The most complete, up to date guide to risk management in finance
Risk Management and Financial Institutions explains all aspects of financial risk and financial institution regulation, helping readers better understand the financial markets and potential dangers. This new fourth edition has been updated to reflect the major developments in the industry, including the finalization of Basel III, the fundamental review of the trading book, SEFs, CCPs, and the new rules affecting derivatives markets. There are new chapters on enterprise risk management and scenario analysis. Readers learn the different types of risk, how and where they appear in different types of institutions, and how the regulatory structure of each institution affects risk management practices. Comprehensive ancillary materials include software, practice questions, and all necessary teaching supplements, facilitating more complete understanding and providing an ultimate learning resource.
All financial professionals need a thorough background in risk and the interlacing connections between financial institutions to better understand the market, defend against systemic dangers, and perform their jobs. This book provides a complete picture of the risk management industry and practice, with the most up to date information.

Understand how risk affects different types of financial institutions
Learn the different types of risk and how they are managed
Study the most current regulatory issues that deal with risk

Risk management is paramount with the dangers inherent in the financial system, and a deep understanding is essential for anyone working in the finance industry; today, risk management is part of everyone's job. For complete information and comprehensive coverage of the latest industry issues and practices, Risk Management and Financial Institutions is an informative, authoritative guide.


What impulse prompted some newspapers to attribute the murder of 77 Norwegians to Islamic extremists, until it became evident that a right-wing Norwegian terrorist was the perpetrator? Why did Switzerland, a country of four minarets, vote to ban those structures? How did a proposed Muslim cultural center in lower Manhattan ignite a fevered political debate across the United States? In "The New Religious Intolerance", Martha C. Nussbaum surveys such developments and identifies the fear behind these reactions. Drawing inspiration from philosophy, history, and literature, she suggests a route past this limiting response and toward a more equitable, imaginative, and free society. Fear, Nussbaum writes, is 'more narcissistic than other emotions.' Legitimate anxieties become distorted and displaced, driving laws and policies biased against those different from us. Overcoming intolerance requires consistent application of universal principles of respect for conscience. Just as important, it requires greater understanding. Nussbaum challenges us to embrace freedom of religious observance for all, extending to others what we demand for ourselves. She encourages us to expand our capacity for empathetic imagination by cultivating our curiosity, seeking friendship across religious lines, and establishing a consistent ethic of decency and civility. With this greater understanding and respect, Nussbaum argues, we can rise above the politics of fear and toward a more open and inclusive future.


Aalto University researchers have found that music is perceived to have greater dynamic range in rectangular, shoebox shaped concert halls than in other types of halls. From a shoebox hall's sidewalls, strong reflected sound arrives to listeners' ears from directions where human directional hearing sensitivity is the highest. Sound reflected from the sidewalls strengthens the especially strong higher overtones that players produce during a whole orchestra fortissimo, but not during pianissimo passages. Therefore, such a concert hall shape affects perceived dynamic range even though rooms itself amplify all passages the same amount. "Dynamic expression is an inseparable part of music. For this reason, a concert hall's ability to transmit the orchestra's played dynamics is one of the most important criteria of good acoustics. Our research is the first that explains how halls influence perception of dynamic expression," Dr. Jukka Pätynen says. The importance of early lateral reflections to good concert hall acoustics has been known for decades. Earlier, they were believed to widen the perceived overall sound image and increase the perceived closeness of the sound. Now, the Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America* has published an article that expands our understanding of how perception of dynamic musical content depends on concert hall acoustics. The findings will lead to better concert hall designs than ever before. Dr. Jukka Pätynen works as a post-doctoral researcher in Tapio Lokki's Virtual Acoustics research group. The group aims to understand how room acoustics affect sound signals, and how people perceive room acoustic properties. Research focuses on improved prediction and understanding of concert halls and other acoustically demanding spaces. Notably, the concert hall acoustic research group has developed methods, unique in the world, that are described in a second article that was just featured on the cover of Physics Today.


Ten years after the fall of Napster, digital piracy remains an issue for media and software companies. While scholars often treat digital piracy as a behaviour that needs to be prevented or punished, the user's decision about how to acquire a digital product involves more than the piracy option. However, the decision between legal alternatives and piracy has received limited attention. Moreover, existing models used in piracy research emphasize some elements of the acquisition decision, but disregard other important influences. This has led to a body of literature that is fragmented and has decontextualised digital piracy by not examining how available legal alternatives are evaluated. This paper makes an attempt to address these issues and presents a model of the user's digital product acquisition decision in the context of piracy, integrating elements of previous models to reflect the decision's complexity. Specifically, we use a consumer decision-making perspective as a framework for integrating elements of previous models used in digital piracy research, including those from social psychology, business ethics, criminology, and consumer behaviour. In the model, we depict the acquisition decision as being influenced by the user's product desire, price perceptions, perceived risks, internal regulators of behaviour, resources, and product availability. Theoretical and empirical evidence from the existing literature is drawn upon in order to provide support for the elements of the model. The paper concludes with an outline for future research and a brief discussion of its contribution.


Front:
Text describes action on various war fronts: Russia, Air offensive, Unrest (France, Belgium, Norway), Southwest Pacific, Tunisia.

Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world.

Inset maps show Russia, Tunisia.

Includes photographs: Convoy to Russia; American tank in Russia; Joint Assignment; Airborne engineers; Shower bath - desert style.

Back:
Learn to recognize these vehicles (half-track vehicles). Labelled illustrations of American, Canadian and German vehicles with a quick guide to features for comparison.


Traffic congestion in urban road networks is a costly problem that affects all major cities in developed countries. To tackle this problem, it is possible (i) to act on the supply side, increasing the number of roads or lanes in a network, (ii) to reduce the demand, restricting the access to urban areas at specific hours or to specific vehicles, or (iii) to improve the efficiency of the existing network, by means of a widespread use of so-called Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). In line with the recent advances in smart transportation management infrastructures, ITS has turned out to be a promising field of application for artificial intelligence techniques. In particular, multiagent systems seem to be the ideal candidates for the design and implementation of ITS. In fact, drivers can be naturally modelled as autonomous agents that interact with the transportation management infrastructure, thereby generating a large-scale, open, agent-based system. To regulate such a system and maintain a smooth and efficient flow of traffic, decentralised mechanisms for the management of the transportation infrastructure are needed.

In this article we propose a distributed, market-inspired, mechanism for the management of a future urban road network, where intelligent autonomous vehicles, operated by software agents on behalf of their human owners, interact with the infrastructure in order to travel safely and efficiently through the road network. Building on the reservationbased intersection control model proposed by Dresner and Stone, we consider two different scenarios: one with a single intersection and one with a network of intersections. In the former, we analyse the performance of a novel policy based on combinatorial auctions for the allocation of reservations. In the latter, we analyse the impact that a traffic assignment strategy inspired by competitive markets has on the drivers' route choices. Finally we propose an adaptive management mechanism that integrates the auction-based traffic control policy with the competitive traffic assignment strategy.


The benefits of including hypertext functionality in application systems have become widely accepted. Users expect applications to provide browsing and linking capabilities to augment search and command capabilities. Three approaches to providing such environments are feasible. The first two of these involve retrofitting hypertext functionality to third-party applications, and building an 'open' hypertext system that manages the integration of third-party applications with hypertext. The third approach involves building a task-oriented environment that enables a hypertext management system to be constructed, building block style, using third-party applications as building units that cooperate in the delivery of the required functionality. The paper argues that the last of these approaches, cooperative hypermedia management systems, is the most realistic. A model for such systems is described. Issues involved in designing and building such systems are discussed and examples presented.


Ready to take your Flash skills to the next level? Learn how to use Adobe Flash CS4 to create innovative interactive experiences! Flash CS4 All-In-One For Dummies shows you how to create professional, cool projects, step by step, from start to finish. Whether youre working on your first Flash project or youre a veteran Flash animator ready to get into more advanced applications, Flash CS4 All-In-One For Dummies walks you through Flashs new tricks and explains how to use them. Youll get the skinny on new features including inverse kinematics, motion tweening, and Motion Editor. Youll also find out how to: Work with panels Take advantage of an ActionScript Create and plan your first project Follow the ins and outs of Flash graphics Navigate your way around the swatches panel Get your video on the Web using YouTube Utilize Flash audio and video Develop with the Flash timeline To help you quickly find what you need, Flash CS4 All-In-One For Dummies is divided into eight minibooks: Introducing Flash Creating Graphics Animating Graphics Adding ActionScript 3.0 Magic Working with Flash Audio Working with Flash Video Getting Interactive Finalizing a Flash Project Flash CS4 All-In-One For Dummies will help make your experience animating in Flash much easier!


This short essay, presented at Fordham's conference on the social functions of property (and in an earlier form at a conference on law and memory at USC), explores the relationship between property and memory. It distinguishes between property as the object of memory ("memory of property") and property as a medium of memory ("memory in property"). With respect to both kinds of memory, the common law expresses a great deal of ambivalence towards memory. Unlimited memory is no less dangerous to a system of property than it is to an individual's ability to think. Recent reforms of adverse possession, the rule against perpetuities, and the estate tax seem to reflect their supporters' apparent disregard of the costs of overprotecting memories of property and memories in property. The common law's more balanced approach seems implicitly to recognize the need to weigh memory against possession, stability against fluidity. The recognition that ratifying property's memories generates both costs and benefits does not counsel decisively against the wisdom of modifying the law of adverse possession or abolishing the rule against perpetuities, but it does cast doubt on the one- sided approach of the proponents of these measures. In the law of property, memory is not an unmitigated good.


This paper explores the marginalization of two groups of employees — individuals with disabilities and workers with caregiving responsibilities. One might argue that these two groups have little in common. In fact, however, while not perfectly aligned, these two groups of individuals have much in common in the workplace. First, these employees are unable to consistently meet their employers' expectations of an "ideal worker." Thus, they often must seek adjustments or modifications in the workplace to accommodate for their failure to conform to the ideal worker norm. This causes both groups of employees to suffer from "special treatment stigma," which manifests itself in resentment by co-workers because of the special benefits these employees receive and in employers' reluctance to hire individuals belonging to these groups because of the real or perceived increased costs of employing such individuals. Despite these similarities, the law has dealt with these two groups of employees very differently. Individuals with disabilities are entitled to broad protection in the workplace, including the rather unique reasonable accommodation provision in the Americans with Disabilities Act. On the other hand, despite some laws protecting some aspects of pregnancy and caregiving, workers with caregiving responsibilities do not enjoy the same broad protection as individuals with disabilities. In this paper, I will explore why the law treats these groups of employees differently. I will address many of the concepts that are thought to distinguish individuals with disabilities and workers with caregiving responsibilities and are therefore used to justify their different treatment under the law. But I will ultimately conclude that these distinctions, once unpacked, do not justify the law's different treatment of these two groups. Moreover, these differences are not as significant as the similarity that binds these two groups together — the special treatment stigma. Thus, I will explore whether a combined legal and theoretical approach to eliminating the special treatment stigma is feasible and defensible. Specifically, I seek to provide theoretical justification for the reasonable accommodation provision under the ADA and argue that the same justification can be used to support an accommodation mandate for workers with caregiving responsibilities.


The authors explore the intrinsic trade-off in a DRAM between the power consumption (due to refresh) and the reliability. Their unique measurement platform allows tailoring to the design constraints depending on whether power consumption, performance or reliability has the highest design priority. Furthermore, the authors show how this measurement platform can be used for reverse engineering the internal structure of DRAMs and how this knowledge can be used to improve DRAM's reliability.


This article attempts a preliminary discussion of the three
clusters of Archie Mafeje's work. While Mafeje called for 'non-disciplinarity',
as against 'interdisciplinarity' or 'disciplinarity', this
article makes a case for why he should be read as a revolutionary sociologist.
In so doing, the article pieces together some of the key elements
of his oeuvre. The article consists of four main parts. The first part provides
some background and contextualises this article. The second part
deals with Mafeje's programmatic critique of the discipline of anthropology
and other social sciences. The third part discusses his work on
land and agrarian issues in sub-Saharan Africa. The last section focuses
on his work on revolutionary theory and politics, with specific reference
to his assessment of the responsibility of the African intellectual.


The best-selling author of The Big Switch returns with an explosive look at technologys effect on the mind. Is Google making us stupid? When Nicholas Carr posed that question, in a celebrated Atlantic Monthly cover story, he tapped into a well of anxiety about how the Internet is changing us. He also crystallized one of the most important debates of our time: As we enjoy the Nets bounties, are we sacrificing our ability to read and think deeply? Now, Carr expands his argument into the most compelling exploration of the Internets intellectual and cultural consequences yet published. As he describes how human thought has been shaped through the centuries by tools of the mindfrom the alphabet to maps, to the printing press, the clock, and the computerCarr interweaves a fascinating account of recent discoveries in neuroscience by such pioneers as Michael Merzenich and Eric Kandel. Our brains, the historical and scientific evidence reveals, change in response to our experiences. The technologies we use to find, store, and share information can literally reroute our neural pathways. Building on the insights of thinkers from Plato to McLuhan, Carr makes a convincing case that every information technology carries an intellectual ethica set of assumptions about the nature of knowledge and intelligence. He explains how the printed book served to focus our attention, promoting deep and creative thought. In stark contrast, the Internet encourages the rapid, distracted sampling of small bits of information from many sources. Its ethic is that of the industrialist, an ethic of speed and efficiency, of optimized production and consumptionand now the Net is remaking us in its own image. We are becoming ever more adept at scanning and skimming, but what we are losing is our capacity for concentration, contemplation, and reflection. Part intellectual history, part popular science, and part cultural criticism, The Shallows sparkles with memorable vignettesFriedrich Nietzsche wrestling with a typewriter, Sigmund Freud dissecting the brains of sea creatures, Nathaniel Hawthorne contemplating the thunderous approach of a steam locomotiveeven as it plumbs profound questions about the state of our modern psyche. This is a book that will forever alter the way we think about media and our minds.


Liferay Portal is the leading open source enterprise portal framework that uses the latest Java and Web 2.0 technologies. Web portals often function as a point of access to information on the World Wide Web. Web portals, such as Yahoo!, present information from diverse sources in a unified way. Aside from the search engine standard, web portals offer other services such as email, news, stock prices, infotainment, and various other features. Portals provide a means for enterprises to supply a consistent look and feel with access control and procedures for multiple applications that otherwise would have been separate entities altogether. So, how do developers bring existing applications, as well as integrate content management systems and search engines, into a portal? And how do developers get started with the Liferay Portal engine? In Practical Liferay: Javabased Portal Applications Development, Dr. Sarang answers these questions and more. This book is for those who want to learn how to use Liferay to develop vertical or companyspecific web portals and beyond. The book will serve as a practical guide to learning Liferay and developing realworld web portals. What youll learn Become an expert of the Liferay Portal engine. Create dynamic web portals. Use templatebased design for easy fit and form. Design and integrate discussion forums, chats, and IM. Build blogs, wikis, RSS feeds, and more. Use Liferay for developing Javabased content management software. Deploy and manage portal administration. Who is this book for? This book is for web and portal developers who use Java to build Web 2.0 portals for their company, enterprise, or even personal use. The book does not require any programming background and will be very useful for web developers in learning practical portal development.


The inhibitory effects of aqueous methanol extract of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle were determined on seedling growth of eight test plant species: alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), cress ( Lepidum sativum L.), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.), barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli L.), Italian ryegrass ( Lolium moltiflorum Lam.), jungle rice ( Echinochloa colonum (L.) P. Beauv.) and timothy ( Phleum pratense L.). The bioassay was conducted with four extract concentrations (0.01, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 g dry weight equivalent extract/mL). The extracts inhibited significantly shoot and root growth of four test plants such as cress, lettuce, rapeseed and Italian ryegrass at the concentration ? 0.03 g dry weight equivalent extract/mL. The inhibitions of shoots and roots increased with increasing extract concentrations. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition of all test plants ranged 0.007-0.090 g dry weight equivalent extract/mL. Roots of all test plants were more sensitive to the extract than their shoots. Lettuce was most sensitive, follows by cress and timothy. The results suggest that C. nardus may have allelopathic compounds and may be a candidate for isolation and identification of allelopathic compounds to develop an alternative weed management option.


Hardness is among the most important attributes of an object that humans learn about through touch. However, approaches for robots to estimate hardness are limited, due to the lack of information provided by current tactile sensors. In this work, we address these limitations by introducing a novel method for hardness estimation, based on the GelSight tactile sensor, and the method does not require accurate control of contact conditions or the shape of objects. A GelSight has a soft contact interface, and provides high resolution tactile images of contact geometry, as well as contact force and slip conditions. In this paper, we try to use the sensor to measure hardness of objects with multiple shapes, under a loosely controlled contact condition. The contact is made manually or by a robot hand, while the force and trajectory are unknown and uneven. We analyze the data using a deep constitutional (and recurrent) neural network. Experiments show that the neural net model can estimate the hardness of objects with different shapes and hardness ranging from 8 to 87 in Shore 00 scale.


This thesis applies the process and knowledge of digital signal processing and image processing to diagnose diabetic retinopathy from images of retina. The Pre-Processing stage equalizes the uneven illumination associated with fundus images and also removes noise present in the image. Segmentation stage clusters the image into two distinct classes while the Disease Classifier stage was used to distinguish between candidate lesions and other information. Method of diagnosis of red spots, bleeding and detection of vein-artery crossover points were also developed in this work using the colour information, shape, size, object length to breadth ration as contained in the digital fundus image in the detection of this disease. In addition to diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), two graphical user interfaces (GUI's) were also developed during this work, this first is for collection of lesion data information and was used by the ophthalmologist in marking images for database while the second GUI is for automatic diagnosing and displaying the diagnosis result in a more friendly user interface and is as shown in chapter three of this report. The algorithm was tested with a separate set of 25 fundus images. From this, the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) was determined for red spot disease and bleeding, while cross over points were only detected leaving further classification as part of future work needed to complete this global project. Sensitivity (classify abnormal fundus images as abnormal) and specificity (classify normal fundus image as normal) was calculated for the algorithm is given as 98% and 61%.


Abstract This paper develops three major themes. First, the atmosphere of gloom around the multilateral trading system due to dim prospects of a successful conclusion of the Doha Round notwithstanding, global trade regime remains open and the institution in charge of it, the World Trade Organization, is in sound health. If anything, the Doha Round has been a victim of its own success: considerable de facto liberalization in agriculture has been achieved since the launch of the round. Second, to secure the future of the multilateral trading system, it is nevertheless crucial that the Doha Round is brought to a conclusion even if in a highly diluted form. The damage to the system from an outright failure will be very substantial. Finally, closing the Doha Round will require the United States leading the negotiations. Suggestions that as the largest merchandise exporter, China should now take the lead are frivolous.


The study presents the Children's Daily Activities-Parental Beliefs (CDA-PB) scale, a newly developed instrument providing parental assessment of the developmental significance of family-based, preschool children's daily activities. These activities are considered as primary contexts for understanding children's learning and development and parental beliefs are critical for both the organization of such activities as well as parents' participation in them. Study informants were 383 mothers of preschool children attending daycare centres and kindergartens in the greater Athens area in Greece. Mothers completed a self-report questionnaire which included the CDA-PB and two other scales targeting at the report of the frequency of daily activities' occurrence and mothers' participation in them. Following a series of principal component analysis with varimax rotation the final form of the CDA-PB scale consisted of 30 items loaded on five components representing the perceived significance for certain types of activities, namely: "Household and self-care activities", "Recurrent outings", "Pre-academic activities", "Play activities", and "Home entertainment activities". In addition, inter-correlations were revealed with the other two scales. Overall, the results are compatible with empirical evidence from different cultural settings and provide initial support for the use of this scale. Limitations of the present study and future research priorities are also addressed.


Guidelines Tips for Writing Abstracts What is an Abstract? An abstract is a short statement about your research or project designed to give the reader a complete, yet concise, understanding of your paper's research and findings. It gives a thorough overview of your paper or project. What is the Purpose of an Abstract? A well-prepared abstract allows a reader to quickly and accurately identify the basic content of your research or project. Readers should be able to read your abstract to see if the related research is of interest to them. What Should be in an Abstract? A model abstract should contain the following elements: a statement of the purpose of your study the research methods/methodology used to arrive at your results and/or conclusions the results observed 1 the conclusions drawn from your study and their significance How to Structure an Abstract The abstract should be no more than 250 words. 1. PURPOSE: Explain the purpose of your study/paper. Ideally in 1-3 sentences, state the primary objectives and scope of the study or the reasons why the document was written. Also state the rationale for your research. Why did you do the research? Is the topic you are researching an ignored or newly discovered one? Why is it significant? Here you should include your hypothesis if appropriate. 2. METHODS: In terms of methodology (research methods), clearly state the techniques or approaches used in your study. For papers concerned with non-experimental work (such as those in the humanities, some social sciences, and the fine arts) describe your sources and your use/interpretation of the sources. 3. RESULTS: Describe your results (the findings of your experimentation), the data collected, and effects observed as informatively and concisely as possible. These results may be experimental or theoretical, just remember to make note of that in your abstract. Give special priority in your abstract to new and verified findings that contradict previous theories. Mention any limits to the accuracy or reliability of your findings if appropriate. 4. CONCLUSION: Your conclusions should in essence describe the implications of the results: Why are the results of your study important to your field and how do they relate to the purpose of your investigation? Two Examples of a Well-Structured Abstract Dryland Grain Sorghum Water Use, Light Interception, and Growth Responses to Planting Geometry J. L. Steiner ABSTRACT Crop yields are primarily water-limited under dryland production systems in semiarid regions. This study was conducted to determine whether the growing season water balance could be manipulated through planting geometry. The effects of row spacing, row direction, and plant population on the water use, light interception, and growth or grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moenchl were investigated at Bushiand, TX, on a Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll)]. In 1983, which had a dry growing season, narrow-row spacing and higher population increased seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) by 7 and 9cvo, respectively, and shifted the partitioning of ET to the vegetative period. Mediurti population crops yielded 6.2 and 2.3 Mg/ha of dry matter and grain, respectively. High population resulted in high dry matter (6.1 Mg/ha) and low grain yield (1.6 Mg/ha), whereas low population resulted in low dry matter (5.4 Mg/ha) and high grain yield (2.3 Mg/ha). Row direction did not affect water use or yield.


Abstract An access to adequate and safe blood transfusion services is an essential measure of basic healthcare systems. The main purpose of hemovigilance is to enhance the quality and safety of the blood transfusion chains, which are implemented for improving the quality of the blood transfusion chain processes, especially focusing on blood safety. Globally, the framework of hemovigilance is extending as one of the key escalations to the group of the human services administrations, recognizing restructured blood transfusions administrations. The core objective of this review article is to highlight the objectives of the hemovigilance framework, historical aspects of the hemovigilance framework around the world and the scenario of Nepal. Furthermore, it likewise features the scopes and strategies for implementation of hemovigilance at a hospital. An acceptance and incorporation of the hemovigilance system in an oncology hospital or in any tertiary care hospitals in Nepal can avert the incidence or reappearance of adverse events due to the transfusion identified with the whole transfusion chain process. Globally, including the least developed country like Nepal, the hemovigilance framework must be incorporated and systematized for upgrading transfusion and general society certainty additionally regarding blood and its products. Different strategies must be made for the successful implementation and strengthening the hemovigilance system. In conclusion, there is an interminable and endless necessity for the effort on hemovigilance; although the rules, regulations, and tools are in place. With the end goal to have a productive hemovigilance framework in the least developed countries like Nepal, an extensive methodology and enormous ideas are required.


The clashes between President Abraham Lincoln and Chief Justice Roger B. Taney over slavery, secession, and the president's constitutional war powers went to the heart of Lincoln's presidency. James F. Simon, author of the acclaimed "What Kind of Nation" - an account of the battle between President Thomas Jefferson and Chief Justice John Marshall to define the new nation - brings to vivid life the passionate struggle during the worst crisis in the nation's history, the Civil War. The issues that underlaid that crisis - race, states' rights, and the president's wartime authority - resonate today in the nation's political debate. Lincoln and Taney's bitter disagreements began with Taney's Dred Scott opinion in 1857, when the chief justice declared that the Constitution did not grant the black man any rights that the white man was bound to honor. In the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates, Lincoln attacked the opinion as a warped judicial interpretation of the Framers' intent and accused Taney of being a member of a pro-slavery national conspiracy. In his first inaugural address, President Lincoln insisted that the South had no legal right to secede. Taney, who administered the oath of office to Lincoln, believed that the South's secession was legal and in the best interests of both sections of the country. Once the Civil War began, Lincoln broadly interpreted his constitutional powers as commander in chief to prosecute the war, suspending the writ of habeas corpus, censoring the mails, and authorizing military courts to try civilians for treason. Taney opposed every presidential wartime intiative and openly challenged Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. He accused the president of assuming dictatorial powers in violation of the Constitution. Lincoln ignored Taney's protest, convinced that his actions were both constitutional and necessary to preserve the union. Almost 150 years after Lincoln's and Taney's deaths, their words and actions reverberate in constitutional debate and political battle. Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney tells their dramatic story in fascinating detail.


This paper studies constrained portfolio problems that may involve constraints on the probability or the expected size of a shortfall of wealth or consumption. Our first contribution is that we solve the problems by dynamic programming, which is in contrast to the existing literature that applies the martingale method. More precisely, we construct the non-separable value function by formalizing the optimal constrained terminal wealth to be a (conjectured) contingent claim on the optimal non-constrained terminal wealth. This is relevant by itself, but also opens up the opportunity to derive new solutions to constrained problems. As a second contribution, we thus derive new results for non-strict constraints on the shortfall of intermediate wealth and/or consumption. JEL Classifications: G11


This study was undertaken to investigate the clinical effects of ketamine, diazepam and a ketamine and diazepam combination in the general anaesthesia of pigeons. Thirty-two pigeons of both sexes with body weights ranging from 280 g to 300 g were allocated randomly to four groups comprising eight birds each. Group D received a 0.5 mL mixture of diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) and normal saline, group K a 0.5 mL mixture of ketamine 5% (30 mg/kg) and normal saline, group D, group KD a 0.5 mL mixture of ketamine 5% (10 mg/kg), diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) and normal saline, whilst group C (control) received 0.5 mL of normal saline only. Each mixture was administered intramuscularly.Under standard operating room conditions, general anaesthesia was not observed in group C (normal saline alone). In group D, sedation and muscle relaxation without complete loss of consciousness was observed. Induction time of anaesthesia in group KD was significantly quicker than group K (p < 0.05). Duration of anaesthesia in group KD was significantly longer than group K (p < 0.05). Recovery took longer in group KD in comparison with group K, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The birds in group KD were calm and sedated, with good muscle relaxation, whilst in group K the birds were excited and showed a drop in body temperature.According to the results of this study, the combination of low dose ketamine hydrochloride (HCL) and diazepam overcame the adverse effects of ketamine alone. This combination produced a more rapid induction of anaesthesia, as well as an increase in anaesthesia duration, with good muscle relaxation and a smooth and slow recovery. Use of a combination of ketamine HCL given at 10 mg/kg and diazepam given at 0.2 mg/kg for anaesthesia in pigeons is therefore recommended.


Rivard, Emilie and Anne-Claire Delisle. Really and Truly . Toronto: Owlkids Books, 2011. Print. Really and Truly is a book that really and truly needed to be written. It is about a boy named Charlie, whose grandfather used to entertain him with wild stories. Now an "awful disease has eaten up his [grandfather's] memory and his words.  It has even swallowed up his smile". The book is about Charlie's antics as he tries to connect with the small parts that are left of his grandfather's memory to get him to eat or laugh or even just smile. Anyone who has cared for a loved one who has suffered a memory loss disorder such as Alzheimer's will identify with this book.  The most valuable thing about this book is the fact that it is accepting of the disease. Charlie's grandfather just is the way he is. Charlie is upbeat and positive about coping with his grandfather's memory loss. He is determined to connect with his grandfather, so for each visit he thinks up wild stories like his grandfather used to tell him. Sometimes he's a ninja, a great African hunter or a magician – whatever it takes to get a reaction. Charlie knows that his grandfather probably won't know who he is the next time he sees him, but he knows that he can make him smile. It is painful to watch a loved one suffer progressive memory loss, and exhausting to try to provide care for them. Really and Truly affirms the value of working at communicating with elderly people who have lost their memories, even to the point where a smile is a victory and a reply is cause for celebration. It is about focusing not on what is lost, but on what remains. This is primarily a picture book, with small amounts of text appropriate for the age 4 and older target audience. The colour drawings usually take up the whole page with text printed on the facing page or overlaying background images. On almost every page, there are also small line drawings that represent the stories that Charlie tells. The drawings are of gazelles that leap across the pages, pirates that steal cookies and little bugs in top hats that sit on Charlie's head or insert themselves into pictures. Children will enjoy looking for where they appear next. While this is designed as a children's book, adult readers will also be uplifted by it. Really and Truly should be included in public and school libraries and should be read by anyone who has a family member who is suffering memory loss. Recommendation:  4 stars out of 4 Reviewer:  Sandy Campbell Sandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines.  Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.


Many people present with medically unexplained symptoms. For example, more than a quarter of primary care patients in England have unexplained chronic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, or chronic fatigue,1 and in secondary and tertiary care, around a third of new neurological outpatients have symptoms thought by neurologists to be "not at all" or only "somewhat" explained by disease.2 This is not a problem just in developed countries—in Bangladesh, only a third of women with abnormal vaginal discharge had evidence of infection.3 These disorders are important because they are common and they cause similar levels of disability as symptoms caused by disease.4 If not treated properly they can result in large amounts of resources being wasted5 and iatrogenic harm.

#### Sources and selection criteria

We did a Medline search over the past 10 years using the keywords "somatoform disorders", "medically unexplained symptoms", and "randomised controlled trials". We consulted Clinical Evidence and the Cochrane Collaboration for relevant articles. Most of the content of this article is based on the findings of systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials. Drawing conclusions is difficult because of the various definitions of the disorders used by different authors and the wide variety of symptom severity experienced by people with the same disorder.

This is a clinically, conceptually, and emotionally difficult area. Clinical presentations vary greatly—from people who frequently attend the general practitioner with minor symptoms to people with chronic fatigue who are bed bound. What unites them, however, is the difficulty in explaining the presenting symptoms on the basis of any known pathology. Strong feelings are common, with patients often referred to in pejorative terms as "frequent fliers," "heart sink patients," "thick folder patients," or "somatisers." Doctors may feel that their competence is challenged by their inability to explain the symptoms, and patients may feel that they …


This manuscript raises two questions that have been surprisingly missing from the voluminous law review literature on expert evidence since the landmark Daubert decision. First, what is the underlying rationale for the replacement of the old qualifications-only, let-it-all standard for expert testimony with Daubert/Federal Rule of Evidence 702's requirement that all expert testimony be subject to a stringent reliability test? Second, once we have identified this rationale, has the Daubert revolution succeeded on its own terms? I conclude that the implicit rationale for the reliability test is to preserve the perceived advantages of the adversarial system, while mitigating the harms to the courts' truth-seeking function by the inevitable strong biases that accompany adversarial expert testimony. These biases include the conscious biases of hired guns, the unconscious biases of other paid experts, and the selection biases that result from the fact that attorneys shop for their experts from a large pool of qualified individuals. Rule 702 thus attempts to serve a worthy goal, but it far from fully succeeds in efficiently achieving this goal. First, in the context of forensic expertise in criminal cases, Rule 702 does nothing to address the huge gaps in resources between the prosecution and most defendants that severely inhibit defendants' ability to challenge unreliable prosecution expert testimony. Second, Rule 702, applied correctly, does succeed in barring junk science causation evidence in toxic torts cases. However, it does so at the expense of excluding speculative evidence supporting causation, even when most experts in the field would conclude that the relevant evidence is a sufficient basis from which to find causation by a preponderance of the evidence. While Rule 702 is easily preferable to the prior overly permissive regime, it likely goes too far in insisting on a reliability test that makes the courtroom stricter about causation evidence than is the scientific community itself. The way around this problem is to amend Rule 702 to allow courts to admit educated guesses about causation, but only when nonpartisan experts, not subject to adversarial bias, are willing to make such guesses. Finally, Rule 702 puts severe restrictions on the testimony of experience-based testimony by connoisseurs. Such experts may only testify if their field of expertise is a legitimate one, and they have proven to the court that they truly have the expertise they claim. Rule 702 also properly prevents attorneys from shopping for outlier and hired gun connoisseurs, given that there is no objective way for a jury to determine whether an experience-based expert's views are correct or representative of other experts in the field. Therefore, in the context of connoisseur testimony, courts should either replace adversarial experts with a panel of nonpartisan experts, or only allow an adversarial expert to testify if his conclusions are consistent with those of a nonpartisan advisory panel.


Starting in mid-2007, the global financial crisis quickly metamorphosed from the bursting of the housing bubble in the US to the worst recession the world has witnessed for over six decades. Through an in-depth review of the crisis in terms of the causes, consequences and policy responses, this paper identifies four key messages. Firstly, contrary to widely-held perceptions during the boom years before the crisis, the paper underscores that the global economy was by no means as stable as suggested, while at the same time the majority of the world's poor had benefited insufficiently from stronger economic growth. Secondly, there were complex and interlinked factors behind the emergence of the crisis in 2007, namely loose monetary policy, global imbalances, misperception of risk and lax financial regulation. Thirdly, beyond the aggregate picture of economic collapse and rising unemployment, this paper stresses that the impact of the crisis is rather diverse, reflecting differences in initial conditions, transmission channels and vulnerabilities of economies, along with the role of government policy in mitigating the downturn. Fourthly, while the recovery phase has commenced, a number of risks remain that could derail improvements in economies and hinder efforts to ensure that the recovery is accompanied by job creation. These risks pertain in particular to the challenges of dealing with public debt and continuing global imbalances.


In the paper presented, reinforced concrete shells of revolution are analyzed in both meridional and circumferential directions. Taking into account the physical non-linearity of the material, the internal forces and the deflections of the shell as well as the strain distribution at the cross-sections are calculated. The behavior of concrete under compression is described by linear and non-linear stress-strain relations. The description of the behavior of concrete under tension must account for tension stiffening effects. A tri-linear function is used to formulate the material law of reinforcement. The problem cannot be solved analytically due to the physical non-linearity. Thus a numerical solution is formulated by means of the LAGRANGE Principle of the minimum of the total potential energy. The kinematically admissible field of deformation is defined by the displacements u in the meridional and w in the radial direction. These displacements must satisfy the equations of compatibility and the kinematical boundary conditions of the shell. The strains are linearly distributed across the wall thickness. The strain energy depends on the specific of the material behavior. Using integral formulations of the material law [1], the strain energy of each part of the cross-section is defined as a function of the strains at the boundaries of the cross-sections. The shell is discretised in the meridional direction. Various methods of numerical differentiation and numerical integration are applied in order to determine the deformations and the strain energy. The unknown displacements u and w are calculated by a non-restricted extremum problem based on the minimum of the total potential energy. From mathematical point of view, the objective function is a convex function, thus the minimum can be determined without difficulty. The advantage of this formulation is that unlike non-linear methods with path-following algorithms the calculation does not have to account for changing stiffness and load increments. All iterations necessary to find the solution are integrated into the "Solver". The model presented provides many ways of investigating the influence of various material parameters on the stresses and deformations of the entire shell structure.


Heterogeneity has to be taken into account when integrating a set of existing information sources into a distributed information system that are nowadays often based on Service- Oriented Architectures (SOA). This is also particularly applicable to distributed services such as event monitoring, which are useful in the context of Event Driven Architectures (EDA) and Complex Event Processing (CEP). Web services deal with this heterogeneity at a technical level, also providing little support for event processing. Our central thesis is that such a fully generic solution cannot provide complete support for event monitoring; instead, source specific semantics such as certain event types or support for certain event monitoring techniques have to be taken into account. Our core result is the design of a configurable event monitoring (Web) service that allows us to trade genericity for the exploitation of source specific characteristics. It thus delivers results for the areas of SOA, Web services, CEP and EDA.


We study the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation with external noise and compare our numerical simulations to known theoretical results. By using a modification of the Zabusky-Kruskal
finite difference scheme, we are able to generate numerical solutions to the stochastic KdV.
We look at the large time behavior of the stochastic KdV and verify the diffusion of solitons. We find that the predicted large time behavior of the perturbed solution is not easily
confirmed in the simulations as the initial soliton diffuses and is lost amidst the background
noise long before the asymptotic limit is reached.


Soil degradation can be described as a process by which one or more of the potential ecological functions of the soil are harmed and also like a process that lowers the current and/or future capacity of the soil to produce goods and services. The arenosols from Dăbuleni Plain, located in the SW of the Romanian Plain, have a large extension due the aeolian sand deposits which covers the Danubian loess terraces. The main degradation processes affecting the arenosols are the removing and deposition of soil material by wind forces. This type of degradation causes loss of topsoil and severe sand accumulation, which reflects in terrain deformation. The loss of topsoil induces a decrease in depth of the A horizon due to the removal of soil material by the wind because of their sandy texture and insufficient protection offered by vegetation. We should also mention that the forest shelter belts are being destroyed. An irregular removal and depositions of soil material by wind action causes deflation hollows, hummocks and dunes which lead to "terrain deformation" with severe consequences concerning land quality.


Access to medicines is a major challenge for people in developing countries. With the right medicines, diseases such as HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and malaria are treatable. Yet for millions of poor people, affordable medicines remain out of reach. UNITAID was established in 2006 as a new public health financing mechanism and a South-North collaboration. It is partially funded through an innovative airline tax that ensures stable long-term financing. UNITAID uses this unique feature to intervene in the market to make medicines for HIV, TB, and malaria affordable and available to people in low- and middle-income countries. Civil society (NGOs and communities affected by the diseases) plays an important role in influencing UNITAID policies and strategies. This document has been produced for the Civil Society Delegations to the UNITAID Board, and aims to encourage more civil society organisations to engage, so that UNITAID benefits from our collective inputs.


This research was conducted to examine field dependence/independence cognitive style differences exhibited by young children. In analytically-oriented movement education curricula. It was hypothesized that an analytical focus demands mental energy, memory storage/retrieval capacity, and cognitive flexibility that are especially challenging for field-dependent children. The behaviors of field-dependent (FD) and field independent (FI) children were videotaped within the natural school context. Examples of success and nonsuccess were examined using the critical incident technique to compare the teacher's directions and comments with FD or FI students' performances. Results suggested that FI children experienced success 76.6% of the time, while FD children were successful 46.6%. Teachers permitted FI children to respond to questions and take part in demonstrations more frequently that FD children. FD children's behavioral responses to complex problem solving situations are discussed.


.................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .................................... ......................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................. ................................................................ ix Chapter


In response to the proposed introduction of the potential bio-diesel species Jatropha curcas (Linnaeus) to South Africa, field experiments were conducted to investigate its likely water-use impacts relative to other forms of vegetative land use. As no existing water-use data could be found for this species worldwide, sap flow in Jatropha curcas trees was measured continuously for a 17-month period at two sites in eastern South Africa. These consisted of young (4-year-old) trees at a relatively wet site and mature (12-year-old) trees at a dry site. The heat-ratio method of the heat-pulse technique was utilised, together with measurements of meteorological variables and soil water. Sap- flow rates varied according to tree age, season, prevailing meteorological conditions, and soil moisture levels. Peak sap-flow rates occurred during the warm wet summer months, but due to the deciduous nature of the species, water use was negligible during winter. Scaled-up sap-flow measurements resulted in estimates of total annual transpiration of 1 983 l (147 mm) for a 4-year-old J. curcas tree, and 4 884 l (362 mm) for a 12-year-old J. curcas tree. The study concluded that the J. curcas trees studied were conservative in their water use, and were unlikely to transpire more water than indigenous vegetation types of the area.


While innovative ideas and creative works increasingly drive economic success, the historic approach to encouraging innovation and creativity by granting property rights has come under attack by a growing number of legal theorists and technologists. In Laws of Creation, Ronald Cass and Keith Hylton take on these critics with a vigorous defense of intellectual property law. The authors look closely at the IP doctrines that have been developed over many years in patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret law. In each area, legislatures and courts have weighed the benefits that come from preserving incentives to innovate against the costs of granting innovators a degree of control over specific markets. Over time, the authors show, a set of rules has emerged that supports wealth-creating innovation while generally avoiding overly expansive, growth-retarding licensing regimes. These rules are now under pressure from detractors who claim that changing technology undermines the case for intellectual property rights. But Cass and Hylton explain how technological advances only strengthen that case. In their view, the easier it becomes to copy innovations, the harder to detect copies and to stop copying, the greater the disincentive to invest time and money in inventions and creative works. The authors argue convincingly that intellectual property laws help create a society that is wealthier and inspires more innovation than those of alternative legal systems. Ignoring the social value of intellectual property rights and making what others create and nurture "free" would be a costly mistake indeed.


[1] 183.31 GHz observations from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit B (AMSU-B) instruments onboard the NOAA 15, 16, and 17 satellites were used to derive a new data set of Upper Tropospheric Humidity (UTH). The data set consist of monthly median and mean data on a 1.5° latitude-longitude grid between 60°S and 60°N, and covers the time period of January 2000 to February 2007. The data from all three instruments are very consistent, with relative difference biases of less than 4% and relative difference standard deviations of 7%. Radiometric contributions by high ice clouds and by the Earth's surface affect the measurements in certain areas. The uncertainty due to clouds is estimated to be up to approximately 10%RH in areas with deep convection. The uncertainty associated with contamination from surface emission can exceed 10%RH in midlatitude winter, where the data therefore should be regarded with caution. Otherwise the surface influence appears negligible. The paper also discusses the UTH median climatology and seasonal cycle, which are found to be broadly consistent with UTH climatologies from other sensors. Finally, the paper presents an initial validation of the new data set against IR satellite data and radiosonde data. The observed biases of up to 9%RH (wet bias relative to HIRS) were found to be broadly consistent with expectations based on earlier studies. The observed standard deviations against all other data sets were below 6%RH. The UTH data are available to the scientific community on http://www.sat.ltu.se.


Rutgers University's Library for the Center for Law and Justice, in Newark, New Jersey, holds the personal docket books of Joseph P. Bradley (Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1870 to 1892), as well as a substantial portion of his law library. Part I of this article provides a physical description of the docket books, reports particular annotations of interest in them, and assesses the extent to which the information they contain is available elsewhere. Part II discusses the size and composition of Bradley's law library and describes selected works that include manuscript material. Appendices include numerical data on appeal cases.


The organizers of a music festival may use video from the Friday concert to create a DVD to sell to those who come to the Saturday concert. Attendance on Saturday is uncertain, as is the percentage of those who attend on Saturday who will buy the DVD. Is this a good project? If so, what number of DVDs should be burned early Saturday morning and offered for sale at that evening's performance? By that time, Friday attendance is known, as well as whether it rained on Friday, and there is a forecast for whether it will rain on Saturday. Historical information on these variables may help us predict Saturday attendance using multiple regression; together with the results of a marketing survey, such analysis will help us make better purchasing decisions. This case series (see also the A case, UVA-QA-0707) can be used to illuminate a multitude of concepts that are covered in basic decision-analysis courses. The series starts by examining the role of uncertainty in decision making, proceeds through the estimation of probability distributions from sample data with multiple regression, culminates in the development of a full decision model, and ends with a qualitative and quantitative analysis (with a tornado diagram) of how to add value and reduce risk. Key pitfalls for students are failing to recognize both limits on sales (supply and demand), incomplete reasoning in the determination of the attendance probability distribution, and oversimplifying the full forecast model (i.e., averaging the Saturday rain/no Saturday rain outcomes, rather than incorporating the uncertainty explicitly into the simulation).


Today's competitive health care markets demand innovation and risk taking on the part of organizations. However, increased government regulation and stiffer penalties enacted in the wake of recent high -profile corporate scandals and the resulting Sarbanes–Oxley legislation, may render boards less willing to undertake entrepreneurial ventures. This article extends the typology of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) developed by Covin and Miles (1999) by extending the CE types to address governance activities in the health care sector. Four case studies are presented that illustrate each of the typology's forms. In addition, the implications of the typology for health care executives and trustees are discussed and areas for future research are recommended.


Promotion of influenza vaccines is one of the most visible and aggressive public health policies today. Twenty years ago, in 1990, 32 million doses of influenza vaccine were available in the United States. Today around 135 million doses of influenza vaccine annually enter the US market, with vaccinations administered in drug stores, supermarkets—even some drive-throughs. This enormous growth has not been fueled by popular demand but instead by a public health campaign that delivers a straightforward, who-in-their-right-mind-could-possibly-disagree message: influenza is a serious disease, we are all at risk of complications from influenza, the flu shot is virtually risk free, and vaccination saves lives. Through this lens, the lack of influenza vaccine availability for all 315 million US citizens seems to border on the unethical. Yet across the country, mandatory influenza vaccination policies have cropped up, particularly in healthcare facilities, precisely because not everyone wants the vaccination, and compulsion appears the only way to achieve high vaccination rates. Closer examination of influenza vaccine policies shows that although proponents employ the rhetoric of science, the studies underlying the policy are often of low quality, and do not substantiate officials' claims. The vaccine might be less beneficial and less safe than has been claimed, and the threat of influenza appears overstated.


The man whom Indian nationalists perceived as the "George Washington of India" and who was President of the Indian National Congress in 1938--1939 is a legendary figure. Called Netaji ("leader") by his countrymen, Subhas Chandra Bose struggled all his life to liberate his people from British rule and, in pursuit of that goal, raised and led the Indian National Army against Allied Forces during World War II. His patriotism, as Gandhi asserted, was second to none, but his actions aroused controversy in India and condemnation in the West. Now, in a definitive biography of the revered Indian nationalist, Sugata Bose deftly explores a charismatic personality whose public and private life encapsulated the contradictions of world history in the first half of the twentieth century. He brilliantly evokes Netaji's formation in the intellectual milieu of Calcutta and Cambridge, probes his thoughts and relations during years of exile, and analyzes his ascent to the peak of nationalist politics. Amidst riveting accounts of imprisonment and travels, we glimpse the profundity of his struggle: to unite Hindu and Muslim, men and women, and diverse linguistic groups within a single independent Indian nation. Finally, an authoritative account of his untimely death in a plane crash will put to rest rumors about the fate of this "deathless hero." This epic of a life larger than its legend is both intimate, based on family archives, and global in significance. His Majesty's Opponent establishes Bose among the giants of Indian and world history.


Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup ® , is the most popular herbicide used worldwide. The industry asserts it is minimally toxic to humans, but here we argue otherwise. Residues are found in the main foods of the Western diet, comprised primarily of sugar, corn, soy and wheat. Glyphosate's inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes is an overlooked component of its toxicity to mammals. CYP enzymes play crucial roles in biology, one of which is to detoxify xenobiotics. Thus, glyphosate enhances the damaging effects of other food borne chemical residues and environmental toxins. Negative impact on the body is insidious and manifests slowly over time as inflammation damages cellular systems throughout the body. Here, we show how interference with CYP enzymes acts synergistically with disruption of the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids by gut bacteria, as well as impairment in serum sulfate transport. Consequences are most of the diseases and conditions associated with a Western diet, which include gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, depression, autism, infertility, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. We explain the documented effects of glyphosate and its ability to induce disease, and we show that glyphosate is the "textbook example" of exogenous semiotic entropy: the disruption of homeostasis by environmental toxins.


Psalms 91 91 He who dwells in the secret place of the Most High Shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty. 2 I will say of the LORD, "He is my refuge and my fortress; My God, in Him I will trust." 3 Surely He shall deliver you from the snare of the fowler And from the perilous pestilence. 4 He shall cover you with His feathers, And under His wings you shall take refuge; His truth shall be your shield and buckler. 5 You shall not be afraid of the terror by night, Nor of the arrow that flies by day, 6 Nor of the pestilence that walks in darkness, Nor of the destruction that lays waste at noonday. 7 A thousand may fall at your side, And ten thousand at your right hand; But it shall not come near you. 8 Only with your eyes shall you look, And see the reward of the wicked. 9 Because you have made the LORD, who is my refuge, Even the Most High, your dwelling place, 10 No evil shall befall you, Nor shall any plague come near your dwelling; 11 For He shall give His angels charge over you, To keep you in all your ways. 12 In their hands they shall bear you up, Lest you dash your foot against a stone. 13 You shall tread upon the lion and the cobra, The young lion and the serpent you shall trample underfoot. 14 "Because he has set his love upon Me, therefore I will deliver him; I will set him on high, because he has known My name. 15 He shall call upon Me, and I will answer him; I will be with him in trouble; I will deliver him and honor him. 16 With long life I will satisfy him, And show him My salvation."


Abstract. The supply of bioavailable iron to the high-nitrate low-chlorophyll (HNLC) waters of the Southern Ocean through atmospheric pathways could stimulate phytoplankton blooms and have major implications for the global carbon cycle. In this study, model results and remotely-sensed data are analyzed to examine the horizontal and vertical transport pathways of Patagonian dust and quantify the effect of iron-laden mineral dust deposition on marine biological productivity in the surface waters of the South Atlantic Ocean (SAO). Model simulations for the atmospheric transport and deposition of mineral dust and bioavailable iron are carried out for two large dust outbreaks originated at the source regions of northern Patagonia during the austral summer of 2009. Model-simulated horizontal and vertical transport pathways of Patagonian dust plumes are in reasonable agreement with remotely-sensed data. Simulations indicate that the synoptic meteorological patterns of high and low pressure systems are largely accountable for dust transport trajectories over the SAO. According to model results and retrievals from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), synoptic flows caused by opposing pressure systems (a high pressure system located to the east or north-east of a low pressure system) elevate the South American dust plumes well above the marine boundary layer. Under such conditions, the bulk concentration of mineral dust can quickly be transported around the low pressure system in a clockwise manner, follow the southeasterly advection pathway, and reach the HNLC waters of the SAO and Antarctica in ~3–4 days after emission from the source regions of northern Patagonia. Two different mechanisms for dust-iron mobilization into a bioavailable form are considered in this study. A global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem), implemented with an iron dissolution scheme, is employed to estimate the atmospheric fluxes of soluble iron, while a dust/biota assessment tool (Boyd et al., 2010) is applied to evaluate the amount of bioavailable iron formed through the slow and sustained leaching of dust in the ocean mixed layer. The effect of iron-laden mineral dust supply on surface ocean biomass is investigated by comparing predicted surface chlorophyll- a concentration ([Chl- a ]) to remotely-sensed data. As the dust transport episodes examined here represent large summertime outflows of mineral dust from South American continental sources, this study suggests that (1) atmospheric fluxes of mineral dust from Patagonia are not likely to be the major source of bioavailable iron to ocean regions characterized by high primary productivity; (2) even if Patagonian dust plumes may not cause visible algae blooms, they could still influence background [Chl- a ] in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.


The provision of housing for the less well off has been dominated by the state for over sixty years. Despite some moves to increase choice for tenants in the 1980s, policy in the UK has been characterised by a desire to control the suppliers of housing, without ever giving tenants true autonomy or providing them with decent housing. The current government is using the language of choice whilst pursuing an agenda of increasing centralised control. In this monograph, Peter King analyses current policy and alternatives. He demonstrates that there is an overwhelming case for subsidising only the consumers of housing and for removing controls and subsidises from the providers. This would empower tenants, provide them with genuine choice and prevent housing policy from being controlled by supply-side interests. The author shows how a new system of housing benefit can be introduced to achieve the objectives of housing policy and how this approach should relate to wider reforms of the social security system. In short, argues King, the government should promote choice and thus abolish social housing.


Possession is a foundational idea in property law. Recent scholarship has suggested that respect for possession may be an innate aspect of human behavior. Jeffrey Evans Stake argued in 2004 that there is an evolutionary basis for an instinct to respect possession. More recently, Ori Friedman and Karen Neary have published the results of psychological studies suggesting that both adults and children tend to associate prior possession with ownership. These studies suggest that the respect for possession that is at the center of our property law may be consistent with – and, indeed, may have its basis in – basic human behavioral tendencies.In this Essay, I consider the relevance of this behavioral research to normative issues in property law. Along the way, I discuss the broader issue of the potential relevance of biological facts about human behavior to the law. I argue that facts about actual human behavior, like those discussed in Friedman & Neary's research, are potentially relevant to property and other legal issues. In contrast, I argue that evolutionary arguments like those made by Stake are not relevant to property or other legal issues. I criticize Stake's evolutionary argument on two levels. First, I argue Stake's evolutionary claims lack evidentiary support and fail to connect in subtle but important ways with substantive property law. Second, drawing in part on arguments recently developed by Brian Leiter and Michael Weisberg, I argue that evolutionary facts, even if scientifically well founded, have little or no relevance to normative legal issues, in property or otherwise.


Imagine that someone with all the endowments of a Milton Friedman were born in the 1960s or 1970s. Is it conceivable that such a person would develop into a Milton Friedman like we know the actual Milton Friedman to have been, including his academic eminence and his eloquent and influential advocacy of classical liberalism? If not, why not? This is a brief prologue to a symposium, co-sponsored by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, on the question: Why is there no Milton Friedman today? Links are provided to the twelve symposium contributions, written by John Blundell, David Colander, Tyler Cowen, Richard Epstein, James K. Galbraith, J. Daniel Hammond, David R. Henderson, Daniel Houser, Steven Medema, Sam Peltzman, Richard Posner, and Robert Solow.


Porting Linux to run on the Pico E12 and beyond. In software development, possibly the most mystical and prestigious effort is taking dead hardware and breathing life into it -porting an operating system to a new platform -the mythical land of wizards and gurus, the software side of The Soul of a New Machine. I had performed almost every other software development task, and I wanted a chance to conquer this one. I had been working with Linux and open-source software for many years. I am a fairly competent software developer (with hardware experience), but prior to starting the E12 port, I had done little more than tweak a Linux driver and build custom configured kernels. I was fortunate to have a friend building a new company that was developing one of the smallest embedded systems available, the Pico E12. I practically begged for the opportunity to put Linux on the E12. "A man's reach should exceed his grasp, or what's a heaven for?" The E12 used a Xilinx Virtex 4 FX20 FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) that included a 300MHz PowerPC 405 processor, 128MB of memory and 64MB of Flash ROM. I bought a Macintosh Lombard PowerBook Laptop on eBay, as a sort of simulator for the E12. It also provided a way to write for the E12 without a cross compiler. While waiting for the E12 to progress far enough to start working with it, I scoured the Web for information about Linux porting and developed competence in PowerPC assembly language. Linux kernel programming is primarily in C, but small parts of the Linux kernel -parts critical to putting Linux on a new system are in assembler. I have programmed in many assemblers -once writing the standard C library in x86 assembler, but PPC assembler was new and took a day or two to learn. Linux had been ported to PowerPCs, even a different Xilinx FPGA, long ago. How to Port Linux When the Hardware Turns Soft http://0-delivery.acm.org.innopac.lib.ryerson.ca/10.1145/1200000/11... 2 of 8 8/27/2007 7:28 PM Figure 1. Pico E12 I have a reference library of software books that fills a three-car garage. With few exceptions, they gather dust. My primary research tool today is a broadband Internet connection and a search engine. There are vast resources available on the Web for Linux developers. The Linux Device Driver guide -the Linux bible for device drivers -and numerous mailing lists target all aspects of Linux systems development. Kernel-Newbies is a great place to start (see the on-line Resources). There are mailing lists for every Linux subsystem. And, there are several Linux PowerPC mailing lists -one specific to embedded PowerPC Linux. At the root of this tree is LKML, the Linux Kernel Mailing List. LKML is Mount Olympus -the home of Linus, and the other Linux gods and titans. There are Web pages documenting the experience of others porting Linux to specific boards. Finally, the ultimate reference -the Linux kernel source -is available on kernel.org. Finally, the E12 was far enough along to start work, and I received one via FedEx. I had documents and specifications, but actually holding one made it real and answered questions that could not be read from the specifications. The E12 The E12 is a Compact Flash card -exactly like those in many digital cameras. It has only two connectors: a CF bus connection on one end and a 15-pin miniature connector on the other. There are no other external connections. The E12 is based on an FPGA. There are a few additional components, and a few fixed elements, such as the PPC405 How to Port Linux When the Hardware Turns Soft http://0-delivery.acm.org.innopac.lib.ryerson.ca/10.1145/1200000/11... 3 of 8 8/27/2007 7:28 PM CPU on the FPGA. A large part of the hardware is programmable. Most external connections are through the FPGA. Almost none of the "hardware" has form or meaning until the FPGA is loaded. Changing the bit file on the fly drops in a completely new hardware design. Welcome to a new era -even the hardware is software. The BIT image -in essence the program for the FPGA -is created by an FPGA developer, programmed into the Flash ROM and automagically loaded into the FPGA on power-up. Once this BIT image "boots", hardware is created in the FPGA. Now, the pins on the connectors have meaning. The 15-pin connector provides three external connections for internal devices. It supports Ethernet, serial and JTAG connections through custom cables. The CF connector provides a bidirectional interface to a host -in most instances using a CardBus or PCMCIA adapter. Most of the pins on either connector can be whatever the FPGA programmer chooses to make them. Fielded systems may be plugged in to a CF connector solely to get power. E12's are used in daughter cards in typical embedded applications, on bus boards in high-performance computers in clusters and for applications, such as image processing or code cracking. They also are being used in applications with no operating system or extremely minimal operating systems. Figure 2. E12 in PCMCIA Adapter Pico provided tools for hosted development. The standard E12 BIT file provided a CF interface with a simulated LPT3/JTAG port, a 512-word bidirectional communications FIFO called the keyhole, and host access to the Flash ROM. Pico also provided host-side Windows and Linux drivers that allowed reading and writing the Flash ROM. The normal FPGA BIT image contains a very small PPC monitor program that can perform a small number of tasks -most of which rely heavily on support from the host. One of those functions is the ability to load two types of files into the E12. It can load a new BIT image or load and execute binary ELF files -a simple bootloader. This saved me the difficulty of porting a bootloader, such as U-Boot. The Linux kernel was the most complex ELF file that the E12 monitor program had loaded to this point, and a few tweaks were needed to the loader.


The Supreme Court has now agreed to review the Eleventh Circuit's decision in Phoebe-Putney, which held that a state statute permitting a hospital authority to acquire hospitals implicitly authorized such acquisitions when they were anticompetitive – in this particular case very likely facilitating a merger to monopoly. Under antitrust law's "state action" doctrine a state may in fact authorize such an acquisition, provided that it "clearly articulates" its desire to approve an action that would otherwise constitute an antitrust violation and also "actively supervises" any private conduct that might fall under the state's regulatory scheme. "Authorization" in the context of state action doctrine has two meanings. The first is state authority to do the act; the second is state intent to permit the relevant actor to act anticompetitively, and thus to displace the antitrust laws. A statute giving a quasi-governmental or state chartered entity the power to "execute contracts" covers only the first category. Surely no state court would conclude that a simple authorization to a corporation to enter into contracts justified contracting that involved unlawful race discrimination, fraud, or embezzlement, or even state law antitrust violations. Indeed, for more than a century the Supreme Court has held that the fact that an acquisition was lawful under state corporate law did not immunize the transaction from federal antitrust scrutiny. The Eleventh Circuit's decision blurs these two meanings of "authorization." In fact, virtually every state chartered business corporation in the United States has both the power to make contracts and the power to acquire the assets or share capital of other firms. But these simple grants of what have come to be ordinary corporate powers cannot form the basis of a state action immunity. To find authorization that broadly would virtually immunize business corporations from the great majority of antitrust claims. While the court claimed to find authorization in state approval twenty years earlier of what it described as a merger to monopoly, that case actually did not involve a merger to monopoly at all, but rather the transfer of a monopoly hospital from one owner to another. The transfer had no impact whatsoever on competition. Federal antitrust policy's commitment to federalism is strong – so strong, in fact, that it permits states to immunize almost any kind of intrastate conduct as long as they state their wishes clearly and do not permit private actors to hijack the process. At the same time, however, the inference is strong that the states have a commitment to the maintenance of competition – attested by the fact that nearly every state has an antitrust law of its own, most of them modeled on the Sherman Act. For that reason the presumption must be strong that before state action immunity will be granted the state must assert with clarity that this was the policy it intended.


The influence of a commercial humic acid (Aldrich; AHA) on the development of anthracene photoinduced toxicity to the duckweed Lemna gibba was examined using both room‐ and low‐temperature (77°K) chlorophyll fluorescence assays. Plants were exposed to 2 mg liter‐1 anthracene both with and without 6.2 mg liter‐1 of AHA and grown under either visible light or simulated solar radiation that mimics the natural abundance of UV radiation. Exposure periods ranged from 1 to 48 h to examine temporal changes in chlorophyll degradation and chlorophyll a fluorescence induction in response to these light and HA treatments. The onset of anthracene photoinduced toxicity followed a definite sequence; chlorophyll a fluorescence induction parameters (Fv/Fm , and t½) responded earliest to anthracene exposure, with observable chlorophyll degradation requiring up to 24 to 48 h. Of these, t½ was the most sensitive, with significant inhibition apparent within 1 h of exposure. Throughout the entire 48‐h exposure, 6.2 mg liter‐1 AHA ameliorated the photoinduced toxicity of anthracene, in terms of both chlorophyll degradation and Fv/Fm inhibition. In contrast, AHA delayed the complete inhibition of t½ by only 1 to 24 h rather than permanently protecting the plants from anthracene damage to PS2. This suggests that AHA may slow, but not prevent, the entrance of either intact anthracene or its photooxidized byproducts under these exposure conditions.


A modified version of the double potential formalism for the electrodynamics of dyons is constructed. Besides the two vector potentials, this manifestly duality invariant formulation involves four additional potentials, scalar potentials which appear as Lagrange multipliers for the electric and magnetic Gauss constraints and potentials for the longitudinal electric and magnetic fields. In this framework, a static dyon appears as a Coulomb-like solution without string singularities. Dirac strings are needed only for the Lorentz force law, not for Maxwell's equations. The magnetic charge no longer appears as a topological conservation law but as a surface integral on a par with electric charge. The theory is generalized to curved space. As in flat space, the string singularities of dyonic black holes are resolved. As a consequence all singularities are protected by the horizon and the thermodynamics is shown to follow from standard arguments in the grand canonical ensemble.


The secrets of Santeria, Voodoo and Obeah are among the oldest enigmas in the world. Their roots go back to pre-historic Africa - perhaps even beyond that. From the 16th century onwards, the slave trade brought these ancient mysteries to the West, where they blended strangely with traditional Christianity: the ancient African gods became identified with legendary saints. This integration of the two faiths slowly evolved to form the many varieties of Santeria, Obeah and Voudoun that are widely practiced throughout the world today. Their characteristic dancing and drumming seem able to invoke strange states of mind in which almost anything is possible. Even stories of zombies - the walking dead - still persist. Is there a rational explanation for them? Contemporary Voudoun priests, priestesses, magicians and enchanters use rare herbs and spices as well as charms, dolls and talismans to control the natural world in ways that science cannot always explain. Accounts of their inexplicable successes are examined in depth. Most intriguing of all are the claims that are made for their love philtres and aphrodisiacs. What powers do these old religions still possess?


This paper presents a short insight into a new project at the "Institute for the German Language" (IDS) (Mannheim). It gives an insight into some basic ideas for a corpus-based dictionary of spoken German, which will be developed and compiled by the new project "The Lexicon of spoken German" (Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch, LeGeDe). The work is based on the "Research and Teaching Corpus of Spoken German" (Forschungs- und Lehrkorpus Gesprochenes Deutsch, FOLK), which is implemented in the "Database for Spoken German" (Datenbank fur Gesprochenes Deutsch, DGD). Both resources, the database and the corpus, have been developed at the IDS.


In The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, the International Criminal Court (ICC) tried the destruction of UNESCO World Heritage sites as a war crime for the first time. In this case, the value of things in relation to the value of persons became the central issue. Based on courtroom ethnography conducted during the proceedings and informed by affect and emotion research, this article identifies the rhetorical practice of sentimentalising persons and things as an important process of legal meaning making. Through sentimentalising, all parties rhetorically produce normative arrangements of bodies by way of emotionally differentiating the relevant persons, things and other entities from and affectively relating them to each other. Sentimentalising provides an affective-emotional frame in which to determine the degree of guilt and innocence, justice and injustice.


Although precise statistics do not exist, data suggests that the number of children believed to be at risk for commercial sexual exploitation in the United States is between 200,000 and 300,000 and that the average age of entry is between eleven and fourteen, with some as young as nine. The number of prostituted children who are criminally prosecuted for these acts is equally difficult to estimate. In 2008 - the most recent year for which data is available - approximately 1500 youth under age eighteen were reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation as having been arrested within United States borders for prostitution and commercialized sex. Anecdotal evidence suggests, however, that these numbers reflect only a small fraction of the children who face criminal charges as a result of their prostituted status. Research also reveals that because most states have laws that hold children criminally liable for "selling" sex, law enforcement and the courts readily pathologize these youth, a significant percentage of whom are runaways, drug addicted, or from low-income homes in which they were neglected and abused. Statistics additionally suggest that the number of American girls who are sexually exploited is increasing, particularly for those between the ages of thirteen and seventeen. Likewise, it is estimated that eighty percent of prostituted women began this activity when they, themselves, were younger than eighteen. Yet, nearly all states can criminally prosecute children for prostitution even when they are too young to legally consent to sex with adults, and very few communities have developed effective programs designed to prevent or intervene in the sexual exploitation of youth. This Article critically examines the prevalence of laws allowing for the criminal prosecution of minors for prostitution. It argues that rather than maintain a legal scheme that characterizes and treats such juveniles as willing participants who, if harmed, are merely getting what they deserve, a more nuanced approach must be developed in which - at a minimum - criminal liability should be consistent with age of consent and statutory rape laws. It analyzes the range of ways in which states have addressed the problem of prostituted children, and it highlights those few that have successfully utilized strategies of intervention and rehabilitation rather than prosecution and incarceration. It contrasts the impact of state versus federal legislation as well as domestic versus international policy in this area and examines the ways in which these differences serve to perpetuate pernicious stereotypes vis-a-vis youth and crime. The Article addresses the historical treatment of prostituted children as criminals rather than victims by both American law and society, and critiques contemporary rationales for continuing a punitive approach toward these youth. The Article explores the conflicting statutory, common law, and colloquial meanings of the terms "prostitution," "consent," and "bodily autonomy" as they relate to children and sexuality. It also considers the extent to which the criminal offenses of prostitution and statutory rape address different sets of harms and explores how gender and sexual orientation are implicated in the discussion. The Article concludes by highlighting model programs directed at prevention, intervention, and rehabilitation, as well as proposing strategies for reform, such as decriminalization and diversion.


Best friends Ivy and Bean are back and looking for adventure in the second installment of this engaging new series. This time they've made an amazing discoverya ghost in the school bathroom! Ivy and Bean can see its cloudy form and its glowing eyes. They can hear its moaning voice. This is the best thing that ever happened at schooluntil the teachers find out. Now Ivy and Bean have to figure out how to get the ghost out of the bathroom. Will they succeed? Maybe. Will they have fun? Of course!


Join the Calm revolution. Modern life is hectic and relentless: trains delayed, endless emails filling the inbox, kids squabbling before bedtime...There has never been a more important time to rediscover your pause button. Calm is the book that will show you how to take back a little bit of peace, space and all-important calm. This book contains the simple tools, tricks and habits that will change the rest your life. It is a practical and pleasurable guide to twenty-first century mindfulness. Regular meditation is medically proven to be good for you - it increases focus and creativity, productivity and job satisfaction, mental and even physical health. But in reality most of us don't have time to sit on a cushion with our eyes closed for half an hour every day. And many people associate meditation with hard work and huge lifestyle shifts: you might be imagining Buddhist monks locked in a mountain retreat and living off gruel...This is where Calm comes in. Calm is about simple, achievable habits that work with the demands of your busy life instead of pretending those demands don't exist. Calm does not require specialist training: it uses abilities that every single one of us is born with, like creativity, spontaneity and simply noticing the world around you. Calm is not a set of rules that you need to worry about following or breaking. It is inspirational, practical and non-prescriptive. Onerous, time-consuming meditation might seem out of reach but everyone can achieve calm - including you. Calm combines extracts from fascinating neurological research with wisdom from history's great thinkers and the real-life experiences of individuals across the globe. It demystifies mindfulness and shows you the many simple ways to be mindful while carrying on with your life. It is also a beautifully crafted object, filled with artwork and artistry, that will change your perspective by showing you the pleasures of the world anew. Take a walk with nowhere to go, savour a chocolate on the tip of your tongue, plant a seed, doodle aimlessly, turn off your mobile phone for five short minutes. Smile, breathe and go slowly. Calm is divided into eight sections that everyone should have in their life: * Nature * Work * Creativity * Children * Travel * Relationships * Food * Sleep Each section contains a mixture of fascinating research, creative prompts, activities and instructions, sensory stimuli and inspiration. Pick up Calm whenever you need it, dip in and out, read it and choose which bits work best for you. Michael Acton Smith has written a game-changing book, one that will finally balance everyone's need for calm with the realities of modern life. Join the Calm revolution. Calm your mind; change your world. Calm.com @calm


In this paper, we present a novel multicriteria decision support system (MCDSS), called knowCube, consisting of components for knowledge organization, generation, and navigation. Knowledge organization rests upon a database for managing qualitative and quantitative criteria, together with add-on information. Knowledge generation serves filling the database via e.g. identification, optimization, classification or simulation. For "finding needles in haycocks", the knowledge navigation component supports graphical database retrieval and interactive, goal-oriented problem solving. Navigation "helpers" are, for instance, cascading criteria aggregations, modifiable metrics, ergonomic interfaces, and customizable visualizations. Examples from real-life projects, e.g. in industrial engineering and in the life sciences, illustrate the application of our MCDSS.


ABSTRACT Despite tamoxifen (TAM) is beneficial in treating a significant proportion of patients with breast cancer, many women still relapse after long-term therapy. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a component of honeybee propolis, with a plethora of important biological actions including anticancer activity. This study aimed to explore the cytotoxicity, the type of drugs interaction as well as the apoptotic and autophagic pathways of the combined treatment of TAM and CAPE in MCF-7 cells. Their antitumor activity and effect on survival of mice bearing Ehrlich tumor were also analyzed. The results showed synergistic cytotoxic effects, manifested by significant activation of apoptotic machinery, along with downregulation of protein levels of Bcl-2 and beclin-1, upon using the combination regimen. However, the ratio between microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II and -I was not altered. Moreover, a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor level was detected. Similarly, TAM + CAPE increased the life span of tumor-bearing animals and caused a marked regression in their tumor size and weight compared with those treated with either TAM or CAPE alone. In conclusion, CAPE relatively improved the anticancer activity of TAM in both in vitro and in vivo models via its apoptotic and angiostatic potentials.


On a small island off the south coast of France, Robert Hendricks, an English doctor who has seen the best and the worst the twentieth century had to offer, is forced to confront the events that made up his life. His host, and antagonist, is Alexander Pereira, a man whose time is running out, but who seems to know more about his guest than Hendricks himself does. The search for sanity takes us through the war in Italy in 1944, a passionate love that seems to hold out hope, the great days of idealistic work in the 1960s and finally - unforgettably - back into the trenches of the Western Front. The recurring themes of Sebastian Faulks' fiction are here brought together with a new stylistic brilliance as the novel casts a long, baleful light over the century we have left behind but may never fully understand. Daring, ambitious and in the end profoundly moving, this is Faulks' most remarkable book yet.


Understanding a software system by just analyzing the structure of the system reveals only half of the picture, since the structure tells us only how the code is working but not what the code is about. What the code is about can be found in the semantics of the source code: names of identifiers, comments etc. In this paper, we analyze how these terms are spread over the source artifacts using latent semantic indexing, an information retrieval technique. We use the assumption that parts of the system that use similar terms are related. We cluster artifacts that use similar terms, and we reveal the most relevant terms for the computed clusters. Our approach works at the level of the source code which makes it language independent. Nevertheless, we correlated the semantics with structural information and we applied it at different levels of abstraction (e.g. classes, methods). We applied our approach on three large case studies and we report the results we obtained.