The student-edited law review has been a much criticized institution. Many commentators have expressed their belief that students are unqualified to determine which articles should be published in which journals, but these discussions have been largely based on anecdotal evidence of how journals make publication decisions. It was against that backdrop that we undertook a national survey of law reviews in an attempt to determine how student editors responsible for making publication decisions went about their task. This article compiles the results of that survey, which received 191 responses from 163 different journals. We analyzed 56 factors that influence the selection process and then grouped similar items together to form 17 constructs using factor analysis. Finally, we disaggregated the results to determine whether the results were significantly different based on the prestige of the journals involved. While many of our results confirm what has been widely assumed to be true, there are also some surprising findings. We found, for example, that Articles Editors seek to publish articles from well-known and widely-respected authors. It appears, however, that editors do not assume that prestigious authors produce the best scholarship, but instead they pursue the work of well-known authors because it can increase their journals' prestige within the legal academic community. The survey reveals that editors are not nearly as likely to seek out articles dealing with hot or trendy topics as some commentators have assumed, and that author diversity plays almost no role in the article selection process. We hope that our study will provide some structure to the ongoing debate about how best to use students in the law review publication process and will allow a more informed consideration of whether students are sufficiently well-trained to evaluate articles and whether they are using the proper criteria.


Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are considered to be a useful tool for regenerative medicine, owing to their capabilities in differentiation, self-renewal, and immunomodulation. These cells have become a focus in the clinical setting due to their abundance and easy isolation. However, ASCs from different depots are not well characterized. Here, we analyzed the functional similarities and differences of subcutaneous and visceral ASCs. Subcutaneous ASCs have an extraordinarily directed mode of motility and a highly dynamic focal adhesion turnover, even though they share similar surface markers, whereas visceral ASCs move in an undirected random pattern with more stable focal adhesions. Visceral ASCs have a higher potential to differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic cells when compared to subcutaneous ASCs. In line with these observations, visceral ASCs demonstrate a more active sonic hedgehog pathway that is linked to a high expression of cilia/differentiation related genes. Moreover, visceral ASCs secrete higher levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor α relative to subcutaneous ASCs. These findings highlight, that both ASC subpopulations share multiple cellular features, but significantly differ in their functions. The functional diversity of ASCs depends on their origin, cellular context and surrounding microenvironment within adipose tissues. The data provide important insight into the biology of ASCs, which might be useful in choosing the adequate ASC subpopulation for regenerative therapies.


**THE MILLION COPY BESTSELLER** Sapiens showed us where we came from. In uncertain times, Homo Deus shows us where we're going. Yuval Noah Harari envisions a near future in which we face a new set of challenges. Homo Deus explores the projects, dreams and nightmares that will shape the twenty-first century and beyond - from overcoming death to creating artificial life. It asks the fundamental questions: how can we protect this fragile world from our own destructive power? And what does our future hold? 'Homo Deus will shock you. It will entertain you. It will make you think in ways you had not thought before' Daniel Kahneman, bestselling author of Thinking, Fast and Slow


Letter from Charles Moore to Elvira Moore discussing his recent trip to Jerseyville, the Fourth of July celebrations there and the progress that community had made, farming, seeing King Lear at the theatre, building engines, and news of family and friends. There is an envelope addressed to Elvira D. Moore, Unionville P O, Bedford County, Tennessee. It is postmarked Nashville, and July 7, 1850 is written in pencil at the top.


Aggressive and dangerous driving compromises personal and public safety. The purpose of the present study was to identify common forms of aggressive and dangerous driving and to determine contributing factors. Participants included 298 university students who completed an online survey measuring aggressive and dangerous driving and a range of possible causes. Results showed that verbal aggression was most common followed by using one's vehicle to express anger. Aggressive driving was associated with permissive attitudes towards driving aggression, vehicle preferences, and a disposition towards anger. Texting and eating while driving were the most common types of dangerous driving. The strongest predictors of dangerous driving were commuting distance, permissive attitudes towards distracted driving, vehicle preferences, and vehicle type. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.


Language as a cultural concept is not simply being understood as a 'medium' of representation of the world, but more importantly an inherent part of human thinking, discourse and practice. Development—despite its pragmatic connotation—is a particular form of discourse and practice. As a form of discourse, development systematically involves a practice of thinking, production of knowledge and exercise of power in changing and transforming the world. Language is one of important elements of discourse, through which man produces thoughts, concepts, formulas and knowledge that are greatly demanded in development. In addition, since development is generally understood as a systematic and 'rational' process of changing the condition of life, a particular kind of "rational language" is especially needed: the language of logics, scientific and objectivity. It is through rational or scientific culture that we can produce plans, designs, and road maps in development. Yet, this is not to say that "rationality"is the sole language of development. A particular 'irrational' or even 'mystical' language can be identified in various discourses of development. Hence, development must be seen as a blend of rational and irrational languages, in order to create the 'truth' of the world.


Book description:
There has been a great deal of interaction among game theorists, philosophers and logicians in certain foundational problems concerning rationality, the formalization of knowledge and practical reasoning, and models of learning and deliberation. This volume brings together the work of some of the pre-eminent figures in their respective disciplines, all of whom are engaged in research at the forefront of their fields. Together they offer a conspectus of the interaction of game theory, logic and epistemology in the formal models of knowledge, belief, deliberation and learning, and in the relationship between Bayesian decision theory and game theory, as well as between bounded rationality and computational complexity.


The presence of anthropogenic chemicals in the natural environment may impact both habitats and human use of natural resources. In particular the contamination of aquatic resources by organic compounds used as pharmaceuticals or household chemicals has become evident. The newly identified environmental pollutants, also known as micropollutants, often have i) unknown ecotoxicological impacts, ii) unknown partitioning mechanisms, e.g. sorption to sediments, and iii) limited regulation to control their emission. Furthermore, like any compound, micropollutants can be transformed while in the environmental matrix to unknown transformation products (TPs), which add to the number of unknown chemicals to consider and thus increase the complexity of risk management. Transformation is at the same time a natural mechanism for the removal of anthropogenic compounds, either by complete degradation (mineralisation) or to innocuous TPs. However, how transformation occurs in real-world conditions is still largely unknown. During the transport of micropollutants from household wastewater to surface water, a large amount of transformation can occur during wastewater treatment—specifically during biological nitrifying–denitrifying treatment processes. The thesis considers the systematic optimisation of laboratory investigative techniques, application of sensitive mass-spectrometry-based analysis techniques and the monitoring of full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to elucidate transformation processes of five known micropollutants.
The first of the five compounds investigated was the antibiotic trimethoprim. Incubation experiments were conducted at different analyte spike concentrations and different sludge to wastewater ratios. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, a total of six TPs were identified from trimethoprim. The types of TPs formed was clearly influenced by the spike concentration. To the best of our knowledge, such impacts have not been previously described in the literature. Beginning from the lower spike concentration, a relatively stable final TP was formed (2,4-diaminopyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid, DAPC), which could account for almost all of the transformed trimethoprim quantity. The results were compared to the process in a reference reactor. Both by the detection of TPs (e.g., DAPC) and by modelling the removal kinetics, it could be concluded that only experimental results at the low spike concentrations mirrored the real reactor. The limits of using elevated spike concentrations in incubation experiments could thus be shown.
Three phenolic micropollutants, the antiseptic ortho-phenylphenol (OPP), the plastics additive bisphenol A (BPA) and the psychoactive drug dextrorphan were investigated with regard to the formation of potentially toxic, nitrophenolic TPs. Nitrite is an intermediate in the nitrification– denitrification process occurring in activated sludge and was found to cause nitration of these phenols. To elucidate the processes, incubation experiments were conducted in purified water in the presence of nitrite with OPP as the test substance. The reactive species HNO2, N2O3 and the radicals ·NO and ·NO2 were likely involved as indicated by scavenger experiments. In conditions found at WWTPs the wastewater is usually at neutral pH, and nitrite, being an intermediate, usually has a low concentration. By conducting incubation experiments inoculated with sludge from a conventional WWTP, it was found that the three phenolic micropollutants, OPP, BPA and dextrorphan were quickly transformed to biological TPs. Nitrophenolic TPs were only formed after artificial increase of the nitrite concentration or lowering of the pH. However, nitrophenolic-TPs can be formed as sample preparation artefacts through acidification or freezing for preservation, creating optimal conditions for the reaction to take place.
The final micropollutant to be studied was the pain-reliever diclofenac, a micropollutant on the EU-watch list due to ecotoxicological effects on rainbow trout. The transformation was compared in two different treatment systems, one employing a reactor with suspended carriers as a biofilm growth surface, while the other system employed conventional activated sludge. In the biofilm-based system, the pathway was found to produce many TPs each at relatively low concentration, many of which were intermediate TPs that were further degraded to unknown tertiary TPs. In the conventional activated sludge system some of the same reactions took place but all at much slower rates. The main difference between the two systems was due to different reaction rates rather than different transformation pathways. The municipal WWTPs were monitored to verify these results. In the biofilm system, a 10-day monitoring campaign confirmed an 88% removal of diclofenac and the formation of the same TPs as those observed in the laboratory experiments. The proposed environmental quality standard of 0.05 μg/L might thus be met without the need for additional treatment processes such as activated carbon filtration or ozonation.


Research in experimental and developmental psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience suggests that tool fluency depends on the merging of perceptual and motor aspects of its use, an achievement we call perceptuomotor integration. We investigate the development of perceptuomotor integration and its role in mathematical thinking and learning. Just as expertise in playing a piano relies on the interanimation of finger movements and perceived sounds, we argue that mathematical expertise involves the systematic interpenetration of perceptual and motor aspects of playing mathematical instruments. Through 2 microethnographic case studies of visitors who engaged with an interactive mathematics exhibit in a science museum, we explore the real-time emergence of perceptuomotor integration and the ways in which it supports mathematical imagination.


An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of stage of growth at harvest on fermentative characteristics of Panicum maximum silage. The treatments were three different growth stages (early vegetative, boot and full bloom stage) that were ensiled directly or wilted prior to ensiling. Directly ensiled and wilted forage material were mixed prior to ensiling with molasses at 12 and 8 kg/ton dry matter, respectively. Thereafter, each treatment was ensiled in 12 one litre glass jars (bottles). From each treatment, samples of the silage were taken from three bottles at 0, 7, 21 and 120 d post-ensiling for analysis of fermentative characteristics. Growth stage in directly cut silage had no effect on silage pH between days 0 and 21. In contrast, within the wilted groups, a lower pH was observed at day 7 when the plants were harvested at the boot stage than at an early vegetative or full bloom stage. In both directly cut as well as prior wilted silage, a higher lactic acid concentration was recorded on day 7 in the boot stage silage compared to the full bloom stage silage, but on day 21 the boot stage had a lower lactic acid concentration than that of the full bloom stage silage. Growth stage had no effect on the acetic acid concentration on day 7. However, on days 21 and 120 the full bloom stage had a higher acetic acid concentration when the material was directly ensiled. In contrast, in prior wilted silage a higher acetic acid concentration was found in the early vegetative stage silage than in the full bloom stage silage at 120 days post-ensiling. Total nitrogen was lower in the full bloom stage silage than in the early vegetative and boot stage silages. A higher level of ammonia nitrogen was recorded at days 7 and 21 for the early vegetative stage silage as compared to the boot stage silage. A similar trend was revealed in the prior wilted groups between days 0 and 21. Harvesting at the boot growth stage consistently resulted in a good fermentation process with desirable fermentation end products (low pH and higher lactic acid concentration) up to a period of 21 days, but when compared at 120 days post-ensiling the differences between boot and bloom stages were not clearly observed in terms of fermentative attributes, probably due to the confounding effect of undesirable fermentation by entrobacteria or yeast.


Root growth is related to its water and mineral uptake. The structure and architecture of the root system is influenced by soil properties. Better understanding of root architecture and growth dynamics of maize grown on black soil may lead to more efficient use of applied nutrients and water by maize. Maize ( Zea mays L.), cultivar Yedan 13, was grown in a black soil field in large root boxes in 2007. Plants were regularly sampled and the following data were recorded: number of emerged roots per phytomer, mean length and maximal length of axile root per phytomer, maximum rooting depth of axile root per phytomer, and angle of axile root per phytomer by excavation methods. The distribution dynamics of root dry weight at different black soil depths, and vertical and horizontal distribution in large root boxes were measured. There were more axile roots on the upper phytomers than on lower phytomers. The number of roots on phytomers P8, P9 and P10 were 15.71%?24.82%, and 25.86% of total number of per plant, respectively . Angles of the axile roots on lower phytomers were larger than those on upper phytomers. The angle of the axile root on P2 was the largest (81.51°), followed by P4 (69.33°), P3 (56.9°), and P5 (56.06°). The angles on phytomers from P6 to P10 were smaller, ranging from 30.13-40.72°. Mean length, maximal length, and maximum rooting depth of axile root on each phytomer all increased with day after seeding (DAS). Mean length, maximal length, and maximum rooting depth of axile roots on lower phytomers were larger than those on upper phytomers. Mean length, maximal length and maximum rooting depth of axile roots on P3 were the largest (2.37 m, 2.92 m and 2.12 m at 90 DAS, respectively ). Root dry weight in each soil layer increased with DAS; there was a rapid increase from 50 to 90 DAS. About 80 % of root dry weight was in the soil above 40 cm. The general trend of percentage of dry weight in total dry weight per plant decreased as the distance from the plant increased. Over 78 % of root dry weight in total dry weight per plant was within 20 cm in the horizontal direction from the plant, and less than 6% was in the 40 cm to 60 cm zone in the horizontal direction from the plant.


Abstract Between 2010 and 2011 a field survey dedicated to Dracaena cinnabari (DC) population was conducted in Firmihin, Socotra Island (Yemen). It's main goal was to collect data that would make it possible to unbiasedly estimate main characteristics of the local DC population. Our motivation was to provide reliable information to support decision-making processes as well as other research activities. At the same time we were not aware of a survey which could provide this kind of statistical-sound estimates for the whole population covering an area of almost 700 ha. This article describes how the survey has been planned and carried out in practice. In addition, we also provide a set of preliminary estimates of the main DC population figures - totals and per hectare densities of stems, overall and partitioned according to predicted crown age. Among estimated parameters there are also mean crown age and proportions of predefined age classes on the total number of living DC stems. These estimates provide an explicit information on age structure of the whole DC population in Firmihin. Although we collected data on more than one hundred randomly located plots, the reported accuracy of our estimates is still rather limiting. We discuss several possibilities to obtain more accurate results or at least to approach the supposedly lower true variance that can't be calculated by approximate techniques applied here. The design and concept of our survey makes it possible to evaluate changes over time on stem by stem bases and to generalize these stem-level details to the whole population. Mortality, regeneration and even change of population's mean crown age can be estimated from a future repeated survey, which would be extremely useful to draw firm conclusions about the dynamic of the whole DC population in Firmihin.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of acupuncture for treatment of tinnitus.

STUDY DESIGN
This study is a randomized, patient- and assessor-blind, sham-acupuncture-controlled, pilot trial.

SUBJECTS
Participants were adults (18-60 years old) with chronic (≥6 months), unilateral tinnitus, and without moderate or severe hearing loss.

INTERVENTIONS
Thirty-three (33) participants were randomized to one of two treatment groups: real acupuncture and sham-acupuncture (nonmeridian; no specific response, de qi). Participants received 10 sessions of acupuncture treatment (twice a week for 5 weeks), and usual patient care education.

OUTCOME MEASURES
The subjective outcome was the score of Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) from baseline to 3 months after. Pure Tone Average (PTA) and Speech Discrimination (SD) from baseline to 3 months after were assessed as objective outcomes.

RESULTS
A significant interaction between time and group in VAS (p=0.017) was evident, but not in THI, PTA, and SD scores. THI showed significant improvement at the end of treatment and 3 months after, compared to baseline, in real acupuncture (p=0.004). In SD, a significant long-term effect of real acupuncture was observed until 3 months after (p=0.011). However, the effect of real acupuncture in PTA was not maintained until 3 months after the end of treatment. No significant difference in the sham-acupuncture treatment group was evident. No statistical difference in any outcome was observed between real and sham acupuncture. Only in the mean percent change of VAS, real acupuncture showed statistical significance, compared with sham-acupuncture from baseline to 3 months after (p=0.019).

CONCLUSIONS
Through evaluation of subjective (THI and VAS) and objective outcomes (PTA and SD), this study demonstrates the long-term effect of real acupuncture.


A total of United States (U.S.) 38 billion dollars in investment commitments, 107 infrastructure projects, 19 countries, and 4 sectors: this is a quick snapshot of what Singaporean companies invested in private infrastructure projects from 1990 to 2011.1 Nearly 67 percent of total investment and over 85 percent of all infrastructure projects were implemented after 2000. Private investment peaked in 2007 when Singaporean sponsors invested over U.S. 6.4 billion dollars and developed a number of 19 new infrastructure projects. The project was expected to cost U.S. 1,426.38 million dollars and achieved financial closure in September 2007. A consortium of banks with rural electrification corporation in the lead provided the debt for the project.


No company in our time has been as mysterious or as controversial as Blackwater. Founded by former Navy SEAL Erik Prince in 1997, it recruited special forces veterans and others with the skills and courage to take on the riskiest security jobs in the world. As its reputation grew, government demand for its services escalated, and Blackwater's men eventually completed nearly one hundred thousand missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Both the Bush and Obama administrations found the company indispensible. It sounds like a classic startup success story, except for one problem: Blackwater has been demonized around the world. From uninformed news coverage to grossly distorted fictional portrayals, Blackwater employees have been smeared as mercenaries, profiteers, jackbooted thugs, and worse. Because of the secrecy requirements of Blackwater's contracts with the Pentagon, the State Department, and the CIA, Prince was unable to speak out when his company's opponents spread false information. But now he's able to tell the full and often shocking story of Blackwater's rise and fall. In Civilian Warriors, Prince pulls no punches and spares no details. He explains his original goal of building an elite center for military and law enforcement training. He recounts how the company shifted gears after 9/11. He honors our troops while challenging the Pentagon's top leadership. And he reveals why highly efficient private military contractors have been essential to running our armed forces, since long before Blackwater came along. Above all, Prince debunks myths about Blackwater that spread while he was forced to remain silent-myths that tarnished the memory of men who gave their lives for their country but never got the recognition they deserved. He reveals new information about some of the biggest controversies of the War on Terror, including: the true story of the Nisour Square massacre in Baghdad; the actual details of Blackwater's so-called impunity in Iraq; and the events leading up to the televised deaths of Blackwater contractors in Fallujah. Prince doesn't pretend to be perfect, and he doesn't hide the sometimes painful details of his private life. But he has done a great public service by setting the record straight. His book reads like a thriller but is too improbable to be fiction.


Many networked applications that run in the background on a mobile device incur significant energy drains when using the cellular radio interface for communication. This is mainly due to the radio-tail, where the cellular radio remaining in a high energy state for up to 20s after each communication spurt. In order to cut down energy consumption, many recent devices employ fast dormancy, a feature that forces the client radio to quickly go into a low energy state after a fixed short idle period. However, aggressive idle timer values for fast dormancy can increase signaling overhead due to frequent state transitions, which negatively impacts the network. In this work, we have designed and implemented RadioJockey, a system that uses program execution traces to predict the end of communication spurts, thereby accurately invoking fast dormancy without increasing network signaling load. We evaluate RadioJockey on a broad range of background applications and show that it achieves 20-40\% energy savings with negligible increase in signaling overhead compared to fixed idle timer-based approaches.


Promoting sustainable raw material management and increasing the recycling of waste wood and waste rubber are two strategic thrusts that open large domains for new technologies and innovations.This project, in line with objectives of LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance aims to increase resource efficiency through the utilization of these wood and rubber wastes through the manufacturing of new products based on innovative mixed composites (wood/rubber). This new products will constitute an alternative for the utilization of other traditional and less eco-efficient products in the residential and civil construction sector.Moreover, the project will provide a novel end of life route for wood waste managers and rubber waste managers' products and entities a new environmental friendly product to public and private construction sector.The use of these products will increase the carbon storage in buildings and replace other building materials which are less environmentally friendly towards carbon storage and emission, both in production processes and raw material use.The recovered wood category to be utilised will be waste wood from households (furniture, doors, windows, floors, etc.). This material is chemically contaminated by glues, lacquers, paints and coatings but not by preservatives. After collection, the waste wood material will be chipped and processed in the form of chips without any prior biological, thermal or chemical treatment. This is an innovative approach since the removal of all these chemicals is difficult and time/ cost consuming.Recovered rubber form tyres in the form of particles, free from other materials as wires, ropes, synthetic fibres, etc., will be utilised with recovered wood chips or sawn timber for the production of innovative composite products by thermal processes.This project is in line with latest research in wood – rubber applications (Yang et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2008).


Localization from sensor measurements is a fundamental task for navigation. Particle filters are among the most promising candidates to provide a robust and real-time solution to the localization problem. They instantiate the localization problem as a Bayesian altering problem and approximate the posterior density over location by a weighted sample set. In this paper, we introduce map-based priors for localization, using the semantic information available in maps to bias the motion model toward areas of higher probability. We, show that such priors, under a particular assumption, can easily be incorporated in the particle filter by means of a pseudo likelihood. The resulting filter is more reliable and more accurate. We show experimental results on a GPS based outdoor people tracker that illustrate the approach and highlight its potential.


The definitive story of Amazon.com, one of the most successful companies in the world, and of its driven, brilliant founder, Jeff Bezos.Amazon.com started off delivering books through the mail. But its visionary founder, Jeff Bezos, wasn't content with being a bookseller. He wanted Amazon to become the everything store, offering limitless selection and seductive convenience at disruptively low prices. To do so, he developed a corporate culture of relentless ambition and secrecy that's never been cracked. Until now. Brad Stone enjoyed unprecedented access to current and former Amazon employees and Bezos family members, giving readers the first in-depth, fly-on-the-wall account of life at Amazon. Compared to tech's other elite innovators--Jobs, Gates, Zuckerberg--Bezos is a private man. But he stands out for his restless pursuit of new markets, leading Amazon into risky new ventures like the Kindle and cloud computing, and transforming retail in the same way Henry Ford revolutionized manufacturing. THE EVERYTHING STORE will be the revealing, definitive biography of the company that placed one of the first and largest bets on the Internet and forever changed the way we shop and read.


This report includes background information on Bolivia's political unrest, economic situation, and relations with the United States. In the past few years, Bolivia has experienced extreme political unrest resulting in the country having six presidents since 2001. Under policies of recently-elected leftist-leaning President Evo Morales, Bolivia's relations with neighboring countries, foreign investors, and the United States have been complicated. For some 20 years, U.S. interest in Bolivia has centered on its role as a coca producer and its relationship to Colombia and Peru, the two other major coca- and cocaine-producing countries in the Andes. U.S.-Bolivian relations have become tense in 2006 in the wake of the Morales government's questionable commitment to combating illegal drugs, increasing ties with Venezuela and Cuba, and the nationalization measure.


This paper examines the links between human development concept and the attempt to implement the communist project in the countries of the former socialist bloc. It argues that the human development performance of the socialist system, despite its beneficial outcome for the 'working masses', had little in common with actual human development. It met basic needs in education, health, and living standards. Under the socialist system development approaches were missing two major components of human development – freedom and agency. In this sense an emerging sense of agency in societies in the region is the major transformation outcome. The departure from centrally planned and state-dominated model of development was painful, expensive and took long time. In some countries it is still in process with uneven progress and moments of reverse. But the overall trend is clear and policies that encourage people someone to take responsibility, act and bring about change for improving their own welfare are the best long-term investment in human development opportunities. Still, major questions remain unanswered. The first is to what extent the current – market-based, consumer demand oriented – system is capable of going beyond those basic needs and combine economic growth with other human development dimensions? Has it already gone into the opposite extreme to that of the former communist utopia attempt – subordinating human development to consumer demand driven consumption? Answering these questions goes beyond the scope of the current paper but the socialist countries' experience could perhaps provide some insights for the answers.


We like to think that constitutions are expressions of distinctly national values, speaking for "We the People." This is especially true of constitutional preambles, which often recount distinct events from national history and speak to national values. This article challenges this popular view by demonstrating the global influences on constitutional preambles. It does so using a new set of tools in linguistic and textual analysis, applied to a database of most constitutional preambles written since 1789. Arguing that legal language can be analogized to memes or genetic material, we analyze "horizontal" transfer of language across countries and "vertical" transfers within a single country over time. We also examine the circumstances in which countries introduce new terms into preambles, showing that countries innovate when neighbors innovate, and that innovations come in global waves. We show that innovation in language is something like punctuated equilibrium within an ecosystem. For long periods of stasis, countries borrow from one another and restrict their language to a set of common terms and phrases. Then, at particular junctures (likely associated with global conflicts), the equilibrium becomes disrupted and a period of innovation ensues. This eventually generates the "new normal" in terms of the set of language that constitutional drafters use. The article provides an example of how text analysis can help us understand the ways in which legal texts are interrelated across space and time.


The paper reports an empirical study on the non-financial value-added provided by Venture Capital investors to their investee firms. This study will use a four-class grouping of the various non-financial value-adding capabilities provided by VC firms, namely, scouting, monitoring, signalling and value-adding services. The study examines biotechnology industry in Finland. Finland has a dual system with independent (partially ever-green) VC companies and public or semi-public VC organisations. Additionally, informal VCs are fairly active. Whether the different types of VC organisation aim, are able and indeed do deliver non-financial value-added, in addition to their financial input, is the central focus of this study. The paper has an evolutionary perspective on Venture Capital according to which VC promotes a variety of experimentation with new technologies, especially through the foundation of new firms oriented to experimentation and development of new ideas. At the same time, VC industry fulfils a selection function in its role as a financial intermediary. The study data have been collected through interviews, conducted at the end of 2005, with the total population of small and medium-sized, VC-backed biotech companies established in Finland since 1986. Central findings of the study include an observation that all three VC types did provide value-added in the meaning outlined above. Nevertheless, there were clear differences between them in terms of the overall perceived value-added as well as in their activity profiles. Informal investors were found to have the highest overall value-added and kept closest contacts with their investee firms.


Shell scripting skills never go out of style. It's the shell that unlocks the real potential of Unix. Shell scripting is essential for Unix users and system administrators-a way to quickly harness and customize the full power of any Unix system. With shell scripts, you can combine the fundamental Unix text and file processing commands to crunch data and automate repetitive tasks. But beneath this simple promise lies a treacherous ocean of variations in Unix commands and standards. Classic Shell Scripting is written to help you reliably navigate these tricky waters. Writing shell scripts requires more than just a knowledge of the shell language, it also requires familiarity with the individual Unix programs: why each one is there, how to use them by themselves, and in combination with the other programs. The authors are intimately familiar with the tips and tricks that can be used to create excellent scripts, as well as the traps that can make your best effort a bad shell script. With Classic Shell Scripting you'll avoid hours of wasted effort. You'll learn not only write useful shell scripts, but how to do it properly and portably. The ability to program and customize the shell quickly, reliably, and portably to get the best out of any individual system is an important skill for anyone operating and maintaining Unix or Linux systems. Classic Shell Scripting gives you everything you need to master these essential skills.


There is a prevalence of an asexual stereotype in regard to older adults. This paper reviews sexual development later in life from three different vantage points to explore why and how this stereotype exists. The vantage points are changes in social life, physical development, and psychological development. Older adults are often less engaged in society due to retirement, hence they have fewer opportunities to meet new partners. However now the internet is used a forum for older adults to meet new partners, so social barriers are easily overcome. Furthermore, the pervasive social influence of the media, reinforces and perpetuates the asexual stereotype in society by narrowly portraying older adults as asexual. Normative physical changes that come with aging, such as menopause and erectile dysfunction, are frequently assumed to lead to asexuality. This is not necessarily true- those that see physical changes as natural adapt their sexual lives accordingly. Psychological factors that effect sexuality in later life are the internalization of societies prescription of what 'normal' sex life is for older adults. As a result it is common for older adults to deprioritize sex as a means to conform to 'norms' regarding sex later in life.


When change requires you to challenge people's familiar reality, it can be difficult, dangerous work. Whatever the context--whether in the private or the public sector--many will feel threatened as you push though major changes. But as a leader, you need to find a way to make it work. Ron Heifetz first defined this problem with his distinctive theory of adaptive leadership in Leadership Without Easy Answers. In a second book, Leadership on the Line, Heifetz and coauthor Marty Linsky highlighted the individual and organizational dangers of leading through deep change in business, politics, and community life. Now, Heifetz, Linsky, and coauthor Alexander Grashow are taking the next step: The Practice of Adaptive Leadership is a hands-on, practical guide containing stories, tools, diagrams, cases, and worksheets to help you develop your skills as an adaptive leader, able to take people outside their comfort zones and assess and address the toughest challenges. The authors have decades of experience helping people and organizations create cultures of adaptive leadership. In today's rapidly changing world, The Practice of Adaptive Leadership can be your handbook to meeting the demands of leadership in the midst of complexity.


Battery electric vehicles are considered by many to be part of a series of measures necessary to reduce global carbon dioxide emissions and dependence on fossil fuel resources. The extent to which this is possible depends on how successfully they can be implemented into the broader system. This paper considers the power systems impact of different vehicle charging regimes. A test system with a high proportion of variable renewables was considered. Charging profiles were developed for slow, fast and controlled optimal charging and optimal generation portfolios were developed using a least-cost optimisation algorithm. It was found that over-night charging at the slow rate resulted in a reduction in the average cost of electricity by between 4.2 and 6% compared to the base-case. For the high charging rate cases, the average cost of electricity rises by between 3 and 7%. When the charging is controlled centrally and optimised so as to increase the minimum system load maximally, it is found that the average cost of electricity is reduced by between 4.5 and 8.2%. None of the above cases resulted in significant changes in the average CO2 emissions per unit electricity output. However, it was found that by increasing the minimum system load, optimal charging could facilitate additional inflexible generation such as variable renewables or nuclear fission plant. Where nuclear capacity is added to the generation portfolios based on optimal charging, average CO2 emissions per unit of electricity are seen to fall between 22 and 41% for the cases studied, with the average cost of electricity reducing by between 9.5 and 21.5%.


Discover the easy path to taking brilliant and memorable photosThe popularity of DSLR cameras remains on the rise, yet these digital cameras still present a challenge to novice photographers who lack a foundation in photography skills. This straightforward-but-friendly guide walks you through the 100 most common photos that amateur photographers like to include in their personal portfolios and offers specific advice on getting the correct exposure settings, composition, and lighting while sparing you the technical jargon. Seasoned author and photographer Doug Sahlin includes more than 300 full-color photos on everything from family portraits and pets to nature and sporting events, all aimed at providing you with inspiration as you work to find your own individual style.Skips the technical jargon and shows you where to start for optimal exposure settings.Offers shortcuts, tips, and advice for setting the camera to make specific shots and making impromptu adjustments when neededIncludes more than 300 full-color photos of people, nature, sports, events, and places that serve as example and inspirationHelps you get the best photographs from your DSLR while you work with movement in action photos, finicky lighting with fireworks or amusement parks at night, or distance, blur, and intricate detailsWalks you through troubleshooting the most common digital photography problemsDigital SLR Settings & Shortcuts For Dummies delivers the starting point for getting the necessary settings so you can get great digital photos.


This Article analyzes the changes in orthodox Christian attitudes towards defensive violence. While the Article begins in the 19th century and ends in the 21st, most of the Article is about the 20th century. The Article focuses on American Catholicism and on the Vatican, although there is some discussion of American Protestantism. In the nineteenth and early in the twentieth centuries, the traditional Christian concepts of Just War and of the individual's duty to use force to defend himself and his family remained uncontroversial, as they had been for centuries. Disillusionment over World War I turned many Catholics and Protestants towards pacifism. Without necessarily adopting pacifism as a theory, they adopted pacifism as a practice. World War II and the early Cold War ended the pacifist interlude for all but a few radical pacifists. Beginning in the 1960s, much of the American Catholic leadership, like the leadership of mainline Protestant churches, turned sharply Left. Although churches did not repudiate their teachings on Just War, many Catholic and mainline Protestant leaders seemed unable to find any circumstances under which American or Western force actually was legitimate. Pacifism and anti-Americanism marched hand in hand. Today, pacifism now has greater respectability within orthodox Christianity than any time in the past 1700 years. Among the influential thinkers profiled in this Article are all Popes from World War II to the present, Dorothy Day and her Catholic Worker Movement, and the Berrigan Brothers. The Article suggests that some recent trends in pacifist or quasi-pacifist approaches have been unduly influenced by hostility to the United States, and by the use of narrowly-focused emotion rather than the rigorous analysis that has characterized Catholic philosophy.


The women who wielded the real power behind the throne in Renaissance Italy, from a bestselling historian. This book is one of drama on a grand scale, a Renaissance epic, as Christendom emerged from the shadows of the calamitous 14th century. The sweeping tale involves inspired and corrupt monarchs, the finest thinkers, the most brilliant artists and the greatest beauties in Christendom. Here are the stories of its most remarkable women, who are all joined by birth, marriage and friendship and who ruled for a time in place of their men-folk: Lucrezia Turnabuoni (Queen Mother of Florence, the power behind the Medici throne), Clarice Orsini (Roman princess, feudal wife), Beatrice d'Este (Golden Girl of the Renaissance), Caterina Sforza (Lioness of the Romagna), Isabella d'Este (the Acquisitive Marchesa), Giulia Farnese ('la bella', the family asset), Isabella d'Aragona (the Weeping Duchess) and Lucrezia Borgia (the Virtuous Fury). The men play a secondary role in this grand saga; whenever possible the action is seen through the eyes of our heroines. These eight women experienced great riches, power and the warm smile of fortune, but they also knew banishment, poverty, the death of a husband or the loss of one or more of their children. As each of the chosen heroines comes to the fore in her turn, she is handed the baton by her 'sister', and Leonie Frieda recounts the role each woman played in the hundred-year drama that is THE DEADLY SISTERHOOD.


We investigate the possibility that high-energy photons are channeled, when passing through an oriented single crystal, due to Delbrück scattering. For this purpose the exact electron propagator for the single-string model is constructed. Starting from a separation of variables, we solve the Dirac equation for a cylindrical electrostatic potential. The propagator for such external fields is constructed from solutions of the radial Dirac equation. This propagator is applied to a calculation of the S matrix for Delbrück scattering. We specify the conditions under which photon channeling takes place. Unfortunately these conditions are only matched for a very small fraction of those photons being produced by channeled electrons.


We are in Harlem, the black soul of New York City, in the era of Aretha Franklin and Ray Charles. The narrator of Baldwin's novel is Tish nineteen, and pregnant. Her lover Fonny, father of her child, is in jail accused of rape. Flashbacks from their love affair are woven into the compelling struggle of two families to win justice for Fonny. To this love story James Baldwin brings a spare and impassioned intensity, charging it with universal resonance and power.


Spring report of birds and locations contributed by Ann Johnson. This item was used as supporting documentation for the Iowa Ornithologists' Union Quarterly field report of spring 1996.


With an insider's view of the mind of the master, Mary Buffett and David Clark have written a simple guide for reading financial statements from Warren Buffett's succccessful perspective. Buffett and Clark clearly outline Warren Buffett's strategies in a way that will appeal to newcomers and seasoned Buffettologists alike. Inspired by the seminal work of Buffett's mentor, Benjamin Graham ("The Interpretation of Financial Statements," 1937), this book presents Buffett's interpretation of financial statements with anecdotes and quotes from the master investor himself. Potential investors will discover: Buffett's time-tested dos and don'ts for interpreting an income statement and balance sheet Why high research and development costs can kill a great business How much debt Buffett thinks a company can carry before it becomes too dangerous to touch The financial ratios and calculations that Buffett uses to identify the company with a durable competitive advantage -- which he believes makes for the winning long-term investment How Buffett uses financial statements to value a company What kinds of companies Warren stays away from no matter how cheap their selling price Once readers complete and master Buffett's simple financial calculations and methods for interpreting a company's financial statement, they'll be well on their way to identifying which companies are going to be tomorrow's winners -- and which will be the losers they should avoid at all costs. Destined to become a classic in the world of investment books, "Warren Buffett and the Interpretation of Financial Statements" is the perfect companion volume to "The New Buffettology" and "The Tao of Warren Buffett.""


Cloud drop condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN) particles determine to a large extent cloud microstructure and, consequently, cloud albedo and the dynamic response of clouds to aerosol‐induced changes to precipitation. This can modify the reflected solar radiation and the thermal radiation emitted to space. Measurements of tropospheric CCN and IN over large areas have not been possible and can be only roughly approximated from satellite‐sensor‐based estimates of optical properties of aerosols. Our lack of ability to measure both CCN and cloud updrafts precludes disentangling the effects of meteorology from those of aerosols and represents the largest component in our uncertainty in anthropogenic climate forcing. Ways to improve the retrieval accuracy include multiangle and multipolarimetric passive measurements of the optical signal and multispectral lidar polarimetric measurements. Indirect methods include proxies of trace gases, as retrieved by hyperspectral sensors. Perhaps the most promising emerging direction is retrieving the CCN properties by simultaneously retrieving convective cloud drop number concentrations and updraft speeds, which amounts to using clouds as natural CCN chambers. These satellite observations have to be constrained by in situ observations of aerosol‐cloud‐precipitation‐climate (ACPC) interactions, which in turn constrain a hierarchy of model simulations of ACPC. Since the essence of a general circulation model is an accurate quantification of the energy and mass fluxes in all forms between the surface, atmosphere and outer space, a route to progress is proposed here in the form of a series of box flux closure experiments in the various climate regimes. A roadmap is provided for quantifying the ACPC interactions and thereby reducing the uncertainty in anthropogenic climate forcing.


As Editor of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, I am pleased to announce the January 2016 launch of JCI Insight, which will publish well-executed, high-quality research across biomedicine that presents a focused yet insightful line of investigation. The new journal, published under an open-access model, represents an expansion of the American Society for Clinical Investigation's longstanding commitment to disseminating preclinical, translational, and early-phase clinical research that has the potential to advance the practice of medicine. JCI Insight will be the second Society publication since the JCI was founded in 1924.


The proposed SuperNova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP) mission will have a two-meter class telescope delivering diffraction-limited images to an instrumented 0.7 square degree field in the visible and near-infrared wavelength regime. The requirements for the instrument suite and the present configuration of the focal plane concept are presented. A two year R&D phase, largely supported by the Department of Energy, is just beginning. We describe the development activities that are taking place to advance our preparedness for mission proposal in the areas of detectors and electronics.


Transfer pricing treatment of intangibles: Issues und developments

In recent decades, intangibles have become one of the most relevant success factors for Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). Along with the increasing importance of intangibles for economies, their tax treatment has also been under scrutiny which includes inter alia respective transfer pricing issues. MNEs are seeking for the best ways to optimize their business arrangements with the related intangibles while, at the same time, getting the most tax-efficient treatment. On the other hand, tax authorities have become increasingly concerned with the ease that intangibles can be used in aggressive planning. These concerns have been noticed and addressed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development which presented its main findings with respect to transfer pricing aspects of intangibles in Action 8 of the BEPS Project in 2015 and in the 2017 OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines.

This book is based on the outcomes of the presentations and discussions held during the WU Transfer Pricing Symposium, 'Transfer Pricing and Intangibles: Current Developments, Relevant Issues and Possible Solutions', that took place in October 2018 at the WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.

The publication discusses the most important issues and recent developments related to transfer pricing treatment of intangibles. Starting with the definition of intangibles, it further deals with topics such as appropriate attribution of intangible-related profits, structuring of intangibles in MNEs, and proper valuation of intangibles. The authors, apart from providing a theoretical background to the discussed issues, also present case studies that show how certain issues can be approached in practice. Every chapter ends with a summary of the discussions held during the panels of the Transfer Pricing Symposium in which representatives of tax administrations, multinationals, and tax advisories presented their opinions on the issues at stake.


Metaharmonic wavelets are introduced for constructing the solution of theHelmholtz equation (reduced wave equation) corresponding to Dirichlet's orNeumann's boundary values on a closed surface approach leading to exactreconstruction formulas is considered in more detail. A scale discrete version ofmultiresolution is described for potential functions metaharmonic outside theclosed surface and satisfying the radiation condition at infinity. Moreover, wediscuss fully discrete wavelet representations of band-limited metaharmonicpotentials. Finally, a decomposition and reconstruction (pyramid) scheme foreconomical numerical implementation is presented for Runge-Walsh waveletapproximation.


Here, we assess current stress in the freshwater system based on the best available data in order to understand possible risks and vulnerabilities to regional water resources and the sectors dependent on freshwater. We present watershed-scale measures of surface water supply stress for the coterminous United States (US) using the water supply stress index (WaSSI) model which considers regional trends in both water supply and demand. A snapshot of contemporary annual water demand is compared against different water supply regimes, including current average supplies, current extreme-year supplies, and projected future average surface water flows under a changing climate. In addition, we investigate the contributions of different water demand sectors to current water stress. On average, water supplies are stressed, meaning that demands for water outstrip natural supplies in over 9% of the 2103 watersheds examined. These watersheds rely on reservoir storage, conveyance systems, and groundwater to meet current water demands. Overall, agriculture is the major demand-side driver of water stress in the US, whereas municipal stress is isolated to southern California. Water stress introduced by cooling water demands for power plants is punctuated across the US, indicating that a single power plant has the potential to stress water supplies at the watershed scale. On the supply side, watersheds in the western US are particularly sensitive to low flow events and projected long-term shifts in flow driven by climate change. The WaSSI results imply that not only are water resources in the southwest in particular at risk, but that there are also potential vulnerabilities to specific sectors, even in the 'water-rich' southeast.


Find the secret to improve the quality of life by reading this treatment of end stage renal disease in children. This is a kind of book that you need now. Besides, it can be your favorite book to read after having this book. Do you ask why? Well, this is a book that has different characteristic with others. You may not need to know who the author is, how well-known the work is. As wise word, never judge the words from who speaks, but make the words as your good value to your life.


In this article we consider the issue of optimal control in collaborative multi-agent systems with stochastic dynamics. The agents have a joint task in which they have to reach a number of target states. The dynamics of the agents contains additive control and additive noise, and the autonomous part factorizes over the agents. Full observation of the global state is assumed. The goal is to minimize the accumulated joint cost, which consists of integrated instantaneous costs and a joint end cost. The joint end cost expresses the joint task of the agents. The instantaneous costs are quadratic in the control and factorize over the agents. The optimal control is given as a weighted linear combination of single-agent to single-target controls. The single-agent to single-target controls are expressed in terms of diffusion processes. These controls, when not closed form expressions, are formulated in terms of path integrals, which are calculated approximately by Metropolis-Hastings sampling. The weights in the control are interpreted as marginals of a joint distribution over agent to target assignments. The structure of the latter is represented by a graphical model, and the marginals are obtained by graphical model inference. Exact inference of the graphical model will break down in large systems, and so approximate inference methods are needed. We use naive mean field approximation and belief propagation to approximate the optimal control in systems with linear dynamics. We compare the approximate inference methods with the exact solution, and we show that they can accurately compute the optimal control. Finally, we demonstrate the control method in multi-agent systems with nonlinear dynamics consisting of up to 80 agents that have to reach an equal number of target states.


It is often asserted that a formal constitution does not necessitate judicial review over primary legislation. Rather, a country may conceive of other mechanisms to protect the constitution from intrusion by the regular political bodies. The question arises whether the reverse holds true. Can we envision a country that exercises judicial review over primary legislation yet lacks a formal constitution? Surprisingly, Israel's constitutional system, prior to the famous 1995 United Mizrahi Bank decision, offers an affirmative answer to this question. This article focuses on Israel's constitutional experience during its founding period. It further explains the unique revolutionary role performed by the Israeli Supreme Court in deciding United Mizrahi Bank against the background of parliamentary sovereignty tradition. Using Israel as a case study within a comparative constitutional framework, the article offers three important lessons: First, it explains how an American style judicial review over primary legislation may co-exist with parliamentary sovereignty, notwithstanding the prevailing understanding of these two seemingly mutually exclusive frameworks. It further details the mechanisms by which judicial review can be introduced within a parliamentary sovereignty tradition. Second, it explains the theoretical and historical roots of legislative override power in common-law interpretation techniques. While the notwithstanding clause is considered a unique Canadian invention, this article suggests that Israel has exploited legislative override techniques prior to the adoption of the Canadian Charter. Last, using the Israeli and Canadian experiences, it offers several warnings about how not to interpret "notwithstanding clauses" if one desires robust constitutionalism.


SEC and CFTC reports estimate that High Frequency strategies are responsible for about 60% of all transactions on U.S. shares. In Europe, this percentage is around 40% and growing. High Frequency strategies are those characterized by a brief holding period, which can range from a split second to a few hours. This enables traders to place numerous independent bets per day on an instrument or portfolio, profiting from the multiplicative effect postulated by the Fundamental Law of Active Management. The goal is to exploit inefficiencies derived from the market's microstructure (rigidities, agents' idiosyncrasies, asymmetric information, etc.). The generalization of electronic markets and ubiquitous automation of financial transactions has rendered many established models and theories obsolete. The objective of this work is to present a new scientific framework for the study of some of the most relevant questions concerning High Frequency.


These lecture notes give a completely self-contained introduction to the control theory of linear time-invariant systems. No prior knowledge is requried apart from linear algebra and some basic familiarity with ordinary differential equations. Thus, the course is suited for students of mathematics in their second or third year, and for theoretically inclined engineering students. Because of its appealing simplicity and elegance, the behavioral approch has been adopted to a large extend. A short list of recommended text books on the subject has been added, as a suggestion for further reading.


The 2nd Edition of the best-selling book which has sold over 400 000 copies in 17 languages ? updated with new content and insights about the world's people. First published to wide acclaim in 2002, this eye-opening book has since become a classic, promoting "world-mindedness" by imagining the world's population ? all 6.8 billion of us ? as a village of just 100 people. Now, If the World Were a Village has been newly revised with updated statistics, several new activities and completely new material on food security, energy and health. By exploring the lives of the 100 villagers, children will discover that life in other nations is often very different from their own. If the World Were a Village is part of CitizenKid: A collection of books that inform children about the world and inspire them to be better global citizens.


: The contemporary literature on foreign direct investment (FDI) has to some extent 'forgotten' a key insight of the early FDI literature, namely that FDI to a large extent is driven by strategic interaction of firms in oligopolistic industries. Instead the FDI literature has focused, at first on FDI as a way of generating efficiency in cross border transactions, and later on FDI as a way to effectively leverage and build capabilities across borders. These efficiency and capabilities perspectives on FDI may have been adequate in a situation where global competition still was in its infancy. However, in recent years, we have seen the emergence of truly global oligopolies, e.g. in electronics, aerospace, aviation, software, steel, automotive, construction, brewing, etc. These oligopolistic industries have been consolidated through massive waves of cross border M&As in the second half of the 90s and from 2003-2007. We argue that in such industries it is not adequate to analyze FDI only in terms of efficiency or resource leverage; FDI must also be understood in terms of its contribution to the global strategic positioning of the investing firm. The paper seeks to re-discover' the oligopolistic competition perspective, drawing on the early insights of the Hymer-Kindleberger-Caves tradition as well as on the recent Strategic Management literature, but bringing these into the context of globalization. It is argued that global strategic interaction in oligopolistic industries is manifest in well known FDI phenomena such as follow-the-leader, client follower, and first-mover. While the paper attempts no formal testing, evidence indicative of oligopolistic competition motivated FDI is presented, e.g. from the recent cross border M&A waves and from the recent surge of FDI in emerging markets.


People keep track. In the eighteenth century, Benjamin Franklin kept charts of time spent and virtues lived up to. Today, people use technology to self-track: hours slept, steps taken, calories consumed, medications administered. Ninety million wearable sensors were shipped in 2014 to help us gather data about our lives. This book examines how people record, analyze, and reflect on this data, looking at the tools they use and the communities they become part of. Gina Neff and Dawn Nafus describe what happens when people turn their everyday experience -- in particular, health and wellness-related experience -- into data, and offer an introduction to the essential ideas and key challenges of using these technologies. They consider self-tracking as a social and cultural phenomenon, describing not only the use of data as a kind of mirror of the self but also how this enables people to connect to, and learn from, others. Neff and Nafus consider what's at stake: who wants our data and why; the practices of serious self-tracking enthusiasts; the design of commercial self-tracking technology; and how self-tracking can fill gaps in the healthcare system. Today, no one can lead an entirely untracked life. Neff and Nafus show us how to use data in a way that empowers and educates.


First published in 1818, Frankenstein has spellbound, disturbed, and fascinated readers for generations. One of the most haunting and enduring works ever written in English, it has inspired numerous retellings and sequels in virtually every medium, making the Frankenstein myth familiar even to those who have never read a word of Mary Shelley's remarkable novel. Now, this freshly annotated, illustrated edition illuminates the novel and its electrifying afterlife with unmatched detail and vitality. From the first decade after publication, "Frankenstein" became a byword for any new, disturbing developments in science, technology, and human imagination. The editors' Introduction explores the fable's continuing presence in popular culture and intellectual life as well as the novel's genesis and composition. Mary Shelley's awareness of European politics and history, her interest in the poets and philosophical debates of the day, and especially her genius in distilling her personal traumas come alive in this engaging essay. The editors' commentary, placed conveniently alongside the text, provides stimulating company. Their often surprising observations are drawn from a lifetime of reading and teaching the novel. A wealth of illustrations, many in color, immerses the reader in Shelley's literary and social world, in the range of artwork inspired by her novel, as well as in Frankenstein's provocative cinematic career. The fresh light that The Annotated Frankenstein casts on a story everyone thinks is familiar will delight readers while deepening their understanding of Mary Shelley's novel and the Romantic era in which it was created.


This essay contrasts the bundle-of-rights picture of property unfavorably with an architectural or modular approach. The bundle is a legacy of Legal Realism and wrongly obscures the costs of delineating property. The bundle treats property as too unstructured, its constituent rights as too separable, and its features as too divisible. By contrast, the architectural approach emphasizes the distinction between our interests in using things and the legal interests property law defines to protect them. Delineation strategies in our world of positive transaction costs start with shortcut exclusion strategies and, for some important use conflicts, shifts over to governance strategies in which rules and doctrines are more transparent to purposes. The architectural approach captures how rights to exclude, residual claims, and running to successors follow automatically from the basic setup--without being absolute. The essay ends with a discussion of why the bundle of rights has been speciously attractive and indicates the wider stakes for the role of baselines in private law.


The Bristol Channel is an area of complex hydrodynamics which include a very large tidal range, strong currents, extensive inter-tidal areas and river inputs, all of which contribute to make predicting storm surges difficult. The highest water levels experienced in the Bristol Channel in a century occurred during the storm of 13th December 1981 when severe flooding was experienced along the north Somerset coast. This was due to the passage of a secondary depression which tracked unusually far south for the time of year (Figure 1), producing strong westerly winds in the southern Celtic Sea estimated to be in excess of 30 ms-1 (Proctor & Flather, 1989). The meteorological situation was complex and rapidly changing. Also the passage of the storm coincided with tidal high water in the Bristol Channel during a period of spring tides. At the time of this event, the operational storm surge modelling system comprised solely of the original 35km continental shelf model (CSM) which was implemented in 1978. This is shown in Figure 2. CSM had only two boundary tidal constituents (M2 and S2), was forced by an atmospheric model of resolution 100km and produced surge forecasts only twice a day (0000UTC and 1200UTC). This combination of atmospheric and surge forecast models failed to provide adequate warnings of the expected levels in this region. Analysis of the performance (Proctor & Flather, 1989), suggested that the most significant factor was that the direction of the modelled winds was incorrect at the critical time leading up to high water in the Bristol Channel. The purpose of this study is to quantify any improvement in the forecast that might be achieved if there was a repeat of this event (i.e. how well would the present, much- improved, operational forecasting system deal with a similar weather event). To facilitate this study, the atmospheric model forcing for December 1981 was obtained from reanalyses performed by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF).


Relevant aspects of the options and requirements for reducing and phasing out coal-fired power generation have been under debate for several years. This process has produced a range of strategies, analyses and arguments, outlining how coal use in the energy sector could be reduced and phased out in the planned time frame, and determining structural policy measures suitable to support this. This Coal Report studies the existing analyses and provides an overview of the state of debate. It is intended to provide information on facts and contexts, present the advantages and disadvantages of individual courses of action, and reveal the respective scientific backgrounds. It strives to take a scientific and independent approach, and present facts in concise language, making it easy to follow for readers who are not experts in the field, without excessive abridgements or provocative statements.


This study explores the parenting beliefs of substance abusing women. Extant research on substance abusing women clearly demonstrates factors that interrupt the development of appropriate parent-child relationships including poor models of parenting, difficulty with childrearing (Luthar, Cushing, Merikangas, & Rounsaville, 1995), the guilt of past parenting failures (Lester, 2005), and lower feelings of parental efficacy (Carlson, Matto, Smith & Eversman, 2006). For the purposes of this research, mothers' hostile attributions for challenging behavior, their expectations for their children's behavior, and their perceived maternal efficacy were examined to determine if they varied by the mothers' recovery status, child
age, or child behavior problems. Secondly, maternal self-blame for child misbehavior and its relation to parenting attitudes was explored and whether the relation was moderated by the mothers' recovery status was examined. Finally, the data were used to develop recommendations for improving intervention approaches for substance abusing mothers in recovery. The research questions were addressed by obtaining questionnaire data from 30 substance abusing women in recovery. Four measures were used: the structured Parent- Social Information Processing Interview (P-SIPI) (Snyder, 2007), a measure of
developmental expectations (Azar, Robinson, Hekimian, & Twentyman, 1984), the efficacy subscale of the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC): Satisfaction and Efficacy scale (Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978; Johnston & Marsh, 1989), and a parenting survey adapted for this study from Abidin's (1995) Parenting Stress Index, 3rd Edition. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 4/18) (Achenbach, 1991) was completed
on all participants' children to record behavior problems. Responses to the parenting vignettes of the P-SIPI revealed that the majority of
the participants had hostile attributions for their children's challenging behavior and these
were not related to child age, level of behavior problems, or the length of time the mother
had been in recovery. Findings on maternal blame indicate that mothers who blamed themselves for their children's behavior also had higher levels of inappropriate expectations of support and nurturance from their children, endorsed more lax parenting responses as effective for their children and perceived themselves as more efficacious. Mothers with higher scores on the P-SIPI efficacy scale tended to blame their children less and endorsed more firm responses as effective for managing child behavior. These findings have several implications for improving parenting intervention approaches with substance abusing women. These include a component that employs the use of social cognitive interventions to increase program effectiveness with this
population. Instruction in child development is likely to counteract inappropriate expectations for child behavior. Additionally, the teaching of specific parenting skills designed to manage challenging behavior will improve the likelihood of increased feelings of efficacy in daily parenting tasks. Finally, a therapeutic component to the parenting interventions based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) could increase the
likelihood that the participants will become more cognizant of how their thoughts influence their behaviors and learn effective strategies to redirect irrational thoughts.


The extraordinary influence of Milton Friedman is largely attributable to the passion and clarity he brought to the defense of competitive markets during the New Deal period when the public entrenchment of monopolies and cartels were standard government policy. Friedman wrote at a time when the field was smaller, specialization was limited, and technical and empirical work relatively undeveloped. Against that background, his lucid prose and emphatic judgments gained him influence that is not likely to be replicated in a more mature and variegated field.


One of the greatest, most entertaining reading experiences in any language, Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time Vol. 1: The Way by Swann's is published in a new translation from the French by Lydia Davis in Penguin Classics. The Way by Swann's is one of the great novels of childhood, depicting the impressions of a sensitive boy of his family and neighbours, brought dazzlingly back to life by the famous taste of a madeleine. It contains the separate short novel, A Love of Swann's, a study of sexual jealousy that forms a crucial part of the vast, unfolding structure of In Search of Lost Time. This book established Proust as one of the greatest voices of the modern age - satirical, sceptical, confiding and endlessly varied in his responses to the human condition. Since the original pre-war translation Remembrance of Things Past by C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, there has been no completely new rendering of Proust's French original into English. This translation brings to the fore a more sharply engaged, comic and lucid Proust. As the great story unfolds from its magical opening scenes to its devastating end, it is this Penguin Classics edition of In Search of Lost Time that makes Proust accessible to a new generation. Marcel Proust (1871-1922) is generally viewed as the greatest French novelist and perhaps the greatest European novelist of the 20th century. He lived much of his later life as a reclusive semi-invalid in a sound-proofed flat in Paris, giving himself over entirely to writing his masterpiece In Search of Lost Time (A la recherche du temps perdu). If you enjoyed In Search Of Lost Time, you might like James Joyce's Ulysses, also available in Penguin Modern Classics. 'The latest Penguin Proust is a triumph, and will bring this inexhaustible artwork to new audiences throughout the English-speaking world' Sunday Telegraph


For the more than seven million girls--from knobby-kneed tykes to high school and college stars--who are tearing across the country chasing a soccer ball and dreams of glory, there is one name that eclipses all others, male or female: Mia Hamm. With her cheetahlike acceleration and lightning-bolt shot, Hamm broke nearly every record in her sport, while galvanizing a whole generation of fans and players.Go for the Goal is not only the inspiring story of how a tiny suburban sprite became a global terror with a ball (and the world) at her feet--it's also a step-by-step or dribble-by-dribble guide for any kid with the all-American dream of making the team and becoming a champion.Filled with personal anecdotes and fully illustrated with both action and instructional photographs, Go for the Goal shows readers exactly how to master the silky skills and techniques that made Hamm and her teammates the finest women's soccer team in the world.


de Lint, Charles. Wildlings Book 1: Under My Skin . Toronto: Razorbill Canada, 2012. Print. This Young Adult fantasy begins in present day Santa Feliz, California.  The story unfolds through two voices, Josh and Marina, who are best friends.  This school year, each character has become a Wildling, someone who shape shifts from human to animal form. As more and more local teens are becoming Wildlings overnight, government and corporate organizations move in to lock down the situation.  Josh's quest is to make sure any external interest has good intentions, and Marina's journey is more about acceptance and making sure that Wildlings are treated with respect. Both Josh and Marina are caught up in the movement as different factions of Wildlings compete for their attention.  Some come across as eco-warriors, while others explore the spiritual blessing nature of shape shifting and other natural gifts. Every single adult and teen group involved in the Wilding phenomenon has a different agenda, and neither Josh nor Marina can identify where they belong.  Instead, Josh is singled out as a natural leader, as his animal self, the mountain lion, is one of the oldest animal clans known.  Marina's intentions of aiding the Wildling cause confuse her as she has to choose between the cause and her own dreams. The alternating voices in each chapter allow the reader to understand the perspectives more deeply. This novel is a familiar story of teens being misunderstood as they go through their quest for identity.  The shape shifter motif allows the author a way to explore questions of identity in sexuality, race and belief. As the shape shifter story is now a popular culture meme, this puts Under My Skin clearly in a fantasy category for beginners.  The book ends as Josh and Marina escape their first test of Wildling experimentation leaving room for the proposed sequel to take place. The story hints briefly at stirrings of sexuality and the violence is dramatic but not overdone. This novel's realistic and modern setting will appeal to most any reader who is ready to dabble in the fantastic. Readers who are more experienced with the genre may find de Lint's explanations of fantastical elements to be juvenile. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Alanna King Alanna King is a Masters student in the Teacher-Librarianship through Distance Learning Program at the University of Alberta.


This paper examines the development of anarchism and syndicalism in early twentieth century Cape Town, South Africa, drawing attention to a crucial but neglected chapter of labor and left history. Central to this story were the anarchists in the local Social Democratic Federation (SDF), and the revolutionary syndicalists of the Industrial Socialist League, the Industrial Workers of Africa (IWA), and the Sweets and Jam Workers' Industrial Union. These revolutionary anti-authoritarians, Africans, Coloureds and whites, fostered a multiracial radical movement – considerably preceding similar achievements by the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) in this port city. They were also part of a larger anarchist and syndicalist movement across the southern African subcontinent. Involved in activist centers, propaganda, public meetings, cooperatives, demonstrations, union organizing and strikes, and linked into international and national radical networks, Cape Town's anarchists and syndicalists had an important impact on organizations like the African Political Organization (APO), the Cape Federation of Labour Unions, the Cape Native Congress, the CPSA, the General Workers Union, and the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union of Africa (ICU). This paper is therefore also a contribution to the recovery of the history of the first generation of African and Coloured anti-capitalist radicals, and part of a growing international interest in anarchist and syndicalist history.


"...The assessment of past trends, future prospects, and policy options reported here stems from the tradition of joint studies of roots and tubers in developing countries by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). This report builds on that previous collaboration and represents the first intercenter effort to produce future projections of demand and supply for these crops and represents the empirical foundation of a broader effort aimed at documenting not just trends and projections but also describing research activities and organizations with the overall objective of providing a vision for research on roots and tubers in the CGIAR. Gregory J. Scott, Mark W. Rosegrant, and Claudia Ringler have synthesized a significant amount of data and information on roots and tubers in order to provide a clearer vision of their past, present,a nd future roles in the food systems of developing countries. How the production and use of these commodities have changed and will continue to change over time are all the more important to understand because of the contribution they make to the diets and income-generating activities of the rural and urban poor in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This paper provides a fuller understanding of the prospects of roots and tubers for food, feed, and other uses in developing countries in the decades ahead. " (excerpted from Forward by Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Hubert Zandstra)


Critique and Crisis established Reinhart Koselleck's reputation as the most important German intellectual historian of the postwar period. This first English translation of Koselleck's tour de force demonstrates a chronological breadth, a philosophical depth, and an originality which are hardly equalled in any scholarly domain. It is a history of the Enlightenment in miniature, fundamental to our understanding of that period and its consequences.Like Tocqueville, Koselleck views Enlightenment intellectuals as an uprooted, unrealistic group of onlookers who sowed the seeds of the modern political tensions that first flowered in the French Revolution. He argues that it was the split that developed between state and society during the Enlightenment that fostered the emergence of this intellectual elite divorced from the realities of politics.Koselleck describes how this disjunction between political authority proper and its subjects led to private spheres that later became centers of moral authority and, eventually, models for political society that took little or no notice of the constraints under which politicians must inevitably work. In this way progressive bourgeois philosophy, which seemed to offer the promise of a unified and peaceful world, in fact produced just the opposite.The book provides a wealth of examples drawn from all of Europe to illustrate the still relevant message that we evade the constraints and the necessities of the political realm at our own risk.Reinhart Koselleck is Professor of the Theory of History at the University of Bielefeld and author of Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time. Critique and Crisis is included in the series Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought, edited by Thomas McCarthy.


Executive summary: The 'Great Recession' has been particularly deep. In the USA, the loss of GDP relative to trend growth has been 9 per cent. The recovery from recession has also been much slower than the recovery from the recessions of the early 1980s and early 1990s. After those recessions, the USA achieved economic growth of 4.3 per cent and 3.6 per cent respectively. The slump has not been nearly as bad as the US Great Depression, though the fall in stock market values of over 50 per cent was the second-largest in history. This compares with a fall in the stock market of 79 per cent during the Great Depression. Furthermore, house prices have fallen by 37 per cent since the financial crash. One of the major causes of the crash was the boom in securitisation whereby inherently risky loans were packaged together and sold as very low-risk securities. This was strongly encouraged by the government; Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the government agencies responsible, should be privatised. The US government was right to bail out the systemically risky banks. However, other aspects of the fiscal stimulus package were misguided for various reasons. In general a fiscal stimulus package might raise output in the very short run but the long-term fiscal multiplier is negative. This leads growth to stall after an initial increase, as is happening at the moment. If fiscal stimulus packages are to be used at all then they should be based around reducing taxes so that the tax reductions stimulate work, investment and enterprise. While some of the spending increases have just been a waste of money, others have been very damaging. For example, the significant lengthening of the duration of unemployment payments has caused a rise in the unemployment rate of between 1 and 2 per cent. Spending and welfare programme entitlements grew rapidly under President George W. Bush and that growth has continued under President Obama. In many respects, as far as economic policy is concerned, Bush and Obama are 'twins', just as Reagan and Clinton were 'twins'. There should be concerns about the exit strategy from the process of quantitative easing. It will be difficult for central banks to avoid both inflation and recession. The next crisis will be a crisis of government debt. This debt consists of both explicit borrowing and also of entitlements through social security programmes that have been dramatically expanded under Presidents Bush and Obama. This crisis of government debt is not just a US problem. The coming crisis can be addressed in the USA only by reforming entitlement programmes and also by tax reform to reduce 'tax expenditures' or special exemptions from taxes for certain types of economic activity. In the EU, fiscal and monetary policy need to be decoupled so that member states do not become responsible for each other's borrowing.


Several studies have demonstrated a wide range of therapeutic effects due to garlic high content of phytochemicals, including sulfur-containing compounds, vitamins, saponins, flavonoids and moderate levels of carotenoids. The synergistic interactions between these components seem to explain the outcomes of certain healing properties from garlic. This study evaluates the health promoting phytochemicals (ascorbic acid, flavonoids and carotenoids) content and antioxidant capacity in four "typical garlic varieties" (Rosso di Castelliri, Bianco Piacentino, Rosso di Sulmona, Rosso di Proceno), grown in different geographical areas. b-carotene content ranged from 5.68 to 7.41 mg/100g and 6.36 to 7.46 mg/100g for Viterbo and Alvito bulbs respectively. Overall, vitamin C levels were statistically higher in samples from Alvito compared with same cultivars from Viterbo; among them Rosso Sulmona and Rosso Castelliri displayed the higher content (21.59 ± 2.75 and 18.91 ± 0.34 mg/100g respectively). FRAP values were positively correlated (r = 0.74 and P = 0.03) with vitamin C levels and highly correlated (r = 0.86 and P = 0.005) with myricetin levels. Our findings have revealed that genotype and environmental conditions (production areas and pedoclimatic factors), as well as their interaction, could influence the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties of Italian garlic bulb varieties.


This article is the first to analyze whether cartel sanctions are optimal. The conventional wisdom is that the current level of sanctions is adequate or excessive. The article demonstrates, however, that the combined level of current United States cartel sanctions is only 9% to 21% as large as it should be to protect potential victims of cartelization optimally. Consequently, the average level of United States anti-cartel sanctions should be approximately quintupled. The United States imposes a diverse arsenal of sanctions against collusion: criminal fines and restitution payments for the firms involved and prison, house arrest and fines for the corporate officials involved. Both direct and indirect victims can sue for mandatory treble damages and attorney's fees. This multiplicity of sanctions has helped give rise to the strongly held - but until now never seriously examined - conventional wisdom in the antitrust field that these sanctions are not just adequate to deter collusion, but that they are excessive. We analyze this issue using the standard optimal deterrence approach. This model is predicated upon the belief that corporations and individuals contemplating illegal collusion will be deterred only if expected rewards are less than expected costs, adjusted by the probability the illegal activity will be detected and sanctioned. To undertake this analysis we first calculate the expected rewards from cartelization using a new and unique database containing 75 cartel cases. We survey the literature to ascertain the probability cartels are detected and the probability detected cartels are sanctioned. We calculate the size of the sanctions involved for each case in our sample. These include corporate fines, individual fines, payouts in private damage actions, and the equivalent value (or disvalue) of imprisonment or house arrest for the individuals convicted. Our analysis shows that, overall, United States' cartel sanctions are only 9% to 21% as large as they should be to protect potential victims of cartelization optimally. This means that, despite the existing sanctions, collusion remains a rational business strategy. Cartelization is a crime that on average pays. In fact, it pays very well. Accordingly, our concluding section suggests specific ways cartel sanctions should be increased to become more nearly optimal. This should save consumers many billions of dollars each year.


We study the effects of generic entry on prices and utilization using both event study models that exploit the differential timing of generic entry across drug molecules and cast studies. Our analysis examines drugs treating hypertension, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and depression using price and utilization data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. We find that utilization of drug molecules starts decreasing in the two years prior to generic entry and continues to decrease in the years following generic entry, despite decreases in prices offered by generic versions of a drug. This decrease coincides with the market entry and increased utilization of branded reformulations of a drug going off patent. We show case study evidence that utilization patterns coincide with changes in marketing by branded drug manufacturers. While the reformulations---often extended-release versions of the patent-expiring drug---offer potential health benefits, the FDA does not require evidence that the reformulations are improvements over the previous drug in order to grant a patent. Indeed, in a number of experiments comparing the efficacies of the patent-expiring and reformulated drugs do not find statistical differences in health outcomes calling into question the patent-extension policy.


Tools for navigating today's hyper-connected, rapidly changing, and radically contingent white water world.
Design Unbound presents a new tool set for having agency in the twenty-first century, in what the authors characterize as a white water world?rapidly changing, hyperconnected, and radically contingent. These are the tools of a new kind of practice that is the offspring of complexity science, which gives us a new lens through which to view the world as entangled and emerging, and architecture, which is about designing contexts. In such a practice, design, unbound from its material thingness, is set free to design contexts as complex systems.
In a world where causality is systemic, entangled, in flux, and often elusive, we cannot design for absolute outcomes. Instead, we need to design for emergence. Design Unbound not only makes this case through theory but also presents a set of tools to do so. With case studies that range from a new kind of university to organizational, and even societal, transformation, Design Unbound draws from a vast array of domains: architecture, science and technology, philosophy, cinema, music, literature and poetry, even the military. It is presented in five books, bound as two volumes. Different books within the larger system of books will resonate with different reading audiences, from architects to people reconceiving higher education to the public policy or defense and intelligence communities. The authors provide different entry points allowing readers to navigate their own pathways through the system of books.


Summary A 53-year-old male presented with recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones as a first sign of underlying acromegaly, which vanished when his acromegaly was controlled. The exact mechanism behind hypercalciuria and urolithiasis in acromegaly is not yet clear. By discussing this case, a short overview of the pathophysiology of hypercalciuria in acromegaly and practical insights are given. Learning points Hypercalciuria is a common finding in acromegaly. There are only few reports describing hypercalciuric kidney stones in acromegaly. We assume that in acromegaly there is a primary role of IGF1-mediated, PTH-independent increase in calcitriol synthesis resulting in hypercalciuric kidney stones.