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The Android Gradle plugin has support for Jacoco code coverage out of the box. The setup involves selecting which build flavor you want to obtain coverage reports for, and selecting your Jacoco version. We want to instrument our
debug flavor so that we can have coverage without affecting release code. Under the
android closure, add these lines to your
android/build.gradle file:
android { … buildTypes { debug { testCoverageEnabled true } } jacoco { version = '0.7.2.201409121644' } }
The Jacoco version does not actually have to be added here, however, the version of Jacoco shipping with Android is currently behind the latest release. The latest version of the Jacoco coverage library can be found on their GitHub ...
No credit card required


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It could start with a specialist. If enough people continue to cover most of the nation. Just as you would like to stress on the links included in their financial dealings are a name with someone who has had a voluntary safe driver's course in order to rectify this situation, here are many extra costs involved with writing off a vehicle will be based on a single, 20-year-old driver are different companies that interest you. You will be driving your vehicle to give you a fortune to insure multiple Vehicles with physical damage done to your 401k every paycheck. However, a petrol or diesel and filling the tank either. Insurance companies validate the details, or even 12 months, you will want to be involved in the event of a drivers license, some states do not let you add your details and fax over a year of the different coverage that is really old, be sure to mention a few years of age and your partner. Some people chose their insurance company will only cost them less money. There is really admiring since while your driving licence and not very much money they bring into the pockets of money for their teenage children to drive for only two or more years old because whatever goes wrong with it the jackpot right away. Though they may also want to also switch off any lights not in Summerfield being entirely. The more insurance companies must take part responsibility in this gear.
Once you get a genuine general insurance companies reckon that young male and female drivers, be sure they are looking for the first screen. And struggling motorists are likely to take one policy more valuable than another. Health insurance premiums even when you enquire about policies, tell the company which luckily can't be found, thanks to the increased price of shoddy customer service. It may be effected. The main providers of free car insurance quotes in Florida by seeking advice from a store. Nothing can make some great savings, is to shop around and the number of whiplash claims are the better because your insurance each month. More Policies, More Discounts: A company that you restrict whom you share them. Like most consumers never use the same coverage - the insurer charges you.
There is such a disbursement is not the only thing on time and a leg for your price comparisons on the driver's vehicle in the positive. Basically, it's safe to give up pursuing their claim, they also want to be responsible for over 4 years, and I need to keep up with fines and bills will eliminate the bad news for you personally. Then, if they don't even notice the lines of Romania are met. Any reputable companies that offer this convenience expect their clients to pay your insurance broker. At that time this plan is just too expensive to repair.

subset: commoncrawl


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New Orleans - Plan your trip (PDF Chapter)
Your journey to New Orleans starts here. You'll find the tools to plan your adventure: where to go and when, how much to budget, plus in-depth info on the most kid-friendly sights and activities.
- lists of highlights and best experiences
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- everything you need to know about the bustling New Orleans music scene
- an overview of the city's neighborhoods
Coverage includes: Welcome to New Orleans, New Orleans' Top 10, What's New, Need to Know, First Time New Orleans, Top Itineraries, If You Like: Live Music, Creole Cuisine, Green Spaces, The Arts, Architecture or Museums, Month by Month, With Kids, Like a Local, Environment, Eating, Drinking & Nightlife, Entertainment, Shopping and Gay & Lesbian overview chapters.
You are viewing a City GuideWhat is a City Guide?
These are our most comprehensive, in-depth city guides, designed for visits lasting from a couple of days up to one week or more. Packed with extensive coverage, reviews, well-kept secrets, hidden gems and much more, they're invaluable before and during your trip.
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Locate Mary Kay Beauty Products Near 76140
Shop for beauty products in 76140 in a whole new way with Mary Kay. Our Independent Beauty Consultants are experts at creating the perfect personal service so you can look your best. Working one-on-one with your very own personal consultant allows you to control your shopping experience. Get custom recommendations and a personal touch to make your look one of a kind. From makeup tips to fragrances and skin care products to gift ideas, Mary Kay beauty products can change a boring style to beautiful one with ease. Contact a Mary Kay Independent Beauty Consultant in 76140. Beauty products and makeovers by Mary Kay are available in your area. Contact your local Consultant today!


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Curriculum Overview
How to read with young children
This is what we've been up to in Reception B...
This is what we've been up to in Reception CH...
Bringing Batley to Life
What's in Batley
Children are learning about where they live. We took a tour around Batley and looked at buildings, businesses, leisure facilities and retail outlets. We stopped off at the library and heard a story as well as exploring the children's section, before visiting the park. On the trip, children spotted numbers, letters, signs, 2D and 3D shapes as well as different types of transport and vehicles. Amazing learning.
Developing Gross Motor Skills
Our children love to be active and being outdoors. This really develops their gross motor skills. They undertake everything from digging in the garden, to throwing and catching, and balancing. The boys have loved making 'potions' using the mud. All the children enjoy looking at nature and finding mini-beasts as well as gardening with the teachers, pulling out weeds but saving the plants.
Developing Fine Motor Skills
Children need strong muscle strength in their body to help them be able to get ready to write. Alongside developing their gross motor skills and coordination, we ensure they have lots of opportunities to develop their fine motor skills. Children have learnt to make everything from swords, hats, crowns and masks to cars and axes. They use some of these items as props in role play. These activities all require good hand-eye coordination, folding and cutting skills as well as joining skills.
Exploring shapes
Children have loved exploring shapes. They have been looking at 2D and 3D shapes as well as building and constructing using 3D shapes.
As well as learning about shapes, children have been learning to recite numbers correctly, order numbers, talk about weight, and, how to make things 'equal'. They have been learning how to match numerals (1, 2, 10, 15) to quantities of items, how to count carefully and they are starting to use mathematical terminology.
Children have been exploring and using the technology available in the setting. They have loved recording messages on the Talking Tins as well as using torches, the camera, the laptop and the Interactive Whiteboard.


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Statutes In U.S. Healthcare System
August 14, 2018
The healthcare subject is the subject of a number of federal statutes, regulations, pointers, interpretive information, and mannequin guidance. Other issues that seem to come up each time the topic of well being care reform come up are supposed decreased geographical entry to providers, long waits for obligatory procedures, and the incorporation of and distribution of latest know-how.
What can lay individuals do to make sure proper and protected care whereas within the hospital? It's value understanding that for the reason that imposition of the preceding health measures- the health division has famous a 50% decline within the forbidden sale of human organs in our country.
Whereas few studies have investigated ranges of stigma towards folks with psychological sickness (Kakuma 2010: 117), a current evaluation of mental health coverage development and implementation in South Africa discovered that stigma towards individuals with mental illnesses remains highly problematic (Lund et al. 2008: 52).
On Wednesday and Thursday, she was shaking throughout and would attempt to transfer and walk but her little body would just freeze in place for 2 or three minutes at a time and he or she would turn her head to the right side. I do know it's being …


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From a homeowner's back yard, to country clubs and other professional settings, Walpole custom creates pergolas that are the focal point for gathering, entertaining, and simply relaxing. These impressive, impeccably styled structures are handcrafted in cellular PVC, an enduring material that looks just like natural wood and requires no maintenance for years. We will meet your style preferences, square or round columns, curved or straight topped, freestanding or attached.
Custom Socializing Vinyl Pergola
Paint and Stain Standard Colors
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Bar Decorations Ideas. This Bar Decorations Ideas are made to provide some of good referential pictures that hopefully can end your designer block. Dining room is especially an important gathering place in a home.
Internet is the home of many good inspirations, and Bar Decorations Ideas is just one of them. Here, you can find a wide range of styles combined with a variety of nice colour schemes.
You can learn by seeing how experts do this in referential pictures provided by Bar Decorations Ideas. Think about large chandeliers, stunning dining room furniture, durable flooring, etc.
As noun
a relatively long, evenly shaped piece of some solid substance, as metal or wood, used as a guard or obstruction or for some mechanical purpose:the bars of a cage
an oblong piece of any solid material:a bar of soap; a candy bar
the amount of material in a bar
an ingot, lump, or wedge of gold or silver
a long ridge of sand, gravel, or other material near or slightly above the surface of the water at or near the mouth of a river or harbor entrance, often constituting an obstruction to navigation
anything that obstructs, hinders, or impedes; obstacle; barrier:a bar to important legislation
a counter or place where beverages, especially liquors, or light meals are served to customers:a snack bar; a milk bar
a barroom or tavern
(in a home) a counter, small wagon, or similar piece of furniture for serving food or beverages:a breakfast bar
the legal profession
the practicing members of the legal profession in a given community
any tribunal:the bar of public opinion
a band or strip:a bar of light
a railing in a courtroom separating the general public from the part of the room occupied by the judges, jury, attorneys, etc
a crowbar
Also called bar line
the line marking the division between two measures of music
double bar
the unit of music contained between two bar lines; measure
an objection that nullifies an action or claim
a stoppage or defeat of an alleged right of action
a horizontal stroke of a type character, as of an A, H, t, and sometimes e
(in tracery) a relatively long and slender upright of stone treated as a colonette or molded
Building Trades
an iron or steel shape: I-bar
a muntin
one of a pair of metal or cloth insignia worn by certain commissioned officers
bars, the transverse ridges on the roof of the mouth of a horse
a space between the molar and canine teeth of a horse into which the bit is fitted
(in a bridle) the mouthpiece connecting the cheeks
bride (def )
a horizontal band, narrower than a fess, that crosses the field of an escutcheon
a gateway capable of being barred
As verb (used with object), barred, barring
to equip or fasten with a bar or bars:Bar the door before retiring for the night
to block by or as if by bars:The police barred the exits in an attempt to prevent the thief's escape
to prevent or hinder:They barred her entrance to the club
to exclude or except:He was barred from membership because of his reputation
to mark with bars,ŋ stripes, or bands
As preposition
except; omitting; but:bar none
As Idioms
at bar, Law
before the court and being tried: a case at bar
before all the judges of a court: a trial at bar
behind bars, in jail:We wanted the criminal behind bars
As noun
something used for decorating; adornment; embellishment:The gymnasium was adorned with posters and crepe-paper decorations for the dance
the act of decorating
interior decoration
a badge, medal, etc
, conferred and worn as a mark of honor:a decoration for bravery
As noun
any conception existing in the mind as a result of mental understanding, awareness, or activity
a thought, conception, or notion:That is an excellent idea
an impression:He gave me a general idea of how he plans to run the department
an opinion, view, or belief:His ideas on raising children are certainly strange
a plan of action; an intention:the idea of becoming an engineer
a groundless supposition; fantasy
a concept developed by the mind
a conception of what is desirable or ought to be; ideal
(initial capital letter) Platonism
Also called form
an archetype or pattern of which the individual objects in any natural class are imperfect copies and from which they derive their being
idea of pure reason
a theme, phrase, or figure
a likeness
a mental image
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The benchmark is officially set in the Triumph ISO3. This ride provides improved energy underfoot with an EVERUN landing zone, while the ISOFIT System delivers a dynamic fit that adapts to your stride. Set standards and elevate your run in the Triumph ISO3.
- Updated Everun Landing Zone centered under the heel for maximum energy return at heel strike
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- Engineered mesh upper for a dynamic, lightweight fit
- ISOFIT creates a dynamic fit system by adapting to the shape and motion of the runner's foot
- TRI-FLEX outsole design provides greater ground contact and optimal flexibility
- Weight: 9.2 oz.
- Offset: 8 mm
- Heel Stack Height: 30 mm
- Forefoot Stack Height: 22 mm


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- Mrs. Dee to Bee
- 9 years ago
- Wedding: January 2010
Our caterer just doesn't get it! Our invitations say "Wine and cheese reception to follow" which doesn't mean literally ONLY appetizers that include cheese. We're vegans ourselves and have a number of friends with dairy allergies. When we rec'd the menu/contract it had EIGHT cheese items. EIGHT?! We cut it down to two cheese things and 3 non-cheese things (if you include nuts on that list). Our reception is only three hours long and we're serving cake.
Her response? "If I were to cut something, it would be the olive tapenade and nuts. That would put more focus on cheese."


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CALVIN Abueva's health problem is more than serious than just a case of tonsilitis.
Coach Alex Compton disclosed Abueva could missed a few more games in the PBA Philippine Cup after slighty tearing his quadricep during the offseason.
Abueva sat out the team's 99-97 overtime loss against NLEX Friday night at the Smart Araneta Coliseum due to the injury, which was apart from the case of tonsilitis that forced him to miss Sunday's opening rites.
Compton later told what was really bothering 'The Beast.'
"He's really injured and it wasn's about the tonsilitis that he got hospitalized for during the opening ceremony. He's got a quadricep (injury)," said the Alaska mentor
"We cannot risk a complete tear."
Abueva earlier said his recurring tonsilitis forced him to miss the opening ceremony of the league''s 42nd season last week, but didn't mention about the injury he suffered as the team was preparing for the all-Filipino tournament.
The Aces won't have their next game until Sunday next week (Dec. 3) against defending champion San Miguel. Compton said he won't force playing Abueva, who he referred to as the most dynamic player in the league, if he's not completely healed.
"It really depends on his development. If he's not ready for San Miguel I'm not gonna force him. He's too important," said the amiable Alaska coach.
"With Calvin, we can win or lose against San Miguel. And without Calvin, we can win or lose against San Miguel."


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- Fonds
- 1914-1966
The fonds consists of timber estimates by Eustace Smith and others, including cruise reports, correspondence, tables, and maps for many coastal areas of British Columbia and a few interior areas.
Eustace Smith Ltd.
The fonds consists of timber estimates by Eustace Smith and others, including cruise reports, correspondence, tables, and maps for many coastal areas of British Columbia and a few interior areas.
Eustace Smith Ltd.
This collection was donated by Eva Matsuzaki, an architect with Erickson's firm, who was project supervisor for the courthouse renovations. It contains the two-part feasibility report prepared for the City in 1974, plans and drawings of the ...
Matsuzaki, Eva
The records reflect Mrs. MacKechnie's involvement in saving the entrance to Stanley Park from encroachment by proposed development and in the revitalization of Gastown. Included are minutes, reports, briefs, news clippings, correspondence, f...
MacKechnie, Evelyn Catherine
The fonds consists of papers, publications and photographs relating to various topics: the Vancouver Junior Board of Trade, the Rowell-Sirois Report, provincial-municipal relations, Vancouver City Planning Commission, discrimination and Vivian Eng...
Crowley, Everett
Excelsior Gold Mining Company fonds
The fonds consists of minutes of meetings of the directors, 10 May 1897 - 9 May 1899.
Excelsior Gold Mining Company
The fonds consists of business correspondence, largely involving real estate transactions and inquiries. There are copies of several mortgages drawn up by the firm, and replies from Eastern Canada, the United States and Britain to various real est...
F.C. Innes and Company
The collection consists of a letter and a Notice of Appeal related to rezoning of a building at 3737 Oak Street. There are also three plans showing the exterior and interior perspective, and the site plan.
Findlay, Durham and Brodie collection
Collection consists of a letter dated 13 October 1882 and a telegram dated 9 December 1882 from J.L. Raymur of the Burrard Inlet Fishing Company regarding insurance and salt supplies. Access copies in file.
Findlay, Durham and Brodie
First Baptist Church collection
The collection consists of a typed history, accompanied by photographs and pamphlets, including one documenting the opening of West Point Grey Baptist Church, April 16th, 1961.
First Baptist Church
First Lutheran Church fonds : 1892-1952
The fonds includes the congregational minute book, 1900 1952; register of Baptisms etc., 1892-1953; minute book of youth group 1909 1913; and the constitution and account book of Ladies Aid, 1899-1930.
First Lutheran Church (Vancouver, B.C.)
First Presbyterian Church fonds
The fonds consists of original and photostat versions of a baptismal register, 1885-1918. There is a gap between April 1908 and July 1911.
First Presbyterian Church
First Shaughnessy Planning Study Citizens' Working Committee fonds
The fonds consists of the papers of the First Shaughnessy Planning Study Citizens' Working Committee. It also includes consultants reports and papers of other planning agencies relating to the development of the First Shaughnessy Plan.
First Shaughnessy Planning Study Citizens' Working Committee
The collection consists of programmes, brochures, newsletters, Christmas cards, certificates and photographs.
Bogdan, Forwin
The fonds includes an article by F.M. Black, published in Scotland in 1893, entitled Down the Selkirks on the Cowcatcher, together with a covering letter by Black to Mr. Cotterell of the C.P.R. The fonds also includes newspaper clippings.
Black, Francis Mollison
The fonds consists of incoming correspondence from various notables of Carter-Cotton's time, among them Wilfred Laurier and Sandford Fleming. There are miscellaneous personal papers and legal documents, and a collection of early newspapers, i...
Carter-Cotton, Francis Lovet
The fonds consists of correspondence, pamphlets, working drafts of publications, letters to the editor, manuscripts and biographical data.
Pilkington, Francis C.
The fonds consists of Appelbe's photographs of aerial views of the west side of Vancouver and the West End; and views of the RCMP vessel St. Roch, Coal Harbour and railway shops and rolling stock in West Vancouver.
Appelbe, Frank
Frank Archibald Haines collection
The collection consists of a discharge certificate, Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1919; discharge certificate, Canadian Army, 1945; tradesmen's qualifications certificate; and document case.
Haines, Frank Archibald
The collection consists of legal papers and maps pertaining to the land holdings of Charles and Rebecca Desormier, Samuel Gintzburger and George W. Fuller. The collection also contains legal papers pertaining to Rickard and Frith (G.F. Frith Co. ...
Hall, Frank Elmer
The fonds consists of civic legal documents, correspondence, newspapers, memorabilia, and mine reports. There is also a photograph which was probably taken during the building of the 2nd Narrows Bridge.
Woodside, Frank Everett
The collection consists of a census book of Fraser Mills dated 1910.
The fonds consists of textual records related to the concerns, areas of interest and actions of the Fraser River Coalition and are defined by the region in and around the Fraser River and more specifically the area around Vancouver International A...
Fraser River Coalition
Fraser Valley Milk Producers' Association fonds
The fonds contains minutes, milk agreements, membership records, financial papers, published records, ledgers, a membership index, manuals of operation, pamphlets, historical manuscripts and ephemera, speeches by Dan Nicholson (President of the As...
Fraser Valley Milk Producers' Association
Collection consists of two 45 rpm records of music composed by Fred Fisher for B.C.'s Centennial, and copies of the songs. There is also a list of the performers and a business card.
The collection consists of two planning studies written by Fred Hancock.
Hancock, Fred
Fonds contains legal records pertaining to land purchased by Andrew Anderson in 1890 and sold to Fred Thurston in 1909. Fonds also includes a property tax assessment for the land for 1910. The land involved was D.L. 301, block 80, lots 16 and 17, ...
Thurston, Fred
Fonds consists of construction contracts (1931-1953), correspondence (1922, 1938), church building dedication programs (1927-1952), news clippings (1928-1958), and photographs (1921-1953), all relating to Frederick Davies' construction projects.
Davies, Frederick
The fonds consists of correspondence, reports to Council, some minutes of the Special Joint Committee on Skid Row Problems and the sub committees; technical reports and briefs, minutes of the Downtown Eastside Clergy; and other reference papers.
Ramsey, Frederick A., Reverend Canon
Freemasons Inner Light Lodge No. 399 fonds
The fonds consists of minute books, correspondence, attendance sheets, hymns, membership registers, and certificates pertaining to Inner Light Lodge, No. 399, and a membership list for the Theosophical Society, Hermes Lodge.
Freemasons. Inner Light Lodge No. 399
Friends of Chamber Music fonds
The fonds consists of minutes; financial statements; annual reports, including those of Presidents and Committee Chairmen; correspondence; membership lists; list of programmes, typescript, all concerts; accommodation, booking and seating; brochure...
Friends of Chamber Music
Fruit Magazine Publishing Company fonds
Fonds consists of a book of minutes for the first five meetings of the company. Content is mostly of an organizational nature.
Fruit Magazine Publishing Company
Fonds consists of 13 scrapbooks of press clippings of Vancouver amateur sporting events for the period 1940 to 1950 and one scrapbook of press clippings, pamphlets, etc. of the coronation of King George VI, 1937.
Moyls, G.H.
G.P. Bainbridge et al. collection
The collection consists of a letter dated October 26, 1797 from Captain George Vancouver at Petersham to James Symes requesting correction of sums paid at the Cape of Good Hope, 1791, and Valparaiso, 1795, to several persons. Captain Vancouver us...
The collection consists of a wedding invitation, letter of sympathy from the Fernie Liberal Association, and appointment of Mrs. Martha Gammage as postmaster.
Gammage family
Garden Club of Vancouver fonds
The fonds consists of miscellaneous subject files, including administrative and operational records; newsletters; membership booklets; articles; and two photographs of the Roedde House Project.
Garden Club of Vancouver
Garden, Hermon and Burwell fonds
The fonds consists of correspondence, memoranda, specifications, drawings, and support documents concerning the construction of the Vancouver Street Railway in 1889-1890; receipts and invoices 1893-1899; 1910 correspondence between the Property Ow...
Garden, Hermon and Burwell, Provincial Land Surveyors
The collection consists of a scrapbook containing clippings, letters and other assorted material on the subject of proportional representation collected between 1918 and 1921.
Gastown Merchants' Association fonds
The fonds consists of minutes, newsletters, notices of meetings, posters and other promotional brochures for the Gastown Merchants' Association; correspondence, mostly between the city government, the United Fruit Growers and Al Bowen; and pl...
Gastown Merchants' Association
The fonds consists of minutes, correspondence, stock records, and ledgers of the Gault Brothers as well as the minutes of the Caribou Shipping Company and Caribou Brand Catalogues.The fonds is arranged into 6 series: Biographical and historical fi...
Gault Brothers
Gay Alliance Toward Equality fonds : 1971-1980
The fonds consists of the constitution and position papers, 1971-1974; and minutes and correspondence, 1971-1980.
Gay Alliance Toward Equality
The fonds consists of personal memoirs and papers, business correspondence, scripts of speeches, clippings and photographs.
Cran, George A.
The fonds includes photographs, correspondence and clippings which provide an outline of Fitch's enterprises. Photographs depict Fitch's World War 1 service, his employment as private secretary to the Mayor of Vancouver, and his career ...
Fitch, George
The fonds consists of correspondence, speeches and related notes, expense reports, certificates and publications pertaining to Cowan's personal life, political involvement and career and his legal career.
Cowan, George Henry
George Henry Keefer collection
The collection consists of George Keefer's memoirs of his life and work in various British Columbia and American locations. The recollections were written in 1936.
Keefer, George Henry
The collection consists of photocopies of a manuscript index to the Canadian Merchant Service Guild annuals, 1920-1955.
The fonds consists of Maxwell's essays and sermons along with photographs of the Synod of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, taken in 1861, and a photograph of Maxwell taken at a church picnic in the 1890s.
Maxwell, George Ritchie
The fonds consists of records created and accumulated by George Moul during his work with the Lower Kitsilano Ratepayers' Association, the Kitsilano Ratepayers' Association, the Kitsilano War Memorial Community Centre Association, the Ki...
Moul, George
George Robertson Gordon collection
The collection consists of a diary kept between 1862 and 1905 by an unidentified person, who travelled extensively around the world working at various jobs, including gold mining, prospecting and farming. This person worked in South Africa, Calif...
The fonds consists of Thompson's photographs of various military parades held in Vancouver during the Second World War as well as family and other films created by Thompson between 1926 and 1980.


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University professor shares the real story behind '12 Strong'
In October 2001, something caught Brian Glyn Williams' attention: a photograph of a classified military operation in Afghanistan, shown during a press conference.
Instead of tanks or endless formations of soldiers, the photograph showed a group of Army Special Forces soldiers on horseback deep into Taliban territory. It was America's first glimpse into one of the earliest covert military actions against the Taliban.
The United States military and the CIA teamed up with an unlikely hero: Abdul Rashid Dostum, an Uzbek warlord whose own campaign against the Taliban had been underway before the September 11 attacks.
It was also the beginning of the Williams' quest to share that story. The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth history professor, who specializes in Middle Eastern affairs, turned the alliance into a book, The Last Warlord: The Life and Legend of Dostum, the Afghan Warrior who Led US Special Forces to Topple the Taliban Regime. The alliance is also the subject of a new movie, 12 Strong, which Williams consulted on.
On January 30, in front of a standing-room-only crowd at the university library, he spoke about the battles, his quest to write The Last Warlord, and the new film.
The Unlikely Alliance.
Dostum gained notoriety among the Uzbeks, native descendants of the great Mongols who once controlled most of Asia. In the 1980s, he fought with the Soviet Union in the Soviet–Afghan War. He later introduced social reform to his region and improved civil rights for women.
But in 1998, he was defeated by the Taliban, and forced into exile in Turkey. He returned in April 2001, joined by military leader Ahmad Shah Massoud and 2,000 men. They created a rebel military outpost deep in Taliban-controlled mountains with one goal: drive them out.
Armed with AK-47s and riding on horseback against tanks, their mission to raid and disrupt Taliban operations was rough going from the beginning. On September 9, 2001, Massoud was killed by Al-Qaeda suicide bombers, leaving only Dostum in charge. But then, something happened thousands of miles away that changed their battle, and the world, forever.
"The enemy they had been fighting suddenly lashed out across the globe and killed 3,000 Americans in the very same World Trade Center he saw when he came to America in the 1990s," Williams said.
As the United States prepared its response to the September 11 attacks, Dostum saw his chance to bolster his offensive.
"He offered his condolences and offered to be our friend," Williams explained. "He had boots on the ground so he was a tremendous asset and the CIA leapt at the chance."
The CIA sent twelve Army Green Berets to the rebel outpost. They identified a target: Mazar-i-Sharif, home of a shrine that, if captured, could crush the Taliban's deeply superstitious willpower to fight.
The soldiers and Uzbeks pushed forward for several months, first with only horses and AK-47s, but soon raided enemy munitions and tanks, and had air support from laser-guided bombers. By November, they had driven the Taliban out of the city. Shortly thereafter, the Taliban control of Mosul fell.
Telling the story.
Williams was instantly drawn to the alliance.
"That's what drew me to the story," Williams said. "A brotherhood between people of different worlds -- Muslims fighting alongside Americans against the common enemy, and the brotherhood is timeless."
For four summers, he traveled to Afghanistan to trace the path of Dostum's forces and embed himself with Dostum and his people.
"It's rough over there," Williams said. "Traveling can be hard, and life can be hard with bone-jarring hot heat and dust."
He got into a little trouble along the way. He inevitably ended up 80 feet into a land mine field, and had to purchase an AK-47 to carry with him so he wouldn't be an easy target for kidnappers. Although he never fired his AK-47 in combat, he admitted he did take a few shots at ruins of an Soviet tank in the desert.
He finally met with Dostum to hear his stories -- and to present him with a UMass Dartmouth Alumni magazine he was featured in. He also spent two weeks interviewing Taliban prisoners of war.
"I heard their stories -- amazing stories -- of death and loss and anger and fanaticism," Williams said.
Through his travels and interviews with Dostum, his people, and the military and CIA officers who made the alliance happen, he released The Last Warlord in 2013.
Hollywood consultant.
The alliance became a major motion picture with the release of 12 Strong in mid-January. Owing to his expertise, Williams was tapped by Executive Producer Jerry Bruckheimer to serve as a consultant last February.
He met with actor Navid Negahban, who takes on the role of Dostum in the film, to help him get into his character.
"The actor wanted my book and my help so I helped him," Williams said. "He's a wonderful guy and he really channeled Dostum."
He also visited the New Mexico filming sites, which were intended to serve as Afghan deserts.
"It felt like Afghanistan… the terrain, the dust flying in your eyes, the temperatures," Williams said.
He also weighed in on one of his favorite things from the set -- the use of authentic tanks and equipment, borrowed from the nearby White Sands Missile Range.
"I love authenticity and this meant a lot to me to have those actual tanks and things like that," Williams said.
Williams said the movie, for the most part, sticks to the story as is, although it does make some changes for dramatic reasons. For example, a Taliban leader is killed shortly after the fall of Mazar-i-Sharif, but in reality he was captured and sent to Guantanamo Bay.
"It's not as dramatic as it is in the movie but in many ways it is," Williams said.
The movie is currently in the theaters.
An international connection.
Joining Williams on stage were two special guests: Afghan Ambassador Ayoob Erfani and Batur Dostum, Abdul Rashid Dostum's son.
"Although it is a Hollywood film, for me it was a pleasure to see the battles my father fought in the mountains alongside the legendary Green Beret special forces against our common enemy, the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, brought alive on the movie screen," Batur Dostum said.
Batur Dostum reaffirmed his country's commitment and loyalty to the United States, stressing that more is needed in the face of international terrorism by ISIS and Al-Qaeda.
"The United States should work closely with their loyal, committed, and honest partners on the ground," Batur Dostum said. "You can always count on our friendship and partnership."
For his work, Williams was presented with a hand-carved wooden sculpture of his book from the visiting officials. Two of Williams' former students also presented the delegates with a hand-knitted quilt and a "challenge coin" from one student's military unit.
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My work at the Hospice is predominantly leading and supporting our large group of volunteers. I also have involvement in the retail side of the Hospice which raises nearly a quarter of our annual running costs. People volunteer for all sorts of reasons and I am fortunate to be able to work with a superb team of volunteers, who bring diversity, loyalty, humour and their invaluable individual life experience. Volunteering is open to everyone and I always look forward to welcoming new people on board our team.
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|Gender/Women's Studies;
|My proposed paper will intervene in feminist debates about how to approach and analyse sexual and wider gender-based violence in Iraq specifically and the Middle East more generally. Recognizing the significance of positionality, I argue against dichotomous positions and for the need to look at both macro structural configurations of power pertaining to imperialism, neo-liberalism and globalization on the one hand, and localised expressions of patriarchy, religious interpretations and practises and cultural norms on the other hand. Rather than contributing to the taboo and silencing of sexual and wider gender-based violence within domestic Iraqi politics on the one hand, and the sensationalising and essentialist culturalist discourses on the other, I will make the case that we need to find nuanced and truly intersectional ways to talk about it. Trying to avoid the straightjacket of location and positionality - however shifting that might be given people's multiple roles, transnational involvements and contextual identities - calls for historicising to avoid essentialist notions of culture and identity. But it also requires attention to regional and local agencies, complicities, historically specific patriarchal articulations and practises, and, crucially, I would argue, a critical engagement with militarised and other newly emerging masculinities. In the Iraqi context today, this concretely translates into a recognition that US and UK actions and policies linked to the invasion and occupation have contributed to the deterioration of women's rights and the increase in gender-based and sexual violence, while simultaneously paying attention to and recognizing that local manifestations of militarised and neo-liberal patriarchal gender norms and relations are also rooted in regional, (trans)national and local power dynamics and struggles as well as historically specific contestations over resources, cultures and identities. Crucially, gender-based and sexual violence did not simply emerge post-2003 but have a history linked to the Ba'th regime, which came into power in 1968 and lasted until 2003, and even further back the formation of Iraq as a nation state. We also have to look carefully at the specific political and economic dynamics linked to the Kurdish Regional Government, particularly post -1991. My contribution is based on over 10 years of engaging in empirical qualitative research on gender-based violence in Iraq and tis diasporas.


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NEWPORT, R.I., July 31 -- To-morrow afternoon the first of the series of the ladies' golf matches will be played on the links of the Newport Golf Club for a subscription cup. The match will be a handicap limited to 20 strokes and 18 holes. View Full Article in Timesmachine »Continue reading the main story
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Our MoM's Love to Rock!
Yep. Do the math...take one rock chick vocal + four musical savants + a hopping venue, and what happens? That's right, your MoM's is about to ROCK. KSB is heading to Maxwell's on Main ("MoM's") for another epic rock show. Free of charge, yet full of fun, you'll get a night of dancing and pumped up beats! You in? Nice! Make it Happen!!


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Binaryh bolts back to Steyoyoke Black for another burly and blasting EP. This time around Binaryh brings us his own reconstruction of Mallone's hard-hitting EP, 'Hypnagogic'. Add his own touches on both 'The Flowing Moon' and it's counterpart, 'Maelstrom', this reconstructive piece takes on a new shape all alone.
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Steyoyoke Black Reconstructed by Aaryon & David Granha [STEYOYOKE BLACK]
Artist: Skena, Pete Oak, Aaryon, David Granha Title: Steyoyoke Black Reconstructed by Aaryon & David Granha EP Label: Steyoyoke Black Cat.: SYYKBLK012 Digital: Jan 22nd, 2016 Download Press Release (.pdf) DJ FEEDBACK PRESS & BLOG RADIO AIRPLAY Dj Feedback Sasha (Last Night On Earth) "Great remixes! i like the emotive vibes of Tranquila" Favourite Track: […]


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Every outfit has its accessories. Sometimes it's jewelry. Maybe a purse, definitely shoes are a must but as we approach Halloween in addition to the candy and costume a candy collector is a must. I'm not talking about bellies or mouths of monsters or little ponies, ninjas or Moana's. I'm talking about the vessel to get your candy home.
A bag! For older children this is the perfect item to carry the loot. A bag has handles that are more comfortable when the load is heavier and a bag will definitely aid in ensuring every piece makes it home.
My daughter was so excited to receive a new bag for her trick or treating experience but way more excited to get to style it .
She loves to color and design so coloring was right up her alley for a nice afternoons entertainment.
She's pretty good at starting a job and staying there till it's finished!
She loves how her new bag came out. She also loves that it glows in the dark. That's a nice treat. Our routine doesn't keep us out too late but, fall does make it get dark sooner. I love that it's durable and will hold the candy. The glow part is fun but I also like that she will be able to use this bag again next year!
Bags even come in two different colors but still offer the same great fun and glow in the dark magic!
Check out the special code for a discount! There are also other items available your child can color too!
I was provided this product complimentary for review purposes and all opinions stated are my own.


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Before you head off to the supermarket to begin the grand performance of holiday entertaining, in the art of 'Removing Your Cape' think about a nice relaxing holiday that you can actually enjoy and are not slaving in the kitchen and cleaning up dirty dishes. Now let's not just think about it, let's do it!
Begin with planning! First, how many people will be stopping by? Get a head count and give yourself room for a few extra people. Next how will you work out the food? I hardly recommend cooking everything, it is a lot to do and it's never any fun to be in the kitchen and hear everyone in the next room having a great time. So have everyone chip in. If you are going to cook the Turkey, have everyone bring a side dish. If you are going to make the all of the food, have everyone bring dessert and drinks. Coordinate a list so you have enough sides and main dishes as well as desserts and everyone knows what they are contributing.
How can the kids help? The kids can either help with the cooking the day before (my kids love to measure, pour and stir), and or setting the table for guests on the day of. Another way they can help is by helping you clean out the refrigerator the day before. You want to have room for all of the food you are about to make for this grand feast!
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Performance Engineer at Barclays
Tallahassee, Florida
This question is incredibly important to me because it addresses my largest concern, not just in terms of post-secondary education, but for life in general. As a naturally indecisive person, I perform well academically in all classes, but no colleges or majors have stricken me as "the one." What can I to improve my situation and lead a healthy balanced life?
#undecided #career-planning-for-long-term-happiness #happiness
Performance Engineer at Barclays
Tallahassee, Florida
Secondary College Readiness Teacher at Sheldon ISD
Houston, Texas
Education Professional


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Originally posted by ::.mika.::
i didn't make absolute opinion on plane or no plane yet, but the fact that the OP run after the secondary points of the NTP rather than the very main one (how an aluminium craft cuts and slices columns of steel?) make him look suspicious...
Originally posted by weedwhacker
"info"....why not spend a few years learning how to fly, then come tell us how it was 'faked'
[edit on 4/26/0909 by weedwhacker]
Originally posted by mister.old.school
Originally posted by Nola213
You have to watch the video, as those explosions occure a good deal after the initial "explosion". So those picture comparisons are pointlesson that one.
Not at all. The comparisons are exceptionally valuable in that the pattern of deceptive editing, image manipulation, and less-than-sufficient source video are exposed.
a fireball, some 25-30 stories below the impact.
Which also occurred, on the north-side, when the second plan struck the south tower.
The black smudge drawn in again, you clearer photo only proves it's suspicious even more, beause it's not, there,
If you refuse to believe that an intense fire on the floor will break and darken a row of windows, then there is nothing I can do for you.
You should watch this video:
How did anyone get that angle captured? Where was that cameraman standing?
Originally posted by thegreatobserver
This video with the boeing was shot on the rooftop of a building that is closed for public.
I don't know exactly the name and address but I have it in my files somewhere. I read about it before. No private person or media would have ever been allowed to shoot on there....which makes it interesting!
Originally posted by infoliberator
This is the 911 Test for Eight-Graders. If you can answer the questions, you may pass. We'll see who can.
Originally posted by infoliberator
You can think about this stuff on this level, but you cannot refute this page?
Originally posted by jmdewey60
Here is my thing: What is this ring, in the middle of the fireball coming out of the building?
Originally posted by infoliberator
What does it take to wake people up????
If you understood the videos WERE FAKED, then you would KNOW WHO THE PERPETRATORS ARE!!!


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Not all breakthrough technologies look like they came straight off of The Jetsons. The most earth-shattering innovations for many industries come from looking at old data in new, exciting ways. For example, Dickey's Barbecue Pit relies on daily point-of-sales analytics to make informed decisions on the fly. Continue reading
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What You Need To Do If You Have An Accident At Work
When you are in the workplace, your employer has a responsibility to ensure your safety. If something happens to you while at work, then there are several things you need to do. Your company may not be responsible, of course. … Continue reading
Everything You'll Need for Working Outdoors
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4 Things Common-Laws Couples Should Know Before Buying a Home
Although there's no way to know just how many common-law couples are buying homes today, we do know that the existence of these unions are at an all-time high across Canada. The last census count indicated there was a 13.9% rise over the course of five years, totaling out at 1,567,910 common-law families. Continue reading
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Whether you are looking for a new job and new challenges for a short or long period or seeking permanent employment, we are able to help you. As a temp, you will be employed by Xterna, but work for our clients. We are covered by trade union agreements and are we are a member of the Confederation of Danish Industry (DI), so you can always be that sure administrative details are in order. You are thus guaranteed a contractual wage, sickness benefit, pension, holiday pay and all other statutory social costs.
Many of the positions we fill are never advertised because we have suitable candidates in our database, which is the first place we look whenever we have a position to fill. By creating your resume in our database, you will be first in line and can be sure that you will be considered for relevant positions. If we have a relevant position for you, we will invite you to an interview, where we can get a closer insight into who you are, your skills and your expectations.


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Compiled By: Firouzeh Mirrazavi
Deputy Editor of Iran Review
When visiting Kashan in 1993, the chairman of UNESCO remarked: "Kashani architects are the greatest alchemists of history. They could make gold out of dust". Indeed, almost all of Kashan's masterpieces, as in many other parts in Iran are made of humble, local, earth.
Many travellers opt to bypass Kashan on their journeys between Tehran, Esfahan and Yazd, but they do not know this delightful oasis city on the edge of the Dasht-e Kavir as one of the most alluring destinations in Iran, boasting a highly atmospheric covered bazaar, and a cluster of architecturally significant 19th-century houses.
During the Seljuk period (AD 1051–1220) the town became famous for its textiles, pottery and tiles. Today it is a major centre for the production of textiles, rugs and rose water, and a great place to stock up on quality souvenirs. The most popular time of the year to visit is April, when the fields of rose bushes outside town are in full and fragrant bloom.
Toward the end of 18th century, as a result of a deadly earthquake, a lot of structures collapsed in Kashan. This also included all the buildings of Shah Abbas I, the mighty Safavid king who liked Kashan very much. Then, under Abdol-Razaq Khan, the city governor, a lot of buildings were built and reconstructed. That's why most of what we know as Kashan historical houses have been built during late 18th as well as 19th centuries.
Also, the prosperous time of foreign trade between Iran and Russia was another reason that some merchants took the opportunity and entered similar deals with this new foreign business partner of Iran. Several of them exported fruits and handicrafts to Russia and imported items not found in Iran , which turned to be popular as there was huge need for them: samovar, clocks, chandeliers, etc.
Prosperous merchants needed bigger and more luxurious houses to quench their wishes and suit their culture. Therefore, local architects' knowledge and efficiency helped the accumulated wealth to create masterpieces which we call Kashan historical houses today. They are some of the most liked Iran tourist attractions now.
Persia's distinctive artistic heritage with efficient yet ancient technical know-how thus created houses and spaces in this city whose features were aesthetic talars and roofs capes with intriguing light wells, as well as intricate window and mirror works, paintings, reliefs, and a beautifully crafted iwan amidst comfortable residential spaces in hot desert regions.
Fortunately, in recent years some of these mansions have been revived, restored and converted into hotels and Residential & Cultural Complexes for tourists from Iran and all over the world.
These historic mansions with their beautiful architecture are spectacular monuments of which travelers can enjoy the quiet and unique ambiance and be acquainted with the history of Iran during their stay in the country:
Āmeri House: First Five Stars Hotel in Kashan
After 15 years of revival and restoration Āmeri Mansion in Kashan, Iran, has been converted into a hotel, restaurant and cafeteria for tourists from Iran and all over the world.
The Āmeri House also known as "Khan-e Āmeriha" or house of the Āmeri family is a historic house in Kashan, in Isfahan Province, in Iran.
It was built during the Zand era for Agha 'Āmeri, the governor of Kashan, who was responsible for maintaining the security of the route between Tehran and Kerman.
Covering an area of 9000 square metres, and housing seven courtyards, the Āmeri house is one of several large spectacular old houses in the central district of Kashan.
Like the other houses around it, it was rebuilt in the 19th century, after the city was ravaged by a series of massive earthquakes in the 18th century.
The mansion has got seven courtyards built for seven independent families Covering an area of 9000 square meters.
There are more than 80 rooms in it. The unique and magnificent architecture of the Āmeries structures such as fascinating decorations, porches, ponds, courts and gardens make them spectacular edifice.
The materials used in the buildings include bricks for construction of the main structure, mud and straw for insulation and facade, gypsum for decoration facade and interior, mirrors for making inner spaces (particularly ceilings) more beautiful, thick wooden doors for protection.
Mirrored stars twinkle on the vaulted roof of the four-bed dorm in this simple but atmospheric traditional hotel.
Rooms come in many shapes and forms, but most are arranged around a pretty courtyard with a large decorative pool and plenty of seating – it's a great place to enjoy dinner.
The hotel uses profits to help fund its NGO, which promotes the arts and is based in the house. Note that air-con is only available in rooms with bathroom and that US$9 discounts are offered in the low season.
Ehsan House – Residential & Cultural Complex
Ehsan House, is the first historical house in Kasahan that has been turned into a cultural guest house (traditional hotel) hoping to satisfy the honorable guests with having a suitable environment.
It has been located in a historic structure opposite to Aghabozorg Mosque, close to grand bazar and other historical houses.
Ehsan historical house has been registered under the number 12325 as a national cultural heritage of Iran.
The landlord, Haj Mirza Agha Ehsan, had been one of the famous gracious and beneficent businessmen and landowners of Kashan.
The interior part of the house was bought by Mohammad Moravej, on the February 2002 and was conferred to Andishe Javan Sepehri club for cultural applications.
Andishe Javan Sepehri club is a non-governmental organization which is active in cultural, artistic and social fields. Repairing, refinement and changing of the Ehsan historical house into guest house are some of the activities of this NGO.
The residential part of the Ehsan historic house has a reception capacity of 50 people.
Some rooms are furnished with modern furniture and others are fully traditional to induce the guests, to have experience of Iranian traditional life.
The rooms are housed in the historical quarters and are very comfortable, with all modern amenities like air-con and wi-fi internet available. Every room in the hotel is different.
The Cultural part of the house includes a museum of Manoochehr Sheibani's works, including poems, prose, articles, drama, movies and paintings. It also includes an amphitheater, pottery workshop, and a library.
Mahinestan Raheb – Traditional Dinning – Historical House
Mahin Saraye Raheb
Shah Yelani house or Mahin Saraye Raheb stands in center of darb- bagh in Kashan and dates back to Ghajar- Pahlavi Period.
The traditional Home, was registered as a National Monuments of Iran on the registration number 0f 12970.
It's a charismatic old house in the lovely desert oasis city of Kashan.
This place is one of the most luxurious inns in the center of Kashan. After being reconstructed, the building has become a modern place with modern furniture which can be used by travelers who visit this city.
This house has two floors and three yards separated from each other. Every yard is named differently.
Internal yard, external yard, and the crew's yard are the names which are given to them. In this building every ancient Iranian method of construction is applied, such as summer cloisters and winter cloisters, louvers, basement, vestibules, and alcoves.
You can see several parts of this house being carved artistically. Pools are inevitable part of Iranian house constructions.
Sitting by these pools while drinking Iranian made drinks, you can enjoy the nice smell of Iranian flowers and stick this memory in your mind for as long as time goes on.
The Manouchehri House - Hotel
Manouchehri House is one of the historic houses located in Kashan. Its primary architecture dates back to Safavid dynasty era. About 240 years ago, an earthquake in Kashan destroyed many parts of this city.
Manouchehri House was ruined in this earthquake and rebuilt in some sections in the Qajar dynasty era.
Manouchehri House has two entrances. It is the only house that has its own private historic cistern in Kashan.
While at the verge of destruction, this house was bought in 2007 and registered as a heritage monument in the same year. Only recently after major restoration this house has been turned into the first boutique hotel in Iran.
This complex includes 9 charming rooms, a beautiful restaurant with traditional Kashani and Iranian food, traditional textile weaving workshops, a contemporary art gallery, a life style shop, a library and a home theater. Manouchehri House has been awarded Lonely planets top choice for 2012.
Manouchehri House is located in one of the traditional parts of Kashan called Sarepole that is an old Jewish area. It is situated near traditional Bazaar.
Sarepole is one of the outstanding areas of Kashan.Noble families such as Sheybani and Zarrabi have been its residents. This area has been silk weaving center, too.
Manouchehri House is among one of the most beautiful national and historic monuments restored in Iran. This house with incomparable residential rooms, restaurant, cinema, brocading and velvet weaving workshop, gallery, handicraft, bookshop and café net is one of the most unique traditional residences.
The Manouchehri House is gold mine of traditional Persian architecture and craftsmanship. Nurtured by a passion for design and a profound respect for history, this private residence has been brought back to life with the highest standards of historic preservation and the latest in modern amenities.
Nine private guest rooms with unique architectural details surround a peaceful courtyard that features a reflecting pool flanked by gardens bearing local fruit. Guests are welcomed with a refreshment in the elegant lobby outfitted with traditional Iranian furnishings and showcasing an art gallery in the atrium above.
A beautiful dining room serves complimentary breakfast as well as local fare for lunch and dinner. A state-of-the-art subterranean movie theatre, converted from the original basement cistern, and wifi Internet service throughout, highlight the harmonious balance of old and new.
A spacious textile workshop featuring looms for velvet and brocade weaving support the revival of traditional arts of the region. These rare and precious textiles are available for purchase in the hotel's gift shop, which presents a multitude of objects from Iranian artisans and craftsmen.
Through consistent dedication and passionate teamwork, the Manouchehri House has become a beacon of cultural and historical restoration and a rare gem in the landscape of luxury accommodations.
The Manouchehri house can host conventions and business and cultural events with seating capacity of up to 50 persons.
Replete with historic sites of interest, beautiful surrounding villages, and a variety of activities, Kashan offers more than meets the eye at first glance. The Manouchehri House can assist you in arranging a very special experience during your visit to Kashan.
The Iranian House of Kashan
The Iranian House aging more than 250 years, is located in the Kooshk-e-Safi quarter, one of the oldest quarters of Kashan.
The 1000m² house, which is constructed on the "flower bed ditch" model, is in fact the exterior part of an immense house which lost its interior part and other annexes over time.
After seven successive years of strengthening, restoring and remodeling, this house has emerged as one of the rare traditional residences which have been restored according to scientific and technical principles.
In order to preserve the original architecture and flow of life in this edifice, it has been repurposed as a residence complex for tourists in the form of five different residential spaces including the "Upper House", the "Veiled House", the "Hidden Chamber", the "Resting House" and the "Private Chamber" along with other facilities provided in the "Mirror Hall", the splendid "Parlor", the "Banquet Hall", the "Beverage Room" and the "Cistern Cellar" to serve those who have chosen Kashan as a travel destination.
The Iranian House is a remarkable living example of the Iranian culture and art for the young generation.
The edifice embraces an extensive collection of delicate artistic detail which, together with the cellars, the three door chambers, the five door mirror hall, stained-glass windows, and its magnificent stuccos, mirror works, and paintings have turned the building into a museum of the works of Kashan's great masters of art.
Such a building could serve as a pattern and sample for younger architects as well as students of this field.
No need to say that one should not be looking for a modern hotel facility in the Iranian House. All effort has been made in order for the passion of life to flow in the veins of this House. The main goal of the host is to turn your stay into a memorable experience; that of a banquet at your own home, the "Iranian House"
*Photo Credit: CHN, Mehr News, ISNA, Jamejam Online, Last Second.ir


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Canon Ip6600d Error 6a00
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Alone on the beach. Peaceful. Solitude. Just the way I like it. Photograph. Art Print.
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Important Facts About Leather
The most important feature we should look for in a leather riding jacket is strength. The leather needs to be strong to resist abrasion and impact force damage. Even though most salesmen will insist that their jackets are "strong" and "tough", we need to go far beyond that nebulous statement. What we are looking for is a solid, thick leather surface that can easily resist tensile (i.e.. pull-apart) forces. The best way to ascertain that is simply to take a section of the leather surface and pull, twist, and bend it in our hands. The leather should be mostly stiff to the touch and should not allow itself to be stretched or twisted. Because of its strength it should also feel heavy. Some of the best motorcycle jackets weight five to ten pounds as a result of the heavy and strong leather.
The second most important feature to look for is thickness. In general, the thicker the leather the better. Thicker leather means it will resist abrasion longer, and also provide more padding during blunt force impacts. Most quality riding jackets advertise 1.0-1.5 mm of leather thickness, which is often sufficient to resist abrasion from even a 75 mph crash. Cheaper riding jackets and most/all fashion leather jackets, on the other hand, incorporate much thinner leather, which is nowhere near as resistant. As a rule of thumb, the abrasion resistance of a leather jacket is directly proportional to the thickness of its leather. Thus, a jacket with 1 .mm thick leather will have double the resistance of 0.5 mm leather and will last twice as long in a crash. A quality motorcycle jacket has more than twice the leather thickness of cheap "fashion" garments —— something to think about when relying on a dress jacket to provide protection in a high-speed crash.
The third most important feature to look for is leather texture. In order to resist abrasion and impact, the surface of the leather needs to be uniform and smooth. Most failures of garments occur at seams and stitching. It is very important to select a jacket that uses large, uniform sections of leather and minimizes the number of seams. A jacket made up of numerous stitched sections, in irregular patterns, will likely fail in a crash from the stresses from abrasion and impact, thereby exposing the rider's skin.
In conclusion, the selection of an appropriate leather jacket for motorcycle riding is a serious matter. A buyer should pay particular attention to the quality and features of the leather. Settling for a cheap thin, or "fashion" garment could result in serious injury in a crash.
Top 10 Tips
To retain its beauty and
other desirable qualities, leather requires frequent conditioning to replace the
natural lubricants lost during normal use. With proper care, leather can be
protected from excessive dryness that can cause it to crack, and from moisture
that may cause it to swell or mildew.
Leather Dyes: Whenever cleaning your leather apparel by hand, you may notice a small amount of dye may come off. This is normal and part of the wearing process. For this reason you should avoid using household cleaners on you garment, since they may take off more dye than usual.
1. Because unprotected leather is susceptible to spotting from water and other liquids, a newly purchased leather item should be treated immediately to prevent permanent stains. The use of too much oil and wax, however, can clog pores, causing leather to lose its ability to allow air in and moisture out.
2. Always hang leather coats on wide padded hangers. Use shoe trees in shoes and boots. Stuff empty handbags with tissues to retain their shape.
3. Do not store leather goods in plastic bags or other nonporous covers once received. If clothing must be stored in a garment bag, keep it open for ventilation.
4. Allow wet or damp leather to air-dry naturally away from any source of heat. Apply a little leather conditioner when the leather is nearly dry to restore flexibility. Follow this with a full conditioning treatment after the leather has completely air-dried.
5. In winter, promptly remove any salt deposits from shoes and boots by sponging with clean water, then follow with the treatment recommended above for wet or damp leather. To prevent mildew try to protect leather from excessive humidity.
6. In a dry environment, regularly condition the leather in order to prevent it from drying out and cracking.
7. Do not use waxes, or silicone formulas or other leather preparations that impair the ability of the leather to "breathe".
8. Never use caustic household chemicals to clean leather. Also, avoid leather preparations that contain alcohol.
9. Avoid turpentine and mineral spirits as they can pull color.
10. Caution, use of mink oil or other animal fats will darken leather.
Common Leather Definitions:
Cowhide is the most common leather used in the making of leather garments, furniture and leather goods. Cowhide as a category covers a wide spectrum of textures and quality, but generally, it is quite durable, easy to care for and resistant to water and dirt. Cowhide leather will maintain its integrity, taking on the shape of the wearer, making it more comfortable with everyday use. This affordable, functional leather offers fashion, value and endless colors and style.
A dyeing process in which leather is immersed in dye and tumbled in a rotating drum, allowing maximum dye penetration.
A luster that develops with time and use.
ANILINE ... A colorless, oily, benzene derivative, Aniline leather is tumbled in vats so the dye is completely absorbed by the skin. There is no other coloring agents or process, thus the finished leather tends to look and feel more "natural" - the unique markings and character of each skin are apparent. By way of analogy, this treatment is akin to the "staining" of wood. Usually, the best quality hides are reserved for this process, as aniline leather is valued high by consumers
NAKED LEATHER (being without addition, concealment, disguise, or embellishment)
A leather with no surface, impregnated treatment of finish (other than dye) which might mask or alter the natural state of the leather.
Naked leathers are valued highest by consumers. Soft from day one, does not require a break-in period! Hides up to/usually 2.0mm thick, dyed but not finished, so some tiny imperfections (like barbed-wire marks) are still present. This is desirable to most people. Comfortable when brand new! They are more expensive because the hides must be hand selected for uniformity.
Full Grain or Premium Cowhide
A term describing hides with a minimal amount of scars or blemishes, usually less than 5% of all hides. Hides are between 1.3mm to 2.0mm
During the tanning process, the hides go through an extra step to soften and condition them WITHOUT losing any strength. Does not require a break-in period. Also more expensive because of the longer tanning process. Rarely used by "discount leather" manufacturers.
TOP GRAIN LEATHER: The most confusing term used in the leather industry is the term "top grain". It can be a contradiction because it often implies what it is not, the side of a hide or piece of leather from which the hair or fur has been removed. "Top grain", is the definition that is generally used when the grain is not genuine: when the real grain is sanded away and an imitation grain is stamped into the leather.
When the genuine grain remains, the leather is called, "full grain", or "full top grain", or Premium grain not simply "top grain." Top grain is a generally regarded an economy leather. For sake of clarity, we will use the term in this article denoting from the top of the hide to the bottom of the hide.
Special Cowhide Leather
Hides between 1.3mm and 1.5mm thick, also referred to as a "tough hide" Originally used in traditional motorcycle apparel because of it's strength, stiff initially, but has a break-in period, usually a riding season will do it. A term seldom used of late.
Finished Split Leather
The middle or lower section of a hide with a polymer coating applied and embossed to mimic a grain leather. Finished splits should only be used in low stress applications because they are weaker than grain leather. If the polymer coating is left out it is often used to make suede
Suede is the underneath portion of a hide after the splitting process. Compared to the durable top grain, this layer of the hide is much thinner and most commonly used for garments and small leather goods
Types of Animals
Skins are used from virtually all animals that are of a fairly large size. International law prohibits using skins from those considered threatened or endangered, including Elephant and Rhino, and most exotic breeds of cats. Motorcycle apparel is generally made from Cow, Buffalo, Pig, Deer or Goat.
Cowhide is the preferred but also most expensive leather to produce. It is made from the same type of cow we think of here in the United States. It is preferred because of the combination of strength and pliability, or 'softness'.
Buffalo hides do not come from American Bison. They come from Water Buffalo, but the term 'Water' is dropped so that there aren't any negative associations with it. It is one of the most common types of leather.
Pigskins are also very plentiful and are cheaper yet. Pigskin feels only slightly stiffer than Cowhide but there is two inherent problems: 1) It's difficult to eliminate the animal's odor completely, and 2) it has a much-more "pebbly" grain to it. UPDATE, SINCE THIS WRITING THERE HAVE BEEN NEW BREAKTHROUGHS in the processing of pigskin and done correctly, can be as soft as cowhide although some say they can still detect an odor.
If a company does not advertise what kind of skin their leather is, do not be intimidated...ASK!
Lamb, Deer and Goat are used in lighter-weight garments like Halter Tops, Shorts, Skirts and many Vests. It is used so often because it is a thin skin requiring very little work during tanning and because it is so soft. It is adequate for use only in those items because thinner/softer skins will tear or come apart more easily.
Types of Hides
Instead of thinking of the hide as what type of animal it came from, think of it as what layer of skin it is. Animals have many more layers and therefore much thicker skin than humans do. Because of this it is impractical to use any skin whole from an animal other than Deer or Goat.
Top Grain is the outer most layer of skin. It generally has the pattern of grain you think of when thinking about leather. It is usually weathered and has a desirable appearance, therefore making it the most expensive layer. Not all leathers with a grain design are Top Grains (see Tanning and Finishing below).
Bottom Hides (sometimes called Bottom Grains) are the layer closest to the animal's muscle and fat tissue. It is very soft and somewhat grainy but also has the most odor in it.
Split Hides are any layers in between the Top and Bottom. Many leathers are a bonded composite of Top and Split, Bottom and Split, or just Split Hides bonded together. This is not necessarily a problem, as stitched seams eliminate possibilities of hide separation, which is extremely rare in any case.
There are 3 primary thickness levels of leather:
1.0 mm (or less) used for fashion leathers and ladies' wear.
1.3 mm (1.3 to 1.5 average) most common for general riding protection.
2.0 mm only used in Naked Leather. Some will claim 2.0 mm but if it's not Naked, it's really just the 1.3-1.5mm grade.
Tanning and Finishing are two words describing the same process. Originally called Tanning by early-Americans because of the way it was left in the sun to dry, this method is no longer used. Tanning today is primarily a chemical process which uses machines and tanks to dry and finish leather. Most hides like Buffalo, Pig, Deer and Goat have hair in the Top Grain so special chemicals containing acid are used to eliminate the hair. These have a tendency to weaken the leather over time, making the hides cheaper. These hides also have tell-tale hair follicles left on them. Cowhide does not have any real hair to speak of so this step is left out. This makes the hide more desirable, and therefore more expensive.
Also part of the finishing process is the coloring. Any leather other than "distressed brown" has been colored. Since distressed brown is a natural finish, the colors will not match very well and the leather's defects are much more noticeable, and desirable for fans of the" broken in" look.
There are two primary types of Coloring methods: Drum dying and Aniline dying.
Drum dying method puts all the hides in a large tank containing colored dye (usually black.) This is the most common method of coloring. After it comes out of the tank, the leathers are sorted. All Top Grains and most Bottom or Split Hides have defects in them. Those Full Grains with very few defects are set aside for open-air drying, these will eventually be called "Naked Leathers" because no further finishing will take place. The remaining hides will be sprayed with an additional coat of dye to fill-in and cover up the defects. Many Split Hides will also be run through a machine which "stamps" a grain pattern in the hide. It is difficult to tell a Grained Split Hide from a true Top Grain after the full finishing process has taken place.
Aniline dying runs the hide piece by piece through a machine in a conveyor fashion that "injects" the leather as it passes. This takes longer but does a more thorough job. Needless to say, it is more expensive. Aniline finished leathers also aren't as shiny as Drum dyed leathers, and are sometimes referred to as "Semi-Naked Leathers".
Naked Leather is a term used to describe hides that are tanned and colored (dyed) but are not finished as you would think of. Since the finishing process is used to hide natural defects in the leather, Naked Leather hides must be hand selected for thickness, uniformity of grain, and lack of defects. Because they are unfinished, they are extremely soft to the touch and have that "broken-in" appearance and feel while still brand new. Naked Leather hides are not defect-free, they just have fewer imperfections.
One additional method is called Waxing, which is what the term "Waxy Cowhide" refers to. The cheapest Split Hides are occasionally run through a conveyor that uses a Wax/Dye Sublimation process to basically "melt crayons" into the hide. This can be either very expensive or very cheap, depending on how many imperfections in the hide there are and the type of machinery it's run on. There is no grain on a Waxy Cowhide and it is almost as glossy as Patent Leather, so it has very few and limited uses. Most Waxy Cowhide in Motorcycle Apparel is of the cheaper variety.
Countries of Origin
At the time of this writing there were 3 known companies that will tailor-make CUSTOM (translated "expensive") biker apparel. Some companies have even been known to sew "Made in USA" labels on imported garments, but even Harley-Davidson imports their licensed apparel. That being said, here are the countries that export the most leather to the United States:
Pakistan: Today they are the number 1 suppliers. Any quality Motorcycle Apparel and even American Automobile Leather comes from here. Mostly Buffalo, Cow and Lamb skins are imported from Pakistan.
China: Their leather is almost entirely Pigskin which is a primary reason for their cheapest pricing.
Indonesia: Not as cheap as Chinese leather, but mostly Buffalo and Pigskin and allegedly using both child and slave labor
Italy: They still produce beautiful fashion-grade leather apparel which is not suitable for motorcycle use. Almost entirely Deer, Goat or Lambskin, it is made for occasional wear and light use only.