"The Function of Structure" explores the production of singular affects through systems that relate form and content. This is an essential graphic manual on structural systems and their capacity to produce a variety of forms. Extracting their base geometric unit, a wide range of historical projects from the Medieval to the present are used as systems to proliferate different forms. The book distinguishes tessellation from modulation as a type of flexible system for producing complex repetition through diverse parts. The research presented aims to move architectural experiments away from 'mechanistic' notions of systems for re-producing forms, to 'machinic' notions of systems that determine how parts of an architectural problem interrelate and multiply. This open nature of transversal systems leads to new actualized forms and novel affects.


Copyright law is commonly described as carrying out a balancing act between the interests of authors or owners and those of the public. While much academic work, both historical and contemporary, has been done on the authorship side of the equation, this book examines the notion of public interest, and that way that concepts of public interest and the rhetoric surrounding it have been involved in shaping the law of copyright. While many histories of copyright focus on the eighteenth century, this book's main concern is with the period after 1774. The nineteenth century was the period during which the boundaries of copyright, as we know it today, were drawn and ideas of 'public interest' were integral to this process, but in different, and complex, ways. The book engages with this complexity by moving beyond debates about the appropriate duration of copyright, and considers the development of other important features of copyright law, such as the requirement of legal deposit, the principle that some works will not be subject to copyright protection on the grounds of public interest, and the law of infringement. While the focus of the book is on literary copyright, it also traces the expansion of copyright to cover other subject matters, such as music, dramatic works and lectures. The book concludes by examining the making of the 1911 Imperial Copyright Act -- the statute upon which the law of copyright in Britain, and in all former British colonies, is based. The history traced in this book has considerable relevance to debates over the scope of copyright law in the present day; it emphasizes the contingency and complexity of copyright law's development and current shape, as well as encouraging a critical approach to the justifications for copyright law.


'Austerity' is a word that has become part of the current global lingua franca. 'Financial austerity' is a term that is used with more frequency in the healthcare environment than ever before. But what does it mean and should we be concerned about it in South Africa?
In economic terms, austerity describes policies used by government to reduce budget deficits during adverse economic conditions. Britain's David Cameron popularised the phrase 'the age of austerity' during a speech in April 2009, in which he committed to end years of excessive government spending. In South Africa we live in the shadows of projects like Nkandla and Sanral's e-toll. | I leave it to you to decide if austerity is a principle embraced by our government of the day.
What is indisputable, however, is that the current healthcare system is unsustainable. South Africa spends 8.9% of its GDP (gross domestic product) on healthcare, which compares with that of the UK. (In the USA this figure is 18%). But 60% of our healthcare budget is spent on about 8.7 million private insured lives, constituting 20% of the population, and only 40% of the budget is spent on 80% of the population, those not privately insured (about 43 million). You can certainly argue that the 40% expenditure in the public sector is not used wisely and that only 10% of the population contributes to personal income tax, but I challenge you with the thought that healthcare wastage is prevalent and enormous in both the public and private sectors.
Waste can be defined as expenditure on healthcare that can be eliminated without reducing the quality of care. Some areas of concern are: fraud, unnecessary services, inefficient care, administrative costs and inflated prices. According to a McKinsey Global Institute report,1 the US spends about $650 billion more on healthcare than other developed countries even when adjusting for the relative wealth of the US economy.
In South Africa we spend 3% more than the World Health Organisation's recommendation for a developing economy.
South Africa's 'financial cake' is limited in size. The healthcare budget is but one slice of the metaphorical cake, and orthopaedic surgery a small portion of it. An amount of R24 billion was paid to medical specialists in 2012.2 Of that, R5.1 billion was paid to pathologists and R4.27 billion to radiologists,3 totalling R9.37 billion for the two groups.
This is more than double the total of all the other specialities together (R4.63 billion). My concern is that R13.1 billion was paid for non-healthcare costs.2 Managed care has failed dismally in the USA in controlling the healthcare expenditure.41 think managed care has added to the spiralling healthcare cost rather than controlling it.
There is an onslaught on the financial position of the individual surgeon because we are soft targets. If we, as South African orthopaedic surgeons, don't protect our portion of the metaphorical cake, nobody will. The private hospital groups (R37.9 billion paid out by the medical funders to them in 2012) are strong, and the pathologists (R5.1 billion), radiologists (R4.27 billion) and anaesthesiol-ogists (R2.06 billion) have secured their 'portions'. We, as surgeons complain about those groups, but they have stood together, united in their approach of securing their 'slices'. My plea is that we stand together; we can be strong in association. This is the slogan I have chosen for my presidential term because I strongly believe in it.
Another firm belief of mine is that we should take charge and prove to the funders that we are concerned about healthcare expenditure. Prove to them that we are concerned about the wastage that occurs regularly in the care of our patients. Allow me to note a few examples.

• How long does it take to transfer a patient from a hospital to a step-down facility? Is it in the interest of the individual hospital to expedite the transfer? It is definitely not, unless it is a per diem case. Is it in the interest of the attending physician (if applicable)? Definitely not, he/she is paid per hospital visit. Is it in the funders or your interest to transfer the patient as soon as possible? Of course! We should take control and drive this.
• You are consulting and the patient tells you that he has left his X-rays at home, which happens to be 160 km away. What do you do? Do you request new X-rays? Is that not wastage? The same applies for blood tests.
• What is your view about the 'early discharge protocol'? Although I know it might be financially beneficial, I have rejected it. Yes, I have rejected it for the wrong reasons. I have rejected it because we as orthopaedic surgeons are not in control! It is a project being forced on us, driven by an external force in conjunction with medical funders. We are not in control!

Can we gain control? I believe we can if we change our attitude.

What is happening globally?
Joshua Jacobs, President of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), has released the following statement: 'Identifying tests, procedures or treatments that show little to no value not only helps our patients by preventing unnecessary care, but will end up saving health care dollars.' The AAOS provided the following five recommendations for the 'Choose Wisely' campaign:

1. Avoid performing routine post-operative deep venous thrombosis ultrasonography screening in patients who undergo elective hip or knee arthroplasty.
2. Do not use needle lavage to treat patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee for long-term relief.
3. Do not use glucosamine and chondroitin to treat patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee.
4. Do not use lateral wedge insoles to treat patients with symptomatic medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee.
5. Do not use post-operative splinting of the wrist after carpal tunnel release for long-term relief.

Not all the US orthopaedic surgeons agree with him, but the contrary should be proven with appropriate evidence. By 2015 the NHS in the United Kingdom needs to reduce their annual spending by £20 billion. How do they envisage doing it? Tim Briggs, President of the British Orthopaedic Association, has compiled a comprehensive report called: 'Get It Right First Time' (GIRFT). The crux of this report is that you should get the right patient to the right surgeon at the right time for the right and final procedure.
New Zealand has opted for so-called 'prioritisation'. This is the same as rationing of services. The doctors have to devise protocols. The outcome of procedures will be looked at in terms of cost efficiency. Different patients' circumstances will be compared in creating a patient-and-procedure priority list.
The common denominator in all of the above is to use evidence in decision-making. What are we doing in South Africa? I think it is high time that we start picking winner tests and procedures. In this sense I have chosen 'beneficence through evidence' as the theme for our annual scientific meeting at our 60th SAOA Congress, to be held in September 2014 in Cape Town. We should base our decisions on evidence. We should work collectively, in association, instead of individually. If we use evidence to prove our point and we do it in association, we will be strong and we will be in control.

Jan de Vos. President: South African Orthopaedic Association

References
1. Farrell, Jensen et al. Accounting for the cost of US health care: A new look at why Americans spend more. McKinsey Global Institute. December 2008.         [ Links ]
2. Press Release 16 of 2013. Regulator of Medical Schemes launches Annual Report.         [ Links ]
3. Beeld. 11/09/2013.         [ Links ]
4. Blumenthal et al. Health care spending - a giant slain or sleeping? N Engl J Med 2013;369:2551-57.         [ Links ]


A total of 144 [(Duroc × Yorkshire) × Landrace] pigs with an average initial BW of 61.8±1.04 kg were used in this 70-d growth experiment. Pigs were allotted to 4 treatments based on their initial BW using a randomized complete block design. Each treatment consisted of 9 replications (pen) with 4 pigs per pen (2 gilts and 2 barrows). Dietary treatments were: 1) V0, 0% hydrolyzed barley (HB) and 30% de-hulled barley (DB); 2) V1, 10% HB and 20% DB; 3) V2, 20% HB and 10% DB; and 4) V3, 30% HB and 0% DB. In this study, our analyzed data suggested that hydrolyzed barley increased the energy and CP concentration by 50.65% and 18%, respectively, compared with the de-hulled barley. In the feeding trail, Pigs fed the V2 and V3 treatment diet increased (P<0.05) the N digestibility compared with the V0 treatment at the end of 5 week. An increased (P<0.10) tendency was also observed on the energy and nitrogen digestibility at the end of 5 week and 10 week, respectively. Moreover, pigs fed the HB diet tend to increase (P<0.10) the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI). The inclusion of V3 treatment decreased (P<0.05) the blood cholesterol compared with those contain DB. Dietary V3 treatment led to a higher (P<0.05) WHC than the V0 and V1 treatment. Pigs fed V2 and V3 treatment decreased (P<0.05) L* value compared with DB diet. In conclusion, the inclusion of hydrolyzed barley could improve the meat quality without any negative effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility, which provide a strong indication that hydrolyzed barley could be used as a good energy source for swine.


Acclaimed publisher and editor Neil Astley, founder of Bloodaxe Books, guest-edits this special transatlantic all-poetry issue, featuring poets from North America, Great Britain, and Ireland. The issue contains a stirring diversity of work, with writers who have roots everywhere from Guyana to Pakistan to Zambia, and also features poetry in Welsh, Irish, and Scottish Gaelic. Much of the work is from accomplished British poets who are still little-known in the States. As Astley writes in his introduction, the issue aims to break down "the illogical divide between readerships on either side of the Atlantic," and spark a conversation that will enliven and invigorate both poetic traditions.


[The object of this feature is to offer, every quarter, scholars and students as well as libraries a compact bibliography of such current Indian publications in the field of Social sciences as are received from publishers but not reviewed in this journal. While no claim is made to exhaustiveness, it is hoped that this section, together with the review section of this journal, does list publications of importance, useful for libraries and research workers in the social sciences. -Managing Editor.]


The thesis is focused on modelling and simulation of a Joint Transmission and Detection Integrated Network (JOINT), a novel air interface concept for B3G mobile radio systems. Besides the utilization of the OFDM transmission technique, which is a promising candidate for future mobile radio systems, and of the duplexing scheme time division duplexing (TDD), the subdivision of the geographical domain to be supported by mobile radio communications into service areas (SAs) is a highlighted concept of JOINT. A SA consists of neighboring sub-areas, which correspond to the cells of conventional cellular systems. The signals in a SA are jointly processed in a Central Unit (CU) in each SA. The CU performs joint channel estimation (JCE) and joint detection (JD) in the form of the receive-zero-forcing (RxZF) Filter for the uplink (UL) transmission and joint transmission (JT) in the form of the transmit-zero-forcing (TxZF) Filter for the downlink (DL) transmission. By these algorithms intra-SA multiple access interference (MAI) can be eliminated within the limits of the used model so that unbiased data estimates are obtained, and most of the computational effort is moved from mobile terminals (MTs) to the CU so that the MTs can do with low complexity. A simulation chain of JOINT has been established in the software MLDesigner by the author based on time discrete equivalent lowpass modelling. In this simulation chain, all key functionalities of JOINT are implemented. The simulation chain is designed for link level investigations. A number of channel models are implemented both for the single-SA scenario and the multiple-SA scenario so that the system performance of JOINT can be comprehensively studied. It is shown that in JOINT a duality or a symmetry of the MAI elimination in the UL and in the DL exists. Therefore, the typical noise enhancement going along with the MAI elimination by JD and JT, respectively, is the same in both links. In the simulations also the impact of channel estimation errors on the system performance is studied. In the multiple-SA scenario, due to the existence of the inter-SA MAI, which cannot be suppressed by the algorithms of JD and JT, the system performance in terms of the average bit error rate (BER) and the BER statistics degrades. A collection of simulation results show the potential of JOINT with respect to the improvement of the system performance and the enhancement of the spectrum e±ciency as compared to conventional cellular systems.


The annual National Conservation Poster Contest provides kindergarten through twelfth grade students with an opportunity to share their thoughts about soil, water and related issues. It also highlights the educational efforts of the local soil and water conservation districts. Forty counties in Missouri participated in this year's event, sponsored by the Missouri Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts. These posters were selected as the state winners because they best convey the idea of the theme, Soil to Spoon. The posters then advance to the national competition, sponsored by the National Association of Conservation Districts.


Xr provides a vector-based rendering API with output support for the X Window System and local image buffers. PostScript and PDF file output is planned. Xr is designed to produce identical output on all output media while taking advantage of display hardware acceleration through the X Render Extension. Xr provides a stateful user-level API with support for the PDF 1.4 imaging model. Xr provides operations including stroking and filling Bézier cubic splines, transforming and compositing translucent images, and antialiased text rendering. The PostScript drawing model has been adapted for use within C applications. Extensions needed to support much of the PDF 1.4 imaging operations have been included. This integration of the familiar PostScript operational model within the native application language environment provides a simple and powerful new tool for graphics application development.


"New Legislation" are abstracts of legislation enacted by the states addressing issues of importance to the land use lawyer and planner, such as energy and environmental measures, subdivision and lot regulations, and powers of the planning commission.


The aims of this essay are, first, to present the jurisprudential position that Ronald Dworkin set out in his penultimate book, Justice for Hedgehogs (2011); and, secondly, to elaborate it a little further than Dworkin himself was able to. The position is a distinctive and interesting one. Although Professor Dworkin argued in all his earlier work that moral facts (about rights and justice) were among the truth conditions of legal propositions, now in Justice for Hedgehogs he argued that law is itself a branch of morality. This is a bolder and more radical claim and it requires some quite careful exposition to see how it might be made plausible.


Austerity across Africa has been operationalized through World Bank
and IMF structural adjustment programs since the 1980s, later rebranded euphemistically
as poverty reduction strategies in the late 1990s. Austerity's constraints
on public spending led donors to a "civil society" focus in which NGOs would fill
gaps in basic social services created by public sector contraction. One consequence
was large-scale redirection of growing foreign aid flows away from public services
to international NGOs. Austerity in Africa coincides with the emergence of what
some anthropologists call "audit cultures" among donors. Extraordinary data collection
infrastructures are demanded from recipient organizations in the name of
transparency. However, the Mozambique experience described here reveals that
these intensive audit cultures serve to obscure the destructive effects of NGO proliferation
on public health systems.


Incomplete data is ubiquitous: the more data we accumulate and the more widespread tools for integrating and exchanging data become, the more instances of incompleteness we have. And yet the subject is poorly handled by both practice and theory. Many queries for which students get full marks in their undergraduate courses will not work correctly in the presence of incomplete data, but these ways of evaluating queries are cast in stone -- SQL standard. We have many theoretical results on handling incomplete data but they are, by and large, about showing high complexity bounds, and thus are often dismissed by practitioners. Even worse, we have a basic theoretical notion of what it means to answer queries over incomplete data, and yet this is not at all what practical systems do. Is there a way out of this predicament? Can we have a theory of incompleteness that will appeal to theoreticians and practitioners alike, by explaining incompleteness and being at the same time implementable and useful for applications? After giving a critique of both the practice and the theory of handling incompleteness in databases, the paper outlines a possible way out of this crisis. The key idea is to combine three hitherto used approaches to incompleteness: one based on certain answers and representation systems, one based on viewing incomplete databases as logical theories, and one based on orderings expressing relative value of information.


As one of today's cloud computing services, Google App Engine does more than provide access to a large system of servers. It also offers you a simple model for building applications that scale automatically to accommodate millions of users. With Programming Google App Engine, you'll get expert practical guidance that will help you make the best use of this powerful platform. Google engineer Dan Sanderson shows you how to design your applications for scalability, including ways to perform common development tasks using App Engine's APIs and scalable services. You'll learn about App Engine's application server architecture, runtime environments, and scalable datastore for distributing data, as well as techniques for optimizing your application. App Engine offers nearly unlimited computing power, and this book provides clear and concise instructions for getting the most from it right from the source. Discover the differences between traditional web development and development with App Engine Learn the details of App Engine's Python and Java runtime environments Understand how App Engine handles web requests and executes application code Learn how to use App Engine's scalable datastore, including queries and indexes, transactions, and data modeling Use task queues to parallelize and distribute work across the infrastructure Deploy and manage applications with ease


At least 50 documented incidents in more than 20 countries around the world, many involving arrest or detention of North Korean diplomats, link North Korea to drug trafficking. Such events, in the context of credible, but unproven, allegations of large scale state sponsorship of drug production and trafficking, raise important issues for the United States and its allies in combating international drug trafficking. The challenge to policy makers is how to pursue an effective counter drug policy and comply with U.S. law which may require cutting off aid to North Korea while pursuing other high-priority U.S. foreign policy objectives including (1) limiting possession and production of weapons of mass destruction; (2) limiting ballistic missile production and export; (3) curbing terrorism, counterfeiting, and international crime; and (4) addressing humanitarian needs.


Typesetting values with units requires care to ensure that the combined mathematical meaning of the value plus unit combination is clear. In particular, the SI units system lays down a consistent set of units with rules on how these are to be used. However, different countries and publishers have differing conventions on the exact appearance of numbers (and units). A number of L ATEX packages have been developed to provide consistent application of the various rules: SIunits, sistyle, unitsdef and units are the leading examples. The numprint package provides a large number of number-related functions, while dcolumn and rccol provide tools for typesetting tabular numbers. The si package takes the best from the existing packages, and adds new features and a consistent interface. A number of new ideas have been incorporated, to fill gaps in the existing provision. The package also provides backward-compatibility with SIunits, sistyle, unitsdef and units. The aim is to have one package to handle all of the possible unit-related needs of L ATEX users.


The polydispersive nature of the turbulent droplet swarm in agitated liquid-liquid contacting equipment makes its mathematical modelling and the solution methodologies a rather sophisticated process. This polydispersion could be modelled as a population of droplets randomly distributed with respect to some internal properties at a specific location in space using the population balance equation as a mathematical tool. However, the analytical solution of such a mathematical model is hardly to obtain except for particular idealized cases, and hence numerical solutions are resorted to in general. This is due to the inherent nonlinearities in the convective and diffusive terms as well as the appearance of many integrals in the source term. In this work two conservative discretization methodologies for both internal (droplet state) and external (spatial) coordinates are extended and efficiently implemented to solve the population balance equation (PBE) describing the hydrodynamics of liquid-liquid contacting equipment. The internal coordinate conservative discretization techniques of Kumar and Ramkrishna (1996a, b) originally developed for the solution of PBE in simple batch systems are extended to continuous flow systems and validated against analytical solutions as well as published experimental droplet interaction functions and hydrodynamic data. In addition to these methodologies, we presented a conservative discretization approach for droplet breakage in batch and continuous flow systems, where it is found to have identical convergence characteristics when compared to the method of Kumar and Ramkrishna (1996a). Apart from the specific discretization schemes, the numerical solution of droplet population balance equations by discretization is known to suffer from inherent finite domain errors (FDE). Two approaches that minimize the total FDE during the solution of the discrete PBEs using an approximate optimal moving (for batch) and fixed (for continuous systems) grids are introduced (Attarakih, Bart & Faqir, 2003a). As a result, significant improvements are achieved in predicting the number densities, zero and first moments of the population. For spatially distributed populations (such as extraction columns) the resulting system of partial differential equations is spatially discretized in conservative form using a simplified first order upwind scheme as well as first and second order nonoscillatory central differencing schemes (Kurganov & Tadmor, 2000). This spatial discretization avoids the characteristic decomposition of the convective flux based on the approximate Riemann Solvers and the operator splitting technique required by classical upwind schemes (Karlsen et al., 2001). The time variable is discretized using an implicit strongly stable approach that is formulated by careful lagging of the nonlinear parts of the convective and source terms. The present algorithms are tested against analytical solutions of the simplified PBE through many case studies. In all these case studies the discrete models converges successfully to the available analytical solutions and to solutions on relatively fine grids when the analytical solution is not available. This is accomplished by deriving five analytical solutions of the PBE in continuous stirred tank and liquid-liquid extraction column for especial cases of breakage and coalescence functions. As an especial case, these algorithms are implemented via a windows computer code called LLECMOD (Liquid-Liquid Extraction Column Module) to simulate the hydrodynamics of general liquid-liquid extraction columns (LLEC). The user input dialog makes the LLECMOD a user-friendly program that enables the user to select grids, column dimensions, flow rates, velocity models, simulation parameters, dispersed and continuous phases chemical components, and droplet phase space-time solvers. The graphical output within the windows environment adds to the program a distinctive feature and makes it very easy to examine and interpret the results very quickly. Moreover, the dynamic model of the dispersed phase is carefully treated to correctly predict the oscillatory behavior of the LLEC hold up. In this context, a continuous velocity model corresponding to the manipulation of the inlet continuous flow rate through the control of the dispersed phase level is derived to get rid of this behavior.


David Brion Davis has long been recognized as the leading authority on slavery in the Western World. His books have won every major history award - including the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award - and he has been universally praised for his prodigious research, his brilliant analytical skill, and his rich and powerful prose. Now, in "Inhuman Bondage", Davis sums up a lifetime of insight in what Stanley L. Engerman calls "a monumental and magisterial book, the essential work on New World slavery for several decades to come." Davis begins with the dramatic Amistad case, which vividly highlights the international character of the Atlantic slave trade and the roles of the American judiciary, the presidency, the media, and of both black and white abolitionists. The heart of the book looks at slavery in the American South, describing black slaveholding planters, the rise of the Cotton Kingdom, the daily life of ordinary slaves, the highly destructive internal, long-distance slave trade, the sexual exploitation of slaves, the emergence of an African-American culture, and much more. But though centered on the United States, the book offers a global perspective spanning four continents. It is the only study of American slavery that reaches back to ancient foundations (discussing the classical and biblical justifications for chattel bondage) and also traces the long evolution of anti-black racism (as in the writings of David Hume and Emmanuel Kant, among many others). Equally important, it combines the subjects of slavery and abolitionism as very few books do, and it illuminates the meaning of nineteenth-century slave conspiracies and revolts, with a detailed comparison with 3 major revolts in the British Caribbean. It connects the actual life of slaves with the crucial place of slavery in American politics and stresses that slavery was integral to America's success as a nation - not a marginal enterprise. A definitive history by a writer deeply immersed in the subject, "Inhuman Bondage" offers a compelling narrative that links together the profits of slavery, the pain of the enslaved, and the legacy of racism. It is the ultimate portrait of the dark side of the American dream. Yet it offers an inspiring example as well - the story of how abolitionists, barely a fringe group in the 1770s, successfully fought, in the space of a hundred years, to defeat one of human history's greatest evils.


Presents a demographic snapshot of ISIS supporters on Twitter by analysing a sample of 20,000 ISIS-supporting Twitter accounts, mapping the locations, preferred languages, and the number and type of followers of these accounts. Overview Although much ink has been spilled on ISIS's activity on Twitter, very basic questions about the group's social media strategy remain unanswered. In a new analysis paper, J.M. Berger and Jonathon Morgan answer fundamental questions about how many Twitter users support ISIS, who and where they are, and how they participate in its highly organized online activities. Previous analyses of ISIS's Twitter reach have relied on limited segments of the overall ISIS social network. The small, cellular nature of that network—and the focus on particular subsets within the network such as foreign fighters—may create misleading conclusions. This information vacuum extends to discussions of how the West should respond to the group's online campaigns. Berger and Morgan present a demographic snapshot of ISIS supporters on Twitter by analyzing a sample of 20,000 ISIS-supporting Twitter accounts. Using a sophisticated and innovative methodology, the authors map the locations, preferred languages, and the number and type of followers of these accounts. Among the key findings: From September through December 2014, the authors estimate that at least 46,000 Twitter accounts were used by ISIS supporters, although not all of them were active at the same time.  Typical ISIS supporters were located within the organization's territories in Syria and Iraq, as well as in regions contested by ISIS. Hundreds of ISIS-supporting accounts sent tweets with location metadata embedded.  Almost one in five ISIS supporters selected English as their primary language when using Twitter. Three quarters selected Arabic. ISIS-supporting accounts had an average of about 1,000 followers each, considerably higher than an ordinary Twitter user. ISIS-supporting accounts were also considerably more active than non-supporting users. A minimum of 1,000 ISIS-supporting accounts were suspended by Twitter between September and December 2014. Accounts that tweeted most often and had the most followers were most likely to be suspended. Much of ISIS's social media success can be attributed to a relatively small group of hyperactive users, numbering between 500 and 2,000 accounts, which tweet in concentrated bursts of high volume. Based on their key findings, the authors recommend social media companies and the U.S government work together to devise appropriate responses to extremism on social media. Approaches to the problem of extremist use of social media, Berger and Morgan contend, are most likely to succeed when they are mainstreamed into wider dialogues among the broad range of community, private, and public stakeholders.


This paper analyzes the U.S. congressional proposal to instruct the Federal Reserve to, in the next five years, lower inflation to zero from its current rate of around 5 percent. The paper concludes that, when other policy options are considered, the zero inflation policy is not advisable. Its benefits would be very small--possibly negative--while its costs would probably be significant. Other, more direct policy options could produce most of the same benefits with fewer costs. Among these alternative policies are deregulating interest rates on demand deposits, paying interest on financial institution reserves, lowering the federal tax rate on capital income, and indexing the federal tax code to inflation. ; Reprinted in Quarterly Review, v. 21, no. 3, Summer 1997.


"By the year 2000, all children should enter school ready to learn. . . All children will have access to high-quality and developmentally appropriate pre-school programs that help prepare children for school."
National Education Goals Panel, Goal 1
(February 1990). 1

In the decade after the Bush Administration and all 50 state governors made this explicit commitment, funding for early childhood programs expanded dramatically. Federal funding for Head Start, the single largest early education program, increased by over 250 percent; in 2000, it totaled nearly $5.3 billion. State and federal funding for child care subsidies for low-income families rose from $1.7 billion to $9.5 billion. Over $7 billion of this amount was provided by the federal government, more than half of it going toward center-based child care.


Environment Day is air pollution. All around the world — from megacities to small villages — people are breathing dirty air. An estimated 9 out of 10 people worldwide are exposed to air pollutants that exceed World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. This is lowering life expectancy and damaging economies across the planet. To improve air quality, we must know our enemy. Deaths and illnesses from air pollution are caused by tiny particles that penetrate our defences every time we fill our lungs. These particles come from many sources: the burning of fossil fuels for power and transport; the chemicals and mining industries; the open burning of waste; the burning of forests and fields; and the use of dirty indoor cooking and heating fuels, which are major problems in the developing world. This polluted air kills some 7 million people each year, causes long-term health problems, such as asthma, and reduces children's cognitive development. According to the World Bank, air pollution costs societies more than $5 trillion every year. Many air pollutants also cause global warming. Black carbon is one such example. Produced by diesel engines, burning trash and dirty cookstoves, it is extremely harmful when inhaled. Reducing emissions of such pollutants will not only improve public health, it could alleviate global warming by up to 0.5°C over the next few decades. Tackling air pollution therefore presents a double opportunity, as there are many successful initiatives that both clear the air and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, such as phasing out coalfired power plants and promoting less polluting industry, transport and domestic fuels. With investments in renewable energy sources outstripping those in fossil fuels every year, the rise of clean energy is helping globally. Cleaner transport is also growing around the world. It is in such initiatives, designed to improve air quality and fight climate change, that hope lies. I urge everyone attending the Climate Action Summit that I am convening in September to draw motivation from such examples. There is no reason why the international community cannot act. Precedent exists in the Montreal Protocol. Scientists identified a grave threat to public and planetary health, and Governments and businesses acted to successfully protect the ozone layer. Today, we face an equally urgent crisis. It is time to act decisively. My message to Governments is clear: tax pollution; end fossil fuel subsidies; and stop building new coal plants. We need a green economy, not a grey economy. On World Environment Day, I ask each of us to act so we can breathe more easily. From pressuring politicians and businesses to changing our own habits, we can reduce pollution and beat climate change.


We consider processes where an electroweak gauge boson ($W$ and $Z$) is produced in the decays of a heavy fermion. The polarization state of the produced gauge boson is given in terms of a vector polarization and a rank-2 tensor polarization. In the rest frame of the mother fermion, these are given directly by the dynamical parameters of the underlying theory. In a frame where the mother particle is moving, the polarization parameters of the gauge boson are dependent additionally upon kinematical factors. We show that these kinematical factors depend only on the magnitude of the velocity of the mother particle and derive analytical expressions for them. We apply the results to pair production of heavy fermions at the LHC with one of the fermions decaying to a gauge boson ($W$, $Z$) and a light Standard Model fermion. We construct estimators of laboratory frame values of polarization parameters of the produced gauge boson. These estimators can be used to estimate the laboratory frame values of polarization parameters of the produced gauge boson without a detailed simulation of the entire process. We validate our expressions with detailed Monte Carlo simulations in the context of beyond the Standard Model scenarios which have a vector-like top partner. We also indicate how to include finite width effects of the heavy fermion in some special cases.


With the UML 2.0 standard, the Unified Modeling Language took a big step towards SDL, incorporating many features of the language. SDL is a mature and complete language with formal semantics. The Z.109 standard defines a UML Profile for SDL, mapping UML constructs to corresponding counterparts in SDL, giving them a precise semantics. In this report, we present a case study for the formalisation of the Z.109 standard. The formal definition makes the mapping precise and can be used to derive tool support.


Precipitation chemistry data from the UK Environmental Change Network (ECN) terrestrial sites. Variables measured include pH, conductivity, alkalinity, aluminium, calcium, chloride, ammonium, nitrate nitrogen, phosphate phosphorous, potassium, sulphate sulphur, sodium, total nitrogen and total dissolved phosphorous. These data are collected by a bulk collector at all of ECN's terrestrial sites using a standard protocol. They represent continuous weekly records from 1992 to 2015. ECN is the UK's long-term environmental monitoring programme. It is a multi-agency programme sponsored by a consortium of fourteen government departments and agencies. These organisations contribute to the programme through funding either site monitoring and/or network co-ordination activities. These organisations are: Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru - Natural Resources Wales, Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Environment Agency, Forestry Commission, Llywodraeth Cymru - Welsh Government, Natural England, Natural Environment Research Council, Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Scottish Government and Scottish Natural Heritage.


SUMMARY Population-level effects of global warming result from concurrent direct and indirect processes. They are typically described by physiologically structured population models (PSPMs). Therefore, inverse modelling offers a tool to identify parameters of individual physiological processes through population-level data analysis, e.g. the temperature dependence of growth from size–frequency data of a field population. Here, we make use of experiments under laboratory conditions, in mesocosms and field monitoring to determine the temperature dependence of growth and mortality of Gammarus pulex. We found an optimum temperature for growth of approximately 17°C and a related temperature coefficient, Q10, of 1.5°C–1, irrespective of whether we classically fitted individual growth curves or applied inverse modelling based on PSPMs to laboratory data. From a comparison of underlying data sets we conclude that applying inverse modelling techniques to population-level data results in meaningful response parameters for physiological processes if additional temperature-driven effects, including within-population interaction, can be excluded or determined independently. If this is not the case, parameter estimates describe a cumulative response, e.g. comprising temperature-dependent resource dynamics. Finally, fluctuating temperatures in natural habitats increased the uncertainty in parameter values. Here, PSPM should be applied for virtual monitoring in order to determine a sampling scheme that comprises important dates to reduce parameter uncertainty.


The present volume is a 1875 compendium of various Latin music treatises by Johannes Tinctoris gathered from manuscript sources from Brussels, Bologna and Gand. The present edition, edited by Charles Coussemaker, comprises ten of the twelve surviving manuscripts of Tinctoris's theoretical works. According to Oxford Music, these were written in the first few years of his employment at Ferrante's court and demonstrate Tinctoris's intellectual and pedagogical mastery of music theory. They also demonstrate his acquaintance with contemporaneous composers of the early Renaissance Burgundian composers like Antoine Busnoys, as well as with the music of Franco-Flemish composers such as Johannes Ockeghem. Below is a table of content listing the titles of each treatise and a brief description of the concepts they treat.

Treatises and Description:

"Expositio manus" - this treatise is divided in 10 chapters consisting of: definitions, places, clefs, voicing, properties, deductions, mutations, conjunctions, conclusion;

"Liber de natura et proprietate tonorum" - this treatise is divided in 51 chapters containing: definitions and name of tones, concerning the species diatessaron and diapente, formation of first throughout the eighth tone, authentic and plagal modes, ascending and descending perfect/imperfect tones;

"Tractatius de notis et pausi" - this treatise is divided in two books. Book one contains a prologue and 14 chapters devoted to definitions of note values (e.g., long, breve, semi-breve, minim) and the use of ligatures. Book 2 explains the notation of note rests;

"Tractatus de regulari valore notarum" - this treatise is this treatise includes a prologue and 32 chapters devoted to explanations of the musical notation of tempi and modes and the use of prolation (i.e., symbols used to indicate perfect and imperfect subdivisions of the breve;

"Liber imperfectionum musicalium notarum" - this treatise is divided in two Books and a prologue. These are concerned with the notation of perfection and imperfection in major mode;

"Tractatus alterationum" - note alterations;

"De punctis musicalibus" - this treatise is divided in three books. The first book contains 19 chapters concerned with the use of the point to alter note values and tempi. Book two, divided in 34 chapters, discusses the use of semitones, tritone, tuning considerations, and counterpoint rules. The third book, divided in 9 chapters, discusses counterpoint rules;

"Proportionale musices" - this treatise is divided in three books. The first book, divided in 9 chapters, defines and discusses the rules of music proportions. The second book, in 6 chapters, discusses major and minor relations. The third book, divided in 8 chapters, discusses the qualities of various prolations;

"Diffinitorium Musices" - this treatise contains a prologue and 20 chapters all of which define musical terms;

"Complexus effectuum musices" - this part contains two treatises found in two sources: the manuscript codex of Brussels (9 chapters) and the codex of Gand (20 sections). Both codices are devoted to the physical, emotional and spiritual effects of music.


The key species of many temperate and Arctic kelp forests are strongly constricted in their vertical and latitudinal distribution by their tolerance to UV radiation and by their temperature demands. The stages in the life history of seaweeds most sucseptible to environmental perturbaties are their unicellular propagation units. Therefore we determined the temperature- dependent UV- susceptibility of zoospores of Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata from the Arctic (Spitsbergen) as well as from temperate waters (Helgoland), of Arctic Alaria esculenta and of temperate L. hyperborea. The zoospores were exposed to three radiation conditions (photosynthetic active radiation PAR, PAR + UV A radiation or PAR + UV A + UV B radiation) and four temperatures (2, 7, 12, 18 °C). Subsequently the germination rates were assessed. Under elevated water temperatures the tolerance of zoospores of A. esculenta, S. latissima and L. hyperborea to UV B- stress were not changed. Laminaria digitata from the Arctic, however, improved its UV-tolerance with increasing temperature. Zoospores of the summer reproducing L. digitata from Helgoland reached under the whole light spectrum their sublethal limit at 18 °C, a temperature often recorded in summer at Helgoland today. So in the Arctic the upper distribution limit of L. digitata will increase with rising temperatures and in the North Sea the southern distribution boundary of this species will be shifted north. This shows the considerable effect global change has on seaweed distribution.


Among the 1800 Kepler targets that have candidate planets, 20% have two or more candidate planets. While most of these objects have not yet been confirmed as true planets, several considerations strongly suggest that the vast majority of these multi-candidate systems are true planetary systems. Virtually all candidate systems are stable, as tested by numerical integrations (assuming a nominal mass-radius relationship). Statistical studies performed on these candidates reveal a great deal about the architecture of planetary systems, including the typical spacing of orbits and flatness of planetary systems. The distribution of observed period ratios shows that the vast majority of candidate pairs are neither in nor near low-order mean motion resonances. Nonetheless, there are small but statistically significant excesses of candidate pairs both in resonance and spaced slightly too far apart to be in resonance, particularly near the 2:1 resonance. The characteristics of the confirmed Kepler multi-planet systems will also be discussed.


So long as child support enforcement was entirely the legal domain of the states, it was nearly impossible to pursue claims across state lines, and interstate claims were characterized as the "black hole" of child support enforcement. The Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) clarified lines of authority, opened state IV-D agencies and courts to interstate claimants, and invented powerful new tools for pursuing cross-state claims. This paper uses Survey of Income and Program Participation data spanning the reform era to assess the success of this policy. The potential endogeneity of interstate moves with the policy regime may bias conventional regression estimates. A conditional difference-in-difference matching estimator is implemented instead. The findings indicate greatly increased administrative enforcement activity for interstate cases subsequent to UIFSA. This activity increased formal support agreements and identified greater amounts of support owed. There is also evidence of increased interstate collections and a closing of the 'black hole'. Support collections increased especially for welfare-receiving households, but nonwhite households and households with nonmarital births do not appear to be helped by UIFSA.


A self-sustained Radiation-Pressure driven MEMS ring OptoMechanical Oscillator (RP-OMO) attaining an anchor-loss-limited mechanical Q-factor of 10,400 in vacuum has posted a best-to-date phase noise of -102 dBc/Hz at a 1 kHz offset from a 74 MHz carrier, more than 15 dB better than the best previously published mark [1]. While enhanced optical and mechanical Q both serve to lower the optical threshold power required to obtain oscillation, it is the mechanical Q that ends up having the strongest impact on phase noise [2], much as in a traditional MEMS-based oscillator [3]. This motivates a focus on increased mechanical Q-a challenge in previous such devices measured in air-and requires measurement in the absence of gas-damping using a custom optical vacuum measurement system. The improved phase noise performance of these RP-OMOs is now on par with many conventional MEMS-based oscillators and is sufficient for the targeted chip-scale atomic clock application.


Despite efforts over the past several decades to reduce sodium intake in the United States, adults still consume an average of 3,400 mg of sodium every day. A number of scientific bodies and professional health organizations, including the American Heart Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association, support reducing dietary sodium intake. These organizations support a common goal to reduce daily sodium intake to less than 2,300 milligrams and further reduce intake to 1,500 mg among persons who are 51 years of age and older and those of any age who are African-American or have hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. A substantial body of evidence supports these efforts to reduce sodium intake. This evidence links excessive dietary sodium to high blood pressure, a surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and cardiac-related mortality. However, concerns have been raised that a low sodium intake may adversely affect certain risk factors, including blood lipids and insulin resistance, and thus potentially increase risk of heart disease and stroke. In fact, several recent reports have challenged sodium reduction in the population as a strategy to reduce this risk. Sodium Intake in Populations recognizes the limitations of the available evidence, and explains that there is no consistent evidence to support an association between sodium intake and either a beneficial or adverse effect on most direct health outcomes other than some CVD outcomes (including stroke and CVD mortality) and all-cause mortality. Some evidence suggested that decreasing sodium intake could possibly reduce the risk of gastric cancer. However, the evidence was too limited to conclude the converse-that higher sodium intake could possibly increase the risk of gastric cancer. Interpreting these findings was particularly challenging because most studies were conducted outside the United States in populations consuming much higher levels of sodium than those consumed in this country. Sodium Intake in Populations is a summary of the findings and conclusions on evidence for associations between sodium intake and risk of CVD-related events and mortality.


A new map of standardized, mesoscale (tens to thousands of hectares) terrestrial ecosystems for the conterminous United States was developed by using a biophysical stratification approach. The ecosystems delineated in this top-down, deductive modeling effort are described in NatureServe's classification of terrestrial ecological systems of the United States. The ecosystems were mapped as physically distinct areas and were associated with known distributions of vegetation assemblages by using a standardized methodology first developed for South America. This approach follows the geoecosystems concept of R.J. Huggett and the ecosystem geography approach ofR.G. Bailey. Unique physical environments were delineated through a geospatial combination of national data layers for biogeography, bioclimate, surficial materials lithology, land surface forms, and topographic moisture potential. Combining these layers resulted in a comprehensive biophysical stratification of the conterminous United States, which produced 13,482 unique biophysical areas. These were considered as fundamental units of ecosystem structure and were aggregated into 419 potential terrestrial ecosystems. The ecosystems classification effort preceded the mapping effort and involved the independent development of diagnostic criteria, descriptions, and nomenclature for describing expert-derived ecological systems. The aggregation and labeling of the mapped ecosystem structure units into the ecological systems classification was accomplished in an iterative, expert-knowledge-based process using automated rulesets for identifying ecosystems on the basis of their biophysical and biogeographic attributes. The mapped ecosystems, at a 30-meter base resolution, represent an improvement in spatial and thematic (class) resolution over existing ecoregionalizations and are useful for a variety of applications, including ecosystem services assessments, climate change impact studies, biodiversity conservation, and resource management.


Over the past few years, the role of visualization for scientific purpose has grown up enormously. Astronomy makes an extended use of visualization techniques to analyze data, and scientific visualization has became a fundamental part of modern researches in Astronomy. With the evolution of high performance computers, numerical simulations have assumed a great role in the scientific investigation, allowing the user to run simulation with higher and higher resolution. Data produced in these simulations are often multi-dimensional arrays with several physical quantities. These data are very hard to manage and to analyze efficiently. Consequently the data analysis and visualization tools must follow the new requirements of the research. AstroMD is a tool for data analysis and visualization of astrophysical data and can manage different physical quantities and multi-dimensional data sets. The tool uses virtual reality techniques by which the user has the impression of travelling through a computer-based multi-dimensional model. AstroMD will be a freely available tool for the whole astronomical community.


Get up to speed on the extensive changes to the newest release of Microsoft SQL ServerThe 2012 release of Microsoft SQL Server changes how you develop applications for SQL Server. With this comprehensive resource, SQL Server authority Robert Vieira presents the fundamentals of database design and SQL concepts, and then shows you how to apply these concepts using the updated SQL Server. Publishing time and date with the 2012 release, Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Programming begins with a quick overview of database design basics and the SQL query language and then quickly proceeds to show you how to implement the fundamental concepts of Microsoft SQL Server 2012.You'll explore the key additions and changes to this newest version, including conditional action constructs, enhanced controls for results paging, application integration with SharePoint and Excel, and development of BI applications.Covers new features such as SQL Azure for cloud computing, client-connectivity enhancements, security and compliance, data replication, and data warehouse performance improvements Addresses essential topics including managing keys, writing scripts, and working with store procedures Shares helpful techniques for creating and changing tables, programming with XML, and using SQL Server Reporting and Integration Services Beginning Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Programming demystifies even the most difficult challenges you may face with the new version of Microsoft SQL Server.


We are pleased to present this Online Learning Journal special issue devoted to learning analytics for online teaching and learning. The nine papers contained here provide a range of information including reviewing the literature, examining frameworks in development, presenting a large scale analysis on the effectiveness of learning modalities from the PAR Framework, examining an international study of learning, and providing real-world learning analytics case studies on transfer, facilitation, and medical education. Each of these papers provides new and informative research that we hope can help readers make decisions about applying analytics within the context of their own online teaching and learning environments. While research studies on analytics are beginning to populate journals and conferences, many of those articles are aimed at a more limited audience of researchers. This collection of articles presents readers with information about designing environments within online learning while also highlighting studies that expand upon what exists in currently published research. The authors here represent a significant contribution to practical decision making for administrators, insights for faculty teaching online courses, and works for other researchers to build upon.


Experiential education has been practiced in the United States for the last forty years. During that time, the philosophy and practice has taken a variety of shapes and has evolved in purpose and methodology. Experiential education can be used as a meaningful approach to education often yielding transformational results. This inquiry explores the belief that one aim of education should be to prepare students to become responsible and active citizens within the democratic society they will eventually help to shape. This means offering opportunities for students to engage in meaningful experiences that allow them to grapple with the complexities of social constructs in addition to other intended curricular outcomes. Experiential education is one form of education that can engage students in an active way so they can practice the democratic skills they will use while outside the educational environment. Using philosophical memoir, I describe the lived experience of experiential education. I explore the aims and promises of experiential education and explore how experiential education is well positioned to be a vehicle for transformational change and how it can be used to address aims of social justice. Experiential education is connected to principles of social justice when it challenges authority hierarchies, when choices are offered during educational experiences and when educators work to create agency within their students, by increasing cultural awareness of self and others through shared experiences of diverse learners. Further, educators would be well served to intentionally utilize experiential methods in order to create truly democratic educational environments that critically examine various issues of equity and justice. Educators and students alike are socially constructed beings that co-create knowledge within experiential classrooms. Rooted in pragmatic philosophy, I analyze narratives of experience illustrating how knowledge is constructed and how this educational approach can be used for democratic aims. This epistemology set the stage for philosophical themes discussed throughout the inquiry, such as understanding knowledge construction in a way that is useful for the lived experience and utilizing democracy as a way of life. These pragmatist ideas influence and compliment experiential practice encouraging students to examine cultural contexts and practice skills needed within society as they experience and then intentionally reflect on those experiences. This work helps educators to seek to fulfill pragmatist's promises of democracy. Intentionally focusing on social justice as an educational endeavor asks educators to recognize the cultural constructs of all players within the educational scene. These constructs influence self-concept which in turn, influences how we engage with one another in our educational endeavors. Negotiating principles of social justice means examining institutions for power, privilege and hidden curriculum that may be oppressive or sending messages to students about their worth. It also means nurturing the voices of all learners encouraging them to become agents of change within their personal and social worlds in order to work toward more equitable and just social environments. The idea is not that experiential education should be used at all times or that it offers a panacea for educational woes. It would be counterproductive and the antithesis of what this inquiry is suggesting to dogmatically prescribe a particular practice. However, just as pragmatists hope for the promise of the democratic experiment, there is hope for experiential praxis to make transformational change toward a more socially just world.


Programmers run into parsing problems all the time. Whether it's a data format like JSON, a network protocol like SMTP, a server configuration file for Apache, a PostScript/PDF file, or a simple spreadsheet macro language--ANTLR v4 and this book will demystify the process. ANTLR v4 has been rewritten from scratch to make it easier than ever to build parsers and the language applications built on top. This completely rewritten new edition of the bestselling Definitive ANTLR Reference shows you how to take advantage of these new features. Build your own languages with ANTLR v4, using ANTLR's new advanced parsing technology. In this book, you'll learn how ANTLR automatically builds a data structure representing the input (parse tree) and generates code that can walk the tree (visitor). You can use that combination to implement data readers, language interpreters, and translators. You'll start by learning how to identify grammar patterns in language reference manuals and then slowly start building increasingly complex grammars. Next, you'll build applications based upon those grammars by walking the automatically generated parse trees. Then you'll tackle some nasty language problems by parsing files containing more than one language (such as XML, Java, and Javadoc). You'll also see how to take absolute control over parsing by embedding Java actions into the grammar. You'll learn directly from well-known parsing expert Terence Parr, the ANTLR creator and project lead. You'll master ANTLR grammar construction and learn how to build language tools using the built-in parse tree visitor mechanism. The book teaches using real-world examples and shows you how to use ANTLR to build such things as a data file reader, a JSON to XML translator, an R parser, and a Java class-interface extractor. This book is your ticket to becoming a parsing guru!What You Need: ANTLR 4.0 and above. Java development tools. Ant build system optional (needed for building ANTLR from source)


In this paper the author considers issues of quality in phenomenographic research. Research rigor, which is traditionally evaluated by validity and reliability criteria, ensures that research findings reflect the object of study. Quality in research subsumes rigor and extends considerably beyond satisfying the criteria for rigor. A piece of research has to convince readers of its quality when evaluated against criteria that have been developed through contributions and agreements within the research community. This paper tackles the quality issue in phenomenographic research in three steps. First, criteria for quality in qualitative research are discussed. Second and drawing on the literature, related issues when the criteria are applied to phenomenographic studies and the ways of addressing the issues are examined. Finally, the phenomenographic process is analyzed and suggestions are made for enhancing quality at each stage of the process. New phenomenographic researchers especially will find this paper as a useful guide.


In the spring of 1914, renowned photographer August Sander took a photograph of three young men on their way to a country dance. This haunting image, capturing the last moments of innocence on the brink of World War I, provides the central focus of Powers' brilliant and compelling novel. As the fate of the three farmers is chronicled, two contemporary stories unfold. The young narrator becomes obsessed with the photo, while Peter Mays, a computer writer in Boston, discovers he has a personal link with it. The three stories connect in a surprising way and provide the reader with a mystery that spans a century of brutality and progress.


Many people are aware of the negative consequences of plastic use on the environment. Nevertheless, they use plastic due to its functionality. In the present paper, we hypothesized that this leads to the experience of ambivalence—the simultaneous existence of positive and negative evaluations of plastic. In two studies, we found that participants showed greater ambivalence toward plastic packed food than unpacked food. Moreover, they rated plastic packed food less favorably than unpacked food in response evaluations. In Study 2, we tested whether one-sided (only positive vs. only negative) information interventions could effectively influence ambivalence. Results showed that ambivalence is resistant to (social) influence. Directions for future research were discussed.


This study proposes establishing a methodology for generating algal biomass from spores and gametes of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta, Laminariales) on nylon ropes that are 100 m long and 3 mm in diameter, installed on the sea surface. The algae are initially farmed in tanks with seawater of 11°-13°C, pH 8.2, salinity 28-33, radiation 75-100 μmol m -2 s -1 , aeration every 20 min, the addition of nutrients (NaNO3 and Na3PO4), and a 12:12 photoperiod. Twenty days after beginning the cultivation, male gametophytes were 17 μm long by 2.5 μm in diameter, and female gametophytes were 10.5 μm by 7.5 μm. After 60 days of cultivation, the elongated laminar sporophytes were 412 μm by 103 μm. After 195 days, ropes with 2500 µm long sporophytes were installed in the sea at 1 m depth (intermediate cultivation phase), obtaining specimens 36 cm in length after 30 days. Of these specimens, 46 individuals between 30 and 40 cm in size were selected and tied to a 15 m long guide rope that was installed on the surface by means of buoys and anchored to the bottom. After three months, these specimens reached sizes of more than 3 m in length, with abundant laminate biomass surface, reaching an average of 7 kg per specimen, lacking stipes, and with holdfasts of a few centimeters. The surface technique used avoids the herbivory by crustaceans and sea urchins that occurs when the initial developmental stages are done on the seafloor.


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This quasi-experimental study was designed to determine the effect of a thinking strategy approach through visual representation on the achievement and conceptual understanding in solving mathematical word problems in primary school. The experimental group (n = 96) was exposed to the treatment, while the control group (n = 97) received a conventional approach in teaching and learning mathematical problem solving. To control the variable difference, a pretest was given to both groups before teaching. After 10 weeks of instruction, both groups were given a posttests. Two types of instruments were used to collect the data: the achievement and the conceptual understanding tests. To determine differences between groups, pre and posttests were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) followed by univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). MANOVA results showed a significant difference in overall achievement and understanding of the concept of mathematical word problem solving for the treatment groups as compared to the control group. The ANOVA test of the findings also found that there were significant differences between treatment and control groups. Results showed that students who were exposed to the approach of thinking strategies through visualization representation in mathematical word problem solving outperformed students in conventional classes in achievement and conceptual understanding in mathematical word problem solving. Effect size is high, and therefore the treatment effect is meaningful in practice.


NOTICE OF RETRACTION: While investigating potential publication-related misconduct in connection with the ICIMTech 2021 Conference Proceedings, serious concerns were raised that cast doubt on the integrity of the peer-review process and all papers published in the Proceedings of this Conference. The integrity of the entire Conference has been called into question. As a result, of its investigation, ACM has decided to retract the Entire Conference Proceedings and all related papers from the ACM Digital Library. None of the papers from this Proceeding should be cited in the literature because of the questionable integrity of the peer review process for this Conference.


Representation in Scientific Practice, published by the MIT Press in 1990, helped coalesce a long-standing interest in scientific visualization among historians, philosophers, and sociologists of science and remains a touchstone for current investigations in science and technology studies. This volume revisits the topic, taking into account both the changing conceptual landscape of STS and the emergence of new imaging technologies in scientific practice. It offers cutting-edge research on a broad array of fields that study information as well as short reflections on the evolution of the field by leading scholars, including some of the contributors to the 1990 volume. The essays consider the ways in which viewing experiences are crafted in the digital era; the embodied nature of work with digital technologies; the constitutive role of materials and technologies -- from chalkboards to brain scans -- in the production of new scientific knowledge; the metaphors and images mobilized by communities of practice; and the status and significance of scientific imagery in professional and popular culture. ContributorsMorana Alac, Michael Barany, Anne Beaulieu, Annamaria Carusi, Catelijne Coopmans, Lorraine Daston, Sarah de Rijcke, Joseph Dumit, Emma Frow, Yann Giraud, Aud Sissel Hoel, Martin Kemp, Bruno Latour, John Law, Michael Lynch, Donald MacKenzie, Cyrus Mody, Natasha Myers, Rachel Prentice, Arie Rip, Martin Ruivenkamp, Lucy Suchman, Janet Vertesi, Steve Woolgar


In the period between 1985 and 1994 ethnic conflicts had a part for more than 50% of the total number of conflicts. Oftentimes, conflicts may arise between different ethnic groups or between one ethnic group and the state. The reasons for this are varied in ranging from social deprivation to the threat of collective identity. An essential key role is played by the political elite, which takes advantage of political and economic crises in order to mobilize certain ethnic groups. This thesis attempts to investigate such ethnic conflicts on the case of former Yugoslavia, focusing in particular on the role of the political elite. For this purpose, the approach of an agent-based simulation is been followed. The agent-based model, which is carried by ArcGIS, EmIL and Repast allows a thorough investigation of such conflicts. The main feature lies in the ability of agents to be able to develop a normative behavior, so that compex social behaviors can be simulated.


The distinction between act and omission is deeply embedded in our legal thinking. In criminal jurisprudence, in order to convict someone of committing an act that caused harm, any act will suffice .On the other hand, to convict based on an omission that caused harm it is necessary to identify a duty to act on the part of the defendant, such that breach of that duty caused the harm. The generally accepted approach in criminal jurisprudence is to define act and omission under the bodily movement test. This essay critiques that approach and points to the fact that American jurisprudence is not uniform with regard to the definition of act and omission in the criminal-law context. The essay suggests that this lack of uniformity springs from the differing rationales that underpin the distinction between act and omission in criminal jurisprudence. The essay goes on to discuss an alternate way to define act and omission - the risk - creation test. Under this test, there are instances that involve bodily movement that should be classified legally as omissions. More significantly, there are instances that do not involve any bodily movement that should be classified as acts. In direct correlation to this test, the essay presents two models for absence of movement: enabling absence of movement and risk-creating absence of movement. It concludes that an absence of movement of the second type is an act in the legal sense rather than an omission. Consequently, instances included in the second model will not require the identification of a duty to act in order to convict a defendant. This is a new distinction in criminal jurisprudence that has not previously been articulated.


The most merciful thing in the world, I think, is the inability of the human mind to correlate all its contents. We live on a placid island of ignorance in the midst of black seas of infinity, and it was not meant that we should voyage far. The sciences, each straining in its own direction, have hitherto harmed us little; but some day the piecing together of dissociated knowledge will open up such terrifying vistas of reality, and of our frightful position therein, that we shall either go mad from the revelation or flee from the deadly light into the peace and safety of a new dark age. (1999: 139)


Abstraction is one of the most promising approaches to improve the performance of problem solvers. In several domains abstraction by dropping sentences of a domain description - as used in most hierarchical planners - has proven useful. In this paper we present examples which illustrate significant drawbacks of abstraction by dropping sentences. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a more general view of abstraction involving the change of representation language. We have developed a new abstraction methodology and a related sound and complete learning algorithm that allows the complete change of representation language of planning cases from concrete to abstract. However, to achieve a powerful change of the representation language, the abstract language itself as well as rules which describe admissible ways of abstracting states must be provided in the domain model. This new abstraction approach is the core of PARIS (Plan Abstraction and Refinement in an Integrated System), a system in which abstract planning cases are automatically learned from given concrete cases. An empirical study in the domain of process planning in mechanical engineering shows significant advantages of the proposed reasoning from abstract cases over classical hierarchical planning.


In 1885, the Berlin pathologist Rudolf Virchow presented three human skeletons from the colony of German South West Africa to the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory. The remains had been looted from a grave by a young German scientist, Waldemar Belck, who was a member of the second Lüderitz expedition and took part in the occupation of colonial territory. In an attempt to re-individualise and re-humanise these human remains, which were anonymised in the course of their appropriation by Western science, the authors consult not only the colonial archive, but also contemporary oral history in Namibia. This allows for a detailed reconstruction of the social and political contexts of the deaths of the three men, named Jacobus Hendrick, Jacobus !Garisib and Oantab, and of Belck's grave robbery, for an analysis of how the remains were turned into scienti c objects by German science and institutions, as well as for an establishment of topographical and genealogical links with the Namibian present. Based on these ndings, claims for the restitution of African human remains from German institutions cannot any longer be regarded as a contemporary phenomenon only but must be understood as part of an African tradition of resistance against Western colonial and scienti c practices.


A little while ago, I set out some interpretations of how to push curly arrows. I also appreciate that some theoretically oriented colleagues regard the technique as neither useful nor in the least rigorous, whereas towards the other extreme many synthetically minded chemists view the ability to push a reasonable set of arrows for a proposed mechanism as of itself constituting evidence in its favor.[1] Like any language for expressing ideas, the tool needs a grammar (rules) and a vocabulary, and perhaps also an ability to carry ambiguity. These thoughts surfaced again via a question asked of me by a student: "is the mechanism for the hydrogens in protonated benzene whizzing around the ring a [1,2] or a [1,6] pericyclic sigmatropic shift?".


The present study was conducted to clarify the effect of Kemzyme or Bentonite and their mix as feed additives on the main semen characteristics, testicular enzyme markers, plasma testosterone level and fertility indices of bucks. Twenty four mature NZW rabbit bucks of about 4-month age and average body weight 2.400 kg were equally divided into four groups (6 in each). The first group was kept untreated (C). The second group (K) was supplemented with 0.1% "Kemzyme", a multi-enzyme. The third group (B) was supplemented with 2% sodium bentonite while the fourth group (KB) was supplemented with Kemzyme plus bentonite. The dietary treatment lasted for 10 weeks to cover a complete spermatogenic cycle. Results obtained revealed better sexual activity and higher libido of (K) and (KB) bucks. Besides, significant improvement in their different semen parameters, blood testosterone level, seminal total lipids concentration and the activities of different seminal enzymes. Such improvement was complementary to the higher fertility indices that also noticed on bucks of the same groups. Practically, it could be considered that (K) supplementation is a good reproductive promotant tool in the field of rabbit production.


The Royal Society expedition to Antarctica established a base at Halley Bay, in support of the International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958. Surface ozone was measured during 1958 only, using a prototype Brewer-Mast sonde. The envelope of maximum ozone was an annual cycle from 10 ppbv in January to 22 ppbv in August. These values are 35% less at the start of the year and 15% less at the end than modern values from Neumayer, also a coastal site. This may reflect a general increase in surface ozone since 1958 and differences in summer at the less windy site of Halley, or it may reflect ozone loss on the inlet together with long-term conditioning. There were short periods in September when ozone values decreased rapidly to near-zero, and some in August when ozone values were rapidly halved. Such ozone-loss episodes, catalysed by bromine compounds, became well-known in the Artic in the 1980s, and were observed more recently in the Antarctic. In 1958, very small ozone values were recorded for a week in midwinter during clear weather with light winds. The absence of similar midwinter reductions at Neumayer, or at Halley in the few measurements during 1987, means we must remain suspicious of these small values, but we can find no obvious reason to discount them. The dark reaction of ozone and seawater ice observed in the laboratory may be fast enough to explain them if the salinity and surface area of the ice is sufficiently amplified by frost flowers.


Abstract Biomass burning (BB) is a large source of primary and secondary organic aerosols (POA and SOA). This study addresses the physical and chemical evolution of BB organic aerosols. Firstly, the evolution and lifetime of BB POA and SOA signatures observed with the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer are investigated, focusing on measurements at high-latitudes acquired during the 2008 NASA ARCTAS mission, in comparison to data from other field studies and from laboratory aging experiments. The parameter f60 , the ratio of the integrated signal at m/z 60 to the total signal in the organic component mass spectrum, is used as a marker to study the rate of oxidation and fate of the BB POA. A background level of f60 ∼ 0.3 % ± 0.06 % for SOAdominated ambient OA is shown to be an appropriate background level for this tracer. Using also f44 as a tracer for SOA and aged POA and a surrogate of organic O:C, a novel graphical method is presented to characterise the aging of BB plumes. Similar trends of decreasing f60 and increasing f44 with aging are observed in most field and lab studies. At least some very aged BB plumes retain a clear f60 signature. A statistically significant difference in f60 between highly-oxygenated OA of BB and non-BB origin is observed using this tracer, consistent with a substantial contribution of BBOA to the springtime Arctic aerosol burden in 2008. Secondly, a summary is presented of results on the net enhancement of OA with aging of BB plumes, which shows large variability. The estimates of net OA gain range from OA/ CO(mass) = −0.01 to ∼ 0.05, with a mean OA/POA ∼ 19 %. With these ratios and global inventories of BB CO and POA a global net OA source due to aging of BB plumes of ∼ 8 ± 7 Tg OA yr−1 is estimated, of the order of 5 % of recent total OA source estimates. Further field data following BB plume advection should be a focus of future research in order to better constrain this potentially important contribution to the OA burden. Abstract. Biomass burning (BB) is a large source of primary and secondary organic aerosols (POA and SOA). This study addresses the physical and chemical evolution of BB organic aerosols. Firstly, the evolution and lifetime of BB POA and SOA signatures observed with the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer are investigated, focusing on measurements at high-latitudes acquired during the 2008 NASA ARCTAS mission, in comparison to data from other field studies and from laboratory aging experiments. The parameter f 60 , the ratio of the integrated signal at m/z 60 to the total signal in the organic component mass spectrum, is used as a marker to study the rate of oxidation and fate of the BB POA. A background level of f 60 ∼ 0.3 % ± 0.06 % for SOAdominated ambient OA is shown to be an appropriate background level for this tracer. Using also f 44 as a tracer for SOA and aged POA and a surrogate of organic O:C, a novel graphical method is presented to characterise the aging of BB plumes. Similar trends of decreasing f 60 and increasing f 44 with aging are observed in most field and lab studies. f 60 signature. A statistically significant difference in f 60 between highly-oxygenated OA of BB and non-BB origin is observed using this tracer, consistent with a substantial contribution of BBOA to the springtime Arctic aerosol burden in 2008. Secondly, a summary is presented of results on the net enhancement of OA with aging of BB plumes, which shows large variability. The estimates of net OA gain range from 1 OA/ 1 CO(mass) = − 0.01 to ∼ 0.05, with a mean 1 OA/POA ∼ 19 %. With these ratios and global inventories of BB CO and POA a global net OA source due to aging of BB plumes of ∼ 8 ± 7 Tg OA yr


A drug that shuts down a critical cell-signaling pathway in the most common and aggressive type of adult brain cancer successfully kills cancer stem cells thought to fuel tumor growth and help cancers evade drug and radiation therapy, a Johns Hopkins study shows. In a series of laboratory and animal experiments, Johns Hopkins scientists blocked the signaling system, known as Hedgehog, with an experimental compound called cyclopamine to explore the blockade's effect on cancer stem cells that populate glioblastoma multiforme. Cyclopamine has long been known to inhibit Hedgehog signaling. They reported their findings in the journal Stem Cells published online on July 19, 2007. "Our study lends evidence to the idea that the lack of effective therapies for glioblastoma may be due to the survival of a rare population of cancer stem cells that appear immune to conventional radiation and chemotherapy," says Charles G. Eberhart, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of pathology, ophthalmology and oncology, who led the work. "Hedgehog inhibition kills these cancer stem cells and prevents cancer from growing and may thus develop into the first stem cell—directed therapy for glioblastoma." Eberhart cautioned that while his study appears to prove the principle of Hedgehog blocking, much work remains before cyclopamine or any similar drug can be tested in patients. Scientists must determine whether the drug can be effectively and safely delivered to the whole body or whether it must go into the brain, and what if any adverse impact on normal stem cells the treatment might cause. "Once you've answered those questions in animals, the next step would be starting phase I clinical trials in humans," Eberhart said. The new study adds to the growing evidence that only a small percentage of cancer cells — in this case stem cells — are capable of unlimited self-renewal and that these cells alone power a tumor's growth. Eberhart focused on two pathways important to the survival of normal brain stem cells—Hedgehog and Notch—suspecting that brain cancer stem cells cannot live without them. The Hedgehog gene, first studied in fruit flies, got its name because during embryonic development, the mutated version causes flies to resemble a spiky hedgehog. The pathway plays a major role in controlling normal fetal and postnatal development, and, later in life, helping normal adult stem cells function and proliferate. The Johns Hopkins scientists first tested 19 human glioblastomas removed during surgery and frozen immediately, and found Hedgehog active in five at the time of tumor removal. They also found Hedgehog activity in four of seven glioblastoma cell lines. Next, the team used cyclopamine, chemically extracted from corn lilies that grow in the Rocky Mountains, to inhibit Hedgehog in cells lines growing on plastic or as neurospheres, round clusters of stems cells that float in liquid nutrients. This reduced tumor growth in the cell-laden plastic by 40 to 60 percent, and caused the neurospheres to fall apart without any new growth of the cell clusters. The researchers also pretreated mice with cyclopamine before injecting human glioblastoma cells into their brains, resulting in cancer cells that failed to form tumors in the mice. Other researchers have shown that radiotherapy fails to kill all cancer stem cells in glioblastomas, apparently because many of these cells can repair the DNA damage inflicted by radiation. The Hopkins team suggests that blocking the Hedgehog pathway with cyclopamine kills these radiation-resistant cancer stem cells. In previous laboratory experiments, Eberhart used cyclopamine to block Hedgehog using medulloblastoma cells, the most common brain cancer occurring in children. Along with childhood brain cancers, cyclopamine has shown early promise in treating skin cancer; rhabdomyosarcoma, a muscle tumor; and multiple myeloma, a cancer of the white blood cells in bone marrow. "What excites me is that we have taken things we learned about Hedgehog signaling in these relatively rare childhood brain tumors and translated them into an even more aggressive adult tumor," Eberhart said. More than 10,000 Americans die annually from glioblastomas. Radiation is the standard therapy for the disease, and several years ago, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved adding the drug temozolomide to radiotherapy because the combination provided a small survival increase. "This is an incredibly difficult tumor to treat," says first author Eli E. Bar, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow. "Survival for glioblastoma has not changed much in 30 years. With the addition of temozolomide, survival got bumped from 12 months to 14 or 15 months." This study was funded by the nonprofit Brain Tumors Funders' Collaborative, which is supported by eight private philanthropic and advocacy organizations. Additional authors are Aneeka Chaudhry, Alex Lin, Xing Fan, Karisa Schreck, William Matsui and Alessandro Olivi from Johns Hopkins; Angelo L. Vescovi of the University of Milan Bicocca in Milan, Italy; and Francesco DeMeco of the Istituto Nazionale Neurologico "Carlo Besta" in Milan. For more information contact: Vanessa Wasta or Valerie Mehl 410.955.1287; email@example.com or email@example.com


In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of geriatric psychiatry. Each bibliography is divided into 9 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Assessment; 4 Epidemiology; 5 Therapy; 6 Care; 7 Dementia; 8 Depression; 9 Psychology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted


This article calls into question stereotypical assumptions about the presumed lack of state intervention in the family and the patriarchal violence of Anglo-American frontier societies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By analyzing previously unexamined cases of domestic assault and homicide in the American West and Australia, Professor Ramsey reveals a sustained (but largely ineffectual) effort to civilize men by punishing violence against women. Husbands in both the American West and Australia were routinely arrested or summoned to court for beating their wives in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Judges, police officers, journalists, and others expressed dismay over domestic assaults. However, legal authorities struggled with the dilemma of how to deter batterers whose victims were reluctant to prosecute. To be sure, the state's response was not as aggressive as under modern mandatory arrest laws and no-drop prosecution policies. Yet the "why didn't she leave?" question actually may have seemed easier to answer in the late 1800s and early 1900s than it did later in the twentieth century. Due to the failure of the state to prevent recidivist domestic violence, juries and even judges often deemed the actions of women who killed their abusive husbands wholly or partially justified. In contrast, husbands who killed their wives tended to be convicted of murder because their crimes violated the ideal of the "respectable family man" that was vital to the efforts of both the American West and Australia to project a civilized image.This article makes three contributions. First, it presents a complex and surprising picture of gender relations in the American West and Australia by showing that men punished other men for physically attacking their wives and that there was greater public concern about violent marriages than scholars have realized. Second, it documents the criminal prosecution of wife-beaters and wife-killers on two continents during a seventy-year period, which indicates that this was not just an isolated peak of intervention in a long history of apathy toward domestic violence. Third, Professor Ramsey shows that scholarly emphasis on women's insanity claims has obscured the extent to which female defendants successfully raised self-defense arguments to obtain acquittal or mitigation in intimate-partner murder cases. The justification of abused women's use of deadly force acknowledged the desperate circumstances they faced in societies that condemned domestic violence, but had neither succeeded in deterring it, nor provided victims with adequate escape routes.


An increasing public awareness of the impact that buildings have on human health, climate change, energy usage and environmental degradation have led in recent years to a growing interest in environmentally-sustainable building. One of the most significant factors affecting building sustainability is the sustainability of materials used in construction. Yet there is little coherence in the measurement and assessment of materials sustainability attributes, resulting in a landscape today that is littered with hundreds of competing, inconsistent and often imprecise eco-labels, standards and certifications. This discord has led both to confusion among consumers and commercial purchasers of sustainable building materials, and to the incorporation of inconsistent sustainability criteria in larger building certification programs.In response to the need for greater clarity in evaluating the sustainability of building materials, we conducted an in-depth study of sustainability standards and certifications for selected categories of building materials and have developed a set of recommendations for government, standards-setting organizations and industry that, we hope, will bring a greater degree of consistency and rationality to this critical area. These recommendations include: (1) the development of a widely-accepted, uniform nomenclature for describing materials sustainability features, (2) the development of consistent and transparent methodologies for measuring materials sustainability features, (3) the adoption of a uniform, concise and user-friendly format for disclosing key materials sustainability features, along the lines of the FDA's standardized Nutrition Facts Label, (4) the use of consistent and comparable materials sustainability measurements as criteria in broader certification programs and regulation, and (5) the development of a public database for materials sustainability information.


Product innovativeness is a key moderating variable for the study of innovation management (Song & Montoya-Weiss 1998, p. 124). For this reason, some empirical studies of innovation management examine new product processes, critical success factors, and market learning practices for incremental versus discontinuous new product projects (Song & Montoya-Weiss 1998; Atuahene-Gima 1995; Veryzer 1998a; Lynn et al. 1996; O'Connor 1998; Rice et al. 1998). By looking at both these types of new product development projects, empirical observations are likely to be more realistic than those of studies that do not discriminate between more or less innovative projects. Even so, a dualistic view of the matter does not capture the nuances (Green et al.1995)1 of the relationship between product innovativeness and innovation management practices. Hence, there is a need for richer innovativeness typologies that go beyond the dichotomous view and, thereby, lend themselves to a more finegrained study of innovation management practices for different types of new product projects. In fact, various innovativeness typologies exist that include more than two product types. Notably, the typology by Booz, Allen & Hamilton (1982)2 introduces two dimensions: newness to the market and newness to the company, resulting in six products types (with various combinations of high, medium and low newness). An alternative set of typologies differentiates between the product's technological newness and its market newness, for example Abernathy & Clark's (1985) typology with four new product types; Leonard-Barton's (1995) five product types; and Veryzer's (1998a) four types in a two-by-two matrix. Interestingly, these two meta-perspectives on product innovativeness (i.e. 1. new to the market and/or new to the company and 2. technological and/or market newness) are generally not included within the same typology in extant literature. For example, discussions of the technological and/or market newness of a product, often leave out the question of whether that newness is in the eyes of the industry and market (exogenous newness) or only for the focal firm itself (endogenous newness). More broadly, it can be stated that "…little continuity exists in the new product literature regarding from whose perspective this degree of newness is viewed and what is new (Garcia & Calantone 2002, p. 112).