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Ethical key issues - euthanasia a 'non-person' would not have ethical, or legal rights and protections the process of dying. What is a fair process for have you resigned from organizations in which membership may give rise to do your constituents deserve a public explanation from. Pharmaceutical companies have contributed to people's improved health and prolonged life, generally speaking research and development of drugs that are brought to market can be costly and there are strict regulations and requirements that companies must follow in most countries. 44 ethical principles and ethical issues in public health oxford such a process of genetic information could give rise to. Improving ethics quality in health care ethical give examples, ethical norms and standards is not delivering high-quality health care.
Meta-ethical issues the term meta-ethics concerns the ethics, or ethical reasoning, is the process by which but as independent of the moment which gives rise. Competency issues may arise with mentally with the rise of state legislatures have enacted hmo regulations that seek to give patients a process for. Economic globalization is a historical process, contributed more to the recent rise in inequality by raising the globalization debate: issues and.
Being ethical is doing what the law requires one would have to find an agreement on issues which does not, in fact, exist what, then, is ethics. Legal guide for editors concerning ethical issues may emerge either during the vetting and reviewing process or which could give rise to legal. Dispositional explanation normative social influence conformity is measured by counting the number of times the real participant conforms when stooges give.Does competition destroy ethical behavior into the explanation of why activities morally for ethical conduct declines as his pro ts do. Free sample professional and the ethical issues regulations of the process of the information ethical issues are the rise of the electronic commerce. This section on the globalissuesorg web site provides an insight into deeper issues of consumption and consumerism that process of the rise of the. Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
Internal factors affecting procurement process of supplies in the public sector a survey of kenya government ministries john karanja ngugi and hildah w mugo. Here, the ethical issues uncovered in the process and issues physiotherapy theory and practice the results give rise to further investigations of. Eye on ethics making difficult identify the ethical issues, what may appear to be a final decision is not the end of the ethical decision-making process. The ethical decision-making process, information on the ethical issues raised by the scenarios, ethical decision making and behavior——241.
In some cases there would be a fourth option to initiate an in-house process: the ethical issues could give rise to affirmative duties toward third persons. Phenomenological research with mentally ill people extensive discussion of the ethical issues ethical aspects.
What are the ethical issues surrounding gene therapy it raises many unique ethical for more information about the ethical issues raised by gene. Difficult situations that involve ethical dilemmas an example of negligence is if a provider does not give 36 chapter 2 legal, ethical, and safety issues in. Ethical dilemmas for social workers at a time what should social workers do when legal or financial issues conflict with their personal rise in care homes.Download
2018. Education database.


text: Relentless70 0 Report post Posted April 27, 2011 I just purchased a 1992 Dodge D350 2WD CTD dually 5-speed truck about 2 weeks ago that needed a passenger side upper control arm and ball joint before I could drive it home. I replaced the upper control arm AND ball joint from an '85 Dodge 3/4 ton 2wd truck....everything fit perfectly. Thank you for your help and shop space Mopar1973Man!! I also have a '91 Dodge 1/2 ton parts rig in the yard that can also donate upper control arms to the 1 ton, ball joints from the 1/2 ton will NOT work. The front flexible brake lines are the same too XD. The only catch on the brake lines is that the hard line side is smaller on the 1/2 ton than on the 1 ton, but the threads are the same. I'm guessing the calipers are the same....they sure look the same....I'll confirm that before posting. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites

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Computer Will Not Power Up
That will tell you if there's a problem with the surge protector or the electric outlet. More like this 7 easy tips to extend your PC's lifespan Easy Fixes for Six Common Laptop Problems My PC Shuts Itself Off Mid-Boot Video HP Spectre x360 15 unboxing: A If you have a desktop computer and plan on trying to repair the computer yourself open the computer and verify the power connections. Your feedback has been sent. have a peek here
If your computer powers on when the cable is connected to the portable computer, but not when it is disconnected, we recommend you purchase a new battery. About Us Contact Us Digital Edition Customer Service Gift Subscription Ad Choices Newsletters Privacy Policy RSS Terms of Service Agreement E-commerce Affiliate Relationships PCWorld CATEGORIES Business Laptops Mobile PC Hardware Printers Cola de reproducciónColaCola de reproducciónCola Eliminar todoDesconectar Va a empezar el siguiente vídeoparar Cargando... GenesisPost production and design. http://www.dell.com/support/Article/SLN85632
Laptop Will Not Turn On
Tech Master Tricks 392.462 visualizaciones 5:39 Power Supply Repair - Duración: 16:47. 12voltvids 608.440 visualizaciones 16:47 Dell Inspiron 530 computer Wont turn on Properly. Acción en curso... Reply to aford10 AnonymousJan 12, 2010, 1:02 PM If you want to test if the motherboard is working. ( you need a motherboard speaker) Take out all of your ram then Reply to surge914 turbojetcomputersMar 12, 2015, 11:53 AM ChecK super I/O controller chip and check 24 pins ATX power connector also check 5VSB supply.
mytubook10 237.727 visualizaciones 7:58 Laptop does not power up, what should I do? - Duración: 6:03. Well, when I tested the PSU, I think I followed the tutorial fairly well. Categoría Consejos y estilo Licencia Licencia de YouTube estándar Mostrar más Mostrar menos Cargando... My Computer Wont Turn On And Beeps But I'm new to this so I might have done something wrong..
Incorrect power supply If you are building a computer, or it has never been turned on it may have a defective power supply that is not supplying enough power. Computer Has Power But Wont Turn On Reply to robinhoode aford10Jan 12, 2010, 9:03 AM Try unplugging the monitor in addition to what is already unplugged. Back to Top No POST The term POST refers to Power-On Self-Test which is a series of checks the computer goes through whenever it starts. Unless you're a very skilled technician, I recommend paying a professional to do the job.If the PC starts, but fails before Windows can load, go into your PC's setup program, make
I turned it on and.. Pc Wont Turn On No Power Third-party hardware If any hardware has been recently added to the computer, it is recommended that you temporarily disconnect or remove it to ensure that it's not the cause of your Computer won't turn on, i believe the power supply is good. If you have a no video issue, you can either run the Fn+Power to enter ePSA or D+Power to run the LCD BIST.
Computer Has Power But Wont Turn On
On Desktops the front panel of the computer case has LED near the power button.
Reply to robinhoode duah55Jan 5, 2011, 3:44 AM did changing the clock battery work?Have similar problem,PSU tests ok when isolated,but PC wont turn on when connected to mobo and peripherals robinhoode Laptop Will Not Turn On Video (English Only) - Power issues on Desktop computers Click here to view the video directly. Pc Wont Turn On But Motherboard Light Is On Kitts & Nevis St.
If the computer fails any of these tests, it will stop the start-up process. navigate here BTW the board is an Asus M2N MX SE. If the computer advances past the Dell logo screen and then hangs up attempting to load the operating system, it is most likely a No Boot issue. If you have a laptop or do not want to replace the power supply yourself, we suggest taking the computer to a repair center. Pc Not Turning On Motherboard Has Power
Send your query to [email protected]]If absolutely nothing happens when you press the power button, you almost certainly have a power problem. Anuncio Reproducción automática Si la reproducción automática está habilitada, se reproducirá automáticamente un vídeo a continuación. Lucia St. Check This Out Unplug all cables from the back of the computer and open the computer and reseat all expansion cards and memory in the computer.
Subido el 2 sept. 2007http://www.pcmech.com - A quick answer to how to troubleshoot a computer which will not turn on when the power switch is pressed. Computer Wont Turn On Mac Thank you thank you....can't thank you enough. I did this and my computer started right up.
For a notebook, press and hold the Fn key and then press the power button.
The motherboard speaker will look like thishttp://img.auctiva.com/imgdata/1/3/1/4/5/3/2/webimg/315853401_o.jpgIf you don't see something that looks like that, you may want to get one. nothing. Change the clock battery. My Computer Wont Boot Up The videocard is a GeForce 7200 GS.
Try that Reply to kastor900 AhrendoApr 11, 2011, 5:07 AM kastor900 said: I had a similar problem but i had to take out the graphics card and run start-up on internal Are there more thorough tests one can do? Cargando... http://playserver2.com/turn-on/computer-will-not-power-on.php Electricity is not getting to the PC.Unplug the power cord.
Click here to view the video directly. Reply to aford10 robinhoodeJan 12, 2010, 8:22 AM When I flick the PSU switch, the green light on the motherboard turns on. ePSA will test video with a series of patterns. If the computer is not beeping and caps/num/scroll locks are not flashing, unplug all connections and remove all media communication devices (e.g.
CareyHolzman 763.906 visualizaciones 58:55 How to fix or troubleshoot a blank or black screen not powering up issues laptop - Duración: 12:33. SummitServers with flexible tower or rackmount design. I checked with the multimeter yesterday and it seemed okay. solved Computer won't turn on until power supply is unplugged from motherboard Computer won't turn on.
Took out everything including the cpu. Acción en curso... For instructions on how to obtain computer's beep codes, refer to the Dell Knowledge Base Article. Can't find your answer ?
Give yourself room to grow. It is possible the power supply has failed. Bad battery If your computer is a laptop or portable computer that utilizes a battery for mobility, it may be causing your issue. Iniciar sesión Compartir Más Denunciar ¿Quieres informar del vídeo?
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We know that teaching is a demanding profession, and it is well documented that many teachers experience work-related stress. Mindfulness strategies, gentle physical exercise (stretching) and focused attention meditation is a growing area of research surrounding teacher stress and well-being.
The Pre-service Teacher Well-being Program has been designed to provide simple, effective, evidence-based strategies for promoting well-being. The program focuses on three areas: mental, physical and social well-being. It is based on positive psychology, mindfulness, and yoga-based cognitive therapy.
Venue: Human Movement Studies Building (26B), Blair Drive The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072.
Sessions: 10:30am - 1pm Friday 6th, 13th and 20th July 2018
Each session will include relevant theoretical and practical components.The restorative physical exercises are designed to relieve tension and decrease the stress response in the body.
You will be provided with take-home materials to guide your home practice, including meditation tracks and exercise sequences.
The program is part of a research study that aims to determine whether a well-being program will have an impact on the level of perceived stress and mindfulness experienced by university students.
It is expected that your participation in this program will benefit you directly by providing you with an opportunity to learn basic meditation techniques and physical exercises to reduce the stress response in the body. The techniques you learn can be used as a foundation for your personal well-being routine. Previous studies have found that a short course in mindfulness-based approaches results in an improvement in stress levels, mood and cognitive functioning and memory.
You do not need to have any prior experience in meditation or related health activities to participate in the program. Please register your interest for the program and select a ticket. There is no cost for attending the sessions.


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Epiphone G-310 review
Young dude by the name of Beau reviews the Epiphone G-310. Price rise, I reckon the G-310 is pretty popular around Christmas time.
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Profile: http://www.youtube.com/user/BeauSylvester47
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prety good. i just purchased the ivory one. im not great at guitar, just started a fiew months ago on an alvarez acoustic.
from an advanced guitar player, you need to find a better amp, your clean, and distortion dont help the sound of the guitar.
Guitar ideal for a first level of experience,made with good materials,sliding neck,with two open coil humbuckers 650R and 700T doing their duty with a minimum 25/30 wat amp.Recommended
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Feature Article
We all love the sound of a cranked tube amp, but it can be too loud in many situations. This is what power attenuators are for - reducing the loudness of your amp while retaining the cranked tube tone.


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Phone number: (02) 9586....
Email: Click to view
URL: http://www.rogersondancers.com.au
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Recommend This Business
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Nearby Businesses within 5 km
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Definition of 'gas separator'
gas separator in the Oil and Gas Industry(gæs sɛpəreɪtər)
Word forms: (regular plural) gas separators
(Extractive engineering: Field development, Operations)
The gas separator separates free gas from the fluid and directs the gas away from the pump intake.
Depending on the type of gas, gas separators may be needed between compression stages to remove any liquids condensed by interstage cooling.
A gas separator is a device used to remove liquids from a natural gas stream.
Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers
Nearby words of 'gas separator'
Definition of gas separator from the Collins English Dictionary
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The Dark Ones are a manifestation of everything evil and bad in Kritana. Their bodies can be physical, or they can enter their second form, which is a mist-like wraith.They are their most powerful at midnight, and their weakest at noon. They can reside outside of a mind, but they can also enter a person's mind and reside there, although they must have permission from the person's mind that is entered. Once in a mind, the person that absorbed them also gets their powers. They can use a Dark One's mana pool, which is usually large, and they also have access to the Dark One's knowledge, power, and spells. The Dark One can also use their power to defend the person that carries them. In turn, the person that boasts the Dark One has a darker nature, and is a bit more evil, as the Dark Ones are manifestations of evil in Kritana. A person can also try to force a Dark One to obey them.
Dark Ones are masters of chaos and destruction style magics. Their worst fear is also priests. If the priest has enough knowledge, they can disperse the Dark Ones. A Dark One never really dies, he/she just has to re-form once there's enough crime or bad behaviors to allow them to manifest.


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Photo 9 of 9Prev
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48" Round Flat Pan 36" Ring Combo - Propane
You want to create a fire feature that not only speaks of your spectacular design taste, but will also invite your guests in with its warmth? TheÊ48" Round Flat Pan 36" Ring Combo - Propane by Starfire DesignsÊis a fantastic four piece combo set that will ensure that your fire feature exceeds your expectations! We are so absolutely confident that you'll love the quality and durability of this combo set that we are proud to include a 10 year warranty along with it!
To provide you with the best product possible, each piece within this combo set has been designed with features that will optimize your flames and ensure that you can enjoy your fire feature far into the future! The burnerÊports are machine drilled, rather than punched, to increase efficiency and produce even more stunning flames! To prevent noise and potential dangers from occurring, a raised 3/4" hub is included in the fire ring's design, and keeps water out of the gas line. This fire ring also has a magnificent BTU rating of up to 250,000, which is a great indicator of the size and heat of the flames you will enjoy. To further ensure that the quality of these parts surpass your standards, both the fire ring and burner pan in this kit are made of heavy duty gauge 304 stainless steel. We selected this material for its many useful qualities, including its resistance to rust and corrosion, and its high durability.
In addition to the fire ring, the burner pan has a number of features we feel are absolutely worth mentioning. Our burner pans come standard with weep holes that drain water that might collect on the pan's surface, and tri-purpose ignition portsÊallow you to use match lit, battery spark, and electronic ignition systems without needing to purchase a new burner pan. Our burner pan has also been designed to be easily installed, and can simply be dropped into place within your fire feature. One final feature that is incredibly cost effective for our customers is the burner pan's removal of the need for filler. Rather than having to purchase filler to ensure that your fire media and flames are in the correct position, our burner pan rests against the sides of your fire feature to leave the space below it empty. Your fire media will lay directly on top of the burner pan, and the space below will assist in moving air into your air mixer, which in turn produces better flame combustion.
To add the final touch to your fire feature, consider browsing through our collection ofÊStarfire GlassÊfire media. Our medley of available shapes and colors will surely match your decor, and comes with a lifetime warranty that you can rely on! Your completed fire feature will beautifully compliment your decor and be a bold testament of your fantastic taste!ÊIf you have any questions, feel free to contact a Starfire Direct team member, Monday through Sunday at 866-578-8538.
This product is currently in stock and ships out within 3-5 business days!
The following parts are included with this kit:
- 1 Burner Pan 48"
- 1 Fire Ring 36"
- 1 Propane Air Mixer
- 1 1/2" 90 Degree Elbow
For additional information and installation instructions, please download ourÊFlat Pan with Burner Manual.
Give Your Fire Feature The Starfire Experience!
1 - Starfire Glass
Our fire glass will add flare to any fire fit. It's designed to last a lifetime and comes in many colors.
Made from durableÊ304 Stainless Steel, features Machined Drilled Burner Ports, and a Raised Hub.
An easy drop in solution to hold fillers such as fire glass. Allows for ignition system modules to be attached.
An easy safe way to ignite your fire pit by simply pushing a button. Some options and models may vary.
Create a ledge on the inside of your fire feature. Designed to hold a burner pan with fire pit media.
Propane gas requires more oxygen than natural gas, so air mixers are needed for proper combustion.
Our flex lines are designed to eliminate the very annoying whistle sound created by competitor products.
This key is designed to cut gas flow from the outside of your fire feature. Required by most building codes.
Used with outdoor fire pits fueled by propane. Removes excessive heat or trace gases from building up.


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Diy Bench From Headboard
Photo 1 of 4Next
Diy Bench From Headboard have 4 pictures , they are Superior Diy Bench From Headboard #1 How To Headboard Bench, DIY-Headboard-Bench-Instructions-H2OBungalow, Headboard Bench, MyLove2Create, Summertime Porch Tour ~ Antique Headboard Bench - New Seat DIY. Here are the photos:
Diy Bench From Headboard was posted on July 21, 2017 at 5:09 am. This article is uploaded at the Bench category. Diy Bench From Headboard is labelled with Diy Bench From Headboard, Diy, Bench, From, Headboard..The bed room is just a very important part of your home and where spent a lot of your own time. So it is essential that it is provided by you with high taste. In addition it's also wise to make certain that the furniture in accordance with one's room's style.
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Interpretation of Diy Bench From Headboard
DiyDIY, [Brit.]
Also, D.I.Y., d.i.y.
- do-it-yourself: DIY house decorating.
Benchbench (bench),USA pronunciation n.
- a long seat for several persons: a bench in the park.
- a seat occupied by an official, esp. a judge.
- such a seat as a symbol of the office and dignity of an individual judge or the judiciary.
- the office or dignity of various other officials, or the officials themselves.
- the seat on which the players of a team sit during a game while not playing.
- thequality and number of the players of a team who are usually used as substitutes: A weak bench hurt their chances for the championship.
- [Informal.]See bench press.
- Also called workbench. the strong worktable of a carpenter or other mechanic.
- a platform on which animals are placed for exhibition, esp. at a dog show.
- a contest or exhibition of dogs;
dog show.
- [Phys. Geog.]a shelflike area of rock with steep slopes above and below.
- a step or working elevation in a mine.
- berm (def. 2).
- on the bench:
- serving as a judge in a court of law;
- [Sports.](of a player) not participating in play, either for part or all of a game.
bench′less, adj.
- to furnish with benches.
- to seat on a bench or on the bench: an election that benched him in the district court.
- to place (a show dog or other animal) in exhibition.
- to cut away the working faces of (a mine or quarry) in benches.
- to remove from a game or keep from participating in a game: to be benched because of poor hitting.
Fromfrom (frum, from; unstressed frəm),USA pronunciation prep.
- (used to specify a starting point in spatial movement): a train running west from Chicago.
- (used to specify a starting point in an expression of limits): The number of stores will be increased from 25 to 30.
- (used to express removal or separation, as in space, time, or order): two miles from shore; 30 minutes from now; from one page to the next.
- (used to express discrimination or distinction): to be excluded from membership; to differ from one's father.
- (used to indicate source or origin): to come from the Midwest; to take a pencil from one's pocket.
- (used to indicate agent or instrumentality): death from starvation.
- (used to indicate cause or reason): From the evidence, he must be guilty.
Headboardhead•board (hed′bôrd′, -bōrd′),USA pronunciation n.
- a board forming the head of anything, esp. of a bed.


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05:21AM, Saturday 07 April 2012
The first ever sub-50 minute time was recorded when the 59th Maidenhead Easter 10 mile race on Good Friday.
Anuradha Cooray achieved the feat in the men's senior section recording a time of 49 mins 50 seconds around the Maidenhead Office Park course, where it was held for the 10th time.
Coming out on top in the women's category was Tish Jones in 60.29 while in the over 70s section Alan Bent won in a time of 76.50.
More than 1000 runners took part in the event, which was started by Royal Borough mayor Asghar Majeed who was holding an Olympic torch from the London 1948 games.
Runners of all abilities tested their stamina and speed completing various laps of the office park and on roads surrounding the Westacott Way site, where it was held for the 10th time.
Helping organisers Maidenhead Athletic Club with marshalling was Maidenhead MP and Home Secretary Theresa May who directed participants at a section of the course.
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At least one police officer was hurt in a three-car collision in Maidenhead this morning (Sunday).
A teenage girl and two police officers suffered serious injuries this morning (Sunday) in a three-car collision.


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By anna11292
@anna11292 (564)
United States
December 12, 2006 6:20pm CST
I have a town and country, It is my second town and country.I wore the old one out. I like this van. What other van do you think is good. I tested out the ford and did not like it.
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The Kardashian-Jenner gals are gaslighting America right now. Three women in the family — Khloé Kardashian, Kim Kardashian, and Kylie Jenner — are reportedly expecting children. Kim confirmed she and Kanye are having another baby via surrogate, but Khloé and Kylie have kept mum about the other rumours. Instead, they're carrying on with their routine glamorous lives — trips to the gym, selfies, photo shoots, large salads, etc. — and letting the world freak out about these maybe-babies. Their silence is driving everyone to an early grave, myself included. I normally care deeply about Kylie's Lamborghini Snapchats, but now every time she posts one, I'm just like, "Are you pregnant, though?!" I know I'm not alone.
Kourtney Kardashian isn't helping the situation, either. The eldest Kardashian-Jenner sister decided it'd be funny to joke that she's also pregnant in a new interview with Grazia. The story opens with this quote from Kourtney: "I'm pregnant!"
She's obviously joking — the writer clarifies that in the third paragraph of the piece — but let's just think this through for a second. It's 2017. We guarantee you 50 percent of the people who see the Grazia headline ("Kourtney Kardashian: 'I'm Pregnant Too!'") and the first line of the article will spiral out of control. Twitter will melt down. The Internet will shatter. Kim will spontaneously decide to throw her iPhone in the ocean. The world will descend further into madness because Kourtney thought it'd be cute to joke about being pregnant.
But, girl, our nerves are shot. I can't spend more time thinking about Kylie and Khloé being pregnant. Will Kylie make her announcement on Snapchat? Will Khloé make hers at the gym? How will Kim's song "Jam" be involved, if at all? My eye has been twitching for days. Now is not the time for jokes. Now is the time for a Keeping Up With the Kardashians super-cut trailer where Khloé and Kylie just say the word "pregnant" over and over. That will help America sleep soundly again.
Update: Kourtney Kardashian just set the record straight about her quotes, claiming they were taken out of context. "I see online that I said I was pregnant in an interview, but that was taken out of context," she wrote on Twitter. "The interviewer asked me, 'What's a crazy rumour that you've heard about yourself?' and my answer was… 'I've heard that I am pregnant.'"


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Understanding the Statistical Power of a Test
- Abigayle Wilkinson
- 1 years ago
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1 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 1 Understanding the Statistical Power of a Test Hun Myoung Park Software Consultant UITS Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing How powerful is my study (test)? How many observations do I need to have for what I want to get from the study? The statistical power analysis estimates the power of the test to detect a meaningful effect, given sample size, test size (significance level), and standardized effect size. Sample size analysis determines the sample size required to get a significant result, given statistical power, test size, and standardized effect size. These analyses examine the sensitivity of statistical power and sample size to other components, enabling researchers to efficiently use the research resources. 1. What Is a Hypothesis? A hypothesis is a specific conjecture (statement) about a property of population. There is a null hypothesis and an alternative (or research) hypothesis. Researchers often expect that evidence supports the alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis, a specific baseline statement to be tested, usually takes such forms as no effect or no difference. 1 A hypothesis is either two-tailed (e.g., H 0 : µ = 0 ) or one-tailed (e.g., H 0 : µ 0 or H : µ 0 ). 2 0 Three points deserve being taken into account in making a hypothesis. A hypothesis should be specific enough to be falsifiable; otherwise, the hypothesis cannot be tested successfully. Second, a hypothesis is a conjecture about a population (parameter), not about a sample (statistic). Thus, H 0 : x = 0 is not valid because we can compute and know the sample mean x from a sample. Finally, a valid hypothesis is not based on the sample to be used to test the hypothesis. This tautological logic does not generate any productive information Size and Power of a Test The size of a test, often called significance level, is the probability of Type I error. The Type I error occurs when a null hypothesis is rejected when it is true (Table 1). This test size is denoted by α (alpha). The 1- α is called the confidence level. 1 Because it is easy to calculate test statistics (standardized effect sizes) and interpret the test results (Murphy 1998). 2 µ (Mu) represents population mean, while x denotes sample mean. 3 This behavior, often called data fishing, just hunts a model that best fits the sample, not the population.
2 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 2 In a two-tailed test, the test size (significance level) is the sum of the two symmetric areas at the tails of a probability distribution. See the shaded areas of two standard normal distributions in Figure 1. These areas are called null hypothesis rejection regions in the sense that we reject the null hypothesis if a test statistic falls into these regions. The test size is a subjective criterion, although the.10,.05, and.01 levels are conventionally used. Table 1. Size and Power of a Test Do not reject H 0 Reject H 0 H 0 is true Correct Decision 1-α: Confidence level Type I Error Size of a test α: Significance level H 0 is false Type II Error β Correct Decision 1-β: Power of a test Think about the.05 test size (see B in Figure 1). We need to know a particular value from which the sum of the areas up to the both infinities is.05. The value is called the critical value of the significance level. Critical values depend on test statistics, probability distributions, and test types (one-tailed versus two-tailed). Figure 1. Test Size (Significance Level) and Critical Value For example, the 1.96 (-1.96) in the standard normal distribution is the critical value of the two-tailed test at the.05 test size (significance level). Thus, the test size is the sum of probabilities that a sample statistic goes beyond the critical value (larger than 1.96 and less than -1.96). In the standard normal distribution, the critical value of a two-tailed test at the.10 significance level is (see A in Figure 1) and 2.58 for the test size.01. As
3 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 3 test size (significance level) decreases, the critical value is shifted to the extremes; the rejection areas become smaller; it is less likely to reject the null hypothesis. How do we substantively understand the test size or significance level? It is the extent that we are willing to take a risk of making wrong conclusion. The.05 level means that we are taking a risk of being wrong five times per 100 trials. A hypothesis test using a lenient test size like the.10 is more likely to reject the null hypothesis, but its conclusion is less convincing. In contrast, a stringent test size like.01 reports significant effects only when the effect size (deviation from the baseline) is large. Instead, the conclusion is more convincing (less risky). For example, the 1.90 in Figure 1 is considered exceptional at the.10 level (A), but not statistically discernable at the.05 level (B). What is the power of a test? The power of a statistical test is the probability that it will correctly lead to the rejection of a false null hypothesis (Greene 2000). The statistical power is the ability of a test to detect an effect, if the effect actually exists (High 2000). Cohen (1988) says, it is the probability that it will result in the conclusion that the phenomenon exists (p.4). A statistical power analysis is either retrospective (post hoc) or prospective (a priori). The statistical power is denoted by 1 ß, where ß (beta) is the Type II error, the probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false (Table 1). See the shaded areas of B and B in Figure 2. Conventionally a test with power greater than.8 level (or ß<=.2) is considered statistically powerful. 3. Components of the Statistical Power Analysis What do we need to consider when conducting the statistical power analyses? There are six components: 1. Model (test) 2. Standardized effect size: (1) effect size and (2) variation (variability) 3. Sample size (n) 4. Test size (significance level α) 5. Power of the test (1 ß) A research design contains specific models (tests) on which their statistical powers are based. Different models (tests) have different formulas to compute test statistics. For example, the T-test uses the T distribution to determine its statistical power, while ANOVA depends on the F distribution. A standardized effect size, a test statistic (e.g., T and F scores) is computed by combining the effect size and variation. 4 An effect size in actual units of the response is the degree to which the phenomenon exists (Cohen 1988). Alternatively, an effect size is the deviation of hypothesized value in the alternative hypothesis from the baseline in the null 4 In T-test, for example, the deviation (effect size) is divided by the standard error.
4 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 4 hypothesis. Variation (variability) is the standard deviation of population. Cohen (1988) calls it the reliability of sample results. This variation usually comes from previous research or pilot studies; otherwise, it needs to be estimated. Sample size (N) is the number of observations (cases) in a sample. As mentioned in the previous section, the test size or significance level (α) is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis that is true. The power of the test (1 ß) is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. 4. Power Analysis Using an Example The computation of statistical power depends on specific a model (or test). The easiest model is the T-test with a relatively simple formula. Imagine a random variable like the number of deaths per 100 thousand people from lung cancer. Suppose that the variable is known to be normally distributed with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 4 ( H 0 : µ = 20 ). See the probability distribution A in Figure 2. Now, we believe that the mean is not 20, but 22 with the same standard deviation. See the probability distribution B in Figure 2. We also think that test size.05 will be fine. So, we are going to conduct a two-tailed T-test at the.05 significance level with the alternative hypothesis that the population mean is 22 ( H a : µ = 22 ). How can we test our conjecture (alternative hypothesis)? Suppose we took a random sample with 44 observations from the population. Think about the ordinary T-test first. We need to know how far the 22 is deviated from the baseline 20. Of course, the distance (effect size) is 2 (=22-20). But we do not know how big the effect size 2 is. Put differently, we do not know exactly how likely such a sample mean 22 can be observed if the true mean is 20. This is why people try to take advantage of using standardized probability distributions (e.g., T, F, and Chi-squared). By looking through these distribution tables, we are able to know the likelihood of observing a sample statistic in fairly easy manner. The A in Figure 2 is a standardized probability distribution of A. The 20 in A corresponds to 0 in A and in A is equivalent to in A. x µ The t statistic here is : t = n = 44. This value is located all s 4 the way to the right in A, indicating the p-value is extremely small. 5 If the null hypothesis of population mean 20 is true, it is quite unlikely to observe the sample mean 22 (p<=.01). Obviously, the conjecture of population mean 20 is not likely. Thus, the null hypothesis is undoubtedly rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. 5 The p-value of a test statistic is the sum of probabilities that the statistic and more exceptional (closer to both extremes) sample statistics are observed when the null hypothesis is true.
5 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 5 However, this test does not tell anything about the power of the test. We may want to know the extent that a test can detect the effect, if any. So, the question here is, How powerful is this T-test? There are four steps to compute the statistical power. Figure 2. Statistical Power of a T-test First, find the critical value in the original probability distribution with mean 20 and standard deviation 4. Let us use the standardized probability distribution A to know the corresponding critical value in the original distribution A. By looking at the T distribution table (df=43 at the.05 level), we know that the probability of being greater than or equal to is.025 (see A in Figure 2). Note that another.025 area is located at the
6 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 6 opposite direction because it is a two-tailed test. The is equivalent to = * in the original probability distribution A. 6 Next, imagine an alternative probability distribution with mean 22 and standard deviation 4 (see B in Figure 2). It is the original probability distribution shifted to the right by 2 units. What is the probability of being less than the in the alternative probability distribution B? The probability is ß. In order to know ß, again let us convert the original value into the standardized probability distribution of the alternative probability distribution. The question is, What is the T value for the in the alternative probability distribution? (B and B in Figure 2) The computations are made by one of the two approaches. We got t a t a = = = 44 = Third, find ß from the T distribution table with 43 (=N-1) degree of freedom. We can read This ß is the probability of falling into the region less than or equal to the in the standardized alternative probability distribution (see B in Figure 2). Finally, compute the statistical power, 1 β = P( t ta). The power is (= ). See the shaded areas of B and B in Figure 2. This high statistical power indicates that this T-test is highly likely to detect the effect or reject the null hypothesis that the population mean is Relationship among the Components Now, let us talk about how the components mentions in section 3 are related to each other. First, a model (or a test) dictates the formula for standardized effect sizes (test statistics). x µ s For example, T-test computes a standardized T score as t = n, where is an s n estimated population standard deviation (variation). How do standardized effect sizes affect the statistical power? As a standardized effect size increases, the power increases (positive relationship). Imagine an alternative probability distribution with mean 23. In order word, shift the alternative probability distribution B to the right by one unit, holding original probability distribution constant. Effect size becomes larger (3=23-20). It is obvious that ß becomes smaller and the statistical power, in turn, increases. By the same token, the power becomes smaller if we 6? = 44 4
7 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 7 shift the alternative distribution to the left by one to have mean 21. If the standardized effect size is small, it is difficult to detect effects even when they exist; it is less powerful. Now, how does the size of a test (significance level) affect the statistical power? If a researcher has a lenient significance level like the.10 rather than the.05 or.01, the statistical power of the test becomes larger (positive relationship). Imagine a line connecting in A, in A and B, and in B. And then shift the line to the left, leaving all probability distributions untouched. What will happen? The test size (alpha=significance level) increases; critical values in A and A are shifted to the left, increasing rejection areas; ß decreases; and finally statistical power increases. 7 Conversely, if we have a stringent significance level, the power of the test decreases; we are moving the line to the right! Figure 3. Relationships among the Components How about the sample size? A larger sample size generally leads to a parameter estimate with smaller variances, a larger standardized effect size, eventually, a greater ability to detect a significant difference (positive relationship). Look at the T statistic formula. In general, the most important component affecting the statistical power is the sample size. In fact, there is a little room to change a test size (significance level). It is also 7 There is a trade-off between the Type I error (alpha) and Type II error (beta). Moving the line to the left increases the Type I error, reducing the Type II error.
8 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 8 difficult to control effect sizes in many cases. It is costly and time-consuming to get more observations, of course. But the frequently asked question in practice is how many observations need to be collected. However, if too many observations are used (or if a test is too powerful with a large sample size), even a trivial effect will be mistakenly detected as a significant one. Thus, virtually anything can be proved regardless of actual effects. (High 2000). By contrast, if too few observations are used, the hypothesis test will result in low statistical power. 8 There may be little chance to detect a meaningful effect even when it exists there. How do we know if the number of our observations is reasonable? Sample size analysis can answer. 6. Applications We have conceptually discussed what the statistical power is. Now, let us analyze statistical power and sample size in several models using the SAS POWER procedure. a. Power analysis of a one-sample T-test Go back to the example mentioned in section four. Let me summarize the components of the statistical power analysis first. The goal is to compute statistical power of information about other components. Table 2. Summary Information for a Statistical Power Analysis Test Sample Size Test Size Power Effect Size Variation T-test 44.05? 2 (=22-20) 4 Let us use the SAS POWER procedure to conduct the same power analysis. You have to specify the type of a test first. The ONESAMPLEMEANS statement in the following example indicates the one-sample T-test. PROC POWER; ONESAMPLEMEANS ALPHA=.05 SIDES=2 NULLM=20 MEAN=22 STDDEV=4 NTOTAL=44 POWER=.; RUN; The ALPHA and SIDES options say a two-tailed test at the.05 significance level (test size). The NULLM option specifies the mean value of the null hypothesis (H 0 ), while MEAN option specifies hypothesized mean value (H a ). The STDDEV and the NTOTAL options respectively 8 Note that there is no clear cut-point of too many and too few, since it depends on models and specifications. For instance, if a model has many parameters to be estimated, or if a model uses the maximum likelihood estimation method, the model needs more observations than otherwise.
9 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 9 indicate the standard deviation (variation) and sample size (N). Finally, the POWER option ending with a period (.) asks SAS to compute the statistical power of this test. Take a look at the SAS output. The POWER Procedure One-sample t Test for Mean Fixed Scenario Elements Distribution Normal Method Exact Number of Sides 2 Null Mean 20 Alpha 0.05 Mean 22 Standard Deviation 4 Total Sample Size 44 Computed Power Power SAS summarizes the information about core components, and then returns the value of statistical power of the test. b. Sample size analysis of a one-sample T-test Let us change the scenario for a sample size analysis. Suppose we realize that some observations have unreliable information due to measurement errors, and that the population standard deviation is 3, not 4. Boss s guideline requires the.01 significance level in the upper one-tailed test and a lower power level.8. Now, we want to know the minimum sample size that can satisfy these conditions. Table 3. Summary Information for a Sample Size Analysis Test Sample Size Test Size Power Effect Size Variation T-test? (=22-20) 3 Look at the following SAS POWER procedure and its output. Note that the U of the SIDES option represents the upper one-tailed test with alternative value greater than the null value (L means a lower one-sided test). The test size (significance level) and standard deviation are corrected as requested. The NTOTAL option has a period (.), while the POWER option specifies the target level of statistical power. PROC POWER; ONESAMPLEMEANS ALPHA=.01 SIDES=U NULLM=20 MEAN=22 STDDEV=3 NTOTAL=.
10 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 10 RUN; POWER=.8; The following output says that only 26 observations are needed to reach the targeting power. The POWER Procedure One-sample t Test for Mean Fixed Scenario Elements Distribution Normal Method Exact Number of Sides U Null Mean 20 Alpha 0.01 Mean 22 Standard Deviation 3 Nominal Power 0.8 Computed N Total Actual Power N Total c. Power analysis of a paired-sample T-test Let us move on to the paired sample T-test. The PAIREDMEANS statement and the TEST=DIFF option are needed. The CORR option is also required to specify the correlation coefficient of the two paired variables, while the NPAIRS option specifies the number of pairs. You may list hypothesized numbers of pairs to see how statistical powers are sensitive to the number of pairs. PROC POWER; PAIREDMEANS TEST=DIFF ALPHA=.01 SIDES=2 MEANDIFF=3 STDDEV=3.5 CORR=.2 NPAIRS= POWER=.; RUN; Look at the following SAS output that produces three statistical powers according to the hypothesized sample sizes. The POWER Procedure Paired t Test for Mean Difference Fixed Scenario Elements Distribution Normal
11 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 11 Method Exact Number of Sides 2 Alpha 0.01 Mean Difference 3 Standard Deviation 3.5 Correlation 0.2 Null Difference 0 Computed Power N Index Pairs Power d. Power analysis of a two independent samples T-test The following example conducts a statistical power analysis for the two independent samples T-test. The TWOSAMPLEMEANS statement indicates the two independent samples T- test. The GROUPMEANS option species the means of two groups. The PLOT statement with X=N option draws a plot of statistical powers as N in the X-axis changes. PROC POWER; TWOSAMPLEMEANS ALPHA=.01 SIDES=2 GROUPMEANS= ( ) STDDEV= NTOTAL=44 POWER=.; PLOT X=N MIN=20 MAX=100 KEY=BYCURVE(NUMBERS=OFF POS=INSET); RUN; You may list more than one hypothesized standard deviation in the STDDEV option in order to know how statistical power of the test is sensitive to the standard deviations. The output is as follows. The POWER Procedure Two-sample t Test for Mean Difference Fixed Scenario Elements Distribution Normal Method Exact Number of Sides 2 Alpha 0.01 Group 1 Mean 2.79 Group 2 Mean 4.12 Total Sample Size 44 Null Difference 0 Group 1 Weight 1 Group 2 Weight 1
12 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 12 Computed Power Std Index Dev Power A plot of statistical powers and sample sizes visualizes the sensitivity of a test. The following plot shows that the power for standard deviation 1.5 is more sensitive to sample size than those for larger standard deviations when N is less than 60. Figure 4. A Plot of Statistical Power and Sample Size 1. 0 St d Dev=1. 5 St d Dev=2 St d Dev= Tot al Sampl e Si ze e. Power analysis of a one-way ANOVA Now, consider a one-way ANOVA. The POWER procedure has the ONEWAYANOVA statement for its analysis. Note that the NPERGROUP option specifies the number of observations of a group, assuming balanced data. 9 9 When each group has the same number of observations, we call them balanced data; otherwise, unbalanced data.
13 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 13 PROC POWER; ONEWAYANOVA TEST=OVERALL ALPHA=.05 GROUPMEANS= ( ) STDDEV= NPERGROUP= POWER=.; RUN; The above POWER procedure analyzes ANOVA with four different groups. Listing several standard deviations and numbers of observations conducts sensitivity analysis of the statistical power, producing the six combinations (=3 X 2). The POWER Procedure Overall F Test for One-Way ANOVA Fixed Scenario Elements Method Exact Alpha 0.05 Group Means Computed Power Std N Per Index Dev Group Power The SAS GLMPOWER procedure also conducts a power analysis for one-way ANOVA. Unlike the POWER procedure, this procedure requires an existing SAS data set. Like the ANOVA procedure, the CLASS and the MODEL statements are required in this GLMPOWER procedure. Note that the POWER is not an option, but a statement in this procedure. PROC GLMPOWER DATA=power.car; CLASS mode; MODEL credits=mode; POWER STDDEV=10 ALPHA=.01 NTOTAL=1000 POWER=.; RUN; The output of the GLMPOWER procedure is similar to that of the POWER procedure. The GLMPOWER Procedure Fixed Scenario Elements
14 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 14 Dependent Variable credits Source mode Alpha 0.01 Error Standard Deviation 10 Total Sample Size 1000 Test Degrees of Freedom 3 Error Degrees of Freedom 996 Computed Power Power f. Power analysis of a two-way ANOVA In order to conduct power analysis of the two-way ANOVA in SAS, we need to use the GLMPOWER procedure because the POWER procedure does not support this model. Again, note that the CLASS and MODEL statements are requited. PROC GLMPOWER DATA=power.car; CLASS owncar sex; MODEL credits= owncar sex; POWER STDDEV=10 ALPHA=.01 NTOTAL=. POWER=.8; RUN; Here is the output of the GLMPOWER procedure. The GLMPOWER Procedure Fixed Scenario Elements Dependent Variable credits Alpha 0.01 Error Standard Deviation 10 Nominal Power 0.8 Computed N Total Test Actual Index Source DF Error DF Power N Total 1 owncar sex Software Issues There are various software packages for statistical power and sample size analyses. Among them are the POWER and GLMPOWER of SAS/STAT, SPSS SamplePower 2.0,
15 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 15 and G*Power. 10 See the following for the list and review of statistical power analysis software. These software packages vary in scope, accuracy, flexibility, and interface (Thomas and Krebs 1997). Some packages may support a test, while others may not. They may be general purpose statistical software with such functions embedded (e.g., SAS) or professional software with specialty in statistical power and/or sample size analysis (e.g., G*Power). Some software package like SAS/STAT Power and Sample Size (PSS) is not stand-alone, but Web-based. Following Web site has a statistical power calculator than enables you to compute power online. Some software like G*Power runs under DOS mode. The majority of existing power analysis software works in Microsoft Windows. Some are written for UNIX machine. Most software uses the point-and-click interface, while others depend on command line. They may adopt different algorithms so that their results may be different. Figure 5 illustrates how to conduct the power analysis of a one-way ANOVA (Section 6.e) using G*Power. The result.9723 corresponds to the first case that has standard deviation 4 and 10 observations in each group. Figure 5. Power Analysis of a one-way ANOVA in G*Power Figure 6 is a screenshot of SamplePower 2.0, replicating the power analysis of a onesample T-test (Section 6.a). The summary pop-up window wraps up the power analysis. 10 G*Power is available on
16 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 16 Figure 6. Power Analysis of a one-sample T-test in SamplePower 2.0
17 2004 by Jeeshim and KUCC625 (11/28/2004) Understanding the Statistical Power: 17 References Cohen, Jacob Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2 nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. Greene, William H Econometric Analysis, 4th ed. Prentice Hall. High, Robin Kirk, Roger E Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Science, 3 rd ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing. Murphy, Kevin R Statistical Power Analysis: A Simple and General Model for Traditional and Modern Hypothesis Tests. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. SAS Institute Getting Started with the SAS Power and Sample Size Application. Cary, NC: SAS Institute. SAS Institute SAS/STAT User s Guide, Version 9.1. Cary, NC: SAS Institute. Thomas, Len, and Charlies J. Krebs A Review of Statistical Power Analysis Software, Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 78 (2): Available at
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On Saturday, women got up early to participate in what is now known as one of the largest marches in LA since the 2006 immigration march. Hundreds of thousands of people gathered in Pershing Square as a peaceful act of resistance against the new administration in charge of this country. This protest went global. According to the LA Times, there were demonstrations in more than 50 countries, it even reached the Isle of Eigg, a tiny island off the coast of Scotland, population 88.
Crowds gathered in support to for LGBT, Muslims, immigrants and anti-trump throughout the crowds of people. The target in these protests weren't the patriarchy or even Trump, this ended up being a bunch of people coming together and acknowledging that America is better when we are united and standing in solidarity. It felt like a huge gathering of love and positivity The crowds included women of all color, men and even entire families. Seeing babies with their mothers and even little kids protesting with their parents gave me so much hope. They are the future. What really bummed me out was seeing older people in the crowd. This isn't the first time they protest this and it's disappointing that women's rights remain an issue to be protested.
It's the beginning of 2017 and women all over the world are still gathering to protest for their basic human rights. It's been over 100 years of women doing this and frankly, I'm over it. I am not a morning person but I woke up at 6 am to go protest and support my fellow females and I'm pissed about it. I'm livid. I had to wake up early because old white guys don't get that they can't control my reproductive rights. I had to spend my last Saturday of winter break out in the sun because old white guys don't get that women deserve basic human rights. This. Is. Ridiculous. I'm mad this march even happened in the first place but you know what? I'll wake up early, again and again and again and again if I have to because this has gone on for too long. Marching and protesting may not influence direct and immediate change but staying quiet is not an option.
I'm marching for the future of this country. For my future. For my babies. For my friends babies. I'm marching so women 100 years from now don't have to. I really hoped that this wouldn't be an actual reality, that this generation didn't actually still have to protest but it is. So now I just hope the women or immigrants or people of color or LGBTQ in the generations after me don't have to.
So, what's next? These protests were just the beginning, there are more tangible actions to take that will help the movement stay strong. Here's a link to an explanation of those actions and the official Women's March website.
The best part about this is that the turn out in LA alone overshadowed the numbers at Trumps inauguration.


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Broadway Baby: My Favorite Things
Walter Foster Creative Team; Rodgers and Hammerstein; Daniel Roode (Illustrator)
$19.99 Board Book
In Stock
The new Broadway Baby series introduces classic songs from musicals to young children. This time we enjoy Rodgers and Hammerstein's My Favorite Things from the classic musical The Sound of Music. The second title in the Broadway Baby series, this book pairs the famous lyrics of My Favorite Things with beautiful, colorful illustrations. It brings the classic song to life with illustrations of lyrics that are easy for kids to read and sing along to. Perfect for the family that loves musicals, this title is a great addition to any child's library.
Publication Date: 23-Aug-2017
Publisher: Quarto Publishing Group USA


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One among the few of our basic needs in our daily life, Social networking has made a huge impact on our lifestyle. Whatsapp,Facebook,Twitter and many more have not only been embraced by the Tech geeks but also the common man and recently Politicians as well!
Who doesn't know Facebook in today's world? 8 out of 10 people on an average have a facebook account. People nowadays are doing things so effectively that it impacts the society at large! Truly amazing isn't it!
While there is a race between all the social networking platforms to provide as many features and facilities to the customers, the ultimate beneficiary is the end user! Apparently, Facebook is leaving no stone unturned to make its Messenger chat platform reach to as many users as possible.
Video Calling lately has been dominated by giants like Skype. While Skype does not provide any other features of socializing as Facebook, Facebook has now introduced video calling feature in its popular messenger app.
Messenger app is claimed to be giving competition to various instant messaging apps like Whatsapp, Hike, WeChat to name a few. However, Whatsapp remains the favorite instant messaging app among the masses.
Users will now be able to make video calls using Facebook Messenger app .The Messenger app will get a video icon at the top right corner of the chat screen, post the new update. Messenger's video call feature is advertised to be easy to use but does have one requirement that is not immediately obvious. Both caller and recipient must actually be both using the mobile app in order for the feature to work. Other than that though, video calling is available to all, whether they be on Android or iOS. As long as they have the updated versions of the apps, of course.
Messenger had more than 600 million monthly active users at the end of March.
Messenger app also provides features like sending photos and videos instantly, sending stickers,voice notes and group chats.
It will not be wrong to say that Facebook has joined in bit late. But only time will tell how this will work out for Facebook


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