinions are written with a distinctive elan, with a little bit of law and economics thrown in, though less than you might expect given Frank's deep academic roots. Students should understand that the business of deciding cases is a different one than of engaging in an abstract academic inquiry. Easterbrook on copyright is somehow a work of interest, fun and yet discipline all at the same time.


More than a million readers have thrilled to Bill O'Reilly's "Killing Lincoln", the page-turning work of nonfiction about the shocking assassination that changed the course of American history. Now the anchor of "The O'Reilly Factor" recounts in gripping detail the brutal murder of John Fitzgerald Kennedy - and how a sequence of gunshots on a Dallas afternoon not only killed a beloved president but also sent the nation into the cataclysmic division of the Vietnam War and its culture-changing aftermath. In January 1961, as the Cold War escalates, John F. Kennedy struggles to contain the growth of Communism while he learns the hardships, solitude, and temptations of what it means to be president of the United States. Along the way he acquires a number of formidable enemies, among them Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, and Alan Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition, powerful elements of organized crime have begun to talk about targeting the president and his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy. In the midst of a 1963 campaign trip to Texas, Kennedy is gunned down by an erratic young drifter named Lee Harvey Oswald. The former Marine Corps sharpshooter escapes the scene, only to be caught and shot dead while in police custody. The events leading up to the most notorious crime of the twentieth century are almost as shocking as the assassination itself. "Killing Kennedy" chronicles both the heroism and deceit of Camelot, bringing history to life in ways that will profoundly move the reader. This may well be the most talked about book of the year.


Within the Vespertilionidae the genus Pipistrellus Kaup, 1829 is characterized by the presence of a calcar lobe (epiblema) attached to the calcar bone, the presence of two upper premolars on each side and a forearm length smaller than 38 mm. Two representatives of this genus occur in The Netherlands: Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774) and P. nathusii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839). These two species probably are closely related and are difficult to distinguish. Many authors over the years have used different morphological, dental and skull characters to differentiate these species. In this study the characters are divided into two groups: descriptive characters and biometric characters. Scanning electron photographs indicate a more pronounced dentition of the apical hair scales in the fur on the breast and back of P. nathusii than in that of P. pipistrellus. In P. nathusii the second upper incisor reaches beyond the caudal cusp of the first upper incisor in more than 72% of the skulls, while this feature occurs in only 8% of the skulls of P. pipistrellus. A gap between the second and third incisor is found in 84% of the lower jaws of P. nathusii and in only 21% of the lower jaws of P. pipistrellus. The BIOPAT computer program was used in analysing the biometric characters. A multivariate analysis including a principal component analysis of biometric characters was applied, for which purpose these characters were divided into four groups: skull, dental, external and X-ray characters. A total of 165 specimens, mainly from The Netherlands, have been examined. A discriminant analysis was used to select those characters by which these two species may best be separated. Important biometric skull characters are: condylobasal length, length of lower jaw and toothrow length (I1 - M 3) and, to a lesser extent, occipital width. The most important dental character is the relative length of I2. However, for a better separation a discriminant function of eight dental characters is required. Essential external or X-ray characters are: length of fifth finger, third finger and forearm length. The X-ray characters show a high correlation with the external characters. The X-ray method, however, can be useful for identification of dry skins.


While scholars have long probed the original understanding of judicial review and the early judicial review case law, this Article presents a study of the judicial review case law in the United States before Marbury v. Madison that is dramatically more complete than prior work and that challenges previous scholarship on the original understanding of judicial review on the two most critical dimensions: how well judicial review was established at the time of the Founding and when it was exercised. Where prior work argues that judicial review was rarely exercised before Marbury (or that it was created in Marbury), this Article shows that it was far more common than previously recognized: there are more than five times as many cases from the Early Republic as the leading historical account found. The Article further shows that all of the cases in which statutes were invalidated fell into three categories: courts invalidated statutes that affected the powers of courts or juries, and they did so even when the legislation could plausibly be squared with constitutional text and prior practice; state courts invalidated state statutes for inconsistency with the federal constitution; and federal courts invalidated state statutes, and, again, they did so even when the statutes could plausibly be defended as constitutional. Scholars have missed this structural pattern, and the dominant view has been that only clearly unconstitutional statutes were invalidated. The Article shows, instead, that the early case law reflects a structural approach to judicial review in which the level of scrutiny was closely linked to the nature of the challenged statute and that courts aggressively protected their power, the power of juries, and the power of the national government.


Each Carnegie Mellon course number begins with a two-digit prefix that designates the department offering the course (i.e., 76-xxx courses are offered by the Department of English). Although each department maintains its own course numbering practices, typically, the first digit after the prefix indicates the class level: xx-1xx courses are freshmen-level, xx-2xx courses are sophomore level, etc. Depending on the department, xx-6xx courses may be either undergraduate senior-level or graduate-level, and xx-7xx courses and higher are graduate-level. Consult the Schedule of Classes (https://enr-apps.as.cmu.edu/open/SOC/SOCServlet/) each semester for course offerings and for any necessary pre-requisites or co-requisites.


Over the past two decades, the Chinese domestic security apparatus has expanded dramatically. "Stability maintenance" operations have become a priority for local Chinese authorities. We argue that the birth of these trends dates to the early 1990s, when central Party authorities adopted new governance models that differed dramatically from those that of the 1980s. They increased the bureaucratic rank of public security chiefs within the Party apparatus, expanded the reach of the Party political-legal apparatus into a broader range of governance issues, and altered cadre evaluation standards to increase the sensitivity of local authorities to social protest. We show that the origin of these changes lies in a policy response to the developments of 1989-1991, namely the Tiananmen democracy movement and the collapse of Communist political systems in Eastern Europe. Over the past twenty years, these practices have flowered into an extensive stability maintenance apparatus, where local governance is increasingly oriented around the need to respond to social protest, whether through concession or repression. Chinese authorities now appear to be rethinking these developments, but the direction of reform remains unclear.


Does biology condemn the human species to violence and war? Previous studies of animal behavior incline us to answer yes, but the message of this book is considerably more optimistic. Without denying our heritage of aggressive behavior, Frans de Waal describes powerful checks and balances in the makeup of our closest animal relatives, and in so doing he shows that to humans making peace is as natural as making war. In this meticulously researched and absorbing account, we learn in detail how different types of simians cope with aggression, and how they make peace after fights. Chimpanzees, for instance, reconcile with a hug and a kiss, whereas rhesus monkeys groom the fur of former adversaries. By objectively examining the dynamics of primate social interactions, de Waal makes a convincing case that confrontation should not be viewed as a barrier to sociality but rather as an unavoidable element upon which social relationships can be built and strengthened through reconciliation. The author examines five different species--chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, stump-tailed monkeys, bonobos, and humans--and relates anecdotes, culled from exhaustive observations, that convey the intricacies and refinements of simian behavior. Each species utilizes its own unique peacemaking strategies. The bonobo, for example, is little known to science, and even less to the general public, but this rare ape maintains peace by means of sexual behavior divorced from reproductive functions; sex occurs in all possible combinations and positions whenever social tensions need to be resolved. "Make love, not war" could be the bonobo slogan. De Waal's demonstration of reconciliation in both monkeys andapes strongly supports his thesis that forgiveness and peacemaking are widespread among nonhuman primates--an aspect of primate societies that should stimulate much needed work on human conflict resolution.


Manifest intertextuality is a concomitant of all academic discourse which is by necessity a creative blend of the words of the writer of the text and his predecessors, with the objective of integrating the current knowledge within the accredited facts of the discipline. Hence, this study explores the overall use of intertextual links in a corpus of (8) Geology and (8) Applied Linguistics Ph.D theses by Sudanese students. It was revealed that intertextuality employment is dictated by worldviews of disciplinary clusters (the hard-soft axis) and, thus, there were overt variations in the use of this feature between the two fields. The abundance of intertextual ties in Applied Linguistics and their dearth in Geology are due to the interdisciplinary nature of Applied Linguistics where dispersed strands have to be woven together into a coherent fabric to build a shared ethos between writer and reader. In contrast, the objectives, linear and cumulative nature of Geology largely omits such a need, as a great deal of procedural expertise is presupposed. Also, while Geology (a hard science) relied on human – evacuated, phenomena – prominent non -integral citations, Applied linguistics (a social science) tended to bring human agency to the limelight through integral citations. Also, nominalization in citation structures in Geology was meant to identify the terminological report –based nature of the field while there was an emphasis in Applied Linguistics on textual constructs and verbal processes.


Background The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a main cause for gastric inflammation and cancer. Increasing bacterial resistance against antibiotics demands for innovative strategies for therapeutic intervention. Methodology/Principal Findings We present a method for structure-based virtual screening that is based on the comprehensive prediction of ligand binding sites on a protein model and automated construction of a ligand-receptor interaction map. Pharmacophoric features of the map are clustered and transformed in a correlation vector ('virtual ligand') for rapid virtual screening of compound databases. This computer-based technique was validated for 18 different targets of pharmaceutical interest in a retrospective screening experiment. Prospective screening for inhibitory agents was performed for the protease HtrA from the human pathogen H. pylori using a homology model of the target protein. Among 22 tested compounds six block E-cadherin cleavage by HtrA in vitro and result in reduced scattering and wound healing of gastric epithelial cells, thereby preventing bacterial infiltration of the epithelium. Conclusions/Significance This study demonstrates that receptor-based virtual screening with a permissive ('fuzzy') pharmacophore model can help identify small bioactive agents for combating bacterial infection.


Knowledge portals provide views onto domain-specific information on the World Wide Web, thus helping their users find relevant, domain-specific information. The construction of intelligent access and the contribution of information to knowledge portals, however, remained an ad hoc task, requiring extensive manual editing and maintenance by the knowledge portal providers. To diminish these efforts, we use ontologies as a conceptual backbone for providing, accessing, and structuring information in a comprehensive approach for building and maintaining knowledge portals. We present one research study and one commercial case study that show how our approach, called seal (semantic portal), is used in practice.


Defined Contribution plans have greatly expanded over the last two decades. Defined Contribution plans place the investment risk on employees. Employee investment decision making should be examined to determine whether those decisions are influenced by race, ethnicity and/or class. Empirical data show that investor behavior is greatly influenced by race, ethnicity and/or class. Blacks and Hispanics are far less likely to invest in the stock market than whites. Low-income whites are far more likely to invest in the stock market than blacks or Hispanics regardless of income. As a result, retirement account balances are the greatest for many white households and the least for black, Hispanic, and certain white households. This article explores those issues and suggests solutions that will allow employees to overcome their built-in biases and make wiser investment choices.


Success in your calculus course starts here! James Stewart's CALCULUS texts are world-wide best-sellers for a reason: they are clear, accurate, and filled with relevant, real-world examples. With CALCULUS: EARLY TRANCENDENTALS, Sixth Edition, Stewart conveys not only the utility of calculus to help you develop technical competence, but also gives you an appreciation for the intrinsic beauty of the subject. His patient examples and built-in learning aids will help you build your mathematical confidence and achieve your goals in the course!