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NARPO represents the interests of more than 86,000 former police officers of all ranks and their widows, widowers and former partners. Its primary concern is to promote measures for the welfare of members with particular regard to pensions. In promoting those aims it takes a general interest in all issues affecting the health and wellbeing of retired people in society.
As a member of the Public Service Pensioners Council, the National Pensioners Convention and AGE, the European Platform for Older People, NARPO has close associations with several charities supporting both the police and older people.
Chief Executive
Steve Edwards is a former police officer having served 30 years with the Lancashire Constabulary. He is a former Chairman of the Lancashire Constabulary Police Federation Joint Branch Board. He retired from the service in 2008 and was appointed as Deputy Chief Executive at the National Association of Retired Police Officers in June 2009.
National Association of Retired Police Officers
38 Bond Street,
West Yorkshire
Tel: 01924 362166
Fax: 01924 372088
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
What's new
NARPO welcome release of Pension Ombudsman determination in dispute regarding commutation factors
NARPO welcome the release of the Pension Ombudsman determination in the case of retired firefighter Mr Milne in the dispute regarding commutation factors.
NARPO reaction to the release of police killer Harry Roberts
The President of NARPO Ian Potter has described the release of the notorious police killer Harry Roberts, who was jailed for life for murdering three unarmed officers in Shepherd's Bush, West London, in 1966 as 'a disgrace and an insult to the families of the victims and yet another demonstration of how this Government have scant regard for policing in this country.'
NARPO: Rewarding service?
NARPO calls for "careful consideration" over police pensions.
NARPO: "I am frankly very surprised that G4S have not sought our assistance in recruitment"
At a time when the Government are cutting back on public services and relying on the private sector to meet the challenges of providing services to the Community in many of those areas where the public sector cut backs have reduced services, the National Association of Retired Police Officers (NARPO) believes, the news that G4S have failed to meet their target for security personnel at the Olympic Games must leave us all concerned about the future.
NARPO "surprised" by Theresa May's choice of candidate for HMCIC
The National Association of Retired Police Officers (NARPO) has been watching with interest the recent developments in policing and was surprised not only at the Home Secretary's choice of candidate for Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary (HMCIC) but also at the comment that he was head and shoulders above any other candidate.

subset: commoncrawl


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Salt plays a significant role in directly influencing the flavour, ripening and appearance of cheese. Many points can be written and discussed on salting and cheese, here are just a few points.
Salt has two other important effects, which more precisely determine the amount to be used. These are the extraction of moisture from the curd and the retarding of starter development and bacterial processes associated with cheese ripening. The application of salt to the curd causes more moisture to be expelled, both through an osmotic effect and a salting-out effect on the protein. The osmotic effect may be likened to the creation of suction at the surface of the curd causing moisture to be drawn out. The salting out effect is the natural tendency of the protein to precipitate from a solution in the presence of salt.
Salt is incorporated into cheese by one of the following methods:
The quantity of salt used depends on the variety of cheese for example soft lactic cheese will have less than 1%, a brine salted feta at 4.5%, Cheddar less than 2%, Camembert and Gouda will have slightly more than 2%, an Emmenthal less than 1%, blue vein salting can vary greatly and can be greater than 3%. Cheese with propionic acid bacteria added will have propionic inhibited at salt levels over 2%. In blue mould cheese, the blue spores are germinated at levels of 1% salt. Is white mould cheese, the white mould is mostly unaffected by salt, but the Geotrichum Candidum is heavily affected by salt. Salt can be used to control the final acidity of, e.g. if salting is delayed then acid development may continue to excessive levels, if salting is carried out too early it can slow the development of lactic acid production. Too much salt will leave a definite salty flavour in the cheese and can affect textures, making the cheese dry and crumbly.
However, the effect of salt on the bacterial, both starter cultures and spoilage bacteria depends on the strength of the brine formed by the solution of the salt in the moisture of the curd. Brine strength is expressed as the percentage of salt in the moisture (SM) of the curd or cheese, for example, Cheddar cheese containing 1.7% salt and 36.0% moisture would have salt in the moisture concentration of:
It should be noted that in low concentrations (less than about 2% SM), salt acts as a microbial stimulant but at higher concentrations has a definite inhibitory effect. Starter bacteria are progressively inhibited as the brine strength increases and total inhibition occurs at about 6% SM. However, salt tolerance of bacteria varies and unfortunately some which may cause cheese defects, for example, coliforms, can withstand quite high concentrations of salt. Mucor or black moulds like to grow at low levels of salt in moisture.
Dry salting
When dry salt is applied to milled curd, some of the salt dissolves in the moisture on the curd particles and diffuses into the curd. This causes whey to flow out of the curd and the outer curd layer to shrink. The free whey dissolves some of the remaining salt crystals and these either diffuse into the curd or is lost in the whey. This salty whey is high in fat content. This is thought to occur through the abrasive action of the salt and through curd contraction.
If salting, mellowing (time between salting and pressing) and pressing are properly controlled, the cheese should have a uniform salt content 3-4 days after pressing.
Allowances need to be made when dry salting cheese, for a percentage of salt to be lost in the 'salty whey' that comes out of the cheese when salt is added.
Some cheese varieties eg eye-type cheese, hard grana, Edam and Gouda and even white mould are salted by immersion in a sodium chloride brine solution. When brines are used, the following principles should be followed.
brine storage baths should be made from a non-corrosive material
The mechanism of salt uptake is similar to that of dry salting that is, salt is taken up from the brine, and whey (moisture) is expelled from the cheese. Variation to salting rate can be achieved by:
Salt quality and types
Several types of types of salt can be used on cheese. Salts can be very ground, fine or coarse grains, in rock form, Kocher, pickling salt, sea salt, flake salt. Some salts have different densities. Many salts have iodine so definitely avoid those, anti-caking agents are common in many salts but are less of a problem. Salt must be free from insoluble matter (dirt) as this will add extraneous matter to the cheese. Some gourmet salts can produce an off flavour that is the result of the fat oxidation reaction with the naturally high iron levels in these salts. Salt should be stored in a dry environment to prevent 'caking.'
What is marinated cheese?
The naming of these style of cheese can be quite ambiguous, it can be called Goats Feta, Persian Feta, Marinated Feta, Gourmet Feta, Greek Feta in Oil, or any mixture of these words. For this article, we will call it marinated cheese. Marinating cheese is becoming a very common style cheese. Typically, the cheese is added to a jar with oil plus some herbs and then stored in the fridge. The cheese component does not usually require complex cheeses, the product relies heavily on the oil and herb marinate to create a very nice flavoursome product.
But there are some misconceptions around the manufacture of a marinated cheese. There are several points that you should understand if you are making a marinated cheese. Here is some information on some of the variables used to make this cheese:
Food Spoilage v's Food Poisoning
Food poisoning and spoilage are two different things, which affect the final quality of the foods we eat. Food spoilage refers to spoiled food, which is unfit for consumption eg it has gone mouldy, curdled, smells foul, is rotten etc… While food spoilage often there are tell-tale signs that it is spoiled so it is discarded before being eaten.
Food poisoning refers to the condition affecting a person's health due to consumption of spoilt or contaminated food. Symptoms include diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea, headaches, cramps in the stomach and in extreme cases hospitalization and even death. Unfortunately, food poisoning usually does not have tell-tale signs in the food. You cannot smell, taste, or see food poisoning.
The equipment and the process
Make sure that all your equipment is well sanitised. This is the same for all your cheese making, that should not change between different cheese. But some specifics for the marinating step includes cutting boards, knives, jars, lids etc, that will eventually come into contact with either the cheese, the oil or the herbs. All equipment should be thoroughly washed then sanitised. Sanitising can be achieved by a chemical sanitise or by a very hot water sanitise.
The cheese
The cheese can be rennet set or acid set. Marinated cheese is often a fresh lactic acid set cheese. It has a low volume of rennet compared to many cheese, it is incubated with a mesophilic culture at ambient temperature for upwards of 16 hours. Some cheese is drained in a cloth/bag and reformed in hoops and some cheese is added straight into hoops and then straight into the oil marinate. The endpoint of incubation is the key to safety for this cheese. A minimum pH of 4.6 is required for all cheese to be marinated, this is the point the liquid milk sets into an acid curd. The cheese is quite acidic at this point, it is much like the pH of yoghurt. If all the correct hygiene practices have been followed up to this point, a pH of 4.6 for the cheese, excluding the herbs and oil, should not allow the growth of food poisoning bacteria within the cheese itself. Simply the cheese will not support food poisoning.
The herbs
There are many options for the herbs that you can use to flavour your oil. Thyme, rosemary, bay leaves, dried chilis, peppercorns, citrus zest… The list goes on. But how you obtain and treat those herbs is important. Do they come fresh from your garden, fresh from the supermarket, or do you obtain prepackaged from the supermarket? Some herbs and spices imported into Australia are treated with ethyleneoxide (EtOH) to control microbial contamination and this makes them safe. So, shop purchased dry packaged herbs may be considered free of food poisoning bacteria. But fresh herbs cannot be considered this way. It is this step, the addition of herbs, that is the weakest link in keeping marinated feta free of poisoning bacteria. The following link: https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ProducePlantProducts/ucm337088.htm provides a very comprehensive document for the treatment of fresh herbs. It is nearly 200 pages and covers the best practices for processing of fresh culinary herbs, everything from growing, picking, transportation, washing, storage etc It is a very comprehensive document.
If there are best practice guidelines for commercial operations that are very comprehensive and aimed at significantly reducing the risk of food poisoning, it is conceivable that cheesemakers may not have the means available to follow all these guidelines when adding fresh herbs to a cheese or oil. Fresh herbs are desirable because they have the colour, flavour and are more attractive to use than dried herbs. But fresh herbs can significantly increase the risk of food poisoning. So how can you make fresh herbs safe? The simple answer is you cannot. However, this is how I go about this process. Please note I am offering this as my personal method of sanitising the fresh herbs and in no way am I advocating this process to you. This process has not been validated scientifically to ensure it reduces the risk of food poisoning.
The oils
Only the freshest oil should be used for marinating. The oils added to the cheese vary in flavour from canola, macadamia, rice bran. Basically, you can use what oil you like. Olive oil is a great oil, but it solidifies at fridge temperatures, so it is not commonly used. The fresh lactic cheese also has a light delicate flavour and the olive oil tends to dominate the fresh cheese flavour. Oil has been used for thousands of years as a preservative, keeping foods from oxidising and desiccating. When olive oil is old, it oxidises and becomes rancid. That's food spoilage.
There is no pH value of oil because it doesn't have one! pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous solution(water). Because there is no water in oil, there is no pH value. Most bacteria can not grow in the oil itself, garlic is an exception (see garlic below), they require a watery medium. Additives such as cheese and herbs will, however, supply that watery medium that is important for microbial growth.
Importantly oil provides an anaerobic environment, it has no oxygen to support the growth of many different types of bacteria. But there are still certain types of microbes, that will grow in anaerobic conditions. This means that oil can create an environment that will support bacterial growth. Some of the bacteria capable of growing in this environment are capable of very severe food poisoning. Thus, the refrigeration of a marinated oil/cheese/herbs mix is vital. The aim of refrigeration is to create a hurdle to the potential growth of any food poisoning bacteria that may be present.
Botulism: Garlic in oil
Garlic, onions, shallots, and leeks are grown under the ground and consist of pungent flavoured bulbs called cloves. In the ground where these bulbs are grown, some of the most dangerous pathogenic microbes also reside. Regardless of its pungent flavour garlic is a low acid vegetable. Garlic has a pH of around 5.3 to 6.3. It is often incorrectly categorized as having antibacterial qualities. As with all low acid vegetables, garlic will support the growth of Clostridium botulinumand if, given the right conditions, garlic will support the production of a toxin from this bacterium called Botulism, it is the most severe neurotoxin available. It can cause paralysis or even death. It's is my understanding that Clostridiumbotulinumcells from the soil can become encased within the garlic as it grows. Sanitising the surface of the garlic or removing the shell of the garlic will not necessarily remove all the live bacteria. The Clostridium botulinum spores and the Botulism toxin can also survive a heat treatment far greater than what milk pasteurisation will provide.
Oil in a jar is exactly the type of environment that Clostridium botulinumcan grow in, it is a low oxygen or totally depleted of oxygen environment. If you add garlic to that oil, you are potentially adding Clostridium botulinumto the oil. Roasted garlic may offer some protection, but it is also my understanding that even the roasting may not kill off the spores. Clostridium botulinumwill not grow in the actual cheese if it is pH below 4.6, or in the fridge below 4°C, so the cheese for marinating should be below pH 4.6 and refrigerated. But the safest strategy is simply don't add garlic, raw or roasted to oil.
Pasteurisation of milk is a process used to heat raw milk to make it safe for human consumption. It is aimed at destroying all of the pathogenic or disease-causing bacteria that are in raw milk. It follows on that cheese made from pasteurised milk should also be free from these same pathogenic or disease-causing bacteria. That is providing the milk was pasteurised correctly and there is no recontamination of the milk or cheese with pathogens post the pasteurisation process.
There are three commonly used heat treatments that can be applied to milk to pasteurise it to make cheese:
As a cheesemaker you may want to know that the pasteurisation process can affect milk that is used to make cheese. The main areas are:
Achieving a good set of your milk is one of the most important steps in making cheese if you want to make good cheese. But it can also be one of the most frustrating. There are several practical considerations that the cheesemaker needs to be aware of that can affect how well the rennet will work when it is added to the milk to make cheese.
Background to forming a cheese curd
A key part of making cheese is forming a curd. A cheese curd can be formed by either the addition or production of acid in the milk, this is an acid set cheese. Yoghurt, Persian feta and some Mozzarella types are good examples of these. The second way a curd can be formed is by the addition of rennet and is called a rennet set curd. The vast majority of cheeses that you will make and eat will come from rennet set curds eg. Cheddar, Camembert, Blue Vein, Gouda and so on.
What is happening when the rennet forms a curd?
Rennet is an enzyme that coagulates the milk, basically it turns the milk from a liquid to a solid. Chymosin is the active enzyme in the rennet that does this. When rennet is added to the milk (see foot note) it needs to be stirred in very well, the milk is then left undisturbed for a predetermined time, usually from 30 – 60 minutes depending on the type of cheese and the recipe. During this time the Chymosin cuts (cleaves) off the casein portion of the protein from the other proteins (whey proteins) in the milk and the caseins then all bond together into a fibrous structure referred to as a gel. The gel grows in strength during the set period. This gel now contains most of the milks components: fat, casein, calcium, starter cultures, some water, and some of the chymosin itself.
What are the Practical considerations for the cheesemaker?
The formation of this gel is when a cheesemaker may experience differences in how well the curd will set. A cheesemaker requires the gel to be a certain strength (referred to as being set) before the curd can be cut and then stirred. If the set is not strong enough at the cut stage, the finished cheese may have inconsistencies and it may turn out as an inferior quality cheese. A curd that is too soft will not drain sufficiently and will make a cheese that is over moist, over acid and with a weak structure. A curd that is over set will produce a cheese that is too firm, too dry and will not ripen adequately. The issue for the cheesemaker is that all milks do not set exactly the same so it is important for the cheesemaker to understand that there are several variables that may affect how well a cheese is going to set. Understanding these variables will assist you with dealing with the problem for the current batch and or future batches of cheese.
Factors to consider when handling your rennet:
Foot Note: Many people use the practice of diluting their rennet in 20 times the volume in distilled or boiled cooled water. This is not necessary for rennet's that are up to 200IMCU strength. What is important is that the rennet is added over the length of the cheese vat and stirred in very well and the milk is then left undisturbed to set.
Cheese comes in lots of different colours. The addition of colour to cheeses was historically quite common but in the last 30 years its use in cheesemaking has dramatically decreased.
Colour was added to cheese for cosmetic reasons, to give an appealing brilliant yellow colour. There is no actual functional use in adding colouring. The natural yellow colour in cow's milk cheese comes from the carotene in the cream. When the cheese is made the loss of the whey concentrates the carotene and leaves a colour darker than the original milk.
Cows are the only mammal with yellow milk. Cheeses made from sheep, goat and buffalo milk are white. These animals have an ability to synthesise the carotene in grass whereas a cow cannot. Cows fed on dry feed during cold winters and housed in barns will also have whitish milk compared with cows that are free ranging, who will have more yellow colouring in their milk. Breeds such as Jersey and Guernsey will have a more yellow milk than say a Friesian cow.
Annatto is the most common colour used by cheesemakers. It is derived from the berry of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana) which grows in the rainforests of Central and South America. The English Red Leicester cheese which is red in colour has approximately 20 – 30 times more annatto than a Cheddar cheese.
If annatto is to be used, it is added to the milk when the bacteria or starter culture is added but before the rennet. It is difficult to determine if a colour has been added just by looking at a cheese. Most cheesemakers choose not to add annatto at any time, preferring to display the natural colours of the cheese. Some cheesemakers will add it all year round for uniformity and some add it only when the cheese milk becomes light in colour (eg when the dry winter feed produces pale coloured milk).
Port Wine
If making port wine cheese, there are a number of ways to get the port wine colour (and flavour) into the cheese. The most common way is to spike some holes into the matured cheese, and soak the cheese in Port wine for several days. However an unattractive brown earthy colour sometimes appears and not the rich red port colour. This can be remedied by adding a small amount of beet dye to the port before the soaking begins.
Other ways to change colours of a cheese
In Sage Derby a green vegetable dye and dried sage herb is added to the cheese just before the curd is hooped. The colour only adheres to the surface of the curd particles to give a mottled green effect.
Naturally smoked cheeses will have a bright yellow to brown colour as a result of the heat, smoke and some drying of the cheese. Inconsistencies in naturally smoked cheese are very normal.
The red, orange or brown and sometimes neutral colour from washed rind cheeses comes from the brevibacterium linens bacteria that is washed onto the surface of the cheese which breaks down the proteins into desired flavours.
Herbs, grape skins (marc) husk and alcohols such as wine, beer and spirits can be used to wash the outside of cheese. Sometimes cheeses are soaked in these solutions for several days. The solution is usually diluted with distilled water and a small percentage of salt added.
With the release of the first raw milk bleu vein cheese made in Australia (Udder Delights King Saul), it is probably timely to cover the issue of pasteurisation of milk for home cheesemakers. This article is not about the pros and cons of using either raw or pasteurised milk it is about how to pasteurise raw milk in a home situation.
The government in Australia requires that milk is pasteurised and milk products such as cheese be made from pastuerised milk. There are a few exceptions for some imported cheeses and a few Australian made cheeses such as King Saul and for raw goat milk in a few states across Australia.
However the law does not require milk produced from your own cows and goats, intended for home consumption, to be pasteurised.
The reason for pasteurisation is that raw milk is a rich product that supports the growth of a large number of microorganisms. The milk as it comes from the cow's udder is almost sterile and it picks up numerous microbes on its journey through the cold chain. The environment where the milk is produced on the farm has numerous microbes: some may be pathogenic or disease producing, some may be spoilage and some may be beneficial bacteria required to make raw milk cheese.
Some of these microbes will find their way into the milk. Unless you have access to a laboratory you will not know which type and how many microbes are actually in the milk.
The temperatures used to make cheese requires the same milk to be held for up to a few hours at temperatures between 20°C and 40°C where any microbes (the good, bad or pathogenic) can grow and multiply. If a significant number of disease producing bacteria grow they can potentially cause serious illness to those persons consuming the cheese.
Time and temperature treatments for milk pasteurisation
Pasteurisation requires the milk to be heated to a time and temperature combination that will destroy the pathogenic microbes in the milk. Unfortunately the good or starter bacteria will also be destroyed. Starter cultures are added back into the pasteurised milk as a replacement for the ones destroyed by pasteurisation.
There are numerous pasteurisation time and temperature combinations available but the four most logical treatments for use by home cheesemakers, based on the equipment most people will have available are:
69°C for 1 minute
68°C for 2 minutes
66°C for 5 minutes
65°C for 10 minutes
By properly pasteurising milk you will:
Destroy all pathogenic bacteria and make the milk or cheese safe for human consumption
To destroy some of the spoilage bacteria and enzymes and therefore improve quality of the cheese
Increase the shelf life of the milk
How to batch pasteurise at home:
In the batch pasteurisation process the milk is placed into a pot and heated, usually on a stove top to one of the required temperatures. Some people will do this by placing the pot directly on the heat source (eg stove top) and others will place the milk in a double boiler.
The latter has a less severe effect on the milk and is the preferred approach. The milk will need to be stirred continuously but very gently while it is being heated. When the required temperature is reached heating should be stopped.
A warning note: The above time temperatures are the minimum required to pasteurise the milk for making cheese however additional time and temperatures are also not desirable as they may cause some damage to the milk constituents and make cheesemaking more difficult.
When the maximum temperature is reached, the milk will need to be held for the required time, and cooling commenced immediately. Do not continue with a higher or longer heat treatment thinking it is better. Be aware that the pot and the stove top will also contain residual heat and this may alsocause the milk temperature to continually rise past the minimum temperature.
When the holding time is reached continue cooling the milk straight away, do not delay the cooling so be prepared. You will need to have a supply of cold tap water or refrigerated water to start the cooling process. A sink, a bucket or an outer boiler can be used to hold the cold water. Ice or refrigerated water can be used, it is beneficial but it is not necessary.
You will find that the cooling water in the outer jacket will increase in temperature and will need to be discarded for a new batch of cooling water. Most damage to the milk is done while it is above the 55°C temperature, so it is desirable to cool the milk down below this temperature as quickly as possible.
Continue cooling the milk until it reaches the desired cheesemaking temperature. You are now ready to start making cheese. The same time and temperature standards apply to milk from cow, goat, sheep and buffalo.
Pasteurisation will cause calcium precipitation so it is helpful to add calcium chloride to the milk as soon as it is cooled to cheesemaking temperature. Pasteurisation may extend the time taken to coagulate the milk, give a softer curd and make drainage of moisture from the curd more difficult.
If you want to make cheese, you have a choice of using either homogenised or non-homogenised milk. Fifty years ago the only options were raw or pasteurised milk; homogenised milk was not readily available. Now the situation has reversed, it is a little harder to find non-homogenised milk, but most states in Australia have several dairy farmers that are turning the milk from their own cows into pasteurised but not homogenised milk.
When you purchase milk from a supermarket, quite often the only choice is pasteurised homogenised milk. Homogenisation and pasteurisation are two very separate processes. The law requires all milk sold in Australia to be pasteurised milk; it is illegal to sell non-pasteurised or raw milk. Homogenisation is optional as long as it is declared on the label of the bottle or carton.
If you want to make cheese, you have a choice of using either homogenised or non-homogenised milk. Fifty years ago the only options were raw or pasteurised milk; homogenised milk was not readily available. Now that the situation has reversed, it is a little harder to find non-homogenised milk, but most states in Australia now have several dairy farmers that are turning the milk from their cows into pasteurised but not homogenised milk. I use only non-homogenised milk at the Intensive Cheesemaking and Intensive Yoghurt Making courses.
So, which milk should you choose to make cheese?
The answer is non-homogenised milk. Why? Let's start with an explanation of why milk is homogenised. Homogenisation came about because the public wanted the cream evenly distributed through the milk as opposed to having the cream layer at the top, where the bottle or carton had to be shaken before being poured. A secondary effect of homogenisation is that it generally lasts a few days longer than non-homogenised milk. Initially homogenised milk was met with scepticism but now it is readily accepted.
Milk is homogenised by passing it through very narrow openings under very extreme pressure. These openings are called homogeniser valves. These valves shatter the fat and proteins in the milk into billions of much tinier pieces. The cream can no longer rise to the surface and is evenly spread through the milk. That the fat globules have been broken up does not affect the cheese. The flow on effect for cheesemaking is that the very high pressure of homogenisation also breaks up the proteins into much smaller pieces. These proteins are needed in their "whole form" to turn the milk into a curd when the rennet is added or the curd does not form properly. Homogenised milk will still form a curd but it is a very weak and the resulting cheese is much lower quality. It is for this reason that commercial cheese manufacturers the world over do not use homogenised milk to make cheese.
There are a few minor exceptions where you can use homogenised milk to make cheese. Both homogenised and non-homogenised milk can be used to make Ricotta. Homogenised milk can also be used to make gourmet feta because it requires a soft curd.
So if you want to make good cheese, use non-homogenised milk. If you want milk with a full flavour and lots of body use non-homogenised milk. Don't let anyone tell you otherwise.
Salting involves the spreading and distribution of salt through a cheese. There are two ways to add salt to cheese: by immersing the cheese into salt water, which is called brining or by physically or mechanically adding the salt to the surface of the cheese which is called dry salting.
There are several key reasons that salt is added to cheese and all are very important for the quality of the finished cheese:
Alters the texture and appearance
Slows down or stops lactic acid fermentation
Controls enzyme activity and subsequent breakdown of fats and proteins
Suppresses the growth of spoilage bacteria
Aids moisture control
Improves flavour
Brining is the immersion of the whole cheese in a sodium chloride solution. Most brines are around 20% – 27% salt content. Once 27% salt is reached that is called the saturation level for salt in water. Brining is thought to have come about because if dry salt was not available then partially evaporated sea water would serve the same purpose.
When brines are used, the following principles should be followed:
Brine storage vessels should be made from non-corrosive material
The volume of brine should be at least 1.5 times the volume of cheese
The amount of salt to be added is calculated from the desired brine strength, for example 20% brine for white mould cheeses
If reusing a brine, the salt strength should be monitored and salt needs to be added to ensure concentration is maintained
The pH and calcium content of the brine must be maintained so that these two components roughly equal the same level as the cheese
Ideally brines should be refrigerated between uses but also ensure they are handled correctly as they are very corrosive
The mechanism of salt uptake of salt from the brine to the cheese is similar to that of dry salting.
The salt that is taken into the cheese from the brine and whey (including moisture and some minerals) is then expelled from the cheese into the brine. This transfer is not always even, as a general rule two grams of water is lost from the cheese into the brine to every 1 gram of salt taken up by the cheese.
A variation in salt uptake means that different styles and sizes of cheeses will require different amounts of time in a brine.
Variation of the rate that salt is taken into the cheese can be achieved by:
Different concentrations of brine (20% salt v's 27% salt)
Length of time the cheese in the brine solution
Moisture content of cheese
Temperature of brine
Surface texture of cheese
Surface area, size and shape of cheese;
Agitation of brine solution
Hardness of the cheese
Fat and protein content of the cheese
Making and using a salt brine
The water used to make up the initial brine should be straight from the tap and heated to at least 80c to kill any unwanted bacteria and the salt should be added to the hot water. The salt for making up a brine does not have to be premium fine cheesemaking salt, as this type of salt can be expensive. The cheapest non iodised supermarket salt is suitable. The salt should also ideally be free from foreign matter, however if the salt does have foreign matter it will be rendered safe by the hot water and the salt.
When a salt brine is first made up it is necessary to add approximately 1ml of acetic acid and 1ml of calcium chloride for every litre of water so that the acid and calcium levels of both the brine and the cheese are equal. The purpose of adding CaCl to the brine is to maintain the same concentration of calcium in the brine and in the cheese – if the calcium concentration is too low in the brine then calcium will move from the cheese to the brine to establish equilibrium concentration in the brine vs the cheese. If the calcium leaves the cheese then the cheese will go soft.
When the cheese is sitting in the brine, it is ideal to sprinkle a pinch of salt over the surface of the cheese that is protruding from the brine. The cheese should be turned 180 degrees a few times during the brining process.
It is ideal to reuse a brine as it builds up with substances such as lactic acid, proteins, minerals, lactose and moisture from the cheese however many people will not have sufficient space to store their brines in a refrigerator between use. If reusing a brine any floating pieces of curd should be removed before use.
The size that you cut the curd will affect the moisture and characteristics of your cheese.
The cutting of the curd that has been formed after the addition of the rennet is one of the most critical aspects of cheesemaking. Cutting is the start of the dehydration process and will affect the final moisture, acidity, maturation rate and yield of the cheese. All of which are very important factors that distinguish the exact characteristics and quality of a cheese. After the curd is cut it holds the main constituents of the cheese which are the fat and casein plus it also contains some water, minerals, whey, starter culture and rennet. The constituents that are lost in the whey are the water, lactose, whey proteins, some minerals and a small amount starter culture. The term used to describe the loss of these components is called syneresis.
The volume and the amount of these constituents that are either retained in or removed from the curd are very closely related to the surface area of the curd particle after it is cut. The general rule is that the smaller the size of the cut, the greater is the surface area of the curd and the greater is the loss of components into the whey.
To show this: If we started with 1 litre of milk and added rennet so that it formed a cube of curd. We would have a 10cm cube of curd; the surface area would be 600cm cm² (6 sides to a cube). If that cube of curd was cut into 1cm cubes (Cheddar cheese is cut to this size), then we would have 100 cubes with a surface area of 6000cm². If we cut those 1cm cubes into 5mm cubes then we would have 8000 cubes of curd with a surface area of 12,000cm². Simply put the more surface area means more loss of whey and constituents into the whey.
Different cut sizes for a few cheeses may be:
· Parmesan styles 2 – 3mm
· Cheddar 8 – 10mm
· Camembert 12 – 15mm
· Persian feta very large pieces
I receive regular emails from people that have been using their thermometers for fairly long periods of time but they are not sure if they are working correctly. Checking your thermometer is something that you should consider doing every several batches of cheese. It is very simple and quick to do and can give you good peace of mind.
How do thermometers become incorrect?
Regardless of how much you spend on a thermometer, $10 or $1000, they are all capable of providing an inaccurate reading. Inaccurate readings can be caused because it was dropped, you changed a battery or it's just one of those electrical/mechanical things that happens from time to time. If you are using a non-water resistant or non-water proof thermometer to make cheese then the electrics of the thermometer may be starting to deteriorate due to water damage of the internal components.
What is a satisfactory level of accuracy for a thermometer?
For most people making cheese at home, you should be happy with your thermometer if it is within +/– 1°C or even 2°C of a true and correct reading. However if your thermometer is out by any more than this it may affect the quality and consistency of the cheese you are making.
How do I check the level of accuracy?
There are two standard methods that you can use at home to check your thermometer. The Ice Bath or Freezing Point method and the Hot Water or Boiling Point method. You can check your thermometer by using either or both of these methods. If you are making yoghurt or ricotta where you are heating the milk to i.e. 90°C then the hot water method is best for you to use. If you are using cheesemaking temperatures around 30°C then the ice bath method is best to use. If you are using both high and low cheesemaking temperatures then use both methods. It does not take long and it's a good idea to check your thermometer against both methods.
The principle of these two methods is that a pure ice and water mixture will hold its temperature temporarily at 0°C and that pure water will boil at 100°C. If your thermometer is placed in either of these mixtures then ideally it should read the same temperature as the water bath. A description of the 2 methods follows:
Ice Bath method
Materials needed: 1 litre clean and dry container (glass or plastic), 300 grams of crushed ice (not ice cubes), 200 ml of the purest water available (filtered water is best but tap water is ok providing it is not overly hard with minerals), thermometer/s to be checked
Immerse the thermometer probe by more than half way in the ice and water slurry. The mixture should be a slurry and not have large chunks of ice. Hold the thermometer in the ice water bath and move it around in a stirring action without touching the sides of the water bath. Do this until the thermometer reading stops moving. The reading on your thermometer will show how accurate your thermometer is (it should read 0°C).
Boiling water method
Materials needed: Approximately 1 litre of the purest water available (filtered water is best but tap water is ok providing it is not overly hard with minerals), a 1.5 to 2 litre saucepan, thermometer/s to be checked.
Add the water to the saucepan and place on the stove top until water boils (when there are bubbles rapidly rising to the surface, not just simmering). When boiling commences turn the stove top down to its lowest setting but be careful to make sure that the water is still boiling. Immerse the thermometer probe by more than half way into the boiling water. Move the thermometer around in a stirring action without touching the sides of the saucepan. Do this until the thermometer reading stops moving. The reading will show how accurate your thermometer is (it should read 100°C).
How to adjust the thermometer if the reading is inaccurate?
Not all thermometers can be adjusted. Both of the thermometers that I provide on the Cheesemaking Shop are waterproof and have an ability to be calibrated by the freezing point or boiling water method. Manufacturer's instructions are provided with each thermometer. When you test your thermometer and it is out by i.e. 2°C then you can adjust the thermometer by holding down the calibration button on the thermometer. If your thermometer is not adjustable then then next time you make cheese just add or subtract that difference each time you take a thermometer reading when you make the cheese. If the thermometer is out by more than 2°C you can still do the addition or subtraction, but it is probably time to look at replacing your thermometer
The purpose of pressing and moulding of cheese is to:
Produce the desired size and shape of cheese
Form all of the individual particles of curd into one cheese that can then be ripened, packaged and stored
Speed up removal of free whey
Consolidate the curd by removing the air and spaces between curd pieces
Create the initial stages of rind formation
The main variables that need to be controlled during pressing are the amount of pressure applied to the cheese, how fast pressure is applied, the temperature of the cheese during pressing and the length of time the cheese is pressed.
The amount of pressure
Some cheese such as fresh acid, blue mould and white mould; the curd is moulded and no pressure is applied, the cheeses are simply turned 180 degrees and allowed to be pressed under their own weight. Cheese such as Cheddar and Emmenthal are pressed at high pressures for several hours. In the case of eye-type cheese, prepressing may take place under the whey, usually after the curd is placed in the mould. Other cheese such as Tilsit and Havarti with some eyes and openness only have a moderate amount of pressure applied.
Applying pressure slowly
Pressure must be applied gradually to ensure that whey and air can escape through the natural channels between the curd pieces before pressure builds up sufficiently to close off the channels. 30 – 60 minutes is sufficient time before the full pressure is applied.
The temperature of the curd
The curd needs to warm when it is placed in a hoop just prior to pressing. Curd particles that are cold or have dried out will be hard and will not matt together sufficiently. If curd is salted prior to hooping (eg Cheddar) then the curd needs to be kept warm to allow the salt to slowly diffuse into the curd for approximately 10 minutes prior to being moulded and pressed. The curd should be kept warm while it is in the press.
The length of time the cheese is pressed
Pressing time can vary from 30 minutes to 24 hours. Pressing needs to be applied slowly at first and then gradually increased. This allows air and moisture to move from via natural channels from the inner to the outer layers of the cheese. Pressing at a too fast rate may close these channels and trap air and moisture in the centre of the cheese. The cheese hoop or mould should be lined with a cheese cloth, which can be made of cotton or synthetic material (blue cheese cloth) to aid in drainage of whey and to produce a smooth close surface finish. Once the cheese has been pressed, it is usually taken from the press after about 30 – 60 minutes, to straighten the outer cloth so an even surface results on the finished cheese. The cheese is then usually pressed overnight. The following morning the curds have cooled considerably and 'set' so additional pressure should not be applied the following morning. Keeping the curd warm after pressing is important especially on cool days. .
There are a large variety of cheese presses used by home and commercial cheesemakers. Pressure can be applied by hydraulics, spring or by vacuum.
Have you seen those small white crunchy specks on and in hard cheeses such as Cheddar and Parmesan? They are called calcium lactate crystals. They are part of the cheese and they are harmless. They are usually pin head size and some cheeses have a few and some cheeses have lots.
These crystals are often sought out by connoisseurs of such cheeses as being indicative of a mature cheese with a strong flavour, but they are also misunderstood by others as being foreign matter or extraneous to the cheese. Calcium lactate is formed as the lactose in serum (residual moisture in the cheese) is turned into lactic acid as the cheese ages, the casein bound calcium is released into the serum and this combines with the lactic acid to form crystals over several months. There are several factors that may cause these crystals, the main ones are too much acid and too much moisture in the cheese. Other factors include slow cooling and high maturation temperatures.
The big question: If you could purposely make a cheese with Calcium Lactate Crystals would you?
There are many famous cheeses around the world that have ash added to them. Sainte Maure, Morbier, Valencay, Selles ser Chur, plus local cheese such as Meredith Ashed Chevre and Yarra Valley ashed pyramid are just a few. But why is ash added to these cheeses? It is tasteless and odorless!
For thousands of years ash was used as a preservative, to stop lumber from rotting, bodies from decomposing, preserving food and water on long sea voyages, filtering muddy water, controlling odours and as a powerful medicine. Cheese also needed to be preserved especially as there was no refrigeration or the advantages of modern packaging. Originally ash was obtained from burning oak branches, grape vines or local timbers. The ash was sprinkled on the surface of the cheese often in conjunction with salt.
There are five main reasons why ash was added to the surface of the cheese:
1. To decrease the acidity of the cheese. Where the cheese has a high acidity, such as fresh acid cheeses (cheese made without the use of or minimal use of rennet; most of the cheeses mentioned above are this style) the ash will neutralize the surface acidity. The surface flora required of those cheeses, some added to the milk and some occurs naturally, do not grow well in very acid environments but will grow earlier than would be expected if ash is added and results in a more complex micro flora of the final cheese. The ash in this situation also restricts the growth of unwanted micro flora
2. To absorb surface moisture. The surface moisture reduces the hardness of the rind. The rind is the hardened surface of the cheese and is important to protect the cheese inside from drying and physical damage. So if moisture is soaked up soon after manufacture then the hardened rind will be able to preserve and protect the interior of the cheese
3. The addition of salt in conjunction with the ash also aids in assisting points 1 & 2 above
4. Purely cosmetic. With modern packaging and refrigeration and controlled environments the need for ash to preserve the cheese is reduced or not even required.
5. Tradition. Tradition does not need to be lost just because of modern technology. This ash has been used for centuries and is as much as a characteristic of the cheese as the cheese itself. We need to these traditions to be preserved plus the ash is an instantly identifiable characteristic of those cheeses.
Ash is technically known as Activated Charcoal. The word "carbon" comes from the Latin word for coal. Graphite, the most thermodynamically stable form of carbon (as in pencil "lead") is in the ash family as is the diamond.
Charcoal from burning wood in the back yard is not "activated charcoal"; rather it is a raw material for the manufacture of activated charcoal. Commercially cheesemaking ash it is derived from wood, sawdust / wood chip, coconut shells, bamboo and peat. For food grade purposes these timbers are heated to between 600 °C – 1,200 °C which is much higher than a conventional fire or oven can achieve.


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Japan expects USA to halt CH-53 helicopters for "indefinite period"
- by Xavier Trudeau
- in Financer
- — Oct 13, 2017
Japanese Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera said on Thursday that the USA forces in Japan will ground all of its CH-53E helicopters following one of the transport choppers crash-landing near a US base on the main island of Okinawa in Japan's southernmost prefecture.
The Marine Corps has ordered a 96-hour operational pause for all Okinawa-based CH-53E Super Stallions after a fire forced one of the helicopters to make an emergency landing Wednesday in farmland outside the Northern Training Area.
In a meeting in Tokyo between Onodera and Maj.
"The accident is regrettable, and I feel sad", Onaga told reporters. "This incident adds to concerns of the people in the prefecture who live side by side with USA bases", Okinawa Gov. Takeshi Onaga said in a statement addressed to Onodera.
Meanwhile, Okinawa Gov. Takeshi Onaga, a staunch proponent of lessening the USA base hosting burdens of the residents of Okinawa, described the incident in the village of Higashi in Okinawa as "horrible".
According to informed sources here, the U.S. Naval Safety Center has rated the accident as the most serious "Class A".
Japan urged the U.S. military Friday to suspend flights of its CH-53 helicopters until safety is guaranteed, after one of them burst into flames in Okinawa.
Onodera said the United States had agreed to his request.
Many Okinawans have always been frustrated with noise, crimes and accidents connected to US bases, with the prefecture hosting the bulk of USA military facilities in Japan.
The helicopter that crash-landed Wednesday also belongs to the Futenma base.
On Friday morning, four Japanese Self-Defense Force members with expertise on helicopters visited the accident site in the village of Higashi to gather information on the incident. The CH-53E is a large transport helicopter used by U.S. Marines, which can carry up to 55 personnel in addition to seven crew members.


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Multiple Estates Sale - 1/2 Price!
moved offsite to warehouse•1 day sale •sale is over
Apr 18
4pm to 8pm
All items are sold in "As Is" condition. All sales are final. No returns. Cash or Credit/Debit only. No Checks. Please bring assistance for heavy/large items. Not responsible for accidents or injuries. Please do not pull tags. Please do not bring in outside boxes, tubs, containers or bags - due to limited space for people to walk/move around. We have a hold area for buyers, along with boxes and wrapping materials.
50% off multiple estate items, excluding items marked 'Firm'.
- Vintage Toys
- Various Furniture
- Textiles
- Glassware
- China
- Primitives
- Books
- Children's Books
- Art
- Pottery, Crocks, Stoneware
- Religious/Spiritual Items - art, rosaries, etc.
- Lamps
- Ephemera - sheet music, maps, etc.
- Vintage - Costume Jewelry
- Tools
- and many more items being added!
Find More Sales
Many people like to find several liquidation sales to go to when they are out and about. Here are some pages that might help:
- Estate Sales Near Lenexa, KS 66227
- Sales in the Kansas City area
- Get Notified via email about upcoming sales.
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Nat'l m'cross opens at elite CEZA tracks
The Philippine Star
A world-class Cagayan Economic Zone Authority track in Santa Ana, Cagayan will hosts the second round of the 2018 Philippine championship series of the National Motorcycle Sports and Safety Association (Namssa), the sporting authority for motorcycle sports in the Philippines.
Also dubbed as the 2018 Ceza-Eastern Hawaii National Motocross Championship, the event set this weekend is one of the many firsts introduced to promote the area as an investment hub, tourism desti- nation and a motorsports venue in Northern Luzon.
"The circuit is 95 percent complete and meets international safety standards," said Namssa president Stephan Macky Carapiet.
The track was designed and built under the supervision of Namssa, in accordance with the standards of FIM.
The first-ever motocross championship to be staged in Cagayan province has lured elite riders, headed by Motocross Rider of the Year Kenneth San Andres.


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Technology, significantly the provision of massive knowledge coupled with a wide variety of digital advertising channels, offers substantial alternative for advertising and marketing professionals. Optimistic assumptions are made by proponents of ideologies similar to transhumanism and singularitarianism , which view technological improvement as typically having useful effects for the society and the human condition. Expertise has also elevated our connectivity, with cell phones and other gadgets providing an at all times-on link to the worldwide communication network.
Please check with the faculty straight – typically this information isn't revealed overtly, or particular arrangements could also be available. The Sextant Group's President and CEO, Mark S. Valenti CTS, discusses the makes use of of contemporary know-how in classroom instructing.
From the time it was founded, Trendy Expertise has had one purpose in mind: offering skilled high quality work through our robust dedication to customer satisfaction. Most clinicians chose a profession in … Read More


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I am running a grassroots, community campaign (with a very small budget!). We want to use Asana to decentralise our organising capabilities but cannot afford to pay per user (potentially in the 100s). We want to use Asana to onboard volunteers quickly so they have all the info they need to run a fundraiser/organise a doorknock etc etc without needed to train them face to face. Does anyone currently use Asana in the community campaign or not for profit space and if so, any tips for minimising the cost?
Any other community campaigns using Asana?
Jason_Woods #2
@claudia.perkins - Guests are free, so if there is only a small set that will have the same Domain Userid then you can pay for premium for just that small team ie 5.
Then for the volunteers etc as long as they use there personal email address they will be treated as guests and not have to pay for them.
Have a look at this article.
Hope this helps.


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When I think in English, my speed of thinking will drop to one fifth comparing to think in Chinese. It is becasue of not enough English words and exercise. Just as I only wrote a few lines in last entry. It is, however, not a big issue; I believe that my thinking speed
are is going to be increased in the near furture after playing this five to ten minutes game day by day.
I tell myself, "Don't be afraid of making mistakes. Writing awkward things are better than wrting nothing. (Time's up!)


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Road Closures in Haverford Township for the 2013 U.S. Open at Merion Golf Club
Fri, Apr 19th 2013 12:38 pm
Top Features Home Buyers Want
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Green is the new black, some small changes that help make your home more environmentally friendly.
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Howard County, TX — March 8, 2018, Jose Ayala sustained fatal injuries following an accident where his vehicle and a semi-truck collided.
Texas DPS officials reported that the accident happened just east Coahoma along I-20. The exact details leading up to the crash are unclear at this time.
Police investigators reported that 63-year-old Ayala was in an SUV traveling along the interstate. For reasons unclear, his vehicle careened over the median into oncoming traffic. There, it collided with an oncoming commercial truck.
Ayala sustained fatal injuries and died at the scene. It's unclear if the truck driver was injured.
At this time, the cause of the accident remains unreported.
Map of the Area
It's not unusual to see so few details immediately following a fatal crash, but it's been nearly a week since this crash happened. I can't help but be concerned whether or not the victim's family is getting any more information than the public. Some people think a police investigation is as thorough as it gets, but that's not entirely true.
Any accident involving a commercial vehicle, especially a fatal one, is incredibly complex. It can take police weeks or even months to thoroughly examine the evidence. Quite frankly, those affected by a serious accident shouldn't have to wait that long.
This is why I so frequently encourage the aid of experienced private investigators. The evidence showing the cause of an accident is most clear immediately following the wreck, and that evidence deteriorates with each day. The sooner a professional gets to the scene, the more information the victim's family can get their hands on.
–Grossman Law Offices


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Today marks the beginning of my 28th year on this planet (PSYCH: I'm only turning 27, which means it's the beginning of my 28th year on earth).
To be honest, 27 is a pretty strange birthday to have. Here's why:
- 27 doesn't grant you any special privileges (driving, R-Rated Movies, buying alcohol, etc.)
- 27 still counts as "mid-twenties" (At least that's what I tell myself…..)
- 30 is still a ways away
- I'm still young enough to spend most of my weekends in a different time zone, yet old enough to appreciate getting socks for my birthday
Anyway, I want to flip the script this year. This year I want to give YOU a gift on my birthday. And I promise it's not socks.
It's a $50 Starbucks Gift Card. And I only ask one thing in return.
Will you tell me how 10xT has changed your life for the better? It can be anything, from booking the trip of your dreams to learning about Scottish Whisky.
You can tweet it, email it to me, or share it on my Facebook page. I'll pick my favorite response on Friday and give out the gift card.
Thanks. Here's to another year filled with travel and happiness.
Happy Travels,


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Respect and the young child
@BellasmamaTiff (2544)
United States
December 15, 2006 9:51pm CST
My daughter is 19 months old. And, already she walks all over me. When I tell her no, she hardly ever listens to me, and I continue to tell her no and redirect, but thats not working anymore! She bites me, pinches me and screams at the top of her lungs right in my face. I really just dont know what to do! I refuse to spank her at this age, but have NO IDEA what else to do! Telling her no and redirection are getting me nowhere anymore! Please help me!
1 person likes this
8 responses
@Lillith (775)
• United States
16 Dec 06
I can totally sympathize with you. One of my children was one of "those" kids who was a holy terror. I, too, did not want to spank her. But by the time she was around 3 years old, I started giving back to her what she gave me. If she bit me, I bit her back. If she pinched me, I pinched her back. If she started screaming in my face, she was put in her room with the door closed. These things seemed to work better than any spanking would have. She learned that she was going to get what she gave, and pretty soon she stopped the physical stuff. The screaming was another thing but she did learn that she was going to be spending some alone time if she acted out like that. These may sound like desperate measures, but I WAS DESPERATE. Of course, I should add that I never HURT her in returning these acts but she DID feel them, and was quite shocked that I was responding that way. But it really only took a few weeks of that before she would start to bite me, and stop before she made contact. Same thing with the pinching. So she DID learn that way. The rest of my children never gave me those problems so she is the only one I had to resort to those tactics. I am not suggesting that you hurt your child, but you can do these things without causing pain to her. Just show her that this is not acceptable behaviour and that she will NOT enjoy the consequences of it. I do wish you all the luck in the world with this. It IS a very difficult situation to deal with.
@BellasmamaTiff (2544)
• United States
16 Dec 06
Thank you for all of your advice. Although, right now, I cannot put her in her room with her door shut, because she doesnt have a room of her own....lol...she shares a room with me, and we have no b/r door....lol. And, yesterday I started to bite her back when she did it to me, and she then laughed and bit me again!!! What do I do then???
@msqtech (15226)
• United States
19 Dec 06
You have to do something that she understands and you cant reason with her. You are giving up control to a child who cannot reason. Be firm and dont accept that behavior. You cant accept her biting or pinching you must punish in someway each time or you will never be the parent you need to be
@mfrancq (1808)
• United States
17 Dec 06
I totally sympathize with you, however I must advise that you tryly find a way to discipline your child. If it is already this bad, just think how bad it will be the older she gets. I am not putting your parenting down in any way so please do not take any offense to the advice I am giving you. I am simply trying to help you because I know this must be getting hard on you. First off, when your child is misbehaving in the manner you explained you must first give her a warning and tell her that if she doesn't stop you will either take the toy away, spank her, or send her to time out. The decision is up to the situation and to you. If she continues the misbehavior, then you absolutely MUST follow through with the warning. If you decide to put her in time out, remember that it should be one minute for every year of their age. In the situation of your daughter, I would do a minute and a half. When the time is up, go to her and remind her of why you put her in time out and that she needs to apologize to her. Remember to stand firm in your decision and not to "baby" her. Remember, you are doing this to help her realize how she must act in society as she gets older. And also so she knows she must respect her parents and family. Another thing I have learned is to not tell a child no. Children are curious by nature and the word no does not tell them the "why" they are looking for. You must show them what they should do instead of what they are doing. For example, if she is throwing a toy at people, go to her and show her what the toy is truly for and explain that it is not for throwing at people. Not that children are dumb, they just get distracted in having "fun" that they forget things and get carried away. After showing her what the toy is for, remember to warn her. "If you throw the toy again, mommy is going to take the toy away for the day and you will go to time out." If even after this the child continues, go to the child..DO NOT SAY ANYTHING to her, take the toy away, and put her in time out. Then walk away with not saying anything. Leave her there for the minute and a half..then continue with what I explained earlier. This is when you talk to her. And remember to follow through with the warning from earlier. Do not give the toy back to her until the next day. I know it seems rough, but it is our responsibility to get our children to understand what is acceptable behavior and what is not. I hope this helps you. Best wishes and good luck
@doniker (493)
• United States
17 Dec 06
It will only get worse if you don't put your foot down. I have a 10 year old daughter that treats me like dirt. I hate to always be a d*ck and yell and punish her but I have to, so I can teach her right from wrong. It's a cruel world out there.....kids need to learn the right way to behave or they will end up in some f'ed up situations that could be real problems.
@nhtpscd (1418)
• Australia
17 Dec 06
Ah the life of being a mom. You must get it under control now with consistency. Time out corners are great. Find a spot place her there for a few mins. Keep placing her back. They at that age like to push buttons and will only get worse. I use a corner that has no view of tv toys or anything. I wish you luck. It can get better. Mine did
@beautyoperater (1890)
• United States
16 Dec 06
according to that crazy nanny show you are to get down to their level and then be firm with her. They even say that your suppose to give them a time out. If she moves your to put her right back. I don't know if it will work but you can try it and see what happens. sorry I couldn't help more


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Essay on good will hunting
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