The scientific study of complex systems has transformed a wide range of disciplines in recent years, enabling researchers in both the natural and social sciences to model and predict phenomena as diverse as earthquakes, global warming, demographic patterns, financial crises, and the failure of materials. In this book, Didier Sornette boldly applies his varied experience in these areas to propose a simple, powerful, and general theory of how, why, and when stock markets crash.
Most attempts to explain market failures seek to pinpoint triggering mechanisms that occur hours, days, or weeks before the collapse. Sornette proposes a radically different view: the underlying cause can be sought months and even years before the abrupt, catastrophic event in the build-up of cooperative speculation, which often translates into an accelerating rise of the market price, otherwise known as a "bubble." Anchoring his sophisticated, step-by-step analysis in leading-edge physical and statistical modeling techniques, he unearths remarkable insights and some predictions--among them, that the "end of the growth era" will occur around 2050.
Sornette probes major historical precedents, from the decades-long "tulip mania" in the Netherlands that wilted suddenly in 1637 to the South Sea Bubble that ended with the first huge market crash in England in 1720, to the Great Crash of October 1929 and Black Monday in 1987, to cite just a few. He concludes that most explanations other than cooperative self-organization fail to account for the subtle bubbles by which the markets lay the groundwork for catastrophe.
Any investor or investment professional who seeks a genuine understanding of looming financial disasters should read this book. Physicists, geologists, biologists, economists, and others will welcome Why Stock Markets Crash as a highly original "scientific tale," as Sornette aptly puts it, of the exciting and sometimes fearsome--but no longer quite so unfathomable--world of stock markets.


This information was part of the August 2013 issue of Eastern DairyBusiness Magazine. The Manager, a section within the Eastern DairyBusiness Magazine, is authored and organized by the PRO-DAIRY program in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University.


The purpose of market definition in antitrust law is to identify a grouping of sales such that a single firm who controlled them could maintain prices for a significant time at above the competitive level. The conceptions and procedures that go into "market definition" in antitrust can be quite different from those that go into market definition in IP law. When the issue of market definition appears in IP cases, it is mainly as a query about the range over which rivalry occurs. This rivalry may or may not have much to do with a firm's ability to charge a high price. Antitrust is more sensitive to market structure than any discipline, and entirely on the basis of statutes that say little about structure. By contrast, intellectual property law says almost nothing about structure and largely proceeds without these inquiries. We know a great deal about the relationship between market structure and innovation — about the types of industries in which patents work better and are more valuable, those in which trade secrets are preferred, or where first mover advantages alone provide sufficient incentives. We can also identify markets in which copying is easiest, thus justifying strong protection, and where it is much more difficult. Knowing all of this, IP law might have developed much more "market specific" rules than it has, and if those rules had been properly formulated and applied, we would be in a better place than we are today. What we in fact have, however, are IP laws that proceed as if market structure doesn't matter. To be sure, there is less consensus and poorer quality information about the relationship between market structure and innovation than about the relationship between market structure and traditional power over price under constant technology. But that hardly justifies a set of protections that are invariant to market structure in those areas where it counts most. In the Supreme Court's Prometheus decision, Justice Breyer's opinion for a unanimous Court may have opened a window for differentiating the application of patent law with the market in question.


We used satellite-based remote sensing to estimate home ranges for Swainson's Hawk, a species listed as threatened in California (USA), on its breeding grounds in the Natomas Basin (northern Central Valley, California) and to evaluate whether the species' space-use intensity (statistically derived density of telemetry locations) was associated with land cover, sex, reproductive success, or life stage of offspring. We differentiated seven classes of land cover—alfalfa, annually rotated irrigated crops, developed, grassland, orchard / vineyard, rice, and water. From 2011–2013, we fitted transmitters with global positioning systems to 23 adult Swainson's Hawks. We recorded a minimum of six locations per day per bird from spring through early autumn of each year. We used a fixed, bivariate-normal kernel estimator to calculate a utilization distribution at 30-m resolution for each life stage of each individual within each year. We used a linear mixed model to estimate the associations between intensity of space use and land cover, sex, and reproductive status. The majority of adult Swainson's Hawks traveled distances up to 8–10 km from the nest throughout the breeding season. Median seasonal home-range sizes in a given year ranged from 87–172 km 2 . The association between intensity of space use and grassland was 50–139% stronger, and the association between intensity of space use and alfalfa 23–59% stronger, than the associations between intensity of space use and any other land-cover type. Intensity of space use did not vary as a function of sex, reproductive status, or life stage. Given our results and additional knowledge of the species' ecology, we suggest that reproductive success and, in turn, population-level recruitment may be associated equally if not more closely with availability of nesting sites than with the current distribution of land cover.


The term crosslinguistic influence is used to describe the cognitive process of applying the knowledge of one language to that of another. Dealing with transfer as a fact in the process of language learning, one should not only consider the linguistic differences but also many other factors such as social, cultural, pragmatic, conceptual, etc., which all play crucial roles in the process of language learning. This descriptive study was thus set to find out different kinds of transfer crosslingually. To this end, 70 Iranian junior EFL university students were randomly selected and assigned to two groups of 35 to do translation tasks; in one, they were required to translate a text from L1 to L2 (Persian to English) and in the other group, the participants were asked to translate the same text but this time from L2 to L1 (English to Persian). The data was then analyzed based on a ten-item taxonomy provided by Jarvis and Pavlenko (2008). Close analysis of the data along with relevant statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between the use of transfer in these two tasks. Moreover, the participants not only transferred linguistically but also conceptually.


What are the largest uncertainties in modelling ozone in the troposphere, and how do they affect the cal- culated ozone budget? Published chemistry-transport model studies of tropospheric ozone differ significantly in their conclusions regarding the importance of the key processes controlling the ozone budget: influx from the stratosphere, chemical processing and surface deposition. This study sur- veys ozone budgets from previous studies and demonstrates that about two thirds of the increase in ozone production seen between early assessments and more recent model intercom- parisons can be accounted for by increased precursor emis- sions. Model studies using recent estimates of emissions compare better with ozonesonde measurements than stud- ies using older data, and the tropospheric burden of ozone is closer to that derived here from measurement climatolo- gies, 335±10 Tg. However, differences between individual model studies remain large and cannot be explained by sur- face precursor emissions alone; cross-tropopause transport, wet and dry deposition, humidity, and lightning also make large contributions. The importance of these processes is ex- amined here using a chemistry-transport model to investigate the sensitivity of the calculated ozone budget to different as- sumptions about emissions, physical processes, meteorology and model resolution. The budget is particularly sensitive to the magnitude and location of lightning NOx emissions, which remain poorly constrained; the 3-8 TgN/yr range in recent model studies may account for a 10% difference in tropospheric ozone burden and a 1.4 year difference in CH4 lifetime. Differences in humidity and dry deposition account for some of the variability in ozone abundance and loss seen in previous studies, with smaller contributions from wet de- position and stratospheric influx. At coarse model resolu- tions stratospheric influx is systematically overestimated and dry deposition is underestimated; these differences are 5-8% at the 300-600 km grid-scales investigated here, similar in magnitude to the changes induced by interannual variabil- ity in meteorology. However, a large proportion of the vari- ability between models remains unexplained, suggesting that differences in chemical mechanisms and dynamical schemes have a large impact on the calculated ozone budget, and these should be the target of future model intercomparisons.


The Feldenkrais method (FM) is a process that uses verbally and manually guided exploration of novel movements to improve individuals' self-awareness and coordination. This paper reviews recent literature evaluating the therapeutic value of the FM for improving balance, mobility, and coordination and its effectiveness for management of chronic pain. The authors also explore and discuss studies that have investigated some of the other bodily effects and possible mechanisms of action, such as (a) the process of learning itself, (b) focus of attention during motor learning, (c) autonomic regulation, and (d) body image. They found that research clearly supports the effectiveness of the FM for improvement of balance and chronic pain management. The exploration into mechanisms of action raises interesting questions and possibilities for further investigation.


The aim of this thesis is to investigate the integration of hardware description languages (hdls) and automated proof systems. Simulation of circuit designs written in an hdl is an important method of testing their correctness. However, due to the combinatorial explosion of possible inputs it is not feasible to verify designs using simulation alone. Formal hardware verification, using a proof system, has tried to address this issue. Whilst some medium-sized designs have been (partially) verified, industrial takeup of formal methods has been slow. This is partly due to the use of specialised, non-standard notations employed in various formalisms. By embedding a hardware description language in a proof system we hope to clarify the semantics of the particular hdl, and present a more standard interface to formal methodologies. We have given a new static structural operational semantics for a subset of the ella hardware description language. The formal dynamic semantics of this subset is based on an existing informal model. We embedded the semantics of this hdl in the Lambda higher-order logic proof system. The embedding allows meta-theoretical results to be proved about this and other semantics. It has been proved that the semantics computes the least fixed point solution of the circuit description. Another semantics which computes a more defined output has also been embedded, and the relationship between both semantics has been proved formally. A number of paradigms such as operational semantics based formal symbolic simulation, formal interactive (top-down and bottom-up) synthesis, formal hardware generators, proved correct transformations and traditional hardware verification are presented as small case studies. However, scaling up of the examples turned out to be difficult, and verification tended to be slow.


The biodiesel from Jatropha curcas had been received much attention in these past decades. The seed was accountable for its high oil content. Through the development of oil expeller machine, the remains of an oil extraction were subjected to this study in order to examine the potential of deoiled Jatropha curcas seedcake (JSC) for being used as an organic fertilizer. However, the main concern was the presence of a toxic compound named phorbol ester in the JSC. The bio-safety questions were often regarded as the main concerns for the utilization of JSC as fertilizer. Therefore, the Chinese kale, tomato, and sweet potato were chosen to represent as the leaf, fruit, and tuber vegetable, respectively, which were subjected to the application of JSC as fertilizer. Here, the aspects of plant growth, yield, nutrient, and amount of phorbol ester in such plant parts as well as in the soil were analyzed. Although the treatments in each crops were practically the same, the specified details namely an exact rate of chemically fertilizer were slightly varied. The effects of half rate of chemical fertilizer mixed with high rate of JSC as fertilizer on the yields of Chinese kale and tomato were proven to be on the increase. This same treatment had mostly affected the growth characteristics of sweet potato. The total percentages of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) in the vegetable products were subsequently inspected. Not only the qualities of pre-planting soil, in terms of pH, organic matter, and available P and K were analyzed, but also that of postharvest. Analytical measurements of phorbol ester via both HPLC and LC-MS/MS, were performed in all the samples from both harvested plant parts as well as soil. From all the postharvest propagations, the toxicity of phorbol ester could not be found, neither from the plant products nor the soil. Therefore, utilization of JCS as organic fertilizer for vegetable crops was marked as a safe practice, both for the consumer consumption and soil environment. This outcome can be of choice to solve the problem of rising fertilizer prices.


We document the bone microstructure of traversodontids from Argentina and Brazil and make detailed comparisons of the bone microstructure of these cynodonts with that of other traversodontids, nonmammaliaform therapsids (including cynodonts), and Mesozoic mammalian taxa. Our analysis provides information on traversodontid ontogenetic age, growth patterns and life-style adaptations. The osteohistological data derived from the current study, as well as data on other nonmammaliaform cynodonts, provide an understanding of the evolution of life-history patterns among the therapsids. We show that many of the nonmammaliaform cynodonts (including some traversodontids) formed bone at rapid rates but retained flexible developmental growth patterns. In addition, although we observe a trend of increasingly rapid osteogenesis among the traversodontids, our findings do not discern a particular bone tissue type as a synapomorphy of the clade. This reinforces earlier hypotheses that the microscopic structure of bone is influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and is not constrained by phylogeny alone.


An independent meta-analysis of vaccines against influenza has found that claims of benefit have been significantly exaggerated.

The report, released last month by the University of Minnesota's Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, was based on a comprehensive review of data published from 1967 to 2012.1

Evidence for "consistent high-level protection is elusive," the researchers concluded. Although vaccination was found to provide modest protection from infection in young healthy adults who rarely have complications of flu, the authors found that "evidence for protection in adults 65 years of age and older [who represent over 90% of deaths from flu] . . . is lacking."

The authors also analyzed recommendations issued by the federal Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which provides expert advice to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and which are "often considered the standard of practice . . . around the …


Professional practica are an essential part of teacher education and other professional education programs, but university staff often express concern that prac. experiences are fundamentally conservative, emphasising preparation for the status quo rather than for what might be. In recent years other forms of workplace-based university learning have been devised, where staff have sought to build units of study around a core of reflective practice, action research and professional development. This paper describes one such initiative, a final semester internship for fourth year education students which enabled them to design and negotiate their own professional development plans in any one of a wide variety of educational settings. These included educational publishers, seniors programs, mining companies, environmental education projects, grief counselling, performing arts and community literacy programs, among others. The Internship was conceived as a collaborative action research project, so the experiences of all participants including our own have been used as part of the ongoing process of shaping and improving the Internship as an opportunity for self-directed personal-professional development.


In this paper, we describe the implementation of the Semi-Analytical Cloud Retrieval Algorithm (SACURA), to obtain scaled cloud optical thickness (SCOT) from satellite imagery acquired with the SEVIRI instrument and surface UV irradiance levels. In estimation of SCOT particular care is given to the proper specification of the background (i.e. cloud-free) spectral albedo and the retrieval of the cloud water phase from reflectance ratios in SEVIRI's 0.6 μm and 1.6 μm spectral bands. The SACURA scheme is then applied to daytime SEVIRI imagery over Europe, for the month of June 2006, at 15-min time increments. The resulting SCOT fields are compared with values obtained by the CloudSat experimental satellite mission, yielding a negligible bias, correlation coefficients ranging from 0.51 to 0.78, and a root mean square difference of 1 to 2 SCOT increments. These findings compare favourably to results from similar intercomparison exercises reported in the literature. Based on the retrieved SCOT from SEVIRI and radiative transfer modelling approach, simple parameterisations are proposed to estimate the surface UV-A and UV-B irradiance. The validation of the modelled UV-A and UV-B irradiance against the measurements over two Belgian stations, Redu and Ostend, indicate good agreement with the high correlation, index of agreement and low bias. The SCOT fields estimated by implementing SACURA on imagery from geostationary satellite are reliable and its impact on surface UV irradiance levels is well produced.


Two months before he died, Dryden published a collection of verse translations and original poetry, Fables Ancient and Modern, the work for which he was most admired throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Cedric Reverand argues that Fables, which has for the most part escaped modern scrutiny, embodies a purposeful, subversive strategy, and constitutes a new poetic mode that emerged when the laureate, public spokesman for king and country, lost his official post and became an outcast, a minority voice. In Dryden's Final Poetic Mode, Reverand focuses on Dryden's characteristic concerns-love and war, power and kingship, the heroic code, the Christian ideal-tracing how Dryden assembles informing ideals and yet dissolves them as well. By examining Dryden's treatment of familiar issues, Reverand demonstrates that this final poetic mode is not discontinuous with the earlier poetry bill is a further development, a reevaluation of the principles that sustained the poet throughout his career. Fables expresses Dryden's personal experience dealing with a changed and changing world. With the values he cherished crumbling, he is trapped into trying to reconcile the irreconcilable. His book reveals the fragility of various systems of value and the futility of discovering abiding ideals in a universe of perpetual flux, but it also reveals a poet who actively pursues meaning rather than surrendering to despair. It is this attempt to accommodate to a changing, subversive world that Reverand asserts is the impulse behind Fables and the central issue of Dryden's life in the1690s. Dryden's Final Poetic Mode will interest students and scholars of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British literature.


And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language that they may not understand one another's language. So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of the earth: and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. (Genesis 11, 1–9).


BCOM 3100 Professional Development (1 semester credit hour) This course is required for all first time in college freshmen who were required to take BA 1100, in the Naveen Jindal School of Management. This course is designed to enhance the student's experience in the Naveen Jindal School of Management. Students will enhance networking skills, verbal and written communication skills, business etiquette training, and learn how to increase their human capital. Students will also work on projects geared towards career management and overall professional development as a business major. The goal of this class is to make the student a more marketable and valuable professional in the global economy. Credit cannot be received for more than one of the following: ACCT 3100, BA 3100, BCOM 3100, FIN 3100, HMGT 3100, IMS 3100, ITSS 3100, MKT 3100, OBHR 3100, OPRE 3100, ACCT 3200, BA 3200, BCOM 3200, FIN 3200, HMGT 32 00, IMS 3200, ITSS 3200, MKT 3200, OBHR 3200 or OPRE 3200. Prerequisite: BA 1100. (1-0) S


INTRODUCTION
The research field of sound landscape and public life, initially drew my attention during the master class of 'Media of the Urban', originally 'Medien des Urbanen, which was given by Prof. Dr. Gabriele Schabacher in the 2015 summer semester. For the relevant class, I conducted an conceptual case study in Istanbul, Beyoglu District, with the intention of analysing the perception of the space by urban sound. During the summer 2015 I recorded various sounds of different spatial settings and developed the analysis by comparing the situations. By that time, I realized the inherent property of the sound as a medium for our perception in urban context.
In the 2015-2016 winter semester, I participated in the master class of the architectural project, named 'Build Allegory', which was given by Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Heike Buttner. The project was situated in Berlin Westkreuz, AVUS north curve, on the highway and was originally a race track from 1921. In this context, the aim of my project was to answer various questions, main of which was, how does the architectural form shape the sound of the place? And, how does the sound of the place shape the architectural from? Since the place is still serving mainly to the vehicles, although the function has differed, the sound objects and the context have remained. Through the existence of contextual references, I started with creating a computational tool for analysing the acoustic characteristics of this urban setting, which is fundamentally providing results as the sound cloud, driven from the sound ray tracing method. Regarding to this soundscape analysis method, which I developed, this computational tool assisted me to find an optimum reciprocal relation between architecture and sound.
Since I have been working on soundscape in the context of architecture, urban situations, public life and public space, I was determined to produce a comprehensive research in this field and propound the hypothesis; the existence of the reciprocity between the social behaviours in public space and the sound landscape. In which extent does this reciprocity exist? What are the effects of the public life on the sonic configurations of the space and the other way around?


People in all known cultures play games and today digital gaming is an important leisure activity for hundreds of millions of people. At the same time game design has developed into a profession of its own. There are several practical game design guidelines and text books but they rarely manage to connect their findings into relevant areas of research such as psychology and design research. Understanding game design, both as an activity and as an end result of that activity, in a more profound way could alleviate this problem. The main goals of this thesis are to understand in a more profound way how to design games and based on that understanding develop frameworks and methods for aiding game design. By extending knowledge about game design can not only improve the quality of the end-products but also expand the potential design space even in unpredictable ways. Game design contains many sub-areas. Character, story, and environment design are integral parts of the current game development projects. The aim of this thesis, however, is to have a critical and exploratory look at structures of gameplay as design material. Gameplay is the interaction between the game rules, challenges, elements, and players.In one sense gameplay defines the game. The focus of the thesis is mainly analytical, although parts of the results are based on practical research through design activities. The thesis contributes to game research in three interralated ways: (1) An analytical contribution to understanding gameplay was done in the gameplay design patterns work. The patterns are described as an approach to both analyse existing games and aid in designing new games. The patterns describe recurrent gameplay and also analyse these structures from the design material point of view. (2) A theoretical study of basis for gameplay experiences was conducted through review of relevant models and theories in neuroaesthetics, cognitive and social psychology and game research. The framework offered in the thesis explains why certain gameplay structures are more recurrent based on defining gameplay as caricatures of intentional behaviour. (3) The game design patterns approach and research through design projects have contributed to the analysis of game design as an activity and practical guidelines for concrete design work in more specific areas of game design. The goals of this thesis are ambitious and many questions are left unanswered. Using the patterns approach in conjunction with game design and ideation methods is still in its infancy. The concept of gameplay as caricatures of intentional behaviour should be explored further, especially in conjunction with other theories and frameworks relevant for understanding gameplay experience such as user engagement, immersion, and presence. Empirical experiments validating or falsifying this view on gameplay would be valuable as further contributions to game research.


Advances in Experimental Social Psychology continues to be one of the most sought after and most often cited series in this field. Containing contributions of major empirical and theoretical interest, this series represents the best and the brightest in new research, theory, and practice in social psychology. This serial is part of the Social Sciences package on ScienceDirect. Visit info.sciencedirect.com for more information. Advances Experimental Social Psychology is available online on ScienceDirect — full-text online of volumes 32 onward. Elsevier book series on ScienceDirect gives multiple users throughout an institution simultaneous online access to an important complement to primary research. Digital delivery ensures users reliable, 24-hour access to the latest peer-reviewed content. The Elsevier book series are compiled and written by the most highly regarded authors in their fields and are selected from across the globe using Elsevier's extensive researcher network. For more information about the Elsevier Book Series on ScienceDirect Program, please visit: info.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/

One of the most sought after and most often cited series in this field
Contains contributions of major empirical and theoretical interest
Represents the best and the brightest in new research, theory, and practice in social psychology


Anatomical textbooks and atlases often fail to meet the clinical demands of defining intraoperative structures for oral implantologists because of the overwhelmingly detailed minutia. Because certain anatomical landmarks are hard to illustrate in a diagram format, students and professionals can be confused when confronted with actual specimens in the dissecting room or in the operatory. This book, however, shows the structures of the maxilla, the mandible, and the nasal cavity as they actually exist in the dissected or live body, through the presentation of cadaver specimens and clinical cases. Several of the chapters include full-page images of specific cadaver sections with all the relevant anatomical parts labeled for convenience. Cone beam computed tomography images are also presented to show how this technology can be used to measure the bone density, the width of the alveolar ridge, and the exact distance available for implant placement under or above certain anatomical landmarks prior to implant selection. This book will simplify the learning and execution of implant- related surgical procedures in a region of the body that presents special topographic and anatomical difficulties.


The leaf longevity and seasonal timing of leaf abscission within a plant community is closely related to climate, a phenomenon referred to as leaf phenology. In this paper the leaf phenology of some mid-Cretaceous (late Albian) forests which grew at latitude of 75° S on Alexander Island, Antarctica, is analysed. Five independent techniques for determining leaf longevity are applied to the fossil remains of each of the canopy-forming trees. These techniques utilize: (1) the anatomical character of growth rings in trunk woods, (2) leaf trace persistence in juvenile branch and stem woods, (3) leaf physiognomy, (4) comparison with nearest living relatives, and (5) leaf taphonomy. The application of techniques 1–5 suggests that the araucarian and podocarp conifers, which comprised more than 90% of the canopy-forming vegetation, were evergreen with leaf retention times in excess of 5–13 years. The application of techniques 3–5 to rare taxodioid conifers indicates the existence of both evergreen and deciduous habits in this group, whilst both ginkgos and taeniopterids, which are locally abundant, are interpreted as possessing a deciduous habit. The polar forests of Alexander Island were therefore dominantly evergreen. Preliminary analysis of five other mid-Cretaceous polar forests suggests the presence of dominantly evergreen vegetation in Australia and Antarctica, and mixed evergreen–deciduous vegetation in Alaska, northern Russia and New Zealand. Cold month mean temperature probably exerted the largest influence on the leaf phenology at each of these forest sites.


The U.S. CPI is based on the Laspeyres price index, an index type that has an upward "substitution bias." Thus, the CPI tends to overstate increases in the cost of living. To address this bias, the Advisory Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index recommended adopting for the CPI a "superlative" price index, e.g., the Fisher or Tornqvist indices. Under the assumption of homothetic preferences, superlative indices always have smaller substitution biases--hence, are closer to the "true" cost-of-living index (COLI)--than the Laspeyres index, but this assumption implies that: all income elasticities equal 1, the true COLI is independent of the utility level (standard of living), and expenditure shares are unaffected by changes in income. These implications are contradicted, however, by all known household budget studies. Therefore, superlative indices are not necessarily closer to the true COLI than the Laspeyres index except in the unrealistic case of homothetic preferences. Under more realistic non-homothetic preferences, expenditure shares vary with income and, thus, "income bias" is introduced into the superlative indices. This, in turn, could result in biases larger than the Laspeyres substitution bias in the CPI. The Commission did not, however, address this possibility. The Laspeyres index has a larger substitution bias but no income bias because it uses fixed expenditure shares. Under plausible conditions, by using a non-homothetic "almost ideal demand system" (AIDS) model, we carry out empirical simulations that show that the combined substitution and income biases of either the Fisher or the Tornqvist index could be either positive or negative--that is, a superlative index could differ even more from the true COLI than is the case for the present CPI. Thus, income adjustments resulting from a CPI based on a superlative index could exceed those from using the current CPI, when the combined bias is positive, or could fall below those warranted by the true COLI in the case of negative combined bias. Therefore, the Commission's recommendation for a superlative index CPI formula needs further examination. We propose a theoretically rigorous and practical procedure to determine a COLI free from substitution and income bias, using estimated ordinary demand functions without postulating a specific structure of consumer preferences.


In classrooms, students engage in argumentation through justifying and generalizing. However, these activities can be difficult for teachers to conceptualize and therefore promote in their classrooms. In this article, we present the Student Discourse Observation Tool (SDOT) developed to support teachers in noticing and promoting student justifying and generalizing. The SDOT serves the purpose of (a) focusing teacher noticing on student argumentation during classroom observations, and (b) promoting focused discussion of student discourse in teacher professional learning communities. We provide survey data illustrating that elementary-level teachers who participated in professional development leveraging the SDOT had richer conceptions of justifying and generalizing and greater ability to characterize students' justifying and generalizing when compared with a set of control teachers. We argue that the SDOT provides both an important focusing lens for teachers and a means to concretize the abstract mathematical activities of justifying and generalizing.


Whether you are a professional new to the user-centered design field, or an experienced designer who needs to learn the fundamentals of user interface design and evaluation, this book can lead the way.
What will you get from this book? Based on a course from the Open University, UK which has been taught to over a thousand professionals and students, this book presents an overview of the field. It illustrates the benefits of a user-centered approach to the design of software, computer systems, and web sites, and provides a clear and practical discussion of requirements gathering; developing interaction design from user requirements; and user interface evaluation. The book's coverage includes established HCI topics-for example, visibility, affordance, feedback, metaphors, mental models, and the like-combined with practical guidelines for contemporary designs and current trends, which makes for a winning combination. You get a clear presentation of ideas, illustrations of concepts, using real-world applications.
This book will help you develop all the skills necessary for iterative user-centered design, and provides a firm foundation for user interface design and evaluation on which to build.
The readership for this book will include seasoned professionals in user interface design and usability engineering (looking for new tools with which to expand their knowledge), new people who enter the HCI field with no prior educational experience, and software developers, web application developers, and information appliance designers, who need to know more about interaction design and evaluation.


This report discusses the emerging development of nationwide alert systems to recover missing adults, such as those with mental impairment (such as Alzheimer's disease), developmental disabilities, or suicidal tendencies. This report provides an overview of such alert systems in 11 states: Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Texas, and Virginia. This report also provides a discussion of issues for Congress to consider with respect to the federal role, if any, in developing state alert programs for missing adults.


An easy-to-understand guide to the?latest version of Microsoft's enterprise project management software: Project 2013If you've never used project management software before?or if?you're just getting up to speed on the new features in Project 2013, this is the book for you! With this easy-to-understand guide, you have a completely updated resource that covers the latest changes and newest enhancements to Project 2013 and shows you how to?make Project 2013 work for you. After an introduction to basic project management concepts, you'll discover the mechanics of using Project software to create and manage projects. Other topics covered include working with calendars, using and sharing resources, budgeting, formatting taskbars, gathering and tracking data, working with reports, and creating templates.Shows you how to manage resources, share project information, perform scenario analysis, and standardize reporting processesPresents completely updated coverage of the new Project 2013Reviews formatting taskbars, gathering and tracking data, and working with reportsAddresses using and sharing resources, creating templates, and managing projectsTake charge of your next project and ensure its success with a little help from Project 2013 For Dummies.


The success of the microelectronics industry over more then 30 years is to a large extent based on unimaginable device scaling governed by the Moore's law, which also resulted in performance improvements. The advances were mainly possible due to the unique properties of SiO2, which is grown by thermal oxidation and poly silicon gate technologies which substituted aluminum metal gates and enabled the self aligned gate technologies. However, the aggressive scaling of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) devices is driving SiO2 based gate dielectrics to its physical limits as stated in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). The scaling of device dimensions, especially the gate oxide thickness its physical limits required novel gate stack technologies, in which replacement of conventional SiO2 with a high-K material is one of them. The usage of high-K gate materials enables the scaling of the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of gate dielectric into sub 1 nm regime while allowing much higher physical thickness. The feasibility of scaling EOT down to sub 1 nm results in degraded performance due to the gate oxide and non-ideal gate electrode. This work mainly discusses the performance issues of the CMOS devices and possible ways to make improvements. When considering the biasing conditions of a CMOS device, the n+-poly gate of a n-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (NMOSFET) is biased with a positive voltage and the p+-poly gate of a p-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (PMOSFET) is biased with a negative voltage. As a result of the biasing condition, a depletion layer is formed at the gate electrode-gate oxide interface. This gate depletion is called poly gate depletion effect, results in a capacitance in series with the gate oxide capacitance. This poly gate depletion capacitance results in a decreased gate capacitance and thus results in degraded device performance. In thick oxide systems, where the gate oxide is around more than 10 nm, the gate depletion effects can be neglected as the contribution from poly gate depletion capacitance is small when compared to the gate oxide capacitance. In thin oxide systems, where the oxide thickness is less than 4 nm, the poly gate depletion effect cannot be neglected. However, degenerately doped gate electrodes can be used to suppress the poly gate depletion capacitance, by decreasing the thickness of the depletion layer formed at the gate electrode-gate oxide interface. These highly doped gate electrodes combined with thin gate oxides allow the dopants to distribute through the gate oxide and thus change the dopant distribution profile in both the gate electrode and the substrate. In ultra thin oxide systems, where the EOT is less than 2 nm, the poly gate deletion effects are unavoidable despite the gate being very highly doped. The depleted poly gate consists of parasitic charges because the ionized dopants and the parasitic charge density increases with increased doping. These parasitic gate charges act as charge centers in the gate and scatter the carries in the channel thus degrading the device performance, an effect called remote Coulomb scattering. In order to decrease the effect of remote Coulomb scattering, the parasitic gate charge density should be decreased, by reducing gate doping concentration. The reduced gate doping results in increase poly gate depletion and degrade the device performance. Thus, it is clear that the effects poly gate depletion and/or remote Coulomb scattering are unavoidable in conventionally doped gate CMOS devices. To reduce poly gate depletion and remote Coulomb scattering, the gate depletion should be completely eliminated. Metal gates provide a possible solution to eliminate poly gate depletion completely but the integration of metal gates is difficult. In order to reduce the poly gate depletion effects, an alternative gate doping scheme, where the gate is inversely doped is proposed in this work. With inversely doped gates the poly gate depletion is eliminated selectively when the device is turned on. The gate in conventional CMOS devices is generally of the same type as that of the source/drain, i.e., the NMOSFET has a n-gate and the PMOSFET has a p-gate. In an alternative gate doping scheme, the n-gate of the NMOSFET is replaced with a p-gate and vice versa for a PMOSFET. As a result, the gate is driven into accumulation when the device is turned on, thus retaining the gate capacitance at its maximum possible value of oxide capacitance. As the gate capacitance is retained at its maximum value, the device performance improves. The concept of alternative gate doping was verified by fabricating suitable hardware. Through extensive simulation studies, the concept of alternate gate doping was investigated in detail. Further simulations suggested that the concept can even be implemented in silicon on insulator devices. The simulation results suggested that the device performance can be improved significantly, thus allowing the use of poly gates even in sub 100nm regime.


This revised edition of Taylor's classic work on the internal-combustion engine incorporates changes and additions in engine design and control that have been brought on by the world petroleum crisis, the subsequent emphasis on fuel economy, and the legal restraints on air pollution.The fundamentals and the topical organization, however, remain the same. The analytic rather than merely descriptive treatment of actual engine cycles, the exhaustive studies of air capacity, heat flow, friction, and the effects of cylinder size, and the emphasis on application have been preserved. These are the basic qualities that have made Taylor's work indispensable to more than one generation of engineers and designers of internal-combustion engines, as well as to teachers and graduate students in the fields of power, internal-combustion engineering, and general machine design.Charles Fayette Taylor is Professor of Automotive Engineering Emeritus at MIT. He directed the Sloan Automotive Laboratories at MIT from 1926 to 1960


Building on recent research examining athlete burnout trajectories, this study implemented the developmental model of sport participation to compare emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation between age groups (specializing [aged 13–15 years] vs. investment [aged 16–18 years]) and gender (boys vs. girls) among U.S. high school athletes. Participants were 367 high school athletes (M = 15.53; 212 males; 186 specializing) across various individual and team sports who completed a survey assessing their demographic information, sport backgrounds, and burnout perceptions. A 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of covariance, controlling for training hours, showed greater emotional and physical exhaustion and sport devaluation in the investment than the specializing group, but no developmental differences in reduced sense of accomplishment. Contrary to our hypothesis, no gender or interaction effects were found. Findings inform interventions and future research that address the role of developmental stages and gender in athlete burnout.


Mario Testino's boundless talent with a camera must be maddening for other photographers working in a highly competitive field, but he remains one of the most revered stars in his profession. Often imitated and never equaled, Testino is graced with a natural ability to float effortlessly from studio to backstage to after-party, producing stunning shots in any kind of situation. From royals to mega-celebrities. Testino has shot some of the world's most inaccessible subjects, always with an ease that betrays the complexity of the task. When Testino gets "in your face" he captures you at your best- and that is what makes him the best. This unorthodox collection of various images chosen by Testino from the span of his 30-year career reflects the diversity of his work, ranging from fashion and advertising shots to sexually-charged images and autobiographical photos. Full of color, life, and humor, this selection is a testament to the sheer brilliance of a tireless chronicler of fabulousness.


High time resolution measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected using a proton‐transfer‐reaction quadrupole mass spectrometry (PTR‐QMS) instrument at the Platteville Atmospheric Observatory (PAO) in Colorado to investigate how oil and natural gas (O&NG) development impacts air quality within the Wattenburg Gas Field (WGF) in the Denver‐Julesburg Basin. The measurements were carried out in July and August 2014 as part of NASA's "Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality" (DISCOVER‐AQ) field campaign. The PTR‐QMS data were supported by pressurized whole air canister samples and airborne vertical and horizontal surveys of VOCs. Unexpectedly high benzene mixing ratios were observed at PAO at ground level (mean benzene = 0.53 ppbv, maximum benzene = 29.3 ppbv), primarily at night (mean nighttime benzene = 0.73 ppbv). These high benzene levels were associated with southwesterly winds. The airborne measurements indicate that benzene originated from within the WGF, and typical source signatures detected in the canister samples implicate emissions from O&NG activities rather than urban vehicular emissions as primary benzene source. This conclusion is backed by a regional toluene‐to‐benzene ratio analysis which associated southerly flow with vehicular emissions from the Denver area. Weak benzene‐to‐CO correlations confirmed that traffic emissions were not responsible for the observed high benzene levels. Previous measurements at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) and our data obtained at PAO allow us to locate the source of benzene enhancements between the two atmospheric observatories. Fugitive emissions of benzene from O&NG operations in the Platteville area are discussed as the most likely causes of enhanced benzene levels at PAO.


An adaptive tuned vibration absorber (ATVA) with a smart variable stiffness element is capable of retuning itself in response to a time-varying excitation frequency, enabling effective vibration control over a range of frequencies. This paper discusses novel methods of achieving variable stiffness in an ATVA by changing shape, as inspired by biological paradigms. It is shown that considerable variation in the tuned frequency can be achieved by actuating a shape change, provided that this is within the limits of the actuator. A feasible design for such an ATVA is one in which the device offers low resistance to the required shape change actuation while not being restricted to low values of the effective stiffness of the vibration absorber. Three such original designs are identified: (i) A pinned–pinned arch beam with fixed profile of slight curvature and variable preload through an adjustable natural curvature; (ii) a vibration absorber with a stiffness element formed from parallel curved beams of adjustable curvature vibrating longitudinally; (iii) a vibration absorber with a variable geometry linkage as stiffness element. The experimental results from demonstrators based on two of these designs show good correlation with the theory.


Currently, installation, operation, and maintenance (IO&M) costs contribute approximately 30% to the LCOE of offshore wind plants. To reduce LCOE while ensuring safety, this paper identifies principal cost drivers associated with IO&M and quantifies their impacts on LCOE. The paper identifies technology improvement opportunities and provides a basis for evaluating innovative engineering and scientific concepts developed subsequently to the study. Through the completion of a case study, an optimum IO&M strategy for a hypothetical offshore wind project is identified.


Many rules of patent law rest on a false premise about their target audience. Rules of patentability purport to provide subtle incentives to innovators. However, innovators typically encounter these rules only indirectly, through intermediaries such as lawyers, venture capitalists, managers, and others. Rules of patent scope strive to provide notice of the boundaries of the patent right to anyone whose activities might approach those boundaries, including, in theory, any member of the general public. But the rules of patent scope are practically incomprehensible to the general public. In this Article, we argue that rules of patent law should be designed in light of a more realistic conception of their probable audiences. Drawing on linguistic and network theory, we frame the audience problem as a tradeoff between two variables: (1) the complexity of the rule; and (2) the proximity between the rulemaking institutions and the audience. We then apply this complexity/proximity tradeoff to some especially problematic patent law rules, such as patent claim construction (and other aspects of patent scope determinations), and patentability rules such as those that bar patent protection based on an innovator's own disclosures. We find that this focus on audience sheds new light on the defects in these rules, and provides a foundation for making normative choices about addressing these defects.


We present a novel approach to the automatic acquisition of taxonomies or concept hierarchies from a text corpus. The approach is based on Formal Concept Analysis (FCA), a method mainly used for the analysis of data, i.e. for investigating and processing explicitly given information. We follow Harris' distributional hypothesis and model the context of a certain term as a vector representing syntactic dependencies which are automatically acquired from the text corpus with a linguistic parser. On the basis of this context information, FCA produces a lattice that we convert into a special kind of partial order constituting a concept hierarchy. The approach is evaluated by comparing the resulting concept hierarchies with hand-crafted taxonomies for two domains: tourism and finance. We also directly compare our approach with hierarchical agglomerative clustering as well as with Bi-Section-KMeans as an instance of a divisive clustering algorithm. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of using different measures weighting the contribution of each attribute as well as of applying a particular smoothing technique to cope with data sparseness.


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In the 1840s, state legislatures began modifying the law of marital status to ease the economic distress of widows and children at the family breadwinner's death. Insurance-related exceptions to the common law doctrine of "marital unity" under coverture permitted married women to enter into insurance contracts and protected life insurance proceeds from their husbands' creditors. These early insurance-related statutory exceptions to coverture introduced an important theoretical question that persisted for the rest of the nineteenth century — and into the next — as broader legal and social reforms took hold. How could equality of contract for married women be reconciled with the traditional dependencies of the home? Equality of contract also introduced the practical economic problem of how the lives of women could be valued apart from their husbands when the law otherwise enforced their economic dependency. The theoretical and practical issues were resolved for life insurance and annuity contracts, the Article argues, by an increased emphasis on "natural" differences between men and women when those differences comported with traditional gender status hierarchies and dependencies. Gender-distinct mortality tables and higher rates for coverage of women first appeared in annuity contracts used to fund lifetime financial support independent of or as a substitute for marital rights. Gender-merged tables and unisex rates generally prevailed, however, in life insurance contracts used to protect wives and children from the family breadwinner's death, a more traditional pattern of household dependency. Gender-distinct rates thus tempered, in both symbolic and practical/economic terms, the equality of contract recognized by the statutory exceptions to coverture. The selective adoption of gender-distinct insurance rates during the first wave of woman's rights activism illustrates the role played by marketplace contracts in reinforcing the traditional status relationships and dependencies of the home.


Geologic mapping and geochemical analysis indicate that metaigneous rocks of the Tar River area in the eastern North Carolina Piedmont share similar lithologic and major trace element attributes that are compatible with an origin in a late Proterozoic to Cambrian, peri-Gondwanan, calc-alkaline island-arc known as the Carolina Zone. The results of structural analyses indicate that these rocks experienced a complex tectonothermal history that spans the late Proterozoic into the early Mesozoic.
The metaigneous rocks are grouped into two structural domains that encompass four lithotectonic terranes on the western flank of the Alleghanian Wake-Warren anticlinorium. Western Domain I includes the Carolina terrane, which primarily contains the Gibbs Creek metatonalite pluton. This pluton hosts greenstone, amphibolite, metaultramafic, and metagranitoid enclaves that experienced a greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism (Me) prior to their inclusion in the pluton. Amphibolite and metagranitoid retain an Se foliation that possibly represents a pre-Taconic (De) deformation. The Gibbs Creek pluton is in contact with a small metagranodiorite pluton along its eastern edge and is crosscut by a map-scale metagabbro dike. The Ruin Creek Gneiss defines the eastern limits of Domain I and is a mylonitic granitic gneiss that may represent a deformed late Paleozoic intrusion.
Domain II includes the Falls Lake, Crabtree, and Raleigh terranes. The Falls Lake terrane contains a biotite white mica schist, the Falls Lake Schist and bodies of metaultramafic rocks. The Crabtree terrane contains interlayered felsic, intermediate, and mafic gneiss known as the Middle Creek Gneiss and Middle Creek Amphibolite, and more minor blocks of metaultramafic rocks. The Raleigh terrane contains interlayered felsic, intermediate, and mafic gneiss known as the Raleigh Gneiss and the Falls Leucogneiss, and also includes more minor bodies of metaultramafic rocks. The Wilton granite pluton and two smaller foliated granitic bodies are late Paleozoic intrusions that intrude all terranes of Domain II.
The metaigneous rocks experienced a Taconic greenschist facies M1 metamorphism that is related to the collision between the Carolina Zone and Laurentia and is only preserved within Domain I. An Alleghanian amphibolite facies M2 metamorphism affected the rocks within Domain II. M2 was accompanied by a D3 deformation that affected both domains during the transpressional collision between Laurentia and Gondwana and the formation of Pangea. D3 produced a northeast-striking S1 mylonite foliation, subhorizontal L1 stretch lineation, and minor F1 folds along with small ductile dextral faults and the larger terrane bounding Falls Lake and Nutbush Creek fault zones.
The western portions of Domain I also preserve several D4 ductile-brittle normal faults that contain a northeast-striking S2 phyllonite foliation and L2 dip-parallel stretch lineation. D4 deformation also produced a major terrane-bounding brittle normal fault, the Jonesboro fault, which separates the Domain I graben from Domain II horst and highlights the distinct metamorphic discontinuity between rocks on either side of the fault. The formation of the Jonesboro normal fault, combined with the intrusion of Jurassic-age diabase dikes that crosscut all terranes within the Tar River area, are attributed to the initial breakup and rifting of the Pangean supercontinent.


Understanding large software systems is a challenging task, and to support it many approaches have been developed. Often, the result of these approaches categorize existing entities into new groups or associates them with mutually exclusive properties. In this paper we present the distribution map as a generic technique to visualize and analyze this type of result. Our technique is based on the notion of focus, which shows whether a property is well-encapsulated or cross-cutting, and the notion of spread, which shows whether the property is present in several parts of the system. We present a basic visualization and complement it with measurements that quantify focus and spread. To validate our technique we show evidence of applying it on the result sets of different analysis approaches. As a conclusion we propose that the distribution map technique should belong to any reverse engineering toolkit


Covering more than four decades, "Tour of Duty is the definitive account of John Kerry's journey from war to peace. Written by acclaimed historian Douglas Brinkley, this is the first full-scale, intimate account of Kerry's naval career. In writing this riveting narrative, Brinkley has drawn on extensive interviews with virtually everyone who knew Kerry well in Vietnam, including all the men still living who served under him. Kerry also entrusted to Brinkley his letters home from Vietnam and his voluminous "War Notes" -- journals, notebooks, and personal reminiscences written during and shortly after the war. This material was provided without restriction, to be used at Brinkley's discretion, and has never before been published. John Kerry enlisted in the Navy in February 1966, months before he graduated from Yale. In December 1967 Ensign Kerry was assigned to the frigate U.S.S. "Gridley; after five months of service in the Pacific, with a brief stop in Vietnam, he returned to the United States and underwent training to command a Swift boat, a small craft deployed in Vietnam's rivers. In June 1968 Kerry was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade), and by the end of that year he was back in Vietnam, where he commanded, over time, two Swift boats. Throughout "Tour of Duty Brinkley deftly deals with such explosive issues as U.S. atrocities in Vietnam and the bombing of Cambodia. In a series of unforgettable combat-action sequences, he recounts how Kerry won the Purple Heart three times for wounds suffered in action and was awarded the Bronze Star and the Navy' s Silver Star for gallantry in action. When Kerry returned from Southeast Asia, he joined the Vietnam Veterans Againstthe War (VVAW), becoming a prominent antiwar spokesperson. He challenged the Nixon administration on Capitol Hill with the antiwar movement cheering him on. As Kerry's public popularity soared in April-May 1971, the FBI considered him a subversive. Brinkley -- using new information acquired from the recently released Nixon tapes -- reveals how White House aides Charles Colson and H. R. Haldeman tried to discredit Kerry. Refusing to be intimidated, Kerry started running for public office, eventually becoming a U.S. senator from Massachusetts. But he never forgot his fallen comrades. Working with his friend Senator John McCain, he returned to Vietnam numerous times looking for MIAs and POWs. By the time Bill Clinton was elected president in 1992, Kerry was the leading proponent of "normalization" of relations with Vietnam. When President Clinton officially recognized Vietnam in 1995, Kerry's three-decade-long tour of duty had at long last ended.


An ambitious, epic dystopian novel - part political thriller and part satire. From the Fatherland, with Love is set in an alternative, dystopian present in which the dollar has collapsed and Japan's economy has fallen along with it. The North Korean government, sensing an opportunity, sends a fleet of rebels in the first land invasion that Japan has ever faced. Japan can't cope with the surprise onslaught of Operation From the Fatherland, with Love . But the terrorist Ishihara and his band of renegade youths - once dedicated to upsetting the Japanese government - turn their deadly attention to the North Korean threat. They will not allow Fukuoka to fall without a fight. Epic in scale, From the Fatherland, with Love is laced throughout with Murakami's characteristically savage violence. It's both a satisfying thriller and a completely mad, over-the-top novel like few others. Translated by Ralph McCarthy, Charles De Wolf and Ginny Tapley Takemori, and published by Pushkin Press 'A troubled meditation on the soul of modern Japan...Alarmingly pertinent in light of current British politics...A morbidly funny comedy...Above all, it is a phenomenal feat of storytelling 700 pages, dozens of characters and scores of ideas woven into one gripping whole. ' Andrzej Lukowski, Metro 'This is a novel by the other Murakami. Not Haruki...If Haruki is The Beatles of Japanese literature, Ryu is its Rolling Stones...[From the Fatherland, with Love] has a Tolstoyan cast of characters, from crack North Korean commandos and hapless Japanese bureaucrats to a gang of hoodlums who eventually decide to save Japan. It unfolds with the pace of a thriller...' David Pilling, Financial TImes 'Massively ambitious and uncompromising...prescient in unexpected ways' Joanne Hayden, Sunday Business Post "[Mixes] the thrills of a spy novel with some national soul-searching' Lionel Barber, Financial Times, Summer Books 'Definitely edgier and darker than Haruki [Ryu Murakami] has a worldwide following and is regarded by many as one of the most thrilling writers of contemporary Japanese fiction...[He] offers a thrilling insight - with a geopolitical panoramic view - into national character, human relationships, chaos and disorder' - Tatevik Sargsyan, Hunger Magazine 'Like nothing else out there...a Japanese Tarantino...Highly addictive' Morpheus Tales Born in 1952 in Nagasaki prefecture, Ryu Murakami is the enfant terrible of contemporary Japanese literature. Awarded the prestigious Akutagawa Prize in 1976 for his first book, a novel about a group of young people drowned in sex and drugs, he has gone on to explore with cinematic intensity the themes of violence and technology in contemporary Japanese society. His novels include Coin Locker Babies, Sixty-Nine, Popular Hits of the Showa Era, Audition and In the Miso Soup. Murakami is also a screenwriter and a director; his films include Tokyo Decadence, Audition and Because of You.


DiPucchio, Kelly. Zombie in Love . Illus. Scott Campbell. New York: Atheneum/Simon & Schuster, 2011. Print. Just in time for Valentine's Day, here is a guilelessly grotesque exploration of a young zombie's search for a sweetheart. Not surprisingly, when you're a zombie, it's complicated. Among online arbiters of taste, the debate surrounding whether zombies are the new vampires seems to have peaked in the summer of 2010. This rings true for this reviewer, who recalls among that summer's highlights a spontaneous trip through a charity zombie car wash. However late Kelly DiPucchio's Zombie in Love is to the trend, it is a worthwhile addition, primarily because it contains Scott Campbell's illustrations. DiPucchio , known for Grace for President and The Sandwich Swap, provides a detailed, straightforward description of protagonist Mortimer's efforts to find a date for the Cupid's Ball. He does his best to "put himself out there" in ways any singleton might try (walk dog in park, place personal ad, take ballroom dancing lessons, etc.). Mortimer's efforts fail because, while he is intelligent and thoughtful, he is also a bug-eyed, rotten-toothed zombie whose limbs fall off while he's lifting weights at the gym. In other words, everyone who's not a zombie finds him off-putting. DiPucchio's prose is unexciting, but this isn't a fatal flaw, since Scott Campbell's illustrations are the main attraction in Zombie in Love. Campbell , a multi-disciplinary artist, is known mainly for his work on comics and video games, as well as the beloved Great Showdowns by Scott C. web series. He elegantly captures Mortimer's hope, despondence, and ghastliness, while also giving us a richly-imagined vision of everyday zombie life ("life"?). In the end, Mortimer meets his clumsy, putrid match in Mildred, a fellow zombie, leaving us with a lesson about keeping faith that there's someone out there for everyone. This is a less subversive message than some readers may hope for. Rather than seeing someone "normal" value Mortimer's inner qualities over his physicality, we see the two ugliest people at Cupid's Ball find love at first sight. Zombie in Love offers a sweet, superficial story and engrossing watercolour illustrations for readers in elementary school. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Sarah Polkinghorne Sarah is a Public Services Librarian at the University of Alberta. She enjoys all sorts of books.


Since the description of sepsis by Schottmuller in 1914, the amount on knowledge available on sepsis and its underlying pathophysiology has substantially increased. Epidemiologic examinations of abdominal septic shock patients show the potential for high risk posed by and the extensive therapy situation in the intensive care unit (ICU) (5). Unfo rtunately, until now it has not been possible to significantly reduce the mortality rate of septic shock, which is as high as 50-60% worldwide, although PROWESS' results (1) are encouraging. This paper summarizes the main results of the MEDAN project and their medical impacts. Several aspects are already published, see the references. The heterogeneity of patient groups and the variations in therapy strategies is seen as one of the main problems for sepsis trials. In the MEDAN multi-center study of 71 intensive care units in Germany, a group of 382 patients made up exclusively of abdominal septic shock patients who met the consensus criteria for septic shock (3) was analysed. For use within scores or stand-alone experiments variables are often studied as isolated variables, not as a multidimensional whole, e.g. a recent study takes a look at the role thrombocytes play (15). To avoid this limitation, our study compares several established scores (SOFA, APACHE II, SAPS II, MODS) by a multi-dimensional neuronal network analysis. For outcome prediction the data of 382 patients was analysed by using most of the commonly documented vital parameters and doses of medicine (metric variables). Data was collected in German hospitals from 1998 to 2001. The 382 handwritten patient records were transferred to an electronic database giving the amount of 2.5 million data entries. The metric data contained in the database is composed of daily measurements and doses of medicine. We used range and plausibility checks to allow no faulty data in the electronic database. 187 of the 382 patients are deceased (49 %).


(1) Understand and use these rights. If for any reason you do not understand or you need help, the hospital MUST provide assistance, including an interpreter. (2) Receive treatment without discrimination as to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, source of payment, or age. (3) Receive considerate and respectful care in a clean and safe environment free of unnecessary restraints. (4) Receive emergency care if you need it. (5) Be informed of the name and position of the doctor who will be in charge of your care in the hospital. (6) Know the names, positions and functions of any hospital staff involved in your care and refuse their treatment, examination or observation. (7) A no smoking room. (8) Receive complete information about your diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. (9) Receive all the information that you need to give informed consent for any proposed procedure or treatment. This information shall include the possible risks and benefits of the procedure or treatment. (10) Receive all the information you need to give informed consent for an order not to resuscitate. You also have the right to designate an individual to give this consent for you if you are too ill to do so. If you would like additional information, please ask for a copy of the pamphlet "Deciding About Health Care — A Guide for Patients and Families." (11) Refuse treatment and be told what effect this may have on your health. (12) Refuse to take part in research. In deciding whether or not to participate, you have the right to a full explanation. (13) Privacy while in the hospital and confidentiality of all information and records regarding your care. (14) Participate in all decisions about your treatment and discharge from the hospital. The hospital must provide you with a written discharge plan and written description of how you can appeal your discharge. (15) Review your medical record without charge. Obtain a copy of your medical record for which the hospital can charge a reasonable fee. You cannot be denied a copy solely because you cannot afford to pay. (16) Receive an itemized bill and explanation of all charges. (17) Complain without fear of reprisals about the care and services you are receiving and to have the hospital respond to you and if you request it, a written response. If you are not satisfied with the hospital's response, you can complain to the New York State Health Department. The hospital must provide you with the State Health Department telephone number. (18) Authorize those family members and other adults who will be given priority to visit consistent with your ability to receive visitors. (19) Make known your wishes in regard to anatomical gifts. You may document your wishes in your health care proxy or on a donor card, available from the hospital.


Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a potential soil fertility indicator for regulating nitrogen application in tropical farming systems. However, there are limited studies that have discussed SOC thresholds above or below which crop production could be diminished, or at which no or high response to nitrogen (N) application can be realized. This review explores the drivers of SOC concentration relevant for the establishment of thresholds. We further evaluate existing SOC thresholds for provoking no yield response or significant response to added N fertilizer. Key drivers for SOC concentration relevant in establishing thresholds are mainly climate, topography, texture, and land use management. Soil organic carbon threshold for sustaining soil quality is widely suggested to be about 2% below which deterioration may occur. For added N fertilizer management, specific SOC thresholds seem quite complex and are only valid after assuming other factors are non-limiting. In some soils, SOC levels as low as 0.5% result in fertilizer responses and soils as high as 2% SOC also respond to small N doses. Minimum SOC thresholds can be identified for a given soil type, but maximum thresholds depend on crop N requirements, crop N use efficiency and amount of N applied. However, there seem to exist critical total SOC ranges that could be targeted for optimal indigenous N supply and integrative soil functional benefits. These can be targeted as minimum levels in soil fertility restoration. In all, it is still difficult to establish a single minimum or maximum SOC threshold value that can be universally or regionally accepted.


There is a dearth of research on the work of international volunteers in development even though they have been operating for over 50 years and it is a growing field of interest. This research investigates the current international development context and the characteristics, contributions and recognition of international volunteers who serve, through independent international volunteer cooperation organisations (IVCOs), for at least one year in development and sustainability work. International volunteers are an expression of civil society's interest in international development providing a public face for development practices. International volunteers are not generally regarded as a significant part of aid from donor countries yet they address the Paris Declaration principles on development effectiveness like mutual accountability more successfully in many cases than conventional technical assistance.

My research methods included reflection and analysis of my personal and professional experience; reviewing documentation and research literature; a six week email discussion hosted by United Nations Volunteers World Volunteer Web with participants in 100 countries; an email survey of 30 international volunteers across 16 countries; and interviewing 24 volunteers and 75 other stakeholders mainly in Central America and Cambodia. The email survey and interview results were organised and analysed using NVivo software.

There is now mainstream consensus on major problems with conventional forms of development, particularly through technical assistance. Key elements of the international volunteer role and characteristics were found to be particularly conducive to improve on past practices and fit the new requirements of the current development context and its key links to sustainability. These include the importance of accompaniment and three way accountability (between local host, IVCO and volunteer); the relevance of living and working under local conditions and engaging with cross cultural issues; as well as important learning, liaison and bridging roles. Recognition of the volunteer contributions by Southern hosts and other development stakeholders was higher than even they expected with special recognition of complementary but distinct roles. However with this recognition comes the temptation to encourage volunteers and IVCOs to reproduce the existing roles and characteristics of other development practitioners.

Philosophically and practically, international volunteers for development and sustainability fit well within a relational view of development. This relational view emphasises capacity development, reciprocal learning and an indirect approach to cultivate respect for local ownership, autonomy and accountability in development. The research concludes with four key recommendations for research and practice in the sector and a personal reflection. The recommendations encourage: 1.) IVCOs to compare international volunteer contributions against the Paris Principles and not dilute their approach to duplicate existing development practice; 2.) further research on international volunteer contributions to the Paris Principles and relational development by investigating the experience of IVCOs, volunteers and communities before, during and after assignments; 3.) further research comparing volunteer development experiences by duration, country, IVCO type, host category and sector; and 4.) organisational analysis of IVCOs compared to other development and volunteer organisations.


With emerging opportunities for using Brain-Computer Interaction (BCI) in gaming applications, there is a need to understand the opportunities and constraints of this interaction paradigm. To complement existing laboratory-based studies, there is also a call for the study of BCI in real world contexts. In this paper we present such a real world study of a simple BCI game called MindFlex®, played as a social activity in the home. In particular, drawing on the philosophical traditions of embodied interaction, we highlight the importance of considering the body in BCI and not simply what is going on in the head. The study shows how people use bodily actions to facilitate control of brain activity but also to make their actions and intentions visible to, and interpretable by, others playing and watching the game. It is the public availability of these bodily actions during BCI that allows action to be socially organised, understood and coordinated with others and through which social relationships can be played out. We discuss the implications of this perspective and findings for BCI.


The contribution focuses on the development of a basic computational scheme that provides a suitable calculation environment for the coupling of analytical near-field solutions with numerical standard procedures in the far-field of the singularity. The proposed calculation scheme uses classical methods of complex function theory, which can be generalized to 3-dimensional problems by using the framework of hypercomplex analysis. The adapted approach is mainly based on the factorization of the Laplace operator EMBED Equation.3 by the Cauchy-Riemann operator EMBED Equation.3 , where exact solutions of the respective differential equation are constructed by using an orthonormal basis of holomorphic and anti-holomorphic functions.


Since 2002, the annual African Economic Outlook has been charting the progress of the continent's economies. Africa was propelled by seven years of strong growth from 2002 to 2008, only to be stopped in its tracks by the world's deepest and most widespread recession in half a century. This edition finds the continent struggling to get back on its feet and identify new, more crisis-resilient practices for moving forward. In this context, decision makers in African and OECD countries, both in the public and private sectors, will find this year's analysis of particular interest for their activities.
Jointly published by the African Development Bank (AfDB), the OECD Development Centre and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the African Economic Outlook project is generously supported by the European Development Fund. It combines the expertise accumulated by the OECD – which produces the OECD Economic Outlook twice yearly – with the knowledge of the AfDB, UNECA and a network of African research institutions on African economies.
This year's Outlook reviews recent economic, social and political developments and the short-term likely evolution of 50 African countries. The African Economic Outlook is drawn from a country-by-country analysis based on a unique common framework. This includes a forecasting exercise for 2010 to 2012 using a simple macroeconomic model, together with an analysis of the social and political context. Its overview chapter provides a comparative synthesis of African country prospects which places the evolution of African economies in the world economic context. A statistical appendix completes the volume.
African Economic Outlook 2010 focuses on public resource mobilisation and aid in Africa, presenting a comprehensive review of best practices in tax administration, policies and multilateral agreements, including recommendations for meeting future challenges. The role that aid should play to help African countries mobilise their public resources to meet their development goals is also discussed. The original dataset that resulted from the 50-country analysis will be made available for free on www.africaneconomicoutlook.org.


This paper discusses about Dark matter or Missing mass in Galaxies. In this work the tensor mathematics called Dynamic Universe Model was used to find out theoretical star circular velocity curves in a Galaxy. Here we are presenting four main cases. In the first case, there is a Galaxy with huge central mass at the center, sun like stars and external galaxies are present in the calculations; only in this case the theoretical predictions of circular velocity curves (star circular velocity verses star distance from the center of galaxy) were matching with the observed velocities. In the later three cases either the huge central mass was absent or external galaxies were absent or both were absent, the theoretical circular velocities did not match the observations. Hence the question of missing mass / dark matter does not arise as it is only a calculations error. This prediction was first presented in Tokyo University in 2005, that No dark matter (Missing mass) is required according to Dynamic Universe Model. Later the findings from LUX in 2013 the (Large Underground Xenon) experiment confirmed this prediction.


We present a new concept of 3D polymer-based 1 × 4 beam splitter for wavelength splitting around 1550 nm. The beam splitter consists of IP-Dip polymer as a core and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sylgard 184 as a cladding. The splitter was designed and simulated with two different photonics tools and the results show high splitting ratio for single-mode and multi-mode operation with low losses. Based on the simulations, a 3D beam splitter was designed and realized using direct laser writing (DLW) process with adaptation to coupling to standard single-mode fiber. With respect to the technological limits, the multi-mode splitter having core of (4 × 4) μm2 was designed and fabricated together with supporting stable mechanical construction. Splitting properties were investigated by intensity monitoring of splitter outputs using optical microscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy. In the development phase, the optical performance of fabricated beam splitter was examined by splitting of short visible wavelengths using red light emitting diode. Finally, the splitting of 1550 nm laser light was studied in detail by near-field measurements and compared with the simulated results. The nearly single-mode operation was observed and the shape of propagating mode and mode field diameter was well recognized.


Written by DENISE MINA Art by ANTONIO FUSO Cover by LEE BERMEJO Denise Mina, award-winning crime novelist, brings her psychological style of crime fiction to Vertigo Crime. Meet the Ushers. The parents, Ted and Biddy. Grandma Martha. The three kids, William, Amy and Sam. Just a normal, middle-class family gathered around the table on Christmas Day. Until they start dying. Violent deaths. One by one. Is there a curse on their house, as a recently unearthed history of witchcraft in the area would suggest? Or has one member of the Usher clan declared open season on the rest? As secrets and resentments boil to the surface, it becomes clear that more than one Usher has a motive for killing off the others. But in the end, the truth turns out to be far more shocking than anyone in this ill-fated family could have imagined. On sale OCTOBER 13 - 5.5" x 8", 192 pg, B&W, $19.99 US - MATURE READERS


Today, modern analysis systems synthesise meteorological data from a number of sources, e.g.\ground based SYNOP, satellites, radar, etc., into field information which enable us to model radiation at the Earth's surface on the mesoscale. At the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) we have set up a model system that produce hourly information in terms of field data with a resolution of about 22x22 km2 for a geographic area covering Scandinavia and the run off region of the Baltic sea. Presently, the model calculates fields of global-, photosynthetically active- (PAR), UV- and direct radiation based on output from a mesoscale analysis system, a high resolution limited area numerical weather prediction model (NWP), an ice model for the Baltic sea together with satellite measurements of total ozone. A spectral clear sky model lies at the heart of the model system. Its output is multiplied by a function which captures the influence of clouds and precipitation. Different cloud effect functions are applied to the different radiation components, with the exception of global- and PAR for which the same relation is assumed. Measurements from the radiation network of SMHI were used for estimation and validation purposes. A first evaluation of the model system suggests that the RMSE for hourly global radiation data is on the order of 28% and about 16% for daily values. These errors are comparable to those obtained for models purely based on synoptic observations (SYNOP) (29% and 13%) . For UV radiation the figures are similar but for the direct radiation component they are worse; 53% and 31% respectively compared to 25% and 15% for the SYNOP models. To some extent the larger errors for the direct component could be explained by its sensitivity to scale differences when model grid squares are validated against point measurements.


We study the kinetic and chemical equilibration in 'infinite' parton-hadron matter within the Parton- Hadron-String Dynamics transport approach, which is based on a dynamical quasiparticle model for partons matched to reproduce lattice-QCD results - including the partonic equation of state - in thermodynamic equi- librium. The 'infinite' matter is simulated within a cubic box with periodic boundary conditions initialized at different baryon density (or chemical potential) and energy density. The transition from initially pure partonic matter to hadronic degrees of freedom (or vice versa) occurs dynamically by interactions. Different thermody- namical distributions of the strongly-interacting quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) are addressed and discussed.


This section of the Journal attempts to keep readers informed of current resources of an integrative nature or those related to the general field of the psychology of religion appearing in other professional journals. A wide range of psychological and theological journals are surveyed regularly in search of such resources. The editor of the Journal File welcomes correspondence from readers concerning relevant theoretical or research articles in domestic or foreign journals which contribute directly or indirectly to the task and process of integration and to an understanding of the psychology of religion.


Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes played as important a part in the development of United States antitrust law as he played in the development of constitutional law for which he enjoys a reputation as a giant in American law. Yet, for the more than sixty years since Holmes's retirement, there has been no comprehensive analysis of his contributions to the regulation of competition in this country. Now there are two. Almost simultaneously, Professor Alfred Neely of the University of Missouri Law School and I have each published separate articles seeking to unravel whether Holmes had any substantial philosophy underlying his many opinions in a field of law that he found both silly and personally repugnant, and whether Holmes was faithful to his often-articulated view of the role of judges in upholding and implementing statutes with which they personally disagreed. Professor Neely ultimately concludes that Holmes had no coherent philosophy of his own in approaching antitrust cases. Professor Neely's second conclusion is that in his antitrust opinions, Holmes remained faithful to his view that judges should not impose their personal views on the constitutionality and interpretation of legislation, but should implement the wishes of the legislature that drafted the legislation. Professor Neely, however, does concede that Holmes had a somewhat idiosyncratic view of what the legislature intended to accomplish in drafting the Sherman Act and subsequent antitrust legislation. Professor Neely further alludes to Holmes's influence on modern movements in antitrust such as Law and Economics. But he fails to analyze critical limitations on the often-asserted view of Holmes as the father of the Law and Economics movement and overlooks two additional modern movements for which Holmes can be claimed as a more direct ancestor-namely theories of countervailing power and outright antitrust abolitionists. Professor Neely incorrectly suggests that Holmes is a marginal historical figure for antitrust purposes, when in fact his overarching philosophy, rather than his doctrinal contributions, continues to animate much of current antitrust debate. My conclusions suggest that Holmes had a coherent, but limited, view of antitrust as the federalization of a common law designed to protect and enhance the value and use of private property. Justice Holmes's views unfortunately did not rise to the lofty standards that he otherwise advocated regarding a judge's duty to implement personally distasteful legislation. Despite all this, Justice Holmes remains a figure of importance and relevance for modern antitrust scholars and policymakers. His narrow and negative view of antitrust is reflected both directly and indirectly in powerful arguments that remain important forces to be reckoned with in the definition of the future of antitrust.


The purpose of this study was to determine the level of writing apprehension and how writing apprehension level and writing self-efficacy beliefs influences writing proficiency level among pre-university students. Participants were 320 pre-university students from a northern region college offering this programme. All the respondents were administered with three instruments measuring their writing apprehension levels and writing self-efficacy beliefs and their writing proficiency. The writing apprehension levels among these respondents were found to be average. Self-efficacy factors revealed an inverse relationship with writing apprehension level. The relationship between writing apprehension level and writing proficiency indicated that the higher the apprehension level the better the respondents performance. Students' views with regard to their writing apprehension level are also presented. These findings are supported in the literature and discussions. Based on the findings, the study presents some recommendations to overcome this problem.


Pro SQL Database for Windows Azure, 2nd Editionshows how to create enterprise-level database deployments without the usual investment in datacenter and other infrastructure. Take advantage instead of Microsofts worldwide backbone for cloud computing that delivers all the power of SQL Server in the form of the cloud-based SQL Database forWindowsAzure. You can create and deploy a database in mere minutes that is accessible worldwide and takes advantage of SQL Database'shigh-availability features to protect your data while ensuring 99.9% uptime. SQL Azure is ideally suited for startups, who can benefit from instant access to a robust and secure web-accessible database platform for use in rapidly deploying new products to market. SQL Azure is also ideal for small and mid-sized businesses, giving them the same ability to deploy SQL Server as any large enterprise, but without the management overhead. Even large enterprises find SQL Azure useful in creating failover environments, development environments, extra capacity to handle surges in demand, and more. Pro SQL Database for Windows Azure covers the very latest in Microsofts fast-moving, cloud platform, showing how to program and administer it in a variety of cloud computing scenarios. Youll learn to program SQL Azure from ASP.NET, from WinForms, and from SQL Reporting Services. Youll learn to manage the platform by planning for scalability, troubleshooting performance issues, and implementing strong security. Youll learn the unique aspects of SQL Azure such as sharding and federation support that combine to place SQL Azure a step above and ahead of the competiton. Shows how to use SQL Azure from classic Windows applications, ASP.NET and Windows Communication Foundation Covers management, performance,scalability, and troubleshooting Addresses the all-important issue of securing your data Helps you properly design for high-performance in a cloud environment Helps you adopt the new Federations feature in SQL Azure What youll learn Create and manage SQL Database for Windows Azure databases Access SQL Azure from WinForms, ASP.NET, Reporting Services, and more Optimize database design for Azures distributed cloud platform Share data between databases using SQL Database's Data Synch Service Secure data from intrusion and unauthorized access Learn strategies for data migration and backup Who this book is for Pro SQL Database for Windows Azure, 2ndEditionis aimed at developers and database administrators desiring instant access to a fully-capable SQL Server database environment without the pain of sorting out and managing the physical infrastructure. Table of ContentsChapter 1: Getting Started with SQL Database Chapter 2: Design Considerations Chapter 3: Security Chapter 4: Data Migration and Backup Strategies Chapter 5: Programming with SQL Database Chapter 6: SQL Reporting Chapter 7: SQL Data Sync Chapter 8: Windows Azure and ASP.NET Chapter 9: Designing for High Performance Chapter 10: Federations Chapter 11: Performance Tuning Chapter 12: Windows Azure Mobile Services Appendix A: SQL Database Management Portal Appendix B: SQL Database Quick Reference


Delphi is a frequently used research method in the information systems (IS) field. The last fifteen years have seen many variants of the Delphi Method proposed and used in IS research. However, these variants do not seem to be properly derived; while all variants share certain characteristics, their reasoning for differentiation inconsistently varies. It seems that researchers tend to create "new" Delphi Method variants, although the underlying modification of the Delphi Method is, in fact, minor. This leads to a heterogeneity of Delphi Method variants and undermines scientific rigor when using Delphi. The study addresses this deficit and (1) identifies different variants of Delphi and determines their characteristics, (2) critically reflects to what extent a clear distinction between these variants exists, (3) shows the clearly distinguishable Delphi Method variants and their characteristics, (4) develops a proposed taxonomy of Delphi Method variants, and (5) evaluates and applies this taxonomy. The proposed taxonomy helps clearly differentiate Delphi Method variants and enhances methodological rigor when using the Delphi Method.


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