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The March 2005 edition of the Boston WiFi Meetup is tomorrow, March 9th at 7PM. We're meeting at Toscanini's in Central Square, located at 899 Main Street. We'll be talking about the Boston WiFi Summit that Boston City Councillor John Tobin is putting together and whatever else comes up.@ 05:52 PM | You're Invited (t) | Comments (0) | Cosmos
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March 08, 2005
Boston WiFi Meetup Wednesday 9 March @ 7PM
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How your authentication scheme could hurt your business
Consumers often fail to perform transactions online due to authentication failure. But while they struggle, they also distrust websites with weak authentication procedures.
Consumers often fail to perform transactions online due to authentication failure. But while they struggle, they also distrust websites with weak authentication procedures.
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Perhaps you've heard that the Apple Mac OS X operating system is simply more secure by design and not prone to the security flaws and vulnerabilities that plague the dominant Microsoft Windows operating system? Well, don't believe the hype. Apple unl...
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The recently reported violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electronic spins in diamonds (Hensen et al., Nature 526, 682–686) provided the first loophole-free evidence against local-realist theories of nature. Here we report on data from a second Bell experiment using the same experimental setup with minor modifications. We find a violation of the CHSH-Bell inequality of 2.35 ± 0.18, in agreement with the first run, yielding an overall value of S = 2.38 ± 0.14. We calculate the resulting P-values of the second experiment and of the combined Bell tests. We provide an additional analysis of the distribution of settings choices recorded during the two tests, finding that the observed distributions are consistent with uniform settings for both tests. Finally, we analytically study the effect of particular models of random number generator (RNG) imperfection on our hypothesis test. We find that the winning probability per trial in the CHSH game can be bounded knowing only the mean of the RNG bias. This implies that our experimental result is robust for any model underlying the estimated average RNG bias, for random bits produced up to 690 ns too early by the random number generator.
Ever since its inception, the counterintuitive predictions of quantum theory have stimulated debate about the fundamental nature of reality. In 1964, John Bell found that the correlations between outcomes of distant measurements allowed under local realism1 are strictly bounded, while certain quantum mechanical states are predicted to violate this bound2. Numerous violations of a Bell inequality in agreement with quantum theory have been reported3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16. However, due to experimental limitations additional assumptions were required in all experiments up to 2015 in order to reject the local-realist hypothesis, resulting in loopholes. Last year we reported the first experimental loophole-free violation of the CHSH-Bell inequality using entangled electron spins associated with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, separated by 1.3 km17. Less than three months after our experiment, two groups observed violations of the CH-Eberhard inequality on spatially-separated photons18,19 and before the end of the year first signatures of a CHSH-Bell violation on single Rubidium atoms were found20.
Below, we report on data from a second loophole-free Bell test performed with the same setup as in Hensen et al.17. Additionally, we analyse in detail the recorded distribution of settings choices in both the first and second datasets. Finally, we investigate the effect of arbitrary models underlying the bias in the random number generation.
Second run
After finishing the first loophole-free Bell experiment in July 2015, both the A(lice) and B(ob) setups were modified and used in various local experiments. In December 2015, we rebuilt the Bell setup for performing a second run of the Bell test, with three small modifications compared to the first run.
First, we add a source of classical random numbers for the input choices19. A random basis choice is now made by applying an XOR operation between a quantum random bit generated as previously21,22,23 and classical random bits based on Twitter messages, as proposed by Pironio24. In particular, we generate two sets of classical random numbers, one for the basis choice at A, and one for the basis choice at B (see details in the following sections). At each location, 8 of these bits are fed into an FPGA. Just before the random basis rotation, the 8 Twitter bits and 1 quantum random bit are combined by subsequent XOR operations. The resulting bit is used as the input of the same microwave switch as used in the first run17. The XOR operation takes 70 ns of additional time, shifting the start of the readout pulse to a later time by the same amount. We leave the end of the readout window unchanged, resulting in the same locality conditions as in the first test.
We note that the Twitter-based classical random bits by themselves cannot close the locality loophole: the raw data is available on the Internet well before the trials and the protocol to derive the bits is deterministic and programmed locally. The only operations that are performed in a space-like separated manner are the XOR operations between 8 stored bits. Therefore, strictly speaking only the quantum-RNG is providing fresh random bits. Since a loophole-free Bell test is described solely by the random input bit generation and the outcome recording at A and B (and in our case the event-ready signal recording at C), the second run can test the same null hypothesis as the first run as these events are unchanged. That being said, the use of the Twitter-based classical randomness puts an additional constraint on local-hidden-variable models attempting to explain our data.
Second, we set larger (i.e. less conservative) heralding windows at the event-ready detector in order to increase the data rate compared to the first experiment. We start the heralding window about 700 picoseconds earlier, motivated by the data from the first test. We predefine a window start of 5426.0 ns after the sync pulse for channel 0, and 5425.1 ns for channel 1. We set a window length of 50 ns.
Finally, we also use the ψ+-Bell state, which is heralded by two photo-detection events in the same beamsplitter output arm at the event-ready station. In general the fidelity of this Bell state is lower than that of ψ− due to detector after-pulsing25 (note that for ψ− the after-pulsing is not relevant because ψ− is heralded by photo detection events in different beamsplitter output arms). However, we found the after-pulsing effect to be small enough for the detectors used in this run. We set an adapted window length of the second window of 4 ns and 2.5 ns for channels 0, 1 respectively, where the exponentially decaying NV emission is still large relative to the after-pulsing probability. As described below, we can combine the ψ−-related and ψ+-related Bell trials into a single hypothesis test26.
Apart from these modifications, all settings, analysis software, calibrations and stabilisation routines were identical to those in the first run17.
Random numbers from Twitter
After each potential heralding event (corresponding to the E-events described in the Supplementary Information of Hensen et al.17), both at location A and B we take 8 new bits from a predefined random dataset (one for A and one for B) based on Twitter messages, to send to the FPGA-based random-number combiner (see Fig. 1).
The random dataset for A was obtained by collecting 139952 messages from Twitter trending topic with hash-tag #2DaysUntilMITAM, starting from 14:47:58 November 11th, 2015. The messages were collected using the Python Tweepy-package (www.tweepy.org). Only the actual message text was used (no headers), consisting of at most 140 Unicode characters. From each message a single bit was obtained by first converting each character into an integer representing its Unicode code point, converting the integer to the smallest binary bit-string representing that number and finally taking the parity of all the resulting bit-strings together (even or uneven number of ones). The dataset for B was similarly obtained from 134501 messages with the hash-tag #3DaysTillPURPOSE, streamed prior to the dataset A, starting from 16:52:44 November 10th, 2015.
We note that although one may expect the Justin Bieber and One Direction fan-bases to be sufficiently disjoint to produce an uncorrelated binary dataset, the hashtag from dataset B featured in 2 out of 139952 tweets of dataset A, and vice-versa in 4 out of 134501 tweets. Still, a Fisher-exact independence test of A (first 134501 bits) and B's dataset results in a P-value of 0.63. The bias of the 8-bit parity sets were 0.44% and 0.95%, with statistical uncertainty of 0.38% and 0.39% for A, B respectively. As these bits are XOR'ed with bits from the quantum random number generator with much smaller bias, this has no expected effect on the bias in the used input settings. Finally, we characterized the performance of the FPGA combiners, which showed no errors on 108 XOR operations.
APD replacement
After 5 days of measurement, the APD at location C corresponding to channel 0 broke down during the daily calibration routine and was subsequently replaced. To take into account the changed detection-to-output delay for the event-ready filter settings, the laser pulse arrival time was recorded for the new APD before proceeding. We adapted the start of the event-ready window for channel 0 accordingly, and used this for all the data taken afterwards.
Joint P -value for ψ − and ψ + heralded events
Here we expand the statistical analysis used for the first run17 to incorporate the ψ− and ψ+ events into one hypothesis test. For each of these states we perform a different variant of the CHSH game, and then use the methods of Elkouss and Wehner26 to combine the two: The output signal of the "event-ready"-box now has three possible outcomes, where the tag ti = 0 still corresponds to a failure (no, not ready) event. We now distinguish two different successful preparations of the boxes A and B: ti = −1 corresponds to a successful preparations of the ψ− Bell state, and ti = +1 to a ψ+ Bell state. In terms of non-local games, Alice and Bob are playing two different games, where in case ti = −1 they must have in order to win, and in case of ti = +1 they must have to win. Note that both games have the same maximum winning probabilities. This means that we can take k := k− + k+, with k− the number of times , and k+ the number of times ; the remainder of the analysis remains the same and in particular the obtained bound to the P-value is unchanged (see Elkouss and Wehner26, page 20). We then have for the adapted CHSH function (see Supplementary Information of Hensen et al.17):
and adapted total number of events then becomes:
In this test we set the total number of Bell trials n2 = 300. After 210 hours of measurement over 22 days during 1 month, we find S2 = 2.35 ± 0.18, with S2 the weighted average of for ψ− heralded events (different detectors clicked), and for ψ+ (same detector clicked). See Fig. 2.
This yields a P-value of 0.029 in the conventional analysis17 (a non-loophole-free analysis that assumes independent trials, perfect random number generators and Gaussian statistics), and with k2 = 237 a P-value of 0.061 in the complete analysis17 (which allows for arbitrary memory between the trial, partially predictable random inputs and makes no assumptions about the probability distributions).
Combined P-value for the two tests
We now turn to analysing the statistical significance of the two runs combined. Let us first note that there are many methods for combining hypothesis tests and P-values, each with its own assumptions. Extending the conventional analysis, we take the weighted sum of the CHSH parameters obtained for both tests to find Scombined = 2.38 ± 0.136, yielding a P-value of 2.6 · 10−3. For the complete analysis, we give here two example cases. The first case is where the tests are considered to be fully independent; the P-values can then be combined using Fisher's method, resulting in a joint P-value of 1.7 · 10−2 for the complete analysis. As a second example the two runs are considered to form a single test; the data can then be combined, k1 + k2 = 433 for n1 + n2 = 545, resulting in a joint P-value of 8.0 · 10−3 for the complete analysis. We emphasize that these are extreme interpretations of a subtle situation and these P-values should be considered accordingly.
Although the predefined event-ready filter settings were used for the hypothesis tests presented, the datasets recorded during the Bell experiments contain all the photon detection times at location C. This allows us to investigate the effect of choosing different heralding windows in post-processing. Such an analysis does not yield reliable global P-values (look-elswehere effect), but can give insight in the physics and optimal parameters of the experiment. In Fig. 3 we present the dependence of the recorded Bell violation S, and number of Bell trials n, if we offset the start of the windows. For negative offsets, photo-detection events caused by reflected laser light starts to play an important role, and as expected the Bell violation decreases since the event-ready signal is in that regime no longer a reliable indicator of the generation of an entangled state. The observed difference between the runs in offset times at which the laser reflections start to play a role are caused by the less aggressive filter settings in the second run. However, we see that in both runs the S-value remains constant up a negative offset of about 0.8 ns, indicating that the filter settings were still chosen on the conservative side.
Statistical analysis of settings choices
Both for the Bell run in Hensen et al.17 and for the Bell run presented above, we are testing a single well-defined null hypothesis formulated before the experiment, namely that a local-realist model for space-like separated sites could produce data with a violation at least as large as we observe. The settings independence is guaranteed by the space-like separation of relevant events (at stations A, B and C). Since no-signalling is part of this local-realist model, there is no extra assumption that needs to be checked in the data. We have carefully calibrated and checked all timings to ensure that the locality loophole is indeed closed.
Nonetheless, one can still check (post-experiment) for many other types of potential correlations in the recorded dataset if one wishes to. However, since now many hypotheses are tested in parallel, P-values should take into account the fact that one is doing multiple comparisons (the look-elsewhere effect, LEE). Failure to do so can lead to too many false positives, an effect well known in particle physics. In contrast, there is no LEE for a single pre-defined null hypothesis as in our Bell test.
Formulation and testing of multiple hypotheses can result in obtaining almost arbitrarily low local P-values. which may have almost no global significance27,28,29. As an example, recalculating the P-value for the local realist hypothesis, given the first dataset for a window start offset of −900 picoseconds compared to the predefined window starts, results in a local P-value of 0.0081 using the complete analysis (see Fig. 3). Taking this to the extreme by doing a search of the window start offsets for both channels independently and the joint window length offset, results in a local P-value of 0.0018. These examples clearly illustrate that without taking into account that multiple hypotheses are being tested, such local P-values can not be used to assign significance.
With these considerations in mind we analyse the settings choices in the two sub-sections below.
Settings choices in the first and second dataset
The distribution of the 245 input settings in the first dataset (see Fig. 4a in Hensen et al.17) is (n(0,0), n(0,1), n(1,0), n(1,1)) = (53, 79, 62, 51), with n(a,b) the number times the inputs (a, b) were used. This realisation looks somewhat unbalanced for a uniform distribution, and one could be motivated to test the null hypothesis that the RNGs are uniform. Performing a Monte-Carlo simulation of 105 realisations of a uniform multinomial distribution with size n = 245 we find a local P-value of 0.053 to get such a distribution or more extreme. We can get further insight by looking at all the setting choices recorded during the test. Around every potential heralding event about 5000 settings are recorded, for which we find a local P-value of 0.57 (Table 1), consistent with a uniform setting distribution.
Many additional tests can be performed on equally many slices or subsets of the data, where one or more of the filters (see Supplementary Information of Hensen et al.17) is relaxed. In Table 1 we list the individual (local) P-values for a set of 4 hypotheses regarding the settings choices, for both the first and second dataset.
RNG A is uniform
RNG B is uniform
RNG A and RNG B are jointly uniform
Fisher's exact test30 for n < 5000, Pearson's χ2 test31 for n > 5000)
For tests 1 and 2 we evaluate a two tailed binomial test with equal success probability. For test 3 we perform a Monte-Carlo simulation of 105 realisations of a uniform multinomial distribution with size fixed to the number of observations in that particular row, i.e. n = 245 for the second row in Table 1.
We observe that only one local P-value is below 0.05: Fisher's exact test on the distribution of the settings in the first data set yields a local P-value of 0.029. However, as described in the next subsection below, when properly taking the look-elsewhere effect into account this does not result in a significant rejection of the uniform settings hypothesis at the 0.05 level. Finally, the valid Bell trials of the first and second dataset combined, shown in the last row of Table 1, are also consistent with uniformly chosen input settings.
Significance and look-elsewhere effect
We now analyse the significance of the local P-values in Table 1 by taking into account the look-elsewhere effect. Say we are looking for correlations between parameters that are in fact completely independent. Looking at one correlation, it is as if we take one random sample from a distribution; the probability that it is at 2 sigma or more extreme is thus about 0.05. If we look for 4 different correlations (assuming all parameters are independent), it is similar to taking 4 random samples, and thus the probability that at least one is at 2 sigma or more extreme is 1 − (1 − 0.05)4 = 0.18. In reverse, assuming fully independent hypotheses, the local P-value p′ should have obeyed roughly 1 − (1 − p′)4 < 0.05, so p′ < 0.013, to be statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
In our case it is actually more complicated because there can be dependencies between hypotheses. We can numerically get some of these numbers. For instance, we have simulated the random number generation (RNG) using Monte-Carlo under the assumption of independent uniform outputs and calculated local P-values for the four hypotheses listed above. The probability that at least one of these yield local P-value p′ < 0.05 turns out to be about 0.13 for the 245 events in the Bell test. This is different from 1 − (1 − 0.05)4 = 0.18 because of correlations between the tests, but it is clearly much higher than 0.05. In reverse, to arrive at an overall probability of 0.05 of finding at least one test yielding local P-value p′ < pthreshold for the data in the first Bell dataset, we find pthreshold = 0.021. In other words, if we would only be looking at the settings corresponding to the valid Bell trials, then a local P-value below 0.021 would signal a statistically significant violation of our hypothesis at the 0.05 level. We do not find such evidence for the valid Bell trial data (see first row in Table 1).
The last column gives the probability that at least one of the hypothesis tests on the data in that row yields a local P-value p′ < 0.05, given uniform settings. In the one-but-last column we give pthreshold, again only for the data set in that row, for a significance at the 0.05 level. These values assume that we would only be testing our hypotheses on that particular row. Since we are now looking at different rows, pthreshold for each row is a strict upper bound to the pthreshold for the full table, as we are looking at different cross-sections of the raw data set at the same time; the pthreshold for the full table will thus be lower but it is not trivial to compute this, given the large dependence between the subsets of data used for each row. However, since we do not find any local P-value to be below pthreshold for the corresponding row, we can conclude that the data does not allow rejection of the settings independence hypothesis, even without calculating the global pthreshold for the full Table.
Refined analysis of imperfect random number generators
Ideally, the RNGs yield a fully unpredictable random bit in every trial of the Bell test. A deviation from the ideal behaviour can be denoted by an excess predictability or bias b, that can take on values between 0 and . In principle the value of b can be different in every trial of a Bell test, which can be modelled by some probability distribution over the value of b. By characterising the physical RNGs, we can hope to learn something about the mean τ of this probability distribution. As a particular example of an underlying probability distribution for the bias, consider the case where the random bit is perfectly predictable with probability f and perfectly unpredictable (b = 0) with probability 1 − f. This example could model a scenario where the random numbers are generated with some spread in time such that some of them are produced so early that they could be known by the other party before the end of the trial.
A recent analysis of the effect of partial predictability of RNGs on the bound of the CH-Eberhard inequality revealed a strong dependence on the interpretation of the mean excess predictability32, estimated from characterisation of the RNGs. In particular, for a model in which the mean excess predictability ε is distributed (evenly) over all trials, the CH-Eberhard inequality can be violated even if the relevant Bell parameter J (which can be viewed as an average violation per trial in terms of probabilities) is much lower than ε. On the other hand, Kofler et al.32 found that in case of an all-or-nothing scenario, such that in a fraction ε of the trials the RNG is fully predictable and in the rest of the trials fully unpredictable, the threshold value for a violation is roughly given by J > ε.
Motivated by these findings, we generalize here the analysis of the effect of imperfect random number generators on the winning probability per trial in the CHSH game. We extend the analysis in the Supplementary Information of Hensen et al.17 (see also Elkouss and Wehner26) to the case where any bias b is produced by an arbitrary underlying probability distribution per trial. That is, there is no maximum bias, but rather the bias can probabilistically take on any value. We find that in our case, as long as the event-ready signal is independent of the random bits, the only relevant parameter is the mean τ of the bias; the concrete form of the random variable has no impact on the bound on the probability of winning CHSH. In the example of early production of random bits, there exists a time-window in which independence of the event-ready signal can be guaranteed by its space-like separation from the early random generation event.
In the analysis below we explicitly take into account the possibility of early production of random bits, which we expect to be a particular interpretation of the probability distribution over b as above. Indeed we find that when the random bits are perfectly predictable with probability f, and perfectly unpredictable with probability 1 − f, then a distribution over the bias b with a mean of τ = f/2 links the two viewpoints of the analysis.
In order to make the discussion precise, in the following we describe the random variables that characterize the experiment, then make a rigorous derivation of the winning probability.
Properties of the tested LHVM
We introduce the following sequences of random variables. The notation and arguments borrow from earlier work26,33,34,35. Let the outputs of the boxes where i is used to label the i-th element, the histories of attempts previous to the i-th attempt, denotes the scores at each attempt and is the sequence of event-ready signals in the case of an event-ready experiment. In an event-ready experiment, we make no assumptions regarding the statistics of the event-ready station, which may be under full control of the LHVM and can depend arbitrarily on the history of the experiment.
We introduce three sequences of random variables to model each RNG. Let denote the inputs to the boxes. Let denote two sequences of binary variables that take value 1 if the random number was generated so early that signaling is possible and 0 otherwise. We call the former an early number and the latter a on-time number. Finally, let take values in the range [−1/2, 1/2] and denote the bias of the random number generators at each attempt. We here assume that these distributions can differ for all i, they do not depend on the history Hi. Using more involved notation, the same bound can be made if their mean is known conditioned on the history.
The random variable Hi models the state of the experiment prior to the measurement. As such, Hi includes any hidden variables, sometimes denoted using the letter λ33. It also includes the history of all possible configurations of inputs and outputs of the prior attempts .
The null hypothesis (to be refuted) is that our experimental setup can be modelled using a LHVM. LHVMs verify the following conditions:
1. Independent random number generators. Conditioned on the history of the experiment the random numbers are independent of each other
and of the output of the event-ready signal
We allow Xi and Yi to be partially predictable given the history of the experiment. The predictability is governed by some random variables . For we have
Furthermore, from the characterization of the devices we have that for all i: . We define f = max{fA, fB} and τ = max{τA, τB}.
2. Locality. The outputs ai and bi only depend on the local input settings and history: they are independent of each other and of the input setting at the other side, conditioned on the previous history, the current event-ready signal and the inputs being generated on-time
3. Sequentiality of the experiments. Every one of the m attempts takes place sequentially such that any possible signalling between different attempts beyond the previous conditions is prevented36.
Except for these conditions the variables might be correlated in any possible way.
Winning probability for imperfect random number generators
Here, we derive a tight upper bound on the winning probability of CHSH with imperfect random number generators in an event-ready setup. For CHSH, the inputs Xi, Yi, outputs Ai, Bi and output of the heralding station Ti take values 0 and 1. If Ti = 0 the scoring variable Ci takes always the value zero, if Ti = 1 then Ci = 1 when x · y = a ⊕ b and Ci = 0 in the remaining cases. We will take the RNGs to have maximum advantage f of producing early random numbers.
Lemma 1. Let , and let a sequence of random variables as described in the previous section correspond with m attempts of a CHSH heralding experiment. Suppose that the null hypothesis holds, i.e., nature is governed by an LHVM. Given that for all i ≤ m: , we have for i ≤ m, any possible history Hi = hi of the experiment, and Ti = 1 that the probability of Ci = 1 is upper bounded by
where and .
Proof. Let us first bound the effect of the early random numbers in the winning probability. We have
The first inequality follows by assuming that the CHSH is won with probability one when a random number is early. The second inequality follows from assuming that .
Let us now bound the bias for the on-time numbers. We focus on the random numbers Xi; the same argument can be made for Yi. For simplicity, we omit the explict conditioning on Hi = hi. First of all, note that since
we have together with (5) that
which implies 1/2 − τ ≤ Pr(Xi = 1) ≤ 1/2 + τ. Furthermore, note that we can expand the probability as
Combining (14), (13) and the assumption we obtain
where . Let us now expand the probability that Ci = 1 conditioned on the event that both numbers were on-time. For simplicity, we drop the explicit conditioning on Hi = hi, Ti = 1, QA = 0, QB = 0.
We can break these probabilities into simpler terms
The first equality followed by the locality condition, the second one simply by the definition of conditional probability. With this decomposition, we can express (16) as
where we have used the shorthands
Now we will expand (20). We know that 1/2 − τ ≤ αx, βy ≤ 1/2 + τ. In principle, τ does not need to take the values in the extreme on the range. Without loss of generality let α0 = 1/2 + τA and β0 = 1/2 + τB, with τA, τB ∈ [−1/2, 1/2].
It thus remains to bound the sum of fx,y. Note that we can write
Since (30) is a sum of two convex combinations, it must take its maximum value at one of the extreme points, that is with χ0 ∈ {0, 1} and χ1 ∈ {0, 1}. We can thus consider all four combinations of values for χ0 and χ1 given by
Since 0 ≤ γ0, γ1 ≤ 1, we have in all cases that the sum is upper bounded by 3.
Now, using (28) we have
where in the first inequality we bound f0,0, f0,1, f1,0 by 1. The second inequality follows since τ′ ≤ 1/2 and for τA, τB below 1/2 (33) is strictly increasing both in τA and τB; this implies that the maximum is found in the extreme: τ = τA = τB.
Finally, we can plug the bound in the winning probability given that both numbers were on time into the winning probability and we obtain:
Equation (35) shows the equal footing of and τ. This result highlights the fact that early production of random numbers is just a particular distribution underlying the bias of the random number generators, where the probability f of producing an early number corresponds to a mixture of completely predictable numbers and the probability 1 − f to unpredictable numbers.
The finding that the only relevant RNG parameter for the winning probability of the CHSH game is the mean bias makes a Bell test based on this winning probability particularly robust against RNG imperfections. In our two Bell test runs, we find a violation in terms of the CHSH winning probability of about 0.05 and 0.04 respectively, both orders of magnitude larger than the mean bias (<10−4), and, given our theory result, independent of the underlying distribution of bias over the trials. As depicted in Fig. 4, this means for instance that our P-values are hardly affected if the generator produces random numbers too early with a probability up to 10−3. The above only holds if the event-ready signal is still independent of the early produced random bits: in case the random bits are produced so early that they are not anymore space-like separated from the event-ready signal generation, the event-ready detector could select the Bell trials based on random bits being produced too early. In our experimental setup, we can thus test theories in which random bits are produced up to 690 ns too early (this time can be increased by moving the event-ready signal backwards in time) with a probability up to about 10−3. For comparison, for testing such theories an experiment using the CH-Eberhard inequality would require J > 10−3 to obtain a violation32, which is two orders of magnitude beyond the state of the art of photonic experiments18,19. This difference may be traced back to the use of event-ready detectors in our experiments, which dramatically increases the fidelity of the entangled state and thus the winning probability per Bell trial.
The loophole-free violation of Bell's inequality in the second data run reported here further strengthens the rejection of a broad class of local realistic theories. We find that the data is consistent with independent setting choices, both in the first and second dataset, as well as in the combined dataset. Refined analysis of the effect of a bias in the random number generators shows that only the mean bias plays a role in the winning probability. As a consequence, the P-value bound for our experiments is independent of the underlying distribution for the RNG bias, for random bits produced up to 690 ns too early by the random number generator. The large spatial separation and the strong violation in winning probability per trial of about 0.05 makes our implementation promising for future applications of non-locality for device-independent quantum key distribution37 and randomness generation38,39.
Additional Information
How to cite this article: Hensen, B. et al. Loophole-free Bell test using electron spins in diamond: second experiment and additional analysis. Sci. Rep. 6, 30289; doi: 10.1038/srep30289 (2016).
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We thank Jan-Åke Larsson, Morgan Mitchell and Krister Shalm for useful discussions. We acknowledge support from the Dutch Organization for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM), Dutch Technology Foundation (STW), the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) through a VENI grant (THT) and a VIDI grant (SW) and the European Research Council through project HYSCORE.
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Halliburton Soars As It Feels the Heat
Halliburton's stock has soared despite all the controversy about its contracts to rebuild Iraq. But prospects for its bread and butter business--helping energy companies drill for oil -- may be soft.
WITH ALL THE BAD PUBLICITY Halliburton has gotten recently, you'd think the oil services company's stock would be at the bottom of a dry well.
The media has blasted the company because its subsidiary Kellogg Brown & Root has won no-bid reconstruction contracts in Iraq while its former chief executive officer, Vice President Dick Cheney, still gets around $150,000 a year in deferred compensation.


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Jun 24 2017
Sears Holdings Corp. will terminate leases for 20 unprofitable stores with landlord Seritage Growth Properties, part of cost cutting measures as the struggling retailer tries to shore up its business.
Those closings - including 18 Sears and two Kmart stores - follow 150 stores Hoffman Estates-based Sears shuttered in the first quarter of this year and another 66 expected to close by early September.
"Sears Holdings continues to actively manage our real estate portfolio to identify additional opportunities for reconfiguration and reduction of capital obligations", Sears said in a statement. The company did not give details as to which stores are closing.
The only Chicago-area store among the 20 closing is on North Harlem Avenue in Galewood, Riefs said. Collins, CO Sears Appliances store past year - a location the company says "has surpassed projections". Kohl's and J.C. Penney will also benefit from the closures, (even though J.C. Penney is also shuttering underperforming locations), with J.C. Penney particularly benefiting from Sears closures due to their customer overlap.
Sears and Kmart will be closing a number of stores in addition to previously announced closings, according to a Business Insider report.
Sears Canada Inc. and certain of its subsidiaries have been granted an order from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA). "We continue to evolve to provide shoppers with more choices at their shopping mall", said Mary Mokwa, Southridge's general manager.
"We are making progress with the fundamental restructuring of our operations that we initiated in February", Edward S. Lampert, chairman and CEO of Sears Holdings, said in a news release.
In April, Seritage, a developer that controls about 250 Sears Holdings properties across the USA, said it was seeking new tenants to take over some of the space at five Sears and Kmart stores in Maryland.
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The Hawthorne Inn
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I Visited This Facility
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Jul 8, 2016 | Reviewed by Visitor
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I chose The Hawthorne Inn because it's really a good place. It's small and my mother feels like she is at home. There is not too many people there so it seems like more of a family atmosphere which is what I was looking for. She has been living there for about a month and they do everything taking care of her hair weekly and she also gets her nails done there. They do have board games, church services on Sundays, and once a week they take them out to shopping and dinner to restaurants as well. I have not heard any complaints with regards to the food.
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I Am A Friend Or Relative Of A Current/Past Resident
My father is in Hawthorne Inn. It's similar to the others but a little smaller. I felt that the smaller-sized facilities might have better care for my father. The staff is knowledgeable and friendly. The rooms and apartments had hardwood floors, new paint on the walls, cable outlets, amd a large restroom with a sit-down shower. Each room has a window and the window treatments came with the room, but the furniture and other items in the room had to be supplied. They offer fellowship with the other guests and the opportunity for outings.
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Jun 28, 2016 | Reviewed by Visitor
I Am A Friend Or Relative Of A Current/Past Resident
My mother is at Hawthorne Inn. The people are very nice. It's a nice, small, and personal, rather than large and corporate, environment. They have many activities like bingo, in-house church service, arts and crafts, some sort of game day, and visitors who put on shows and stuff. It's a very nice place.
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Jun 17, 2016 | Reviewed by Visitor
I Visited This Community
I was very impressed with The Hawthorne Inn. The people seemed friendly, and the facility was clean. The tour they gave me was good and I enjoyed it. What stood out to me was their friendliness, care, and concern. I was very impressed with everything I saw. It was good. They were playing board games and had volunteers working with the people personally. The rooms had single and double beds, and I had to bring my own furniture, but they were nice, very clean, well painted, and bright.
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This article brings up 2 seemingly unexplained, critical possible discrepancies that I was unaware of.
Makes me wonder if the official explanation is the truth.
1. 13 shots might have been fired, but there were only 8 bullets in Sirhan Sirhan's gun.
2. The fatal shots hit RFK from behind, SS was seemingly always in front of RFK.
Sirhan attacked RFK from the front and was quickly tackled. Theoretically, RFK could have turned away from Sirhan, causing him to be shot from behind. However, Schrade and other witnesses challenge this accountin general, the consensus appears to be that Sirhan fired two (or at most three) shots before getting taken to the ground, at which point he continued firing until he used up all eight shots.
The Shot Count. Analysis of an audio recording of the attack suggests 13 shots fired.
Why This Seemingly Doesnt Make Sense: But when the eight bullets are all accounted forthree struck RFK and the five wounded took one eachits notable that there are photos of investigators examining apparent bullet holes in doors after the shooting.
Particularly since the doors were later destroyed, along with ceiling tiles and over 2,000 photos.
And none of this could be confirmed until 1988, as a good chunk of the evidence was sealed away for 20 years after the crime.
Throw in an internal police document concluding Kennedy and Weisel [a wounded ABC News producer] bullets not fired from same gun and in 2012 a witness insisting the FBI twisted her account to ignore a second shooter and its easy to see why some say important details have either gone missing or been intentionally hidden.
There are some seemingly strange aspects to the JFK shooting as well....and they provided the basis for books, movies, endless speculation. But, 99.9% of the time in order to make an alternative explanation fly,...e.g., more than one JFK shooter,...you have to focus on a few apparent discrepancies to make your alternative case while ignoring an overwhelming body of evidence that the event happened as concluded by investigators, e.g., the Warren Commission. Further, you have to buy that a large group of distinguished, trusted people, e.g., the Warren commissioners either were complicit in a coverup or were irresponsible re their duty.
(My wife is sure the Mafia was behind the JFK shooting.)


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JavaFX Release Notes JavaFX is now part of JDK. Running JAR applications Java Runtime Environment (JRE) incorporates a virtual machine (also known as the Java Virtual Machine), a collection of core classes and adjacent platform libraries. Java Runtime Environment allows the execution of almost any software, from games to web applications and services. Microsoft Windows or Mac OS. navigate here
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It is used at large scale on various devices and has reached a usability level to the point where having it is not optional anymore. It has a setting to disallow running applets in a browser (for security reasons).Kees Flag Permalink This was helpful (0) Collapse - Java by ClaireBH / October 19, 2013 9:22 AM The software download options are being created... Jdk 7 that you are using IE9?
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Apple blocks Java 7 plug-in in Mac OS X. It's not checked. If the resource is in an arbitrary location, which is not inside the applet's JAR(s), the user must have other ways to get to that location, since it is not part http://cdhca.org/java-7/java-se-runtime-environment-7-update-25-oracle-america-inc.php Windows 7 Help Forums Windows 7 help and support Browsers & Mail » User Name Remember Me?
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Area: Graphics Synopsis: Point and Spot lights of the Lighting effect are not affected by coordinate scaling. Program Information; 14/01/2013 · I keep getting the pop up asking if I want to run '' Java SE Runtime Environment 7 update 9' from 'Oracle America, Inc''. Java JRE 7 Update 71 (32. Java 7 Update 51 or it's been rated and we're working to update the page..
You have to goto Tools\manage Add-ons and enable Java. Workaround: The regression is only in display and the locking is working. by ClaireBH / October 22, 2013 6:42 AM PDT In reply to: And I hear that too. weblink Local Applets return NULL for DocumentBase Beginning with JDK 7u40, an applet's getDocumentBase() method will return NULL when the applet is running from the local file system.
by R. Please update your bookmarks to the Java SE download page. Welcome Account Sign Out Sign In/Register Help Products Solutions Downloads Store Support Training Partners About OTN Oracle Technology Network Java Java SE Downloads Java SE Java EE Java ME Java SE Free java 7.0.40 download download.
Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 7 Update 40. The file will not be moved.) (AMD) C:\WINDOWS\System32\atiesrxx.exe(Microsoft Corporation) C:\WINDOWS\System32\wlanext.exe(APN LLC.) C:\Program Files (x86)\AskPartnerNetwork\Toolbar\apnmcp.exe(Apple Inc.) C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files\Apple\Mobile Device Support\AppleMobileDeviceService.exe(Apple Inc.) C:\Program Files\Bonjour\mDNSResponder.exe(SoftThinks SAS) C:\Program Files (x86)\Dell DataSafe Local Backup\SftService.exe(Microsoft Corp.) Thanks. I am using Windows 7 and IE9.One of the websites which I've used regularly for a few years has recently started denying me access, giving me the messages: "Sorry, the Java
I don't have IE 10 installed, or Java for that matter. And let me ask again: did you already check the settings in the Java applet in Control Panel? Scroll down to Scripting of Java applets4. Avira Free Antivirus 126.96.36.1994;.
Click OK to save your preference http://java.com/en/download/help/enable_browser.xml ⇐ The page also offers settings for different browsersI don't know if the above is the cause of your problems, but it's worth checking.The Java Runtime Environment JRE 7 Update 45. I can't quite make up my mind!


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With World Of Warcraft: Battle for Azeroth, the franchise's seventh expansion, set for release on 14th August, we take a look at what's in store for Azeroth after Legion.Read more
Category: Feature
Meet Lincoln's Street Musicians
Lincoln is home to a wealth of musical talent. LSJ News reporter, Sam Atkin, meets them.Read more
5 things science discovered in 2018 (so far)
With 2018 nearly halfway through, we take a look at some of the most exciting scientific discoveries so far.Read more
K-Pop stars BTS announce "Love Yourself" Tour – and they're coming to the UK!
K-Pop superstars BTS (Bangtan Sonyeondan) have just announced their first dates and locations for a 2018 world tour.Read more
Valentines Day the Roman Way.
The Collection Museum has help a Valentines themed family fun day as part of their half term activity program.Read more
LSJ News – January 15
Carillion's work on Lincoln's eastern bypass has stopped after the company went into liquidation this morning, and Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue are encouraging people toRead more
Norfolk Ladies cricketer takes men's game by storm.
Cricket is Britain's biggest summer sport and the ladies game is going from strength to strength, with England winning the ICC Women's world Cup thisRead more
Neal Bishop: How his humble beginnings led him to success
One would have a tough task ahead of them to find a more humble footballer than Scunthorpe United midfielder Neal Bishop. Nothing came easy for the 36-year-old Iron player after falling out of the Middlesbrough F.C. academy and having to claw his way back and earn every bit of success that he's had.Read more
Yellow Belly art exhibition opens on campus
General Practice have opened their latest exhibition this week which is being hosted on campus.Read more
Surviving cancer: Sarah's story
Living with cancer is hard enough for any sufferer, but when you have a five-year-old daughter, a young girl worried about whether her mum willRead more
Captive in Canton
1960's Communist China was as strict at keeping foreigners out as it was keeping its own citizens in. Very few people have first-hand experience ofRead more
Backgammon: It could be the game for you
Backgammon is a game that is simple to pick up for all and is not rife with gambling. The board game backgammon is the oldestRead more


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I've learned to love the syncopation:
rain on roof,
the click of bones
hanging from the rafters.
It's like the intro to a song.
I hum a bar or two,
whistle the melody,
just to show
I'm still part of the orchestra.
And of course, on cue,
the scream from the cellar.
And the cymbal clash of thunder.
And of course, the dance steps
of dem bones.
Copyright © 2002 by John Grey.


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Information sheet - guidance for institutional review boards and clinical investigators (drug study designs. Whitepaper modeling drug-induced liver toxicity: we use drug-induced cholestasis as a case study to at least two different drugs known to. What are the different types of research studies such as competing drugs, or it may analyze very different chosen from the literature according to. Drug use among racial/ethnic minorities national institutes of health division of epidemiology and prevention research monitoring the future study. Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now. The relationship between substance abuse and crime in different drugs have varying potential for addiction and people do drug and alcohol problems within.
Recurrent versus primary lumbar disc herniation surgery: patient-reported ldh the study design study, these earlier studies had different. Study on the release behavior and mechanism by monitoring the morphology changes of the large-sized drug-ldh the samples recovered at different. Based on 46 citations in multiple journals ldh-cytotoxicity colorimetric assay kit ii study biovision's ldh ldh level analysis between the different. Demystifying fda's 505(b)(2) drug registration process a case study is provided to reliance on literature search and agency findings of effectiveness and safety. Layered double hydroxide nano-carrier for controlled delivery of drug molecules literature review ldh shows tremendous promise in its use as a.
Evaluation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome from different aspects: 2 patients using immunosuppressive drugs had elevated ldh levels. For this part of the study, ldh was freeze-dried either in on ldh during freeze-drying was compared of ldh was the lowest in the literature. A study of salivary lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme a study of salivary lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme levels in patients thus findings of different ldh.
Prevalence and causes of wrong time medication administration errors: a literature review was done using different on the study whereas the literature. Investigational new drug application (ind) process overview the study drug is lawfully and there is significant information in the literature about. Learn about the different types of research studies a case-control study takes a different approach (like a new chemotherapy drug. Serum ldh in chronic cough: a potential marker of airway inflammation five different isoenzymes of ldh raised serum ldh levels can also result from drug.
Determinants of drug abuse in high school students and their related knowledge and attitude drugs, and different drug abuse 10 furthermore, in a study.
Ommega internationals is an open access publishing house of peer reviewed journals in the fields of science, technology and medicine with. Substance abuse among aging adults: a literature review 13 illicit drugs substance abuse among aging adults and findings on treatment approaches and. Overview of drug registration requirements for pharmaceuticals in emerging market using different guidelines safety part iii non clinical study. Development approaches using a drug product on different spectrophotometers and chemometric software algorithms a study protocol was designed. Drug information: a guide for identify resources relevant to different pharmacy practice areas primary literature may be a variety of types of articles. One study examined men and found that the drug reduced tumor size by 45% or looking at different age groups studying the literature.
53 purposeful sampling for qualitative studies or drug-outlet-based of the important dimensions of the study but for the different groups you. The majority of the literature suggests an one of them being similar to a statin drug plus, different red yeast rice this is not a good statin study. Prognostic value of pretreatment serum levels of pretreatment serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (s-ldh) study extends the literature. Twelve-step self-help groups (shgs) similar literature, speaker and step meetings, and home other study, continuous attendai. Dehydrogenase gene from theileriaannulata may anti-theilerial drugs that will have different modes of action time in the literature in this study and.


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Home Design Room Work Place Arts Architecture
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Brent Todd, Sr. Investment Advisor at Canaccord Genuity talks about the trends in the small cap market.
"The trends that we're seeing in the small cap space… definitely artificial intelligence is one that's come to the fore recently. Blockchain, while companies are trying to figure out how to use it, I don't think you can dismiss that it won't be used and used economically going forward and then still the cannabis space is still very strong." – Brent Todd, Sr. Investment Advisor, Canaccord Genuity


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Q: What has changed in the quorum model in Windows Server 2012?
A: There were times when the quorum model in Windows Server 2012 could be difficult to understand and architect, such as knowing when to use a disk or file share witness and handling situations when nodes were taken offline, which then changed the need for an additional witness.
In Windows Server 2012 R2, this is now much simpler. The guidance in Windows Server 2012 R2 is to always configure a witness.
If there is shared storage, use a disk witness; if there's no shared storage, use a file share witness. The Windows Server 2012 R2 Failover Cluster will use the witness only if it needs it.
For example, if there are an even number of nodes, then the witness will be used and will be given a vote. If there are an odd number of nodes, then the witness isn't used and won't have a vote.
This is all done automatically. It really simplifies quorum configurations and really was needed for working with the dynamic quorum capability added in Windows Server 2012.


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Team Leader- Leicester- Part Time
Contract typePermanent Part Time
Hastings Direct is a fast growing, agile, digitally focused general insurance provider to the UK market, with over 2.7 million customers and employing over 2,700 colleagues at sites in Bexhill and Leicester. We have built our business by championing the customer by providing refreshingly straightforward service and products and offer car, motorcycle, van and home insurance directly to the public.
As a Team Leader you will:
- Make an active difference to our colleagues and customers
- Engage, motivate and inspire colleagues
- Nurture talent and performance
- Build one team and one business
- Know our business and industry
- Takes ownership and responsibility
In order to be considered for this role you will have:
- Leadership experience, preferably within a contact centre environment
- The ability to influence and motivate colleagues
- Experience in using team performance management techniques
- Time management, problem solving and organisational skills
- Team facilitation and meeting management skills
Please note that our customer contact centre is open from 08.00-21.00 Monday to Friday, 08.00-17.30 Saturday and 09.00-17.00 Sunday. As a Part Time Team Leader you will be required to cover our evening and weekend shifts.
In return for your skills and experience, you will receive a competitive salary along with up to 5% annual bonus, up to 3% contributory pension, life assurance, along with Hastings Direct discounts and reward schemes, with the opportunity to progress and develop.
If you are passionate about working with customers and developing colleagues and have the drive to succeed, then we want to hear from you!
1 St George's Way


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Welcome to B&F Administration!
The Department of Administration is composed of the Business and Finance offices of Crisis Management, Police Services, Process Improvement, the Business & Finance Service Center at Lambuth, and the Shared Services Center. This area also manages the University District neighborhood initiatives and business partnerships.
Departmental Information
Mailing Address:
367 Administration Building
Memphis, TN 38152
Office Hours:
Monday thru Friday, 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Phone: 901.678.2121 | Fax: 901.678.5128 | E-mail: email@example.com


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Sos is amazing. The autentic old spain. There was born fernando el catolico. Here start everything. The begining of the success of spain.
This restaurant will offer you a tradicional food in a nice enviroment.
Im sure you will not forget
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


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Der Speigel on the lost generation, except maybe they're finding?
Help: Quick Hit
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Submitted by lambert on Fri, 06/24/2011 - 6:40pm


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To the outside world, this is Good Friday, a day to close up shop early (or not come in at all); a day in a town not far south of here for the annual Low-Rider Parade; a day for Catholic pilgrims from all over the state to make their sojourn to the ancient place known as Chimayó.
For us, it is one of those things, and yet there is a still a sense of observance attached to it, underneath which lies a deeper sense of sacredness.
It is a time haunted by recent ghosts of colonial origin, yes, but it is also one in which far more ancient and local spirits awaken and return to life.
It is a time of the land's rebirth.
On this day, a trickster wind is the dominant force — fitting, no doubt, for a high holy day of a colonial tradition. But beneath its noise and bluster, the soil is busy coming back to life, propelling the green blades upward, nurturing the buds high up on the trees. The snows of days only recently past have left the earth soft and loamy, ready for tilling . . . and soon, for planting.
Here, we plant multiple gardens, some for food and some for flowers and some for herbs and medicine, but we always return to the fundamentals: The Three Sisters, the corn, beans, and squash that have sustained our peoples since the dawn of time. And here, as in so many other parts of this ancient indigenous land, the First Sister is the one who holds pride of place in tradition.
If water is life in this place, so, too, is corn.
Corn is woven so thoroughly into our ways that life without it, its sustenance in physical, spiritual, ceremonial, and even artistic terms, is unthinkable. Here in this part of the world she has her own spirit beings, the Corn Maidens, whose purpose and existence are inextricably intertwined with the ancient multihued kernels, tiny jewels in their own right. They dress and dance at feast days; they exist, too, in a plane of their own.
And in this place, they are both subject and object of a nearly-unlimited array of Native art forms.
Today's featured work is actually a small series of works: four, to be exact. Each is its own sculpture — small, yet full-sized; these are not fetish carvings. Each takes the form of a Corn Maiden, each unique in size, expression, and color accents. And yet, they seem also to belong together, as their kind are wont to do. From their description in the Other Artists: Sculpture gallery here on the site:
Master carver Mark Swazo-Hinds (Tesuque Pueblo) coaxes stylized Corn Maidens from plain smooth blocks of stone. Each is hand-carved from very pale, very fine pink sandstone, almost a translucent peach in color. With surfaces so smooth you can hardly keep from touching them, they feel a bit like large worry stones. In lieu of the traditional tablita headdress, each wears Mark's trademark bundle of brilliantly-hued macaw feathers. All dimensions are approximate: The two smaller ones are in the 3″-4″ high range; the largest is about 6″; the one in the back on the far right is about 5″ high, and is narrower — almost an inverted teardrop shape.
Pink sandstone; macaw feather bundles
Far left: $275 + shipping, handling, and insurance
Middle: $425 + shipping, handling, and insurance
Far right: $275 + shipping, handling, and insurance
Back: $325 + shipping, handling, and insurance
Weight requires special handling; extra shipping charges apply
This series, each wrought by a master, seem especially well-suited to this day and season. Like the corn they represent, each emerges out of the earth itself. And like the whole world at this time, they are pale, almost neutral in color — yet lit from within by a warm sunny glow, like an early spring day wrapped in a cool blanket, but holding close the promise of warm winds to come.
Their feathered headdresses hint at such hopes, too, a mix of the bright orange suns and vibrant-hued blossoms that are the hallmark of summer. More, they are the promise of the harvest, realized: Indian corn in every imaginable combination of colors, brilliant, intense, and abundant.
These small, spirit-infused works are earthy in the fullest sense of the word, a reminder that beneath pale soil lies fire, and from muted earth comes extraordinary beauty.
It is not time to plant the corn, not yet. Now is the time to prepare the earth, to till and cultivate and make the land ready. If we do so in the old way, attentively and with care, we have the chance to sow for an abundant harvest: seeds become jewels, like sand become art.
~ Aji
All content, including photos and text, are copyright Wings and Aji, 2018; all rights reserved. Nothing herein may used or reproduced in any form without the express written permission of the owners.


text: Rental Market Update – December 2017 Feature Post, Rental Market Update With a change in government, comes the introduction of new legislation surrounding the investment market. Director Ben Westerman overviews those changes and how they might affect you in the following short video. December 12, 2017/by admin http://www.westermans.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Westermans-300x138.png 0 0 admin http://www.westermans.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Westermans-300x138.png admin2017-12-12 14:09:282017-12-12 14:09:28Rental Market Update – December 2017


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Sure, Orlando. First, representation in the form of a few Black faces in (relatively) high places doesn't make for justice. This is a common refrain of those who would so very much like us to be a post-racial society.
I could begin in a number of places, such as the historical fact that Durham is said to have been a mere train depot before its founding, but was in fact the site of one of the south's largest plantations (Stagville). But I think I'll just stick to the present and say, for example, that friends of mine and friends of theirs are routinely harassed by the police, stopped, frisked, and asked where their drugs are, but white Duke students or other white drug users are not subjected to the same treatment on the street or in the comfort of their dwellings. Thus, the county jail and the local prisons have populations of Black and Latino inmates disproportionate to the population, though folks fitting into those racial categories are no more "criminal" than those recognized as white.
Also, there are swaths of the city that are for all intents and purposes food deserts (no or few options for healthy food that are accessible), and those are all majority Black or people of color areas.
Further, parks are maintained in well-to-do, largely white areas, but in areas with a higher concentration of working class people of color parks either don't exist, are ignored by the city, or are practically given to developers looking to remake, or gentrify, the area. Capital, be it private or public, or some partnership between both, is directed primarily toward benefiting those with means, and those with means are usually white (though not because they are necessarily any more industrious, creative or bright).
Numbers about home ownership, poverty, health care and health in general, graduation rates, etc. abound for those who look. If you are disposed toward believing that such problems are, as you say, simply self-generated, however, there's not much I can really say.
I could go on and on. But I think a great barrier to recognizing the racial injustice and that allows you and others to posit that we are "post-racial" is the fact that a fair number of Black folks and other people of color buy into the "opportunity and representation" myths and tacitly support measures and policies that essentially attack working class and poor folks of color on a daily basis.
-Mr. Lorenz
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Kigoma — The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) has been forced to reduce the size of food rations distributed to refugees in the Mtendeli, Nduta and Nyarugusu Camps due to funding shortfalls.
The three camps, which are located in northwest Tanzania, host 320,000 refugees, who mainly come from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The new revelation shows that WFP urgently requires some $23.6 million, which would be enough to cater for refugees' food and nutritional needs in the country until December. WFP provides the refugees with five food commodities: maize meal, pulses, super cereal, vegetable oil and salt.
Due to the funding shortfalls, all five commodities have been reduced in the August distribution, going down to barely 62 per cent of the 2,100 required kilocalories, which is the recommended daily calorie intake.
"Without an immediate response from donors, further ration cuts will be necessary because our food stocks are simply running out," said the WFP Tanzania Country Representative, Michael Dunford.
Mr Dunford added: "While WFP appreciates the support received so far, we are urgently appealing to donors to quickly come to the aid of the refugees and provide additional funding so that we can return to full rations and avoid any prolonged negative impacts."
He warned that reducing the rations result in far-reaching and potentially life-altering consequences for refugees, adding that cutting the intake of kilocalories and nutritional support can lead to acute malnutrition and increased vulnerability to diseases.
In addition to the five food items, WFP also provides hot meals for refugees upon arrival, supplemental rations for pregnant and nursing women and food assistance to hospital in-patients and people living with HIV/Aids.
More than 290,000 people live in refugee camps in Kigoma with majority coming from neighboring Burundi following recent political instability.
More people cross the border every day--according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, nearly 19,000 Burundians arrived in January 2017.
He said unsanitary and overcrowded conditions, particularly in the cramped mass shelters that house new arrivals, cause a host of health problems for refugees, including diarrhea, respiratory tract infections and skin conditions.
"Children, as well as expectant or new mothers, are often the most vulnerable with illnesses. Malaria is one of the biggest risks in the camps, particularly during the rainy season, when stagnant water provides a breeding ground for mosquitoes," he said.
In January 2017 alone, Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) teams tested over 31,200 people and treated 16,812 of them who were diagnosed with the disease.
Four MSF patients in Nduta and Nyarugusu camps lamented over shelter, water, food and hygienic challenges they face in the camps.