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KEENE VALLEY — The Keene Valley Library will host a panel discussion on today's news environment on May 8, continuing a series that began in February.
The program is scheduled from 7-9 p.m. The panel will include Dan Alexander, Publisher and CEO of Sun Community News, on today's changing environment; Brad Hurlburt, history and government teacher at Keene Central School, on educating students to deal with today's news world; Joe Pete Wilson, Keene Town Supervisor, on understanding news; and moderator Peter Slocum, former newspaperman.
"We are delighted to offer this program, to examine this crucial issue from several different angles," said Karen Glass, Library Director. "We want to help members of our community search for a place where we can agree on facts."
All members of the community are invited to attend this special program — whatever their political persuasion — and participate in the discussion.
Dan Alexander, who writes a weekly column in addition to heading the Sun newspapers, recently announced a new "Point of View" feature to counter the contentious media environment that has "given rise to so much noise people aren't sure whom they can believe and find themselves gravitating to what they want to believe versus what they need to know."
Brad Hurlburt has been working for years to help students navigate that charged environment. Joe Pete Wilson has worked with North Country Community College students on the same challenge, and now faces the media in a new role as a local official.
For more information, contact the Keene Valley Library at 576-4335 or through firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The Mission of the Pittsburgh PA Public Safety Department:
The mission of the Pittsburgh Department of Public Safety is to provide for the security and safety of all residents and patrons of the City of Pittsburgh through the oversight and execution of the public safety operational strategies of the Bureaus of Police, Fire, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), Emergency Management (EMA), Building Inspection, and Animal Care and Control. This mission includes Improving community and first responder safety through training, technology, fleet upgrades and increased community visibility as well as enhancing and enforcing team collaboration across all Public Safety Bureaus.
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Recently, an air conditioning contractor discovered some asbestos containing material [ACM], adjacent to the North Riser air conditioning duct at 55 Swanston Street, Melbourne, whilst investigating a water leak in the ceiling cavity on Level 8.
Consequently, we approached a multitude of asbestos and hygiene consultants to enquire how best to investigate the extent of the asbestos. We wanted to know, without any doubt, whether the asbestos containing woven rope, that had been used as a fire retardant adjacent to the riser, had been used inside the riser as well. The professionals were all convinced it hadn't, but no-one was able or willing to categorically confirm their hunch, and as such, our journey for clarity began.
Prensa, GBAR, EP Risk Management, National Drones and Spectrol all became part of the investigative process.
The set task was not an easy one. 55 Swanston Street has the busiest lift shafts in all of Melbourne! The first logical step was to plan a weekend investigation, as this would minimise disruption and any potential alarm amongst the 42 commercial tenants and their visitors/guests.
Intrusive investigation to determine the exact nature and whereabouts of ACM, requires a lot of time and effort, due to the very unique, specialised and regulatory setup procedure.
To fulfil the contractual obligation of the scope of works, an entire level would need to be sealed off for a period of 60 hours. During this time, GBAR would quarantine the entire floor, seal off the stairwell, assemble specialised showers and plumb them into the toilet block, erect timber-framed enclosures masked with plastic sheets before establishing a negative pressure air chamber within which the investigative work would be conducted. To ensure GBAR followed the stipulated protocol, Prensa would conduct an independent real-time review of GBAR's setup and work procedures, whilst simultaneously monitoring the air quality of the sealed level, throughout the duration.
As is the case with any remedial asbestos works - statutory requirements compelled us to notify all adjacent building owners and tenants of our proposed asbestos remedial works. Additional signage advising all tenants and visitors of the asbestos works in progress was also required.
Upon further brainstorming for alternative solutions and much thought and deliberation, GBAR suggested the possibility of using a drone to investigate the internal membrane of the North Riser. Enter EP Risk Management and National Drones.
Up until this point, GBAR and Prensa's combined costing to perform a 60-hour intrusive investigation on a single level stood at $31,000.00. Comparatively, the cost for using National Drones and having EP Risk Management partake in the exercise prior to compiling an Executive Report was $3,630.00.
EP Risk Management are frequent users of unmanned aviation vehicle [drone] technology in a variety of applications. National Drones provided this service and upon visiting 55 Swanston Street, Mr Vic Thomson confirmed that they [National Drones] had never conducted an internal duct inspection before. Our investigation, if it were completed successfully, would set a precedent for a new service vertical for National Drones.
National Drones and EP Risk Management investigated the North Riser from the plant room access door, as best they could. Given the confined space, depth of the riser [almost 40m], absence of lighting and inability to judge whether we could control the drone safely, all added to the risk equation of the intended scope of work.
Vic knew he wouldn't be able to fly the drone within the riser. We would simply be using the drone as a remote lighting and camera pod, which we would manually lower into the riser by rope. Vic planned and prepared for the event meticulously, labelling the abseiling rope every three and ten metres and padding the drone with a swimming pool noodle for protection.
In early August, National Drone history was made! We anchored the prepped drone via a carabiner to the abseiling rope and carefully lowered it into the abyss, operating the remote camera to capture images of any areas that required further scrutiny.
At the end of four hours, 22 images of the North Riser's internal membrane were captured. These images were sent to EP Risk Management for detailed analysis that resulted in an Executive Report comprising the following statements –
1. The purpose of the inspection was to determine whether "the identified asbestos containing material (ACM) that was identified in site areas adjacent to riser, was not present in the riser, or did not protrude into the riser, as the presence of ACM in the riser would constitute a health risk for building occupants and visitors"; and
2. No ACM rope, or other material considered potential ACM were identified in the North Riser of the building's air conditioning.
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Posted Nov 2, 2005
By DatabaseJournal.com Staff
On Monday (31-OCT-2005), an anonymous developer on the Full-Disclosure mailing list contributed a post titled "Trick or Treat Larry", disclosing a proof-of-concept worm that targets Oracle databases with default user accounts and passwords.
The worm uses the UTL_TCP package to scan for remote Oracle databases on the same local network. Upon finding another database, the SID is retrieved and the worm uses several default username and password combinations to attempt to login to the remote database.
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Myth and Meaning
San-Bushman folklore in global context
- Lewis-Williams, J.D (Current Author)
About this Publication:
J.D. Lewis-Williams, a leading South African archaeologist and ethnographer, examines the complex myths of the San-Bushmen to create a larger theory of how myth is used in cultures worldwide.
Exploring ethnographic, archival and archaeological lines of research, he extracts the 'nuggets', the far-reaching but often unspoken words and concepts of language and understanding that are opaque to outsiders, to establish a more nuanced theory of the role of these myths in the thought-world and social circumstances of the San.
The book
● draws from the author's own work, the unique 19th-century Bleek & Lloyd Archive, more recent ethnographic work, and San rock art
● includes well-known San stories such as The Broken String, Mantis Dreams, and Creation of the Eland.
Contents Include:
Chapter 1: Myth in its San incarnation
Chapter 2: Bringing Home the Honey
Chapter 3: The Mantis makes an Eland
Chapter 4: The Fight with the Meerkats
Chapter 5: A Visit to the Lion's House
Chapter 6: The Mantis Dreams
Chapter 7: Narrating and Painting
Chapter 8: People of the Eland
Chapter 9: The Broken String
Chapter 10: 'They do not possess my stories'
Of Interest and Benefit to:
Academics, and the general reader, interested in Anthropology, African ethnography, First Peoples, Religion, Folklore, Rock Art and African Studies.


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Introducing: Neil Landstrumm
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Neil Landstrumm has been releasing music for over 20 years on revered labels such as Peacefrog Records, Tresor.Berlin (OFFICIAL), Killekill & his own imprint Scandinavia, as well as noteworthy collaborations with Christian Vogel & with Edinburgh-based producer Hostage, who together boast releases on Dixon Avenue Basement Jams & Hypercolour/ Glass Table as Modini.
Landstrumm's hordes influences from all over the dance sound through dubstep, grime & garage to his time living in New York, immersing himself in hip-hop culture, this can be heard through his releases on Planet Mu (OFFICIAL), a more bass driven sound, which he believes there is not enough of in today's Techno.
Landstrumm is described in Resident Advisor as a shapeshifter that knows how to get the party started, something showcased in his hardware driven live shows, which we cannot wait to share with you!
Grab your tickets here to not miss out –> http://bit.ly/NVCLOSINGPARTY
Check out his live set for Dummy with lots of unreleased material!


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The Life and Times of the Vodka Red Bull
The rare cocktail in which the mixer costs more than the spirit, "Liquid Cocaine" was, in its heyday, as controversial as it was popular
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The rare cocktail in which the mixer costs more than the spirit, "Liquid Cocaine" was, in its heyday, as controversial as it was popular
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The structure and mechanical properties of AlMg5Si2Mn alloy after surface alloying by the use of fiber laser
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Laser surface treatment is successfully applied to increase hardness as well as corrosion and wear resistance in light alloys such as aluminum or magnesium. The laser surface remelting also can be used to repair superficial cracks, voids or porosity caused by the mechanical impact, metallurgical process as well as the corrosive environment on the surface of the aluminum alloy. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the influence of a fiber laser surface treatment on the structure and properties of the EN AC AlMg5Si2Mn alloy. The goal of this investigation was to increase the hardness and improve tribological properties of the aluminum alloy surface as a result of the conducted laser surface treatment. During laser processing, the top surface of the aluminum alloy was enriched with Cr and Ni particles. The grain size of the applied particles was approximately about 60–130 m. The Cr–Ni powder has been introduced in the molten pool using vacuum feeder at a constant rate of 4.5 g/min. For surface remelting we used square laser beam at a size 3 × 3 mm and with the power of 3.0 kW. The linear laser scan rate of the beam was set at 0.5 m/min. Argon was used to protect the liquid metal alloy during surface treatment. Application of the laser treatment on aluminum alloy has enabled to obtain much harder as well as better wear resistant material compared to the untreated EN AC AlMg5Si2Mn.
1 Introduction
Constantly growing expectations for modern engineering materials compel the search for new solutions. Advanced design requires a simultaneous combination of both low density, high corrosion resistance, good abrasion resistance and high strength properties. The engineering materials requirements for advanced constructions make it very often that engineers are forced to use more advanced technology [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. To improve the mechanical properties of metal alloys such as aluminum and magnesium as well as various type of steels (tool steels, stainless steels), thermal and chemical surface treatment are used [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. The latest technologies include, among others, various technologies of laser surface treatment such as surface alloying, feeding and remelting [15, 16, 17].
Extremely wide-range of design capabilities in the automotive and aerospace industries provides modern light metal alloys. The use of aluminum or magnesium alloys as components for cars and planes allows for significant weight reduction and thus reduces fuel consumption and operating costs [7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16]. Aluminum alloys are characterized by low density, high electrical and thermal conductivity, high corrosion resistance as well as the impact strength does not decrease when the temperature drops. The disadvantage of aluminum and magnesium alloys is low hardness and abrasion resistance [12]. Improvements to the above properties are often achieved by the surface treatment that allows for obtaining hard and abrasion-resistant surface layer to increase the utility of these materials in new engineering applications. Coatings of this type are obtained as a result of such treatment as surfacing, flame sprayed coatings, detonation sprayed coatings and laser remelting, feeding or alloying [2, 4, 10, 16].
In light of the research, an attempt was made to obtain a layer on the surface of aluminum with magnesium alloy as a result of surface treatment with the use a fiber laser. The use of a fiber laser with rectangular spot gives possibilities to obtain surface layer that is characterized by a uniform distribution of introduced elements, short time of heat source interaction on the workpiece, and the possibility of introducing a very wide range of alloy elements [18, 19]. During the laser surface treatment of the aluminum alloy a mixture of nickel and chromium powders was introduced. Preliminary studies and review of the literature have shown significant influence of intermetallic phases on the aluminum alloys properties. The use of Cr and Ni powders during aluminum laser alloying allows for obtaining intermetallic phases that significantly increase the strength properties and wear resistance of the treated surface, increasing the weight of the workpiece slightly.
The goal of this study was focused on fiber laser alloying aluminum alloy AlMg5Si2Mn by a mixture of two powders (Cr and Ni) and evaluate the resulted surface microstructure and properties, in particular, hardness and abrasion resistance.
2 Experimental procedure
The research involved laser surface treatment of aluminum alloy. Surface treatment was performed on fiber Ytterbium laser system YLS-4000 with a wavelength of λ = 1070 nm. The maximum power of the laser beam was 4 kW. Laser head was mounted on a 6-axis robot REIS RV30-26 coupled with a tilt-and-swivel positioning system. The laser alloying process was conducted in a shielding gas atmosphere of argon served with two independent nozzles. The first nozzle tilted at an angle of 30° from the sample plane while the second is at 90 degrees. The task of the first nozzle was to provide an alloying powder in the liquid lake area. The protective gas pressure in the first nozzle determined the rate of feeding of the powder in the volume of the liquid metal. The second nozzle provided protective gas throughout the laser process. Its task was to protect the liquid metal from air damaging. The gas stream was of less point in this case. Gas dispersion allowed the whole sample to be protected without affecting the stream from the powder feeder. Parameters used during laser alloying are presented in Table 1.
Parameters using during the laser alloying
Laser beam power, kW/dimension of laser beam
3 kW/3 × 3 mm
Shielding gas, l/min
Firs nozzle
Second nozzle
Powder feeding g/min
Sample initial temperature, K
Laser beam scanning rate, m/min
The investigation was carried out on cast aluminum alloy with magnesium and silicon EN AC-AlMg5Si2Mn. The chemical composition of the applied aluminum alloy is shown in Table 2. To improve the mechanical properties of the surface layer during the laser treatment in area of liquid aluminum, the metallic powder Cr–Ni (the mix of Cr and Ni powder 50/50%) was introduced. The grain size of the applied powder was in the range of 60–130 µm. To completely eliminate moisture, which, as indicated in preliminary studies, was primarily responsible for harmful porosity found on the alloyed surface, the Cr–Ni powder was dried before the process in a dryer for 24 h at 250 °C. The porous structure allowed better bonding of the undissolved particles to the base material in the volume of the layer and facilitated their dissolution during the melt. The morphology of the applied powder is shown in Fig. 1.
The chemical composition of investigated aluminum alloy—ENAC-AlMg5Si2Mn
Samples before surface laser alloying were ground mechanically on laboratory LabPol5 Struers grinding machine. For surface preparation, three sandpaper of grades 60–15 µm has been used. After grinding, to remove the silicon carbide particles from the abrasive paper, the samples were purified in an ultrasonic scrubber (maximum intensity, at 45 °C for 25 min.). As a washing solution, methyl alcohol was used. Next, the prepared sample surface was covered with a flux and ethyl alcohol (average thickness of flux 1 mm). To remove alcohol and water from the surface, the covered sample was dried on a hot plate at 100 °C in 60 min. Application of welding flux layer on consisting of a mixture of lithium chloride the top surface of samples allowed to dissolve metal oxides formed on the surface of the aluminum substrate and significantly increased the adsorption of laser radiation by a processed material.
The microstructure of the analyzed layer was examined by light microscope Axio Observer Zeiss and a scanning electron microscope Zeiss Supra 35 (SE, BSE). Analysis of the chemical composition and phases occurring in the layer was carried out using a scattered X-ray detector and EBSD. The surface topography was observed using a stereomicroscope SteREO Discovery Zeiss. Surface observations were made at a magnification of 25× to 50× using ring and side illuminators.
The surface hardness measurements were performed using a Rockwell test in HRF scale. Micro-hardness on the layer cross-section was measured by the Vickers microhardness test with a force of 300 gf (2.94N).
The wear resistance studies of surface layer were performed using a ball-on-disk test. Test parameters are shown in Table 3. The wear rate was analyzed on the basis of the depth and volume of the trace. The wear tracks after the test were measured with a profilometer, Sutronic 25 Taylor-Hobson. During surface roughness, measured by profilometer, Gaussian filter of 0.8 was applied. The wear track was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope to reveal rifts and deformation of the surface layer and evaluate wear mechanism. During the tribological test was also registered friction coefficient between a tested surface and ceramic counter specimen (ZrO2). The friction coefficient analysis allowed for the disclosure of changes occurring during the test such as, the peeling and removing of the material particles from the surface.
The ball-on-disk wear test parameters
Load, N
Linear speed, cm/s
Distance, m
Radius, mm
Counter specimen
3 Results and discussion
Stereoscopic and electron microscope observations did not show cracks or porosity on the alloying surface. Based on the EDS analysis in the scanning electron microscope, several undissolved powder particles are disclosed on the surface of the layer. Also, there was no observed porosity or void around the undissolved (molten) particles.The powder was closely bound to the aluminum matrix. The vast majority of undissolved particles on the melting surface were chrome. The greater share of undissolved chromium was due to its higher melting point compared to nickel. Because at the design stage of the layer, the abrasive finishing allowance was applied, the undissolved particles on the surface did not take part during the abrasion test. The scale and oxide film was also removed from the surface by grinding before the ball-on-disk test. Layer surface topography is shown in Fig. 2. The average roughness of the layer was about 2.23 µm (Fig. 3). In addition, the profiles analysis of the obtained layer measured with the Surtronic 25 contact profilometer did not show a significant variation in wave on the surface. The widest distance between the local extremities was 170 µm. This demonstrates the correct selection of scanning speed, power and protective gas stream, as well as the amount and rate of feed of the used powder during fiber laser fusion. The wave and roughness profile of the layer is shown in Fig. 3.
At the bottom of the resulting layer, a dendritic cell structure is disclosed. Simultaneously, as a result of rapid crystallization, significant grain refinement was obtained, which has a beneficial influence on the strength properties such as hardness as well as abrasion resistance (as has been proved—Fig. 10). It was not observed in solidification molten pool the defects in the form of cracks, voids or craters which could adversely affect the strength properties of the obtained layer [18, 19]. The transition zone between the substrate material and the obtained layer was less enriched in phases containing Cr and Ni. Analysis on the light microscope did not reveal visible heat-affected zones. The AlMg5Si2Mn alloy structure is shown in Fig. 4a–c.
Maps of chemical distribution obtained by means of EDS detector has shown a significant increase of chromium and nickel concentration in the total melting volume. The average concentration of chromium in the layer area was 02.77% while nickel 02.37% at (Cr— 05.09%; Ni—04.91% wt.). In addition, the uniform distribution of introduced chemical elements during laser treatment was confirmed. At the same time, the refinement of magnesium and silicon-rich phases was revealed, which was due to rapid crystallization of the melting area (Fig. 4d–e).
Based on scanning-microscope analysis using the "EDS" X-ray diffraction detector, numerous areas enriched in chromium and nickel are disclosed (Fig. 5). Detailed analysis using the "Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis" EBSD has shown a number of intermetallic phases resulting from laser alloying of aluminum (Al4Ni3, Al9Cr4, Mg3AlNi) evenly distributed across the entire melting area. In addition, many phases derived from a primary material such as Mg2Si have been observed in the melting area. Moreover, the analysis showed the highest proportion of intermetallic chrome-rich phases in the obtained layer (Fig. 6).
The wear test product (powder on the wear track surface) was much finer when compared to the test result of base material. Fragmentation was caused by an increase in hardness and the occurrence of numerous intermetalic phases (rich in Cr and Ni) in layer volume. In case of an untreated alloy, numerous large fragments (flakes) extracted and detached from the tested surface was observed (Fig. 7b, e).
The wear track on the aluminum alloy surface in many places was plastically degraded and extracted. It should be emphasized that this is the typical wear of this material type. In the case of the wear track obtained on the layer, only few breach and gap in the material were disclosed. The edges of the fracture were sharp as evidenced by partial plasticity reduction. In both cases, the dominant wear mechanism was furrowing. In addition, it was not observed on the surface of wear track, as well as in wear product (powder and flakes) oxidized particles indicating overheating or excessive heat generation (the temperature was not measured during the test) (Fig. 7c, f).
On the zircon sphere surface (ceramic counterspecimen), after tribological test of the layer, fine scratches and traces of substrate material was revealed (Fig. 7d). In the case of the counter-sample after the aluminum alloy study, numerous built-up of substrate material, almost completely covering the surface of the ball, are disclosed (Fig. 7a).
For the first 0.2 m, the friction coefficient (FC) in both cases did not exceed 0.2 (no scratching of the surface). After about 0.2 m, a significant increase in the friction coefficient was observed to about 0.79 (layer) and 0.73 (aluminum alloy). Initial FC stabilization up to 0.4 for AlMg5Si2Mn and 0.42 (layer) occurred after about 15 m. At that time, significant fluctuations in coefficients due to scratching of the surface and built-up of substrate material on the counter-specimen surface (Fig. 8).
In the case of the layer, a higher FC is revealed than in the case of unworked Al alloy. This phenomenon was triggered by the regular shearing of an aluminum film from the ceramic ball surface by the hard intermetallic phase obtained during the laser alloying. In addition, shear stress caused slightly higher coefficient deviations than in the case of the based material. The largest changes in the coefficient recorded for the underlying material were due to the creation of aluminum film on the counter-speciment surface and the removal (pull-off) of aluminim alloys flakes from the substrate. In both cases, a stabilization of the friction coefficient was observed after about 50 m. Only in the case of based alloy after 89 m revealed visible peak (point friction coefficient) (Fig. 8). Most likely, this was due to the detachment of part of the film from the ceramic surface (Fig. 7a).
In the case of the layer, there was also a much smaller plastic deformation at the edges of the wear track with respect to the based aluminum alloy. The average plastic deformation height on the surface layer was 4.48 mm and was about 33% lower with respect to the plastic deformation obtained after the aluminum alloy abrasion test. In addition, the surface area of obtained deformation on the surface layer was about 970 mm2 smaller than that of the aluminum alloy test. Reducing plasticity is due to the presence of precipitates and grain refinement. Analysis of the wear track measured using a contact profilometer revealed a significant increase in abrasion resistance of chromium and nickel rich layer. The volume of a crater in the case of layer is 46% lower with respect to the alloy without surface treatment. The results of the dimension measurement of wear track are shown in Table 4 and Fig. 9.
Dimension and roughness of wear track
Dimensions of plastic deformation
Dimensions of wear track
Height, µm
Width, µm
Surface area, µm2
Depth, µm
Width, mm
Surface area, µm2
Volume, mm3
Ra (µm)
Aluminum alloy
Measurements of mechanical properties revealed a significant hardness increase in the melting area at a depth of about 3 mm from the surface of the layer. The average micro-hardness in the melting area was about 25HV higher than the substrate material and was 109HV0.3 (Fig. 10b). A small scatter of hardness over the entire depth of the layer shows that the entire melting area is evenly reinforced. In addition, hardness measurement on the HRF scale showed a significant increase in hardness on the top of the layer. In the case of the substrate material, the average hardness was about 77HRF while the hardness of the layer was about 99 (Fig. 10a). Such a significant increase in the hardness of the layer was due to numerous Al4Ni3, Al9Cr4, Mg3AlNi phases occurring in the layer after the laser treatment as well as the grain refinement and phases derived from the based material. The results of hardness measurements are shown in Fig. 10.
4 Conclusion
As demonstrated in this study, the use of surface treatment with an optical fiber laser makes it possible to significantly improve the mechanical properties as well as wear resistance of the AlMg5Si2Mn alloy tested, thereby contributing to its attractiveness in many engineering fields of possible applications. Laser surface treatment of aluminum alloy with the use of metalic powder Ni / Cr (50/50%wt.) allowed to obtain a homogeneous layer tightly bound to the substrate, without voids, cracks and porosity. Both the shape and the face of remelting means that they find the optimal process parameters. Observations with light and scanning microscope has not revealed the heat-affected zone (that is very narrow and hard to estimate precisely).
Based on scanning-microscope analysis using the "EDS" X-ray diffraction detector, numerous areas enriched in chromium and nickel are disclosed (Fig. 5). Detailed analysis using the "Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis" EBSD has shown a number of intermetallic phases resulting from laser alloying of aluminum (Al4Ni3, Al9Cr4, Mg3AlNi) evenly distributed across the entire melting area. In addition, many phases derived from a primary material such as Mg2Si have been observed in the melting area.
The use of surface treatment has allowed for a significant increase in hardness. The average hardness of the layer was 99HRF and was 22 HRF higher concerning to the based material. Measurements made on the cross section showed a uniform increase in hardness over the entire depth of the layer. The average microhardness of the layer was 109HV0.3 and was about 25 HV0.3 higher than the substrates material. On the tribological test basis, a significant increase in abrasion resistance of Cr and Ni-enriched surfaces has been demonstrated. The wear track volume obtained during laser treatment layer was 0.2057mm3 and was about 46% less than the crater on the surface of the aluminum alloy without surface treatment. Laser alloying caused partial reduction in plasticity of the material. The average surface area of the plastic deformation after the "ball on disk" test on the layer was about 24% lower than the base aluminum alloy. The resulting layer greatly enhances the mechanical properties of the aluminum surface and thus increases the resistance to abrasion.
The publication was partially financed by statutory grant from Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology for year 2017 Nr 10/010/RGJ17/0145. This publication was financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland as the statutory financial grant of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering SUT in 2017.
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The A-Z of the Central Coast, NSW, Australia
Davistown has a wide variety of housing. There are a number of original properties built back in the 1950's that are gradually being knocked down and redeveloped into brand new homes, while the rest of the houses fall somewhere between the old and new. The houses on the waterfront are among the some of the grandest and are lucky enough to have sweeping views over Brisbane Water. The residents of these properties get to enjoy the regular spectacular sunsets from the comforts of their balconies.
The suburb has a small shopping centre catering for the everyday needs of the residents, but the real social hub of the area is the Davistown RSL, or the "Davo" as it is better known to the locals. The club has multiple bars, a restaurant, function rooms for hire, as well as boasting a massive family friendly outdoor area with a large playground and football field. This is why we love coming here so much with the kids. The club also hosts regular live music events and is home to indoor markets on selected Sundays.
My favourite part of Davistown is down by the water. There are ferries that operate between the Central Wharf and the nearby waterside suburbs of Empire Bay, Saratoga and Woy Woy. There is also a coastal walk that goes around Brisbane Water for 3kms up to Kincumber taking in all the natural beauty of the area.
Down by the wharf is very popular with fisherman and boaties alike. The "Davo" has an active amateur fishing club which is family friendly and holds monthly competitions. There is an annual Davistown Putt Putt Regatta & Wooden Boat Festival that is held in Spring. The origins of this event date back to the early 1900's when regattas were often held in Davistown. Challenges were set on who had the fastest "Putt Putt" or who could row the quickest. A "Putt Putt" is a boat normally between 14-18 feet in length and powered by a small single or twin engine. There is still a number of these actively used on Brisbane Water every day.
We came down to the water for a picnic on a Sunday evening to have an early dinner and allow me to take some sunset shots in the hope that the night would provide a spectacular colour show overhead. We weren't disappointed as there were beautiful pockets of colour opening up across 360 degrees. I was running from spot to spot trying to capture my shots as best as I could before the colour moved round again.
As is customary when we are out as a family something entertaining nearly always happens involving one, or both of the kids! We were sitting down next to the water eating our delicious homemade pizza, one of Tash's specialities, when one of the many dogs being walked in the area took a particular interest in Ryan's dinner.
Ryan is fascinated by dogs so was happy for its over friendly attention, up until the point when it decided that whatever it was going to eat later on that evening was not nearly as enticing as Ryan's pizza, and he promptly proceeded to finish the lot off. Ryan thought it was pretty funny and just kept saying "dog"! The dog's owner came running over to us to apologise. It was then that we realised it was the real estate agent who had sold us our home last year . We thought it was hilarious, but he was just very embarrassed!


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Kim Kardashian may love a good smoky eye and bold lip, but the reality star tends to keep things natural for her everyday duties. When she's running errands and dropping off North West at her dance lesson, Kardashian admittedly keeps things simple in the beauty department.
For her latest makeup tutorial with Ariel Tejada, Kardashian shows fans how she likes to look on an average day. In very un-Kardashian fashion, the whole look only takes four products to achieve. (Okay, five if you're feeling a little feisty.)
"As much as I love a major glam, softer makeup is more my go-to everyday look. You just need a little bit of bronzer, some highlighter, a nude lip and you're done!" Kardashian writes on her app. "I like to feel more like myself for everyday meetings and errands."
Here's how to get to her her "no-makeup makeup," according to her makeup artist.
Step 1: Bronzer
For a light contour, Tejada recommends using Smashbox Matte Bronzer in Suntan and evenly dispersing the product from the hairline to the temples.
"She definitely wants a darker forehead because that brings symmetry to the face," he explains. "It brings more attention to the center which illuminates and makes her look like she's glowing."
Softly dust off some product under the cheekbones and jawline, and blend the bronzer through the neckline. With a small blending brush, bring some of the product down the side of the nose.
Step 2: Highlighter
Softly apply Anastasia Beverly Hills Illuminator in So Hollywood to the cheekbones and chin. Using a small blending brush, dust some product down the bridge of the nose for a "cinched" look.
Tejada also applies a bit of product to Kardashian's upper lip to define her pout. He recommends gently sweeping on a peachy blush during this step for a bit of color.
Step 3: Liner
For the perfect nude lip, line your mouth with MAC Lip Pencil in Stripdown.
Step 4: Lipstick
To finish of the look, fill in the lips with a pinky peachy shade. Though Dose of Colors Lipstick in Soft Touch — which is currently sold out everywhere — is what Tejada uses, Revlon Super Lustrous Pearl Lipstick in Ipanema Beach is a good substitute.


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About Author
Holly Black (born November 10, 1971) is an American writer and editor best known for The Spider wick Chronicles, a series of children's fantasy books she created with writer and illustrator Tony DiTerlizzi, and a trilogy of Young Adult novels often called the Modern Tale of Faerie trilogy. Her 2013 novel Doll Bones was named a Newbery Medal honor book.
Black was born in West Long Branch, New Jersey in 1971, and during her early years her family lived in a "decrepit Victorian house." Black graduated with a B.A. in English from The College of New Jersey in 1994. She worked as a production editor on medical journals including The Journal of Pain while studying at Rutgers University. She considered becoming a librarian as a backup career, but writing drew her away. She edited and contributed to the role-playing culture magazine d8 in 1996.
In 1999 she married her high school sweetheart, Theo Black, an accomplished illustrator and web designer. In 2008 she was described as residing in Amherst, Massachusetts...
Quotes by Holly Black
More Quotes by Holly Black


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La Pupila, basada en hechos de la vida serious, cuenta la vida de una pupila reclutada a la fuerza por la facción, donde vivió de primera mano el horror de la disputa y luego de muchos abriles logra salir de la agrupación armada para emprender un camino de regreso que no le será realizable cuando inicie el proceso de reintegración a la sociedad y deba enfrentarse con su propia grupo y con ella misma.
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ERIC Number: ED433865
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1998
Pages: 8
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: N/A
Publishing on the Web: Opening the Doors of Community College Classrooms.
King, Nancy; Wood, Susan Andrus
This paper discusses the teaching benefits of World Wide Web publishing by individual instructors. Community colleges are actively involved in the national push towards distance learning. Many faculty members at community colleges publish course materials on the Web as part of both distance and traditional courses. As a result, a new rhetorical situation has occurred with respect to course material. In traditional settings, course materials were designed to accompany verbal context. But Web-published materials must have explanatory information embedded, in order to ensure their usefulness to students. The public act of publishing on the Web requires the instructor to think more critically about pedagogy. Prior to distance learning, the primary inter-institutional exchange of ideas came at conferences. Web publishing has allowed for much greater exchange of ideas between instructors, and in much greater detail, than is generally offered at a conference. This exchange of ideas can be viewed as a professional cooperative work group similar to student learning groups in traditional classrooms. Another benefit of Web publishing for instructors is the ability to create a readily accessible professional portfolio or curriculum vitae. The paper concludes with the assertion that the trend of Web publishing will continue to grow among community college instructors and offer new contributions to the teaching profession. (RDG)
Publication Type: Opinion Papers; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A


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Welcome to Search engine information service, we present various solutions and best experience, how to place website on the first page of Google, Search engine is the main entrance, because internet users can no longer memorize millions of websites, and as their gabel search results from Google, Yahoo !, Bing, and other search engines, There are various tips and tricks that we have presented for you on this simple website.
We also need to mention that, SEO services and businesses are growing rapidly along with the growth of the web, which is the owner of the website to make decisions more accessible to visitors among other websites from around the world who are competitors, in your knowing about the very search engines needed, Take your time to learn the basics of google search on this website. [1 keyword="Web Optimization 2018″] In addition we also share a variety of free paid devices for you.
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You should also know that search engines generally do not seek direct benefits from organic search results. Their business revenues are derived from ads shown on the top or side of the organic search results. Companies that are less successful in implementing SEO strategies so that their website address is not in the top position in organic search results can still get visitors by advertising on the search engine. Without Advertising on Google, of course you have to work hard by studying the steps of optimization of your site at this time.
Thank you for visiting our site, With all the shortcomings of our site, of course we will receive various inputs and suggestions, so that the website that we manage now remains the best in reviewing and reviewing search engine articles, We are trying to collect various information tips and tricks seo with the best sources and of course we will share for you who have visited on this site.


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Rawan Hamad
Your home wants you so badly, it can't stops loving you, and it won't stop.
Your home wants you to be always around it.
I can't stop thinking of you.
I can't stop loving you.
I can't stop missing you.
I'll always be around waiting for you.
I can't stop smiling while texting you
I can't stop taking deep breathes when I hear your voice and your whispers.
I love everything about you.


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With the marketing industry continually evolving, marketers face a challenge to stay on top of the requirements of their role. The number of potential channels involved in marketing and the number of hats a marketer must wear continue to expand and it can be easy for marketers to feel overwhelmed by the scale of the change.
With this in mind, we thought we'd look into what are the main challenges marketers feel they are facing at the moment. We have highlighted the top 5 that stood out, below:
- As a marketer, handling and understanding data can sometimes be testing, whether it is abiding by data regulations, finding new data or managing effectively the data that you already have or drawing meaningful conclusions from data output. In this digital age, data plays an important part of most marketing roles. Despite its importance, the Telerik Sitefinity discovered that only 61% of marketers that were questioned said they can turn their data into an actionable insight, which means that 39% of marketers can't! Gathering marketing data has become an extremely easy exercise for marketers, as many digital marketing platforms provide detailed analytics functions. Where the challenge lies is in knowing what to do to it to make it useful for your organisation. Without this knowledge and analysis, it is easy to get bogged down in a futile data-collection exercise.
- Keeping up with marketing trends is in itself a full time job. This industry has undergone so many transformations; social media, mobile and an increasingly connected world, have all created huge opportunities for marketers. However, with each wave of new must-have marketing platform, comes a raft of fads, here today and gone tomorrow. Identifying where to place your focus is tricky. A channel in itself, social media provides the ideal tool to identify new trends and marketing opportunities. However, research carried out by insight and technology firm, CEB found that only 32% of marketers use social media for this purpose.
- Measuring return on investment (ROI) can be an extremely daunting process for marketers as it can determine if all the hard work that has been put in is actually beneficial. Luckily, there are so many analytics tools to take advantage of nowadays, marketers are able to measure much more usefully many aspects of a marketing campaign in a way not possible in the past. This will always remain a challenge because in many instances, attributing a purchase or new client to one isolated marketing activity often fails to take into account other influencing factors.
- Gaining the attention of your target audience is a marketers ultimate goal, but it is also happens to be a difficult aspect that marketers struggle with too. With so much 'noise' out there, clamouring for your targets attention, it is so easy for your message to get drowned out. Unsurprisingly, getting heard by your target audience is a major source of stress for marketers today. With so many channels available to marketers, one would think it has never been easier to engage with your audience. The reality is that it has probably never been more challenging.
- It might be hard to imagine, but when social media was first introduced, marketers found it difficult to know what to do with it. It's safe to say that times have changed, as marketers have now embraced wholeheartedly social media, and the money invested in it suggests most think it is something that should be included within all marketing strategies. But although marketers have fully adopted social media into the marketing mix, there is still a long way to go for many to translate social media activity into revenue. Simply having a social media presence is no longer enough and marketers are now facing the challenge of making it pay.
Whilst these challenges exist for marketers, it is also important to remember that behind each one is an opportunity. If you can overcome them, then marketing success will not be far behind.
We would love to hear from you if you have faced any of these challenges, so please let us know what activity you're finding most challenging at the moment and how you are managing it.


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Benefits of Outsourcing Data Entry Services
With increasing need to cut cost for any company to realize any profit, there is need for one to know the need for outsourcing data entry services. A good data entry services tends to be one of the solution you can consider in a case where you need to cut on cost. You would also enjoy other benefits such as speed, effectiveness, flexibility, efficient management as well as availability. It would be wise to for data entry company that is known for producing results without errors and one that also delivers work within a short time.
The best data entry companies are capable of offering you perfect and proficient data management solutions. You will not only digitize your data but will also be assured of systematic storage of the data in question which can then be managed in various logical and indexed avenues. The best thing about having data at your disposal is that you tend to have enough data to make your analysis as well as assist you in making informed decisions.
You would also be assured on saving on time especially where you are working with highly trained staff from the outsourced data entry firm. The best outsourced data entry services also tend to have a team that can turn around volumes of work when needed within a short time even without having to affect the overall quality of the expected results. There are some data entry services that will sacrifice all the night to work with the intention of providing you with the results you need by morning.
It would also be essential to know that the best data entry companies tend to assure one high quality services. Another advantage about experienced data entry services is that they have worked on thousands of assignments and hence have lower chances of making errors. You would need to work with individuals who knows the procedures to follow towards achieving your intended goals. It would also be essential to go for a data entry company that manually rechecks the output and also engage advanced tools to make sure that it offers the best results.
The best data entry company will also assure your total data security. The best data entry companies tend to make sure that their data is 100% safe and secured. The best data entry services tend to secure their systems such that the data in or out is not accessed by third parties.You would also be inconvenienced any time the data entry team is unable to meet the targets or at a time when the individual charged with data entry is absent. That tells you that cost of data entry when outsourced tend to be lower even when the effectiveness is higher.
If You Read One Article About Outsourcing, Read This One


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Hydrogen Based Energy Storage.
Energy storage is the holy grail in the battle for dominance over fossil fuels. Sounds a little melodramatic but if we do not find a way to move to 100 percent renewable or clean energy, we will jeopardize our very existence here on earth. The planet will be fine, but probably it will be without us.
The warming of the oceans and melting of the glaciers is not something we will be able to recover from. So why is energy storage so important in this equation?
Simply put, the pathways that we currently have for affordable renewable energy are wind turbines and solar photo-voltaic technology. These are great source of clean electricity but they are by their very nature, intermittent. These cost effective technologies need to be implemented on a scale that allow us to over produce electricity when the sun is shining and the wind blowing. The way to harvest that is energy storage.
Researchers all over the world are working on energy storage in the form of batteries, super capacitors, fly-wheels, pumped storage and hydrogen for fuel cells.
Rice University scientists who want to gain an edge in energy production and storage report they have found it in molybdenum disulfide.
The Rice University lab of chemist James Tour has turned molybdenum disulfide's two-dimensional form into a nanoporous film that can catalyze the production of hydrogen or be used for energy storage.
The versatile chemical compound classified as a dichalcogenide is inert along its flat sides, but previous studies determined the material's edges are highly efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), a process used in fuel cells to pull hydrogen from water.
Tour and his colleagues have found a cost-effective way to create flexible films of the material that maximize the amount of exposed edge and have potential for a variety of energy-oriented applications.
The Rice University research appears in the journal Advanced Materials.
Molybdenum disulfide isn't quite as flat as graphene, the atom-thick form of pure carbon, because it contains both molybdenum and sulfur atoms. When viewed from above, it looks like graphene, with rows of ordered hexagons. But seen from the side, three distinct layers are revealed, with sulfur atoms in their own planes above and below the molybdenum.
This crystal structure creates a more robust edge, and the more edge, the better for catalytic reactions or storage, Tour said.
"So much of chemistry occurs at the edges of materials," he said.
A two-dimensional material is like a sheet of paper: a large plain with very little edge. But our material is highly porous. What we see in the images are short, 5- to 6-nanometer planes and a lot of edge, as though the material had bore holes drilled all the way through.
The new film was created by Tour and lead authors Yang Yang, a postdoctoral researcher; Huilong Fei, a graduate student; and their colleagues. It catalyzes the separation of hydrogen from water when exposed to a current.
Its performance as a HER generator is as good as any molybdenum disulfide structure that has ever been seen, and it's really easy to make.
While other researchers have proposed arrays of molybdenum disulfide sheets standing on edge, the Rice group took a different approach. First, they grew a porous molybdenum oxide film onto a molybdenum substrate through room-temperature anodization, an electrochemical process with many uses but traditionally employed to thicken natural oxide layers on metals.
The film was then exposed to sulfur vapor at 300 degrees Celsius (572 degrees Fahrenheit) for one hour. This converted the material to molybdenum disulfide without damage to its nano-porous sponge-like structure, they reported.
The films can also serve as supercapacitors, which store energy quickly as static charge and release it in a burst. Though they don't store as much energy as an electrochemical battery, they have long lifespans and are in wide use because they can deliver far more power than a battery.
The Rice lab built supercapacitors with the films; in tests, they retained 90 percent of their capacity after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles and 83 percent after 20,000 cycles.
"We see anodization as a route to materials for multiple platforms in the next generation of alternative energy devices," Tour said.
These could be fuel cells, supercapacitors and batteries. And we've demonstrated two of those three are possible with this new material.
Co-authors of the paper are Rice graduate students Gedeng Ruan and Changsheng Xiang. Tour is the T.T. and W.F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of materials science and nanoengineering and of computer science.
The Peter M. and Ruth L. Nicholas Postdoctoral Fellowship of Rice's Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Multidisciplinary University Research program supported the research.
Read the abstract at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201402847/abstract
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Practice your Math skills even more in this sequel to a popular Math game!Those Numbers 2 is an educational high-scores Math game in which you can practice Addition and Subtraction in and entertaining and challenging way! Choose one of four difficulties and go for highscores! Compare your score with other people all around the world and prove who is the best Mathematician!How to play: The game is very simple to play - there will be 3 answers shown on the screen, choose the correct one! Watch out - you have 60 seconds time limit and 3 lives.
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