Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) or the more value neutral term, Female Genital Cutting (FGC) is widely practised in northern Sudan, where around 90% of women undergo the most extensive form of FGC, infibulation. One new approach to combating FGC in Sudan is to acknowledge the previously hidden form of FGC, reinfibulation (RI) after delivery, when the woman is sewn back so much as to mimic virginity. Based on a qualitative study in Khartoum State, this article explores Sudanese women's and men's perceptions and experiences of FGC with emphasis on RI after delivery. The results showed that both genders blame each other for the continuation of the practices, and the comprehensive understanding of the perceptions and experiences was that both the women and the men in this study were victims of th e consequences of FGC and RI. The female narratives could be understood in the three categories: viewing oneself as being "normal" in having undergone FGC and RI; being caught between different perspectives; and having limited influence on the practices of FGC and RI. The male narratives could be understood in the three categories: suffering from the consequences of FGC and RI, trying to counterbalance the negative sexual effects of FGC and striving in vain to change female traditions. The results indicate that the complexity of the persistence of FGC and RI goes far beyond being explained by subconscious patriarchal and maternalistic actions, related to socially constructed concepts of normality, female identity,tradition and religion a"silent" culture betweenmen and women.


Maybe it was a grandparent, or a teacher or a colleague. Someone older, patient and wise, who understood you when you were young and searching, and gave you sound advice to help you make your way through it. For Mitch Albom, that person was Morrie Schwartz, his college professor from nearly twenty years ago. Maybe, like Mitch, you lost track of this mentor as you made your way, and the insights faded. Wouldn't you like to see that person again, ask the bigger questions that still haunt you? Mitch Albom had that second chance. He rediscovered Morrie in the last months of the older man's life. Knowing he was dying of ALS - or motor neurone disease - MItch visited Morrie in his study every Tuesday, just as they used to back in college. Their rekindled relationship turned into one final 'class': lessons in how to live. TUESDAYS WITH MORRIE is a magical chronicle of their time together, through which Mitch shares Morrie's lasting gift with the world.


We develop a theory of stability in many-to-many matching markets. We give conditions under which the setwise-stable set, a core-like concept, is nonempty and can be approached through an algorithm. The usual core may be empty. The setwise-stable set coincides with the pairwise-stable set and with the predictions of a non-cooperative bargaining model. The setwise-stable set possesses the conflict/coincidence of interest properties from many-to-one, and one-to-one models. The theory parallels the standard theory of stability for many-to-one, and one-to-one, models. We provide results for a number of core-like solutions, besides the setwise-stable set.


Michael Greve's The Upside-Down Constitution is one of the most important works on constitutional federalism in years. It is the best exposition to date of the idea that the American Constitution establishes a federal system primarily devoted to promoting competition between state governments. It is also probably the most comprehensive critique of the traditional view that federalism is really about promoting the interests of state governments. As Greve recognizes, state governments rarely want to compete, often preferring to establish cartels among themselves.Greve praises the original Constitution for creating an effective system of interstate competition and the nineteenth and early twentieth century Supreme Court for enforcing it. But he warns that the system has broken down over the last eighty years, replacing competition with cartels and what he considers to be dysfunctional empowerment of state governments. He argues that American federalism has now reached a crisis point from which we must either restore some of its earlier, more competitive, structure, or face a decline similar to those that have beset several other federal systemsIn Part I, I describe Greve's argument, focusing especially on the ways in which it enhances our understanding of the history of constitutional federalism. Part II addresses a potential internal contradiction in Greve's position. While he emphasizes the need for the judiciary to enforce a competitive regime and recognizes that the federal government often has incentives to promote cartelization, he endorses a broad interpretation of congressional authority under the Commerce Clause and the Spending Clause which effectively gives Congress a blank check to suppress competition in ways he deplores.Part III briefly considers a second tension in Greve's analysis. Greve pins his hopes on originalism as the best possible way to restore a competitive federalist Constitution. While he argues that the original Constitution establishes a competitive structure, he also recognizes that the Founders paid little attention to interstate mobility and competition. These two positions are not completely irreconcilable. But they are more difficult to square than Greve sometimes allows.


The present study describes the electrophysiological characterisation of different primitive channel-forming proteins, respectively peptides. Using the so-called `planar lipid bilayer technique`, which is a maximally reduced system for the functional reconstitution and electrophysiological characterization of purified channel proteins, protein-/ peptide-mediated single channel currents were measured. Depending on defined ion concentrations in the bath solution on cis- and trans-side of a membrane, typical properties of the reconstituted channels such as current/ voltage relationships, open probability and selectivities could be determined. Chapter 2 deals with the wildtype and two different mutants of Kcv, a tetrameric K+ channel, which is encoded by the Paramecium bursaria Chlorella Virus-1 (PBCV-1). The data reveal that the subtle mutation of one amino acid (T->S of residue 63), which lies in the selectivity filter next to the cavity, almost completely reverses the ability of the wildtype to be blocked by Ba2+. Furthermore, the mutation causes a considerable increased open probability, whereas the channel rarely reaches the maximal conductance level; mostly the channel opens to different subconductances. These subconductances probably reflect different kinetic states of the channel; simulations based on Markov models reveal that a very fast gating in combination with a limited registration of the channel gating can be responsible for apparent subconductances. The altered function of the mutant must be due a sensitive change in the protein structure because a mutation of a second, adjacent amino acid is able to recover the properties of the wildtype. Chapter 3 deals with different versions of the PB1-F2 protein which are encoded by different Influenza A viruses. It was already described in literature that this protein is able to augment the conductance in the planar lipid bilayer. The absence of discrete conductance fluctuations suggested that PB1-F2 is not a canonical channel. However, the instant study shows that synthetic peptide analogues of PB1-F2 generate canonical channel function in the planar lipid bilayer. In combination with fluorometric studies, the electrical data reveal that the PB1-F2-generated channels possess two discrete conductance levels and unspecifically conduct cations and anions. Chapter 4 deals with phospholamban, a protein whose function as modulator of the sarco-/ endoplasmatic Ca-ATPase (SERCA) was described already previously. For a long time it was known that the monomer of phospholamban is in equilibrium with the pentameric form, whereas the latter one is considerably more stable. It is a matter of discussion whether the pentamer has a channel function. Impedance measurements in so-called `supported nano-BLMs`, in which the protein was reconstituted and which were performed in cooperation with the group of Moncelli at the institute for chemistry of the University of Florence, show that phospholamban indeed induces typical ion channel fluctuations in membranes. The reconstitution of phospholamban in the planar lipid bilayer supports the hypothesis of a phospholamban-mediated channel function with two discrete cation-selective conductance levels at 16 pS and 27 pS.


This article explores the implications of a shift from public to private provision of information through focusing on the relationship between Google and public libraries. This relationship has sparked controversy, with concerns expressed about the integrity of search results, the Google Book project, and Google the company. In this paper, these concerns are treated as symptoms of a deeper divide, the fundamentally different conceptions of information that underpin the stated aim of Google and libraries to provide access to information. The paper concludes with some principles necessary for the survival of public libraries and their contribution to a robust democracy in a rapidly expanding Googleverse.


This doctoral dissertation discusses access to film and video works. Physical and intellectual access to moving image documents is insufficient, often insignificant, at the level of the individual user. Existing access tools suffer from a lack of recognition of the differences between linguistic text communication and image communication. Browsing and relevance judgements are made difficult by the physical realities of film and video documents - one cannot flip through them - and by the habits of serial and passive viewing.


AIM
The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in a sample of university students and its relationship to gender, occlusion, and psychological factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The sample comprised 196 subjects, aged 18-25 years. The TMD degree was evaluated using an anamnestic questionnaire. Morphologic occlusion was evaluated according to Angle classification (classes I, II, and III). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a 14-item self-administered rating scale developed specifically to identify anxiety and depression in nonpsychiatric medical outpatients, was used to assess the levels of anxiety (HADSa) and depression (HADSd).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The incidence of TMD level, malocclusion, anxiety, and depression in both genders was calculated as percentages. Association between TMD degree and occlusion, HADSa, and HADSd was tested using the Chi-square test.

RESULTS
According to our results, 50% of the subjects had TMD, but it was of moderate or severe degree in only 9.18% of them. No statistically significant association could be found between TMD and gender or occlusion. TMD was found to have statistically significant association with HADSa but not with HADSd.

CONCLUSION
A high prevalence of TMD was found in this student population; however, most of the cases could be classified as mild. Of the variables studied, only HADSa had a statistically significant association with TMD.


In this paper we use SMS technology acceptance models to assess the relationship between attitude towards SMS technology and blood donation behaviour in a predominantly associative culture. Firstly, we show that blood donors at the Malawi Blood Transfusion Services in Malawi have a positive attitude towards both the SMS technology and the content of the SMS message. However, the attitude towards the content of SMS message is moderated by level of education. Furthermore, we show that the level of education affected the perceived ease of use of SMS technology, informativeness and irritation of the SMS message. Secondly, we establish that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between blood donation behaviour and attitude towards SMS technology and attitude towards the SMS message content. However, these relationships are moderated by gender, age and level of education. Specifically, subjective norms which depict social forces are related to socially accepted behaviour such as blood donation among the old or less educated donors in a predominantly associative culture like Malawi. However, this research was limited to blood donation behaviour which is a socially accepted behaviour. It will be interesting to relate attitude towards SMS technology and other behaviours which may not necessarily be socially accepted. Furthermore, the study was limited to blood donors who had received SMS reminders.


Recent work in image captioning and scene-segmentation has shown significant results in the context of scene-understanding. However, most of these developments have not been extrapolated to research areas such as robotics. In this work we review the current state-ofthe- art models, datasets and metrics in image captioning and scenesegmentation. We introduce an anomaly detection dataset for the purpose of robotic applications, and we present a deep learning architecture that describes and classifies anomalous situations. We report a METEOR score of 16.2 and a classification accuracy of 97 %.


The complete guide to implementing biometric security solutions for your networkNetwork security has become the latter-day equivalent of oxymoronic terms like "jumbo shrimp" and "exact estimate." Newspaper headlines are routinely peppered with incidents of hackers thwarting the security put forth by the government and the private sector. As with any new technology, the next evolution of network security has long languished in the realm of science fiction and spy novels. It is now ready to step into the reality of practical application.In Biometrics for Network Security, biometrics security expert Paul Reid covers a variety of biometric options, ranging from fingerprint identification to voice verification to hand, face, and eye scanning. Approaching the subject from a practitioner's point of view, Reid describes guidelines, applications, and procedures for implementing biometric solutions for your network security systems.Coverage includes: An introduction to authentication technologies and biometrics Dealing with privacy issues Biometric technologies, including finger, hand geometry, handwriting, iris, retina, voice, and face Security concerns related to biometrics, including attempts to spoof or fake results Deployment of biometric security systems, including vendor selection and roll out procedures Real-life case studiesFor security, system, and network administrators and managers, as well as anyone who is interested in the application of cutting-edge biometric technology, Biometrics for Network Security will prove an indispensable addition to your library!


129 Mirage of us: A reflection on the role of the Web This article outlines the broad aims of the Encyclopaedia of South African Arts, Culture and Heritage (ESAACH) Project then goes on to consider the ESAACH Website as a networked resource that speaks to the project's vision of accessibility and participation. The wiki architecture is highly accessible to users and contributors alike. In addition to its robust structure as a reference work, a wiki encyclopaedia facilitates networked social collaboration uniquely suited to the co-operative principles of the project. Subject area specialists will exercise editorial control over the content of the wiki, and work with the Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editors and peer reviewers to assess contributions, recommend editorial corrections, and select articles, essays and entries for inclusion in the printed volumes of the encyclopaedia. The paper surveys existing Web-based reference sources on Southern African literature, arts and culture; provides an account of the evolution of the Verbal Arts section of the ESAACH wiki; and discusses the prototype ESAACH wiki.


Some people may be laughing when looking at you reading in your spare time. Some may be admired of you. And some may want be like you who have reading hobby. What about your own feel? Have you felt right? Reading is a need and a hobby at once. This condition is the on that will make you feel that you must read. If you know are looking for the book enPDFd motherless families as the choice of reading, you can find here.


Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. We conducted a genome screen of 103 patients with late-onset AD who were ascertained as part of the Genetic Research in Isolated Populations (GRIP) program that is conducted in a recently isolated population from the southwestern area of The Netherlands. All patients and their 170 closely related relatives were genotyped using 402 microsatellite markers. Extensive genealogy information was collected, which resulted in an extremely large and complex pedigree of 4,645 members. The pedigree was split into 35 subpedigrees, to reduce the computational burden of linkage analysis. Simulations aiming to evaluate the effect of pedigree splitting on false-positive probabilities showed that a LOD score of 3.64 corresponds to 5% genomewide type I error. Multipoint analysis revealed four significant and one suggestive linkage peaks. The strongest evidence of linkage was found for chromosome 1q21 (heterogeneity LOD [HLOD]=5.20 at marker D1S498). Approximately 30 cM upstream of this locus, we found another peak at 1q25 (HLOD=4.0 at marker D1S218). These two loci are in a previously established linkage region. We also confirmed the AD locus at 10q22-24 (HLOD=4.15 at marker D10S185). There was significant evidence of linkage of AD to chromosome 3q22-24 (HLOD=4.44 at marker D3S1569). For chromosome 11q24-25, there was suggestive evidence of linkage (HLOD=3.29 at marker D11S1320). We next tested for association between cognitive function and 4,173 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the linked regions in an independent sample consisting of 197 individuals from the GRIP region. After adjusting for multiple testing, we were able to detect significant associations for cognitive function in four of five AD-linked regions, including the new region on chromosome 3q22-24 and regions 1q25, 10q22-24, and 11q25. With use of cognitive function as an endophenotype of AD, our study indicates the that the RGSL2, RALGPS2, and C1orf49 genes are the potential disease-causing genes at 1q25. Our analysis of chromosome 10q22-24 points to the HTR7, MPHOSPH1, and CYP2C cluster. This is the first genomewide screen that showed significant linkage to chromosome 3q23 markers. For this region, our analysis identified the NMNAT3 and CLSTN2 genes. Our findings confirm linkage to chromosome 11q25. We were unable to confirm SORL1; instead, our analysis points to the OPCML and HNT genes.


Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet Kuala Lumpur, Melaka & Penang is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Scale (by elevator!) the glistening Petronas Towers, spend-up big in one of KL's air-conditioned shopping malls or sample local street food, all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Kuala Lumpur, Melaka & Penang and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet's Kuala Lumpur, Melaka & Penang Travel Guide: *Colour maps and images throughout *Highlights and itineraries help you tailor your trip to your personal needs and interests *Insider tips to save time and money and get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots *Essential info at your fingertips - hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, transit tips, prices *Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sleeping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss *Cultural insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - culture, history, art, literature, cinema, music, architecture, wildlife *Free, convenient pull-out Kuala Lumpur map (included in print version), plus over 25 maps *Covers Golden Triangle, KLCC, Chinatown, Merdeka Square, Bukit Nanas, Masjid India, Kampung Baru, Northern Kuala Lumpur, Lake Gardens, Brickfields, Bangsar, Melaka, Penang, and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Kuala Lumpur, Melaka & Penang , our most comprehensive guide to the region, is perfect for both exploring top sights and taking roads less travelled * Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei guide for a comprehensive look at all the region has to offer, or Discover Malaysia & Singapore, a photo-rich guide focused on the region's most popular sights. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet and Simon Richmond. About Lonely Planet: Since 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel media company with guidebooks to every destination, an award-winning website, mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveller community. Lonely Planet covers must-see spots but also enables curious travellers to get off beaten paths to understand more of the culture of the places in which they find themselves.


HPC applications are increasingly being used in academia and laboratories for scientific research and in industries for business and analytics. Cloud computing offers the benefits of virtualization, elasticity of resources and elimination of cluster setup cost and time to HPC applications users. However, poor network performance, performance variation and OS noise are some of the challenges for execution of HPC applications on Cloud. In this paper, we propose that Cloud can be viable platform for some HPC applications depending upon application characteristics such as communication volume and pattern and sensitivity to OS noise and scale. We present an evaluation of the performance and cost tradeoffs of HPC applications on a range of platforms varying from Cloud (with and without virtualization) to HPC-optimized cluster. Our results show that Cloud is viable platform for some applications, specifically, non communicationintensive applications such as embarrassingly parallel and tree-structured computations up to high processor count and for communication-intensive applications up to low processor count.


TimeStream is a distributed system designed specifically for low-latency continuous processing of big streaming data on a large cluster of commodity machines. The unique characteristics of this emerging application domain have led to a significantly different design from the popular MapReduce-style batch data processing. In particular, we advocate a powerful new abstraction called resilient substitution that caters to the specific needs in this new computation model to handle failure recovery and dynamic reconfiguration in response to load changes. Several real-world applications running on our prototype have been shown to scale robustly with low latency while at the same time maintaining the simple and concise declarative programming model. TimeStream handles an on-line advertising aggregation pipeline at a rate of 700,000 URLs per second with a 2-second delay, while performing sentiment analysis of Twitter data at a peak rate close to 10,000 tweets per second, with approximately 2-second delay.


[1] Daily ozone soundings taken from the R/V Ronald H. Brown from 7 July through 11 August 2004 as part of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX) Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) are used to investigate the vertical structure of ozone over the Gulf of Maine and to characterize variability in sources of tropospheric ozone: stratosphere, regional convection and lightning, advection, and local boundary layer pollution. These soundings were part of a network of twelve IONS (http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/intex/ions.html) stations that launched ozonesonde-radiosonde packages over the United States and maritime Canada during the INTEX/International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT)/New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) project from 1 July to 15 August 2004. Four of the IONS stations were in mid-Atlantic and northeast United States; four were in southeastern Canada. Although the INTEX/ICARTT goal was to examine pollution influences under stable high-pressure systems, northeastern North America (NENA) during IONS was dominated by weak frontal systems that mixed aged pollution and stratospheric ozone with ozone from more recent pollution and lightning. These sources are quantified to give tropospheric ozone budgets for individual soundings that are consistent with tracers and meteorological analyses. On average, for NENA stations in July-August 2004, tropospheric ozone was composed of the following: 10–15% each local boundary layer and regional sources (the latter including that due to lightning-derived NO) and 20–25% stratospheric ozone, with the balance (∼50%) a mixture of recently advected ozone and aged air of indeterminate origin.


With the ever-increasing significance of software in our everyday lives, it is vital to afford reliable software quality estimates. Typically, quantitative software quality analyses rely on either statistical fault prediction methods (FPMs) or stochastic software reliability growth models (SRGMs). Adopting solely FPMs or SRGMs, though, may result in biased predictions that do not account for uncertainty in the distinct prediction methods; thus rendering the prediction less reliable. This paper identifies flaws of the individual prediction methods and suggests a hybrid prediction approach that combines FPMs and SRGMs. We adopt FPMs for initially estimating the expected number of failures for fi- nite failure SRGMs. Initial parameter estimates yield more accurate reliability predictions until sufficient failures are observed that enable stable parameter estimates in SRGMs. Being at the equilibrium level of FPM and SRGM pre- dictions we suggest combining the competing prediction methods with respect to the principle of heterogeneous redundancy. That is, we propose using the in- dividual methods separately and combining their predictions. In this paper we suggest Bayesian model averaging (BMA) for combining the different methods. The hybrid approach allows early reliability estimates and encourages higher confidence in software quality predictions.


We develop an innovative approach to delivering relevant information using a combination of socio-semantic search and filtering approaches. The goal is to facilitate timely and relevant information access through the medium of conversations by mixing past community specific conversational knowledge and web information access to recommend and connect users and information together. Conversational Information Access is a socio-semantic search and recommendation activity with the goal to interactively engage people in conversations by receiving agent supported recommendations. It is useful because people engage in online social discussions unlike solitary search; the agent brings in relevant information as well as identifies relevant users; participants provide feedback during the conversation that the agent uses to improve its recommendations.


Supply risks and environmental concerns drive the interest in critical raw material recycling in the European Union. Globally, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is projected to increase by almost 40% until 2030. This waste stream can be a source of secondary raw materials. The determination of the economic feasibility of recycling and recovering specific materials is a data-intensive, time-consuming, and case-specific task. This study introduced a two-part evaluation scheme consisting of upper continental crust concentrations and raw material prices as a simple tool to indicate the potential and limitations of critical raw material recycling. It was applied to the case of light-emitting diodes (LED) lamps in the EU. A material flow analysis was conducted, and the projected waste amounts were analyzed using the new scheme. Indium, gallium, and the rare earth elements appeared in low concentrations and low absolute masses and showed only a small revenue potential. Precious metals represented the largest revenue share. Future research should confirm the validity and usefulness of the evaluation scheme.


In line with international trends in education, South Africa has embraced inclusive
education as the means by which learners who experience barriers to learning will be educated. As inclusion is beginning to be realised in South African schools, a gap in the emerging research base on inclusive education is that of inclusion in the independent sector. A study was undertaken to establish the extent to which learners who experience barriers to learning are included in independent schools belonging to ISASA (the largest independent schools association in South Africa) and the practices that facilitate inclusion. The results of a survey administered to principals were analysed quantitatively and
reveal that most ISASA schools include learners who experience various barriers to learning and employ inclusive practices that are described in the international literature. We report on salient aspects emerging from the study and focus on the diversity of learners found in ISASA schools, as well as the inclusive practices found at school-wide, classroom, and individual levels. The practices described are the provision of on-site specialist personnel, support for teachers, building modifications to ensure access by persons using wheelchairs and various instructional practices and assessment adaptations. Recommendations
arising from the study may give direction to South African schools pursuing inclusivity. South African Journal of Education Vol. 29 (1) 2009: pp. 105-126


A multi-phase composite with periodic distributed inclusions with a smooth boundary is considered in this contribution. The composite component materials are supposed to be linear viscoelastic and aging (of the non-convolution integral type, for which the Laplace transform with respect to time is not effectively applicable) and are subjected to isotropic shrinkage. The free shrinkage deformation can be considered as a fictitious temperature deformation in the behavior law. The procedure presented in this paper proposes a way to determine average (effective homogenized) viscoelastic and shrinkage (temperature) composite properties and the homogenized stress-field from known properties of the components. This is done by the extension of the asymptotic homogenization technique known for pure elastic non-homogeneous bodies to the non-homogeneous thermo-viscoelasticity of the integral non-convolution type. Up to now, the homogenization theory has not covered viscoelasticity of the integral type. Sanchez-Palencia (1980), Francfort & Suquet (1987) (see [2], [9]) have consid- ered homogenization for viscoelasticity of the differential form and only up to the first derivative order. The integral-modeled viscoelasticity is more general then the differential one and includes almost all known differential models. The homogenization procedure is based on the construction of an asymptotic solution with respect to a period of the composite structure. This reduces the original problem to some auxiliary boundary value problems of elasticity and viscoelasticity on the unit periodic cell, of the same type as the original non-homogeneous problem. The existence and uniqueness results for such problems were obtained for kernels satisfying some constrain conditions. This is done by the extension of the Volterra integral operator theory to the Volterra operators with respect to the time, whose 1 kernels are space linear operators for any fixed time variables. Some ideas of such approach were proposed in [11] and [12], where the Volterra operators with kernels depending additionally on parameter were considered. This manuscript delivers results of the same nature for the case of the space-operator kernels.


Colin Powell, one of America's most admired public figures, reveals the principles that have shaped his life and career in this inspiring and engrossing memoir. A beautiful companion to his previous memoir, the #1 New York Times bestseller My American Journey, Powell's It Worked for Me: In Life and Leadership is a trove of wisdom for anyone hoping to achieve their goals and turn their dreams into reality. A message of strength and endurance from a man who has dedicated his life to public service, It Worked for Me is a book with the power to show readers everywhere how to achieve a more fulfilling life and career.


This paper examines the new and complex dilemmas facing defense attorneys who represent clients before international criminal courts. It argues that the unique features and goals of international criminal trials demand a distinct approach to resolving some of these ethical dilemmas. In particular, the goals of international trials are broader and often more political than those of ordinary domestic trials, and the applicable procedures are a unique hybrid of the inquisitorial and adversarial traditions. Moreover, some of the justifications for aggressive defense at the domestic level - such as discouraging disengaged advocacy and protesting overly harsh punishments - are less applicable internationally. Professional regulation of defense advocacy at the international courts should take account of these special features and goals of the international criminal justice system. The paper addresses how such a purposive approach to legal ethics would apply to four key decisions that international criminal defense attorneys may face: 1) whether to impeach victim-witnesses whom they know to be telling the truth; 2) how to respond to clients who want to testify falsely; 3) whether to allow clients whom the lawyer believes to be innocent to plead guilty; and 4) how to respond to a client's request to boycott or disrupt the proceedings. In some cases, the purposive interpretation may result in less aggressive advocacy than might be warranted in an ordinary domestic criminal case. In others, it may demand a more independent approach to making decisions about the client's representation. To implement the approach set out in this paper, I propose including a commentary to international courts' Codes of Conduct (particularly the ICC Code), which would define more precisely the boundaries on aggressive practices, working within existing rules. The commentary would not create new categories of sanctionable conduct. Instead, it would identify situations in which attorneys are not required to engage in certain aggressive tactics or follow certain client instructions. In some cases, it would also recommend a particular course of action as most consistent with the attorneys' ethical obligations, while leaving some flexibility to attorneys in how they interpret their duties before the ICC.


Floods cause distress and damage wherever and whenever they happen. Flooding from rivers, estuaries and the sea threatens many millions of people worldwide and economic and insurance losses from flooding have increased significantly since 1990. Across the European Union, flood management policy is changing in response to the EU Directive on the assessment and management of flood risks, which requires a move from flood protection and defence to comprehensive flood risk management.

Flood Risk Management: Research and Practice includes about 200 contributions from the international conference FLOODrisk 2008 (Oxford, UK, 30 September – 2 October 2008). FLOODrisk 2008 was an initiative of the FLOODsite research project on Integrated Flood Risk Analysis and Management Methodologies. FLOODsite was a major "Integrated Project" in the European Commission Sixth Framework Programme; contract number GOCE-CT-2004-505420. The conference provided a forum for leading researchers, flood risk managers, policy makers and practitioners from government, commercial and research organisations to gain an overview of advances in this important subject. Flood risk management practice crosses several professions and disciplines and these are represented in the breadth of the scope of the conference and these proceedings. The conference covered all aspects of flood risk: the causes of floods, their impacts on people, property and the environment, and portfolios of risk management measuresm, while the principal themes included: climate change, estimation of extremes, flash floods, flood forecasting and warning, inundation modelling, systems analysis, uncertainty, international programmes, flood defence infrastructure and assets, environmental impacts, human and social impacts, vulnerability and resilience, risk sharing, equity and social justice, and, civil contingency planning and emergency management.

Flood Risk Management: Research and Practice will be of interest to an international readership, ranging from authorities, consultants and engineers involved in flood management; researchers, post graduate lecturers and students, to policy makers, particularly at national level.


In recent years, formal property checking has become adopted successfully in industry and is used increasingly to solve the industrial verification tasks. This success results from property checking formulations that are well adapted to specific methodologies. In particular, assertion checking and property checking methodologies based on Bounded Model Checking or related techniques have matured tremendously during the last decade and are well supported by industrial methodologies. This is particularly true for formal property checking of computational System-on-Chip (SoC) modules. This work is based on a SAT-based formulation of property checking called Interval Property Checking (IPC). IPC originates in the Siemens company and is in industrial use since the mid 1990s. IPC handles a special type of safety properties, which specify operations in intervals between abstract starting and ending states. This paves the way for extremely efficient proving procedures. However, there are still two problems in the IPC-based verification methodology flow that reduce the productivity of the methodology and sometimes hamper adoption of IPC. First, IPC may return false counterexamples since its computational bounded circuit model only captures local reachability information, i.e., long-term dependencies may be missed. If this happens, the properties need to be strengthened with reachability invariants in order to rule out the spurious counterexamples. Identifying strong enough invariants is a laborious manual task. Second, a set of properties needs to be formulated manually for each individual design to be verified. This set, however, isn't re-usable for different designs. This work exploits special features of communication modules in SoCs to solve these problems and to improve the productivity of the IPC methodology flow. First, the work proposes a decomposition-based reachability analysis to solve the problem of identifying reachability information automatically. Second, this work develops a generic, reusable set of properties for protocol compliance verification.


The filmShare| var addthis_config ={"data_track_clickback":true}; If you wanted to change an ancient culture in a generation, how would you do it? You would change the way it educates its children. The U.S. Government knew this in the 19th century when it forced Native American children into government boarding schools. Today, volunteers build schools in traditional societies around the world, convinced that school is the only way to a 'better' life for indigenous children. But is this true? What really happens when we replace a traditional culture's canon of knowledge with our own? Does life really get better for its people? SCHOOLING THE WORLD takes a challenging, sometimes funny, ultimately deeply troubling look at the role played by modern education in the destruction of the world's last sustainable indigenous cultures. Beautifully shot on location in the Buddhist culture of Ladakh in the northern Indian Himalayas, the film weaves the voices of Ladakhi people through a conversation between four carefully chosen original thinkers; anthropologist and ethnobotanist Wade Davis, a National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence; Helena Norberg-Hodge and Vandana Shiva, both recipients of the Right Livelihood Award for their work with traditional peoples in India; and Manish Jain, a former architect of education programs with UNESCO, ... STW Store Screenings People FAQ Resources Blog Contact


Media Do Not Exist: Performativity and Mediating Conjunctures by Jean-Marc Larrue and Marcello Vitali-Rosati offers a radically new approach to the phenomenon of mediation, proposing a new understanding that challenges the very notion of medium. It begins with a historical overview of recent developments in Western thought on mediation, especially since the mid 80s and the emergence of the disciplines of media archaeology and intermediality. While these developments are inseparable from the advent of digital technology, they have a long history. The authors trace the roots of this thought back to the dawn of philosophy.  Humans interact with their environment – which includes other humans – not through media, but rather through a series of continually evolving mediations, which Larrue and Vitali-Rosati call 'mediating conjunctures'. This observation leads them to the paradoxical argument that 'media do not exist'. Existing theories of mediation processes remain largely influenced by a traditional understanding of media as relatively stable entities. Media Do Not Exist demonstrates the limits of this conception. The dynamics relating to mediation are the product not of a single medium, but rather of a series of mediating conjunctures. They are created by ceaselessly shifting events and interactions, blending the human and the non-human, energy, and matter.


Tomas Sedlacek has shaken the study of economics as few ever have. Named one of the "Young Guns" and one of the "five hot minds in economics" by the Yale Economic Review, he serves on the National Economic Council in Prague, where his provocative writing has achieved bestseller status. How has he done it? By arguing a simple, almost heretical proposition: economics is ultimately about good and evil. In The Economics of Good and Evil, Sedlacek radically rethinks his field, challenging our assumptions about the world. Economics is touted as a science, a value-free mathematical inquiry, he writes, but it's actually a cultural phenomenon, a product of our civilization. It began within philosophy--Adam Smith himself not only wrote The Wealth of Nations, but also The Theory of Moral Sentiments--and economics, as Sedlacek shows, is woven out of history, myth, religion, and ethics. "Even the most sophisticated mathematical model," Sedlacek writes, "is, de facto, a story, a parable, our effort to (rationally) grasp the world around us." Economics not only describes the world, but establishes normative standards, identifying ideal conditions. Science, he claims, is a system of beliefs to which we are committed. To grasp the beliefs underlying economics, he breaks out of the field's confines with a tour de force exploration of economic thinking, broadly defined, over the millennia. He ranges from the epic of Gilgamesh and the Old Testament to the emergence of Christianity, from Descartes and Adam Smith to the consumerism in Fight Club. Throughout, he asks searching meta-economic questions: What is the meaning and the point of economics? Can we do ethically all that we can do technically? Does it pay to be good? Placing the wisdom of philosophers and poets over strict mathematical models of human behavior, Sedlacek's groundbreaking work promises to change the way we calculate economic value.


First published in 1962, Elizabeth David's culinary odyssey through provincial France forever changed the way we think about food. With elegant simplicity, David explores the authentic flavors and textures of time-honored cuisines from such provinces as Alsace, Provence, Brittany, and the Savoie. Full of cooking ideas and recipes, French Provincial Cooking is a scholarly yet straightforward celebration of the traditions of French regional cooking.


Abraham Flexner and the Black Medical Schools first appeared in Beyond Flexner: Medical Education in the Twentieth Century, Barbara Barzansky and Norman Gevitz, eds. Copyright 1992 by Barbara Barzansky and Norman Gevitz. Reproduced with permission of Greenwood Publishing Group Inc., Westport, CT. The article will be reprnted in a collection of the author's writings on African-American medical history called Race and Medicine in Nineteenthand Early-Twentieth-Century America, to be published in December 2006 by Kent State University Press and published here with permission of the Kent State University Press. Originally published J Natl Med Assoc. Vol. 98, No. 9, Sep 2006.


The end of the XXth century could be described as a period of State reforms in the majority of the countries of the European Union, oriented towards a major decentralization of power, to the benefit of the peripheries (mainly of the Regions). The reasons for this phenomenon are multiple, but the most recent reforms all demonstrate that concerns related to democracy and transparency, on the one hand, and to efficiency requirements, on the other hand, have steered them. Different degrees of desconcentration, of course, exist between the Member States of the European Union, from the most federalist ones (Germany, Austria, Belgium) to the most centralist (the Nordic countries, Greece, Ireland, among others). Between these extremes, there are still two other groups: one, consisting of States which are on their way towards a federal organization of their State, and another, consisting of States traditionally "centralist" which are undertaking reforms aimed at a major decentralization of power, without, nevertheless, reaching a process of federalization of their political organization. Italy and France are two examples which perfectly illustrate these tendencies: in the year 2001, Italy adopted a very important constitutional reform which goes towards a federalization; France has recently, on 17 March 2003, adopted a constitutional reform which permits it to introduce a reference to a "decentralized organization" in the Constitution of this traditionally centralized country. These reforms do not take place without causing problems and raising questions.


Two empirical papers study US housing markets and treat the impacts of both natural geographic constraints, such as water bodies and steep slopes, and regulatory restrictions. Albert Saiz (2010) concentrates on identifying the impact of natural geographic constraints. Saiz creates measures of developable land using an invariant 50-kilometer radius about an urban focal point. I criticize Saiz's geographical constraint on the basis that its invariant radius renders comparisons between urban areas of differing sizes of questionable value. Moreover, the inter-relation between the two kinds of constraints—the natural and the regulatory—is highly particular to the locale; for example, the effect of a natural geographical constraint would be neutralized by an interior regulatory constraint such as an urban growth boundary. Haifang Huang and Yao Tang (2010) concentrate on the impact of regulatory constraints on booms and busts in local housing markets, but they also make use of the natural-constraint data furnished by Saiz. Both studies also use the Wharton Land Use Regulatory Index, about which I raise a number of questions. I believe that the procedures employed by the two papers have the tendency to understate, at the aggregate level, the pernicious impact of regulatory restrictions.


Permaculture is a creative approach to abundant and fulfilling lifestyles. It is for everyone wishing to live sustainable and tread more lightly on the Earth. Permaculture is an ecologically sound approach to providing for our needs, including our food, shelter and financial and social structures. It is based on co-operating with nature and caring for the Earth and its people. Permaculture in a Nutshell is a concise and accessible introduction to the principles and practice of permaculture in temperate climates. It covers how permaculture works in the city, the country and on the farm and explores ways in which people can work together to recreate real communities. This inspiring book clearly describes how we can live fruitfully and sustainably and is essential reading for anyone wishing to reduce their environmental impact.


A generation ago, it was common and uncontroversial for federal judges to rely upon legislative history when interpreting a statute. But since the 1980s, the textualist movement, led by Justice Scalia, has urged the banishment of legislative history from the judicial system. The resulting debate between textualists and their opponents — a debate that has dominated statutory interpretation for a generation — cannot be truly understood unless we know how legislative history came to be such a common tool of interpretation to begin with. This question is not answered by the scholarly literature, which focuses on how reliance on legislative history became permissible as a matter of doctrine (in the Holy Trinity Church case in 1892), not on how it became normal, routine, and expected as a matter of judicial and lawyerly practice. The question of normalization is key, for legislative history has long been considered more difficult and costly to research than other interpretive sources. What kind of judge or lawyer would routinize the use of a source often considered intractable? Drawing upon new citation data and archival research, this Article reveals that judicial use of legislative history became routine quite suddenly, in about 1940. The key player in pushing legislative history on the judiciary was the newly expanded New Deal administrative state. By reason of its unprecedented manpower and its intimacy with Congress (which often meant congressmen depended on agency personnel to help draft bills and write legislative history), the administrative state was the first institution in American history capable of systematically researching and briefing legislative discourse and rendering it tractable and legible to judges on a wholesale basis. By embracing legislative history circa 1940, judges were taking up a source of which the bureaucracy was a privileged producer and user — a development integral to judges' larger acceptance of agency-centered governance. Legislative history was, at least in its origin, a statist tool of interpretation.


"This study uses critical discourse analysis to examine the ways in which one preeminent newspaper, The New York Times, contributed to the social construction of the American immigrant between 1892 and 1924, when Ellis Island operated as the nation's primary federal immigration station. Hypotheses were informed by Foucault's understanding of the enmeshment of power relations in discourse as well as by Blumer's group position model, while theoretical concepts were operationalized using van Dijk's understanding of the reproduction of racism by the media and Boreus' identification of linguistic expressions of discrimination. Results indicate that immigrants were typically undervalued and considered inferior; more notably, only lower class travelers were identified as immigrants and more affluent travelers were neither informally identified as immigrants nor formally counted as immigrants by the federal government until 1903. Moreover, assimilation and conformity were considered to be the only acceptable behaviors for immigrants in the United States."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.


The Carpatho-Rusyns are central European people, numbering approximately 1.2 million, who live within the borders of five states: Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, and Hungary. They have never had a state of their own. Disregarded and suppressed by most governments that ruled over them in the past, the Rusyn people have had to fight to retain their identity, culture, and language. This work is an attempt to redress the loss of historical memory and knowledge caused by decades of repression by investigating and explaining the historical past and culture of Rusyns in all countries where they live, including immigrant communities in the United States, Canada, and Yugoslavia. The encyclopedia contains over 1,100 alphabetically arranged entries in areas such as individuals, organizations, political parties, periodicals, historical terms, geographic regions, historical events, and on themes such as architecture, archaeology, cinema, communism, ethnography, geneaology, geography and economy, historiography, history, the internet, language, literature, nationalism, printing and publishing, and radio and television. The first encyclopedic work on Rusyns to appear in English, this book has laready proven to be an indispensable resource for European and Slavic studies specialists, and for general readers interested in international relations and nationalism. The Revised and Expanded Edition has been fully updated: New data and references have been provided for most existing entries ans many entirely new entries have been added.


Background The cause of severe disease in some patients infected with pandemic influenza A virus is unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings We present the cellular immunology profile in the blood, and detailed clinical (and post-mortem) findings of three patients with rapidly progressive infection, including a pregnant patient who died. The striking finding is of reduction in natural killer (NK) cells but preservation of activated effector CD8 T lymphocytes; with viraemia in the patient who had no NK cells. Comparison with control groups suggests that the reduction of NK cells is unique to these severely ill patients. Conclusion/Significance Our report shows markedly reduced NK cells in the three patients that we sampled and raises the hypothesis that NK may have a more significant role than T lymphocytes in controlling viral burden when the host is confronted with a new influenza A virus subtype.


This article (and all articles in the proceedings volume relating to the same conference) has been retracted by IOP Publishing following an extensive investigation in line with the COPE guidelines. This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication process and considerable citation manipulation. IOP Publishing respectfully requests that readers consider all work within this volume potentially unreliable, as the volume has not been through a credible peer review process. IOP Publishing regrets that our usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication, and have since put additional measures in place to try to prevent these issues from reoccurring. IOP Publishing wishes to credit anonymous whistleblowers and the Problematic Paper Screener [1] for bringing some of the above issues to our attention, prompting us to investigate further. [1] Cabanac G, Labbé C and Magazinov A 2021 arXiv:2107.06751v1 Retraction published: 23 February 2022


Abstract The paper presents mathematical relationships that allow us to forecast the newbuilding price of new bulk carriers, based on data concerning vessels built in 2005-2015. The presented approximations allow us to estimate the price based on a gross tonnage capacity and a main engine power The approximations were developed using linear regression and the theory of artificial neural networks. The presented relations have practical application for estimation of bulk carrier newbuilding price needed in preliminary parametric design of the ship. It follows from the above that the use of artificial neural networks to predict the price of a bulk carrier brings more accurate solutions than linear regression.


Article 3 of the Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Contracts is the first quasi-legislative text on choice of law to allow explicitly for the choice of non-state law also before state courts. This paper, forthcoming in a Festschrift, puts the provision into a broader context, discusses their drafting history and particular issues involved in their interpretation. It also provides a critical evaluation. Article 3 does not respond to an existing need, and its formulation, the fruit of a compromise between supporters and opponents of choosing non-state law, makes the provision unsuccessful for state courts and arbitrators alike.


A retributive and punitive approach is normally adopted in dealing with misbehaviour in South African schools. Despite the legal abolition of corporal punishment, more than 50 percent of schools still administer it. Other forms of punishment generally applied are also punitive in nature. The right to dignity of all of the parties affected by misbehaviour in schools is considered in this analysis. The possibility of adopting restorative justice as an alternative disciplinary approach is examined as a way of protecting, promoting and restoring the dignity of the victims of such misbehaviour.


Techniques of Pleasure is a vivid portrayal of the San Francisco Bay Area's pansexual BDSM (SM) community. Margot Weiss conducted ethnographic research at dungeon play parties and at workshops on bondage, role play, and flogging, and she interviewed more than sixty SM practitioners. She describes a scene devoted to a form of erotic play organized around technique, rules and regulations, consumerism, and self-mastery. Challenging the notion that SM is inherently transgressive, Weiss links the development of commodity-oriented sexual communities and the expanding market for sex toys to the eroticization of gendered, racialized, and national inequalities. She analyzes the politics of BDSM's spectacular performances, including those that dramatize heterosexual male dominance, slave auctions, and US imperialism, and contends that the SM scene is not a "safe space" separate from real-world inequality. It depends, like all sexual desire, on social hierarchies. Based on this analysis, Weiss theorizes late-capitalist sexuality as a circuit—one connecting the promise of new emancipatory pleasures to the reproduction of raced and gendered social norms.


This paper, which was selected for presentation at the 2010 Yale/Stanford Junior Faculty Forum, articulates the theoretical steps by which self-government in a free community of equals leads constitutional analysis outside the boundaries of that political community. Openness to the experiences in self-government of other peoples is commonly assumed to undermine political legitimacy by loosing citizens' control over their political fate. But is it possible that such openness might in fact render that control more effective? Could it actually enhance political and constitutional legitimacy? This paper articulates and defends the following claims: 1) The legitimacy of a political order is partly a function of that order's responsiveness to the claims of citizens for institutional recognition and/or action (or inaction); judgments of legitimacy are, in part, judgments about normative responsiveness; 2) Distortion effects inevitably occur when citizens formulate their claims and when institutions translate and process them; in a constitutional democracy, such effects widen when impermissible social asymmetries of freedom and equality become ossified in constitutional doctrine and discourse; 3) Political legitimacy and the promise of self-government depend on the capacity of the constitutional system to build self-corrective mechanisms as means for preserving its responsiveness capacity. Legitimacy judgments are not binary judgments, but judgments of degree that can fine-tune to the existence and efficiency of such mechanisms; 4) Openness to the experiences in self-government of other political communities (for instance, by using foreign law in constitutional interpretation) is a self-correcting mechanism – it can open access to a community's own processes of self-government, and it should open access to its institutions. The paper presents these claims as elements of a cosmopolitan political philosophy of constitutional law.


Managers must regularly make decisions on how to access and deploy their limited resources in order to build organizational capabilities for a sustainable competitive advantage. However, failure to recognize that organizational capabilities involve complex and intricately woven underlying processes may lead to an incomplete understanding of how capabilities affect competitive advantage. As a means of understanding this underlying complexity, we discuss how managerial decisions on resource acquisition and deployment influence capability embeddedness and argue that capability embeddedness has an incremental effect on firm performance beyond the effects from organizational resources and capabilities. To investigate these issues, we present a hierarchical composed error structure framework that relies on cross-sectional data (and allows for generalizations to panel data). We demonstrate the framework in the context of retailing, where we show that the embeddedness of organizational capabilities influences retailer performance above and beyond the tangible and intangible resources and capabilities that a retailer possesses. Our results illustrate that understanding how resources and capabilities influence performance at different hierarchical levels within a firm can aid managers to make better decisions on how they can embed certain capabilities within the structural and social relationships within the firm. Moreover, understanding whether the underlying objectives of the capabilities that are being built and cultivated have convergent or divergent goals is critical, as it can influence the extent to which the embedded capabilities enhance firm performance.


Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). Between the breast and the brain reside the secondary lymphoid organ, the lymph nodes. We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with metastasis to the lymph nodes in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that cell division cycle associated 8, CDCA8, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the lymph node metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. CDCA8 mRNA was present at increased quantities in lymph node metastases as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Importantly, expression of CDCA8 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with patient overall survival, in lymph node negative patients but not in lymph node positive patients. Modulation of CDCA8 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the lymph nodes and the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.


The real and imagined legacy of the ancient Celts has shaped modern identities across the British Isles and retains a powerful hold over the popular imagination. Furthermore, Celtic art is one of Europe's great artistic traditions, with the skills of Celtic craftspeople standing alongside the best of the ancient and medieval worlds. But who were the Celts? Recent research and new archaeological discoveries are continuing to transform our understanding of the idea of the Celts – a subject involving much controversy and academic debate since the late 1990s. Drawing on the latest scholarship, the authors explore how the Celts have been defined differently from ancient times to the modern day, by people with different perspectives and agendas. They look, too, at what is meant by Celtic art, from its origins c.500 BC in western Europe, through its transformations and revivals in the Roman, Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods, to its rediscovery in Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Over 250 remarkable objects have been selected from the collections of the British Museum, the National Museums of Scotland and other key European museums to richly illustrate the narrative and highlight the artistic accomplishments of craftspeople through the centuries. Here are iconic, intricately decorated masterpieces as well as less well-known fixtures and fittings; items of warfare and adornment; the ceremonial and the utilitarian.


A school-based program of mindful awareness practices (MAPs) was evaluated in a randomized control study of 64 second- and third-grade children ages 7–9 years. The program was delivered for 30 minutes, twice per week, for 8 weeks. Teachers and parents completed questionnaires assessing children's executive function immediately before and following the 8-week period. Multivariate analysis of covariance on teacher and parent reports of executive function (EF) indicated an interaction effect between baseline EF score and group status on posttest EF. That is, children in the MAPs group who were less well regulated showed greater improvement in EF compared with controls. Specifically, those children starting out with poor EF who went through the MAPs training showed gains in behavioral regulation, metacognition, and overall global executive control. These results indicate a stronger effect of MAPs on children with executive function difficulties. The finding that both teachers and parents reported changes suggests that improvements in children's behavioral regulation generalized across settings. Future work is warranted using neurocognitive tasks of executive functions, behavioral observation, and multiple classroom samples to replicate and extend these preliminary findings.


Today's Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are large, complex, and affixed with networked sensors and actuators that are targets for cyber-attacks. Conventional detection techniques are unable to deal with the increasingly dynamic and complex nature of the CPSs. On the other hand, the networked sensors and actuators generate large amounts of data streams that can be continuously monitored for intrusion events. Unsupervised machine learning techniques can be used to model the system behaviour and classify deviant behaviours as possible attacks. In this work, we proposed a novel Generative Adversarial Networks-based Anomaly Detection (GAN-AD) method for such complex networked CPSs. We used LSTM-RNN in our GAN to capture the distribution of the multivariate time series of the sensors and actuators under normal working conditions of a CPS. Instead of treating each sensor's and actuator's time series independently, we model the time series of multiple sensors and actuators in the CPS concurrently to take into account of potential latent interactions between them. To exploit both the generator and the discriminator of our GAN, we deployed the GAN-trained discriminator together with the residuals between generator-reconstructed data and the actual samples to detect possible anomalies in the complex CPS. We used our GAN-AD to distinguish abnormal attacked situations from normal working conditions for a complex six-stage Secure Water Treatment (SWaT) system. Experimental results showed that the proposed strategy is effective in identifying anomalies caused by various attacks with high detection rate and low false positive rate as compared to existing methods.


The Erie doctrine is usually understood as a limitation on federal courts' power. This Article concerns the unexplored role that the Erie doctrine has in limiting the power of state courts. According to Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, a federal court must follow state supreme court decisions when interpreting state law. But at the time that Erie was decided, some state supreme courts were still committed to Swift v. Tyson. They considered the content of their common law to be a factual matter, concerning which federal (and sister state) courts could make an independent judgment. Indeed, the Georgia Supreme Court still views its common law this way. In order to explain Brandeis's conclusion in Erie that state supreme court decisions bind federal courts, even when the state supreme court does not want them to be binding, a premise must be added to his argument - one that limits state supreme court power in this area. The missing premise is a non-discrimination principle that is a hitherto unrecognized - but essential - part of the Erie doctrine. A state supreme court can free federal courts of the duty to follow its decisions only if it is willing to free domestic courts of the same duty. It cannot discriminate concerning the binding effect of its decisions on the basis of whether the effect is in domestic or federal court.A similar puzzle arises when a federal court interprets unsettled state law. The Supreme Court has suggested that a federal court should predict how the relevant state supreme court would decide. But many state supreme courts - including the New York Court of Appeals - have indicated that they do not care if federal (or sister state) courts use the predictive method concerning their unsettled law. Here, too, the non-discrimination principle latent in Erie explains how the Supreme Court can demand that federal courts adopt the predictive method, whatever a state supreme court has said about the matter.The Article ends by briefly discussing the transformative effect that Erie's non-discrimination principle should have for choice of law, where Swift v. Tyson remains ubiquitous.


Having clear boundaries is essential to a healthy, balanced lifestyle. A boundary is a personal property line that marks those things for which we are responsible. In other words, boundaries define who we are and who we are not. Boundaries impact all areas of our lives: Physical boundaries help us determine who may touch us and under what circumstances -- Mental boundaries give us the freedom to have our own thoughts and opinions -- Emotional boundaries help us to deal with our own emotions and disengage from the harmful, manipulative emotions of others -- Spiritual boundaries help us to distinguish God's will from our own and give us renewed awe for our Creator -- Often, Christians focus so much on being loving and unselfish that they forget their own limits and limitations. When confronted with their lack of boundaries, they ask: - Can I set limits and still be a loving person? - What are legitimate boundaries? - What if someone is upset or hurt by my boundaries? - How do I answer someone who wants my time, love, energy, or money? - Aren't boundaries selfish? - Why do I feel guilty or afraid when I consider setting boundaries? Dr. Henry Cloud and Dr. John Townsend offer biblically-based answers to these and other tough questions, showing us how to set healthy boundaries with our parents, spouses, children, friends, co-workers, and even ourselves.


Many everyday systems and products seem to be designed with little regard to usability. This leads to the frustration, wasted time and errors. So the usability of the product is important for its survival in the market. In many previous studies the usability evaluation of the iPhone and iPad carried out individually and very little work has been done on the comparative usability evaluation. However, there was not any study conducted on the comparative usability evaluation and measuring the performance of the iPhone versus iPad in a controlled environment. In this research work, the authors performed the comparative usability evaluation and measured the performances of the iPhone and iPad on the selected applications by considering the young users as well as the elderly users. Another objective of this study is to identify the usability issues in performances of the iPhone and iPad. A survey and experiment techniques were used to achieve the dened objectives. The survey questionnaire consisted of 42 statements that presented the different usability aspects. The objectives of the survey study were to validate the identified issues from the literature study, identify new issues and measure the signicant difference in user opinions for the iPhone and iPad. However, the experiment studies helped to measure the performance significances between the devices against the three user groups (novice user, experienced user, elderly user) and among the groups over the devices. Further, objective was to measure the satisfaction level of the participated users against the iPhone and iPad. The experiment was performed in a controlled environment. Total six tasks (two tasks per application) were dened and each participant performed the same task on both devices. Generally the authors found that the participants performed better on the iPad with lower error rates as compare to the iPhone.


Municipalities across Ohio are paying attention to the shale oil and gas boom. Some want to encourage it, but others want to control it. Many want to exercise their rights of self-governance to enact ordinances to protect the health and welfare of their citizens and their communities. Some are enacting drilling bans, or permit requirements. They are passing resolutions opposing what they see as the Ohio legislature's special treatment of the oil and gas industry. Ohio is known for strong Constitutional support of its abundant local governments. The Ohio Constitution, in Article XVIII, Section 3, says: "Municipalities shall have authority to exercise all powers of local self-government and to adopt and enforce within their limits such local police, sanitary and other similar regulations, as are not in conflict with general laws." These words are known as the Home Rule provision. So, when an Ohio municipality wants to control land use decisions within its borders by setting spacing or set-back requirements for shale oil and gas wells, it sounds, at first blush, like that action should be allowed under the Home Rule provision. After all, Ohio values local control. But Ohio also values economic development and the application of law is sometimes values driven. So, local control? Not so much in the case of oil and gas production. The Ohio legislature has worked hard to establish tight state control over shale oil and gas operations. Ohio Rev. Code section 1509.02 grants the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (Ohio DNR) 'sole and exclusive authority' to regulate oil and gas operations. It uses words like "sole and exclusive authority," "matter of general statewide interest," "uniform statewide regulation," and "comprehensive plan" to indicate the legislature's effort to enact a general law that, even under Home Rule, would preempt local regulation. The legislature was specific and inclusive in the activities it included within Ohio DNR's authority. The statute includes "all aspects of the locating, drilling, well stimulation, completing, and operating of oil and gas wells within this state, including site construction and restoration, permitting related to those activities, and the disposal of wastes." In fact, in repeated efforts to ensure that the statute would be interpreted as a general law, thus preempting local control, the legislature has expanded this list several times.But is the statute a general law just because the legislature wants it to be one? Not necessarily. Here's the Ohio Supreme Court's latest wisdom on what counts as a general law. In 2002, in Canton v. State, the Court announced a four-part test for what makes a statute a "general law." To be a 'general law,' with which local ordinances may not conflict, a statute must (1) be part of a statewide and comprehensive legislative enactment, (2) apply to all parts of the state alike and operate uniformly throughout the state, (3) set forth police, sanitary, or similar regulations, rather than purport only to grant or limit legislative power of a municipal corporation to set forth police, sanitary, or similar regulations, and (4) prescribe a rule of conduct upon citizens generally.So, is Ohio Rev. Code sec. 1509.02, a general law? Although the Ohio Supreme Court has not yet answered that question, Ohio's 9th Circuit Court of Appeals issued an opinion on the matter on February 6, 2013, in State ex rel. Morrison v. Beck Energy Corp. Beck Energy had obtained drilling permits, as required, from the Ohio DNR, for drilling project in Monroe Falls, Ohio. It did not, however, request or receive permits that were required by city ordinances regarding drilling, zoning, and construction. When Beck began drilling, the City of Monroe Falls obtained an injunction from the Summit County Court of Common Pleas preventing Beck from continuing operations within its borders until it complied with the city ordinances. Although the city argued that its ordinances should stand on Home Rule grounds, the court overturned the injunction, holding that some of the local ordinances were void because they conflicted with a general law, Ohio Rev. Code section 1509.02. The ordinances overturned included 1) a mandatory drilling permit; 2) a conditional-zoning-certificate requirement; 3) a zoning-certificate requirement; 4) a mandatory public hearing prior to drilling; and 5) a mandatory $2,000 performance bond. The court held that the Ohio statute gave control over these areas to the Ohio DNR and that these additional city requirements operated in conflict with the state law, a general law, thereby rendering them void. The court did find that some of the City's ordinances were not in conflict with the general law, and those survived.But Beck was decided by an Ohio appellate court. When trying to determine how courts might rule on important matters, one often looks for insight from neighboring states. Ohio's neighbors, Pennsylvania and New York, have recently faced similar questions concerning the intersection of state oil and gas laws and local efforts to control activities within municipal boundaries. In Pennsylvania, the legislature enacted Act 13, an attempt to revamp its oil and gas laws, and preempt local regulation. Like the Ohio legislature, Pennsylvania's legislature was very clear about its intent to preempt local regulation of oil and gas operations. But, in July 2012, in Robinson Township v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Commonwealth Court in Pennsylvania held that "the provisions of Act 13 that would override local zoning and environmental laws are "unconstitutional, null, and void." Those provisions violated the state's Home Rule provision. So, despite strong support from Pennsylvania's Governor, and the best efforts of the Pennsylvania legislature to vest the state with complete control of oil and gas decision-making, the Pennsylvania Constitution preserved the locality's ability to regulate. This case was immediately appealed to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, but although it was argued on October 17, 2012, no decision has yet emerged.Like Ohio and Pennsylvania, New York has a Home Rule provision and a statute stating that New York state rules supersede local ordinances regulating oil and gas. But New York municipalities have been enacting local ordinances anyway, some of them including outright drilling bans. Several New York courts have upheld the local drilling ordinances. But, in part because New York's Governor issued a hydraulic fracturing moratorium, by Executive Order, on December 11, 2010, the local ordinances have yet to be addressed in New York's highest court. Our neighbor states' lower and appellate courts so far have supported their states' home rule provisions, valuing local control over the states' efforts to encourage oil and gas production via unified state control. As evidenced by the recent Beck Energy case, Ohio has been different. Like Pennsylvania and New York, the Ohio statute seeks to preempt local regulation. Unlike the courts in Pennsylvania and New York, though, Ohio's appellate court preferred to support the state's efforts to regulate all aspects of oil and gas operations rather than to preserve local regulatory authority under Home Rule. Like our neighboring jurisdictions, though, the state's highest court, the Supreme Court of Ohio, has not heard yet a case on this matter. Ohio's Supreme Court has been protective of local authority. It often upholds local ordinances on Home Rule grounds. But oil and gas production may be different. The state's interest in promoting economic development through state control of oil and gas operations may encourage the court to see things differently.


For decades, books about John or Robert Kennedy have woven either a shimmering tale of Camelot gallantry or a tawdry story of runaway ambition and reckless personal behaviour. But the real story of the Kennedys in the 1960s has long been submerged - until now. In Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years, David Talbot sheds a dramatic new light on the tumultuous inner life of the Kennedy presidency and its stunning aftermath. Talbot, the founder of Salon.com, has written a gripping political history that is sure to be one of the most talked-about books of the year. Brothers begins on the shattering afternoon of November 22, 1963, as a grief-stricken Robert Kennedy urgently demands answers about the assassination of his brother. Bobby's suspicions immediately focus on the nest of CIA spies, gangsters, and Cuban exiles that had long been plotting a violent regime change in Cuba. The Kennedys had struggled to control this swamp of anti-Castro intrigue based in southern Florida, but with little success. Brothers then shifts back in time, revealing the shadowy conflicts that tore apart the Kennedy administration, pitting the young president and his even younger brother against their own national security apparatus. The Kennedy brothers and a small circle of their most trusted advisors - men like Theodore Sorensen, Robert McNamara, and Kenneth O'Donnell, who were so close the Kennedys regarded them as family - repeatedly thwarted Washington's warrior caste. These hard-line generals and spymasters were hell-bent on a showdown with the Communist foe - in Berlin, Laos, Vietnam, and especially Cuba. But the Kennedys continually frustrated their militaristic ambitions, pushing instead for a peaceful resolution to the Cold War. The tensions within the Kennedy administration were heading for an explosive climax, when a burst of gunfire in a sunny Dallas plaza terminated John F. Kennedy's presidency. Based on interviews with more than 150 people - including many of the Kennedys' aging 'band of brothers', whose testimony here might be their final word on this epic political story - as well as newly released government documents, Brothers reveals the compelling, untold story of the Kennedy years, including JFK's heroic efforts to keep the country out of a cataclysmic war and Bobby Kennedy's secret quest to solve his beloved brother's murder. Bobby's subterranean search was a dangerous one and led, in part, to his own quest for power in 1968, in a passion-filled campaign that ended with his own murder. As Talbot reveals here, RFK might have been the victim of the same plotters he suspected of killing his brother. This is historical storytelling at its riveting best - meticulously researched and movingly told. Brothers is a sprawling narrative about the clash of powerful men and the darker side of the Cold War - a tale of tragic grandeur that is certain to change our understanding of the relentlessly fascinating Kennedy saga.


We  have  analyzed  AAVSO  visual  observations  of  an  additional 85 "irregular" (L-type) pulsating red giants, using Fourier and self-correlation analysis; see JAAVSO, 37, 71 (2009) and JAAVSO, 38, 161 (2010) for details of the methods and previous results. We have categorized the variability of each star (periodic/semiregular, irregular, or not significantly variable), and noted the presence of various spurious effects arising from the visual observing process. Finally, we have suggested which stars should be highest priority for  further visual  or  photoelectric  observation,  and  which  could  reasonably  be  dropped from the visual program, and why.


Planning as satisfiability is a principal approach to planning with many eminent advantages. The existing planning as satisfiability techniques usually use encodings compiled from STRIPS. We introduce a novel SAT encoding scheme (SASE) based on the SAS+ formalism. The new scheme exploits the structural information in SAS+, resulting in an encoding that is both more compact and efficient for planning. We prove the correctness of the new encoding by establishing an isomorphism between the solution plans of SASE and that of STRIPS based encodings. We further analyze the transition variables newly introduced in SASE to explain why it accommodates modern SAT solving algorithms and improves performance. We give empirical statistical results to support our analysis. We also develop a number of techniques to further reduce the encoding size of SASE, and conduct experimental studies to show the strength of each individual technique. Finally, we report extensive experimental results to demonstrate significant improvements of SASE over the state-of-the-art STRIPS based encoding schemes in terms of both time and memory efficiency.


In this paper we present and investigate a stochastic model for the lay-down of fibers on a conveyor belt in the production process of nonwovens. The model is based on a stochastic differential equation taking into account the motion of the ber under the influence of turbulence. A reformulation as a stochastic Hamiltonian system and an application of the stochastic averaging theorem lead to further simplications of the model. Finally, the model is used to compute the distribution of functionals of the process that might be helpful for the quality assessment of industrial fabrics.


Receding horizon control (RHC), also known as model predictive control (MPC), is a general purpose control scheme that involves repeatedly solving a constrained optimization problem, using predictions of future costs, disturbances, and constraints over a moving time horizon to choose the control action. RHC handles constraints, such as limits on control variables, in a direct and natural way, and generates sophisticated feed-forward actions. The main disadvantage of RHC is that an optimization problem has to be solved at each step, which leads many control engineers to think that it can only be used for systems with slow sampling (say, less than one Hz). Several techniques have recently been developed to get around this problem. In one approach, called explicit MPC, the optimization problem is solved analytically and explicitly, so evaluating the control policy requires only a lookup table search. Another approach, which is our focus here, is to exploit the structure in the optimization problem to solve it efficiently. This approach has previously been applied in several specific cases, using custom, hand written code. However, this requires significant development time, and specialist knowledge of optimization and numerical algorithms. Recent developments in convex optimization code generation have made the task much easier and quicker. With code generation, the RHC policy is specified in a high-level language, then automatically transformed into source code for a custom solver. The custom solver is typically orders of magnitude faster than a generic solver, solving in milliseconds or microseconds on standard processors, making it possible to use RHC policies at kilohertz rates. In this paper we demonstrate code generation with two simple control examples. They show a range of problems that may be handled by RHC. In every case, we show a speedup of several hundred times from generic parser-solvers.


Bob Pittman and AOL Time Warner. Jean Marie Messier and Vivendi. Jill Barad and Mattel. Dennis Kozlowski and Tyco. It's an all too common scenario. A great company breaks from the pack; the analysts are in love; the smiling CEO appears on the cover of Fortune. Two years later, the company is in flames, the pension plan is bleeding, the stock is worthless. What goes wrong in these cases? Usually it seems that top management made some incredibly stupid mistakes. But the people responsible are almost always remarkably intelligent and usually have terrific track records. Just as puzzling as the fact that brilliant managers can make bad mistakes is the way they so often magnify the damage. Once a company has made a serious mis-step, it often seems as though it can't do anything right. How does this happen? Instead of rectifying their mistakes, why do business leaders regularly make them worse? To answer these questions, Sydney Finkelstein has carried out the largest research project ever devoted to corporate mistakes and failures. In WHY SMART EXECUTIVES FAIL, he and his research team uncover-with startling clarity and unassailable documentation-the causes regularly responsible for major business breakdowns. He relates the stories of great business disasters and demonstrates that there are specific, identifiable ways in which many businesses regularly make themselves vulnerable to failure. The result is a truly indispensable, practical, must-read book that explains the mechanics of business failure, how to avoid them, and what to do if they happen.


This study aims to examine the effect of macroeconomic factors (interest rate, national product, money supply and industrial product index) on stock prices at Amman Stock Exchange, and to measure the impact of these factors on the general index of prices and the index for each sector (bank, industrial, insurance and services), for the time period from 1992 to 2010. The results were that the factors mentioned above combined with a significant statistical impact on share prices, but when we examine each factor with the index (general, bank, industrial, insurance and services) we found that the interest rate has a statistically significant impact on the prices of the shares in Amman Financial Market, and the effect was negative on behalf of the index and the sectors index. The other variable, which had a significant impact, was the production index where its impact was negative for general and sectors index except the insurance sector, which had a positive impact.


Scratch assays enable the study of the migration process of an injured adherent cell layer in vitro. An apparatus for the reproducible performance of scratch assays and cell harvesting has been developed that meets the requirements for reproducibility in tests as well as easy handling. The entirely autoclavable setup is divided into a sample translation and a scratching system. The translational system is compatible with standard culture dishes and can be modified to adapt to different cell culture systems, while the scratching system can be adjusted according to angle, normal force, shape, and material to adapt to specific questions and demanding substrates. As a result, a fully functional prototype can be presented. This system enables the creation of reproducible and clear scratch edges with a low scratch border roughness within a monolayer of cells. Moreover, the apparatus allows the collection of the migrated cells after scratching for further molecular biological investigations without the need for a second processing step. For comparison, the mechanical properties of manually performed scratch assays are evaluated.


Abstract. We evaluate the effect of varying the temporal resolution of the input climate data on isoprene emission estimates generated by the community emissions model MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). The estimated total global annual emissions of isoprene is reduced from 766 Tg y−1 when using hourly input data to 746 Tg y−1 (a reduction of 3%) for daily average input data and 711 Tg y−1 (down 7%) for monthly average input data. The impact on a local scale can be more significant with reductions of up to 55% at some locations when using monthly average data compared with using hourly data. If the daily and monthly average temperature data are used without the imposition of a diurnal cycle the global emissions estimates fall by 27–32%, and local annual emissions by up to 77%. A similar pattern emerges if hourly isoprene fluxes are considered. In order to better simulate and predict isoprene emission rates using MEGAN, we show it is necessary to use temperature and radiation data resolved to one hour. Given the importance of land-atmosphere interactions in the Earth system and the low computational cost of the MEGAN algorithms, we recommend that chemistry-climate models and the new generation of Earth system models input biogenic emissions at the highest temporal resolution possible.


The 2011 Human Development Report argues that the urgent global challenges of sustainability and equity must be addressed together – and identifies policies on the national and global level that could spur mutually reinforcing progress towards these interlinked goals. Bold action is needed on both fronts, the Report contends, if the recent human development progress for most of the world's poor majority is to be sustained, for the benefit of future generations as well as for those living today. Past Reports have shown that living standards in most countries have been rising – and converging – for several decades now. Yet the 2011 Report projects a disturbing reversal of those trends if environmental deterioration and social inequalities continue to intensify, with the least developed countries diverging downwards from global patterns of progress by 2050.The Report shows further how the world's most disadvantaged people suffer the most from environmental degradation, including in their immediate personal environment, and disproportionately lack political power, making it all the harder for the world community to reach agreement on needed global policy changes. The Report also outlines great potential for positive synergies in the quest for greater equality and sustainability, especially at the national level. The Report further emphasizes the human right to a healthy environment, the importance of integrating social equity into environmental policies, and the critical importance of public participation and official accountability. The 2011 Report concludes with a call for bold new approaches to global development financing and environmental controls, arguing that these measures are both essential and feasible.


Are "hook up" apps leading to a new kind of dating culture on college campuses? Dating apps like Tinder and Bumble are have a different impact on the lives of college students versus older daters. Many students are using these apps to circumvent the romantic gatekeeping that campus party culture has long dominated.


Computing systems will grow significantly larger in the near future to satisfy the needs of computational scientists in areas like climate modeling, biophysics and cosmology. Supercomputers being installed in the next few years will comprise millions of cores, hundreds of thousands of processor chips and millions of physical components. However, it is expected that failures become more prevalent in those machines to the point where 10% of an Exascale system will be wasted just recovering from failures. Further, with such large numbers of cores, fine-grained and dynamic load balance will become increasingly critical for maintaining good system utilization. This paper addresses both fault tolerance and load balancing by presenting a novel extension of traditional message logging protocols based on team check pointing. Message logging makes it possible to recover from localized failures by rolling back just the failed processing elements. Since this comes at a high memory overhead from logging all communication, we reduce this cost by organizing processing elements into teams and only logging messages between teams. Further, we show how to dynamically partition the application into teams to simultaneously minimize the cost of fault tolerance and to balance application load. We experimentally show that this scheme has low overhead and can dramatically reduce the memory cost of message logging.


Theoretical neuroscience provides a quantitative basis for describing what nervous systems do, determining how they function, and uncovering the general principles by which they operate. This text introduces the basic mathematical and computational methods of theoretical neuroscience and presents applications in a variety of areas including vision, sensory-motor integration, development, learning, and memory. The book is divided into three parts. Part I discusses the relationship between sensory stimuli and neural responses, focusing on the representation of information by the spiking activity of neurons. Part II discusses the modeling of neurons and neural circuits on the basis of cellular and synaptic biophysics. Part III analyzes the role of plasticity in development and learning. An appendix covers the mathematical methods used, and exercises are available on the book's Web site.


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