The use of High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography to determine the role of membrane lipid composition in bile salt-induced kidney cell damage.
In obstructive liver disease bile salts are known to accumulate in and damage specific kidney cells. High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was used to determine the membrane lipid composition of a range of kidney cells. Kidney cells were exposed to three hydrophobic bile salts (lithocholic, deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids) and cytotoxicity was determined. In addition membrane lipids from the cells were extracted in a chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) solution and quantified by HPTLC. The results reveal a differential toxicity to the bile acids with IC(50) values ranging from 79+/-5 microM to 394+/-13 microM. When the lipid composition of the most and least susceptible cells were assayed, the least susceptible cells had a much higher lipid composition (46.6+/-3.7 microg/mg protein compared to 28.1+/-5.2 microg/mg protein for the least susceptible cells). These results suggest that HPTLC may be a useful technique when determining the mechanisms of toxicity of compounds which cause the disruption of the cell membrane.


[The currently accepted pathophysiological model underlying surgical management of Parkinson disease].
Among all the extrapiramidal movement disorders Parkinson's disease (PD) is the one most often submitted to neurosurgical treatment. Technical advances in neurosurgery, neuroimaging and neurophysiology, as well as shortcomings of chronic Levodopa medication (i.e. on/off fluctuations, violent dyskinesia and painful dystonia) have greatly contributed to the renewed interest in the surgical treatment of PD. The attainment of a better understanding of the basal ganglia function and of PD pathophysiology has also encouraged centers to treat Parkinson's disease in recent years. This article presents the current model of PD and the rationale for using GPi, thalamus and STN as target sites in stereotactic surgery.


Controversies in the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma.
Hodgkin lymphoma in children is a highly curable malignancy with current approaches utilizing combined modality therapy and a risk-adapted approach. The combination of anthracyclines, bleomycin, and radiotherapy, as well as other alkylating agents, are significant risk factors for secondary malignancies and cardiopulmonary toxicity. Therefore, current strategies aim to optimize cure rates while minimizing late effects. The role of radiotherapy has been examined in recent pediatric trials, with varying results. However, they provide evidence, as a whole, for the omission of radiotherapy for a subgroup of patients, without compromising outcomes.


Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation Is a Viable Postremission Therapy for Intermediate-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Complete Remission in the Absence of a Matched Identical Sibling: A Meta-Analysis.
The preferred type of postremission therapy (PRT) for intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR1) is a subject of continued debate. Although allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is regarded as a curative strategy for AML, the efficacy of autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT) for patients without a matched sibling donor (MSD) has remained controversial. To compare survival outcomes after alloSCT versus autoSCT for patients with intermediate-risk AML in CR1, we performed a meta-analysis of 11 clinical studies. The outcomes included relapse-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), relapse rate (RR), and treatment-related mortality (TRM). Compared with autoSCT, alloSCT showed better RFS, OS, and RR benefits, but higher TRM. Subgroup analysis based on donor category (MSD and matched unrelated donor [MUD]) of alloSCT showed alloSCT from MSD rather than from MUD had better OS benefits compared to autoSCT. For fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3-ITD) wild-type patients, alloSCT and autoSCT had comparable RFS and OS outcomes. Our results suggest that, in the absence of an available MSD, autoSCT remains a viable PRT alternative for intermediate-risk AML in CR1, especially for FLT3-ITD wild-type patients.


Bilateral organ-limited amyloidosis of the distal ureter associated with osseous metaplasia and radiographic calcification.
We report a case of organ-limited amyloidosis of the distal portion of both ureters in which bilateral osseous metaplasia was present as well as radiographic evidence of ureteral wall calcification. This case represents the twenty-eighth report of localized ureteral amyloidosis and the fourth report with bilateral involvement.


Mirrors in the head: cultural variation in objective self-awareness.
In a society where there are pronounced concerns for "face," people come to be especially focused on how they are being evaluated by others. We reasoned that Japanese should conceive of themselves in terms of how they think they are considered by others. This hypothesis was tested by contrasting Japanese and North American participants who were in front of a mirror with those who were not. In two studies, replicating past research, North Americans who were in front of a mirror were more self-critical and were less likely to cheat than were those who were not in front of a mirror. In contrast, Japanese participants were unaffected by the presence of the mirror.


[Comparative evaluation of information products regarding cancer screening of German-speaking cancer organizations].
Evidence-based information materials about the pros and cons of cancer screening are important sources for men and women to decide for or against cancer screening. The aim of this paper was to compare recommendations from different cancer institutions in German-speaking countries (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) regarding screening for breast, cervix, colon, and prostate cancer and to assess the quality and development process of patient information materials. Relevant information material was identified through web searches and personal contact with cancer institutions. To achieve our objective, we employed a qualitative approach. The quality of 22 patient information materials was analysed based on established guidance by Bunge et al. In addition, we conducted guided interviews about the process of developing information materials with decision-makers of cancer institutes. Overall, major discrepancies in cancer screening recommendations exist among the Austrian, German, and Swiss cancer institutes. Process evaluation revealed that crucial steps of quality assurance, such as assembling a multi-disciplinary panel, assessing conflicts of interest, or transparency regarding funding sources, have frequently not been undertaken. All information materials had substantial quality deficits in multiple areas. Three out of four institutes issued information materials that met fewer than half of the quality criteria. Most patient information materials of cancer institutes in German-speaking countries are fraught with substantial deficits and do not provide an objective source for patients to be able to make an informed decision for or against cancer screening.


Expression of TCF3 target genes defines a subclass of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma characterized by up-regulation of MYC target genes and poor clinical outcome following R-CHOP therapy.
TCF3 is a lymphopoietic transcription factor that acquires somatic driver mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Hypothesizing that expression patterns of TCF3-regulated genes can inform clinical management, we found that unsupervised clustering analysis with 15 TCF3-regulated genes and eight additional ones resolved local DLBCL cases into two main clusters, denoted Groups A and B, of which Group A manifested inferior overall survival (OS, p = 0.0005). We trained a machine learning model to classify samples into the Groups based on expression of the 23 transcripts in an independent validation cohort of 569 R-CHOP-treated DLBCL cases. Group A overlapped with the ABC cell-of-origin subgroup but its prognostic power was superior. GSEA analysis demonstrated asymmetric expression of 30 gene sets between the Groups, pointing to biological differences. We present, validate and make available a novel method to assign DLBCL cases into biologically-distinct groups with divergent OS following R-CHOP therapy.


Definitive care for the critically ill during a disaster: a framework for allocation of scarce resources in mass critical care: from a Task Force for Mass Critical Care summit meeting, January 26-27, 2007, Chicago, IL.
Anticipated circumstances during the next severe influenza pandemic highlight the insufficiency of staff and equipment to meet the needs of all critically ill victims. It is plausible that an entire country could face simultaneous limitations, resulting in severe shortages of critical care resources to the point where patients could no longer receive all of the care that would usually be required and expected. There may even be such resource shortfalls that some patients would not be able to access even the most basic of life-sustaining interventions. Rationing of critical care in this circumstance would be difficult, yet may be unavoidable. Without planning, the provision of care would assuredly be chaotic, inequitable, and unfair. The Task Force for Mass Critical Care Working Group met in Chicago in January 2007 to proactively suggest guidance for allocating scarce critical care resources. In order to allocate critical care resources when systems are overwhelmed, the Task Force for Mass Critical Care Working Group suggests the following: (1) an equitable triage process utilizing the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scoring system; (2) the concept of triage by a senior clinician(s) without direct clinical obligation, and a support system to implement and manage the triage process; (3) legal and ethical constructs underpinning the allocation of scarce resources; and (4) a mechanism for rapid revision of the triage process as further disaster experiences, research, planning, and modeling come to light.


The In-Session and Long-Term Role of a Significant Other in Motivational Enhancement Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorders.
To examine how significant other (SO) language in support of or against client abstinence from alcohol influences clients' in-session speech and drinking behavior over the 9 months post-Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET). Sequential analyses were used to examine the language of Project MATCH clients who invited an SO to participate in an MET session. Hierarchical regressions investigated the predictive relationship between SO language and clients' post-treatment drinking behavior. A cohort analytic design compared the change language of these SO-involved participants against a matched group who chose client-only therapy. 'SO Support Change' language increased the odds of client Change Talk in the next utterance (p<.01). SO Support Change did not significantly predict reduced post-treatment drinking, whereas 'SO Against Change' significantly predicted an increase in average drinks per drinking day (DDD) across months 7-9 post-MET (p=.04). In the matched comparison, the proportion of change-related client language was comparable across the SO-involved and client-only groups. Motivational interviewing theory was supported by the sequential association between SO and client language as well as the predictive link between SO Against Change and client drinking intensity. Given the centrality of pro-sobriety language in the literature, it was surprising that SO Support Change did not predict alcohol use outcomes. Findings are discussed in relation to contemporary treatment process research and clinical practice.


Vector cardiographic assessment of implanted cardiac pacemakers.
The design and use of an on-line PDP 11/40 based vector cardiographic pacemaker assessment system is described. The system has been designed for comprehensive, automated testing of either fixed rate or demand implanted cardiac pacemakers. It is accurate and can be operated by a laboratory assistant without special training. Pacemaker parameters extracted are pulse height, width, rate, energy index and the frontal plane vector length and angle at maximum inspiration and during quiet breathing. In addition, a graphical representation of the patient's ECG and the pacemaker pulse is obtained on a computer graphics terminal. Patient data are written to cartridge disk for permanent record following the test. At each subsequent test of the implanted pacemaker, the data on disk are addended with the latest quantitative results. A separate off-line FORTRAN program can interrogate disk files for detailed analysis of patient data and display of parameter trends since implantation.


Superelastic, superabsorbent and 3D nanofiber-assembled scaffold for tissue engineering.
Fabrication of 3D scaffold to mimic the nanofibrous structure of the nature extracellular matrix (ECM) with appropriate mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility, remain an important technical challenge in tissue engineering. The present study reports the strategy to fabricate a 3D nanofibrous scaffold with similar structure to collagen in ECM by combining electrospinning and freeze-drying technique. With the technique reported here, a nanofibrous structure scaffold with hydrophilic and superabsorbent properties can be readily prepared by Gelatin and Polylactic acid (PLA). In wet state the scaffold also shows a super-elastic property, which could bear a compressive strain as high as 80% and recovers its original shape afterwards. Moreover, after 6 days of culture, L-929 cells grow, proliferate and infiltrated into the scaffold. The results suggest that this 3D nanofibrous scaffold would be promising for varied field of tissue engineering application.


Extracellular location of Thermobifida fusca cutinase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) without mediation of a signal peptide.
Cutinase is a multifunctional esterase with potential industrial applications. In the present study, a truncated version of the extracellular Thermobifida fusca cutinase without a signal peptide (referred to as cutinase(NS)) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The results showed that the majority of the cutinase activity was located in the culture medium. In a 3-liter fermentor, the cutinase activity in the culture medium reached 1,063.5 U/ml (2,380.8 mg/liter), and the productivity was 40.9 U/ml/h. Biochemical characterization of the purified cutinase(NS) showed that it has enzymatic properties similar to those of the wild-type enzyme. In addition, E. coli cells producing inactive cutinase(NS)S130A were constructed, and it was found that the majority of the inactive enzyme was located in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, T. fusca cutinase was confirmed to have hydrolytic activity toward phospholipids, an important component of the cell membrane. Compared to the cells expressing the inactive cutinase(NS)S130A, the cells expressing cutinase(NS) showed increased membrane permeability and irregular morphology. Based on these results, a hypothesis of "cell leakage induced by the limited phospholipid hydrolysis of cutinase(NS)" was proposed to explain the underlying mechanism for the extracellular release of cutinase(NS).


Interaction of methyl-xanthines with myeloperoxidase. An anti-inflammatory mechanism.
1. Inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-catalyzed reactions by methyl-substituted xanthines has been investigated. 2. Except for theobromine and caffeine, all xanthines tested were potent inhibitors of the MPO-H2O2-Cl- system. 3. In contrast to methyl substitution in the 1 or 8 position of xanthine, substitution in the 3 or 7 position had a marked effect on the inhibition of MPO catalysis. 4. Two different inhibitory mechanisms were induced; scavenging of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) generated by the MPO system and accumulation of Compound II (ferryl MPO) which is inactive as a catalyst of Cl- oxidation.


Nursing resources and patient outcomes in intensive care: a systematic review of the literature.
To evaluate the empirical evidence linking nursing resources to patient outcomes in intensive care settings as a framework for future research in this area. Concerns about patient safety and the quality of care are driving research on the clinical and cost-effectiveness of health care interventions, including the deployment of human resources. This is particularly important in intensive care where a large proportion of the health care budget is consumed and where nursing staff is the main item of expenditure. Recommendations about staffing levels have been made but may not be evidence based and may not always be achieved in practice. We searched systematically for studies of the impact of nursing resources (e.g. nurse-patient ratios, nurses' level of education, training and experience) on patient outcomes, including mortality and adverse events, in adult intensive care. Abstracts of articles were reviewed and retrieved if they investigated the relationship between nursing resources and patient outcomes. Characteristics of the studies were tabulated and the quality of the studies assessed. Of the 15 studies included in this review, two reported a statistical relationship between nursing resources and both mortality and adverse events, one reported an association to mortality only, seven studies reported that they could not reject the null hypothesis of no relationship to mortality and 10 studies (out of 10 that tested the hypothesis) reported a relationship to adverse events. The main explanatory mechanisms were the lack of time for nurses to perform preventative measures, or for patient surveillance. The nurses' role in pain control was noted by one author. Studies were mainly observational and retrospective and varied in scope from 1 to 52 units. Recommendations for future research include developing the mechanisms linking nursing resources to patient outcomes, and designing large multi-centre prospective studies that link patient's exposure to nursing care on a shift-by-shift basis over time.


Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Late Pregnancy and Invasive Infection in Neonates in China: A Population-Based 3-Year Study.
As no population-based studies of group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization rates in late pregnancy (at 35-37 weeks of gestation) have been conducted in China, the incidence of and risk factors for neonatal early-onset GBS disease (GBS-EOD) in China remains poorly understood. To determine the GBS colonization rate in late pregnancy and neonatal GBS infection in Xiamen, China, and to assess the effectiveness of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) for the prevention of neonatal GBS-EOD. A total of 49,908 pregnant women were enrolled between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2017. Bacterial culture was used to diagnose GBS infection in both pregnant women and neonates. Women with GBS colonization received IAP during parturition or rupture of fetal membranes. The GBS colonization rate was 13.89% (6,933/49,908); 50,772 neonates were born to 49,908 pregnant women, of whom 75 (1.48 per 1,000) were diagnosed with GBS-EOD. The incidence of GBS-EOD among neonates born to GBS-positive mothers (8.77‰; 62/7,068) was 29 times higher than that of neonates born to GBS-negative mothers (0.30‰; 13/43,704). Logistic regression analysis indicated that gestational bacteriuria, GBS disease in infants from previous pregnancies, and chorioamnionitis were risk factors for GBS-EOD (p = 0.007, p = 0.000, and p = 0.018, respectively). IAP effectively protected against neonatal GBS-EOD (p = 0.011). GBS colonization was detected in nearly 14% of late pregnant women. The IAP for reducing GBS-EOD was effective. Therefore, universal screening of maternal GBS and subsequent IAP for those with GBS colonization should be implemented in China.


Histamine receptor 2 modifies dendritic cell responses to microbial ligands.
The induction of tolerance and protective immunity to microbes is significantly influenced by host- and microbiota-derived metabolites, such as histamine. We sought to identify the molecular mechanisms for histamine-mediated modulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), myeloid dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were examined. Cytokine secretion, gene expression, and transcription factor activation were measured after stimulation with microbial ligands and histamine. Histamine receptor 2 (H₂R)-deficient mice, histamine receptors, and their signaling pathways were investigated. Histamine suppressed MDDC chemokine and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, nuclear factor κB and activator protein 1 activation, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and T(H)1 polarization of naive lymphocytes, whereas IL-10 secretion was enhanced in response to LPS and Pam3Cys. Histamine also suppressed LPS-induced myeloid dendritic cell TNF-α secretion and suppressed CpG-induced plasmacytoid dendritic cell IFN-α gene expression. H₂R signaling through cyclic AMP and exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP was required for the histamine effect on LPS-induced MDDC responses. Lactobacillus rhamnosus, which secretes histamine, significantly suppressed Peyer patch IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, TNF-α, and GM-CSF secretion in wild-type but not H₂R-deficient animals. Both host- and microbiota-derived histamine significantly alter the innate immune response to microbes through H₂R.


Pituitary apoplexy with intracerebral hemorrhage simulating rupture of an anterior cerebral artery aneurysm.
Pituitary apoplexy presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage into the left frontal lobe and lateral ventricle, simulating an anterior cerebral artery aneurysm rupture, is reported. No other cases of intracerebral hemorrhage caused by pituitary apoplexy have been found in a review of the English literature.


Role of glutathione peroxidase in the radiation response of mouse kidney.
Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) has been implicated in mediating the radioprotective effects of glutathione (GSH). This hypothesis was tested in vivo by determining the effect of GSH-Px depletion on the radiation response of murine kidneys. Renal GSH-Px levels were depleted to 17% of control values by feeding animals a selenium deficient diet for 6 weeks; this had no significant effect on renal levels of GSH or GSH-S-transferase (GST). However, we also tested the effect of direct depletion of GSH to 3-4% of control values, using a combination of DL-buthionine sulphoximine (BSO) and diethyl maleate (DEM). Kidneys with normal or depleted levels of GSH-Px and/or GSH were irradiated with 240kVp X rays (2 fractions, 7 days apart to minimize intestinal injury). Mice breathed 7% oxygen during irradiation. Renal damage was assessed at 20, 25, and 32 weeks after the first fraction of X rays, in terms of reduced hematocrit and renal clearance of 51Cr-EDTA. Depletion of GSH-Px levels to 17% of control did not alter renal radiosensitivity, but depletion of GSH to 3-4% of control values radiosensitized the kidney by a factor of 1.4. Depletion of both GSH and GSH-Px together did not radiosensitize the kidney any more than was achieved by GSH depletion alone.


Accessory cell function of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system isolated from mycobacterial granulomas.
Epithelioid cells from BCG-induced granulomas and macrophages from Mycobacterium leprae-induced granulomas were examined for their ability to act as accessory cells for T-cell proliferation to mitogen (Con A) and antigen (PPD). The granuloma cells were separated on a FACS using monoclonal antibody specific to guinea pig macrophages. Epithelioid cells (which are Ia negative) were able to support proliferation to Con A but not to antigen. Cultures containing Ia positive granuloma macrophages from M. leprae sensitized animals did not show responsiveness to Con A or to PPD. Oil-induced peritoneal exudate macrophages from BCG or M. leprae immunized animals were able to act as accessory cells for both mitogen and antigen proliferation. The nonresponsiveness of cultures containing epithelioid cells stimulated with PPD or M. leprae granuloma macrophages stimulated with Con A was not due to suboptimal or supraoptimal accessory cell:lymphocyte ratios.


Bleeding complications following invasive cardiac studies in anticoagulated patients with artificial heart valves.
The number and nature of bleeding complications subsequent to cardiac catheterization and angiography were determined in 50 anticoagulated and 50 control patients. There were six bleeding complications in the anticoagulated group and five in the control group. Although the complications were somewhat more severe in anticoagulated patients, the difference was not enough to justify a change in our general policy of continuing anticoagulant treatment in patients with artificial heart valves who are admitted for postoperative invasive cardiac investigations.


Internet Addiction of Young Greek Adults: Psychological Aspects and Information Privacy.
The main goal of this study is to examine the Internet addiction status of Greek young adults, aged from 18 to 25, using Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and self-administered questionnaires. In addition this paper assesses the psychological traits of addicted persons per addiction category, using the big five factor model tool to study the user's personality and analyze the components that lead a person to become Internet addicted. Furthermore, we found an association between addicted people and the five factors from the Big Five Factor Model; i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience. Moreover, this paper discusses information privacy awareness issues related to Internet Addiction treatment.


Assessment of ovarian function with anti-Müllerian hormone in systemic lupus erythematosus patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
In this small pilot study, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in women undergoing chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation facilitated earlier identification of impaired ovarian reserve compared with FSH and the resumption of menses. Larger studies are needed to accurately assess the clinical significance of AMH levels in the prediction of long-term reproductive outcomes in reproductive-age transplant patients with our current conditioning regimen.


Zenker's diverticulum perforation due to transoesophageal echocardiography: Case report of the management of an extremely rare life-threatening iatrogenic complication.
Transoesophageal echocardiography is generally considered to be a safe monitoring and diagnostic tool. Even though the severe morbidity rate is relatively low and mortality rate exceptional, sometimes life-threatening events may occur during this procedure. We described the case of a 79-year-old woman with an extremely rare case of Zenker's diverticulum perforation following a transoesophageal echocardiography and its successful management with a 6 months follow-up. Several specific endoscopic techniques have been described in the literature in case of Zenker's diverticulum and we believe the use of check lists should be implemented. We hope that the documentation of this rare iatrogenic complication will remind the operators of this procedure to be aware of a documented Zenker's diverticulum and when necessary, to take the published precautions to prevent a highly severe complication.


E-cigarettes and Smoking Cessation in Smokers With Chronic Conditions.
Many smokers with chronic medical conditions use e-cigarettes. This study assessed the association between e-cigarette use and subsequent smoking-cessation efforts in adult smokers with and without chronic medical conditions. This was a longitudinal cohort study of adult cigarette smokers using Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2013-2015), analyzed in 2018‒2019. The exposure was the initiation of e-cigarette use by Wave 2. The outcomes at Wave 2 were: (1) past 12-month attempts to quit, (2) cigarette abstinence, (3) ≥50% reduction in cigarette use, and (4) past 12-month use of evidence-based smoking-cessation treatment. E-cigarette use initiation was associated with increased odds of attempting to quit smoking at Wave 2 among smokers with any chronic medical condition (AOR=1.92, 95% CI=1.42, 2.59) and without chronic medical conditions (AOR=1.81, 95% CI=1.50, 2.18). E-cigarette use initiation was also significantly associated with Wave 2 smoking abstinence in smokers with (AOR=1.95, 95% CI=1.11, 3.43) and without chronic medical conditions (AOR=1.63, 95% CI=1.17, 2.28). At a population level, e-cigarette use by smokers with chronic medical conditions is associated with more quitting activity and smoking abstinence. Future studies are needed to assess e-cigarette safety and efficacy to determine whether they may provide an alternative smoking-cessation or harm-reduction strategy for adults with smoking-sensitive disease who cannot achieve these goals with other methods.


Serrated polyp detection rate during screening colonoscopy.
The adenoma detection rate is an important quality indicator for colonoscopy, but recently, serrated polyps of the large bowel have been recognized as important premalignant lesions. As they are often more difficult to see than adenomas, the detection rate of serrated polyps is set to become a more stringent indicator of quality in colonoscopy than adenoma detection rate. Here we aim to provide preliminary data on serrated polyp detection. This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Colonoscopies were stratified by one of six colorectal surgeons, each of whom had performed more than 1000 colonoscopies. Exams were separated by indication and the number of patients with at least one adenoma or one serrated polyp recorded. Time of withdrawal in normal examinations was noted. Eighteen thousand and three colonoscopies were included. Average completion rate was 96.3 ± 1.2%. Mean serrated detection rate for all examinations was 20.6 ± 4.8% and for screening examinations only was 13.9 ± 5.0%. Corresponding means for adenoma detection were 31.5 ± 6.7% and 20.7 ± 4.1%, respectively. Simple regression of overall adenoma detection rate versus overall serrated detection rate was not significant (R = 0.571, P = 0.237), but was significant for screening exams (R = 0.854, P = 0.031). There was a strong relationship between time of withdrawal and serrated detection rate (screening, R = 0.908, P = 0.012; overall, R = 0.956, P = 0.003). Taking time to withdraw the colonoscope is essential for maximum detection of serrated polyps. The ability to find adenomas does not necessarily correlate with an ability to find serrated polyps.


Determination of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and their major metabolites in blood or plasma by spectrophotodensitometry.
An analytical procedure was developed for the determination of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and their major metabolites in blood or plasma. Demoxepam, a metabolite of chlordiazepoxide, is determined by spectrofluorometry after extraction. The remaining compounds are determined by spectrophotodensitometry after thin-layer chromatographic separation. The sensitivity limit of the spectrofluorometric determination of demoxepam is 0.1 to 0.2 microgram while that of the spectrophotodensitometric determination of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and their N-desmethyl metabolites is 0.05 to 0.2 microgram. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay renders it suitable for monitoring plasma levels of chlordiazepoxide and its major metabolites following single or chronic oral administration of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride. The sensitivity limit for diazepam and nordiazepam, its major metabolite, renders the assay useful only for the determination of plasma concentrations resulting from high dosage of diazepam. The assay was used to determine chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites following oral administration of Librium. The data showed a significant correlation to those obtained on the same specimens by differential pulse polarography and by radioimmunoassay.


Knowledge and attitudes of medical and pharmacy students about pharmacogenomics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is rapidly growing branch of molecular genetics with high potentials to influence therapeutics. This review evaluates knowledge and attitudes of medical and pharmacy students about PGx. A literature search was conducted in electronic databases and studies were selected by following precise eligibility criteria. After quality assessment, studies were reviewed systematically, and meta-analyses of proportions were performed to estimate response rates of students. Fifteen studies (5509 students; 69% [95% confidence interval (CI): 60%, 77%] females) were included. Among students, 28% [95%CI: 12, 46] had adequate PGx knowledge; 65% [95%CI: 55, 75] were willing to have PGx test for their own risk assessment; 78% [95%CI: 71, 84] had intention to incorporate PGx in future practice; and 32% [95%CI: 21, 43] were satisfied with current PGx component of curriculum. Age, advanced year of educational program, and more time spent in PGx education were positively associated with PGx knowledge and positive attitudes.


Antifilarial activity of some 2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones (coumarins).
Six synthetic 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (cournarin) derivatives (CDRI compounds # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) were evaluated for filaricidal activity against Litomosoides carinii and Acanthocheilonema viteae infections in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and Mastomys coucha respectively. Significant effects on macrofilariae (>80% death/sterilisation) were detected with compounds #2, 3 and 6 against L. carinii and/or A. viteae. Thus detection of filaricidal activity in benzopyrones, which are so far known for anti-inflammatory activity, provides a new lead for development of better filaricidal agents for combating filariasis.


Physical therapists' perspectives of the construct of motor learning, and their motor learning-based practice: a qualitative study.
Introduction: The perceptions and beliefs of physical therapists play an important role in their clinical behavior. These clinician-related aspects may contribute to the knowledge-action gap in the field of motor learning (ML). Accordingly, this study explored how a sample of physical therapists perceive ML in their practice.Methods: A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted. Twelve physical therapists with a wide range of work experience were purposefully selected. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis methodology. Themes and categories were identified.Results: We identified five key themes: 1) 'ML within the scope of PT' showed that participants perceived ML as a fundamental part of the profession; 2) 'Understanding of ML' showed that participants had difficulty understanding the field comprehensively; 3) 'Self-efficacy toward the topic of ML' revealed that participants had low self-efficacy about their knowledge of the topic; 4) 'Features of ML implementation' showed that physical therapists tended to implement ML intuitively; and 5) 'Barriers to implementation and ways to facilitate it' showed that lack of knowledge was perceived as a main barrier to implementation.Conclusions: Physical therapists' perceptions of and experiences with ML showed the complexity of the field and the lack of clarity regarding its theoretical content and clinical applications. There is a need to reinforce knowledge of ML among physical therapists at different levels of professional development and to promote self-efficacy toward its use, possibly by increasing ML knowledge and education while emphasizing its clinical context.


Pretreatment diffusion-weighted imaging for prediction of relapsed and refractory primary central nervous system lymphoma.
A subset of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has been shown to undergo an early relapsed/refractory (R/R) period after first-line chemotherapy. This study investigated the pretreatment clinical and MRI features to predict R/R in PCNSL, emphasizing the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). This retrospective study investigated the pretreatment MRI features for predicting R/R in PCNSL. Only patients who had undergone complete preoperative and postoperative MRI follow-up studies were included. From January 2006 to December 2021, 52 patients from two medical institutions with a diagnosis of PCNSL were included (median follow-up time, 26.3 months). Among these, 24 (46.2%) had developed R/R (median time to relapse, 13 months). Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to determine hazard ratios for all parameters. Significant predictors of R/R in PCNSL were female sex, complete response (CR) to first-line chemotherapy, and ADC value/ratio (p < 0.05). Cut-off points of ADC values and ADC ratios for prediction of R/R were 0.68 × 10-3 mm2/s and 0.97, with AUCs of 0.78 and 0.77, respectively (p < 0.05). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that failure of CR to first-line chemotherapy and low ADC values (<0.68 × 10-3 mm2/s) were significant risk factors for R/R, with hazard ratios of 5.22 and 14.45, respectively (p < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that lower ADC values and ratios predicted significantly shorter progression-free survival (p < 0.05). Pretreatment ADC values in DWI offer quantitative valuable information for the treatment planning in PCNSL.


Self-organized hierarchical structure in a plastic network of chaotic units.
Formation of a layered structure is studied in a globally coupled map of chaotic units with a plastic coupling strength that changes depending on the states of units globally and an external input. In the parameter region characterized by weakly chaotic and desynchronized dynamics, units spontaneously form a hierarchical structure due to the influence of the input. This hierarchical structure is not fixed in time, and is successively reorganized. It is found that the distribution of lifetimes of the structure obeys a power law. The possible relevance of the present result to information processing in the brain is briefly discussed.


Proteomic analysis of proteins associated with body mass and length in yellow perch, Perca flavescens.
The goal of commercial yellow perch aquaculture is to increase muscle mass which leads to increased profitability. The accumulation and degradation of muscle-specific gene products underlies the variability in body mass (BM) and length observed in pond-cultured yellow perch. Our objective was to apply a combination of statistical and proteomic technologies to identify intact and/or proteolytic fragments of muscle specific gene products involved in muscle growth in yellow perch. Seventy yellow perch randomly selected at 10, 12, 16, 20, and 26 wk of age were euthanized; BM and length were measured and a muscle sample taken. Muscle proteins were resolved using 5-20% gradient SDS-PAGE, stained with SYPRO Ruby and analyzed using TotalLab software. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression with the dependent variables, BM and length and proportional OD of each band in a sample as a potential regressor. Eight bands associated with BM (R(2) = 0.84) and nine bands with length (R(2) = 0.85) were detected. Protein sequencing by nano-LC/MS/MS identified 20 proteins/peptides associated with BM and length. These results contribute the identification of gene products and/or proteolytic fragments associated with muscle growth in yellow perch.


Intramyocardial Hematoma During Catheter Ablation for Scar-Related Ventricular Tachycardia.
Intramural hematoma during ablation for scar-related ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a rare but life-threatening complication. The goal of this study was to describe the features and outcomes of intramural hematoma during ablation for scar-related VT. From 2010 to 2022, >3,514 ablations for ventricular arrhythmias were performed at 2 institutions. Four cases of intramural hematoma complicating VT ablation for scar-related VT were identified. Intraprocedural details, imaging data, and surgical notes were reviewed to create a recognizable pattern of events highlighting this complication. In 3 of 4 cases, intramural hematoma occurred during catheter ablation with an open irrigated 3.5 mm tipped catheter using normal saline for irrigation. In one case, hematoma was noted after ablation using an investigational needle electrode catheter. The occurrence of a steam pop preceded detection of an expanding intramural hematoma in 3 cases. ST-segment elevation on electrocardiography was evident in 3 cases; intracardiac echocardiographic imaging detected the hematoma in all cases. Epicardial rupture and pericardial effusion requiring drainage occurred in 3 cases, whereas 1 hematoma was self-contained and did not require intervention. Surgical intervention was performed in 2 cases, with successful outcomes. One patient who was deemed not a surgical candidate died of progressive cardiogenic shock. Intramural hematoma during ablation for scar-related VT is a rare but potentially catastrophic complication that requires prompt recognition. Steam pops during ablation frequently precede the hematoma formation. Surgical intervention may be life-saving, although contained hematomas can occasionally be managed conservatively.


Growth and Oleanolic Acid Accumulation of Polyscias fruticosa Cell Suspension Cultures.
Oleanolic acid is an oleanane triterpene found in many plant species all over the world. This compound is also a major saponin in leaves of Polyscias fruticosa and possesses several promising pharmacological activities, such as hepatoprotective effects, and antiinflammatory, antioxidant, or anticancer activities. The objective of the present work is to establish cell suspension culture of P. fruticosa, investigate the influence of several factors such as plant growth regulators and carbon source on cell growth, and determine their oleanolic acid content. Cell culture was established by using 2 g fresh weight of 30 day old friable callus derived from in vitro stem segment in 50 mL of liquid medium with a shaking speed of 220 rpm. The culture was then incubated at 25±2ºC with a shaking speed of 120 rpm in the period of 12 h daylight at a light intensity of about 6.75 μmol/m2/s. Cell growth was measured by fresh and dry biomass at 16 h day. Oleanolic acid content was determined using HPLC analysis. The study results showed that MS medium containing 2% sucrose as a carbon source, supplemented with 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was the most appropriate growth medium. Cell biomass and oleanolic acid content reached the highest values of 0.43 g dry weight/flask and 25.4 mg/g dry weight, respectively. These results indicated the potential production of oleanolic acid, a compound with high pharmacological value, from P. fruticosa cell culture.


A new hypothesis on the manifestation of cerebral malaria: the secret is in the liver.
Despite the abundance of information on cerebral malaria (CM), the pathogenesis of this disease is not completely understood. At present, two nonexclusive dominant hypotheses exist to explain how the neurological syndrome manifests: the sequestration (or mechanical) hypothesis and the inflammatory hypothesis. The sequestration hypothesis states that sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) to brain capillary endothelia causes obstruction of capillary blood flow followed by brain tissue anoxia and coma. The inflammatory hypothesis postulates that P. falciparum infection releases toxic molecules in the circulation, inducing an imbalanced systemic inflammatory response that leads to coagulopathy, brain endothelial cell dysfunction, accumulation of leukocytes in the brain microcirculation, blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage, cerebral vasoconstriction, edema, and coma. However, both hypotheses, even when considered together, are not sufficient to fully explain the pathogenesis of CM. Here, we propose that the development of acute liver failure (ALF) together with BBB breakdown are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the genesis of CM. ALF is characterized by coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in a patient without pre-existing liver disease. Signs of hepatic dysfunction have been shown to occur in 2.5-40% of CM patients. In addition, recent studies with murine models demonstrated that mice presenting experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) had hepatic damage and brain metabolic changes characteristic of HE. However, the occurrence of CM in patients with mild or without apparent hepatocellular liver damage and the presence of liver damage in non-CM murine models indicate that the development of ALF during malaria infection is not the single factor responsible for neuropathology. To solve this problem, we also propose that BBB breakdown contributes to the pathogenesis of CM and synergizes with hepatic failure to cause neurological signs and symptoms. BBB dysfunction would thus occur in CM by a mechanism similar to the one occurring in sepsis and is in agreement with the inflammatory hypothesis. Nevertheless, differently from in the inflammatory hypothesis, BBB leakage would facilitate the penetration of ammonia and other toxins into the brain parenchyma, but would not be sufficient to cause CM when occurring alone. We believe our hypothesis better explains the pathogenesis of CM, does not have problems to deal with the exception data not explained by the previous hypotheses, and reveals new targets for adjunctive therapy.


A novel 34-kd protein co-isolated with the IgM molecule in surface IgM-expressing cells.
Plasmacytoma cells, transfected with a vector encoding a membrane-bound IgM molecule, do not show cell surface IgM expression, although complete IgM molecules are assembled intracellularly. The isolation of a surface IgM-positive variant allowed us to analyse molecular requirements of surface IgM expression. Only in surface IgM-positive cells, a 34-kd protein (B34) was found to be associated with IgM. B34 is a glycoprotein which forms a disulphide-linked homodimer. The surface IgM-positive variant cell line expressing B34 also contains transcripts of the pre-B and B cell specific mb-1 gene. The data are discussed in the context of a possible IgM-antigen receptor complex.


The role of continuous-wave Doppler sonography in the diagnosis and management of basilar and vertebral artery occlusions, with special reference to its application during local fibrinolysis ("Vertebrobasilar disease. Time for a new strategy." Louis R. Caplan, 1981).
In general, the prognosis of bilateral vertebral or basilar artery occlusions is very poor. No satisfactory management of this condition is known; in addition, the early diagnosis of severe lesions of the "intradural vertebrobasilar artery" on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms alone is difficult and regularly requires invasive procedures. Continuous-wave Doppler sonography has proved to be of great value in the primary diagnosis of vertebrobasilar thrombosis. In two cases, in whom bilateral intracranial vertebral artery lesions and basilar thrombosis were successfully treated with the help of local intraarterial fibrinolysis, Doppler sonography proved to be a reliable diagnostic tool for the evaluation and the non-invasive follow-up of thrombolysis. Clinical, Doppler sonographic and angiographic findings are presented and correlated.


Improvement in motor performance of Weaver mutant mice following lesions of the cerebellum.
In Weaver mutants (B6CBA wv/wv) cerebellar granule cells degenerate almost completely postnatally. A partial loss of Purkinje cells (PC) and a degeneration of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra have also been found. Weaver mice suffer from striking motor symptoms, including difficulty in walking without toppling over. In an attempt to influence the poor motor performance, the cerebellum in young animals was removed, thus eliminating the faulty output of surviving PCs, demonstrated electrophysiologically. Unoperated Weaver, lesioned wildtypes and one sham mouse were used as controls. Before and after operation, a battery of behavioural tests was performed. In Weaver mice, tumbling to the side (t) and the relation of t to the motor activity (k) while traversing an open-field matrix, (t/k), improved considerably, as did manoeuvring on a slanted wire mesh, but keeping balance on a wooden bench did not to the same degree. Locomotor activity alone improved in some animals. In wildtypes no significant changes occurred after operation, with the exception of a strong reduction in locomotor activity. The experiments demonstrate that the motor performance in Weaver mutant mice benefits from removal of their cerebellum.


Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviors during pregnancy: evidence from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
Suicidal behaviors during pregnancy are prevalent and have the potential to adversely affect a woman's health and her developing infant. The purpose of this study was to examine prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviors in a national sample of pregnant women. Using data from the 2009-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a sample of 7479 pregnant women was analyzed. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations between sample characteristics and suicidal behaviors overall and by pregnancy trimester. In this sample, 3.4% of women exhibited suicidal behaviors such as ideation, planning, and attempt. Suicidal behaviors were more prevalent at 4.4% among women in the first trimester compared to the second/third trimesters (2.9%). Of those exhibiting suicidal behavior, 63.0% were ideators, 18.9% planned suicide, and 18.1% attempted suicide. Logistic regression analyses revealed that all racial/ethnic groups of women in the third trimester were less likely to be suicidal relative to black non-Hispanic women. Alcohol abuse (OR 3.70, 95% CI 1.97, 6.81) and major depressive episode (OR 4.91, 95% CI 3.10, 7.84) in the past year significantly increased the odds of suicidality for all pregnant women. Perceived unmet need for treatment increased the likelihood (OR 5.64, 95% CI 3.55, 8.97) of suicidal behavior regardless of trimester. These findings underscore the importance of screening for suicidal behaviors in the first trimester, especially among those with existing mood disorders and substance abuse. Racial/ethnic differences should be considered in targeted interventions for suicide prevention.


Population frequency of HLA haplotypes contributes to the prevalence difference of multiple sclerosis in Ireland.
A recent epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in County Donegal in the northwest of Ireland and County Wexford in the southeast found a significant prevalence difference of 63.9/100,000 (95% CI 49.3-82.7/100,000) between the two regions (Z = 3.94, p <or= 0.001). County Donegal had a higher prevalence rate than County Wexford (184.6/100,000 vs. 120.7/ 100,000). The aim of this paper is to examine whether the MS prevalence difference between the two counties is due to population differences in the genetic predisposition to MS. Seventy-three MS patients from County Donegal and 45 from County Wexford participated in the study and 200 control subjects were enrolled from each county. Blood samples from both MS populations and control populations were HLA typed for DRB1 and DQB1 alleles. The strong association with the development of MS and the HLA DRB1*1501 and DQB1*0602 phenotypes was confirmed in both patient populations relative to controls. The Donegal sample control population also had a significantly higher carriage rate of the HLA DRB1*1501 - DQB1*0602 haplotype relative to the Wexford sample control population (chi(2) = 5.02, p <or= 0.05,OR = 1.616, CI 1.060-2.464, p = 0.05). Although the numbers tested in this study were small the results suggest one of the factors accounting for the difference in MS prevalence across the island of Ireland is likely to be variation in the genetic predisposition to MS within the Irish population.


Variation of amino acid concentrations in the medium of HU β-IFN and HU IL-2 producing cell lines.
There are different requirements for the nutrient medium of various mammalian cell lines. We have determined the behaviour of the amino acid concentrations in the medium of two growing cell lines used for producing human interleukin 2 and human interferon β constitutively. The experiments are based on a fermentation process with a bubble free cell culture aeration system with porous moving membranes, which allows production of high cell densities without foaming. We found interesting alterations in which the actual amino acid ratios are able to trigger consumption and production of a particular component depending on the supply of other possible replacements. Such data indicate the complicated biochemical network of synthesis, conversion and transport phenomena. Finally, we demonstrated the influence of product synthesis upon the amino acid requirements using as an example transformed hu IL-2- and hu β-IFN-producing mouse L-cells.


Significance of Negative Cultures in the Treatment of Acute Hematogenous Bone and Joint Infections in Children.
Synovial fluid and blood cultures often remain negative in acute bone and joint infections of childhood even when characteristic symptoms, signs, and/or radiologic proof are present. We analyzed 345 prospectively documented osteoarticular infections in children at age 3 months to 15 years. In 23% of the cases (N = 80), synovial, bone, and/or blood cultures remained negative. The characteristics of these cases were compared with patients with culture-positive bone and joint infections. The 2 groups did not differ in age or gender distribution, surgical procedures performed, or outcome. In the culture-negative cases, the initial serum C-reactive protein level was lower (58 vs 87 mg/L, P < .0001) and the hospital stay was shorter (8 vs 11 days, P < .0001). Bone and joint infections in which cultures fail to identify the causative agent can be treated similarly as culture-positive cases.


Investigation into the resistance of lactoperoxidase tolerant Escherichia coli mutants to different forms of oxidative stress.
Six lactoperoxidase tolerant Escherichia coli transposon mutants isolated and characterized in an earlier study, and some newly constructed double mutants, were subjected to peroxide, superoxide and hypochlorite stress, and their inactivation was compared to that of the wild type strain MG1655. Knock out mutants of waaQ and waaO, which owed their lactoperoxidase tolerance to an impaired outer membrane permeability due to a reduced porin content, also exhibited higher resistance to hypochlorite, as did a knock-out strain of lrp, encoding a regulatory protein affecting a wide range of cellular functions. Unlike the outer membrane mutants however, the lrp strain was also more resistant to t-butyl hydroperoxide, but more susceptible to the superoxide generating compound plumbagin. Finally, a lactoperoxidase tolerant knock-out strain of ulaA, involved in ascorbic acid uptake, did not show resistance to any of the other oxidants. The possible modes of action of these different oxidants are discussed.


A comparative study on the immunolocalization of keratin and myosin in salivary gland tumors.
Surgical specimens of the salivary gland tumor were studied by immunohistochemical techniques using the anti-keratin antibody and the anti-myosin antibody. In the normal tissue, keratin was localized predominantly in the duct epithelial cells and myosin in the myoepithelial cells. According to the immunohistochemical staining patterns, the tumors were able to be divided into two groups: one group consisted of pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma which showed a mixture of keratin- and myosin-positive cells, respectively, mimicking the structures of the intercalated duct; the other comprised monomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid tumor which disclosed keratin-positive cells predominantly, resembling the constituent of the excretory duct. These results were mostly consistent with the "bicellular theory" that the salivary tumors generate from the intercalated duct reserve cells and the excretory duct reserve cells.


Posaconazole enhances the activity of amphotericin B against hyphae of zygomycetes in vitro.
The in vitro activity of posaconazole plus amphotericin B against conidia and hyphae of 30 clinical zygomycetes was investigated. The combination of posaconazole with amphotericin B was found to be significantly more synergistic (40%) against hyphae (P < 0.05) than against conidia (10%). Antagonism was not observed.


Improved method for the extraction of high-quality DNA from lignocellulosic compost samples for metagenomic studies.
The world economy is currently moving towards more sustainable approaches. Lignocellulosic biomass has been widely used as a substitute for fossil sources since it is considered a low-cost bio-renewable resource due to its abundance and continuous production. Compost habitats presenting high content of lignocellulosic biomass are considered a promising source of robust lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. Recently, several novel biocatalysts from different environments have been identified using metagenomic techniques. A key point of the metagenomics studies is the extraction and purification of nucleic acids. Nevertheless, the isolation of high molecular weight DNA from soil-like samples, such as compost, with the required quality for metagenomic approaches remains technically challenging, mainly due to the complex composition of the samples and the presence of contaminants like humic substances. In this work, a rapid and cost-effective protocol for metagenomic DNA extraction from compost samples composed of lignocellulosic residues and containing high content of humic substances was developed. The metagenomic DNA was considered as representative of the global environment and presented high quality (> 99% of humic acids effectively removed) and sufficient quantity (10.5-13.8 µg g-1 of compost) for downstream applications, namely functional metagenomic studies. The protocol takes about 4 h of bench work, and it can be performed using standard molecular biology equipment and reagents available in the laboratory. KEY POINTS/HIGHLIGHTS: • Metagenomic DNA was successfully extracted from compost samples rich in humic acids • The improved protocol was established by optimizing the cell lysis method and buffer • Complete removal of humic acids was achieved through the use of activated charcoal • The suitability of the DNA was proven by the construction of a metagenomic library.


In-stent restenosis management: the best is yet to come.
The use of drug-eluting stents and of drug-coated balloons have mitigated the prevalence of in-stent restenosis, however in-stent remains a problem that continues to affect the long-term outcomes of femoro-popliteal endovascular therapy. This paper will provide an overview on the latest data with regard to the treatment of femoro-popliteal in-stent restenosis.


Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins in mixed-feed for laying hens.
Fusarium toxins are secondary metabolites produced byfungi of these genera in many commodities under certain conditions. A study was carried out to investigate the co-occurrence of zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) in 52 samples of mixed-feed for poultry contaminated withFusarium verticillioides. The zearalenone and deoxynivalenol were checked using immunoaffinity column and the extraction of fumonisin was performed by strong anion exchange (SAX) solid phase column. Detection and quantification were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The limit of detection was 5 μg/kg for ZEN, 100 μg/kg for DON and 50 and 100 μg/kg for FB1 and FB2 respectively.Fusarium toxins were detected in 20 samples. Sixteen samples were positive for ZEN (30.7%) presenting levels that ranged from 7.4 μg/kg to 61.4 μg/kg (mean=27.0 μg/kg). 13.5% of the samples presented contaminations of DON, with levels ranging from 100.0 μg/kg to 253 μg/kg (mean=l18.07 μg/kg). FB1 was detected in 19.2% of samples, with levels ranging from 50.0 μg/kg to 110.0 μg/kg (mean=73.6 μg/kg). FB2 was not detected in any sample. In positive samples simultaneously contamination with two or three mycotoxins were detected in 9 of them (17.3%).


Catechin Derivatives as Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro): Molecular Docking Studies Unveil an Opportunity Against CORONA.
A newly emergent strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected almost the whole of the world's population. Currently, there is no specific vaccine or drug against COVID-19. Xu et al. (2020) built a homolog model of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro based on SARS-CoV Mpro, which is considered as a target to inhibit the replication of CoV. The aim of the current study was to find potential inhibitors of COVID-19 Mpro using docking analysis. Autodockvina was used to carry out Protein-Ligand docking. COVID-19 main protease Mpro was docked with catechin and its different synthetic derivatives. Nelfinavir, an antiretroviral drug belonging to protease inhibitors, was taken as the standard. According to the result obtained, it was found that Compound (4) and Compound (1) have more affinity than nelfinavir. Compounds were found to have a great potential to become COVID-19 main protease Mpro inhibitor. Nevertheless, for their medicinal use, further investigation is necessary.


Carbon fibers derived from liquefied and fractionated poplar lignins: The effect of molecular weight.
Lignin recovered from poplar, a key woody biomass resource proposed for lignocellulosic refineries, was investigated for conversion into carbon fibers. Aqueous solutions of ethanol at selected temperatures and compositions, where the requisite solvent and liquefied-lignin phases form, were used to purify and fractionate hybrid poplar (HP) lignin using the Aqueous Lignin Purification with Hot Agents (ALPHA) process. Sugars (<0.1%) and ash (0.01 ± 0.01%) content of the highest molecular weight fraction (Mw = 52 kDa) approached the limits of detection. This 52 kDa fraction could be dry spun with excellent stability and was subsequently converted into carbon fibers having strength (1.1 ± 0.2 GPa) and modulus (78 ± 8 GPa) essentially double those previously achieved with neat poplar and other hardwood lignins. Of equal importance, stabilization times were decreased by a factor of five. Such stabilization and strength/modulus improvements are essential for reducing the overall manufacturing cost of carbon fibers being proposed for cost-sensitive applications.


Records of the Genus Paramerina (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from Eastern Himalaya and Satpura Hill Regions of India.
The pupa and the male imago of Paramerina valida n. sp. and the larva of Paramerina inficia Chaudhuri & Debnath are described and illustrated along with a brief re-description of the adult of P. inficia from the Eastern Himalaya and Satpura hill regions of India. A key to the adult males of the Indian species of the genus Paramerina Fittkau is provided. The notes on ecology of the two species are also provided.


Celiac disease as a cause of chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and deep dyspareunia.
Celiac disease may be subclinical and difficult to diagnose in adults. It has been associated with infertility and miscarriage but rarely with other gynecologic symptoms. A 43-year-old woman complaining of chronic abdominal and pelvic pain, deep dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, diarrhea, and a 5-kg weight loss during the last 6 months was referred to our institution. Laboratory and clinical examinations were negative. At laparoscopy, numerous small leiomyomata were seen. A few filmy adhesions between the small bowel and the abdominal wall were lysed. With the exception of deep dyspareunia, all symptoms remitted after surgery, only to recur at 6 months of follow-up. A diagnostic work-up for celiac disease revealed the presence of antigliadin and antiendomysial antibodies. The diagnosis was confirmed at gastroduodenoscopy including biopsy. A gluten-free diet was prescribed, and the patient is now free of symptoms. Celiac disease should be considered in women presenting with unexplained chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and deep dyspareunia.


Biogeochemical pathways of cadmium through an artificially contaminated intertidal mud flat system - a medium-scale enclosure experiment.
Two "Bremerhaven caissons" were used to investigate the interactions of cadmium (Cd) with sea water, particulate matter, sediments, suspended particular matter (SPM), and organisms in enclosed sea water-sediment systems, on the tidal mud flats of Jade Bay (FRG). One caisson was artificially contaminated by continuously injecting cadmium (as a chloride) so as to maintain a Cd concentration of 100 μg/l in the inflowing water of each tidal cycle for 22 days. The other caisson was used as a control system. About 30% of the total Cd introduced into the caisson was transferred from the aqueous phase to the other phases during each tidal cycle. Cadmium appears to accumulate in elements of the system in the order SPM, organisms, sediments, water. SPM, initially low in Cd entering the system, rapidly accumulated Cd from solution after the first tidal cycle and the concentration continued to increase during the experiment. Particulate Cd transferred to the sediments results in the development of a Cd-rich layer that attained a depth of 4 cm over the course of the experiment. Among the biota, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) progressively accumulated the highest concentrations of Cd whereas other taxa, like polychaetes, accumulated less of the metal. Differnces in Cd accumulation appear to be due to the habitats of the different species and their ability to assimilate Cd from the dissolved and particulate phases. Together, the data indicate that in the contamination of tidal mud flats with aqueous cadmium most of the metal would remain available to the organisms in the aqueous phases and weakly bound to particulate matter. This would present the greatest environmental danger to filter feeders but not to animals living in the sediments.


Linear porokeratosis.
Linear porokeratosis is a rare variant. It can be present at birth or can develop in adult life. Lesions of linear porokeratosis are grouped and linearly arranged along the lines of Blaschko. On the extremities it affects the distal portion more than the proximal areas. On the trunk these can be zosteriform in distribution. Lesions of linear porokeratosis probably result from an abnormal clone of epidermal precursors. A 20 year old male presented with annular plaques in linear pattern following the lines of Blaschko over the left upper limb extending up to the axilla present since childhood. The lesions had atrophic centre and raised hyperkeratotic borders. The lesions were more proximal than distal. Few scattered lesions were present on left side of trunk. There was no family history of such lesions. Systemic examination of patient was normal. On histopathological examination there was hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. A coronoid lamella was present. At the base of coronoid lamella thinned out granular layer and necrotic keratinocytes were also seen. In the dermis pigment incontinence and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate were present. This case is being reported because of its rarity. It is an atypical presentation because the lesions were disposed more over proximal than distal area of upper limb. Linear porokeratosis is associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation.


Serum cholesterol and colorectal polyps.
Colorectal cancer and hypocholesterolemia have recently been associated, and colorectal polyps have a known relationship with colorectal cancer. In order to establish further evidence regarding the nature of the serum cholesterol-colorectal cancer relationship, this study investigated the hypothesis that men with colorectal polyps would have lower serum cholesterol levels than men without polyps. Of the 1380 men screened by sigmoidoscopy for colorectal polyps, 246 had at least one polyp. The men with polyps were older than those without, and also had higher cholesterol levels, but after controlling for age, there were no serum cholesterol differences. These data suggest that low serum cholesterol is not etiologically linked to cancer. Analyses of potentially confounding variables showed smoking to be strongly related to the presence of polyps.


Recovering hydrogen production performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) fed with galactose via repeated heat treatment strategy.
This study evaluated the effect of repeated heat treatment towards the enhancement of hydrogen fermentation from galactose in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor with the hydraulic retention time of 6h and the operation temperature of 37°C. The hydrogen production rate (HPR) and hydrogen yield (HY) gradually increased up to 9.1L/L/d and 1.1mol/mol galactose, respectively, until the 33rd day of operation. When heat treatment at 80°C for 30min was applied, hydrogen production performance was enhanced by 37% with the enrichment of hydrogen producing bacteria population. The HPR and HY were achieved at 12.5L/L/d and 1.5mol/mol hexose, respectively, during further 30 cycles of reactor operation. The repeated heat treatment would be a viable strategy to warrant reliable continuous hydrogen production using mixed culture.


Spatial distribution, driving factors and health risks of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from indoors and outdoors in Hefei, China.
Atmospheric particulate matter, especially in urban and industrial environments, can act as a source of different organic pollutants that can pose significant health impacts to residents. However, the pollution status and transport mechanisms of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor environments are uncertain. This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of fine particle-bound PAHs and analyze the factors (source contributions and backward trajectories) that influence their concentrations. The results showed that mean concentrations of 16 PAHs were higher in indoor dust as compared to outdoor dust. In addition, the lowest concentrations of the 16 PAHs were found on the 11-20th floor, with smoking households > nonsmoking households (except Nap, Acy, and Ace). The 2-3 ring PAHs were more prominent in households with cooking activities. The particle size distribution showed that most of the particles were <62 μm in diameter, indicating that the indoor particles were smaller in size. Furthermore, the range of δ13C values in the outdoor dust (-30.17 ~ -28.63 ‰) samples was significantly lower than in indoor dust (-28.29 ~ -22.53 ‰). The results based on diagnostic ratios, positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis and backward trajectory model analysis suggested that the sources of PAHs in indoor and outdoor dust were mixed, originated both locally and from neighboring provinces transported over long distances, especially concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta area. Finally, carcinogenic risk values for indoor dust were greater than those for outdoor dust. Therefore, it is recommended that local governments and industries with high PAH emissions should implement proper protocols to monitor and minimize the pollution levels of PAHs in the urban industrial environment in order to mitigate their health risks.


[Experimental models of Parkinson's disease].
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition who is related to a large loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons leading to a depletion of dopamine in the striatum. Experimental research is required in order to increase our knowledge on the cellular mechanism and functional consequences of this degenerative process. These models allow investigations of new therapeutics in order to improve the treatment of patients or to test new drugs able to protect any remaining dopaminergic neurons. It is relatively easy to obtain animal models of this disease since the target structure and the neuronal population are clearly defined. Two neurotoxic compounds are available for inducing animal models of Parkinson's disease, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). A new one, rotenone, requires further investigations. Each of the neurotoxic compounds requires a specific protocol which can be used either with rodents or non-human primates. Progressive lesioning, using MPTP on green african monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) provides the most reliable model of the idiopathic disease.


Neglect severity after left and right brain damage.
While unilateral spatial neglect after left brain damage is undoubtedly less common than spatial neglect after a right hemisphere lesion, it is also assumed to be less severe. Here we directly test this latter hypothesis using a continuous measure of neglect severity: the so-called Center of Cancellation (CoC). Rorden and Karnath (2010) recently validated this index for right brain damaged neglect patients. A first aim of the present study was to evaluate this new measure for spatial neglect after left brain damage. In a group of 48 left-sided stroke patients with and without neglect, a score greater than -0.086 on the Bells Test and greater than -0.024 on the Letter Cancellation Task turned out to indicate neglect behavior for acute left brain damaged patients. A second aim was to directly compare the severity of spatial neglect after left versus right brain injury by using the new CoC measure. While neglect is less frequent following left than right hemisphere injury, we found that when this symptom occurs it is of similar severity in acute left brain injury as in patients after acute right brain injury.


[The results of a dispensary follow-up after endoscopic electroexcision of colonic polyps].
With the help of fibrocolonoscopy 200 electroexcisions of epithelial polyps of the colon were performed in 116 patients. Control endoscopic examinations revealed 24 cases (12,0%) of recurrent polyps in the zone of their excision. A rational method of the dispensary follow-up of the patients after electrosurgical polypectomy during fibrocolonoscopy was elaborated on the bases of studying some factors influencing substantially the prognosis of the disease.


Progress in Screening for Barrett's Esophagus: Beyond Standard Upper Endoscopy.
The rapid increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in Western populations over the past 4 decades and its associated poor prognosis, unless detected early has generated great interest in screening for the precursor lesion Barrett's esophagus (BE). Recently, there have been significant developments in imaging-based modalities and esophageal cell-sampling devices coupled with biomarker assays. In this review, the authors discuss the rationale for screening for BE and the factors to consider for targeting the at-risk population. They also explore future avenues for research in this area.


Pharmacological approaches to smoking cessation.
Smoking, the most prominent nongenetic factor contributing to mortality, remains the major public health problem throughout the world. There are nearly 1.1 billion users of nicotine and tobacco products worldwide while approximately one third to half of them will die from smoking-related disease. The habit of smoking is mainly propelled by nicotine, a strongly addictive substance, to which the vast majority of smokers fall victim. Except for the general and specific support and counseling strategies there are now effective treatments for nicotine addiction. Two types of pharmacological therapies have been approved and are now licensed for smoking cessation. The first therapy consists of nicotine replacement, substituting the nicotine from cigarettes with safer nicotine formulations. The second therapy is bupropion, an antidepressant of the aminoketone class, which has been demonstrated to be effective in smoking cessation. However, although some cigarette smokers are able to quit, many are not, and standard medications to assist smoking cessation are ineffective. Several agents used for other indications (e.g. neurological diseases, depression, alcoholism) might be used to treat this subgroup. In conclusion, new more effective drugs are needed in order to fight the panepidemic of smoking globally.


Investigation of subunit interactions by radiation inactivation: the case of Na+/K+-ATPase.
The target size of Na+/K+-ATPase has been determined by radiation inactivation. To interpret the results, we have performed Monte Carlo simulations of the inactivation process. This seems to be a general method for the interpretation of such studies. The simulation revealed that radiation inactivation can distinguish between monoprotomeric and multiprotomeric models of enzyme action only if the measured reaction requires the actual co-operation of, rather than the mere co-existence of, different protomeres.


Proanthocyanidin exposure to B6C3F1 mice significantly attenuates dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumor induction and mortality by differentially modulating programmed and unprogrammed cell deaths.
Proanthocyanidins are of current interest as chemopreventive agents. The potential of the pre-, post- and co-exposure of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSPE) in preventing, reducing and/or delaying dimethylnitrosamine (N-nitrosodimethylamine, DMN)-induced liver tumorigenesis, carcinogenesis and mortality in male B6C3F1 mice was determined. Animals were divided into six groups: I-control, II-GSPE alone, III-DMN alone, IV-GSPE+DMN, V-DMN exposure (3 months) followed by GSPE diet (9 months) and VI-GSPE diet (3 months)+DMN (3 months)+control diet (6 months). DMN exposure (0-8 weeks: 5mg/kg; 8-12 weeks: 10mg/kg, i.p.) was limited to a total period of 3 months. GSPE was incorporated in laboratory chow (ADI: 100mg/kg b.w.). Animals were sacrificed at 3 month intervals, and serum chemistry, liver histopathology, integrity of hepatic genomic DNA, antioxidant status, and rates of apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths were determined. DMN-induced liver tumor formation (85%) and animal lethality (38%) were powerfully antagonized by co-administration of GSPE+DMN (tumor positive: 45%; death: 11%). More than 75% of the DMN-treated animals had numerous tumors (five or more), which were significantly reduced in the GSPE+DMN group (35%). GSPE also negatively influenced other protocols specifically designed to test initiation and progression phases. Thus, GSPE was instrumental in modulating metabolic cascades and regulated orchestration of cell death processes involved during the multistage tumorigenic process. These results unraveled that long-term exposure to proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract may serve as a potent barrier to all three stages of DMN-induced liver carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis by selectively altering oxidative stress, genomic integrity and cell death patterns in vivo.


Locomotory efficiency in the predation strategies of the British Notonecta (Hempitera, Heteroptera).
Locomotory efficiency and potential has been studied in three species of the waterboatman Notonecta in relation to the predation strategies of these bugs.Morphometric analysis, estimating likely relative drag forces, mechanical advantages of the swimming legs and leg length/body length ratios allowed an estimation of locomotory efficiency of the three bugs on the basis of their structural features.A study of the effect of activity on the respiration rate investigated how the predators locomotory abilities were reflected in their physiology.Finally, the relative locomotory abilities of the three predators were compared behaviourly be examining pursuit and attack success after free swimming prey in simple and complex environments.Differences were found between the three predator species which were consistent for the three experimental methods and these were successfully related to the predation strategies and habitat selection of the bugs.


Incentives for non-physician health professionals to work in the rural and remote areas of Mozambique--a discrete choice experiment for eliciting job preferences.
Successfully motivating and retaining health workers is critical for the effective performance of health systems. In Mozambique, a shortage of health care professionals and low levels of staff motivation in rural and remote areas pose challenges to the provision of equitable health care delivery. This study provides quantitative information on the job preferences of non-physician health professionals in Mozambique, examining how different aspects of jobs are valued and how health professionals might respond to policy options that would post them to district hospitals in rural areas. The study used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to elicit the job preferences of non-physician health professionals. Data collection took place in four Mozambique provinces: Maputo City, Maputo Province, Sofala and Nampula. DCE questionnaires were administered to 334 non-physician health professionals with specialized or university training ('mid-level specialists' and N1 and N2 categories). In addition, questionnaires were administered to 123 N1 and N2 students to enable comparison of the results for those with work experience with those without and determine how new N1 and N2 graduates can be attracted to rural posts. The results indicate that the provision of basic government housing has the greatest impact on the probability of choosing a job at a public health facility, followed by the provision of formal education opportunities and the availability of equipment and medicine at a health facility. The sub-group analysis suggests that job preferences vary according to stage of life and that incentive packages should vary accordingly. Recruitment strategies to encourage non-clinical professionals to work in rural/remote areas should also consider birthplace, as those born in rural/remote areas are more willing to work remotely. The study was undertaken within an overarching project that aimed to develop incentive packages for non-physician health professionals assigned to work in remote/rural areas. Based on the DCE results, the project team, together with the Mozambique Ministry of Health, has developed a range of health workforce retention strategies focusing on the provision of housing benefits and professional development opportunities to be utilized when assigning non-physician health professionals to rural/remote areas.


Effectiveness of end-expiratory lung volume measurements during the lung recruitment maneuver for patients with atelectasis.
The aim of this study was to determine whether the relative change in the end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) obtained by the recruitment maneuver (RM) can serve as an indicator of the change in the P/F ratio. The effects of the intermittent stepwise increases in the RM (peak inspiratory pressure, 45, 50, and 55 cm H2O) were compared in 21 patients with atelectasis under mechanical ventilation. The EELV, the ratio of arterial oxygen concentration to the fraction of inspired oxygen P/F ratio, and relative change rate (Δ) in these parameters were evaluated after each RM. A greater improvement in the EELV (1157 ± 344 mL vs 1469 ± 396 mL) and P/F ratio (250 ± 99 vs 320 ± 92) was observed after the RM. The ΔEELV was correlated with the ΔP/F ratio (ρ = 0.73, P < .01) and was identified as an accurate predictor of the improvement of the ΔP/F ratio by the receiver operating characteristic curve (the area under the curve, 0.93; P < .01). These results suggest that the ΔEELV obtained by intermittent stepwise RM can serve as an indicator of the change in the P/F ratio.


Influence of GABA on anaphylactic histamine release in vitro.
In this preliminary report an unreported inhibitory action of GABA on anaphylactic reaction has been described. In a functional model (Schultz-Dale reaction) GABA has been demonstrated to inhibit the antigen-evoked contraction. This effect depends on a modulation of anaphylactic histamine release. The phenomenon is dose-dependent and requires a period of time to develop. Since GABAergic neurons are present in the preparation, it is possible to speculate that GABA receptors are involved in this inhibitory action. However, pharmacological analysis of the phenomenon has to be carried out, especially in view of the latency of GABA to develop its effect.


Calcium binding protein calcyphosine in dog central astrocytes and ependymal cells and in peripheral neurons.
Calcyphosine is a calcium binding protein discovered in the dog thyroid in 1979. Calcyphosine mRNA and immunoreactivity were detected using Western and Northern blotting in the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter and cerebellum. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, both are present in ependymal cells, choroid plexus cells and several types of astrocytes of the subependymal cerebral layer, the cerebellar Bergmann layer, the retinal ganglion cell layer, the optic nerve and the posterior pituitary. Both are also present in neurons of nasal olfactory mucosa, enteric Auerbach and Meissner plexuses, orthosympathic and spinal cord ganglia as well as in endocrine cells of neural crest origin in the adrenal medulla. Calcyphosine immunoreactive astrocytes were also present mainly in hemispheric cerebral gray and white matter, hemispheric subcortical structures, brain stem and spinal cord. These results show that calcyphosine is a characteristic calcium binding protein of astrocytes and ependymal cells in the central nervous system and of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. This is of interest in view of the importance of calcium regulation in these cells, and since calcyphosine a calcium binding protein phosphorylated by cAMP dependent process, may be an intermediate between cAMP and inositol phosphate cascades.


[(11)C]Raclopride binding in the striatum of minimally restrained and free-walking awake mice in a positron emission tomography study.
Anesthesia and restraint stress have profound impacts on brain functions, including neural activity and cerebrovascular function, possibly influencing functional and neurochemical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging data. For circumventing this effect, we developed an experimental system enabling PET imaging of free-walking awake mice with minimal restraints by fixing the head to a holder. The applicability of this system was investigated by performing PET imaging of D2 dopamine receptors with [(11)C]raclopride under the following three different conditions: (1) free-walking awake state; (2) 1.5% isoflurane anesthesia; and (3) whole-body restraint without anesthesia. [(11)C]raclopride binding potential (BP(ND)) values under isoflurane anesthesia and restrained awake state were significantly lower than under free-walking awake state (P < 0.01). Heart rates in restrained awake mice were significantly higher than those in free-walking awake mice (P < 0.01), suggesting that free-walking awake state minimized restraint stress during the PET scan. [(11)C] raclopride-PET with methamphetamine (METH) injection was also performed in awake and anesthetized mice. METH-induced reduction of [(11)C]raclopride BP(ND) in anesthetized mice showed a trend to be less than that in free-walking awake mice, implying that pharmacological modulation of dopaminergic transmissions could be sensitively captured by PET imaging of free-walking awake mice. We concluded that our system is of utility as an in vivo assaying platform for studies of brain functions and neurotransmission elements in small animals, such as those modeling neuropsychiatric disorders.


Utilization of do-it-yourself artificial pancreas systems in the management of patients with type 1 diabetes: a position statement of the Pump School Education Initiative by Diabetes Poland.


18F-FDG PET/CT in differentiating malignant from benign origins of obstructive jaundice.
The various origins of obstructive jaundice make the diagnosis of the disease difficult. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in differentiating malignant from benign origins of obstructive jaundice and to quantify the added value of 18F-FDG PET/CT over conventional imaging (enhanced CT and/or MRI). Eighty-five patients with obstructive jaundice who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT within 2 weeks after enhanced CT and/or MRI were reviewed retrospectively. All 18F-FDG PET/CT images were independently evaluated by 2 nuclear medicine physicians who were unaware of other imaging data; differences were resolved by consensus of the physicians. All conventional imaging interpretations, according to the medical records, were reviewed by 2 radiologists to determine the potential value. Final diagnoses were based on histological or surgical findings. Sixty-six patients were diagnosed with malignancies, and 19 patients with benign lesions. The maximum standardized uptake values for malignant and benign lesions causing biliary obstruction were 8.2+/-4.4 and 4.0+/-5.0, respectively (P<0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy for differentiating malignant from benign origins with 18F-FDG PET/CT were 86.4% (57/66), 73.7% (14/19), and 83.5% (71/85), respectively. 18F-FDG PET/CT in conjunction with conventional imaging changed the sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of conventional imaging alone from 75.8% (50/66) to 95.5% (63/66) (P<0.05), 68.4% (13/19) to 57.9% (11/19) (P>0.05), and 74.1% (63/85) to 87.1% (74/85) (P<0.05), respectively. 18F-FDG PET/CT is of great value in differentiating malignant from benign origins of obstructive jaundice and is a useful adjuvant to conventional imaging. 18F-FDG PET/CT should be recommended for further etiological clarification.


Relationship between Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and subsequent myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Each year, nearly 790.000 new cases of myocardial infarction (MI) are recorded in the United States. Better knowledge of the modifiable risk factors for this cardiovascular disease remains a major public health issue. In this perspective, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and risk of subsequent myocardial infarction (MI). A systematic review using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines was performed by searching four bibliographic databases (PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, Science Direct and Proquest Dissertations and Theses). A total of 14 articles were included. Nine of these included depression as a covariate. Among 13 studies (N = 848.903), the pooled HR for the magnitude of the relationship between PTSD and MI was 1.49 (95% CI 1.31-1.69) before adjustment for depression. The pooled HR estimate for the 9 depression-adjusted estimates (N = 814.441) was 1.32 (95% CI 1.12-1.56). These results should be considered with caution because there is high heterogeneity between studies and possible publication bias; thus, further research is required to support these results. Further research is still needed to identify in more precise terms the mediating factors involved in the direct association between PTSD and the subsequent occurrence of ischemic heart disease.


Temporal dynamics of the Rubber Hand Illusion.
It is widely accepted that the representation of the body is not fixed and immutable, but rather flexible and constantly updated based on a continuous stream of multisensory information. This mechanism can be very useful to adapt to several situations, but it would not be adaptive if the body representation was too malleable or if it wasn't capable of restoring its integrity after a transient modification. Here we used the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) to investigate how quickly the body representation can be modified. Previous studies have investigated the timing of the onset and offset of the illusion, however, they did not assess a fine temporal resolution. Here, we used a potentiometer to record a moment-by-moment rating of the feeling of owning the RH for two minutes during the visuo-tactile stimulation and two minutes following the stimulation. Our results suggest that the feeling of Ownership is already established during the first 19 s of stimulation then it continues to grow, but at a much slower pace. The feeling of Ownership disappears within 66 s from the end of the stimulation. This work sheds new light on the temporal dynamics of the RHI and the malleability of the body self-consciousness.


Seated Outcome Measures in Children With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
Quantifiable motor strength measures to assess disease severity throughout the continuum of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are needed. To study the feasibility of seated trunk strength using hand-held dynamometry (HHD) and caregiver-reported subjective functional independence measures in boys with DMD. Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study of 18 participants with DMD enrolled from pediatric muscular dystrophy clinic during routine clinical assessment. Hand-held dynamometry, seated reach distance test and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) were administered. All study participants regardless of the walking status were able to complete the seated function tests demonstrating feasibility. The age of the participants correlated negatively with PEDI mobility and positively with HHD extension scores. The seated measures did not statistically correlate with PEDI mobility scores. Seated motor strength measures and PEDI mobility scores are feasible. The PEDI mobility and HHD extension scores correlate with age. Study limitations included single-center experience and cross-sectional data. https://www.dropbox.com/s/s4r0k7o6s0tfbkb/PT-Seated-Measures-And-DMD-2022.mp4?dl=0.


Cerebellar atrophy in temporal lobe epilepsy.
The goal of this work was to determine the presence and degree of cerebellar atrophy in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy, its clinical seizure correlates, and its association with general cortical atrophy. Study participants were 78 persons with temporal lobe epilepsy and 63 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. All subjects underwent high-resolution MRI with manual tracing of the cerebellum. Clinical seizure features and history were obtained by structured interview and review of medical records. The epilepsy group exhibited significant abnormality in cerebellar volume, with mean reductions ranging from 4 to 6.6% depending on adjustments. Significantly more individual subjects with epilepsy exhibited cerebellar atrophy compared with controls across all operational definitions or thresholds of abnormality including z < or = -2.0 (13% TLE, 3.4% controls) and z < or = 1.5 (22% TLE, 3.4% controls). Clinical seizure features reflecting both neurodevelopmental (history of initial precipitating injuries) and severity of course (longer duration, increased number of lifetime generalized tonic-clonic seizures) factors were associated with cerebellar atrophy. Atrophy of the cerebellum could be observed independent of more general (cerebral) atrophic processes. The presence of cerebellar atrophy is a reflection of the extratemporal abnormalities that can be observed in localization-related temporal lobe epilepsy, which may be due, at least in part, to factors associated with epilepsy chronicity.


The ecological basis for biogeographic classification: an example in orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini).
Biogeography has been difficult to apply as a methodological approach because organismic biology is incomplete at levels where the process of formulating comparisons and analogies is complex. The study of insect biogeography became necessary because insects possess numerous evolutionary traits and play an important role as pollinators. Among insects, the euglossine bees, or orchid bees, attract interest because the study of their biology allows us to explain important steps in the evolution of social behavior and many other adaptive tradeoffs. We analyzed the distribution of morphological characteristics in Colombian orchid bees from an ecological perspective. The aim of this study was to observe the distribution of these attributes on a regional basis. Data corresponding to Colombian euglossine species were ordered with a correspondence analysis and with subsequent hierarchical clustering. Later, and based on community proprieties, we compared the resulting hierarchical model with the collection localities to seek to identify a biogeographic classification pattern. From this analysis, we derived a model that classifies the territory of Colombia into 11 biogeographic units or natural clusters. Ecological assumptions in concordance with the derived classification levels suggest that species characteristics associated with flight performance, nectar uptake, and social behavior are the factors that served to produce the current geographical structure.


Assessment of Cell Cycle in Primitive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells by Flow Cytometry After Coculture with Endothelial Cells.
From the knowledge that hematopoiesis does not occur randomly in the bone marrow but is regulated by the different components of the microenvironment, the use of in vitro coculture systems has been used as a powerful tool in the analysis of different processes that are involved in the maintenance of blood cells. In this chapter, we describe a methodological strategy to perform a coculture between primitive hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells to evaluate cell cycle, an aspect of relevant importance in the permanence of primitive leukemic cells.