[Should we keep using the heating lamp in microsurgery?].
The "heating lamp" is one of the complementary measures used to improve the survival rate of replantations and flaps. No publication demonstrated its efficiency, but burn injuries have been reported. The purpose of this study was to estimate the efficiency of the "heating lamp". A questionnaire was sent to the members of the French society for surgery of the Hand, 16 % of who answered. The heat emitted by three electric bulbs (energy saving, strand, halogen) was measured at room temperature at 10, 15, 20 and 25cm distance from the bulb over 4h. The pressure of capillary drip PFC of the pulp of the index was measured in 10 healthy subjects by a laser Doppler. The PFC was measured without source of heat, then at 38, 40 and 42°C, during 30min. Among the answers to the questionnaire, 67 % never use the heating lamp. Among the 33 % who use it, the protocol was variable; 18 control the temperature without precision, 18 use it continuously, and 23 use it more than 24hours. Nine reported complications, including eight burns (five flaps, three replantations). Subjectively, the majority of the users believe in its efficacy. Objectively, the heat emitted by the "heating lamp" was unimportant; whatever the distance from the source. The PFC did not vary with the temperature. The "heating lamp" is used empirically in microsurgery. The physical and physiological measures at the lower threshold for burns (43°C) show that it is ineffective. Burns have been reported. In conclusion, the "heating lamp" should no longer be a part of the therapeutic arsenal of the hand surgeon.


Perspective on the dynamics of cancer.
The genetic diversity of cancer and the dynamic interactions between heterogeneous tumor cells, the stroma and immune cells present daunting challenges to the development of effective cancer therapies. Although cancer biology is more understood than ever, this has not translated into therapies that overcome drug resistance, cancer recurrence and metastasis. The future development of effective therapies will require more understanding of the dynamics of homeostatic dysregulation that drives cancer growth and progression. Cancer dynamics are explored using a model involving genes mediating the regulatory interactions between the signaling and metabolic pathways. The exploration is informed by a proposed genetic dysregulation measure of cellular processes. The analysis of the interaction dynamics between cancer cells, cancer associated fibroblasts, and tumor associate macrophages suggests that the mutual dependence of these cells promotes cancer growth and proliferation. In particular, MTOR and AMPK are hypothesized to be concurrently activated in cancer cells by amino acids recycled from the stroma. This leads to a proliferative growth supported by an upregulated glycolysis and a tricarboxylic acid cycle driven by glutamine sourced from the stroma. In other words, while genetic aberrations ignite carcinogenesis and lead to the dysregulation of key cellular processes, it is postulated that the dysregulation of metabolism locks cancer cells in a state of mutual dependence with the tumor microenvironment and deepens the tumor's inflammation and immunosuppressive state which perpetuates as a result the growth and proliferation dynamics of cancer. Cancer therapies should aim for a progressive disruption of the dynamics of interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment by targeting metabolic dysregulation and inflammation to partially restore tissue homeostasis and turn on the immune cancer kill switch. One potentially effective cancer therapeutic strategy is to induce the reduction of lactate and steer the tumor microenvironment to a state of reduced inflammation so as to enable an effective intervention of the immune system. The translation of this therapeutic approach into treatment regimens would however require more understanding of the adaptive complexity of cancer resulting from the interactions of cancer cells with the tumor microenvironment and the immune system.


Crystalluria in adolescent and adult patients with congenital heart disease.
Crystalluria is a frequent finding in normal individuals and in patients suffering from urolithiasis. As nephrolithiasis has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors and most congenital heart disease (CHD) patients reach adulthood, the objective of this study is to determine the presence of crystalluria and if it influences their cardiovascular outcome. Case-control and observational prospective study design of patients with CHD older than 14 years with a stable CHD verified with imaging tests and a control population. 214 patients with CHD [median age 21 (17-35) years and 41 (19%) males] and 345 controls were studied and followed up. None of them had symptoms of renal calculi. Nine (4%) patients with CHD and 24 (7%) patients in the control group showed crystalluria (p = 0.180), all of them composed of calcium oxalate. No significant differences were seen in age, sex, body mass index, CHD complexity, cardiovascular risk factors, NYHA functional class, cyanosis, and medical treatment between CHD patients with and without crystalluria. In relation to survival, 18 patients with CHD had a major acute cardiovascular event (MACE) (3 strokes, 2 myocardial infarction, 9 cardiovascular death and 4 non cardiovascular mortality) during the follow up time [7.3 (4.4-8.5) years] without significant differences in the Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.358) between patients with and without crystalluria. No significant differences were found between CHD and control patients in relation to crystalluria and it had no impact on the occurrence of cardiovascular events in the medium term follow up of patients with CHD.


Prolonged spontaneous remission in a patient with untreated pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a relatively rare, diffuse lung disease for which whole lung bronchopulmonary lavage is an effective treatment. The possibility of spontaneous remission also exists, but few actual cases have been described. This report describes a 56-year-old woman in whom pulmonary alveolar proteinosis was diagnosed 18 years earlier and who had a prolonged spontaneous remission before presenting with disabling symptoms. The possibility of prolonged spontaneous remission, although unusual, needs to be kept in mind when therapeutic decisions are to be made in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.


The abstraction of a central tendency in amnesic patients.
Amnesic patients and control subjects were asked to reproduce arm movements of a given amplitude and to average amplitudes on series of three such movements. The error in averaging was found to be equal in patients and control subjects while reproduction performance was clearly affected by amnesia. The implications of these data for a theory of amnesia are briefly discussed.


An improved method for DNA alkaline gradient analysis and its application to the effect of carcinogens on mouse liver DNA.
An alkaline sodium iodide density gradient technique is described, for use in sedimentation rate centrifugation studies of in vivo induction of single strand breaks in DNA. The combination of this type of gradient with a sensitive fluorometric DNA estimation makes it possible to analyze very small amounts of DNA without any need for labeling the nucleic acid with radioactive thymidine.


Cloning and characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the mouse tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase gene.
Little information is available on the molecular mechanisms controlling osteoclastic bone resorption. We used tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) to begin to investigate the regulation of bone resorption at the molecular level. TRAP is expressed at high levels in osteoclasts and may play an important role in the bone resorptive process. Therefore, we isolated the murine TRAP gene from a mouse spleen genomic library and characterized its promoter. A restriction map was generated for the 17 kb TRAP insert. A 2 kb SmaI fragment, containing the 5'-flanking region, was subcloned and the nucleotide sequence determined. Sequence analysis of the SmaI fragment revealed the presence of numerous candidate transcription factor binding sequences, including those for AP1 and H-APF-1. The H-APF-1 site matches the consensus sequence for the IL-6-regulated transcription factor. An intron was identified at -1 to -393 bp relative to the ATG. The presence of an intron was confirmed by PCR analysis of RNA isolated from murine osteoclasts. Primer extension analysis indicated the presence of a transcription initiation site at -552 bp from the ATG. The region from -1846 to 2bp relative to the ATG initiation codon drove the transient expression of a luciferase reporter gene when transfected into HRE H9 rabbit endometrial cells. PMA treatment of HRE H9 cells enhanced luciferase transcription approximately threefold. These data suggest that the TRAP promoter is complex and contains multiple regulatory elements. The availability of the TRAP promoter may also permit production of transgenic mice, which can be used to develop previously unavailable osteoclast cell lines.


Aqueous outflow regulation - 21st century concepts.
We propose an integrated model of aqueous outflow control that employs a pump-conduit system in this article. Our model exploits accepted physiologic regulatory mechanisms such as those of the arterial, venous, and lymphatic systems. Here, we also provide a framework for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to improve glaucoma patient care. In the model, the trabecular meshwork distends and recoils in response to continuous physiologic IOP transients like the ocular pulse, blinking, and eye movement. The elasticity of the trabecular meshwork determines cyclic volume changes in Schlemm's canal (SC). Tube-like SC inlet valves provide aqueous entry into the canal, and outlet valve leaflets at collector channels control aqueous exit from SC. Connections between the pressure-sensing trabecular meshwork and the outlet valve leaflets dynamically control flow from SC. Normal function requires regulation of the trabecular meshwork properties that determine distention and recoil. The aqueous pump-conduit provides short-term pressure control by varying stroke volume in response to pressure changes. Modulating TM constituents that regulate stroke volume provides long-term control. The aqueous outflow pump fails in glaucoma due to the loss of trabecular tissue elastance, as well as alterations in ciliary body tension. These processes lead to SC wall apposition and loss of motion. Visible evidence of pump failure includes a lack of pulsatile aqueous discharge into aqueous veins and reduced ability to reflux blood into SC. These alterations in the functional properties are challenging to monitor clinically. Phase-sensitive OCT now permits noninvasive, quantitative measurement of pulse-dependent TM motion in humans. This proposed conceptual model and related techniques offer a novel framework for understanding mechanisms, improving management, and development of therapeutic options for glaucoma.


Radiofrequency endovenous obliteration versus stripping of the long saphenous vein in the management of primary varicose veins: 3-year outcome of a randomized study.
We evaluated the 3-year outcome of a series of patients with primary varicose veins who were randomized to radiofrequency endovenous obliteration vs. stripping of the long saphenous vein (LSV). Twenty-eight patients were included in the study: 15 were randomized to the radiofrequency endovenous obliteration procedure and 13 to LSV stripping. At 3-year follow-up, five patients (33.3%) of the endovenous group had recurrent or residual varices and in three of them a reflux in the thigh veins was detected. None of the primarily occluded LSV segments was recanalized. In the stripping group, three patients (23.1%, p = 0.68) showed varicosities at clinical and duplex examinations. In one patient, a patent duplicate LSV trunk was detected. In the remaining two patients, no reflux in the thigh region was detected. According to the present results, radiofrequency endovenous obliteration of the LSV is associated with somewhat poorer short-term results compared with the stripping operation.


Stimulation of superoxide production increases fungicidal action of miconazole against Candida albicans biofilms.
We performed a whole-transcriptome analysis of miconazole-treated Candida albicans biofilms, using RNA-sequencing. Our aim was to identify molecular pathways employed by biofilm cells of this pathogen to resist action of the commonly used antifungal miconazole. As expected, genes involved in sterol biosynthesis and genes encoding drug efflux pumps were highly induced in biofilm cells upon miconazole treatment. Other processes were affected as well, including the electron transport chain (ETC), of which eight components were transcriptionally downregulated. Within a diverse set of 17 inhibitors/inducers of the transcriptionally affected pathways, the ETC inhibitors acted most synergistically with miconazole against C. albicans biofilm cells. Synergy was not observed for planktonically growing C. albicans cultures or when biofilms were treated in oxygen-deprived conditions, pointing to a biofilm-specific oxygen-dependent tolerance mechanism. In line, a correlation between miconazole's fungicidal action against C. albicans biofilm cells and the levels of superoxide radicals was observed, and confirmed both genetically and pharmacologically using a triple superoxide dismutase mutant and a superoxide dismutase inhibitor N-N'-diethyldithiocarbamate, respectively. Consequently, ETC inhibitors that result in mitochondrial dysfunction and affect production of reactive oxygen species can increase miconazole's fungicidal activity against C. albicans biofilm cells.


CD70 antibody-drug conjugate as a potential therapeutic agent for uterine leiomyosarcoma.
Uterine leiomyosarcoma is a rare and aggressive gynecologic malignancy originating in the myometrium of the uterine corpus that tends to recur even after complete surgical excision. Current therapeutic agents have only modest effects on uterine leiomyosarcoma. Although antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates have been recognized as useful targeted therapies for other cancers, no study has yet evaluated the effects of this approach on uterine leiomyosarcoma. This study aimed to examine the activity of tumoral CD70 in uterine leiomyosarcoma and assess the antitumor activity of CD70-antibody-drug conjugate treatment in uterine leiomyosarcoma. Target membrane proteins were screened by profiling and comparing membrane protein expression in 3 uterine leiomyosarcoma cell lines (SK-UT-1, SK-LMS-1, and SKN) and normal uterine myometrium cells using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation labeling method. Western blotting, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses, and immunohistochemistry were used to examine CD70 expression in the membrane proteins in uterine leiomyosarcoma cell lines and clinical samples. We developed an antibody-drug conjugate with a monoclonal antibody of the target membrane protein linked to monomethyl auristatin F and investigated its antitumor effects against uterine leiomyosarcoma (in vitro, in vivo, and in patient-derived xenograft models). CD70 was identified as a specific antigen highly expressed in uterine leiomyosarcoma cell lines. Of the 3 uterine leiomyosarcoma cell lines, CD70 expression was confirmed in SK-LMS-1 cells by western blotting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. CD70 overexpression was observed in 19 of 21 (90.5%) tumor specimens from women with uterine leiomyosarcoma. To generate CD70-antibody-drug conjugate, anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody was conjugated with a novel derivative of monomethyl auristatin F. CD70-antibody-drug conjugate showed significant antitumor effects on SK-LMS-1 cells (half maximal inhibitory concentration, 0.120 nM) and no antitumor effects on CD70-negative uterine leiomyosarcoma cells. CD70-antibody-drug conjugate significantly inhibited tumor growth in the SK-LMS-1 xenograft mouse model (tumor volume, 129.8 vs 285.5 mm3; relative reduction, 54.5%; P<.001) and patient-derived xenograft mouse model (tumor volume, 128.1 vs 837.7 mm3; relative reduction, 84.7%; P<.001). Uterine leiomyosarcoma tumors highly express CD70 and targeted therapy with CD70-antibody-drug conjugate may have a potential therapeutic implication in the treatment of uterine leiomyosarcoma.


Medications Used for Pediatric Insomnia.
Pediatric insomnia can affect physical and mental health and cause cognitive deficits, social deficits and decrease quality of life. There are no Food and Drug Administration approved medications approved for pediatric insomnia. Pharmacologic interventions derive mostly from adult data or pediatric case reports. This review focuses on Food and Drug Administration approved prescription drugs (in adults), over-the-counter drugs, and off-label pediatric insomnia drugs. This review helps the clinician learn general principles, practice guidelines, and pharmacologic considerations for medication selection in the pediatric population. Pharmacologic management should be considered in combination with behavior therapy, which is proven to have long-lasting outcomes.


Antimicrobial activity of extractives of Solidago microglossa.
The antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract from Solidago microglossa roots, essential oil from its aerial part and some isolated compounds was investigated. The oil exhibited concentration-dependent activity against all the tested bacteria and yeasts.


Aetiology of running-related gastrointestinal dysfunction. How far is the finishing line?
30 to 65% of long distance runners experience gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms related to exercise. Several hypotheses have been postulated; however, the aetiology and pathophysiology are far from clear. The mechanical effect of running on the viscera must be involved in the development of GI symptoms in this sport. Reduction of splanchnic blood flow due to visceral vasoconstriction is another widely supported theory; nevertheless, it does not explain many of the clinical findings. Examination of the GI tract during exercise is a difficult task, and measurements of both orocaecal and whole-gut transit time have shown equivocal results. GI hormones, and especially prostaglandins, may be of crucial importance for the production of symptoms. Intestinal absorption, secretion and permeability may also be altered during exercise, provoking intestinal dysfunction. Factors such as stress, diet, dehydration, infections and other factors need to be analysed in order to present a global view of the hypotheses regarding the aetiology of this common and often overlooked problem.


Prolactin modulates the functions of murine spleen CD11c-positive dendritic cells.
Prolactin (PRL), an anterior pituitary polypeptide hormone, has been shown to have a role in the immunomodulation. Some reports have shown the importance of PRL in activating lymphocytes and macrophages. To further investigate the effect of PRL on the immune system in vitro, murine spleen CD11c-positive dendritic cells (SDCs) were treated with various concentrations of PRL for 24 h, then their viability, phenotype, nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-kappaBp65), endocytosis, stimulatory capacity, and cytokine expression were analyzed. The results showed that PRL increased the viability and stimulatory capacity of SDCs, up-regulated the expressions of MHC-11 and CD40 while decreased the level of CD54 on SDCs. Furthermore, PRL decreased the level of NF-kappaBp65 and the endocytosis of SDCs. In addition, PRL increased the expressions of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-alpha in SDCs. These data suggested that PRL might regulate the physiological and pathological immune responses by changing the viability, phenotype, NF-kappaBp65, endocytosis, stimulatory capacity, and cytokine expression of SDCs.


Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with acupuncture on NLRP3 inflammasome and protease levels in patients with neuropathic pain.
This study aimed to investigate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with acupuncture could alleviate pain in patients suffering from postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) by inhibiting NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Data of 92 PHN patients were retrospectively collected. The patients were grouped as control (nerve block), rTMS, and rTMS + acupuncture groups according to treatment methods. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, NLRP3, and Caspase-1 levels of patients in each group prior and post-treatment were analyzed. The rTMS + acupuncture group showed higher efficacy than the rTMS group and the control group, contributing to markedly lower VAS score, as well as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NLRP3 and Caspase-1 levels than the other two groups (P < 0.05). rTMS plus acupuncture can reduce the inflammatory immune response and ease the pain in patients by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and its resulting inflammatory factors, Caspase-1 and IL-1β.


Malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity (a case report).
A case of malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity is reported. The rarity of its occurrence warrants its mention.


Effects of reduction of renal mass on renal oxygen tension and erythropoietin production in the rat.
It is well known that the anemia of chronic renal failure is associated with a blunted erythropoietin response. However, it is not clear why this response is blunted. Oxygen tension is an important regulator of erythropoietin production and release, but the effect of reduced renal mass on renal tissue oxygen tensions is currently unknown. A computer-based simulation was used to determine how alterations in filtration fraction might impact on renal tissue oxygen tensions. In addition, direct measurements of oxygen tension with needle electrodes were employed, as well as conventional physiological measurements and ELISA measurements of plasma and tissue erythropoietin concentrations in rats subjected to 5/6th nephrectomy. Remnant kidney rats had 39% and 52% decreases in tissue and plasma erythropoietin concentrations, respectively, that correlated with 73% increased oxygen tensions in both cortex and outer medulla in the remnant kidney (all P < 0.01). Estimations of filtration fraction were decreased by approximately 36% in the rats bearing remnant kidneys. Higher oxygen tensions were observed in the remnant kidneys. We suggest that higher oxygen tensions are caused by a decrease in filtration fraction, and that these higher tissue oxygen tensions result in decreased renal erythropoietin production and anemia.


The effect of aminopterin-induced folic acid deficiency on spermatogenesis.
Folic acid deficiency was produced by injecting aminopterin into adult male albino rats, resulting in inhibition of spermatogenesis. Bone marrow smears were studied to serve as an index of folic acid deficiency; however, changes in spermatogenesis were noticed earlier than the bone marrow changes. Meiotic division was affected more than mitotic division. The nuclei of spermatogenic cells showed degenerative changes. Chromosomal abnormalities, chiefly sticky chromosomes, were noticed in squashed preparations of seminiferous tubules.


Nitric oxide scavenging by hemoglobin regulates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Although the importance of red blood cells in augmenting hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction has been recognized for decades, only recently has it become clear that this occurs primarily because of the inactivation of nitric oxide (NO) by hemoglobin. This interaction between red blood cells, NO, and the pulmonary circulation is critical in understanding the effects of anemia and polycythemia on pulmonary blood flow distribution, gas exchange, and global O2 delivery and in understanding the development of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. This review will discuss the proposed mechanisms for initiation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and regulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by red blood cells with an emphasis on hemoglobin-NO interactions. In addition, the review will discuss how biologic (S-nitrosation) or pharmacologic (cross-linking) modification of hemoglobin may affect pulmonary circulatory-hemoglobin interactions.


Implantation of the Micra transcatheter pacing system: A single center North India experience.
The leadless pacemaking transcatheter system, Micra, is a miniaturized, single-chamber pacemaker system. We report herein our experience with implantation of the Micra TPS system. The current study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the leadless Micra Transcatheter Pacemaker System (Medtronic). This was a prospective single centre nonrandomized study without controls. A transcatheter pacemaker was implanted in patients who had guideline based indications for ventricular pacing. 28 subjects were screened based on the selection criteria. Mica TPS was implanted. Parameters assessed were: duration of procedure (from femoral vein puncture to venous access closure), fluoroscopy time, number of device repositions, periprocedural electrical measurements (sensing, threshold and impedance) and in-hospital, intermediate to long term adverse events related to procedure. s: The device was successfully implanted in 28 subjects. The mean intraoperative sensing value was 9.04 ± 1.5 mV and the impedance was 766.89 ± 213.9 Ω. At discharge from hospital, those values were 13.2 ± 15.83 mV and 855 ± 111.7, respectively. The recommended pacing threshold value as achieved in all subjects was 0.78 V, i.e. ≤ 1 V at 0.24 ms. There was no adverse event or complications reported for any of the subjects. Mean time from hospitalization to discharge was 1.5 days. Implantation of leadless pacemakers is feasible, safe and provides advantages over the conventional system.


Facial soft biometric features for forensic face recognition.
This paper proposes a functional feature-based approach useful for real forensic caseworks, based on the shape, orientation and size of facial traits, which can be considered as a soft biometric approach. The motivation of this work is to provide a set of facial features, which can be understood by non-experts such as judges and support the work of forensic examiners who, in practice, carry out a thorough manual comparison of face images paying special attention to the similarities and differences in shape and size of various facial traits. This new approach constitutes a tool that automatically converts a set of facial landmarks to a set of features (shape and size) corresponding to facial regions of forensic value. These features are furthermore evaluated in a population to generate statistics to support forensic examiners. The proposed features can also be used as additional information that can improve the performance of traditional face recognition systems. These features follow the forensic methodology and are obtained in a continuous and discrete manner from raw images. A statistical analysis is also carried out to study the stability, discrimination power and correlation of the proposed facial features on two realistic databases: MORPH and ATVS Forensic DB. Finally, the performance of both continuous and discrete features is analyzed using different similarity measures. Experimental results show high discrimination power and good recognition performance, especially for continuous features. A final fusion of the best systems configurations achieves rank 10 match results of 100% for ATVS database and 75% for MORPH database demonstrating the benefits of using this information in practice.


Metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting as epistaxis.
Metastatic tumors in the nasal and paranasal sinuses are very rare. The origin of metastatic tumors in the nasal or paranasal sinuses is often renal cancer. Renal cell carcinomas are known for their tendency to early metastasis, and symptoms due to the metastatic lesion may be the only initial manifestation. In this paper we deal with the case of a 73-year-old patient who presented with recurrent epistaxis. The presence of a primary renal cell carcinoma was recognized only after surgical removal of the metastatic tumor. The presentation, difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of this tumor are discussed, with a review of the literature.


Partitioning behavior and ecological risk of arsenic and antimony in the sediment-porewater profile system in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China.
Arsenic and antimony are widely distributed toxic metalloids in aquatic environments. However, their partitioning behaviors in the sediment profile remain not well understood. Here, partitioning behaviors, diffusive fluxes, as well as the ecological risks of As and Sb in the sediment-porewater profile system in the tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) were investigated. As and Sb showed markedly different spatial variations in the longitudinal profiles of both porewater and sediment samples. Specifically, the concentration of As showed an accumulation trend with depth, while that of Sb showed a relatively complicated trend. Further, As showed lower sediment-porewater partitioning coefficient (Kd) values, suggesting that it had a relatively lower sediment affinity and a higher mobility than Sb. Its residual fraction (30%-60%) was also lower than that of Sb. This phenomenon could be attributed to the chemical fractions of the trace metals and the pH value of the sediments. Furthermore, the Kd values corresponding to As were influenced by both the residual fraction (r = 0.338, p < 0.05) and the exchangeable fraction (r = -0.643, p < 0.01), while those corresponding to Sb were only influenced by pH. Additionally, even though these two trace metals showed low ecological and mobility risks, the diffusive fluxes at the sediment-water interface suggested that the sediment acted as a source of As and a sink for Sb relative to the overlying water. This study indicated that As and Sb had different partitioning behaviors and release risks in the sediment-porewater profile system, enhanced the understanding the transport and fate of As and Sb in the aquatic environment.


Heterogeneity of genetic loci in chickens: analysis of endogenous viral and nonviral genes by cleavage of DNA with restriction endonucleases.
Restriction endonucleases can be used to define the structure and position of genetic loci for which specific molecular hybridization reagents are available. We have used this approach to compare 18 chicken embryos with respect to several cellular genes; endogenous viral DNA related to the replicative genes of avian sarcoma virus (ASV) or to RAV-O, an endogenous virus of chickens; and sequences related to the transforming (src) gene of ASV. Each cellular gene eas remarkably homogeneous within our test population. We found little or no variation in globin and ovomucoid genes; ovalbumin and transferrin (with one exception) showed variation which is probably allelic in nature. The endogenous viral DNA which has homology with RAV-O was found at several different positions in host DNA and its structure resembled that of proviruses acquired by experimental infection, with sequences from both ends of viral RNA repeated near both ends of viral DNA. Within the population of 18 chickens, one endogenous provirus was always present, whereas the several other proviruses were each found in only a few members of this group. However, screening of additional chickens identified individuals lacking the provirus common to the initial 18 animals surveyed; in at least one embryo no RAV-O-related DNA was detected. These findings suggest that the endogenous RAV-O-related sequences have entered the germ line by relatively recent infection and are still segregating in several contemporary chicken flocks. The sequences in the chicken genome which have homology with the src gene of ASV are invariant from bird to bird and in this sense resemble a cellular gene rather than a viral sequence.


Distinct Patterns of Amyloid Pathology in Autopsies of Transthyretin S77Y and A97S Amyloidosis: Significance of Symptomatology and Cell Biology.
Hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis is a systemic disease with amyloid deposition in the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems caused by mutation of transthyretin (TTR) gene. The mutant TTR S77Y is the second prevalent mutation in many countries. In Taiwan, A97S mutant accounts for more than 90% of cases. Although distinct clinical manifestations such as dysphagia, carpal tunnel syndrome, and sudden cardiac death occur, the underlying pathology has not been elucidated. Here, we report the first autopsy cases of ATTRv S77Y and A97S and comprehensively compare the pathology underlying the unique clinical manifestations. This study demonstrated the following: (1) distinct spatial patterns of amyloid deposits in peripheral nerves, with a tendency toward more amyloid deposition in the large peripheral nerves, particularly the median nerves, and scarcely in the sural nerves, and different amyloid distribution in different genotypes; (2) amyloid deposits in the conduction system of the heart in addition to surrounding cardiomyocytes; (3) extensive amyloid deposits in the larynx and gastrointestinal tract, contributing to the unique clinical symptom of dysphagia; and (4) characteristic TTR intracytoplasmic inclusions in the hepatocytes of A97S. The pathology of the first autopsied cases of ATTRv S77Y and A97S provides pathology and mechanisms underlying unique clinical manifestations.


Differences in the coalescence kinetics of fat emulsions in dependence on the amount of fat and age.
The destabilizing effect of calcium ions on emulsions was studied as a function of the age of the emulsions and the degree of emulsion dilution (2%, 0.2% an 0.02% fat). Particle size measurements were performed both in the Coulter counter and a laser diffraction device equipped with PIDS technology. The data of both instruments showed a good correlation. zeta-Potential was determined by laser doppler anemometrie. The physical stability of the emulsions in 6 mmolar Calcium Chloride decreased with increasing dilution--despite the diminished rate of collision in diluted systems. In addition, and increased electrolyte sensitivity was observed with increasing age of the emulsions--despite enhanced electrostatic stabilization by an increased zeta-potential. Both effects were attributed to an increased binding of calcium ions per surface area of the droplets, i.e. increased ratio calcium ions to surface by dilution and increased binding by the increased charge of aged emulsions.


A species-specific frequency filter through specific inhibition, not specific excitation.
Many bushcrickets produce specific song spectra for acoustic communication. Song detection and/ or recognition may make use of such specificity. Where in the nervous system are the filters for song frequency situated? A peripheral tuning for song frequency typically does not exist. Auditory receptor cells of bushcrickets connect to local and ascending neurons in the prothoracic ganglion. One of the ascending neurons (1) may function as a frequency filter in a group of four related bushcrickets (genera Ancistrura, Barbitistes). The frequency response of ascending neuron 1 is species-specific roughly corresponding to the frequency of the conspecific male song. The species-specific tuning of the neuron is not brought about by specific excitation, but by specific inhibition. By eliminating this frequency-dependent and species-specific inhibition the former filter neuron is transformed into an unspecific broad-band neuron in all four species. Its tuning then does not differ from omega neuron 1, a local neuron which is rather unspecific for frequency. Also, the supra-threshold responses of ascending neuron 1, which are different in intact animals, are similar to each other and similar to omega neuron 1 following elimination of inhibition. Only ascending neuron 1 of Ancistrura retains some species-specific features at low frequencies. In conclusion, evolution changed inhibition, not excitation of a species-specific neuron.


Cymelarsan in the treatment of buffaloes naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi in south China.
Forty buffaloes naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi in the South of China were treated with a single dose of a new arsenical. Cymelarsan (Mel Cy) at 0.25 mg/kg to 3.0 mg/kg by intramuscular injection. All animals were cured, with the exception of two out of four animals treated with 0.25 mg/kg Mel Cy which relapsed two months after drug administration. Two out of eight buffaloes in control groups treated with a single dose of diminazene aceturate (Berenil), 3.5 mg/kg, relapsed two months after treatment. All cured animals showed no trypanosomes in their blood when tested within one to three years after administration. A scleroma about 2 to 3.5 cm in diameter was found at the site of injection at the dose of 1.5 mg/kg Mel Cy in three of eight animals. At a dose of 3 mg/kg, Mel Cy induced obvious necrosis of the tissue at the site of injection. The results of field application proved that Mel Cy is a very active trypanocidal drug against T. evansi.


Specific transport of inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and triosephosphates across the inner membrane of the envelope in spinach chloroplasts.
The uptake of phosphate and phosphorylated compounds into the chloroplast stroma has been studied by silicone layer filtering centrifugation. 1. Inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate are transported across the envelope leading to an accumulation in the chloroplast stroma. This uptake proceeds by a counter exchange with phosphate and phosphorylated compounds present there. 2. The transport shows saturation characteristics allowing the determination of Km and V. 3. The phosphorylated compounds transported act as competitive inhibitors of the transport. From measurements of the Km and Ki the specificity of the transport is described. 4. The transport of inorganic phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate is inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and trinitrobenzene sulfonate. 5. The activation energy of phosphate transport as determined from the temperature dependence is evaluated to be 16 kcal (0--12 degrees C). 6. It is concluded that inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, dihydroxy-acetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate are transported by the same carrier, which has been nominated phosphate translocator. 7. Simultaneous measurements of the proton concentration in the medium and the transport into the chloroplasts show that the transfer of 3-phosphoglycerate involves a transfer of a proton into the same direction. 8. Measurements of the pH dependence of the transport indicate that all substances including 3-phosphoglycerate are transported by the phosphate translocator as divalent anions. 9. The physiological function of the phosphate translocator is discussed.


A comprehensive and cost-effective approach for investigating passive dispersal in minute invertebrates with case studies of phytophagous eriophyid mites.
Dispersal is a fundamental biological process that operates at different temporal and spatial scales with consequences for individual fitness, population dynamics, population genetics, and species distributions. Studying this process is particularly challenging when the focus is on microscopic organisms that disperse passively, whilst controlling neither the transience nor the settlement phase of their movement. In this work we propose a comprehensive approach for studying passive dispersal of microscopic invertebrates and demonstrate it using wind and phoretic vectors. The protocol includes the construction of versatile, modifiable dispersal tunnels as well as a theoretical framework quantifying the movement of species via wind or vectors, and a hierarchical Bayesian approach appropriate to the structure of the dispersal data. The tunnels were used to investigate the three stages of dispersal (viz., departure, transience, and settlement) of two species of minute, phytophagous eriophyid mites Aceria tosichella and Abacarus hystrix. The proposed devices are inexpensive and easy to construct from readily sourced materials. Possible modifications enable studies of a wide range of mite species and facilitate manipulation of dispersal factors, thus opening a new important area of ecological study for many heretofore understudied species.


Role of insulin on the control of postnatal increase in ornithine transcarbamylase activity in rat liver.
Repeatedly supplementing glucose after birth abolishes postnatal increase in ornithine transcarbamylase activity and increases the plasma insulin level. A single administration of actinomycin D does not affect this activity. When glucose and actinomycin D are administered in association at birth or 13 hours after birth, actinomycin D overcomes the inhibitory effect of glucose on ornithine transcarbamylase activity and decreases insulinemia at the level found in normal neonate. Insulin supply 20 hours after birth to neonates, which previously received glucose and actinomycin D, decreases the enzyme activity and increases plasma insulin level. It is concluded that the postnatal increase in ornithine transcarbamylase activity is bound to the normal postnatal decrease in insulinemia. Furthermore, the paradoxical effect of actinomycin D on enzyme activity might be due to an inhibition of insulin synthesis or a decrease in insulin release.


Testing of a simplified LED based vis/NIR system for rapid ripeness evaluation of white grape (Vitis vinifera L.) for Franciacorta wine.
The aim of this work was to test a simplified optical prototype for a rapid estimation of the ripening parameters of white grape for Franciacorta wine directly in field. Spectral acquisition based on reflectance at four wavelengths (630, 690, 750 and 850 nm) was proposed. The integration of a simple processing algorithm in the microcontroller software would allow to visualize real time values of spectral reflectance. Non-destructive analyses were carried out on 95 grape bunches for a total of 475 berries. Samplings were performed weekly during the last ripening stages. Optical measurements were carried out both using the simplified system and a portable commercial vis/NIR spectrophotometer, as reference instrument for performance comparison. Chemometric analyses were performed in order to extract the maximum useful information from optical data. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for a preliminary evaluation of the data. Correlations between the optical data matrix and ripening parameters (total soluble solids content, SSC; titratable acidity, TA) were carried out using partial least square (PLS) regression for spectra and using multiple linear regression (MLR) for data from the simplified device. Classification analysis were also performed with the aim of discriminate ripe and unripe samples. PCA, MLR and classification analyses show the effectiveness of the simplified system in separating samples among different sampling dates and in discriminating ripe from unripe samples. Finally, simple equations for SSC and TA prediction were calculated.


Survey data on bureaucratic processes and entrepreneurial venture performance in SMEs in Nigeria.
This article presents data that examined the impact of bureaucratic processes on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Nigeria. A survey was carried out by administering the questionnaire to 400 business owners selected from three reputable associations, namely: NASME, NASSI and ASBON (Nigerian Association of Small and Medium Enterprises, National Association of Small Scale Industrialists and Association of Small Business Owners of Nigeria) in three geo-political zones. Data were analysed using Predictive Analytics Software. Correlation and Regression were employed as inferential statistical tool of analysis. Data set revealed the existence of relationship and the extent to which bureaucratic processes impact the performance of entrepreneurial ventures.


Lead-induced genotoxicity to Vicia faba L. roots in relation with metal cell uptake and initial speciation.
Formation of organometallic complexes in soil solution strongly influence metals phytoavailability. However, only few studies deal with the influence of metal speciation both on plant uptake and genotoxicity. In the present study, Vicia faba seedlings were exposed for 6h in controlled hydroponic conditions to 5 μM of lead nitrate alone and chelated to varying degrees by different organic ligands. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citric acid were, respectively, chosen as models of humic substances and low weight organic acids present in natural soil solutions. Visual Minteq software was used to estimate free lead cations concentration and ultimately to design the experimental layout. For all experimental conditions, both micronucleus test and measure of lead uptake by plants were finally performed. Chelation of Pb by EDTA, a strong chelator, dose-dependently increased the uptake in V. faba roots while its genotoxicity was significantly reduced, suggesting a protective role of EDTA. A weak correlation was observed between total lead concentration absorbed by roots and genotoxicity (r(2)=0.65). In contrast, a strong relationship (r(2)=0.93) exists between Pb(2+) concentration in exposure media and genotoxicity in the experiment performed with EDTA. Citric acid induced labile organometallic complexes did not demonstrate any significant changes in lead genotoxicity or uptake. These results demonstrate that metal speciation knowledge could improve the interpretation of V. faba genotoxicity test performed to test soil quality.


Testing alternative explanations of character shifts against ecological character displacement in brook sticklebacks (Culaea inconstans) that coexist with ninespine sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius).
Ecological character displacement (ECD) provides opportunities to test how resource competition generates diversifying selection that results in adaptive divergence. We quantify an association between phenotypic and ecological divergence between two similar small fishes, brook (Culaea inconstans) and ninespine (Pungitius pungitius) sticklebacks, in replicate northern Ontario lakes, Canada. The two species partition resources and habitat, where they coexist, and brooks that coexist with ninespines are more benthically specialized in body form and diet than brooks from local allopatric populations. Here we test various explanations for this pattern. Chance is unlikely to have been the primary cause because divergence is replicated in three separate populations. Preliminary comparisons indicate that resource availability and a variety of abiotic ecological conditions are generally similar between sympatric and allopatric sites, and so do not readily account for the divergence. Biased colonization or extinction is less likely to account for the divergence because character values in sympatry tend to exceed those in allopatry, as expected if they have repeatedly evolved under diversifying selection. Recent studies have also demonstrated that these two species compete, and that competitive effects are more severe for allopatric compared to sympatric brook forms, as predicted if divergence reflects the ghost of competition past. Ongoing studies indicate heritable variation in this system. Our results suggest that even small amounts of character shifts can influence competition and hence relative fitness, further implicating a role for ECD in the evolution of biodiversity.


DNA-induced dimerization of the Escherichia coli rep helicase. Allosteric effects of single-stranded and duplex DNA.
The Escherichia coli Rep helicase is a stable monomer (Mr = 72,802) in the absence of DNA; however, binding of single-stranded (ss) or duplex (ds) DNA induces Rep monomers to dimerize. Furthermore, a chemically cross-linked Rep dimer retains both its DNA-dependent ATPase and helicase activities, suggesting that the functionally active Rep helicase is a dimer (Chao, K., and Lohman, T. M. (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 221, 1165-1181). Using a modified "double-filter" nitrocellulose filter binding assay, we have examined quantitatively the equilibrium binding of Rep to a series of ss-oligodeoxynucleotides, d(pN)n (8 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 20) and two 16-base pair duplex oligodeoxynucleotides, which are short enough so that only a single Rep monomer can bind to each oligonucleotide. This strategy has enabled us to examine the linkage between DNA binding and dimerization. We also present a statistical thermodynamic model to describe the DNA-induced Rep dimerization in the presence of ss- and/or ds-oligodeoxynucleotides. We observe quantitative agreement between this model and the experimental binding isotherms and have analyzed these isotherms to obtain the seven independent interaction constants that describe Rep-DNA binding and Rep dimerization. We find that Rep monomers (P) can bind either ss-DNA (S) or ds-DNA (D) to form PS or PD, respectively, which can then dimerize to form P2S or P2D. Furthermore, both protomers of the DNA-induced Rep dimer can bind DNA to form either P2S2, P2D2 or the mixed dimer species P2SD and ss- and ds-DNA compete for the same sites on the Rep protein. When bound to DNA, the Rep dimerization constants are approximately 1-2 x 10(8) M-1 (6 mM NaCl, pH 7.5, 4 degrees C), which are greater than the dimerization constant for free Rep monomers by at least 10(4)-fold. The Rep-ss-DNA interaction constants are independent of base composition and sequence, consistent with its role as a nonspecific DNA-binding protein. Allosteric effects are associated with ss- and ds-DNA binding to the half-saturated Rep dimers, i.e. the affinity of either ss- or ds-DNA to the free promoter of a half-saturated Rep dimer is clearly influenced by the conformation of DNA bound to the first protomer. These allosteric effects further support the proposal that the Rep dimer is functionally important and that the Rep-DNA species P2S2 and P2SD may serve as useful models for intermediates that occur during DNA unwinding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


Persistence of plasmids targeted by CRISPR interference in bacterial populations.
CRISPR-Cas systems provide prokaryotes with an RNA-guided defense against foreign mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids and viruses. A common mechanism by which MGEs avoid interference by CRISPR consists of acquisition of escape mutations in regions targeted by CRISPR. Here, using microbiological, live microscopy and microfluidics analyses we demonstrate that plasmids can persist for multiple generations in some Escherichia coli cell lineages at conditions of continuous targeting by the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system. We used mathematical modeling to show how plasmid persistence in a subpopulation of cells mounting CRISPR interference is achieved due to the stochastic nature of CRISPR interference and plasmid replication events. We hypothesize that the observed complex dynamics provides bacterial populations with long-term benefits due to continuous maintenance of mobile genetic elements in some cells, which leads to diversification of phenotypes in the entire community and allows rapid changes in the population structure to meet the demands of a changing environment.


Validation of the Greek Version of Social Media Disorder Scale.
Social media platforms have gained ground in the day-to-day life of the vast majority of people globally. Growing evidence suggests that social media overuse can take a pathological form, and users can exhibit behaviors similar to those appearing in several types of addiction. The aim of this study was to validate the Greek version of the Social Media Disorder Scale (SMDS) among young adults. An online survey was conducted among Greek adults, aged 18-29 years old. A total of 251 respondents voluntarily participated. Internal consistency, criterion, and construct validity were examined. Results suggest that the Greek version of SMDS shows good psychometric properties. Internal consistency was above the acceptable margin, with a satisfying Cronbach's α coefficient. Correlations with other addiction-related constructs were found to be moderate. Construct validity of the scale was evaluated with exploratory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a single factor model, which explained almost half of the total variance. The Greek version of SMDS is a psychometrically sound and valid instrument, which researchers and practitioners can use to assess social media addiction in young adults.


[Effect of a multidimensional intervention for prevention of falls in the eldery].
To evaluate the effect of a multidimensional intervention on the perception and management of risk factors and frequency of falls in independent elderly people living in the community. Randomised clinical trial. Family health centre, primary care. Independent elderly people living in the community. For intervention group (IG) a multidimensional intervention, consisting of home visits and telephone follow-up was carried out for 5 months (n=77), and those assigned to the control group (CG, n=77) received usual care in the family health centre. Perception of risk of falls, number of risk factors and number of falls in the study period. In both groups there were increases in the perception of risk factors for falling associated with walking (IG: P<.001 and CG: P<.001). Belonging to the IG was significantly associated with a decrease in the risk factors associated with surfaces (r=0.25) and shoes (r=0.24), as well as an increase in the perception of risk of falls associated with walking (r=0.21) and the presence of objects or furniture (r=0.36). In the IG, 5 participants (7.9%) suffered at least one fall in the 5-month period and 18 (27.7%) patients in the CG (P=.004). The multidimensional intervention was effective in reducing the frequency of falls and in the management of extrinsic risk factors associated with surfaces, lighting, and support devices.


Emergency diagnosis with spiral CT angiography in case of suspected ventral perforation following lumbar disc surgery.
Ventral perforation and vascular lesions are rare but life-threatening complications in lumbar disc surgery. In some cases, however, it remains unclear from the clinical situation whether a laparotomy is necessary to save the patient. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the value of spiral CT (computed tomography) angiography for emergency vascular diagnosis in two cases. Spiral CT angiography with an intravenous bolus contrast medium injection and reconstruction with images in sagittal, coronal, and oblique planes was performed. Spiral CT angiography confirms or excludes a vascular lesion, as demonstrated in two case reports. In unclear cases when ventral perforation in lumbar disc surgery is suspected, the need for emergency laparotomy can be confirmed quickly by noninvasive spiral CT angiography.


Shelter from the storm.
A plan to wall off Houston and nearby industry from flooding caused by hurricanes will cost tens of billions of dollars. Will it be enough?


Pharmacodynamics of the initiation of antiarrhythmic therapy with lorcainide.
Lorcainide is an antiarrhythmic drug with unusual pharmacokinetics and an active metabolite, norlorcainide, which complicate oral drug loading. In order to characterize the accumulation of lorcainide and norlorcainide and to define the onset of antiarrhythmic action during lorcainide loading, 9 patients with frequent ventricular ectopic beats were studied. During lorcainide loading with 100 mg orally twice daily, frequent ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings were monitored and blood samples for drug concentrations were determined. There was a 10-fold range of intersubject variation in plasma concentrations. Despite a half-life of only 8.9 +/- 2.3 hours, lorcainide did not reach steady state until after 4.5 days of therapy. Norlorcainide had a half-life of 26.5 +/- 7.2 hours and was estimated to come to steady state after 7 to 10 days. There was considerable intersubject variation in time of onset of antiarrhythmic response (2 to more than 4.5 days) and a 4- to 5-fold range of intersubject variation in threshold therapeutic plasma concentration (lorcainide 40 to 200 ng/ml, norlorcainide 80 to 300 ng/ml). These observations suggest that lorcainide should be started at low doses and the dose should not be increased more frequently than once a week.


Case report: Asymptomatic renal arteriovenous fistula requiring endovascular embolization in a living donor transplanted kidney more than 15-years after last protocol biopsy.
Here we present the case of an HLA-identical living-donor kidney transplant recipient, who was incidentally found to have a large complex renal arteriovenous fistula (RAVF) in their transplanted kidney that had been present for nearly 6 years but was previously misinterpreted as being part of a collection of cysts. This patient had undergone 7 protocol biopsies of the transplanted kidney, the last of which had been performed approximately 16 years prior, representing the longest interval between most recent biopsy renal allograft to RAVF diagnosis in the literature date. This report reviews the etiology and principles of management for RAVF.


A synthetical methodology for identifying priority pollutants in reclaimed water based on meta-analysis.
Wastewater reclamation and reuse is an increasing global project, while the reclamation treatment on wastewater does not completely remove all pollutants in water. The residual pollutants in reclaimed water would cause potential risk on human health and ecosystem safety during the long-term use. It is impossible to analyze and control all pollutants one by one in practice, therefore, identification and control of priority pollutants will be efficient strategy to ensure the safe use of reclaimed water. An integrated three-step methodology for identifying priority pollutants in reclaimed water was proposed in this study. First, a comprehensive literature survey on the occurrence of pollutants in reclaimed water was conducted, and a dataset DPR for pollutants occurrence in reclaimed water was established, containing 1,113 pollutants. Second, 611 chemicals that had been recommended as hazardous pollutants for various water bodies in previous literatures were summarized, and a dataset DHP for hazardous pollutants in water was obtained. Third, meta-analysis on these two datasets (DPR and DHP) was performed, a new dataset DHPR for hazardous pollutants in reclaimed water was established, including 265 candidates. Finally, 59 substances out of dataset DHPR were identified as priority pollutants for reclaimed water based on their recommendation frequency. It is expected that this synthetical methodology will provide powerful support for scientific evaluating and managing water pollution and ensuring safe use of reclaimed water.


Genotype-dependent responses of chickpea to high temperature and moderately increased light.
Our aim was to understand how moderately increased light intensities influenced the response of chickpea to high temperature. Three chickpea genotypes (Acc#3, Acc#7 and Acc#8) were treated at control (26 °C and 300 μmol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density/PPFD), high temperature (38 °C and 300 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD), increased light intensity (26 °C and 600 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD) and combination of increased light and temperature (38 °C and 600 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD). The net photosynthetic rate (PN) of Acc#3 and Acc#8 significantly decreased at high temperature regardless of light intensity. The PN of all three genotypes at increased light intensity was significantly higher than that at high temperature. The intracellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) of Acc#3 and Acc#8 at increased light intensity with or without high temperature significantly decreased in comparison with control and individually high temperature treatment. The relative water content of Acc#3 at high temperature and the combination treatment decreased as compared with control. The relative water content of Acc#7 at control was higher than the other three treatments. The Fv/Fm (Maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II) of leaves from the three genotypes at 38 °C were lower than at 26 °C regardless of light intensity. The high temperature decreased chlorophyll content in the lower bottom leaf of Acc#7 and Acc#8 than control. In conclusion, chickpeas showed a higher net photosynthetic rate at increased light intensity to withstand heat stress, which was genotype-dependent. Physiological responses of different chickpea genotypes to increased temperature and light intensity indicated that distinct responsive mechanism of photosynthesis. This study provides information on how chickpea respond to high temperature and increased light intensity, which will help us to improve chickpea to deal with future climate changes.


New phthalimide derivatives with potent analgesic activity: II.
Seven new phthalimide derivatives (9a-g) with 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl methyl group attached to nitrogen have been synthesized from N-phthaloylglycine 6 and arylamidoximes 7a-g. All of these showed potent analgesic effect with acetic acid induced "writhing" test in mice. One of the better compounds (ID50 = 2.2 mg/Kg i.p.) has been found to be 9a which also demonstrates analgesic activity against inflammatory pain.


Bacterial flora of airline headset devices.
External otitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus was observed in two patients after they wore airline headset devices. The bacterial flora of 40 headset devices was evaluated. Bacteria were recovered from all headsets, and the number of organisms ranged from 10 to 1,200 (mean 138 +/- 246 organisms per headset). The predominant organisms recovered were S. aureus (in 12 headsets), Bacillus sp. and S. epidermidis (ten headsets each), alpha-hemolytic streptococci (in eight) and Corynebacterium sp. (in six). The effect of wearing a sterile headset for an hour was investigated using 20 volunteers. After wearing the headsets, an increase of at least two log10 colony-forming units was observed in 11 (55 per cent) of the volunteers, a decrease was observed in one (5 per cent), and no significant change in the bacterial flora was noticed in eight (40 per cent). The study demonstrates the presence of potential pathogens in headset devices and the increase in the number of endogenous flora in individuals who wear these devices.


Atrial fibrillation as an independent predictor for no early recanalization after IV-t-PA in acute ischemic stroke.
Intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) dissolves the clot and can improve clinical outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, lack of early recanalization frequently does not result in good outcome. We prospectively studied acute stroke patients treated with t-PA and examined clinical factors associated with no early recanalization of occluded arteries after t-PA administration using serial magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). NIHSS score was obtained before and at 24h after t-PA administration. Subjects comprised 49 consecutive stroke patients treated with t-PA. Initial MRA before t-PA infusion demonstrated occluded arteries in 37 patients. Of the 37 occluded arteries, follow-up MRA within 30min after t-PA administration revealed complete recanalization in 6 patients, partial recanalization in 12, and no early recanalization in 19. Neurological worsening (total NIHSS score increased by > or =4) occurred in 0 of 18 patients with recanalization and 4 of 19 patients with no recanalization (P=0.039). Atrial fibrillation (AF) and hypertension were more frequent in patients with non-early recanalization than in patients with recanalization (73.7% vs. 38.9%, P=0.03; 73.6% vs. 38.9%, P=0.03, respectively). However, no differences were observed in other clinical factors between groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated AF (OR: 9.3; CI: 1.5-55.8, P=0.015) as the only independent factor associated with no recanalization. No early recanalization after t-PA administration was observed in 51.4% of acute stroke patients with occluded arteries and was significantly associated with neurological worsening. AF was independently associated with no recanalization after t-PA administration.


Three different schedules of low-density lipoprotein apheresis compared with plasmapheresis in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
To determine the biochemical and clinical response of two patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia to three different schedules of low-density lipoprotein apheresis compared with plasmapheresis. Two female patients aged 17 years, both affected by homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, underwent low-density lipoprotein apheresis using a dextran-sulfate/cellulose affinity column on successive twice-weekly, weekly, and biweekly schedules. Plasmapheresis was carried out only at biweekly intervals. Plasma lipids and apolipoproteins A1 and B were assayed before and after each procedure. Cardiac status was assessed before and after the study. On schedule 1 of apheresis, the immediate post-procedure low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels declined to 60 mg/100 dL plasma. Quasi-steady-state values of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were also markedly reduced, with levels approaching the upper limits of normal for age and sex. This response was attenuated as the intervals between procedures were prolonged. No advantage of low-density lipoprotein apheresis over plasmapheresis was observed during the biweekly protocol except that after plasmapheresis high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels declined by 50% or more compared with less than 10% after apheresis. The latter procedure, especially on schedules 1 and 2, caused an increase in the quasi-steady-state concentrations of both high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1. Thus, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B/apo A1 ratios were reduced by more than three- to four-fold during twice-weekly apheresis. Other laboratory parameters remained stable throughout except for iron and hemoglobin levels, which were reduced with both plasmapheresis and apheresis. Xanthomas regressed significantly in the one patient who had not been treated prior to the current trial. Cardiac changes were minor in both patients. Low-density lipoprotein apheresis proved safe and effective on an accelerated protocol as well as during more conventional schedules. Owing to its simplicity, selectivity, and safety, apheresis using a dextran-sulfate/cellulose column is possibly the optimum means currently available for the extracorporeal removal of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.


Preference for caffeine appears earlier in non-anxious than in anxious mice.
Caffeine has reinforcing and anxiogenic properties. We have investigated whether the anxiety level of mice may influence their caffeine consumption. In a population of CD1 mice, animals were selected as anxious and non-anxious, using the elevated plus maze and the light/dark box tests. After a period during which we made mice able to associate the central effect of caffeine with the pipette delivering this substance, animals had free access to solvent (solution of sodium benzoate) and one of caffeine (0.3g/l) dissolved in this solvent. A progressive preference for the caffeine solution developed in both groups, but this occurred later in anxious than in non-anxious mice. Thus, it appears that the preference for caffeine is delayed in the anxious animals.


Review of apoptotic and non-apoptotic events in non-ciliated cells of the mammalian oviduct.
Reproductive organs are known to undergo dynamic changes during the oestrus cycle and pregnancy. Cell growth and regeneration of the reproductive tissues are closely correlated with ovarian steroid hormone levels. This review focuses on apoptotic and non-apoptotic degenerative events within oviduct epithelium that occur in a species-, cycle-, and segment-specific manner. Epithelial extrusion of larger cell fragments including nuclei and whole cells is the characteristic feature of non-apoptotic cell loss of non-ciliated cells in large (pig, sheep, goat, cattle) and small animals (dog). This mechanism of epithelial cell loss is most frequently observed in the luteal phase of the oestrus cycle and after progesterone treatment, respectively. Using light- and electron-microscopic techniques, typical apoptotic epithelial cells characterized by extensive nuclear and cytoplasmic fragmentation are found very sporadically in most species. In contrast, oviduct epithelial cells of subhuman primates and cats in part show marked signs of apoptosis, which could be explained by their respective cycle-specific characteristics. Recent investigations using histochemical markers of apoptosis and our own findings in the porcine oviduct suggest that the degenerative process in the mammalian oviduct includes the death of numerous epithelial cells by apoptosis. Advancement in the knowledge of elimination of oviduct epithelial cells is necessary to understand the physiological process of epithelial renewal and pathological processes caused by imbalances between cell renewal and elimination.


Athletes with a History of ACL Reconstruction Exhibit Greater Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Impact Forces During the First Landing of a Drop Vertical Jump Compared to the Second Landing.
The primary objective of this study was to examine the degree of inter-limb asymmetry in impact force magnitudes and rates during the first and second landings of a drop vertical jump in adolescent athletes with a history of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We also compared the degree of asymmetry exhibited by the athletes who had undergone ACL reconstruction to a group of uninjured athletes. This study included 14 athletes who had undergone ACL reconstruction and 28 uninjured athletes, matched for age, sex, and sport. All athletes completed a double-leg drop vertical jump task. Peak vertical ground reaction forces (vGRFs) and loading rates were examined for both limbs during the first and second landings of the drop vertical jump. For the athletes who had undergone ACL reconstruction, peak vGRFs were 11.9% greater for the uninvolved limb vs. the involved limb during the first landing; however, peak vGRFs were only 2.4% greater for the uninvolved limb (vs. the involved limb) during the second landing. The athletes who had undergone ACL reconstruction exhibited greater asymmetry in peak vGRFs for the first landing compared to the uninjured athletes; however, there was no difference between the groups (ACL reconstruction, uninjured) for the second landing.


The influence of the impression tray on the accuracy of impressions for crown and bridge work--an investigation and review.
To evaluate the accuracy of working casts for crown and bridge restorations made from twin mix putty/wash silicone elastomeric impression materials using different types of stock tray. A master cast was made from ivorine teeth in a mandibular model. Three teeth were prepared for full crown restorations to simulate a single unit and a three unit bridge. Impressions were taken using four different types of impression tray and two different viscosities of silicone putty, together with a wash. Full metal crowns were constructed and seated on duplicate master casts and measurements made of the marginal discrepancies. The work was carried out in a dental technology laboratory in a university department of restorative dentistry in 1995/1996. Metal and rigid plastic impression trays showed the least discrepancy (about 50 microns), the latter slightly greater with the normal putty than the soft one. Impressions taken with flexible plastic trays produced considerable discrepancy with both putties, approximately 210 microns and 180 microns respectively. Metal and rigid plastic stock trays give greater accuracy in the putty/wash silicone twin mix impression technique compared with flexible plastic ones for crown and bridge work. Those using the latter should be aware of their shortcoming in this respect.


Continuous spectrofluorometric and spectrophotometric assays for NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase activity using 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride.
Mammalian NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) transfers electrons from NADPH to cytochrome P450 enzymes and other several microsomal enzymes. It also catalyzes the one-electron reduction of many chemicals and drugs. Reduction of 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) by CPR was assessed as a method for monitoring CPR activity. The electrons released from NADPH by CPR were transferred to CTC in the reaction medium, and CTC reduction activity could be assessed spectrophotometrically and spectrofluorometrically. The reduction kinetics of CTC follows classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics (K(m) = 50 microM, k(cat) = 2,520 min(-1)). This method offers a continuous assay of the enzymatic activity of CPR.


Effects of genotype, habitat, and seasonal variation on iridoid glycoside content of Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) and the implications for insect herbivores.
We investigated the effects of genotype, habitat, and seasonal variation on production of the iridoid glycosides, aucubin and catalpol, in leaves of the common weed Plantago lanceolata. Two genotypes, one each from a lawn and an adjacent abandoned hayfield population, were clonally replicated in the greenhouse, and then planted back into the two habitats. One quarter of the plants from each treatment were harvested on each of four dates, at approximately two-week intervals. Over the course of the growing season, and in both habitats, we found a significant increase in the concentration of both aucubin and catalpol in P. lanceolata leaves. The genotypes differed in their response to environmental variation, both in time and between sites, as indicated by significant genotype x date and genotype x site interactions. Early in the season, habitat (lawn or field) had a greater effect on iridoid glycoside concentration than did plant genotype, but later in the season, plant genotype was more influential in determining the iridoid glycoside concentration. Thus, the relative palatability of Plantago genotypes to specialist and generalist herbivores may vary in time and space.


Corynebacterium propinquum Keratitis Identified Using MALDI-TOF.
To report a corneal infection due to Corynebacterium propinquum identified using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) method. A 94-year-old woman presented with suppurative keratitis. Her ocular history included Fuchs corneal dystrophy, corneal transplantation, and glaucoma. A gram-stained smear revealed coryneforms. Colonies on bacterial culture media were assayed by MALDI-TOF. Identification of C. propinquum was confirmed by RNA polymerase β subunit (rpoB) gene sequencing. The patient was treated with topical cefazolin, gentamicin, and fluorometholone, and her vision improved to 20/160 unaided when last seen. MALDI-TOF can correctly identify isolates that are both uncommon and difficult to distinguish from related species. The ease and low running costs of this method will improve the laboratory diagnosis of ocular infections.


The lncRNA MIAT regulates CPT-1a mediated cardiac hypertrophy through m6A RNA methylation reading protein Ythdf2.
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a key contributor in heart failure (HF). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification play a vital role in cardiac hypertrophy respectively. Nevertheless, the interaction between lncRNA and m6A methylase in cardiac hypertrophy is scarcely reported. Here, we constructed a cardiac hypertrophy mouse model by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery and H9c2 cell model by stimulating with AngII. We found that lncRNA MIAT mRNA level, and m6A RNA methylation reading protein Ythdf2 mRNA and protein levels, were significantly increased in the cardiac hypertrophy model both in vivo and vitro. MIAT or Ythdf2 overexpression aggravated cardiac hypertrophy, and vice versa. Through bioinformatics prediction, western blotting, FISH, RNA pull-down, and RIP, we found that MIAT bound to Ythdf2 and regulated its expression. Furthermore, we discovered that Ythdf2 function was a downstream of MIAT in cardiac hypertrophy. Finally, we found that MIAT was a necessary regulator of cardiac hypertrophy due to its regulation of the Ythdf2/PPARα/CPT-1a axis. This study indicated a new hypertrophic signaling pathway: MIAT/Ythdf2/PPARα/CPT-1a. The results provided a new understanding of the MIAT and m6A RNA methylation reading protein, Ythdf2, function and mechanism in cardiac hypertrophy and highlighted the potential therapeutic benefits in the heart.


pH influence on the complexation site of Al(III) with protocatechuic acid. A spectroscopic and theoretical approach.
Electronic spectroscopy techniques with the aid of quantum chemical calculations, and notably the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory, can be used to probe the structure of metal complexes in solution. Here, we report the characterization of Al(III)-protocatechuate in aqueous solution, at pH=6.5. The exploitation of the UV-vis spectra of the system by chemometric methods highlights the formation of a single complex of stoichiometry 1:1. From different structural hypothesis, the comparison of theoretical and experimental spectra shows that Al(III) forms a monodentate complex with the carboxylate function. This hypothesis is confirmed by the calculation of the complexation reaction pathways. Previous studies report the formation of a chelate involving the ortho-dihydroxyl group, at pH=3.5. These results illustrate the important dependence of the protonation state of the carboxylic function on the Al(III) fixation site on the studied ligand.


Cross-protective aspects of glucosyltransferase antigens in the hamster caries model.
1) Glucosyltransferase serotypes a and g are closely related antigenically but are more distantly related to GTF of serotype c, based on assays of inhibition of total glucan synthesis. 2) Local immunization with GTF from serotype c S. mutans reduces the colonization, caries, and lesions caused by infection with the homologous strain compared with sham injected controls. 3) Local immunization with GTF of serotype c S. mutans reduces the colonization, caries, and lesions caused by infection with S. mutans of serotype g (strain 6715).


Incorporation of natural assumption to deal with cancer.
The current state of the art for the use of natural ingredients for cancer therapy is by reviewing the publications and findings associated with cancer research with the employment of flavonoids. Cancer is the most furious disease making fear in the eyes of mankind. Though various treatment methods are prevalent, the patient's choices are shifting from synthetic treatment strategy to the natural ones. The plant-based metabolites are used very often in our life as a food additive and also as a medicine for primary health care. The safety profile and its efficacy add on advantage for the incorporation of the natural products separately or in combination as a remedy for cancer. Flavonoids, the plant-based metabolites are proven for their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Their chemotherapeutic and chemosensitizing power had made it interesting for the researchers to dig more on the health benefits of the flavonoids and incorporating it in a holistic approach, with its natural benefits to relieve the pain and the symptoms of the patient suffering from various medical conditions. The predominant approach for the management of cancer is by following safe and effective treatment modality. In this review, we mentioned the benefits of the flavonoids for the management of various cancers and its potency as a chemotherapeutic agent and as the chemosensitizer. Our mother nature had given remedies to cure various diseases in both human beings and animals by it; we just need to find out the sources and access to them.


Error-related modulations of the sensorimotor post-movement and foreperiod beta-band activities arise from distinct neural substrates and do not reflect efferent signal processing.
While beta activity has been extensively studied in relation to voluntary movement, its role in sensorimotor adaptation remains largely uncertain. Recently, it has been shown that the post-movement beta rebound as well as beta activity during movement-preparation are modulated by movement errors. However, there are critical functional differences between pre- and post-movement beta activities. Here, we addressed two related open questions. Do the pre- and post-movement error-related modulations arise from distinct neural substrates? Do these modulations relate to efferent signals shaping muscle-activation patterns or do they reflect integration of sensory information, intervening upstream of the motor output? For this purpose, first we exploited independent component analysis (ICA) which revealed a double dissociation suggesting that distinct neural substrates are recruited in error-related beta-power modulations observed before and after movement. Second, we compared error-related beta oscillation responses observed in two bimanual reaching tasks involving similar movements but different interlimb coordination, and in which the same mechanical perturbations induced different behavioral adaptive responses. While the task difference was not reflected in the post-movement beta rebound, the pre-movement beta activity was differently modulated according to the interlimb coordination. Critically, we show an uncoupling between the behavioral and the electrophysiological responses during the movement preparation phase, which demonstrates that the error-related modulation of the foreperiod beta activity does not reflect changes in the motor output from primary motor cortex. It seems instead to relate to higher level processing of sensory afferents, essential for sensorimotor adaptation.


Agonist trigger: what is the best approach? Agonist trigger with aggressive luteal support.
Although gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) trigger is effective in the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, lower conception rates have been reported. Intensive luteal phase support is an effective approach to improve implantation rates in women with peak E(2) levels ≥ 4,000 pg/mL. However, patients with peak E(2) levels <4,000 pg/mL may require a dual trigger with GnRHa and 1,000 IU hCG and intensive luteal phase support to improve implantation rates.


Unilateral nephrectomy and glomerular solute transport in the dog.
The influence of compensatory hyperfunction that occurs following unilateral nephrectomy on glomerular solute transport was determined in awake, unanesthetized dogs by renal clearance studies. Two groups of dogs were studied using different test solutes: group I (N = 5) using inulin, iothalamate, creatinine and sodium p-aminohippurate; and group II (N = 6) using creatinine, neutral dextran (3000 to 50,000 daltons) and sodium p-aminohippurate. Compensatory hyperfunction, as assessed by the increase in creatinine clearance per kidney, was 43 +/- 7% and 39 +/- 11% in the group I and II dogs, respectively. The inulin to creatinine and iothalamate to creatinine clearance ratios in the group I dogs were 0.93 +/- 0.07 and 1.00 +/- 0.04 before unilateral nephrectomy. The respective values after unilateral nephrectomy of 0.86 +/- 0.04 and 0.89 +/- 0.05 were lower but not statistically different. In the group II dogs, dextran to creatinine clearance ratios (dextran fractional clearance) over the molecular weight range studied also did not change significantly following unilateral nephrectomy. The magnitude of the change in dextran fractional clearance following unilateral nephrectomy was qualitatively consistent with that predicted by previous models of glomerular macromolecular transport based on membrane pore theory. A lack of quantitative agreement with these models, however, precluded a calculation of the changes in glomerular functional parameters following unilateral nephrectomy. Significant alterations in fractional clearance for neutral macromolecules do not occur following unilateral nephrectomy in the dog.


Usefulness of Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure.
One hundred fifty-one consecutive patients with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) referred for echocardiography were prospectively evaluated to (1) define the frequency of normal left ventricular systolic function in a referral-based population with CHF; (2) establish cardiac mechanisms responsible for symptomatology in these patients; and (3) assess the ability to clinically differentiate these subsets of patients based on routine history and physical examination. Of the 151 total patients, 51 (34%) had normal left ventricular systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction greater than or equal to 55%). Primary valvular disease was present in 4 of these 51 patients (8%), and Doppler echocardiographic evidence of abnormal left ventricular filling (diastolic dysfunction) was evident in 10 (20%). In addition, no predefined resting abnormality was noted in 34 (66%) of them. Despite this finding, 51% of all patients with normal left ventricular systolic function were being treated with digoxin therapy in the absence of atrial arrhythmia. Clinical differentiation of this group of patients from those with abnormal left ventricular systolic function was difficult and may have accounted for this apparently inappropriate treatment. Thus, evaluation of left ventricular function and of causative mechanisms of CHF before initiation of long-term treatment is mandatory.


Early loss of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling and reduction in cell size during dominant-negative suppression of hepatic nuclear factor 1-alpha (HNF1A) function in INS-1 insulinoma cells.
Mutations in the HNF1A (previously known as TCF1) gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha (HNF1A) lead to the development of maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 3 (HNF1A-MODY), characterised by impaired insulin secretion and a reduction in beta cell mass. HNF1A plays an important role in pancreatic beta cell differentiation and survival. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central growth factor- and nutrient-activated protein kinase controlling cell metabolism, growth and survival. We investigated the role of mTOR inactivation in the decline in beta cell mass in a cellular model of HNF1A-MODY. Previously we showed that suppression of HNF1A function via expression of a dominant-negative mutant (DN-HNF1A) decreases insulin gene transcription in insulinoma (INS-1) cells. We investigated the signalling of two distinct mTOR protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, in response to DN-HNF1A induction. We observed delayed inactivation of mTORC2 48 h after DN-HNF1A induction, evidenced by a reduction in serine 473 phosphorylation of thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1 (AKT1). We also observed an early inactivation of mTORC1 24 h after DN-HNF1A induction, which was detected by decreases in threonine 389 phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1) and serine 65 phosphorylation of translational inhibitor eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Flow cytometry and gene expression analysis demonstrated a pre-apoptotic decrease in INS-1 cell size in response to DN-HNF1A induction, and an increase in the level of the mTORC1-regulated cell-cycle inhibitor, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27. Our data suggest that mTOR kinase and signalling through mTORC1 are highly sensitive to suppression of HNF1A function, and may contribute to disturbance of cell-size regulation and cell-cycle progression in HNF1A-MODY.


VisualDecisionLinc: a visual analytics approach for comparative effectiveness-based clinical decision support in psychiatry.
Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) is designed to provide research evidence on the effectiveness and risks of different therapeutic options on the basis of data compiled from subpopulations of patients with similar medical conditions. Electronic Health Record (EHR) system contain large volumes of patient data that could be used for CER, but the data contained in EHR system are typically accessible only in formats that are not conducive to rapid synthesis and interpretation of therapeutic outcomes. In the time-pressured clinical setting, clinicians faced with large amounts of patient data in formats that are not readily interpretable often feel 'information overload'. Decision support tools that enable rapid access at the point of care to aggregate data on the most effective therapeutic outcomes derived from CER would greatly aid the clinical decision-making process and individualize patient care. In this manuscript, we highlight the role that visual analytics can play in CER-based clinical decision support. We developed a 'VisualDecisionLinc' (VDL) tool prototype that uses visual analytics to provide summarized CER-derived data views to facilitate rapid interpretation of large amounts of data. We highlight the flexibility that visual analytics offers to gain an overview of therapeutic options and outcomes and if needed, to instantly customize the evidence to the needs of the patient or clinician. The VDL tool uses visual analytics to help the clinician evaluate and understand the effectiveness and risk of different therapeutic options for different subpopulations of patients.


Seasonal AVS-SEM relationship in sediments and potential bioavailability of metals in industrialized estuary, southeastern Brazil.
In anoxic sediments, as those found in estuaries, the mobility of metals can be controlled by the formation of stable sulfide complexes. The potential bioavailability of a metal can then be predicted on the basis of the acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) criterion. Distributions of AVS and SEM (Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ni) along the sediment profiles were determined seasonally for three rivers that constitute the Santos-Cubatão estuarine system (SE Brazil), which is located in one of the most industrialized areas of Latin America. AVS and SEM concentrations varied significantly, from 0.04 to 31.9 μmol g(-1) and 0.086-6.659 μmol g(-1), respectively. The highest AVS levels in sediments were detected in the winter, whereas high SEM values predominated in the summer. Considering SEM-AVS molar differences as a parameter to evaluate potential bioavailability, sediments nearest to the industrial area represent higher risk to biota, especially during the summer. It is due to relatively low AVS values and not necessarily high concentrations of metals.


Covalent change in alpha crystallin during human senile cataractogenesis.
The high molecular weight aggregates (HMWA) obtained from normal and cataractous human lens nuclei have been resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the alpha crystallin band has been probed with antisera made against the whole alpha crystallin molecule and with antisera made against synthetic peptides of alpha crystallin (alpha A2 147-161 and alpha A2 163-173). Quantitation of these antisera binding demonstrated that the anti-alpha A2 163-173 serum and the anti-alpha whole sera bound equally well to the alpha crystallin band from the HMWA fraction from normal and cataractous lenses. In contrast, the anti-alpha A2 147-161 serum bound little, if at all, to alpha crystallin from normal lenses, while it bound well to alpha crystallin from cataractous lenses. These results demonstrate a covalent alteration in the alpha crystallin molecule, and suggest a possible location of a covalent change that may occur during the cataractogenic process in the aged human lens.


Sleeve gastrectomy in the surgical management of obesity in Cameroon (a sub-Saharan country): A single-institute retrospective review of 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality.
Obesity is a major public health concern even in sub-Saharan Africa. In this part of the world, characterized by limited technical platform and resuscitation facilities, sleeve gastrectomy in the surgical management of obesity is a quite new procedure. We aimed to assess intraoperative complications and 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality of this procedure in our setting. This study was conducted in the digestive and laparoscopic surgery unit of the National Insurance Fund Health Centre of Essos (Cameroon, Central Africa region). Retrospectively, we reviewed the medical reports of all patients who had undergone a bariatric surgery through a sleeve gastrectomy from January 2016 to December 2020. The 3 end points were intraoperative complications, postoperative 30-day morbidity, and postoperative 30-day mortality. We included 21 patients among whom 19 were female (90.5%). Their mean age and body mass index were 40.3 ± 10.8 years and 44.9 ± 7.4 kg/m2, respectively. All of them presented with at least 1 comorbidity. All procedures were totally completed laparoscopically with 3 cases of intraoperative complications (14.3%) consisting on bleeding in all of them. The mean operative time was 192.2 ± 52.8 minutes, and the mean hospital stay was 4.7 ± 1.1 days. Eight patients (38.1%) presented a total of twelve 30-day postoperative complications, all of them classified as minor according to the Clavien-Dindo method. The main postoperative morbidity was represented by nausea and vomiting (n = 3, 14.3%). No 30-day readmission was recorded, and the 30-day mortality was nil. Sleeve gastrectomy in the management of obesity is a safe procedure even in a limited setting like our own.


Use of topiramate, a new anti-epileptic as a mood stabilizer.
Because some anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are effective in bipolar affective disorders, the new AED topiramate (TPM) may be effective in psychiatric illnesses. TPM was evaluated in mood disorders refractory to previous therapies including newer AEDs. Charts of 58 consecutive patients, 39 outpatients (15 males, 24 females) and 19 inpatients (6 males, 13 females) were reviewed. TPM 25 mg. b.i.d. was added to existing therapy and titrated in 50 mg increments every 3-7 days. Improvement was rated on a Likert global assessment scale of marked, moderate, mild, or no improvement or worse, based on quality of sleep, appetite, mood, and concentration. Of the 58 patients with psychiatric disorders, 44 patients had rapid cycling bipolar disorders characterized by manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes. Eighteen patients had previously failed to respond to lamotrigine and/or gabapentin in addition to conventional mood stabilizers. Fourteen were Bipolar I, six Bipolar II, and seven mixed, ten patients had cyclothymic disorder, seven had bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. Of the remaining 14 patients, nine had schizoaffective disorder, three patients had dementia and two had psychosis. Mean duration of TPM treatment was 16.0 weeks; mean TPM dosage approximately 200 mg/day. Thirty-six of 58 (62%) patients exhibited marked or moderate improvement, usually within days or weeks. Twenty-three of 44 (52%) patients with bipolar affective disorders showed marked or moderate improvement. Minimal/no improvement was observed in 16; six were rated as worse. Adverse events included delirium in one patient with Bipolar Disorder Type I who overmedicated with TPM (800 mg) and tranylcypromine sulfate (170 mg) combined with alcohol. Other adverse effects were minor and included: paresthesias, somnolence, fatigue, impaired concentration and memory, nausea, and diarrhoea. This study was performed in a nonrandom open and retrospective fashion. Therefore, any findings are limited by the design of this study. TPM may be useful in patients with mood disorders unresponsive to traditional therapy and warrants further clinical investigation.


Correlation of alveolar bone thickness and central incisor inclination in skeletal Class I and II malocclusions with different vertical skeletal patterns: A CBCT study.
This study aimed to assess the alveolar bone thickness (ABT) and labiolingual inclination of maxillary and mandibular central incisors in patients with Class I and II skeletal patterns with normal-angle, high-angle, and low-angle vertical patterns. The study sample consisted of 200 cone-beam computed tomography scans of patients with skeletal Class I and II malocclusions. Each group was further divided into low-angle, normal-angle, and high-angle subgroups. Labiolingual inclinations of maxillary and mandibular central incisors and ABT were measured at 4 levels from the cementoenamel junction in the labial and lingual surfaces. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent t test, 2-way analysis of variance, and Spearman's correlation test were applied for statistical analyses. The only significant difference between Class I and II groups regarding the ABT was found at the labial side of the maxillary central incisor, 9 mm apical to the crest. At this level, the mean ABT was 0.87 mm in patients with a skeletal Class I malocclusion, which was significantly greater than that in patients with a skeletal Class II malocclusion with a mean ABT of 0.66 mm (P = 0.02). Comparisons among the vertical subgroups revealed that on the labial and lingual sides of the mandible, as well as the palatal side of the maxilla, significantly thinner alveolar bone was found in patients with high-angle growth patterns than those with normal-angle and low-angle patterns in both sagittal groups (P <0.05). Significant weak to moderate correlations were found between ABT and tooth inclination (P <0.05). Significant differences in ABT covering central incisors between patients with skeletal Class I and II malocclusion are merely observed at the labial surface of the maxilla, 9 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction. Compared with patients with normal-angle and low-angle, those with a high-angle growth pattern and Class I and II sagittal relationships have thinner alveolar bone support around maxillary and mandibular incisors.