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Polar Cusp and Vicinity Under Strongly Northward IMF
April 11, 1997: Observations and MHD Simulations
G. Le, J. Raeder, and C. T. Russell
Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics
University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567
G. Lu
High Altitude Observatory, NCAR
S. M. Petrinec
Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, Space Physics Laboratory
F. S. Mozer
Space Sciences Laboratory
University of California, Berkeley, CA
JGR-Space Physics Manuscript Number 99M146
We present a case of correlative study of solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere using in situ observations of polar cusp and surrounding region, ground-based and low-altitude spacecraft polar cap observations, and global MHD simulations during an extended period of strongly northward IMF on April 11, 1997. Within this extended period of strongly northward IMF, the POLAR spacecraft entered to a region with magnetosheath-like plasma and field lines above the polar cusp. Data from multiple instruments on POLAR showed that the observed signatures can be interpreted as POLAR entering into the reconnection layer and crossing the current layer associated with it. The magnetosheath-like field lines encountered by POLAR have just reconnected poleward of the polar cusp in the north. The reversed ionospheric convection patterns derived from the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique show the reversed convection over the polar cap due to high-latitude reconnetion throughout the whole interval. MHD simulations were performed using solar wind parameters observed by WIND, supporting the cusp reconnection interpretation.
The polar cusp and surrounding region is of great interest in the study of solar wind-magnetosphere interaction since it is the region through which the solar wind plasma has direct access to the low altitudes [Heikkila and Winningham, 1971; Frank, 1971]. Dungey [1961] first predicted that, when the IMF is northward, the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetosphere will cause the interplanetary field lines to merge with the tail lobe magnetic field lines at two points poleward of both the northern and southern polar cusps. Russell [1972] discussed the consequences of Dungey's model and found that modification was necessary to be consistent with observations of open magnetotail regardless of the sign of IMF Bz. Specifically. Russell stressed that the same interplanetary field lines could not be reconnected above both cusps at the same time, in particularly if the interplanetary magnetic field is not exactly northward. In the modified scenario, the IMF line is convected to the magnetopause where it merges at a point poleward above one cusp and formed two newly reconnected field lines: the one with both ends in the solar wind is convected away from the Earth by the solar wind, the one connected to the polar ionosphere and the solar wind is dragged towards the low latitude and soon pulled back to the tail by the solar wind. Although the high latitude merging does not transport magnetic flux between dayside magnetosphere and magnetotail (in contrast to the case for southward IMF) it does induce plasma convection over the polar cap. The modified reconnection model predicted that, for northward IMF, the merging of the interplanetary field lines with the lobe field lines drives a sunward plasma convection over the polar cap, opposite to the convection direction driven by the dayside reconnection for southward IMF.
Since Dungey's reconnection model was proposed, there is mounting evidence that provides observational support to high latitude reconnection under northward IMF, although the dayside reconnection under southward IMF attracted most attention due to the availability of in situ observational data. Polar cap observations have been used to infer processes going on at the magnetopause boundary in studies of the solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere. Maezawa [1976] deduced the polar cap convection pattern in a detailed statistical study and confirmed that sunward plasma convection is induced in the polar cap under the northward IMF condition, implying that the driving mechanism is the reconnection poleward of the cusp region. The sunward polar cap convection is also seen in low-altitude cusp observations under northward IMF at both the northern and the southern polar caps [Burke et al., 1979; Reiff, 1982; Zanetti et al., 1984; Woch and Lundin, 1992]. Meanwhile, the high latitude reconnection has been inferred from the interpretation of plasma observations of low latitude boundary layer [Paschmann et al., 1990; Song and Russell, 1992; Song et al., 1993; Le et al., 1994, 1996]. Before the Polar spacecraft, direct evidence of high latitude reconnection from in situ observations was reported from two data sets, from ISEE data by Gosling et al. [1991; 1996] and from Hawkeye data by Kessel et al. [1996], where the properties of plasma flow were found to agree qualitatively with what the reconnection model predicted.
The POLAR spacecraft makes in situ observations of the northern cusp and surrounding region at altitudes 6 RE, well above the low altitude region extensively probed by DMSP. Under normal solar wind conditions, the POLAR spacecraft stays well inside the magnetopause near its apogee (about 9 RE). During its first three years of operation, POLAR has entered the magnetosheath only when the magnetosphere was extremely compressed such as the May 4, 1998 event [Russell et al., 2000]. Nevertheless, under moderately high solar wind dynamic pressure such as on May 29, 1996, POLAR came close to the magnetopause and observed the magnetosheath-like plasma entering the magnetosphere through post-cusp reconnection [Russell et al., 1998]. Recently the site of reconnection for northward IMF became controversial as Fuselier et al. [1997] reported that the reconnection could occur on occasion equatorward of the cusp between the nearly parallel magnetosheath and dayside magnetospheric field based on Polar/TIMAS data.
On April 7, 1997, the SOHO spacecraft observed a large eruption of the sun. The ejected solar material, or coronal mass ejection (CME), arrived at the Earth on April 10 and caused strong auroral and geomagnetic activity and intensified magnetospheric current systems on April 10-11. The WIND spacecraft observed that the CME started with a strong southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). At about 06 UT (at WIND) on April 11, the magnetic field turned to a strongly northward direction which lasted for more than 12 hours. Within this extended period of strongly northward IMF, the POLAR spacecraft passed through the northern cusp region at altitudes of about 6 RE and then went into a region of dense magnetosheath-like plasma above the polar cusp [Fuselier et al., 2000; Russell et al., 2000]. While both Fuselier et al. and Russell et al. interpreted the the plasma signatures from POLAR/TIMAS data in terms of reconnection, the controversy continues on the site of the reconnection. In this paper, we present additional evidence based on in situ observations from POLAR spacecraft, ionospheric convection patterns derived from the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique, as well as global MHD simulations to support the interpretation in terms of reconnection poleward of the cusp region.
Solar Wind and IMF Observations
The WIND solar wind [Ogilvie et al., 1995] and IMF data [Lepping et al., 1995] for the time period of interest are shown in Figure 1 from 1130 TO 1550 UT, April 11, 1997. The time has been shifted by 56 minutes to account for the travel time from the WIND spacecraft (located about 230 RE sunward) to the Earth, timed by the sharp pressure drop at 1456 UT (at Earth) observed in both the WIND solar wind data and the POLAR magnetic field data. During this period, the IMF was quite steady with a large magnetic field strength and a strongly northward Bz component ( +20 nT). The IMF clock angle gradually decreased from being about 20 to 6 from the due north direction. The solar wind velocity was about 470 km/s for the interval. The solar wind dynamic pressure was steady at 4-6 nPa initially, started to increase at 14 UT (at Earth), reached a maximum of 10 nPa at 1450 UT (at Earth), and sharply dropped to 4 nPa at 1456 UT (at Earth).
Cusp and Vicinity Observations from POLAR
The POLAR spacecraft was moving toward its apogee from below the cusp latitudes to well above the cusp latitudes during the period of interest. Figure 2 shows the POLAR orbit as the distance from the Earth-sun line versus the distance along it. The polar orbit plane was roughly at 1330 local time. Also shown in Figure 2 is the magnetopause position predicted by the Petrinec and Russell [1993] empirical model for the solar wind conditions at 1450 UT, when the magnetopause was most compressed at the maximum solar wind dynamic pressure (10 nPa) for this interval. Based on the magnetopause model prediction, POLAR should have stayed inside the magnetopause for the entire time period of interest.
Figure 3 shows the POLAR key parameter data for the same time period as in Figure 1, including (top) the magnetic field data [Russell et al., 1995], (bottom) electron density and average energy from Hot Plasma Analyzer (HYDRA) [Scudder et al., 1995], and proton densities for three energy channels and full range energy from Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS) [Shelley et al., 1995]. In the top panel is also shown the predicted magnetic field from Tsyganenko [1996] empirical model with observations from WIND as input parameters. Typical polar cusp signatures are evident in the first half of the data in Figure 3, occurring within the period with moderate solar wind dynamic pressure. The magnetic field strength decreased as the spacecraft moved to higher altitude. At 1130 UT, POLAR went into the cusp region characterized by enhanced plasma density due to the entering magnetosheath plasma. The magnetic field strength became more depressed in comparison with the model, consistent with the enhanced plasma density. The precipitated plasma in the cusp region has lower energy than that in the magnetosphere equatorward of the cusp. Overall the field strength continued to decrease. At 1152 UT, the magnetic field started to show enhanced fluctuations. Coincidentally, the ion density in the medium key parameter energy range (0.37-3.3 KeV/e) increased to a new level. At 1300 UT, POLAR entered the lobe region poleward of the cusp.
A more interesting feature occurred poleward of the cusp region when the solar wind dynamic pressure started to increase and the magnetopause was pushed inward by the enhanced dynamic pressure. During the interval 1430-1452 UT, POLAR went into a dense plasma region with magnetosheath-like properties. The plasma in this region is magnetosheath-like in terms of its density and temperature values. (Please note that TIMAS instrument was saturated here, and thus the ion density was underestimated). Meanwhile the magnetic field rotated from lobe-like field orientation outside the region to magnetosheath-like orientation for strongly northward IMF inside the region. However, the Polar spacecraft did not move into the magnetosheath proper during this interval based on the observation of plasma bulk velocity. If POLAR had gone into the magnetosheath proper above the cusp region, the plasma bulk flow would have had a velocity around 0.6Vsw, or 280 km/s at Polar location based on the gas dynamic model of the magnetosheath [Spreiter et al., 1966] and the global MHD simulation [Raeder et al., 1997]. But the velocity data from POLAR/TIMAS observations indicates nearly stagnant plasma flow in this region (not shown). We calculated the EB drift velocity using the POLAR electric field [Harvey et al., 1995] and the magnetic field data. The 1-min averaged plasma bulk velocity in the region with magnetosheath-like plasma is about 78 km/s, well below the expected plasma velocity in high latitude magnetosheath, as shown in Figure 4. Based on these observations, we believe that the POLAR spacecraft was not in the undisturbed magnetosheath proper when it observed the magnetosheath-like plasma and field.
Recently, Fuselier et al. [2000] examined the POLAR/TIMAS observations of electron and ion distribution functions for this interval and found that the angular distribution of the magentosheath-like plasma contained two components: the incoming solar wind beam (parallel propagation) and a reflected component (antiparallel propagation) that had higher-energy and lower flux, indicating that the spacecraft was on a magnetic field line that had one foot in the northern ionosphere, thus was not in the undisturbed magnetosheath. Fuselier et al. interpreted the observed electron and ion signatures in terms of reconnection of nearly parallel magnetospheric and magnetosheath field lines at a site below the cusp. However, Russell et al. [2000] offered a simpler interpretation that is consistent with the current paradigm of reconnection for northward IMF. The observed plasma and field signatures can be interpreted as POLAR entering into a layer of reconnection that occurred poleward of the cusp region and crossing the current layer associated with this reconnection layer. The magnetosheath-like field lines encountered by POLAR have just reconnected poleward of the polar cusp in the north. The magnetosheath-like plasma seen by POLAR came from the magnetosheath through the high latitude reconnection site.
Polar Cap Convection Patterns from AMIE Model
Reconnection applies a stress to the outer magnetosphere that is transmitted to the ionosphere via field-aligned currents. Thus, the convection pattern of the polar cap plasma is controlled by the reconnection process, and polar cap plasma convection patterns in turn provide information of the reconnection process at the magnetopause. One way to verify the reconnection site for this interval is to examine the simultaneous ionospheric convection pattern. When reconnection occurs poleward of the cusp region for northward interplanetary field, it drives sunward plasma convection over the polar cap [Maezawa, 1976; Russell, 1972; Reiff, 1982]. If the reconnection site is equatorward of the cusp between the magnetosheath field and dayside magentospheric field, it causes the erosion of the dayside magnetosphere and drives a anti-sunward convection over the polar cap. The assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique [Richmond and Kamide, 1988] has proven to be very useful in studying the ionospheric convection [Knipp et al., 1991, Lu et al., 1994; Ridley et al., 1997]. It can provide snapshots of ionospheric convection patterns by combining simultaneous global ground- and space-based observations.
We have used the AMIE technique to derive the ionospheric convection patterns for the period from 1100 to 1500 UT, covering the entire interval of interest from POLAR entering the cusp region till its exit from the region with magnetosheath-like plasma. We find that the polar cap plasma convection consistently shows the reversed two-cell convection patterns expected for high latitude reconnection throughout the interval. Figure 5 shows a few selected representative snapshots of the ionospheric convection patterns taken at times 1100 UT (when Polar was in dayside magnetosphere equatorward of cusp), 1200 UT (when Polar was in the cusp region), 1300 UT (when polar was near the poleward boundary of the cusp and just entered the tail lobe), 1400 UT and 1415 UT (when Polar was in the tail lobe), as well as 1430 UT, 1440 UT and 1450 UT (when Polar was in the region with magnetosheth-like plasma). The dashed contours represent negative electric potentials, or clockwise plasma convection. The solid contours represent positive potentials, or counter-clockwise plasma convection. All the snapshots for the entire period of interest show a reversed two-cell convection with the morning cell clockwise and afternoon cell counterclockwise. Thus the plasma was convected sunward over the polar cap. This indicates that high-latitude reconnection was going on throughout the whole interval. This conclusion is consistent with the in situ POLAR observation of the reconnection layer poleward of the cusp.
Comparison with Global MHD Simulations
In order to obtain a global picture of the reconnection geometry during this event and to further understand the prevailing physical processes we performed a global simulation of this event. Briefly, our model solves the three-dimensional MHD equations for the entire magnetosphere, from upstream of the bow shock to the distant tail, excluding a spherical region surrounding Earth of 3.5 RE radius. Inside this region, the MHD equations are not solved, but a static dipole field is assumed. Field-aligned currents (FACs) are mapped from the magnetosphere along these dipole field lines into the ionosphere where they are used to calculate the ionospheric potential. The ionospheric potential is then used as a boundary condition for the MHD variables at the 3.5 RE surface, closing the electrodynamic magnetosphere - ionosphere coupling circuit. A more detailed description of the model can be found in Raeder et al. [1997, 1998] and Raeder [1999].
The simulation begins at 0800 UT. The IMF is first kept due southward for one hour in order to let a magnetosphere develop from the initial conditions. After that we use the measured solar wind IMF and plasma moments as input for the model. As a first test of the validity of the model we compare time traces of the MHD variables with the observations. These are shown in Figure 6. From top to bottom we compare the field components, field magnitude, plasma density, and velocity. The thin lines are the observed values while the thick lines are time traces taken from the simulation at the Polar position. No attempt was made to vary the Polar position to improve the comparison. The simulation clearly shows the density enhancements and field deflections of the cusp. During the lobe intervals the field and plasma values also closely match the observed values. The simulation also shows Polar entering a region of magnetosheath-like plasma and fields. However the simulated entry is about 30 minutes earlier than the observed entry. Several reasons may account for this difference, but most likely it is due to the limited resolution of the simulation, which is of the order of about 0.5 RE near where Polar is. However, inaccuracies of the solar wind propagation from Wind to the simulation box (Wind was 229 RE upstream of Earth and 23 RE off the sun-Earth line) and lack of knowledge of the true solar wind mass density (due to He++) may also play a role. Despite this early boundary crossing in the simulations, the exit of this region is sharply defined in both the data and the simulations in response to the sudden drop of the solar wind dynamic pressure, and the field and plasma time series match extremely well during the 1430 to 1500 UT time period. Thus, the simulation replicates the key observation during this period, i.e., the crossings of the magnetopause current sheet, the magnetosheath-like plasma properties, and the stagnant flows in this region. This gives us confidence that the simulation is a very close image of reality and that the relevant physical processes are properly included.
A second reality check is provided by the ionospheric convection patterns. Figure 7 shows patterns obtained by the simulation at the same times as the observationally derived AMIE patterns shown in Figure 5. Although there are differences in the details, the convection patterns are generally the same. In particular, the simulation shows the same four cell convection pattern as AMIE with the two reverse convection cells sitting over the magnetic pole. Thus, convection over the pole is sunward, which can only be explained by the reconnection process between lobe and northward IMF field lines. A notable difference between the AMIE and the simulation covection potentials is the value of the cross polar cap potential that is about twice as high in the simulation results compared to the AMIE estimates. Similar differences have been found in earlier comparisons [Raeder et al., 1998], and are currently not well understood. Possible causes include an underestimate of the potential drops by AMIE, too fast reconnection rates in the simulation, or inaccurate calculation of the ionospheric Hall and Pedersen conductances in the simulation.
Figure 8 shows cuts from the simulation in the XZ plane (in GSE) through the Polar position, i.e., at YGSE=3.6 RE, at four different times, (a) 1200 UT, (b) 1300 UT, (c) 1400 UT and (d) 1440:30 UT. The color coding shows the X-component of the plasma bulk velocity and the lines are tangential to the field direction, i.e., these lines are not field lines or projections thereof, but indicate the local direction of the field in the YGSE=3.6 RE plane. The cross marks the Polar position. Clearly, Polar moves from the magnetosphere equatorward of the cusp, through the cusp, and then to a position immediately tailward of the cusp and near the magnetopause. Here, it remains close to, or within the current layer after 1430 UT. Tailward of Polar lies a reconnection site where lobe field lines reconnect with IMF field lines. Note that Polar never gets onto undisturbed magnetosheath field lines with both ends connected to the solar wind. Although it crosses the current sheet, it remains on field lines that are of IMF origin, but have already reconnected at a location that is about 5 RE tailward of Polar. Thus one would not expect that Polar observes undisturbed magnetosheath plasma, but rather a plasma population that is substantially altered by the reconnection process. We will come back to this point later in our discussion.
It is also noteworthy that the reconnection site is not stationary, but moves back and forth while shedding small plasmoid or flux tube like features. Such an unsteady reconnection process has already been observed in earlier simulations for northward IMF [Berchem et al., 1995], and there is also observational evidence from Hawkeye observations [Kessel et al., 1996]. Recalling the Polar observations within the polar cusp region, the magnetic field started to show enhanced fluctuations at 1152 UT and lasted till the spacecraft exit the polar cusp at 1300 UT in comparison with the lower latitude part of the cusp region from 1130 to 1152 UT (Figure 3). Since the lower latitude part of the cusp field lines map to the low latitude boundary layer at subsolar region and the higher latitude part of the cusp field lines map to the high latitude boundary layer, the enhanced magnetic fluctuations are consistent with the interpretation that there was ongoing unsteady reconnection poleward of the cusp region where the higher latitude part of the cusp field lines maps to.
The simulation also shows a layer of sunward flow that is located just inside the the magnetopause and sunward (equatorward) of the reconnection site. Such a layer is expected from local simulation [Scholer, 1989] of asymmetric reconnection, i.e., where the plasma density, plasma , and magnetic field strength are substantially different on either side of the current sheet. In that situation, strong flows emanate from the X-line on the side which has the higher Alfven speed. This phenomenon is also present in Figures 8a-d, and Polar observed such sunward flows before is entered the magnetopause between 1310 to 1420 UT (see Figure 4 and Figure 6). Note that the magnitude of the sunward flows is identical in the data and in the simulation. Also both in the data and in the simulation the flows are variable on a time scale of about 5-10 min. This can easily be understood in view of the fact that the reconnection site, and most likely also the reconnection rate, are variable as well. These sunward flows are thus strong evidence that post-cusp reconnection indeed occurred during this interval, for otherwise they would be difficult to explain, whereasthe simulation gives a straightforward explanation.
In the this paper, we presented a case with in situ observation from Polar and simultaneous polar cap convection patterns deduced by the AMIE model from ground-based and low-altitude spacecraft data, and compared the observations with global MHD simulation model. The IMF data from WIND show that the IMF Bz turned to strongly northward at about 0700 UT on the Earth and lasted for more than 12 hours. In the four hour period starting from 1100 UT (before Polar went into the cusp region until it exited from the reconnection layer), the AMIE model shows consistently that the plasma had a sunward convection over the polar cap for the entire period (Figure 5). The reversed convection patterns throughout the whole period imply that the same driving process was responsible for the observed plasma convection and the driving process was the reconnection between the interplanetary field lines and the lobe field lines. Further supporting evidence for the ongoing reconnection is provided from in situ observations of Polar in the latter part of this period as the spacecraft encountered the layer of newly reconnected field lines due to the increasing of the solar wind dynamic pressure. Significant amount of magnetosheath plasma was seen on the reconnected magnetic field lines (Figure 3). The plasma flow in the reconnection layer is nearly stagnant with speed much less than the solar wind speed (Figure 4).
The global MHD simulation model gives us a global picture of the solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere under strongly northward IMF. The quantitative comparison with the MHD model provides further support to the interpretation of the data. Ongoing reconnection poleward of the cusp is confirmed in the MHD simulations (Figures 7 and 8). The magnetic and plasma properties seen by Polar spacecraft are very similar to those predicted by the global MHD simulations (Figure 6). The location of polar cusp region from MHD simulations agrees quantitatively with Polar observations (Figure 6 and Figure 8). The location of the reconnection layer is also in agreement with the Polar observation except that the layer is much thinner than that expected from the simulation model. The reason may be that the sharp feature is smoothed out in the MHD simulations due to limited resolution in space and time in the simulations. Based on the simulations, the site of high latitude reconnection was polarward from Polar location when Polar encountered the reconnection layer. The plasma velocity seen by Polar is in good agreement with the simulation results.
A key question regarding the interpretation of April 11, 1997 observations and the simulation results is why the flow nearly stagnates in the reconnection layer sunward of the reconnection site. Apparently this is different from typical observations of the reconnection layer in the tail or at the dayside magnetopause. In the latter cases one observes flows in the current layer that point away from the reconnection site. Because the current layer on either side of the reconnection side must be a rotational discontinuity one can use Walen's theorem to show that these flows are indeed consistent with reconnection. This technique has been used extensively in the past to infer reconnection at the dayside magnetopause [Paschmann et al., 1979; Sonnerup et al., 1981; Phan et al., 1996; Scudder et al., 1999] where suitable observations were available.
The key difference between reconnection at the dayside magnetopause and in the tail versus high latitude reconnection is the presence of flow shear and pressure gradients in the latter case. On the magnetosheath side, sunward of the reconnection site, the magnetosheath flow is opposed to the outflow from the reconnection site. Apparently, the momentum flux of the magnetosheath flow and the tailward pressure gradient force roughly balance the JB force in the reconnection layer that would otherwise cause sunward acceleration the plasma emanating from the reconnection site. This picture is consistent with the simulation result that shows that the reconnection site is not stationary. Because of the flow stagnation plasma piles up sunward of the reconnection site, as plasma is both added from the magnetosheath and from the reconnection site. In reaction to this plasma pile up, the reconnection site must move tailward. As the reconnection site moves tailward, a new X-line forms on the sunward side, leading to the formation of a plasmoid or flux rope, which carries away some of that stagnant plasma. This process repeats itself periodically and is reminiscent of tail reconnection where plasmoids and flux ropes also carry away plasma that has been piled up and no other way to go. Polar always remains sunward of any of the X-lines and thus only observes the stagnant plasma. A full confirmation of this scenario requires observation further tailward which the Cluster II mission will hopefully provide.
We should note that this picture is rather simple and may certainly need refinement. First, the flow stagnation depends on the force balance between pressure gradients, magnetosheath momentum flux, and the reconnection JB force. Thus, the process strongly depends on solar wind and IMF parameters. It is conceivable that different conditions may lead to earthward flows or just decelerated tailward flows. Second, it is well known that the plasma in the vicinity of a reconnection site is far from thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e., a kinetic treatment is warranted [Cowley, 1982; Smith and Lockwood, 1996]. However, for simple pressure balance arguments as ours the MHD treatment may still suffice because most forces would not change under a kinetic treatment, except for the pressure gradient which one would need to replace by the divergence of an approriate pressure tensor. Detailed analysis of the observed distribution functions and hybrid kinetic simulations may provide a more accurate picture.
We present a case of correlative study of solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere using in situ observations of polar cusp and surrounding region, ground-based and low-altitude spacecraft polar cap observations, and global MHD simulations during an extended period of strongly northward IMF on April 11, 1997. POLAR went into a region with dense magnetosheath-like plasma above the northern cusp. The magnetic field rotated from lobe-like field orientation to magnetosheath-like orientation upon entry. Data from multiple instruments on POLAR showed that the signatures were not caused by POLAR going into the magnetosheath proper. Rather the observations can be interpreted as POLAR entering into the reconnection layer and crossing the current layer thereof. The magnetosheath-like field lines encountered by POLAR have just reconnected poleward of the polar cusp in the north. The reversed ionospheric convection patterns derived from the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique show the reversed convection over the polar cap due to high-latitude reconnetion throughout the whole interval. MHD simulations were performed using solar wind parameters observed by WIND, supporting the cusp reconnection interpretation. However, the observed current sheet is much thinner than predicted by the MHD simulation resulting in much faster crossings of the current sheet.
The event on April 11, 1997 presents a good example of what we can learn about processes at the magnetospheric boundary in the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction from correlative solar wind, in situ observations, ground-based and low-altitude spacecraft data, and global MHD model. As the next solar maximum is approaching, we expect the Polar spacecraft will have more chances to probe the high latitude magnetopause boundary layer and more details of high latitude reconnection process are expected to be revealed in future correlative studies.
We wish to thank K. Ogilvie for providing data from WIND Solar Wind Experiment, R. Lepping for data from WIND Magnetic Fields Investigation, J. Scudder for HYDRA data and W. K. Peterson for TIMAS data. G. Le and C. T. Russell were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under research grant NAG5-7721. J. Raeder was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under research grant ATM 97-13449. G. Lu was supported by NASA ISTP and SEC Guest Investigator programs. S. Petrinec was supported by NASA ISTP programs. F. Mozer was supported by NASA under research grant 19982924.
Berchem, J., J. Raeder, M. Ashour-Abdalla, Magnetic flux ropes at the high-latitude magnetopause, Geophy. Res. Lett., 22, 1189-1192, 1995.
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Le, G., C. T. Russell, and J. T. Gosling, Structure of the magnetopause for low Mach number and strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 23,723, 1994.
Le, G., C. T. Russell, J. T. Gosling, and M. F. Thomsen, ISEE observations of low latitude boundary layer for northward interplanetary magnetic field: Implications for cusp reconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 27,239-27,249, 1996.
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Paschmann, G., B. U. O. Sonnerup, I. Papamastorakis, N. Sckopke, G. Haerendel, S. J. Bame, J. R. Asbridge, J. T. Gosling, C. T. Russell, and R. C. Elphic, Plasma acceleration at the Earth's magnetopause: Evidence for reconnection, Nature, 282, 243-246, 1979.
Paschmann, G., B. Sonnerup, I. Papamastorakis, W. Baumjohann, N. Sckopke, and H. Luehr, The magnetopause and boundary layer for small magentic shear: Convection electric fields and reconnection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1829, 1990.
Petrinec, S. M. and C. T. Russell, External and internal influences on the size of the dayside terrestrial magnetosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 339, 1993.
Phan, T.-D., G. Paschmann, and B. U. O. Sonnerup, The low latitude dayside magnetopause and boundary layer for high magnetic shear: 2. Occurrence of magnetic reconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 7817, 1996.
Reader, J., Modeling the magnetosphere for northward interplanetary magnetic field: Effects of electrical resistivity, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17,357, 1999.
Raeder, J., et al., Boundary layer formation in the magnetotail: Geotail observations and comparisons with a global MHD model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 24,951, 1997.
Raeder, J., J. Berchem, and M. Ashour-Abdalla, The Geospace Enviroment Modeling grand challenge: Results from a Global Geospace Circulation Model, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,787, 1998.
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Russell, C. T., G. Le, P. Chi, X-W Zhou, J.H. Shue, S.M. Petrinec, P. Song, F.R. Fenrich, and J.G. Luhmann, The extreme compression of the magnetosphere, May 4, 1998, as observed by the POLAR spacecraft, Adv. Space Res., 25, (7/8)1369, 2000.
Russell, C. T., G. Le, and S. M. Petrinec, Cusp observations of high- and low-latitude reconnection for northward IMF: An alternate view, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 5489, 2000.
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Scudder, J., et al., HYDRA - A 3-dimensional electron and ion hot plasma instrument for the Polar spacecraft of the GGS mission, Space Sci. Rev., 71, 459, 1995.
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Shelley, E. G., et al., The Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS) for the Polar mission, Space Sci. Rev., 71, 497, 1995.
Smith, M. F., and M. Lockwood, Earth's magnetospheric cusps, Rev. Geophys., 34, 232, 1996.
Song, P., and C. T. Russell, Model of the formation of the low-latitude boundary layer for strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1411-1420, 1992.
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Figure Captions
Figure 1. The WIND solar wind and IMF data from 1100 to 1530 UT on April 11, 1997. The time is shifted by 56 minutes to account for the travel time from the WIND spacecraft to the Earth.
Figure 2. POLAR orbit as the distance from the Earth-sun line versus the distance along it. The polar orbit plane was roughly at 1330 local time. The magnetopause position is predicted by Petrinec and Russell [1993] empirical model using the maximum solar wind dynamic pressure (10 nPa) in the period of interest.
Figure 3. POLAR key parameter data for the same time period as in Figure 1, including (top) the magnetic field data, (bottom) electron density and energy from Hot Plasma Analyzer (HYDRA, courtesy of J. Scudder), and proton densities for three energy channels and full range energy from Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS, courtesy of W. K. Peterson).
Figure 4. The EB drift velocity deduced from the POLAR electric field and the magnetic field data for the same time period as in Figures 1 and 3.
Figure 5. Representative snapshots of the ionospheric convection patterns taking at times 1100 (when Polar was in dayside magnetosphere equatorward of cusp), 1200 (when Polar was in the cusp region), 1300 (when polar was near the poleward boundary of the cusp and just went in to the tail lobe), 1400 and 1415 (when Polar was in the tail lobe), as well as 1430, 1440 and 1450 (when Polar was in the region with magnetosheth-like plasma). Dashed contours represent negative electric potentials and solid contours for positive electric potentials, with a contour interval of 5 kV. The plus and minus signs indicate the locations of the most positive and negative potentials.
Figure 6. The thick traces are magnetic field components, magnetic field magnitude, plasma density, and bulk velocity along the Polar trajectory from MHD global simulations. The thin traces are Polar observations.
Figure 7. Ionospheric convection patterns obtained by the global MHD simulation at the same times as the observationally derived AMIE patterns shown in Figure 5.
Figure 8. Cuts from the simulation in the XZ plane (in GSE) through the Polar position (YGSE=3.6 RE) at four different times (a) 1200 UT, (b) 1300 UT, (c) 1400 UT and (d) 1430 UT. The color coding shows the X-component of the plasma bulk velocity and the lines are tangential to the field direction. Note that these lines are not field lines or projections thereof, but rather the lines that are tangential to (Bx, Bz) within the YGSE=3.6 RE plane. The cross marks the Polar position at corresponding times.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- DescriptionFalling-off-the-bone delicious. The meat is sweet, tender, and plump, with a succulent marrow center in the bone. This cut of veal, when slowly cooked, is the height of comfort food. Osso buco literally means "bone with a hole." Dig out the delicious marrow with a narrow spoon.
- Nutrition
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DonenessCooking Veal to PerfectionHow To Cook ItBraise, StewUsage ListBraise, Stock, Simmer, Grill, Roast, Broil, Skillet, Stew
Osso Buco
(about 1.5" thick)
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24%Italian Parsleyapprox. 4oz$1.99/ea2 for $3
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text:
synthetic decking, like wood, has some advantages and disadvantages that you need to look at carefully before making your final choice. synthetic decking is . ecodek composite decking is constructed from reclaimed hardwood and a polymer recovered from recycled plastic milk cartons. less energy is .
advantages and 6 disadvantages of composite deckingthe use of composite decking really seems to be taking off here. while at the calgary home a.
composite materials are gaining popularity for many reasons and we shall offer you a review of the advantages and disadvantages of composite decking, we shall look at the benefits that you will have, we shall give you some useful installation tips as well as maintenance ideas so that you make the most of .
composites (wpcs) are composite materials made of wood fiber/wood flour and thermoplastic(s) in addition to wood fiber and plastic, wpcs can also contain other ligno-cellulosic and/or inorganic filler materials. wpcs are a subset of a larger category of materials .
composite decking?, the pros and cons of composite decking, composite controversy, and is a composite deck for you?.
while wood decks were clearly winning the bids until some ten years ago, the composite decking materials improved immensely in terms of structure, durability and safety. nowadays, the . of course, the main disadvantage of the composite wood is that it's not entirely a natural product. however, looking at .
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@Persona I'm not sure how to quote on the new site so I had to tag you and thanks for the reply, doc
Summer 2016 Transfers Thread
Just highlight the text you want to quote and it comes up with the quote button above the text you highlight
oh thanks very much, Mav
no probs!
I thought Gabigol was going to Juventus. Great deal for Inter.
I hope we still make one more attacking signing.
The squad needs little refreshing.
I'm very curious about who might leave:
Chambers on loan?
Lot of players in the squad who aren't going to contribute much this season.
He isn't listed in the Kit Builder anymore, so I think he may be going out.
I think for definite we will be selling Debuchy and loaning out Chambers, even though Sanogo is useless Wenger will keep him for at least another year when his contract expires, and then Jenkinson will backup Bellerin when he's back from injury and Akpom will be given a shot behind the other strikers
Mustafi and Perez 99% done. Draxler would be cherry on top
Now if we'd only sell Theo, it would be a great window.
What a career he's had. Remember seeing a interview with him back in 96-97. On how much promise he showed and labelled the next England nr 1.
I wonder how much he has earned being 2nd-3rd choice his entire career? He was even 5th choice for Shitty behind Hart, Given, Schmeichel and Hansen. Guess he's on top in spending the most games on the bench though, over 600!
He's probably been making several thousand pounds a week for decades with minimal output.
I bet he's better off than most people think
That is like, my dream career. Plus being a GK he probably won't have any CTE issues down the road when he hangs up the gloves.
Apparently some twitter itk called FK has said we're in Sturridge
who is FK?
The Evans rapeyness is rubbing off on us.
Outstanding buy from the Saints!!
Tony Barrett of The Times reporting a £11m bid from Liverpool for Christian Pulisic.


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IT TOOK a Sauchie man only three months to pop the question with an Alva woman, but their relationship has passed the test of time as they look forward to celebrating a milestone.
Alexander and Janet Bennett marked their diamond wedding anniversary last Thursday August 3 – 60 years after they tied the knot at Sauchie UF Church.
They met at a dance in the Cochrane Hall and Alec did not waste much time.
Following the wedding, they enjoyed food and drink at the Station Hotel on a "brilliant day", according to Janet.
They have lived in Sauchie ever since, have three children, six grandchildren and another six great-grandchildren.
The couple both worked at the Devonvale Mill before Janet moved into home care and Alec took a job on with Smith and Madison contractors.
Janet said the family enjoyed a number of good holidays and added: "We've had our ups and downs like everybody else I suppose."
For her, the secret to a marriage is "trust and honesty". She said: "Tell each other everything, no secrets, no nothing."


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Aldersbrook Medical Centre is one of the leading GP practice in London and it is located at 65 Aldersbrook Road, Manor Park, London, Greater London, E12 5DL. Patients can contact Aldersbrook Medical Centre at 02085 188080 for appointments. Services offered by Aldersbrook Medical Centre are Smoking cessation clinic, Phlebotomy, Learning disability health check and others. Aldersbrook Medical Centre GP has total 3841 registered patients, out of this there are 1924 female registered patients and 1917 male registered patients. It offers Electronic Prescription Service (EPS) which allows you to get your medicines with out the need of paper prescription. Aldersbrook Medical Centre has medical staff of 12 to cater to your healthcare needs. NHS Redbridge CCG is responsible for effective clinical commissioning of Aldersbrook Medical Centre.
|65 Aldersbrook Road, Manor Park
London, Greater London, E12 5DL
|02085 188080
|Aldersbrook Medical Centre
|Organization code
|65 Aldersbrook Road, Manor Park
London, Greater London, E12 5DL
|Phone number
|02085 188080
|Fax number
|020 8518 8227
|NHS Redbridge CCG
|Electronic Prescription Service
|Smoking cessation clinic
|Learning disability health check
|Car Parking
|Job title
|GMC Number
|Mrs Tina Potter
|Miss Billie-jo Corfield
|Assistant Practice Manager
|Dr Mohammad Ahmed
|General Practitioner
|Dr Seyfettin Gunay
|General Practitioner
|Aishah Ahmad
|Healthcare Assistant
|Nadra Constance
|Nurse Prescriber
|Miss Chrystal Dearlove
|Practice Manager
|Miss Helen Read
|Reception Staff
|Ms Manvinder Sonde
|Reception Staff
|Mrs Anita Kaur
|Reception Staff
|Mrs Dina Gadhvi
|Reception Staff
|Mrs Shabana Hussain
|Antibiotic Prescribing
|items per standardised prescribing unit (see definition)
|Cancer Detection Rate
|57.1% detected by practice, out of 14 new diagnoses.
|Care Quality Commission Inspection Ratings
|Cervical Cancer Screening
|80.34% screened, of 987 eligible women.
|Childhood Vaccinations up to Age 2 (score out of 10)
|score out of 10. Achieved over 90% coverage for 0/4 vaccinations.
|Dementia - Face to Face Reviews
|76.92% reviewed by GP, out of 13 patients diagnosed.
|Diabetes - Managing Blood Glucose Level (HbA1c)
|62.67% within a recommended level, out of 150 patients.
|Flu vaccinations - Aged 65 and over group
|52.1% vaccinated, of 520 eligible people.
|Flu vaccinations - Under 65 At Risk Groups
|35.2% vaccinated, of 301 eligible people.
|High Blood Pressure Management
|71.80% with recommended measurement, out of 532 patients.
|Mental Health – Comprehensive Care Planning
|92.00% with a plan, out of 25 patients.
|Patient Experience - Confidence and Trust in GP
|85.8% had confidence, of 54 respondents.
|Patient Satisfaction with GP Practice Opening Times
|68.9% were satisfied, of 52 respondents.
|Proportion of children aged 1 with full course of recommended vaccines
|88.89% vaccinated.
|Proportion of children aged 2 with Haemophilus influenzae type b and Meningitis C booster vaccine
|85.71% vaccinated.
|Proportion of children aged 2 with Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccine
|85.71% vaccinated.
|Proportion of children aged 2 with pneumococcal conjugate booster vaccine
|85.71% vaccinated.
|Stroke prevention: medication for patients with atrial fibrillation
|82.22% treated, out of 45 patients.
Aldersbrook Medical Centre GP survey as compared to national survey is as mentioned below. Green means it is better than national average of gp's and red means it is worse than the national average. NA stands for information not available.Better than National average Worst than National average
|National Avg.
|The proportion of patients who would recommend their GP surgery
|58.2 %
|77.4 %
|Percentage of patients rating their experience of making an appointment as good or very good
|72.7 %
|The proportion of respondents to the GP patient survey who gave a positive answer to 'Generally, how easy is it to get through to someone at your GP surgery on the phone'. Higher values are better
|66 %
|68 %
|The proportion of respondents to the GP patient survey who described the overall experience of their GP surgery as good or very good.. Higher values are better
|68.7 %
|84.8 %
|The proportion of patients rated as Very Good for involving patients in decisions about their care
|68.4 %
|74.3 %
|The proportion of patients satisfied very much with opening hours
|76.2 %
|The proportion of patients describe their overall experience of out_of hours as Good
|66.2 %
|The proportion of patients having confidence and trust in this GP
|89.9 %
|91.9 %
|The proportion of patients having confidence and trust in nurse
|78.4 %
|84.5 %
|The proportion of patients reported they see or speak to a GP they prefer
|55.6 %
|The proportion of patients reported that the receptionist is very helpful
|80.6 %
|86.7 %
|The proportion of patients rated the GP as Very Good for treating with care and concern
|70.5 %
|82.8 %
|The proportion of patients rated the nurse as Very Good for treating with care and concern
|59.8 %
|77.5 %
|The proportion of patients reported as Yes, that they are able to get an appointment to see or speak to someone
|84.3 %
|The proportion of patients they have a long standing health condition
|49.3 %
|53.5 %
|The proportion of patients responding to the questionnaire say that they have a written care plan
|3.5 %
|3.2 %
|The proportion of patients reported their GP is Good at explaining test and treatment
|73.4 %
|81.4 %
|The proportion of patients reported the nurse is Good at explaining test and treatment
|64.3 %
|76.1 %
|Number of patients registered at GP
|Status of online system for booking and/or cancelling appointments
|Patients enabled the feature of book and cancel appointments online
|Total number of online patients registered to use the service to book and/or cancel appointments
|Total number of appointments scheduling or cancelling transactions
|Status of online system for ordering repeat prescriptions
|Patients enabled the functionality to allow them to order prescriptions online
|Total number of online patients registered to use the service to order repeat prescriptions
|Total number of prescriptions ordered
|Status of online system for online patients to view their Detailed Coded Care Record
|Patients enabled the functionality to allow them to view detailed coded records online
|Total number of online patients registered to use an online Patient Record Access Service to access elements of the Detailed Coded Care Record
|Total number of accesses of a patients record by an online patient with Detailed Coded Care Record access
Abbey Road Medical Practice
Location: 28A Abbey Road, South West Newham, Stratford
London, Greater London, E15 3LT
Phone: 02085 342515
Website: NA
Abbey Wood Surgery
Location: 9 Godstow Road, Abbey Wood
London, Greater London, SE2 9AT
Phone: 02083 107066
Website: http://www.abbeywoodsurgery.gpsurgery.net/webdesk/netblast/pages/index.html
Abbeyslade Pms (dr Chand)
Location: 111 Basildon Road, Abbey Wood
London, Greater London, SE2 0ER
Phone: 02083 113917
Website: NA
Aberfeldy Practice
Location: 2A Ettrick Street
London, Greater London, E14 0PU
Phone: 02075 155622
Website: http://www.aberfeldypractice.nhs.uk
Abney House Medical Centre
Location: 2 Defoe Road
London, Greater London, N16 0EF
Phone: 02072 546820
Website: https://www.abneyhousemc.nhs.uk


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The opinions in this article are the author's, as published by our content partner, and do not necessarily represent the views of PLAYlive Nation Inc, it's franchised locations, or it's affiliates.
The Resistance event ended only a few weeks ago and already Sledgehammer has another event ready to go. Tweeting earlier this afternoon they revealed an St. Patrick's Day themed event with an image of Captain Butcher sporting a four leaf clover. In their official developer update, they have promised plenty of new themed items to collect along with it. Perhaps most promising is their move to reduce the number of duplicates and new special orders to help players earn some of the more elusive weapons.
Good luck is hard to come by, soldier.
Brace yourself for what's to come. 🍀 pic.twitter.com/S7FtNiQBAn
— Call of Duty (@CallofDuty) March 12, 2018
As an added bonus Gun Game and Prop Hunt are here to stay. They will both be available permanently and Sledgehammer is adding them to the new DLC maps as well.
There will be a new trailer to show off some of that Shamrock and Awe gear tomorrow in the meantime here are the full details of the update:
This is the number for our Nationwide Corporate Office.
For store-specific questions (pricing, events, hours of operation), contact your local PLAYlive by clicking here:
Mon-Fri 9:00am to 5:00pm MST


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Dell, Cisco Gains Soften Impact of Intel Sell-Off
NEW YORK -- Small-capitalization and Nasdaq stocks closed lower as a disappointing earnings report and outlook from Intel a day earlier prompted a sell-off in the technology sector.
The severity of the sell-off lessened as the day progressed and was softened by gains from other big-name Nasdaq tech stocks such as Dell and Cisco .
The Nasdaq...


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My TV signal keeps cutting out, what do I need to do?
This may be caused by a number of factors including weather, antenna location, type of antenna, your digital set-top box connection or even the strength of the signal and your location to that signal. First we recommend you turn both you TV and set top box off for 30 seconds, then turn them back on. If this doesn't correct your issue, we recommend you contact a television technician.
Help! I'm having issues viewing the TEN, ELEVEN or ONE broadcast
If you're having issues with your broadcast, you can let us know by contacting us at firstname.lastname@example.com. In order to be added to a queue for a technician to be in touch in the next few days or weeks, please email us with the following details:
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Why has my favourite show changed the time it is aired?
As the digital media team, we don't control when shows are on air, that's up to the programming department! Unfortunately, we're not able to answer all your questions regarding why shows sometimes change timeslots. Stay in touch with us via Facebook and Twitter or "Track" your favourite show to stay updated.
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We love our shows on TEN, ONE and ELEVEN, but know that people all over Australia have different tastes. If you're not into a show, don't watch it. We've got heaps of shows on tenplay.com.au should you want to watch an old favourite or discover something new. Browse new shows now!
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We cater for a lot of people in Australia and while we do our best to put shows in the best timeslot for you to catch it, it isn't always possible for everyone. Good news though! Many of our new shows are available online to catch up.
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Check the TV Guide – several of our favourite shows are screened a second time on ELEVEN and ONE. Otherwise, many of your favourite shows are available to watch online.
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It's best if you lodge queries or comments directly with the News team in your local area.
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Do you ever have those times when you realize that your theology no longer lines up with songs you used to sing? Songs you currrently sing?I was thinking this morning about the words to "Grace Greater Than Our Sin". It references God's "marvelous, infinite, matchless grace". God's grace is definitely marvelous and matchless (and sufficient for those who believe), but not infinite. Wouldn't infinite grace require no justice?
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One might question why we're posting a trailer for a Bruce Willis movie, but it makes sense when the movie is directed by Kevin Smith, features the theft of baseball cards, and of course has Bruce Willis in it. Throw it in a pot and stir, and A Couple of Dicks Cop Out is full of pop-culture-y goodness. Two longtime NYPD partners on the trail of a stolen, rare, mint-condition baseball card find themselves up against a merciless, memorabilia-obsessed gangster. Jimmy (Bruce Willis) is the veteran detective whose missing collectible is his only hope to pay for his daughter's upcoming


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Winter is just around the corner, and if you live in the North you're probably already adding the layers to keep the chilly wind from biting your skin through your clothing.
Nicole Katherine has a few items that are perfect for this time of year. Our popular dungarees and overalls are fast sellers and we can barely keep enough inventory to meet the demand! They're lovely with the Bettie West blouse or one of your vintage sweaters.
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Nicole Katherine Designs was formerly known as Betty Buccaneer Clothing. The line was originally inspired by Nicole's love for 1940's and 1950's Hollywood Glamour, the screen sirens that dominated that period, pin up girls, rockabilly, that old country western look (think Dale Evans), and the edgy attitude of her punk rock past. Today, the line has evolved from a costumy country western look, to a sophisticated and flirty line, with vintage silhouettes and the same sass you get from Nicole.
Tuesday, October 26, 2010
Lovely All Year Long..
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text: Is it time for a change in local politics? It is a question that I have asked many times over the years. Is there really a place for national party politics at a local level and does this benefit or hinder local democracy? Cllr Mike Baldock has just launched the Swale Independents Alliance in a bid to encourage like-minded individuals to stand as an independent, but with the benefit of an alliance of members who can support each other on real local issues. Cllr Baldock say "Party politics really is having a negative influence on our local democracy" Art In The Park 2018Art makes a big comeback at this year's annual Art in the Park summer festival at the Milton Creek Country Park. Placing the 'Art' at the forefront of Art in the Park has proved to be a huge success and a spectacular return to form. Business Advertising Business of the day Green CottagesSelf catering holiday cottages What's New The 2018 Swale Business Awards Are Open For Entries Hockey Club gets a masterclass from Olympic gold medallist, Shona McCallin Council Leader says senior officers acted inappropriately, officers say leader not only knew but approved of their actions. Choices for housing growth could see council double its housing allocation Keep me updated Why not sign up for the Sittingbourne.Me email newsletter and receive the latest news and events straight to your inbox. SIGN UP


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How to Achieve Maximum Success with Cars
Why You Need Mobile Detailing Services for Your Car
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The Beginners Guide To Autos (What You Need To Know To Get Started)


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Mindful Diner
Eating is a necessity, but enjoying is an art.
What happens when you really pay attention to the food you are eating?
This question will be answered by you on this mindful diner, because you will experience first hand what happens when you truly give your attention to the food. This experience will be guided by Manna, so you can add some new dimensions to your meal.
The diner will take place in a beautiful house, located in Amsterdam-West. There will be room for only twelve people to join, six at the table and six in the lounge area. You can tell us which you prefer when making the reservation.
The food is created from a macrobiotic vision and will be plant-based, organic and sugarfree, so you can enjoy the natural flavours that nature produces for us.
Are you ready to treat yourself on an evening of relaxation and good food?
Costs for the total evening will be €35,00 per person, including drinks.
We can't serve any alcohol.
Mindful Diner
Friday, Feb. 13th 2015 at 6:30pm
21 Kortenaerstraat
Amsterdam, NH
Joris Holtermans
Manna Landegent
Manna is Mindfoodness trainer and organiser/host of the Mindful diner. During the evening she will guide you through the mindful experience.