Augmentation strategies in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia.
The introduction of antipsychotics in the 1950s revolutionised the treatment of schizophrenia, but it soon became apparent that a substantial number of patients demonstrated a suboptimal response to these antipsychotics. Clozapine proved to be beneficial in patients whose symptoms were treatment resistant, but it too had limitations, with as many as 40-70% of those treated with clozapine demonstrating inadequate response to this drug as well. The availability of other 'atypical' antipsychotics offers options, but clozapine appears to remain the most effective option in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. This, of course, raises the question of what to do when clozapine is only partially effective. To address the issue of treatment in patients who have demonstrated a suboptimal response to clozapine, efforts have focused on a variety of augmentation strategies, including numerous medications and electroconvulsive therapy. The current body of evidence consists largely of data from smaller open trials and case series/reports, although data from a limited number of controlled studies are now available. Not surprisingly, the evidence drawn from the former is more supportive of augmentation strategies, although the controlled trials are not without positive findings. The available information is certainly not so overwhelming as to endorse any single augmentation approach. Indeed, it argues for more controlled data and cautions us regarding the cost-benefit ratio in adopting this strategy. Over and above the added adverse effects of another treatment, there is evidence to indicate that actual clinical worsening can occur. Without compelling evidence, clinicians must resort to guiding principles. The potential benefits of augmentation cannot be ruled out, but it should be approached with caution and in a systematic fashion. Factors compromising clozapine response should first be ruled out, and any augmentation trials should be guided by existing evidence and a treatment plan that incorporates a clear understanding of target symptoms. A means of evaluating outcome effectively needs to be in place, and the trial should be circumscribed to prevent needless polypharmacy. A priori, an endpoint needs to be established and the trial discontinued unless results firmly support added benefits.


Role of interleukin 4 and its receptor in clinical presentation of chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis: a pilot study.
Th-2 cytokine milieu including interleukin 4 (IL-4) was detected in fibrotic lung diseases. Chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) may be also accompanied by marked fibrogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine if IL-4 and its receptor (IL-4R-alpha) play any role in the clinical presentation and pathogenesis of chronic EAA. Twenty patients originally investigated for interstitial lung disease and finally diagnosed affected with chronic EAA and sarcoidosis were prospectively enrolled into the study. Concentrations of IL-4, IL-4R-aplha and total protein were assessed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of all enrolled subjects as well as high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scores and pulmonary function tests. BALF IL-4R-alpha and total protein concentrations were significantly higher in chronic EAA patients (p < 0.05). Concentrations of BALF IL-4R-alpha were significantly higher in men than in women (p < 0.05) in EAA group. Total protein BALF levels were significantly elevated in ex-smokers with EAA compared to nonsmokers (p < 0.05). A positive correlation (p < 0.01) between IL-4R-alpha BALF concentrations and HRCT interstitial scores were observed in chronic EAA group; the IL-4R-alpha/total protein ratio showed the same significant positive correlation. A negative correlation between lung function results and IL-4R-alpha, and IL-4R-alpha/total protein as well, was also found (p < 0.05). We suggest a clinical relevance for the IL-4/IL-4R axis in the etiopathogenesis of chronic EAA. IL-4R-alpha could serve as a potential biomarker of lung fibrogenesis.


[PROGNOSTICATION OF "HARD" TRACHEAL INTUBATION IN PATIENTS, SUFFERING PURULENT-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE JAW-FACIAL REGION].
Clinical follow-up was conducted in 75 patients, to whom the operation and intensive therapy were performed in 2006-2015 yrs for phlegmon of the neck. Difficulties while providing passability of respiratory ways have occurred in 73.3% patients. It was established, that the predictors of "hard" tracheal intubation in patients, operated on for cervical phlegmon, are follows: the cervical tissues oedema, restriction of the mouth opening lesser than 3 cm, odontogenous phlegmon of oral cavity and the neck, rigid epiglottis, the larynx oedema. Presence of these factors demands application of endoscopic methods for tracheal intubation in such patients.


Prognostic prediction using maximum standardized uptake value ratio of lymph node-to-primary tumor in preoperative PET-CT for oral squamous cell carcinoma.
This study aimed to calculate the ratio of maximum standardized uptake values of cervical lymph nodes to maximum standardized uptake values of primary tumors measured by preoperative fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography in oral cancer patients, and to retrospectively examine the prognostic association and evaluate whether it could be a prognostic factor. We retrospectively examined consecutive Japanese patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent oral cancer resection and cervical dissection between January 2014 and December 2018. The study included 52 patients aged 39-89 years (median age 66.5 years), excluding non-cervical dissection surgery and/or non-underwent preoperative positron-emission tomography. The maximum standardized uptake value of the cervical lymph nodes and primary tumor was measured, and the ratio of maximum standardized uptake values of the lymph nodes to that of the primary tumor was calculated. The median follow-up of 52 patients was 1,465 days (198-2,553 days), and overall survival was significantly worse in patients with a high lymph node-to-tumor standardized uptake values ratio (>0.4739) (5 years, 58.8% vs. 88.2%; P<0.05). Pretreatment lymph node-to-tumor standardized uptake values ratio can be easily calculated, and as a predictor of prognosis, it may be of assistance when considering the treatment strategy for oral cancer.


Efficacy of activated carbon filtration and ozonation to remove persistent and mobile substances - A case study in two wastewater treatment plants.
Persistent and mobile (PM) substances are able to spread quickly in the water cycle and were thus identified as potentially problematic for the environment and water quality. If also toxic (PMT) or very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) their regulation under REACH as substances of very high concern is foreseen. Yet, knowledge on the effectiveness of advanced wastewater treatment in removing PM-substances from WWTP effluents is limited to few rather well-known chemicals. The occurrence and behavior of 111 suspected and known PM-substances was investigated in two wastewater treatment plants employing either powdered activated carbon (PAC, full-scale) or ozonation with subsequent sand/anthracite filtration (pilot-scale) and an additional granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration was investigated. 72 of the 111 PM-substances analyzed were detected at least once in the secondary effluent of either wastewater treatment plant, resulting in total concentrations of 104 μg/L and 40 μg/L, respectively. While PAC removed 32 % of PM-substances well, the total PM burden in the effluent was only reduced from 103 μg/L to 87 μg/L. Ozonation and the subsequent sand/anthracite filtration was able to reduce the PM burden in wastewater from 40 μg/L to 19 μg/L, showing a higher removal efficacy than PAC in this study. The additional GAC filtration further reduced the total PM-concentration to 13 μg/L. Among the investigated PM-chemicals detected were constituents of ionic liquids: The anion hexafluorophosphate was one of few chemicals that was detected in effluent concentrations >1 μg/L and could not be removed by the processes studied, showing that for some chemicals preventive actions may be required.


Remobilisation of radiocaesium from bottom sediments to water column in reservoirs in Fukushima, Japan.
Reservoir sediments generally act as a sink for radionuclides derived from nuclear accidents, but under anaerobic conditions, several radionuclides remobilise in bioavailable form from sediments to water columns, which may contribute to the long-term contamination of aquatic products. This study systematically investigated the 137Cs activities of sediment-pore water, providing a direct evidence of the remobilisation of bioavailable 137Cs from sediments in two highly contaminated reservoirs affected by the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident. We observed that the dissolved 137Cs activity concentration of pore water (3.0-65.8 Bq L-1) was one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of reservoir water. Moreover, the distribution coefficient (Kd) values for the 137Cs of sediment-pore water (2.6-14 × 103 L kg-1) decreased with depth. The Kd values were significantly and negatively correlated with the concentration of the major 137Cs competing cation NH4+. Our results strongly indicate a competitive ion exchange process between 137Cs and NH4+ via a highly selective interaction with the frayed edge sites of phyllosilicate minerals, which is the major reason for the variability of Kd values of sediment-pore water, even in the Fukushima case. Additionally, the sediment accumulation rates were relatively high, and the annual depositional rate of exchangeable 137Cs prevailed over the annual diffusive flux of 137Cs from the sediment to the overlying water. This finding indicates that even after 10 years since the FDNPP accident, the bioavailable 137Cs is still continuously supplied from the catchment covered by mountainous forests, and reservoir sediments are a long-term important source of bioavailable 137Cs in the riverine system. Our findings provide important parameter values for mid- and long-term assessments of the radiation impact of radionuclide discharges to freshwater environments.


Patterns of continuing professional education in registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered.
This study compared the continuing professional education (CPE) activities of registered dietitians (RDs) with those of dietetic technicians, registered (DTRs). A descriptive research study was used with data from the baseline survey evaluating the Commission on Dietetic Registration's (CDR) Professional Development Portfolio. The survey was sent to 3,530 randomly selected RDs and DTRs; 1,429 surveys were returned (40.5% response rate), with 41% of RDs contacted responding and 32% of DTRs responding. Guidance used when selecting CPE activities and type of CPE activity selected were measured. DTRs sought more guidance than RDs when selecting CPE activities (P=.001). A significantly higher percentage of RDs than DTRs selected lectures, workshops, journal clubs, satellite courses, exhibits, professional leadership, professional reading, and poster sessions as CPE activities (P<.05). These findings will aid CPE providers in knowing which CPE activities are typically selected by both dietetics credential groups. DTRs may need guidance in selecting CPE activities.


Detection and quantification of patulin and griseofulvin by high pressure liquid chromatography in different strains of Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx.
Patulin and griseofulvin production by twelve strains ofPenicillium griseofulvum Dierckx, eleven of which were isolated from pistachio (Pistacia vera) nuts and the other was supplied by the Spanish Collection of Type Culture, was investigated. Six strains of the eleven isolated had ability to produce patulin and griseofulvin in Yes medium. All the strains studied had no ability to produce patulin in Wickerham medium. Griseofulvin production was significant in both media but higher in Wickerham.These metabolites were separated and determined in the chloroform extracts of cultures by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The best conditions were: acetonitrile - water (45∶55) as mobile phase, a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min and a μ Bondapack C18 column.


Cleft lip and palate: new directions for research.
In this personal essay, presented as the keynote address at the inaugural meeting of the Australasian Cleft Palate Association, the author provides an overview of what many might call "the state-of-the-art." But beyond that, the author also plots direction to our efforts so our science can progress.


Low temperature synthesis of NbC/C nano-composites as visible light photoactive catalyst.
A facile carbothermal route was adopted to obtain niobium carbide nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in carbon network from Nb2O5 to study photocatalytic behavior. Optimization of synthesis parameters to obtain single phase NbC NPs has been successfully done. The phase identification, morphology and nature of carbon were determined with the help of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggested the presence of multiple oxidation states of Nb associated to NbC and NbCxOy centers on the surface of NPs. Due to the presence of NbCxOy on the surface of NPs, absorption under visible region of EM spectrum has been observed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Different organic dyes (RhB, MB and MO) were used to study the effect of holding time on the photocatalytic performance of as-synthesized samples. RhB dye was found to be the most sensitive organic molecule among all the considered dyes and degraded 78% in 120 min.


Congenital endodermal sinus tumor of the penis.
Congenitally occurring endodermal sinus tumors are very rare and frequently occur in association with teratomatous growths. The most common location for these tumors in infancy is the gonads. Tumors of the penis are rare in any age group. As far as we know, this tumor has never been reported in the penis. A 17-month-old baby boy was noted to have a pimple-like lesion at the corona of the glans penis. This was stationary and ignored for a year. At this point, the lump began increasing in size. A further delay of 6 months elapsed before a definitive diagnosis was made. This case emphasizes that any nodule in this area in the neonate is ignored with jeopardy.


Cholinopositive effect of dilept (neurotensin peptidomimetic) as the basis of its mnemotropic effect.
Dilept eliminated learning disturbances in the extrapolation avoidance test, caused by chronic injections of scopolamine alone and in combination with madopar to rats. Dilept improved the dynamics of training and parameters of spatial memory impaired by olfactory bulbectomy (operation causing hypofunction of the central cholinergic system). The detected choline-positive effect of dilept together with pronounced dopaminergic activity necessitate its further development as a drug effective in positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and psychotic manifestations of Alzheimer's disease.


Intercalary fragments in posterior malleolar fractures: incidence, treatment implications, and distribution within CT-based classification systems.
Complex ankle fractures frequently include the posterior malleolus (PM). Despite advances in diagnostic and treatment strategies, PM fracture involvement still predisposes to worse outcomes. While not incorporated into the most common PM fracture classifications, the presence of an intercalary fragment (ICF) complicates treatment. This study aims to describe the incidence, morphology, and location of ICFs in PM fractures. A total of 135 patients with a mean age of 54.4 (SD ± 18.9) years and PM fractures were analyzed for the presence of an ICF. Patients with an ICF were compared to those without in terms of age, gender, and treatment received. Characteristics of the ICFs in terms of location and size were assessed. Furthermore, the presence of an ICF in relation to the PM fracture classification according to Haraguchi et al., Bartoníček/Rammelt et al., and Mason et al. was investigated. ICFs presented in 55 (41%) of the 135 patients. Patients with an ICF were younger, and the PM was more often operatively treated when compared to patients without an ICF. A posterolateral approach was used significantly more often in patients with an ICF. Almost all ICFs were found in the posterolateral (58%) and posterocentral (35%) regions. The majority of fragments were found in Bartoníček/Rammelt type 2 fractures, the most common fracture type. Bartoníček/Rammelt type 3 fractures had the highest relative frequency of ICFs. ICFs are frequently found in PM fractures; however, they are not incorporated into any of the common classifications. They are generally found in younger patients and associated with more complex PM fractures. As they can complicate reduction of the main fragment and may require direct exposure to restore joint congruency, ICFs should be considered in PM fracture classifications. Due to their location, the majority of ICFs are able to be accessed using a posterolateral approach.


Serum copper, zinc, selenium, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels in epileptic children before and after 1 year of sodium valproate and carbamazepine therapy.
To assess whether epileptic children have abnormal values of serum copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), and to evaluate the effect of long-term therapy with sodium valproate (VPA) and carbamazepine (CBZ) on these parameters, we studied 36 epileptic patients before the beginning of therapy and after 1 year of therapy with VPA or CBZ. Before the beginning of therapy, there were no differences in levels of all parameters studied between controls and epileptics. After 1 year of therapy, patients treated with VPA and CBZ continued to show normal values. In conclusion our study demonstrates that epilepsy per se and treatment with VPA and CBZ do not affect levels of Cu, Zn, Se, GSH-PX and CuZn-SOD concentrations.


Cytomegalovirus infection causes morbidity and mortality in patients with autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus: in a Chinese population in Taiwan.
To investigate the clinical outcome of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in febrile hospitalized patients with autoimmune diseases, mostly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Fifty-four febrile patients were analyzed retrospectively. Half were diagnosed as CMV infection, by positive CMV pp65 antigenemia assay. Clinical and laboratory data between two groups were compared. Correlation between laboratory data and SELENA-SLEDAI scores/mortality were analyzed in the CMV infection group. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the cutoff points of different parameters for predicting mortality or morbidity. The CMV infection group received a higher corticosteroid dosage (mean 26.3 mg/day) and a higher percentage of azathioprine use before admission than the non-CMV infection group. In the former, the deceased subgroup had a significantly higher number of infected leukocytes for CMV (shortened as CMV counts, P = 0.013), more cases of bacterial infection (P = 0.090), and a higher SLE disease activity index score (P = 0.072) than the alive subgroup. The CMV infection group had lower lymphocyte count and more positive bacterial infection than the non-CMV infection group did (P = 0.013 and P = 0.027, respectively). A level of 25 CMV particles/5 × 10(5) polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was the best cutoff point for predicting CMV-associated mortality, with a sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 72.2%. Moderate dose (30 mg/day) of prednisolone or azathioprine use predisposes patients with autoimmune diseases to CMV infection with concurrent bacterial infection. In particular, peak CMV counts at 25/5 × 10(5) PMN or low lymphocyte counts predict mortality or morbidity, respectively.


Knowledge and acceptance of interventions aimed at reducing sugar intake in Portugal.
Governments worldwide have been implementing interventions aimed at improving citizens' dietary habits. Examining how individuals perceive these interventions is relevant for promoting future policies in this area, as well as informing the way they are designed and implemented. In the current study, we focused on interventions aimed at reducing sugar intake in Portugal, given the current high sugar consumption patterns in the population. Online survey to assess which interventions are the most salient and receive greater public support. Portugal. 1010 (76·7 % female, MAge 36·33, sd 13·22). Data from a free-recall task showed that only about one-third of participants reported knowing about these interventions, namely those related to taxation, weight restrictions in individual sugar packets and limited availability of products with high sugar content. We also found evidence of high support for the eight interventions presented (except for replacing sugar by artificial sweeteners), positive attitudes towards the need of reducing sugar intake in the Portuguese population and high agreement with the importance of reducing sugar intake across all age groups, particularly among children. Participants also indicated paying attention to the amount of sugar in their diets and a low self-reported frequency of consumption of high sugary foods and beverages. A hierarchical regression analysis suggested that these variables were significantly associated with the overall acceptance of interventions, independently of social-demographic variables (i.e., age, education and sex). By examining how people perceive and accept different interventions targeting the reduction of sugar intake, the current work aims to support policymaking in this domain.


Carbon ion and proton beam irradiation of a normal human TK6 lymphoblastoid cell line within a magnetic field of 1.0 tesla.
Considering the increasing simultaneous application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for more precise photon radiotherapy, it will be likely for particle radiotherapy to adopt MRI for future image guiding. It will then be imperative to evaluate the potential biological effects of a magnetic field (MF) on particle irradiation. This study explores such effects on the highly radiosensitive TK6 lymphoblastoid human cell line. The following three parameters were measured after irradiation with either carbon ion or proton beams using spread out Bragg peaks and applying different doses within a perpendicular 1.0 T MF: (1) cell survival fraction (14 days postirradiation), (2) treatment-specific apoptosis, which was determined through the measurement of population in the sub-G1 phase, and (3) cell cycle progression by means of flow cytometry. These were compared to the same parameters measured without an MF. The clonogenic assay in both treatment groups showed almost identical survival curves with overlapping error bars. The calculated α values with and without an MF were 2.18 (σ=0.245) and 2.17 (σ=0.234) for carbon ions and 1.08 (σ=0.138) and 1.13 (σ=0.0679) for protons, respectively. Similarly, the treatment-specific apoptosis and cell cycle progression showed almost identical curves with overlapping error bars. A two-sample, unpooled t-test analysis was implemented for comparison of all mean values and showed p-values >0.05. No statistically significant difference in biological response of the TK6 cells was observed when they were irradiated using spreadout Bragg peaks within a perpendicular 1.0 T MF as compared to those, which received the same dose without the MF. This should serve as another supporting piece of evidence toward the implementation of MRI in particle radiotherapy, though further research is necessary.


Substitution potentials of recycled HDPE and wood particles from post-consumer packaging waste in Wood-Plastic Composites.
The market share of Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC) is small but expected to grow sharply in Europe. This raises some concerns about suitable wood particles needed in the wood-based panels industry in Europe. Concerns are stimulated by the competition between the promotion of wooden products through the European Bioeconomy Strategy and wood as an energy carrier through the Renewable Energy Directive. Cascade use of resources and valorisation of waste are potential strategies to overcome resource scarcity. Under experimental design conditions, WPC made from post-consumer recycled wood and plastic (HDPE) were compared to WPC made from virgin resources. Wood content in the polymer matrix was raised in two steps from 0% to 30% and 60%. Mechanical and physical properties and colour differences were characterized. The feasibility of using cascaded resources for WPC is discussed. Results indicate the technical and economic feasibility of using recycled HDPE from packaging waste for WPC. Based on technical properties, 30% recycled wood content for WPC is feasible, but economic and political barriers of efficient cascading of biomass need to be overcome.


Aging and influenza vaccine-induced immunity.
Immunosenescence is defined as the progressive deterioration of the immune system with aging. Immunosenescence stifles the generation of protective B and T cell-mediated adaptive immunity in response to various pathogens, resulting in increased disease susceptibility and severity in the elderly population. In particular, immunosenescence has major impacts on the phenotype, function, and receptor repertoire of B and T cells in the elderly, hindering protective responses induced by seasonal influenza virus vaccination. In order to overcome the detrimental impacts of immunosenescence on protective immunity to influenza viruses, we review our current understanding of the effects of aging on adaptive immune responses to influenza and discuss current and future avenues of vaccine research for eliciting more potent anti-influenza immunity in the elderly.


Dynamic functional connectivity in modular organization of the hippocampal network marks memory phenotypes in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a network disorder with a high incidence of memory impairment. Memory processing ability highly depends on the dynamic coordination between distinct modules within the hippocampal network. Here, we investigate the relationship between memory phenotypes and modular alterations of dynamic functional connectivity (FC) in the hippocampal network in TLE patients. Then, 31 healthy controls and 66 TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis were recruited. The patients were classified into memory-intact (MI, 35 cases) group and memory-deficit (MD, 31 cases) group, each based on individual's Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised score. The sliding-windows approach and graph theory analysis were used to analyze the hippocampal network based on resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Temporal properties and modular metrics were calculated. Two discrete and switchable states were revealed: a high modularized state (State I) and a low modularized state (State II), which corresponded to either anterior or posterior hippocampal network dominated pattern. TLE was prone to drive less State I but more State II, and the tendency was more obvious in TLE-MD. Additionally, TLE-MD showed more widespread alterations of modular properties compared with TLE-MI across two states. Furthermore, the dynamic modularity features had unique superiority in discriminating TLE-MD from TLE-MI. These findings demonstrated that state transitions and modular function of dissociable hippocampal networks were altered in TLE and more importantly, they could reflect different memory phenotypes. The trend revealed potential values of dynamic FC in elucidating the mechanism underlying memory impairments in TLE.


Multiple Copies of a qnrB19 Gene Are Carried by Tandem Repeats of an IS26 Composite Transposon in an Escherichia coli Plasmid.
The fully assembled genome of Escherichia coli strain BR1220 shows a triple tandemly arrayed IS26 composite transposon carrying a qnrB19 quinolone resistance gene in a 100-kb multidrug resistance plasmid (1.6 copies per chromosome [CPC]) and a 2.6-kb Col(pHAD28) plasmid (27.8 CPC) with a nearly identical qnrB19 gene region.


Reduction in Biogenic Amine Content in Baechu (Napa Cabbage) Kimchi by Biogenic Amine-Degrading Lactic Acid Bacteria.
This study was performed to mine biogenic amine (BA)-degrading lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from kimchi and to investigate the effects of the LAB strains on BA reduction in Baechu kimchi fermentation. Among 1448 LAB strains isolated from various kimchi varieties, five strains capable of considerably degrading histamine and/or tyramine were selected through in vitro tests and identified as Levilactobacillus brevis PK08, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus PK05, Leuconostoc mesenteroides YM20, L. plantarum KD15, and Latilactobacillus sakei YM21. The selected strains were used to ferment five groups of Baechu kimchi, respectively. The LB group inoculated with L. brevis PK08 showed the highest reduction in tyramine content, 66.65% and 81.89%, compared to the control group and the positive control group, respectively. Other BA content was also considerably reduced, by 3.76-89.26% (five BAs) and 7.87-23.27% (four BAs), compared to the two control groups, respectively. The other inoculated groups showed similar or less BA reduction than the LB group. Meanwhile, a multicopper oxidase gene was detected in L. brevis PK08 when pursuing the BA degradation mechanism. Consequently, L. brevis PK08 could be applied to kimchi fermentation as a starter or protective culture to improve the BA-related safety of kimchi where prolific tyramine-producing LAB strains are present.


Effect of single-dose ivermectin on Onchocerca volvulus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
The broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug ivermectin was licensed for use against onchocerciasis in 1987, yet the mechanisms by which it exerts a fast decrease and long-lasting suppression of Onchocerca volvulus microfilaridermia, and inhibition of microfilarial release by female worms remain largely unknown. A better understanding of the effects of ivermectin on O volvulus microfilariae and macrofilariae is crucial to improve our ability to predict the long-term effect of treatment. We did a systematic review of individual and population-based ivermectin trials to investigate the temporal dynamics of the drug's microfilaricidal and embryostatic efficacy after administration of a single, standard dose (150 microg/kg). Meta-analyses on data from 26 microfilarial and 15 macrofilarial studies were linked by a mathematical model describing the dynamics of potentially fertile female parasites to skin microfilariae. The model predicts that after treatment, microfilaridermia would be reduced by half after 24 h, by 85% after 72 h, by 94% after 1 week, and by 98-99% after 1-2 months, the latter also corresponding to the time when the fraction of females harbouring live microfilariae is at its lowest (reduced by around 70% from its original value). Our results provide a baseline microfilarial skin repopulation curve against which to compare studies done after long-term treatment.


The effects of short term (3 weeks) testosterone treatment on serum inflammatory markers in men undergoing coronary artery stenting.
Inflammation markers can predict restenosis after successful intracoronary stenting. There is evidence that testosterone suppresses the expression of the inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that testosterone therapy after coronary stenting can reduce the inflammation markers. We selected 41 men with coronary artery disease who underwent successful stent implantation for a >70% diameter stenosis of a major coronary artery. Patients, who had stable angina and positive exercise test results, were recruited after diagnostic coronary angiography. Twenty-five men were treated with 3 doses of i.m. testosterone administration once a week for 3 weeks following diagnostic angiography. Sixteen patients were recruited as a control group and they received standard therapy. First venous blood samples were obtained after angiography. Stents were implanted 3 weeks after diagnostic angiography. Second venous blood samples were taken 24 h after the coronary stenting. Baseline biochemical or hematological parameters were similar between the control and treatment groups. After coronary stenting, free testosterone, total testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin were significantly elevated in the testosterone group (P<0.0001, P<0.0001 and P=0.02; respectively). After coronary stent implantation, there was a significant increase in IL-6 and CRP levels in the control group only (P=0.02 and P=0.038), while TNF-alpha levels were increased significantly in both groups (P=0.016 and P=0.014; respectively). Statistical analysis revealed that testosterone treatment prior to stent implantation attenuated IL-6 and hs-CRP levels significantly (P=0.042 and P=0.043; respectively). The present study shows that 3 weeks testosterone treatment prior to intracoronary stenting results in a significant suppression in hs-CRP and IL-6 levels after the stent implantation.


Comparison of contrast enhanced 64-slice computed tomography and transesophageal echocardiography in detection of left atrial thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Recent advances in multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) have allowed an improved analysis of left atrial (LA) and left atrial appendage (LAA) anatomy prior to catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, data regarding the ability of MSCT to identify LA/LAA thrombus are limited. This prospective study compared the efficacy of 64-slice contrast-enhanced computed tomography (64CCT) with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) of the heart in the identification of LA/LAA thrombus. One-hundred and seventy consecutive patients scheduled for first-time catheter ablation of paroxysmal (n = 120) or persistent (n = 50) AF were enrolled for study. Each patient underwent non-gated 64CCT and TEE of the heart for exclusion of LA/LAA thrombus prior to ablation procedure. Fourteen cases (8.2%) of LA/LAA thrombi were interpreted by 64CCT (ten false-positive, four true positive), whereas 11 actual thrombi (6.5%) were detected by TEE (seven false-negative by 64CCT) in the same population. Maximal dimension of TEE identified thrombi did not differ between the false-negative by 64CCT group and the true-positive group (17 +/- 6 vs. 18 +/- 5 mm P = 0.677). Results indicated 64CCT sensitivity = 36.4%, specificity = 93.7%, positive predictive value = 28.6%, and negative predictive value = 95.5% in the detection of LA/LAA thrombus. The Kappa value in evaluating the agreement between 64CCT and TEE for detection of LA/LAA thrombus was 0.267. Compared to gold standard TEE, 64CCT was shown to be less reliable in the detection of LA/LAA thrombus prior to catheter ablation in patients with AF.


Peculiarities of immunoglobulin gene structures as a basis for somatic mutation emergence.
Using the method of contextual analysis, we have studied the collection of somatic mutations in immunoglobulin genes. It has been found that the emergence of somatic mutations can be based on the reparation of complementarity violations in the heteroduplexes corresponding to complementary palindromes or direct repeats of DNA.


ATP dynamic regeneration strategy for enhancing co-production of glutathione and S-adenosylmethionine in Escherichia coli.
In general, a sufficient supply of ATP can promote the synthesis of ATP-driven metabolites, but excessive ATP will lead to the inhibition of cell growth. For enhancing the co-production of glutathione(GSH) and S-adenosylmethionine(SAM), a dynamic ATP regeneration strategy was developed. The novel ATP regeneration strategy consisting of ATP-sensing riboswitch ydaO motif, polyphosphate kinase (PPK), and Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) was successfully applied in Escherichia coli. The intracellular ATP level was always around 0.60 mg/g dry cell weight during the fermentation process, resulting in significantly enhanced co-production of GSH and SAM. The GSH titer and SAM titer in the strain CGS-2 increased by 137.40% and 82.18% after fermentation for 24 h, compared with the control strain. The ATP regulation strategy is expected to be a favorable tool to improve the efficiency of microbial cell factories. The proposed ATP dynamic regeneration approach may be applicable for cost-effective, high-yield production of ATP-driven metabolites.


Construct Validity of the SF-12v2 for the Homeless Population with Mental Illness: An Instrument to Measure Self-Reported Mental and Physical Health.
Self-reported health measures are important indicators used by clinicians and researchers for the evaluation of health interventions, outcome assessment of clinical studies, and identification of health needs to improve resource allocation. However, the application of self-reported health measures relies on developing reliable and valid instruments that are suitable across diverse populations. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the construct validity of the SF-12v.2, an instrument for measuring self-rated physical and mental health, for homeless adults with mental illness. Various interventions have been aimed at improving the health of homeless people with mental illness, and the development of valid instruments to evaluate these interventions is imperative. We measured self-rated mental and physical health from a quota sample of 575 homeless people with mental illness using the SF-12v2, EQ-5D, Colorado Symptoms Index, and physical/mental health visual analogue scales. We examined the construct validity of the SF-12v2 through confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), and using ANOVA/correlation analyses to compare the SF-12v2 to the other instruments to ascertain discriminant/convergent validity. Our CFA showed that the measurement properties of the original SF-12v2 model had a mediocre fit with our empirical data (χ2 = 193.6, df = 43, p < .0001, CFI = 0.85, NFI = 0.83, RMSEA = 0.08). We demonstrate that changes based on theoretical rationale and previous studies can significantly improve the model, achieving an excellent fit in our final model (χ2 = 160.6, df = 48, p < .0001, CFI = 0.95, NFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.06). Our CFA results suggest that an alternative scoring method based on the new model may optimize health status measurement of a homeless population. Despite these issues, convergent and discriminant validity of the SF-12v2 (scored based on the original model) was supported through multiple comparisons with other instruments. Our study demonstrates for the first time that the SF-12v2 is generally appropriate as a measure of physical and mental health status for a homeless population with mental illness.


The effects of increasing sodium chloride concentration on Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine survival in solution.
Lyophilized Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccines are generally rehydrated and diluted with distilled or chlorine-free water as per manufacturer recommendations. However, as mycoplasma species lack a cell wall, this can lead to decreased viability of live vaccine during administration. The ability of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to prevent losses in live vaccine viability was examined. It was shown that a concentration of 1 x PBS prevented the two-fourfold decrease in MG viability seen when the vaccines were diluted with water alone.


Coronavirus Disease-2019 and Implications on the Liver.
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a large impact on patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and liver transplantation (LT) recipients. Patients with advanced CLD are at a significantly increased risk of poor outcomes in the setting of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The pandemic has also considerably altered the management and care that is provided to patients with CLD, pre-LT patients, and LT recipients. Vaccination against COVID-19 protects patients with CLD and LT recipients from adverse outcomes and is safe in these patients; however, vaccine efficacy may be reduced in LT recipients and other immunosuppressed patients.


Indications for cesarean section at Thammasat University Hospital.
To present the indications associated with the increase in cesarean section rate at Thammasat University Hospital during the past three years. This was a cross-sectional study. Pregnant women who underwent cesarean section between January 2003 and December 2005 at Thammasat University Hospital were recruited for the present study. Cases of fetal anomaly or intrauterine fetal death were excluded. Demographic and obstetric data including indications of cesarean section and pregnancy outcomes were collected and analyzed Among the 1328, 1402, and 1522 cases of cesarean section (27.31, 27.94, and 29.26%) in 2003, 2004 and 2005 respectively, the major indication was previous cesarean section (29%). Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD), and elective cesarean section were second, and third most common indication (24.64%, 11.23%) respectively. The increasing cesarean section rate was due to rising of elective cesarean section or patient's request. Cesarean section without obstetric indication should be reconsidered to lower the cesarean section rate.


Are pregnancy outcomes affected by the lack of legal status? A demographic study based on 850,288 live births in Switzerland.
In the context of increased global mobility, it is fundamental to understand migrants' needs and how governments can ensure equal health opportunities for both regular and irregular migrants simply by applying low-cost primary health care measures. To identify health issues in which to intervene, this study analysed the impact of a mother's lack of legal status, together with available biological and socioeconomic characteristics, on four indicators of adverse perinatal outcomes in Switzerland. Based on the exhaustive records of the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO) for its Vital Statistics (BEVNAT), different indicators of birth outcomes, including preterm birth (PTB), low and very low birth weight (LBW and VLBW), and small for gestational age (SGA), were analysed using logistic regressions on live births occurring from 2005 to 2018. These four adverse outcomes were defined as dependent variables. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package STATA, version 17. Selected pregnancy outcomes were conversely affected by an irregular legal status. Analysis run on the final sample showed that, compared to the neonates of mothers who are non-migrant legal residents in Switzerland, newborns of irregular migrants have higher risks of PTB (aOR 1.18 95% CI [1.05-1.32], p<0.01) and VLBW (aOR 1.43 [1.13-1.81], p < 0.01]). In contrast, we observed that in both irregular and regular migrant groups, the odds of SGA were lowered (aOR .76 [.68-.85] p<0.01) and aOR .93 [.91-.94], p< 0.01, respectively). A similar effect was observed when controlling for any adverse outcome (any AOs) (aOR .90 [.83-.99] p 0.022; and aOR .93 [.91-.94] p< 0.01, respectively). Our results, together with those from the available literature, call for a more comprehensive assessment of all pregnancy outcomes as well as of the social determinants of health for which the analysis was adjusted. Given the complexity of the migration phenomenon, future studies should account for local structural restrictions in the organization of care, the extension of a person's network as a means of health care accessibility, diverse backgrounds and cultures and the recent arrival status of migrants. This would allow researchers to understand the long-term impact of social determinants of health on the wellbeing of a mother and child and take them into account in the adoption of health policies.


Ranibizumab for High-Risk Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial.
To compare the efficacy and safety of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) in monotherapy or associated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) versus conventional PRP, for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) without vitreoretinal traction. Multicenter randomized trial, with 3 treatment arms: PRP versus IVR alone and PRP + IVR combined treatment. Follow-up was performed at months 3, 6 and 12. Thirty-five subjects were randomized and 32 used for analysis. Complete regression of neovessels elsewhere occurred in 100% (PRP + IVR), 75% (IVR) and 69.2% (PRP) and for neovessels of the disk in 44.4% (PRP + IVR), 37.5% (IVR) and 30.8% (PRP). During the 1-year duration of treatment, there was no need for laser rescue treatment in IVR-treated eyes. This trial suggests that the use of IVR is safe and may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of eyes with high-risk PDR. Ranibizumab appears to have a place in the treatment of PDR.


The creation of the optimal dedicated endovascular suite.
During the last decade endovascular therapy has been established as an alternative treatment for a variety of vascular diseases. Neither the classic operating room (OR), nor the conventional angiography suite is optimal for both open surgery and endovascular procedures. Important issues include: quality of the imaging equipment, radiation burden, ease of use of the equipment, need for specially trained personnel, ergonomics, ability to perform both open and percutaneous procedures, sterile environments, as well as quality and efficiency of patient care. A literature search identified articles pertinent to the key issues during the decision-making process of creating the optimal endovascular suite. Manual cross-referencing also was performed. The most important feature of working in a dedicated endovascular suite should be the ability to attain best treatment of vascular patients. Whether the interventional radiologist or the vascular surgeon uses the facilities is of less importance. A fixed fluoroscopy unit is preferred, above a portable C-arm. Establishment of an endovascular operating room suite has the benefit of a sterile environment, the possibility of performing hybrid procedures and conversions when necessary. Moreover, angiography immediately before treatment gives contemporary anatomical information, and after treatment provides quality control. As a consequence, better quality and service can be provided to the individual patient.


[Possible applications of free microsurgical fibula transplantation in the reconstruction of complex bone defects in the extremities: review of the literature and case series].
Extensive osseous defects of the extremities following trauma and tumour resection represent a major challenge for plasticreconstructive surgical teams. Defect reconstruction by free microsurgical fibula transplantation has become a standard method but is associated with a considerable rate of complications. The aim of the present work is to provide an up-to-date overview of the various reconstruction methods and to report our personal experiences with free fibula transplantation in a case series. The literature search on the subject was performed on Pubmed and Web of Science, and a retrospective collection of data was conducted based on our own cases, including clinical and radiological data. From 2007 to 2018, free fibula transplantation was performed in 11 patients under the guidance of the senior author (MS). The defects were a result of pseudarthrosis in four cases, osteitis in three, and a tumour in two cases. Two patientssustained a primary defect due to a high-energy trauma. In nine cases the upper limb was affected; only two had the defect in the lower limb. No graft failure was observed. In eight cases, an osteoseptocutaneous graft was taken; in two cases there was a post-operative loss of the skin island. Fibula length ranged between 5 and 22 cm. In all cases, bony integration of the graft was complete. The range of motion in the affected limb after physiotherapy was very good to satisfactory. Extensive bone defect reconstruction using free fibula flaps is undoubtedly the gold standard method, but the high rate of complications described in the literature necessitates a strict indication in due consideration of possible alternatives. Close cooperation between the disciplines of plastic reconstructive surgery and trauma orthopaedics is indispensable.


[Viral implications in the etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: current update].
Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. After having described genetic, immunological and metabolic factors, some researchers have hypothezised that environmental factors might trigger the autoimmune process. Based on epidemiological, anatomoclinical and animal studies, they suggest a role for virus infections.


High school drinking mediates the relationship between parental monitoring and college drinking: a longitudinal analysis.
College drinking is a significant public health problem. Although parental monitoring and supervision reduces the risk for alcohol consumption among younger adolescents, few studies have investigated the impact of earlier parental monitoring on later college drinking. This study examined whether parental monitoring indirectly exerts a protective effect on college drinking by reducing high school alcohol consumption. A longitudinal cohort of 1,253 male and female students, ages 17 to 19, attending a large, public, mid-Atlantic university was studied at two time points. First, data on high school parental monitoring and alcohol consumption were gathered via questionnaire during the summer prior to college entry. Second, during the first year of college, past-year alcohol consumption was measured via a personal interview. Multiple regression models tested the relationship between parental monitoring and past year alcohol use (i.e., number of drinks per drinking day). Holding constant demographics, SAT score, and religiosity, parental monitoring had a significant protective effect on both high school and college drinking level. However, the association between parental monitoring and college drinking level became non-significant once high school drinking level was held constant. While parental monitoring did not directly influence college alcohol consumption, evidence for mediation was observed, whereby parental monitoring had an indirect influence on college drinking through reductions in high school drinking. Initiatives that promote effective parenting might be an important strategy to curb high-risk drinking among older adolescents. More research is needed to understand the nature and degree of parent-child communication that is necessary to extend the protective influence of parents into the college years.


Lactate and glucose as additional considerations to the plasma sodium level-corrected erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume report when using the Sysmex XE-2100.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) can be artefactually inflated, by variation in sodium concentration, on the Sysmex XE-2100. We report that severe hyperglycemia and modest lactic acidemia can also spuriously increase MCV. To catch and correct such inaccurate MCV measurements, we propose to flag them using commonly assayed biomarkers. We examined the relationship between delta MCV (uncorrected MCV minus corrected MCV), plasma osmolality, and levels of plasma glucose, lactate, and sodium in 60 samples from emergency room patients. Based on these biomarkers, we developed and tested a preliminary composite flag system to identify high delta MCV on 105 ER samples. Finally, we evaluated a revised composite flagging system optimized to improve the positive predictive value. Plasma osmolality, glucose and lactate are each correlated with delta MCV. The revised composite flag system - based on ≥ 5.0 mmol/L of plasma lactate, > 32 mmol/L of glucose, or > 150 mmol/L of sodium - identified twice as many patients with spuriously elevated MCV as the vendor recommended MCHC flagging system. The associated positive predictive value of 31%, while lower than the vendor flagging system (62%), was considered adequate for implementation in our laboratory. We recommend reporting clinically significant corrected MCVs, based on sample pre-dilution with the Sysmex buffer, when the proposed composite metabolic flag is triggered.


Detection of metallic ocular foreign bodies with handheld sonography in a porcine model.
Eye conditions are common in emergency departments. Intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) are a frequent concern. Orbital computed tomography (CT) is traditionally used for evaluation. We sought to evaluate bedside ocular sonography for detecting metallic IOFBs. A pig model was chosen. A micrometer was used to create 3 precise metallic fragments: 0.012 x 0.012 x 0.012, 0.025 x 0.025 x 0.012, and 0.05 x 0.05 x 0.012 in. Individual eyes were randomized to the presence or absence of a foreign body. Randomization was also used to determine the specific size of any given IOFB. A standard 18-gauge spinal needle was used to puncture the sclera and introduce the IOFB into the vitreous. Each eye was then evaluated by 2 sonologists for the presence or absence of an IOFB. A total of 28 eyes were used; 12 (43%) were randomized to no IOFB and 16 (57%) to the presence of an IOFB. Of the 16 eyes that received IOFBs, 8 (50%) were 0.012 x 0.012 x 0.012 in; 5 (31%) were 0.025 x 0.025 x 0.012 in; and 3 (19%) were 0.05 x 0.05 x 0.012 in. Sensitivity was 87.5% and specificity 95.8%. Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 96.5% and 85.2%, respectively. Bedside sonography may identify the presence of metallic IOFBs. The PPV allows a high degree of certainty that an IOFB is actually present if seen and may negate the need for uninfused orbital CT. The NPV was 85.2%. Given the potential grave consequences of a missed IOFB, sonography cannot be used as the definitive test to rule out the presence of a metallic IOFB. In the presence of negative findings, further imaging is warranted.


A high-performance gradient insert for rapid and short-T2 imaging at full duty cycle.
The goal of this study was to devise a gradient system for MRI in humans that reconciles cutting-edge gradient strength with rapid switching and brings up the duty cycle to 100% at full continuous amplitude. Aiming to advance neuroimaging and short-T2 techniques, the hardware design focused on the head and the extremities as target anatomies. A boundary element method with minimization of power dissipation and stored magnetic energy was used to design anatomy-targeted gradient coils with maximally relaxed geometry constraints. The design relies on hollow conductors for high-performance cooling and split coils to enable dual-mode gradient amplifier operation. With this approach, strength and slew rate specifications of either 100 mT/m with 1200 mT/m/ms or 200 mT/m with 600 mT/m/ms were reached at 100% duty cycle, assuming a standard gradient amplifier and cooling unit. After manufacturing, the specified values for maximum gradient strength, maximum switching rate, and field geometry were verified experimentally. In temperature measurements, maximum local values of 63°C were observed, confirming that the device can be operated continuously at full amplitude. Testing for peripheral nerve stimulation showed nearly unrestricted applicability in humans at full gradient performance. In measurements of acoustic noise, a maximum average sound pressure level of 132 dB(A) was determined. In vivo capability was demonstrated by head and knee imaging. Full gradient performance was employed with echo planar and zero echo time readouts. Combining extreme gradient strength and switching speed without duty cycle limitations, the described system offers unprecedented options for rapid and short-T2 imaging. Magn Reson Med 79:3256-3266, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.


Platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel treatment after peripheral endovascular procedures: the PRECLOP study: clinical impact and optimal cutoff value of on-treatment high platelet reactivity.
This study aimed to assess the clinical implications and optimal cutoff value of high platelet reactivity (HPR) in patients receiving clopidogrel for peripheral endovascular procedures. As noted in coronary studies, HPR could be related to increased adverse events. This prospective trial included patients receiving clopidogrel 75 mg daily, before and after infrainguinal angioplasty or stenting. Platelet inhibition was assessed with the VerifyNow P2Y12 point-of-care test. Primary endpoints were 1-year clinical events rate (composite endpoint of death, major stroke, major amputation, target vessel revascularization, and bypass) according to the P2Y12 reaction units (PRU)-based quartile distribution, the estimation of the optimal PRU cutoff value for predicting clinical outcome, and the identification of independent predictors influencing event-free survival. In total, 100 consecutive patients were enrolled. The 1-year cumulative events rate was 4% in the first quartile, 12% in the second, 52% in the third, and 84% in the fourth. Pairwise comparisons demonstrated a significant difference in the composite endpoint between successive quartiles (all p < 0.05 except for the first vs. second quartile). According to receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal cutoff value for the composite endpoint was PRU ≥234 (area under the curve: 0.883; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.811 to 0.954; p < 0.0001; sensitivity: 92.1%; specificity: 84.2%). Cox multivariate regression analysis identified HPR (PRU ≥234) as the only independent predictor of an increased number of adverse events (hazard ratio: 16.9; 95% CI: 5 to 55; p < 0.0001). On-treatment HPR is associated with markedly increased adverse clinical events in patients undergoing peripheral endovascular procedures. Point-of-care clopidogrel assessment might be useful in individualizing antiplatelet therapy to attain superior clinical results. (High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity Following Peripheral Endovascular Procedures [PRECLOP]; NCT01744613).


Bimodal distribution of violent assaults.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the number of injuries inflicted on victim during violent assault and other variables, characterizing the offender and the assault. The study is based on all the cases that were processed at the City Court of Tallinn, Estonia in 1986 and 1996. The number of assault-related injuries caused to the victim in Tallinn, Estonia, for 1986 and 1996 revealed bimodal distribution. About 2/3 of the assaults resulted in 1-5 injuries, in 1/3 of the cases the number of inflicted injuries was 10 or higher, with only a relatively small number of injuries in between. This distribution pattern was stable over the 10-year interval between the observations and was invariant to alcohol intoxication, consequences, and reasons for the assault. Comparison of the offenders' criminal record during the 15-year follow-up period showed that recidivism was more common among those who had committed a multi-injury assault as their first offence. The evident distribution of assaults into few- and multi-injury groups and the fact that the number of injuries caused during the first offence is a more reliable criterion for predicting the further criminal record of the offender than the consequences of the assault suggest that there are two discrete types of behaviour determined by a set of variables characteristic of the offender's psychology.


Preparation, characterization and antioxidant activities of derivatives of exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus helveticus MB2-1.
In this study, different derivatives of exopolysaccharides (EPS-2) from Lactobacillus helveticus MB2-1 including acetylated EPS-2 (A-EPS-2), carboxymethyl EPS-2 (C-EPS-2), sulfated EPS-2 (S-EPS-2) and phosphorylated EPS-2 (P-EPS-2) were prepared. Furthermore, the structure, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of EPS-2 and its derivatives were compared. The introduction of different chemical groups was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrogram, and the degrees of substitution (DS) for A-EPS-2, C-EPS-2, S-EPS-2 and P-EPS-2 were 0.439, 0.526, 0.625 and 0.432, respectively. Among four derivatives, the particle size distribution of A-EPS-2, C-EPS-2 and P-EPS-2 was in accordance with the molecular weight (Mw) distribution. Besides, the results of scanning electron micrograph, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry indicated the surface morphology and thermal behavior of EPS-2 had greatly changed after modification. Notably, several derivatives especially S-EPS-2 exhibited improved antioxidant activities when compared with EPS-2, implying the derivatives of EPS-2 might have wide applications as antioxidants in food industry.


Wanna See My Dog Pic? A Comparative Observational Study of the Presentation of Animals on Online Dating Profiles in Vienna and Tokyo.
Online dating applications offer new ways for people to search for social contacts. While previous studies have indicated that the inclusion of animals in profiles can increase users' dating success rates, the question of how many users display animals, and what kinds of animals are shown on dating profiles, has not yet been empirically investigated. Using a structured observational study of profiles in Vienna and Tokyo on a popular online dating app (n = 2400), we therefore looked at how many profiles show animals and what kinds of animals are shown. We found that 15.5% of the investigated profiles had at least one photo showing an animal. In both cities, dogs were the most frequently shown animal. Taking the cities together, they appeared in 46.4% of the animal pictures, as compared with cats at 25.7%. Other animals such as exotic animals (9.9%), farm animals (6.4%) or horses (4.6%) played a minor role. Users were significantly more likely to show cats in Tokyo (35.8%) than they were in Vienna (18.0%). We found that users in Vienna; women; and older adults were more likely to present animals on their profiles than were users in Tokyo; men; and younger users. Sexual orientation showed no significant differences in the analyses.


Experimental studies of the porosity of the alloplastic vein replacement.
The vena cava inferior was replaced by alloplastic vein replacement materials in 60 beagle dogs divided in 6 groups. The wall-porosity varied from 50 to 280 ml/cm2 per minute in the textile prostheses (water porosity) (Groups 1-3), and from 30 to 60 micron fibril length in the expanded PTFE-prostheses. All textile prostheses (woven or knitted) are clearly inferior of expanded PTFE-prostheses. The fibril length of 60 micron represents an improvement in comparison with a length of 30 micron regarding the patency rate and the incorporation process, but it needs a special external support.


A modified technique for reconstruction of a total maxillary defect.
Total maxillary defects with orbital retention (Brown class 2b) are a challenge to reconstructive surgeons because of the variety of anatomical structures involved. Traditional techniques to reconstruct the orbital floor, zygoma, and maxilla using only a vascularised fibular flap are complicated, as the osteotomy and orientation of bone are difficult. Reconstruction of the orbital floor with titanium mesh may also cause palpable discomfort and increase the risk of secondary infection. We describe a modified technique using a vascularised fibular flap, together with a coronoid temporalis pedicle flap, which we used in two patients in whom we achieved satisfactory aesthetic and functional results. Our technique provides adequate tissue for infraorbital skin defects, provides pedicles of sufficient length, and requires only one fibular osteotomy. To our knowledge this is the first report of this technique.


cDNA cloning of the housefly pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) precursor protein and its peptide comparison among the insect circadian neuropeptides.
Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), an 18-amino acid neuropeptide, is a principal circadian neurotransmitter for the circadian rhythms of the locomotor activity in flies. Recently, two completely different types of PDF precursor were clarified; that of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus and that of the last-summer cicada Meimuna opalifera. The G. bimaculatus PDF precursor is extraordinarily short and comprises a nuclear localization signal (NLS), while the M. opalifera PDF precursor is of ordinary length, comparable to that seen for the precursors of crustacean beta-PDH homologues. Although their PDF peptide regions were exactly the same, the regions containing a signal peptide combined with a PDF-associated peptide (PAP) were remarkably different from each other. Such a grouping suggested a fundamental role for the PAP peptide in the circadian clock, perhaps associated with PDF function. In the present study, the cDNA cloning of PDF from the adult brains of the housefly Musca domestica was carried out and it was found that an isolated clone (527 bp) encodes a PDF precursor protein of ordinary length. The PDF peptide shows a high sequence identity (78%-94%) and similarity (89%-100%) to insect PDFs and also to the crustacean beta-PDH peptides. In particular, there is only a single amino acid difference between the PDFs of Musca and Drosophila; at position 14 Ser for Musca PDF and Asn for Drosophila PDF. A characteristic Ser10 in Drosophila was retained in Musca, indicating the presence of a structural profile unique to these PDFs. The results of sequence analyses suggest that Musca and Drosophila PDFs are to be considered members of a single group that has evolved structurally. When the primary structure of the PAP regions was compared, the Musca PDF precursor also belonged to the same group as that to which the Drosophila PDF precursor belongs.


Impact of age and induction therapy on outcome of 180 adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia; retrospective analysis and literature review.
The prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains poor. Among 180 patients, the median age was 53 (14-88) years. The overall 2-year disease free survival (DFS) was 28.6% (+/- 3.4), 47.7% (+/- 6.6%) for ≤ 40, 23.6% (+/- 5.8%) for 41-60 and 11.7% (+/- 4.2%) for ≥61 (p< 0.0001). The overall 2-year survival (OS) was 45.3% (+/- 3.8%), 78.6% (+/- 5.5%) for ≤40, 43.5% (+/- 6.9%) for 41-60 and 15.8% (+/- 4.8%) for ≥61 (p< 0.0001). Induction outcome of ≥61 was best in high dose chemotherapy (HDC) group (p < 0.0001). Only those ≤40 had durable DFS and OS. HDC appears to improve the outcome of older AML patients.


De novo formation of axon-like processes from axotomized retinal ganglion cells which exhibit long distance growth in a peripheral nerve graft in adult hamsters.
Damaged axons in the central nervous system of the adult mammal can be stimulated to regenerate extensively into a peripheral nerve graft. It was generally believed that the new axonal sprouts which extend into the graft arose from the injured proximal axonal stumps. However, when retinal ganglion cells of the adult hamster were axotomized by crushing the optic nerve and the proximal axonal stump was not in direct apposition to the graft, a new axon-like process could be seen to be emitted from either the cell soma or dendrite and extended in the graft for at least 1-2 cm. This axon-like process was distinct from the original injured axon which could still be seen to course towards the optic disc in the retina. Evidently, even a fully differentiated central nervous system neuron of the adult mammal retains a great degree of morphological plasticity so that if the original axon is discouraged to regrow after injury, other parts of the neurons can act as favourable sites for the sprouting of a new axon-like process.


Regulation of proliferation, motility, and contractivity of cultured human endometrial stromal cells by transforming growth factor-beta isoforms.
To evaluate the involvement of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta isoforms (TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3) on endometrial tissue remodeling during the perimenstrual period. The effects of TGF-beta isoforms on the cell proliferation, motility, and contractivity of cultured human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) were investigated. Research laboratory at a medical school. Nine endometrial specimens in the late secretory phase were used. Endometrial stromal cells were incubated with recombinant human recombinant TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3. The cell proliferation, motility, and contractivity of ESCs were accessed by a modified methylthiazoletetrazolium assay, in vitro wound repair assay, transwell invasion assay, and collagen gel contraction assay. All three isoforms of TGF-beta significantly inhibited the cell proliferation of ESCs in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro wound repair assay and transwell invasion assay demonstrated that the TGF-beta isoforms significantly inhibited the motility of ESCs. However, the TGF-beta isoforms were shown to have a clear effect on the collagen gel contractivity of ESCs. These results suggest that TGF-beta isoforms may promote endometrial tissue repair through the inhibition of the proliferation, expansion, and migration of ESCs, and through the stimulation of the contraction of the collagen gel matrix by these cells. Transforming growth factor-beta may be involved in the protection of the endometrium from extensive fibrosis and scarring by regulating ESC function during the perimenstrual period.


Murine hepatocytes DNA changes as an assessment of the immunogenicity of potential anti-schistosomal vaccines experimentally.
Hepatic affection by granulomatous inflammation in schistosomiasis suggested that a potential anti-pathology vaccine could be generated based on limiting the presence of hazardous hepatocytes induced apoptosis and caused reduction of granulomas number and size . So, this work is concerned with experimental assessment of the efficacy of different Schistosoma mansoni antigens (SEA, SWAP and combined SEA and SWAP) on murine liver after challenge by Schistosoma infection, histopathological, histochemical and molecular investigations were performed on sixty male laboratory bred Swiss Albino mice. A schedule of vaccination and challenge infection was followed and performed on 6 mice groups (each of ten); control normal (G1), control infected (G2), adjuvant received then infected (G3), SEA + adj. received then infected (G4), SWAP + adj. received then infected (G5) and SEA + SWAP + adj. received then infected (G6).Animals were euthanized 10 weeks post infection.Vaccination efficacy was assessed by histopathological, histochemical and molecular studies on murine hepatic tissues.Results showed that:The combined (SEA + SWAP) antigens were better in reducing the number and diameter of the hepatic granulomas, with more protection of the hepatocytes DNA, in addition to more decrease of hepatocytes induced apoptosis and fragmentation as demonstrated by molecular assay.


The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux in recurrent croup.
The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux in recurrent croup was evaluated by a retrospective analysis of patients at the Children's Hospital of Michigan from 1986 to 1991. Sixty-six patients required hospitalization for recurrent croup during this 6-year period. Of the patients evaluated, 47% with recurrent croup had an additional diagnosis established of gastroesophageal reflux. In patients with three or more hospitalizations for croup, there was a 63% association with gastroesophageal reflux. Compared to all patients with recurrent croup, the patients with gastroesophageal reflux tended to be younger and had a shorter interval between episodes of croup. A prospective series of six cases of recurrent croup was seen in consultation. The diagnostic procedures involving lipid-laden macrophage quantitation, endoscopy, and gastroesophageal reflux scintiscans were utilized to establish the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux with tracheal aspiration. The results of these studies and the follow-up is discussed.


Interstitial pneumonitis is a frequent complication in liver transplant recipients treated with sirolimus.
Sirolimus is a powerful immunosuppressive drug which is being used increasingly after liver transplantation because of its renal sparing and anti-tumour effects. It has been associated with uncommon, but potentially fatal, interstitial pneumonitis. To determine the frequency and outcome of sirolimus-associated pneumonitis following liver transplantation. Retrospective study in an adult liver transplant centre. We identified five patients with siromimus-associated pneumonitis, three of whom were transplanted at our centre. Between 1999 and 2008 a total of 522 liver transplants were performed, in our unit, and 45 patients were switched from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus. Three of these 45 patients subsequently developed pneumonitis (6.7%). The most common presenting symptoms were cough and dyspnea. The duration of use of sirolimus before diagnosis of pneumonitis varied between 4 and 16 months. Trough serum sirolimus levels were elevated in 3/5 patients with pneumonitis. Sirolimus was withdrawn in all five patients with complete resolution of symptoms and radiological findings. Pneumonitis is a relatively common side effect of sirolimus in liver transplant patients and can occur despite normal therapeutic blood levels. It is reversible on stopping the medication. Early recognition is important to prevent unnecessary investigations and prolonged morbidity.


Opioid peptide release evoked by noxious stimulation of the hind instep of rats.
Previous studies showed that opioids and opioid peptides modulate vascular reactions such as plasma extravasation and vasodilatation through inhibition of substance P release from peripheral nerve endings of primary afferent fibers, and suggested the existence of endogenous opioid peptide activity related to regulation of inflammatory responses. Here we examined the effect of heat stimulation and antidromic stimulation of primary afferent fibers on the release of immunoreactive opioid peptides into the perfusate of the subcutaneous space in the rat instep. Antidromic stimulation of sectioned sciatic and saphenous nerves did not have any significant effect on the release of Met-enkephalin (Met-EK), while immersion of the hind paw in hot water (47 degrees C) for 30 min caused an increase in Met-EK release into the perfusate. High-pressure liquid chromatography of the perfusate revealed that noxious heat stimulation induced increase in release of Leu-enkephalin (Leu-EK) as well as Met-EK, although the maximal concentration of Leu-EK was less than 16% of that of Met-EK. No beta-endorphin was detected in the perfusate before, during or after heating. We conclude that noxious heat stimulation mainly leads to increase in Met-EK, and that this peptide originates mainly, from peripheral cells containing opioid peptides such as immune cells and/or Merkel cells, not from primary afferent fibers.


Nutrient effects on drought responses vary across common temperate grassland species.
Drought and nutrient input are two main global change drivers that threaten ecosystem function and services. Resolving the interactive effects of human-induced stressors on individual species is necessary to improve our understanding of community and ecosystem responses. This study comparatively assessed how different nutrient conditions affect whole-plant drought responses across 13 common temperate grassland species. We conducted a fully factorial drought-fertilization experiment to examine the effect of nutrient addition [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and combined NP] on species' drought survival, and on drought resistance of growth as well as drought legacy effects. Drought had an overall negative effect on survival and growth, and the adverse drought effects extended into the next growing season. Neither drought resistance nor legacy effects exhibited an overall effect of nutrients. Instead, both the size and the direction of the effects differed strongly among species and between nutrient conditions. Consistently, species performance ranking under drought changed with nitrogen availability. The idiosyncratic responses of species to drought under different nutrient conditions may underlie the seemingly contradicting effects of drought in studies on grassland composition and productivity along nutrient and land-use gradients-ranging from amplifying to dampening. Differential species' responses to combinations of nutrients and drought, as observed in our study, complicate predictions of community and ecosystem responses to climate and land-use changes. Moreover, they highlight the urgent need for an improved understanding of the mechanisms that render species more or less vulnerable to drought under different nutrients.


Effect of L-fucose and fucose-rich polysaccharides on elastin biosynthesis, in vivo and in vitro.
With increasing age elastic fibres in human skin are progressively lysed and skin elasticity is also decreasing. Still there is an age-dependent increase of elastic fibre surface density, mostly due to an alteration of the fibres. The present experiments were undertaken to explore if L-fucose and fucose-rich polysaccharides (FROP-s) could influence elastin biosynthesis. We show here, that topical application of a fucose-containing preparation to the skin of hairless rats increased after 4 weeks the elastic fibre surface density by about 40%, shown by quantitative morphology. Using human skin fibroblasts in explant cultures, the addition of L-fucose or of FROP-3 increased the biosynthesis of immunoprecipitable tropoelastin by about 40%. No increase was found however of desmosine-isodesmosine in skin explant cultures after 72 h of incubation. The effect of L-fucose and FROP-3 on the biosynthesis of collagen and non-collagen proteins excreted by the skin explant cultures was also investigated. L-fucose, but not FROP-3, decreased collagen biosynthesis but both increased non-collagen protein biosynthesis. These results show that L-fucose and FROP-3 stimulate tropoelastin biosynthesis in vitro, and elastic fibre formation in vivo. This stimulation concerns also several non-collagen proteins secreted by skin explant cultures. Elastic fibre formation necessitates the simultaneous synthesis of several microfibrillar glycoproteins as well as of tropoelastin. The increased elastic fibre density in the in vivo experiments suggests that this is indeed achieved by L-fucose and FROP-3, further demonstrating their efficiency in the control of age-dependent modifications of connective tissues in general and of skin in particular.


Central nervous system actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide on gastric acid secretion in the rat.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its messenger ribonucleic acid have been identified in brain regions that participate in the central nervous system regulation of gastrointestinal functions. The purpose of this study was to determine the central nervous system effect of CGRP on gastric acid secretion and to delineate the mechanism(s) of its action. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (1 pmol-1 nmol) injected intracerebroventricularly inhibited gastric acid secretion in awake, freely moving, pylorus-ligated rats and the secretory response after intracerebroventricularly administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (rat) and calcitonin (salmon) inhibited gastric secretion similarly. Calcitonin gene-related peptide given intracerebroventricularly inhibited gastric acid secretion stimulated by pentagastrin, histamine, or bethanecol for 2 h in anesthetized rats. Adrenalectomy or noradrenergic blockade with bretylium tosylate did not affect the gastric inhibitory action of CGRP. After subdiaphragmatic truncal vagotomy, CGRP did not exhibit the inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion stimulated by pentagastrin. These studies indicate that CGRP injected intracerebroventricularly is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in the rat. Calcitonin gene-related peptide decreases gastric secretion stimulated centrally by thyrotropin-releasing hormone and peripherally by pentagastrin, histamine, or bethanecol. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by CGRP is not mediated by the sympathetic nervous system but may depend on intact vagus nerves.


Anti-obesity action of INDUS810, a natural compound from Trigonella foenum-graecum: AMPK-dependent lipolysis effect in adipocytes.
We investigated the anti-obesity effect and underlying action mechanism of INDUS810 isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fabaceae), an annual herb commonly known as fenugreek and reported to have hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, anticancer and gastroprotective properties. For obese animal study, 4-week old mice were fed with normal diet or high-fat diet together with or without intraperitoneal injection of INDUS810 (200mg/kg) twice per week for 15weeks. 3T3-L1 cells were used to study action mechanism of INDUS810 in adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. We found that INDUS810 can reduce high-fat diet-induced weight increase in epididymal white adipose tissue, interscapular brown adipose tissue and liver, as well as serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, the insulin sensitivity was significantly improved in INDUS810-treated obese mice. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we found that INDUS810 could inhibit lipid accumulation at either differentiating or mature stages, and increase lipolysis activity in mature adipocytes. Additionally, INDUS810 has no effects on cell viability nor the expressions of adipocyte differentiation markers like fatty acid synthase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α. In contrast, INDUS810 can increase protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1β, sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3. Of note, INDUS810 can activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, which leads to the reduction of lipid contents in adipocytes. Our in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that INDUS810 is a potential anti-obesity agent, and this action depends on activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation.


Draft Genome Sequence Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated in 2013 from Humans and Chickens in Nigeria.
Here, we present the draft genome sequences of nine multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans (n = 6) and chicken carcasses (n = 3) from Lagos, Nigeria, in 2013. Multiple extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes were identified in these isolates.


S100A16 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human PDAC cells and is a new therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer treatment that synergizes with gemcitabine.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with a poor 5-year survival rate of approximately 6%, mostly due to poor treatment response and early progression. The S100 gene family participates in various pathophysiological processes in various malignancies. S100A16 is a member of the S100 family, which is abnormally expressed in PDAC; however, its biological functions and mechanisms of action remain unclear. We analysed the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public database and the gene ChIP data collected in our previous study of human PDAC cell line PANC-1 cocultured with M2 macrophages to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Twenty-three overexpressed genes were identified by screening. Then, the selected genes were analysed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to assess whether they have significant impact on the overall survival (OS) of PDAC patients. Of the 14 DEGs identified, S100A16 was associated with poor prognosis and was selected for further investigation; the results indicate that S100A16 is positively correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes in the TCGA dataset. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that S100A16 induces the EMT to promote the metastasis of human PDAC cells and that the effect is mediated by the enhanced expression of TWIST1 and activation of the STAT3 signalling pathway. The antitumour effect of gemcitabine (GEM) was enhanced in combination with S100A16 downregulation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that S100A16 is a novel potential therapeutic target for human PDAC treatment.


Highly selective and straightforward recovery of gold and platinum from acidic waste effluents using cellulose-based bio-adsorbent.
Recovery of precious metals (PMs: AuIII and PtIV) from waste resources is of high importance due to the environmental concern and imbalance in the supply-demand ratio. A new approach has been explored for the recovery of PM using earlier developed bio-adsorbent, dithiocarbamate-modified cellulose (DMC). The adsorbent exhibits excellent adsorption efficiency (~99%) over a wide range of pH (< 1-6) and high selectivity towards AuIII and PtIV extraction from acidic solutions ([H+]: ≥ 0.2 mol L-1). The adsorption capacity (mmol g-1; AuIII: 5.07, PtIV: 2.41) and rate to reach equilibrium (≤ 30 min) were significantly higher than most of the reported bio-adsorbents. The AuIII or PtIV, after captured in DMC, was subsequently recovered as Au0 and Pt0 (yield > 99%) via incineration. The protocol was verified using real waste samples containing AuIII and PtIV in a mixed matrix of base metal ions, and a quantitative (~100%) and selective extraction of AuIII and PtIV were observed. The proposed technique is more effective and straightforward than the typical adsorption-desorption-reduction based method, because of the advantages like no-use of toxic eluents, and no-addition of any reductants to collect the PMs in elemental form.


Identification and characterization of the Populus trichocarpa CLE family.
The CLE (CLAVATA3/Endosperm Surrounding Region-related) gene family encodes small signaling peptides that are primarily involved in coordinating stem cell fate in different types of plant meristems. Their roles in vascular cambium have highlighted their potential function in wood formation. Apart from recent advances on identification and characterization of CLE genes, little is known about this gene family in a tree species. Fifty PtCLE genes were identified from the Populus trichocarpa genome and were classified into four major groups based on sequence similarity. Analysis of the genomic organization of PtCLE genes indicates that genome duplication, as well as the diversity in the CLE motif, have contributed to the expansion of CLE gene family in poplar. A comparison with functionally characterized Arabidopsis CLE protein sequences showed that many PtCLE proteins are closely related to their predicted Arabidopsis counterparts. Particularly, PtCLE3, PtCLE12, PtCLE14 and PtCLE38 comprised an identical CLE motif to AtCLE41/TDIF, which is known as a regulator of vascular cambium homeostasis, strongly supporting the idea that similar signaling pathways exist in both species to regulate wood formation and secondary growth. Transcriptome profiling revealed that PtCLE genes generally were differentially expressed while some PtCLE genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. Moreover, compared to their Arabidopsis counterparts, PtCLE genes showed either similar or distinct expression patterns, implying functional conservation in some cases and functional divergence in others. Our study provides a genome-wide analysis of the CLE gene family in poplar, and highlights the potential roles of key PtCLE genes in the regulation of secondary growth and wood formation. The comparative analysis revealed that functional conservation may exist between PtCLEs and their AtCLE orthologues, which was further supported by transcriptomic analysis. Transcriptional profiling provided further insights into possible functional divergence, evidenced by differential expression patterns of various PtCLE genes.


Characterization of Rv0394c gene encoding hyaluronidase and chondrosulfatase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
It has been demonstrated that Mycobacterium tuberculosis can utilize hyaluronan (HA) as an alternative carbon resource; however, the gene responsible for HA utilization has not been identified. We overexpressed the soluble product of the Rv0394c gene from M. tuberculosis H37Rv in Escherichia coli and purified it using affinity chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. The hyaluronidase and chondrosulfatase activities of the purified recombinant protein Rv0394c (rRv0394c) were detected and quantitatively measured. Analysis of nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of the Rv0394c gene revealed that homologs of this gene were conserved in pathogenic mycobacteria, but absent in non-pathogenic mycobacteria. In the current study, we provide novel identification and characterization of a gene encoding hyaluronidase and chondrosulfatase in M. tuberculosis.


Determination of atropine in biological fluids by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in the presence of strychnine and tetracaine.
The identification and quantitation of atropine, in whole blood and gastric contents in the presence of strychnine and tetracaine is described. This method uses liquid-liquid extraction and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MECC). Separations are made using a 50 cm long capillary and a borate/phosphate buffer at pH 9.2 with 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Linearity was established for the three compounds between 1.0 and 100 microg/mL, using scopolamine as internal standard. The limit of detection for atropine was estimated at 0.06 microg/mL and the limit of quantitation at 0.2 microg/mL. The run time is less than 30 min. Alternate parameters are proposed to reduce the run time to under 10 min. The method was applied to a forensic post-mortem case.


Handedness, age at menarche, and age at menopause.
To investigate the relation between handedness and age at menarche or age at menopause, as both handedness and reproductive variables have been suggested to be influenced by the intrauterine endocrine environment. Self-reported information on handedness, age at menarche, age at menopause, and other demographic and reproductive variables was recorded for 10,328 women still menstruating or in natural menopause. These women had been selected as controls in a multicenter case-control study of breast cancer conducted in the 1960s. Left-handedness (including ambidexterity) was modeled as the outcome variable through multiple logistic regression. After adjusting for center, age, menopausal status, age at menopause, years of schooling, and parity, there was no significant relation of handedness to age at menarche (odds ratio for each year delayed 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97-1.06) or age at menopause (odds ratio 1.00, 95% CI 0.98-1.02). These findings lend no support to the hypothesis that intrauterine endocrine variables associated with handedness also are related to reproductive variables.


Comparison of survival of patients with BCLC stage A hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection or transarterial chemoembolization: a propensity score-based analysis.
It is unclear whether hepatic resection (HR) or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is associated with better outcomes for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage A. The present study compared survival for patients with BCLC stage A HCC treated by HR or TACE. Our study examined 360 patients treated by HR and 221 treated by TACE. To reduce bias in patient selection, 152 pairs of propensity-score-matched patients were generated, and their long-term survival was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method. Independent predictors of survival were identified using the Cox proportional hazards model. Among propensity-score-matched pairs of patients with Child-Pugh A liver function who were treated by HR or TACE, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 75.5, 44.8, and 30.2 % after HR and 64.5, 24.1, and 13.7 % after TACE (P < 0.001). Serum AST level, serum AFP level, tumor size, and TACE independently predicted survival in Cox regression analysis. Our propensity-score-matched study confirmed that HR was associated with higher survival rates than was TACE in patients with BCLC stage A HCC.


Andropogon bicornis (Poales, Poaceae): a hibernation site for Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in a rice-growing region of Southern Brazil.
Tussocks of Andropogon bicornis (Poaceae) make up a significant part of the landscape of the rice-growing region of south Brazil. However, little is known about their role in maintaining insect diversity in anthropized regions. We tested the hypothesis that A. bicornis is a hibernation site for Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) by analyzing the composition, structure, and diversity of pentatomoid assemblages over the course of a year. A total of 208 tussocks were removed at fortnightly intervals from April 2010 to March 2011. We collected 3,423 pentatomoid specimens belonging to 22 species distributed in 13 genera of three families, Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae, and Thyreocoridae. The most common species was Tibraca limbativentris Stål, the main rice pest in southern Brazil, followed by Oebalus ypsilongriseus (De Geer) and Edessa meditabunda (Fabricius). Abundance and species richness were the lowest in January, February, and March and the highest in July, August, and September. A combination of high species diversity observed during the colder months, including several unrelated to rice, and the absence of immature specimens in the tussocks strengthens the hypothesis that A. bicornis is a hibernation site for pentatomoids in the region.


A method for improved 4D-computed tomography data acquisition.
In four-dimensional time-dependent computed tomography (4D-CT) of the lungs, irregularities in breathing movements can cause errors in data acquisition, or even data loss. We present a method based on sending a synthetic, regular breathing signal to the CT instead of the real signal, which ensures 4D-CT data sets without data loss. Subsequent correction of the signal based on the real breathing curve enables an accurate reconstruction of the size and movement of the target volume. This makes it possible to plan radiation treatment based on the obtained data. The method was tested with dynamic thorax phantom measurements using synthetic and real breathing patterns.


Interaction of antithrombin III and thrombin-antithrombin III complex with cultured aortic endothelial cells.
The binding of antithrombin III, thrombin, thrombin-antithrombin III complex to endothelial cells was investigated. While the rate of the binding of thrombin to these cells was very rapid, that of antithrombin III was relatively slow and the thrombin-antithrombin III complex was intermediate. Binding kinetics indicated that antithrombin III, like thrombin, showed high affinity to endothelial cells; with a Kd of 3 X 10(-8) M and with 5 X 10(4) binding sites per cell. The dissociation of the inhibitor molecule was also rapid, i.e., approximately 70% bound antithrombin III was released in 2 minutes. Heparin, in a 100-fold molar excess to antithrombin III, or the modification of lysine residues of the inhibitor involved in the interaction with heparin, did not influence the association of antithrombin III with endothelial cells. In addition, antithrombin III did not compete with thrombin blocked in its active center for binding to endothelial cells. It is suggested that the binding sites of endothelial cells are different for thrombin and antithrombin III, and antithrombin III does not bind to these cells through its heparin binding domain.


Studies on the effect of heat treatment on the thrombogenicity of factor IX concentrates in dogs.
This study examines the effects of heat treatment for 72 h at 80 degrees C on the potential thrombogenicity of lyophilized human coagulation factor IX concentrates. Since heating generated minor amounts of thrombin, concentrate was prepared with antithrombin III addition prior to heat treatment. Changes in coagulation parameters were followed prior to and after infusion of 100 iu/kg of heated and unheated concentrates to dogs. All batches produced a transient fall in platelet count during infusion and a delayed rise in plasma fibrinopeptide A, accompanied by a minor prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time. Such changes were less marked for heated batches. Control infusion of a 'failed' factor IX concentrate showed an additional fall in fibrinogen, rise in fibrin degradation products and a more rapid rise in fibrinopeptide A, while thrombin infusion caused an even more dramatic intravascular coagulation. These studies indicated no increase in the potential thrombogenicity of freeze dried factor IX concentrates as a result of heat treatment.


Spermidine rejuvenates T lymphocytes and restores anticancer immunosurveillance in aged mice.
Writing in Science, Al Habsi et al. show that spermidine boosts the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-L1 in aged tumor-bearing mice by enhancing fatty acid oxidation in CD8 T cells. These results open new therapeutic avenues to improve the effectiveness of anticancer immunotherapies in aged patients.


Calmodulin in action: diversity in target recognition and activation mechanisms.
Recent structural studies on calmodulin complexes with anthrax adenylyl cyclase and rat Ca2+-activated K+ channel have uncovered unexpected ways by which calmodulin interacts with target proteins.