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The city that never sleeps is living up to its reputation Downtown, where late-night construction is making it impossible for some to get a good night's rest. Residents in Lower Manhattan say they are constantly assaulted by after hours construction work, and local lawmakers warn that the problem could get even worse due to less city oversight.
"We are being tortured," said Michelle Noguchi, who lives on Hanover Square and claims the deafening noise from dump trucks and jackhammering routinely keeps her up past 2 a.m. "It's everywhere. It's really making me question having moved to this neighborhood in the first place," she said.
Noguchi is not the only one losing sleep over the issue — last year, the Dept. of Buildings received 3,773 complaints for after-hours construction across the city.
The State Comptroller's Office is conducting a survey on noise in city neighborhoods, and asks residents to participate in the online survey by March 15.
"When it's going on, sometimes past 11 p.m., it's deafening," agreed John St. resident Patrick Kennell, head of the newly formed Financial District Neighborhood Association. "It does keep people up, especially families with kids. In the summertime, we can't keep our windows open, because of the noise, but also because of dust and debris."
The D.O.B. issues work permits called After Hours Variances, which allow work after 6 p.m. and before 7 a.m. on weekdays, and are necessary for construction at any time on the weekend. The Dept. of Transportation also issues permits when the work spills over onto the sidewalk or street, as is the case with many projects.
"After Hours Variances are granted primarily when it's safer or less disruptive to a neighborhood to perform the work at night or on weekends," said a Dept. of Buildings spokesperson.
"For example, variances are granted for work done near schools or public spaces, for heavy construction work that might require sidewalks to be closed to protect pedestrians, or for work that would cause traffic gridlock if it's done during the day."
But out of those thousands of complaints, the agency only issued 54 violations last year, which means most of the work was properly permitted. And according to lawmakers across the city, that's precisely the problem.
Last December, 20 elected officials signed a letter to First Deputy Mayor Anthony Shorris, demanding the city stop rubber-stamping permits and create a "construction liaison" to manage complaints on construction noise and traffic.
"The deficient coordination [between agencies] has led to a high concentration of after-hours construction in several neighborhoods and questionable standards for permits granted," wrote the politicians, including State Sen. Daniel Squadron, Assemblymember Deborah Glick and Councilmember Margaret Chin, who all represent parts of Lower Manhattan.
They also argued that the differences between the two agencies' permits — Buildings issues them for two weeks, while the Dept. of Transportation variances can span months — allow both agencies to deny responsibility for unreasonable hours.
"It enables a cycle of blame, leaving little possible recourse for nearby residents," the pols wrote. A bill introduced in the Council two years ago would stop contractors from working before 7 a.m. and after 8 p.m. on weekdays, and before 11 a.m. and after 4 p.m. on Saturdays, with no work at all on Sundays.
But the bill, which has 13 co-sponsors, has not been scheduled for a hearing since it was introduced in February 2014. "We have been getting more complaints, and we're working very hard on this issue," said Paul Leonard, a spokesperson for Councilmember Chin, one of the bill's co-sponsors.
"We already have legislation that has been introduced and we are looking to have it heard as soon as possible, so New Yorkers Downtown can see some meaningful relief," he said.
It couldn't come a day too soon for Linda Gerstman, who has lived on Broad St. in the Financial District for eight years. "At this point, I think the problem is so pervasive that the only solution is going to be legislation," she said. "It's a problem throughout the city."
She also noted that because of the canyon streetscape of Lower Manhattan, noise from nearby construction sites tends to travel.
Gerstman said getting relief was easier in the days of the Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center, a dedicated office that coordinated thousands of construction projects — and complaints — south of Canal St. after 9/11.
The L.M.C.C.C. closed in 2014 and was replaced by the Dept. of Transportation's Lower Manhattan Commissioner's office — which the agency revealed last year would be phased out in March due to lack of funding, despite more than 90 active construction projects in the area.
"Fourteen years after 9/11 and three years after Sandy, [construction has] a major impact on quality of life Downtown," Community Board 1 chairwoman Catherine McVay Hughes said when the agency announced the move in December. "It's really important there is coordination."
Elected officials are pushing the Dept. of Transportation to keep the Commissioner's office open.
"Community engagement makes a big difference when communities are impacted by construction. L.M.C.C.C. and the more recent D.O.T. coordination have proved the point," said State Sen. Squadron. "Construction and building projects should never mean tearing down a community's quality life."
For her part, Noguchi said she can only hope the politicians' efforts will get results soon. Close to her apartment, the tower at One Wall St. will soon undergo a massive residential conversion, and with thousands of new apartments coming to the Financial District alone in the next few years, there likely will come more afterhours work as well. "I cannot and will not continue living like this," she said.


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Google Summer of Code: Student applications now open
ROSE Blog: Rikki's Open Source Exchange
Last week, Google unveiled the 150 mentoring organizations selected for Google Summer of Code (GSoC) 2009, and students can begin submitting applications now.
Recently, I spoke with Leslie Hawthorn, Program Manager for Google's Open Source Team, and I asked her about what's new for this year's Google Summer of Code. Leslie says that she's most excited about the Melange project, which will make it possible to host GSoC and other projects on the Google App Engine. She says that all but one member of the committer team is a former GSoC student or mentor.
In addition to Melange and many returning projects – including the Asterisk Project and the Django Software Foundation – look for some new GSoC projects, including Sugar Labs, the community organization behind the Sugar learning platform. The Honeynet Project and Xelerance Corporation also make their GSoC debuts this year.
To search through the project list by category, visit: http://delicious.com/gsoc2009/
The deadline for student applications is April 3, 2009 (12 noon PDT /19:00 UTC). For more information, visit the blog announcement.
Xelerance GSoCHey Rikki,
Thanks for the shout-out to Xelerance! Our ideas page is up here: http://www.xelerance.com/GSoC2009/ . We're really looking forward to participating in GSoC this summer.
Issue 32: Getting Started with Linux 2nd Ed./Special Editions
Buy this issue as a PDF
NextCloud 14 Arrives
The new version adds two new security features for users.
Linus Torvalds Takes a Break, Apologizes
The creator of Linux is admitting his abusive behavior on LKML and plans to change.
A New Business Model for Open Source Projects
Storj offers a new program that enables open source projects to monetize from storage.
Linux Mint Debian Edition 3 Released
It's Linux Mint without any Ubuntu base packages.
Zorin OS 12.4 Released
It's an extremely popular distribution among Windows and macOS users.
Debian Celebrates Its Birthday
The great community Linux distro turns 25 years old.
Chromebooks Support Debian Applications
Containerized Debian environment is now available through the Chrome OS dev channel.
Opera Embraces Snap for Linux
Announcement may open doors for more mainstream applications to adopt Ubuntu's Snap package system.
Canonical Fixes Boot Failure Issues in Ubuntu
The regression that led to boot failures was introduced by a previous patch.
Weird Unofficial LibreOffice Version Shows Up in the Microsoft Store
Unknown developer wants you to pay $2.99 for a free tool.

subset: commoncrawl


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Pat Cummins' re-emergence in Test cricket and the stellar form of James Pattinson in the Sheffield Shield has former England skipper Michael Vaughan already fearing Australia's pace attack ahead of next summer's Ashes.
The prospect of Cummins, Pattinson, Mitchell Starc and Josh Hazlewood all fit and firing together is the stuff of batsmen's nightmares and it could soon become reality with the final few pieces falling into place.
Quick Single: Pujara, Cummins star on tense day three
Cummins showed no signs of rust in his Test return in Ranchi to easily be the pick of the Australia bowlers on day three, finishing with 4-59 from 25 overs after being called up to replace the injured Starc, who was ruled out the series with a fractured foot but is expected to be right for the Champions Trophy in the UK this winter.
While Cummins and Hazlewood were toiling away on the benign surface in the third Test against India at JSCA Stadium, Pattinson was destroying the Queensland Bulls in Brisbane with 5-7 from six furious overs at Allan Border Field in Brisbane.
All things going to plan, the 'Big Four' fast bowlers of Australian cricket should be primed to tear into England at the Gabba on November 23, and that prospect has Vaughan scared stiff.
However, fitting all four speedsters into the same XI is a problem the National Selection Panel will undoubtedly welcome.
Bupa Support Team Assistant coach David Saker says Australia's fast-bowling stocks don't end with the aforementioned quartet, but is as excited as anyone at the possibility of Starc, Hazlewood, Cummins and Pattinson firing on all cylinders in unison.
"It will be a bit of a headache for the selectors when it does happen," Saker said on Saturday. "It's really good to see.
"Patty (Cummins) today going really well, Josh and Mitch had a fantastic summer.
"Then we've got Jimmy Pattinson, the way he's come back in the last few Shield games and he's got another chance in a Shield final, so that's really good for him and good for Australian cricket.
"To be strong in world cricket and especially the Australian team you need a good crop of fast bowlers and we've got that at the moment, but we've had a lot of problems getting them on the park.
"There are still other back-up bowlers.
"Jackson Bird is here, he does a fantastic job when he's called upon.
Quick Single: Photo debunks alleged Smith 'controversy'
"Peter Siddle's been outstanding for long periods of time.
"Chadd Sayers again, probably one of the (most) unlucky fast bowlers in Australian cricket.
"We've got a good crop so that's exciting for me and the Australian cricket team."
Cummins has been the missing member of the awesome foursome having battled countless injury setbacks since his stunning Test debut in South Africa five-and-a-half-years ago.
But now the 23-year-old is back wearing the Baggy Green, this time with a hardened body and remodelled action that has so far delivered the goods in Ranchi.
He bowled with pace, bounce and accuracy against a determined Indian batting group on a sapping day three, claiming the prize scalp of Virat Kohli for just six to continue the India captain's poor series.
Quick Single: Haddin salutes Wade's super stumping
Cummins' three other wickets came from bouncers, an extraordinary feat when taking into account the lifeless surface that has offered no assistance to any bowler, whether they be of the spin, seam or spin variety.
The right-armer was clocked at speeds in excess of 150kph and Saker could not take the smile off his face when speaking about his star pupil after play.
"I thought last night he bowled particularly well but today he backed that up, and to produce some of the balls he produced to get wickets is pretty exciting," Saker said.
"Hats off to the selectors to go with him.
"Ball speed in India is a big thing because the wickets don't generate any pace.
"But he was way higher (in speed) than the expectations we had.
"We know what talent he is but it's so pleasing to see him go so well."


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Learn broomstick lace with this easy-to-follow photo tutorial and lesson.
Add broomstick lace to your toolbox of crochet tricks!
Broomstick lace is a very open and airy stitch that can be worked with just about any yarn. Broomstick lace is named as such because it used to be worked over the end of an old sawed- off broom handle. Now we have specially made needles that we can use in a wide variety of sizes. The larger our needle and the lighter our yarn, the lacier our project will be. It works up very quickly with a broom handle or larger needle, which is why some also refer to it as Jiffy Lace. No matter what you call it, it's a delightfully easy stitch to create!
In this article not only will we learn how to make broomstick lace, we'll also learn how to make increases on both ends of our swatch so we can make a triangular project. For our swatch we will be working in groups of five stitches and will pull our broomstick loops through the back loops of the single crochets. Using the back loops only makes a less pronounced front and back side of our project. In traditional broomstick lace you would normally work through both loops. Once you learn this technique you can play with any placement of stitches and number of loops as you'd like!
To begin, chain 6 with any yarn and single crochet in second stitch from the hook and in each stitch across. We do not turn our work in broomstick lace; our work will always be facing us. When the last single crochet is finished, pull up a long loop and slip it onto the broomstick needle (see Photo 1).
Then insert the hook into the back loop of the next single crochet and pull up a loop and place on needle (see Photo 2).
Continue pulling up loops through the back loop and slipping them onto the needle to the end of the row. There should now be 5 loops on the needle (see Photo 3).
Next, insert the hook from right to left into the loops on needle and slide the loops off the needle and onto the hook (see Photo 4).
Pull the yarn up to the height of the loops, yarn over and pull through all 5 loops (see Photo 5).
Yarn over and chain to secure the loops (see Photo 6).
Chain 5 more stitches for the right side increase. Single crochet into second stitch from the hook and into each stitch across. We should now have 5 single crochets. Single crochet 5 stitches into the center of the broomstick loops (see Photo 7).
For the left side increase, we will need to make foundation single crochet stitches. To begin, insert the hook into the 2 side loops of the last single crochet just made (see Photo 8), yarn over and pull up 1 loop (see Photo 9).
Yarn over and pull through the last 2 loops on the hook (see Photo 10). Our first foundation stitch is complete.
To make the next foundation stitch, insert the hook under both strands of the beginning foundation chain we just finished (see Photo 11). Yarn over and pull the loop through 1 loop (see Photo 12). Yarn over again and pull through both loops on our hook (see Photo 13). We will repeat this second stitch until there are 5 completed foundation single crochets.
To begin the next row, pull the end loop up long enough to slip over the broomstick needle (see Photo 14). Pull a loop up through the back loop of each single crochet and slip them onto the needle. There should now be 15 loops on our needle (see Photo 15).
We will work the loops off of the broomstick needle as we did in the previous row. Insert the hook from right to left into the first 5 loops and slide the loops off the needle and onto the hook. Pull the yarn up to the height of the loops, yarn over and pull through all 5 loops. Yarn over and chain, chain 5 more stitches for the right side increase. Single crochet into second stitch from the hook and into each stitch across. We should now have 5 single crochets. Single crochet 5 stitches into the broomstick loops as follows: insert the hook from right to left into the next 5 loops and single crochet (see Photo 16), work 4 more single crochets into the broomstick loops. Repeat until all the loops are worked off of the needle. Once all loops are worked off the needle we will make the 5 left side increases using the foundation stitches.
We will repeat these 2 rows, increasing on each end of the single crochet rows, until we have worked the desired length of our project. When finished, be sure to block your swatch or project; blocking really allows this stitch to open up and bloom!
There are many variations of stitches that you can use with broomstick lace— if you can pull up the long loop, you make the stitch! Using different yarns also makes a huge difference in how this stitch drapes. You can make a very warm afghan using a bulky or heavy yarn or you can make a whisper soft shawl with a delicate yarn. The only limit is your imagination! C!
Photo 6
Photo 5
Photo 12
Photo 13
Photo 11
Photo 10
Photo 8
Photo 9
Photo 7
Photo 1 Photo 3
Photo 2
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| Events
| Poetry
| Awards
| Store
Announcing the 2013 Poetry Society of America Chapbook Fellowship Winners
The winners receive a $1,000 prize and publication in the Poetry Society's Chapbook Series.
New York Chapbook Fellowship Winners
Manhattations by MRB Chelko, selected by Mary Ruefle
Modern Camping by Tyler Flynn Dorholt, selected by John Yau
National Chapbook Chapbook Fellowship Winners
Err to Narrow by Alicia Salvadeo, selected by Nick Flynn
Barbarian at the Gate by Xavier Cavazos, selected by Thomas Sayers Ellis
* * *
Finalist for the New York Contest: Jameson Fitzpatrick
Finalists for the National Contest: Lindsay Ahl and P. Scott Cunningham
MRB Chelko holds an MFA in poetry from The University of New Hampshire. Her work has appeared in numerous journals including AGNI Online; Forklift, Ohio; Indiana Review; and Washington Square Review. She is the author two chapbooks, The World after Czeslaw Milosz (Dream Horse Press, 2012) and What to Tell the Sleeping Babies (sunnyoutside, 2010). She lives in Central Harlem with her husband, Nick, and daughter, Noni.
Tyler Flynn Dorholt is a writer and visual artist, living and working in Brooklyn. He is the author of two chapbooks The Point, or What I Cannot Recall (Greying Ghost, 2012) and, with Thomas Cook, Monster: a Glottochronology (alice blue, 2012). He co-edits and publishes the print journal Tammy and is the founder and publisher of the film and writing series, On the Escape. Photograph of Tyler by Marshall Franklin Long.
Xavier Cavazos earned his MFA in 2013 from Iowa State University where he served as poetry editor for Flyway: Journal of Writing and the Environment. He was the Nuyorican Poets Café 1993 "Fresh Poet" Award winner, selected by Miguel Algarín, as well as the café's 1995 Grand Slam Champion. His poetry has been published in such anthologies as Verses That Hurt: Pleasure and Pain from the POEMFONE Poets (St. Martin's Press): Under a Pomegranate Tree: The Best New Latino Erotica, edited by Ray Gonzalez (Washington Square Press): and Aloud: Voices from the Nuyorican Poets Café, edited by Bob Holman and Miguel Algarín (Henry Holt Press).
Born in Staten Island in 1990, Alicia Salvadeo grew up in New York and Eastern Pennsylvania. She now lives in Pittsburgh, PA, where she studied poetry and history as an undergraduate at the University of Pittsburgh. Her poetry and reviews have most recently appeared in Bombay Gin, The Volta, Phantom Limb, DIAGRAM, andSOFTBLOW.
This email was sent to {EMAIL_ADDRESS} by email@example.com.
Poetry Society of America
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Interpretation of Elephant Rugs For Nursery
Elephantel•e•phant (el′ə fənt),USA pronunciation n., pl. -phants, (esp. collectively) -phant for 1.
el′e•phan•toid′, adj.
- either of two large, five-toed pachyderms of the family Elephantidae, characterized by a long, prehensile trunk formed of the nose and upper lip, including Loxodonta africana(African elephant), with enormous flapping ears, two fingerlike projections at the end of the trunk, and ivory tusks, and Elephas maximus(Indian elephant), with smaller ears, one projection at the end of the trunk, and ivory tusks almost exclusively in males: L. africanais threatened;
E. maximus is endangered.
- a representation of this animal, used in the U.S. since 1874 as the emblem of the Republican party.
- See white elephant.
- [Chiefly Brit.]a size of drawing or writing paper, 23 × 28 in. (58 × 71 cm). Cf. double elephant.
Rugsrug (rug),USA pronunciation n.
rug′like′, adj.
- a thick fabric for covering part of a floor, often woven of wool and often having an oblong shape with a border design. Cf. carpet.
- the treated skin of an animal, used as a floor covering: a bear rug.
- [Chiefly Brit.]a piece of thick, warm cloth, used as a coverlet, lap robe, etc.
- toupee;
- cut a rug, [Older Slang.]to dance, esp. to jitterbug.
Forfor (fôr; unstressed fər),USA pronunciation prep.
- with the object or purpose of: to run for exercise.
- intended to belong to, or be used in connection with: equipment for the army; a closet for dishes.
- suiting the purposes or needs of: medicine for the aged.
- in order to obtain, gain, or acquire: a suit for alimony; to work for wages.
- (used to express a wish, as of something to be experienced or obtained): O, for a cold drink!
- sensitive or responsive to: an eye for beauty.
- desirous of: a longing for something; a taste for fancy clothes.
- in consideration or payment of;
in return for: three for a dollar; to be thanked for one's efforts.
- appropriate or adapted to: a subject for speculation; clothes for winter.
- with regard or respect to: pressed for time; too warm for April.
- during the continuance of: for a long time.
- in favor of;
on the side of: to be for honest government.
- in place of;
instead of: a substitute for butter.
- in the interest of;
on behalf of: to act for a client.
- in exchange for;
as an offset to: blow for blow; money for goods.
- in punishment of: payment for the crime.
- in honor of: to give a dinner for a person.
- with the purpose of reaching: to start for London.
- contributive to: for the advantage of everybody.
- in order to save: to flee for one's life.
- in order to become: to train recruits for soldiers.
- in assignment or attribution to: an appointment for the afternoon; That's for you to decide.
- such as to allow of or to require: too many for separate mention.
- such as results in: his reason for going.
- as affecting the interests or circumstances of: bad for one's health.
- in proportion or with reference to: He is tall for his age.
- in the character of;
as being: to know a thing for a fact.
- by reason of;
because of: to shout for joy; a city famed for its beauty.
- in spite of: He's a decent guy for all that.
- to the extent or amount of: to walk for a mile.
- (used to introduce a subject in an infinitive phrase): It's time for me to go.
- (used to indicate the number of successes out of a specified number of attempts): The batter was 2 for 4 in the game.
- for it, See in (def. 21).
- seeing that;
- because.
Nurserynurs•er•y (nûr′sə rē),USA pronunciation n., pl. -er•ies.
- a room or place set apart for young children.
- a nursery school or day nursery.
- a place where young trees or other plants are raised for transplanting, for sale, or for experimental study.
- any place in which something is bred, nourished, or fostered: The art institute has been the nursery of much great painting.
- any situation, condition, circumstance, practice, etc., serving to breed or foster something: Slums are nurseries for young criminals.


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Plantronics RIG Stereo Headset + Mixer RitualJman View Public Profile Find More Posts by RitualJman . 17 Mar 2014 #2 Alejandro85 Windows 7 Ultimate x64 1,753 posts Buenos Aires A black box will open with a blinking cursor. Type "command" in the search box... Click on the .NET Framework-associated entry.
Leave a Reply Cancel reply Enter your comment here... Is there a technical term for this simple method of smoothing out a signal? You now have a backup of your .NET Framework-related registry entry. Why cast an A-lister for Groot?
It's my weird friend Why are spare wheels smaller than normal wheels? Tip: Although Disk Cleanup is a wonderful built-in tool, it will not completely clean up all of the temporary files on your computer. Output a googol copies of a string temporary file not found in sh script Trick or Treat polyglot C++11 - typeid uniqueness My 21 yr old adult son hates me Twisted Virtualbox Increase Disk Size How to use sort on an awk print command?
Causes of Error 13EC Corrupt download or incomplete installation of .NET Framework software. What commercial flight route requires the most stops/layovers from A to B? newsgator Bloglines iNezha Twitter February 2016 M T W T F S S « Sep Jun » 1234567 891011121314 15161718192021 22232425262728 29 Search Search for: Blogroll Christoph Ruepprich's Blog http://www.solvusoft.com/en/errors/runtime-errors/microsoft-corporation/net-framework/13ec-net-framework-4-5-1-error-code-13ec/ Now, I do not have the extended part, but no program complains about it, so maybe it´s OK Regards YoZara, Aug 31, 2010 #2 Fractalogic Thread Starter Joined: Jul 4,
A while back I wrote about a very similar error when installing the .NET 4.0 Framework (KB982671). Ccleaner Virus or malware infection that has corrupted Windows system files or .NET Framework-related program files. It said "installing updates..." but I have seen this movie before and it didn't work so I didn't expect much. Perhaps Microsoft saw this thread and released an update?...
https://patrickhoban.wordpress.com/2010/09/29 When installing the .NET 4.5.2 Framework (KB2901907) you receive an error code 13EC. click Sum other numbers How do I amplify a 0-100mV signal to an ADC with a range from 0 to a specific reference voltage? Windows Update Error Code 13ec Visual Studio 2010 Sp1 Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5 SP1 Microsoft .NET Framework 4 Client Profile Microsoft .NET Framework 4 Client Profile Language Pack - SVE Microsoft ASP .NET 2.0 AJAX Extensions 1.0 Note that none Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Service Pack 1 News Visual Studio 2010 and .NET 4 Updatemore at source..
Browse other questions tagged windows-8.1 windows-update or ask your own question. check over here They offer a malware removal guarantee that is not offered by other security software. Show Ignored Content As Seen On Welcome to Tech Support Guy! It gets half way through and fails. Winsxs Folder Cleanup
With updated device drivers, you can finally unlock new hardware features and improve the speed and performance of your PC. Disproving Euler proposition by brute force in C What is Wilson's theorem? You will be prompted with a permission dialog box. his comment is here What is Wilson's theorem?
From the File menu, choose Export. A black box will open with a blinking cursor. If you're not already familiar with forums, watch our Welcome Guide to get started.
Tip: If you are positive that your 13EC error is related to a specific Microsoft Corporation program, uninstalling and reinstalling your Error 13EC-related program will likely be the solution to your Click Add or Remove Programs. Your cache administrator is webmaster. Please Note: Your Error 13EC may not be related to hardware driver problems, but it's always a good idea to ensure all of your PC device drivers are up-to-date to maximize
Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up Visual Studio: Failed update up vote 17 down vote favorite 1 I have a problem of installing Visual Studio Service Pack 1. more hot questions question feed about us tour help blog chat data legal privacy policy work here advertising info mobile contact us feedback Technology Life / Arts Culture / Recreation Science Why does the kill-screen glitch occur in Pac-man? weblink Windows XPhttp://www.theeldergeek.com/windows_xp_registry.htm Windows 7http://www.theeldergeek.com/windows_7/registry_edits_for_win7.htm Windows Vistahttp://support.microsoft.com/kb/2688326 - LetMeFixItMyselfAlways Step 2: Conduct a Full Malware Scan of Your PC There is a chance that your 13EC error could be related to a
From the Control Panel I opened up the Programs and Features to check out what kind of .NET components were installed on my computer. Join Forum | Login | Today's Posts | Tutorials | Windows 10 Forum | Windows 8 Forum Welcome to Windows 7 Forums. So it's quite the opposite of what you're telling me. Tip: If you do not already have a malware protection program installed, we highly recommend using Emsisoft Anti-Malware (download here).
All rights reserved. Using the installer, it installed without problems. Luckily it was a VDI so I could just "give" it more hard drive space. As referenced in https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=42642, this update requires 4.5GB of free space for both x86 & x64.
Sometimes resolving your Runtime Errors problems may be as simple as updating Windows with the latest Service Pack or other patch that Microsoft releases on an ongoing basis. windows-8.1 windows-update share|improve this question edited May 26 '15 at 17:23 magicandre1981 56.1k1379117 asked May 26 '15 at 8:15 TheKB 623316 1 It's probably being offered to you since you The download and install of componenets has been running fine, it's gone thru the visual studio tools, .net framework etc and is presently downloading the component 7 of 32, the actual In the Registry Editor, select the Error 13EC-related key (eg. .NET Framework) you want to back up.
Just as always with Microsoft and Windows, you're guaranteed to have some weird problems every now and then. Exactly what .NET components do you want me to uninstall? That's the way Windows Update works on Windows Vista and that's cool because I was in a hurry and had to leave the computer at home and walk out. Generate antsy permutations Is it required that I upgrade to Sierra Are there textual deviations between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Old Testament?
I clicked the OK and then the Install Updates button and I started waiting.
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Business InformationDelicatessens
Customer Reviews (2 reviews)
Citysearch Useron Citysearch Aug 20, 2009
This was a welcome addition to Cullman. Sweet Peppers simply has some of the best Salads, Sandwiches and Deserts in Cullman. Located right o... (more)
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After launching M7 Power with a 5000mAh battery and a 6-inch 18:9 UniVisium display for Rs 16,999 in India last month, Gionee is all set to bring another mid-range smartphone to the country in the form of Gionee S11 in January. A report by Techook claims, Gionee will launch S11 which sports four cameras, bezel-less design and 4GB of RAM in India.
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Having said that, the Gionee S11 features a premium metal+glass build, something that the Honor 9i doesn't boast of. The phone's frame is also built out of stainless steel which Gionee claims is 27 percent stronger than regular aluminium-made frames. Should Gionee price the S11 higher than Rs 18,000, we know the reason why.
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The Gionee S11 features a 5.99-inch full HD+ display with a resolution of 2160x1080 pixels and an aspect ratio of 18:9. Under its hood, the smartphone packs an octa-core MediaTek Helio P23 processor clocked at 2.5GHz along with 4GB of RAM and 64GB of internal storage. The storage can be expanded further using a microSD up to 256GB.
As mentioned earlier, the smartphone boasts of four cameras. There's a dual camera setup at the front and another dual camera setup at the back. The dual-camera setup at the back comprises of a 16MP primary sensor and a 5MP secondary sensor, while the front has a 16MP + 8MP combo.
The dual SIM devices come with 4G VoLTE, WiFi, GPS, a 3.5mm audio jack and most other sensors. The handset is backed by a 3410mAh battery and runs Android 7.1 Nougat out-of-the-box with Gionee's custom Amigo OS 4.0 flavour on top.


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Simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees (SIVcpz) has a significant negative impact on the health, reproduction, and life span of chimpanzees, yet the prevalence and distribution of this virus in wild-living populations are still only poorly understood. Here, we show that savanna chimpanzees, who live in ecologically marginal habitats at 10- to 50-fold lower population densities than forest chimpanzees, can be infected with SIVcpz at high prevalence rates. Fecal samples were collected from nonhabituated eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Issa Valley (n = 375) and Shangwa River (n = 6) areas of the Masito-Ugalla region in western Tanzania, genotyped to determine the number of sampled individuals, and tested for SIVcpz-specific antibodies and nucleic acids. None of 5 Shangwa River apes tested positive for SIVcpz; however, 21 of 67 Issa Valley chimpanzees were SIVcpz infected, indicating a prevalence rate of 31% (95% confidence interval, 21% to 44%). Two individuals became infected during the 14-month observation period, documenting continuing virus spread in this community. To characterize the newly identified SIVcpz strains, partial and full-length viral sequences were amplified from fecal RNA of 10 infected chimpanzees. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Ugalla viruses formed a monophyletic lineage most closely related to viruses endemic in Gombe National Park, also located in Tanzania, indicating a connection between these now separated communities at some time in the past. These findings document that SIVcpz is more widespread in Tanzania than previously thought and that even very low-density chimpanzee populations can be infected with SIVcpz at high prevalence rates. Determining whether savanna chimpanzees, who face much more extreme environmental conditions than forest chimpanzees, are more susceptible to SIVcpz-associated morbidity and mortality will have important scientific and conservation implications.
Among the many lentiviruses known to infect Old World primates in sub-Saharan Africa, simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees (SIVcpz) is of particular interest because it is the immediate precursor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS (8, 16). However, SIVcpz is also an important pathogen in its own right, since it causes significant morbidity and mortality in its chimpanzee host (6, 15, 37). Recent natural history studies in Gombe National Park in western Tanzania showed that infected chimpanzees have a 10- to 16-fold increased risk of death compared to uninfected chimpanzees (15). SIVcpz-infected females were less likely to give birth and their infants had a much higher mortality rate than those of uninfected females (15). Most importantly, postmortem analyses showed that SIVcpz can cause CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion and histopathological findings consistent with end-stage AIDS (15). These results demonstrated that SIVcpz has a substantial negative impact on the health, reproduction, and life span of chimpanzees, a conclusion that was further substantiated by the identification of an SIVcpz-infected orphan chimpanzee in Cameroon, who suffered from progressive CD4+ T cell loss, severe thrombocytopenia, and clinical AIDS (6). Thus, current data indicate that SIVcpz infection may pose a significant threat to infected communities in the wild.
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are widely dispersed across sub-Saharan Africa and classified into four subspecies with nonoverlapping ranges (7, 9, 11). These include the western subspecies Pan troglodytes verus, the Nigeria-Cameroonian subspecies P. t. ellioti, the central subspecies P. t. troglodytes, and the eastern subspecies P. t. schweinfurthii. Thus far, SIVcpz infection has been documented only in members of the P. t. troglodytes and P. t. schweinfurthii subspecies (44). This is most likely because chimpanzees acquired SIV by cross-species transmission from monkeys on which they prey after the split of P. t. verus and P. t. ellioti from the other two subspecies. Indeed, phylogenetic analyses have shown that SIVcpz represents a complex mosaic, generated by recombination of two lineages of SIV infecting red-capped mangabeys and Cercopithecus monkey species (3). Since the current habitat of these species overlaps that of central chimpanzees, it is likely that SIVcpz first emerged in west central Africa and then spread eastward, either during or subsequent to the divergence of central and eastern chimpanzees.
Chimpanzees are highly endangered and reclusive, which precludes invasive testing of any kind (27). To screen wild-living populations for SIVcpz infection, our laboratory has developed diagnostic methods that detect virus-specific antibodies and nucleic acids in fecal and urine samples with high sensitivity and specificity (16, 41, 42). These noninvasive methods, combined with genotyping approaches for species confirmation and individual identification (5, 15, 37, 47, 50), have enabled analyses of wild-living chimpanzee populations throughout central Africa. Molecular epidemiological studies have shown that SIVcpz is endemic in both central and eastern chimpanzees, with virus-positive communities identified throughout their habitats (43, 44). Surprisingly, however, the distribution of SIVcpz in wild-living populations is uneven, with high prevalence rates (30% to 50%) in some communities and rare or absent infection in others (15, 16, 19, 37, 41, 49). While the reasons for this sporadic distribution remain to be determined, it is clear that the infection status of any one community cannot be predicted but has to be determined empirically.
The first wild chimpanzee with SIVcpz infection was identified in Gombe in 2000 (42). Since then, the resident Mitumba, Kasekela, and Kalande communities have been screened extensively, with most members tested biannually. These studies have revealed widespread SIVcpz infection, with prevalence rates of 13%, 12%, and 46% for the Mitumba, Kasekela, and Kalande communities, respectively (37). Behavioral and virological studies also showed that SIVcpz spreads primarily by sexual routes, with a probability of transmission per coital act of about 0.001, very similar to that for HIV-1-infected heterosexual humans (10, 37). The major route of virus spread between communities was found to occur via migration of infected females (37). Finally, demographic studies identified an association between SIVcpz prevalence and population size. The Kalande community, which consistently had the highest SIVcpz prevalence, suffered a catastrophic population decline, while the sizes of the Mitumba and Kasekela communities, which were infected at much lower levels, remained stable (37).
The finding of SIVcpz in Gombe prompted surveys of chimpanzee communities in other areas of East Africa (Fig. 1A). These included the Kanyawara and Ngogo communities in Kibale National Park in western Uganda, habituated chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest in northern Uganda, and members of the M group in Mahale Mountains National Park in western Tanzania (44). In addition, surveys were conducted in the Kyambura Gorge and the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in southern Uganda and the Nyungwe Forest Reserve in western Rwanda (unpublished data). Although over 500 fecal and urine samples were screened, none of these was positive for SIVcpz antibodies and/or nucleic acids. In contrast, SIVcpz was detected at multiple field sites throughout the Democratic Republic of the Congo (19, 43). These data suggested that chimpanzees at the easternmost limits of the P. t. schweinfurthii range were largely free of SIVcpz infection, possibly because of severely fragmented habitats and/or other biogeographical barriers that impeded virus spread and/or had caused its extinction. The presence of SIVcpz in Gombe thus seemed to represent an isolated occurrence, perhaps a remnant from a past dispersal, with no demonstrable linkages to other communities.
To examine whether the Gombe chimpanzees were indeed an exception, we surveyed apes in additional areas of Tanzania. Western Tanzania is home to an estimated 2,700 to 2,800 wild-living chimpanzees (26, 32), only about 25% of whom live in the protected areas of Gombe and Mahale Mountains (Fig. 1B). An estimated 2,600 live in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, which includes Mahale Mountains National Park and the regions of Masito and Ugalla. The latter areas encompass some of the most arid habitats in which chimpanzees have been found (Fig. 1C). Apes living in Masito and Ugalla have adapted to exceptional living conditions (Fig. 1D). Such "savanna chimpanzees" occupy much larger home ranges, live at 10- to 50-fold lower population densities, and face more extreme seasonal changes than forest chimpanzees (4, 23–25). Because of their challenging environment, savanna chimpanzees are also predicted to differ in aspects of their behavior and social structure from forest chimpanzees (24, 25). Finally, they are often used as a model system for the behavioral ecology of early hominids, who are believed to have evolved in similar habitats (24, 34). Here, we report the first survey of savanna chimpanzees for SIVcpz infection.
Study site.The Ugalla study area lies in the northeastern portion of the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, about 80 km inland from Lake Tanganyika, and includes the study sites of the Issa Valley and Shangwa River (Fig. 1B). Ugalla itself is a 3,300-km2 region of broad valleys broken up by steep mountains and flat hilltop plateaus 900 to 1,800 m in elevation. The boundaries of this area are (i) the Uvinza-Mpanda Road to the west, (ii) the Malagarasi River to the north, (iii) the Ugalla River to the east, and (iv) a decline in elevation to the south (Fig. 1B). Miombo woodland, named for the dominant tree genera of Brachystegia and Julbernardia, dominates the landscape, interspersed with grassland, riverine forest strips, and small patches of swamp. Only 1.7% of the region is evergreen forest, located principally in the thin riverine strips (Fig. 1C). There is a rainy season (October to April) and a dry season (May to September), with dry months defined as having less than 100 mm of rainfall. Rainfall averages less than 1,000 mm per annum (13), and temperatures range from 11 to 35°C.
Sample collection.Chimpanzees in the Ugalla area are not habituated. In the Issa Valley, they were tracked using an acoustic system that monitored nighttime vocalizations to identify the location of nesting sites (30). At the Shangwa River site, they were tracked by an experienced field assistant familiar with the area. Most fecal samples were collected early in the morning, after the chimpanzees had left their night nests. Samples were also collected during biweekly walked line transects or when encountered opportunistically. Fecal samples (∼10 to 20 g) were placed into 50-ml conical tubes and mixed with an equal volume of RNAlater (Ambion). Tubes were labeled with a sample code and the Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of the collection site. Samples were stored at ambient temperature until transported to the Jane Goodall Institute in Kigoma, Tanzania, where they were stored at −20°C. Samples were shipped to the University of Alabama at Birmingham at ambient temperature and stored at −80°C thereafter.
SIVcpz antibody detection.All fecal samples were screened for the presence of SIVcpz-specific antibodies using an enhanced chemiluminescence Western blot approach as previously reported (15, 16, 41). Sample integrity was confirmed using an IgG control.
Viral RNA extraction and amplification.Fecal RNA was extracted from SIVcpz antibody-positive samples using an RNAqueous Midi Kit (Ambion) and subjected to reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification using SIVcpz-specific pol, gp41, and gp41/nef consensus primers as previously described (15, 16, 37, 41, 42). All amplicons were gel purified and sequenced directly.
Individual identification.All samples were subjected to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite analyses to confirm their species origin and determine the number of sampled individuals. Fecal DNA was extracted as described previously (15, 16, 37, 41, 42). A 419-bp fragment of the mitochondrial D-loop region was amplified, sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis (39) to identify distinct mitochondrial haplotypes (see Fig. S1 in the supplemental material). All samples were genotyped at eight autosomal microsatellite loci (5, 15, 16, 37, 50), with amplification products analyzed on an automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems) and sized using the GeneMapper, version 4.0, program (Applied Biosystems). For individual identification, samples were first grouped by mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. Within each haplotype, samples were then grouped by microsatellite genotypes at eight loci (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). Due to the prolonged storage at ambient temperatures, we suspected partial sample degradation. To guard for potential allelic dropout, we thus allowed allelic mismatches at up to four loci, but only if they represented a missing allele. This genotyping approach is rather conservative and may have resulted in an underestimation of the number of individuals screened. Gender was determined by amplifying a region of the amelogenin gene that contains a 6-bp insertion in the Y chromosome but not the X chromosome. Samples with evidence of DNA admixture (multiple peaks for the same locus or double peaks in the mtDNA sequence) were discarded.
SIVcpz prevalence determination.The prevalence of SIVcpz infection was estimated on the basis of the proportion of infected individuals determined by microsatellite analyses. For each chimpanzee, the probability that it would be detected as being infected, if it was truly infected, was calculated by taking into consideration the number of specimens analyzed as well as the sensitivity of the fecal antibody detection test, previously estimated to be 0.92 (16). SIVcpz prevalence was then estimated as the proportion of chimpanzees identified to be infected, but corrected for this sensitivity; 95% confidence limits were calculated on the basis of binomial sampling.
Full-length genome amplification.Full-length SIVcpz sequences were generated by amplifying partially overlapping subgenomic fragments from fecal RNA as described previously (40, 47, 48). Amplicons were gel purified and sequenced directly. Chromatograms were examined for positions of base mixtures using the Sequencher (version 4.7) program (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI). Nucleotide differences between adjoining fragments in regions of sequence overlap were recorded. Ambiguous sites were resolved as previously reported (48). Briefly, for positions that did not affect the corresponding amino acid, the predominant nucleotide (the one with the highest amplitude in the sequence chromatogram or the most frequent nucleotide in repeat sequencing reactions) was chosen. For positions that affected the corresponding amino acid, the base that encoded the more common amino acid residue in alignments of existing SIVcpz and HIV-1 protein sequences was selected. In the absence of an apparent common amino acid (e.g., in hypervariable protein regions), the nucleotide with the highest amplitude in the sequence chromatograms was selected. Using these criteria, all ambiguous sites were resolved, except for two positions in the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of UG31.
Distance plots.Distance plots comparing the newly derived SIVcpzUG38, SIVcpzUG31, and SIVcpzTAN5 sequences to each other and to the SIVcpzANT reference strain were generated using SimPlot (version 3.5.1) software (21). Pairwise distance values were calculated for a window of 300 bp moved in 20-base increments along the alignment. Regions that could not be unambiguously aligned were removed from the analysis.
Phylogenetic analyses.Partial pol (HXB2 coordinates 4107 to 4775) and gp41/nef (8358 to 9054) sequences from the newly characterized Ugalla viruses were aligned to P. t. schweinfurthii SIVcpz (SIVcpzPts) reference sequences from Gombe and the Democratic Republic of the Congo by using the CLUSTAL W program (18). GenBank accession numbers are as indicated for the following SIVcpzPts strains: ANT, U42720; TAN1, AF447763; TAN2, DQ374657; TAN3, DQ374658; TAN5, FJ895394 and FJ895382; TAN6, FJ895395 and FJ895383; TAN8, FJ895403 and FJ895389; TAN9, FJ895405; TAN10, FJ895398 and FJ895386; TAN11, FJ895399 and FJ895387; TAN12, FJ895400 and FJ895388; TAN13, FJ895393 and FJ895381; TAN14, FJ895397 and FJ895385; TAN15, FJ895404; TAN16, FJ895384; TAN18, FJ895396; TAN19, FJ895402; TAN20, FJ895401 and FJ895390; TAN21, FJ895392. Regions of the sequences that could not be unambiguously aligned were removed from further analyses. For SIVcpzUG38, SIVcpzUG31, and SIVcpzTAN5, deduced Gag, Pol, Vif, and Env sequences were aligned with the corresponding protein sequences in HIV-1, P. t. troglodytes SIVcpz (SIVcpzPtt), and SIVcpzPts reference strains (GenBank accession numbers for HIV-1 strains were K03455 for group M HXB2, AJ006022 for group N YBF30, L20587 for group O ANT70, and GU1115555 for group P RB168; GenBank accession numbers for SIVcpzPtt strains were X52154 for GAB1, AF115393 for CAM3, AJ271369 for CAM5, AY169968 for CAM13, AF103818 for US, DQ373063 for MB66, DQ373064 for LB7, DQ373065 EK505, and DQ373066 for MT145; and the GenBank accession number for SIV gorilla [SIVgor] strain CP684 was FJ424871). Gag/Pol and Pol/Vif protein overlaps were removed from the N and C termini of the deduced Pol protein sequences. In addition, the concatenated Pol and Vif alignment was divided into two regions around a previously reported recombination breakpoint between the SIVcpzCAM3/CAM5/US and HIV-1 group N lineages (8, 45). Appropriate evolutionary models for phylogenetic analyses were selected using the ModelTest (33) and ProtTest (1) programs. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood (12) and Bayesian (36) methods, the latter with a 25% burn-in and using as a convergence criterion an average standard deviation of partition frequencies of <0.01.
Demographics of study population.To examine whether the chimpanzees of Gombe were the only apes in Tanzania with endemic SIVcpz infection, we conducted a noninvasive survey of savanna chimpanzees in the Ugalla region approximately 135 km to the south of Gombe (Fig. 1B). Fecal specimens were collected between February 2009 and March 2010 at two locations: 375 samples were obtained in an 85-km2 area of the Issa Valley, while an additional 6 samples were collected at a single site near the Shangwa River approximately 20 km southwest of the Issa Valley base camp (Fig. 1B). To estimate the number of sampled individuals, fecal samples were subjected to mitochondrial and microsatellite analyses. Of 381 samples, 44 (43 from the Issa Valley site and 1 from the Shangwa River site) were not usable because they either were not of chimpanzee origin (n = 2), represented fecal admixtures (n = 23), or were too degraded for further analysis (n = 19). The remaining 337 fecal samples were genotyped at eight microsatellite loci, which identified a total of 72 individuals, 67 in the Issa Valley and 5 at the Shangwa River site (Table 1; see Table S1 in the supplemental material). It should be noted that this represents a minimum estimate, since up to four allelic mismatches were permitted to exclude possible allelic dropout due to specimen degradation.
Members of individual chimpanzee communities range together over a circumscribed geographic area, usually traveling in small temporary parties. Since many of the Issa Valley chimpanzees were sampled on more than one occasion (range, 1 to 13), their movement in space and time could be examined. These analyses documented associations among 64 of the 67 individuals, indicating that they shared the same social network as well as habitat. The remaining three, who were sampled only once, lacked such association but were identified in the same geographic area. It is thus likely that all 67 Issa Valley chimpanzees, including 31 females, 27 males, and 9 individuals whose sex could not be determined, comprised members of a single community. In contrast, the four males and one female sampled at the Shangwa River site did not share any co-nesting associations with the Issa Valley chimpanzees and thus do not seem to belong to the Issa Valley community (see Table S1 in the supplemental material).
Chimpanzee population density and home range in Ugalla.Chimpanzees build nightly sleeping nests, and together with estimates of sighting distances, nest decay rates, the proportion of nests reused, and the proportion of infants (who do not build independent nests), the resulting counts can be used to generate estimates of population density (17, 31). Previous nest surveys using these methods within the Issa Valley study area of 85 km2 yielded a density estimate of 0.14 individual/km2, but surveys of nearby areas yielded estimates as low as 0.03/km2 (28). When the size of a community is known, an estimate of home-range size can be obtained by the reciprocal of the population density; e.g., at a density of 0.14 individual/km2 in Issa Valley, a community of 67 (see above) would occupy a minimum range of 478 km2, assuming no overlap in nesting areas with neighboring communities. In reality, calculating home-range sizes from nest-based densities underestimates the actual home range because (i) nesting areas may overlap and (ii) individuals may make excursions during the day and then return toward the center of their range to sleep.
High prevalence of SIVcpz infection in Ugalla.To determine whether the chimpanzees of Ugalla were SIVcpz infected, we tested all genotyped fecal samples for the presence of antibodies using a highly sensitive and specific Western blot approach (16). None of the five Shangwa River site samples were SIVcpz positive (Table 1; see Table S1 in the supplemental material); however, 96 fecal specimens from 21 Issa Valley chimpanzees exhibited clear evidence of SIVcpz infection (Fig. 2). Importantly, 14 of these individuals were sampled on more than one occasion, and except for two newly infected apes (see below), all specimens were fecal antibody positive, consistent with the fact that SIVcpz causes a persistent life-long infection. Thus, the prevalence of SIVcpz infection in the Issa Valley community was 31%, with 95% confidence limits ranging from 21% to 44%. Combining the individual test sensitivity (0.92) with the number of repeat samples per chimpanzee (from 1 to 13) increased the average overall sensitivity to 0.98, which raised the prevalence estimate only marginally, to 32%. There was no evidence of SIVcpz infection at the Shangwa River site; however, because only five chimpanzees were sampled there only once, the prevalence at the Shangwa River site may not really be different from that for Issa Valley, especially since the five chimpanzees likely represent only a subset of a larger community. Thus, the possibility of SIVcpz infection in the Sangwa River area cannot be excluded.
Continuing spread of SIVcpz in Ugalla.Repeat sampling of a subset of individuals also provided an opportunity to look for incident infections. This analysis identified two chimpanzees, one male (Ch-03) and one female (Ch-64), who became newly infected over the 14-month observation period (Table 2). Ch-03 was negative for SIVcpz infection on two occasions in November 2009; however, a sample taken 3 months later was both antibody and viral RNA positive. Samples from two subsequent time points were also antibody and/or viral RNA positive. Similarly, Ch-64 was SIVcpz negative in March 2009, but a sample taken 3 months later was antibody and viral RNA positive. Samples obtained at six subsequent time points were also antibody positive (Tables 2; see Table S1 in the supplemental material). Since each of these two individuals had at least two early negative samples, the chance of misdiagnosis due to false-negative testing is less than 1%. Interestingly, Ch-03 and Ch-64 were infected with nearly identical viruses (see below). This suggests either that one transmitted SIVcpz to the other or that both became infected from a common source. Irrespective of the circumstances, the finding of two incident infections within a 14-month time frame indicates that SIVcpz continues to spread in the Ugalla area.
Phylogeography of Ugalla SIVcpz.To characterize the newly identified SIVcpz infections, we used consensus primers to amplify subgenomic pol and gp41/nef viral fragments (15, 16, 37, 41). Using all available samples as well as up to eight different RT-PCR attempts, we were able to detect SIVcpz sequences in 10 of the 21 infected individuals. Amplified regions included 231 to 669 bp of pol, 239 to 278 bp of gp41, and 545 to 791 bp of gp41/nef (Table 1; see Table S1 in the supplemental material). Our failure to amplify viral RNA from the remaining 11 infected individuals was most likely caused by viral RNA degradation due to extended sample storage at ambient temperatures.
To determine the evolutionary relationships of the Ugalla viruses to each other and to previously characterized SIVcpz strains, we constructed phylogenetic trees from subgenomic gp41/nef and pol sequences (Fig. 3). These analyses showed that all 10 Ugalla viruses clustered together, forming a monophyletic lineage within the clade of SIVcpz from P. t. schweinfurthii apes (SIVcpzPts). The closest relatives of the Ugalla viruses were SIVcpz strains from Gombe National Park (Fig. 1B). As shown in Fig. 3, all Ugalla viruses fell within the radiation of Gombe SIVcpz, forming a sister clade to the main Gombe group. Interestingly, one Gombe virus (SIVcpzTAN13) previously identified in a young female who was first observed in Gombe in 1993 and is believed to be the daughter of an immigrant (37) formed an outgroup to both the Ugalla and the main Gombe clades. This divergent lineage, which was observed in both pol and gp41/nef trees, may thus represent an independent introduction of SIVcpz into Gombe, suggesting that some (or all) of the Ugalla and Gombe lineages originated in chimpanzee communities that have not yet been identified or may no longer exist. Alternatively, SIVcpz may have been introduced into Gombe a long time ago, and the Ugalla lineage could have originated there. Although current data are not sufficient to trace the origin of either the Gombe or Ugalla viruses, they indicate that these now separated communities must have been connected, either directly or indirectly, at some point in the past.
Analysis of Ugalla SIVcpz genomes.To examine the evolutionary relationship of the Ugalla viruses over the entire length of their genomes, we amplified one full-length (UG38) and one partial (UG31) SIVcpz strain from fecal samples with high RNA loads (Fig. 4A). In addition, we amplified the genome of SIVcpzTAN5, a Gombe virus representing a lineage not previously characterized. Fecal RNA was extracted and subjected to RT-PCR analysis using consensus as well as strain-specific primers. For UG38 and TAN5, this approach yielded 10 to 11 partially overlapping fragments, which in each case spanned the entire proviral genome (Fig. 4A). Amplification of UG31 was more difficult. Despite repeated RT-PCR attempts, only seven fragments spanning parts of gag, pol, and the accessory gene region could be amplified (Fig. 4A). All amplicons were sequenced directly and concatenated to generate fecal consensus sequences. As expected, these contained a limited number of ambiguous sites, which were resolved as previously described (48).
The concatenated sequences of UG38, UG31, and TAN5 were 9,283 bp, 5,783 bp, and 9,893 bp in length, respectively, and all viral genes within these sequences contained intact open reading frames. The new sequences allowed us to examine previously identified SIVcpzPts signatures (40). Both Ugalla viruses and TAN5 contained insertions of 4 to 5 amino acids (aa) within the conserved PPLP domain at the C terminus of Vif. Moreover, their Vpr proteins were 89 to 90 amino acids in length and, thus, about 10 residues shorter than the Vpr proteins typically found in SIVcpz from central chimpanzees (SIVcpzPtt). Finally, UG38, UG31, and TAN5 contained a 5-amino-acid deletion in the C terminus of Nef and an 8- to 11-amino acid insertion in the ectodomain of gp41 compared to SIVcpzPtt strains. Thus, the newly sequenced Ugalla viruses as well as TAN5 contained signatures typical of SIVcpzPts strains (40).
To determine the relationships of UG38, UG31, and TAN5 to other SIVcpz strains, we performed distance and phylogenetic tree analyses. Figure 4B illustrates the distances between UG38 and each of UG31, TAN5, and ANT (the first described SIVcpzPts strain) across the length of their genomes. As expected, UG38 and UG31 were most similar in all genomic regions, while TAN5 and, in particular, ANT were more distant. We also constructed trees from Gag (420 aa), N-terminal Pol (630 aa), C-terminal Pol/Vif (453 aa), and Env (729 aa) protein sequences (Fig. 5). These analyses confirmed the relationships derived from the partial pol and gp41/nef sequences and revealed no evidence for recombination between the major SIVcpzPts lineages. Thus, the available Ugalla and Gombe viruses exhibited phylogeographic clustering, forming two sister clades within the SIVcpzPts radiation.
Studies of SIVcpz in Tanzania began in 2000, when infection was first identified in Gombe National Park (42). This discovery prompted surveys of other chimpanzee communities in East Africa, including the M group in Mahale (Fig. 1B), none of which uncovered additional infections (44). In contrast, surveys of wild apes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo revealed SIVcpz infection at multiple different field sites (19, 43). Thus, the presence of SIVcpz in Gombe seemed to represent an isolated case, possibly the remnant of a previously more widespread infection that had largely gone extinct. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a survey in the Masito-Ugalla region of the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, which comprises one of the largest remaining chimpanzee habitats in western Tanzania. There were two reasons for selecting this particular area. First, we wished to test populations that were less geographically confined than those in Gombe and Mahale Mountains National Parks (22, 25, 26, 32). Second, we were intrigued by the ecology of savanna chimpanzees, which provided an opportunity to study a low-density ape population. Testing fecal samples from just two collection sites yielded a number of unexpected results. First, we found that the 67 Issa Valley chimpanzees all shared the same home range, indicating a community size much larger than that of other known savanna chimpanzees (4, 34, 46). Second, we discovered SIVcpz infection among these apes, indicating that there was, in fact, a second area of SIVcpz endemicity in Tanzania. Third, we found that 21 of 67 savanna chimpanzees were infected, indicating that even low-density ape populations can harbor SIVcpz at high prevalence rates. Finally, we documented two incident SIVcpz infections in Issa Valley, indicating ongoing virus spread among chimpanzees in this area.
Nearly one-third of chimpanzees sampled within an 85-km2 area of the Issa Valley harbored SIVcpz. This rate of infection is at the upper end of prevalence rates previously determined for wild-living populations (16, 19, 37, 41, 49), with only the Kalande community in Gombe consistently exhibiting a larger proportion of infected individuals (37, 41). Previous surveys estimated the population density of chimpanzees in the Ugalla region to be 0.08 individual/km2, with a slightly higher density in the Issa Valley (0.14 individual/km2) (26). Thus, these savanna chimpanzees live at 20- to 50-fold lower population densities than the forest chimpanzees in Gombe and Mahale (25). For SIVcpz to be able to spread and persist in a population, the basic reproductive number, R0, must be greater than 1. For sexually transmitted diseases, R0 is the product of the transmission probability per partnership (β), the rate of partner change (c), and the duration of infectiousness (D), i.e., R0 = βcD (for a review, see reference 2). Although population density does not directly factor into this equation, it might be expected to influence the number of sexual contacts and partner turnover. In fact, a recent study in beetles demonstrated that the spread of a sexually transmitted disease (a parasitic mite) was more dependent on the population density of infected individuals than their proportion within the population (38). Importantly, our data indicate that the low population density in Ugalla has not impeded the spread of SIVcpz among these savanna chimpanzees.
The finding of 67 individuals within the Issa Valley study area, 64 of whom were interconnected by joint nesting episodes or diurnal associations, was surprising. Other known savanna chimpanzee communities are either much smaller (28 to 35 individuals) (4, 34) or from sites with appreciably greater population densities (0.2 to 0.7/km2) (14, 46). The significance of such a large community (a minimum of 67 individuals) living at such a low density (less than 0.14 individual/km2) is that the implied home range is enormous, i.e., greater than 478 km2, which is nearly twice the size of the largest similarly estimated home range published to date (4). Such a vast home range would be expected to have major consequences for within- and between-community social behaviors, including those affecting SIVcpz transmission (24, 25). Nonetheless, the high SIVcpz prevalence implies that the number of contacts between different community members is similar to that of forest chimpanzees. Additional research will be necessary to resolve this seeming paradox.
Molecular characterization of the newly identified viruses revealed a close genetic relationship of Ugalla and Gombe viruses (Fig. 3 and 5). Viruses from each community formed well-defined lineages in phylogenetic trees, with one Gombe strain outflanking both the main Gombe and Ugalla clades (Fig. 3). The SIVcpz strains from Gombe and Ugalla share a recent common ancestor, but the historical links between these communities are unclear. Since the 1940s, human settlements and deforestation have significantly reduced chimpanzee habitat between Gombe and Ugalla (35), and the original distribution of chimpanzees in this area is not known. The Malagarasi River forms the northern border of the Ugalla region and could represent a biogeographic barrier. Only two isolated chimpanzee communities occur between Gombe and this river, i.e., Kwitanga 15 km east of Gombe and Lilanshimba on the north side of the Malagarasi (Fig. 1B) (29, 35). Our finding of related viruses in Gombe and Ugalla thus suggests either that chimpanzees were previously able to cross the Malagarasi River or that SIVcpz was introduced into Gombe and Ugalla from the west shore of Lake Tanganyika by two separate routes, i.e., from the north through Burundi to Gombe and from the south through Zambia to the Mahale/Masito/Ugalla ecosystem. Among these, the former explanation seems more likely.
Land surveys between Mahale and Ugalla have provided ample evidence for the presence of chimpanzees, suggesting that large parts of this vast area are suitable chimpanzee habitats (Fig. 1B). Although human encroachment, including the Mishamo Refugee Settlement (measuring 55 km by 23 km) between Mahale and Ugalla, may hinder chimpanzee movement, no major geographical barriers exist that would prevent virus spread within the Mahale and Ugalla region. We have previously failed to detect SIVcpz in Mahale Mountains National Park, but our study was limited to only 20 individuals from one particular community (44). The Greater Mahale Ecosystem—which includes Ugalla—is believed to provide habitat for approximately 2,600 chimpanzees (26). It will thus be critical to determine to what extent SIVcpz has penetrated this population. In this context, the pathogenic potential of SIVcpz has to be considered. While chimpanzee density in Ugalla does not seem to have changed much since the 1960s (26), data from the Kalande community in Gombe would suggest that the impact of SIVcpz on chimpanzee population growth has a considerable lag time (37). It is thus possible that any detrimental effect of SIVcpz on these savanna chimpanzees may have not yet manifested itself.
In summary, we report here that SIVcpz infection in Tanzania is more widespread than previously appreciated. We also provide evidence that a large number of some of the most endangered, yet largely unstudied, ape populations in Tanzania are at risk of SIVcpz infection. Given the value of these communities to different disciplines, it will be critical to determine whether and to what extent other savanna chimpanzees across western Tanzania harbor SIVcpz, in order to be able to gauge what impact this infection might have on their long-term survival.
We thank Shadrack Lucas, Busoti Juma, Ndai Sammwely, Abdalla Kanimba, Halufani Mulalelwa, Abdallah Moshi, and Moshi Rajabu for field assistance and collecting fecal samples from wild chimpanzees; Iddi Lipende and Anthony Collins for logistical support; the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology and the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute for permission to conduct research in Ugalla; Joel Robertson, Matthias Kraus, and Maria Salazar for technical assistance; James Holland Jones for helpful discussions; and Jamie C. White for artwork and manuscript preparation.
This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 AI50529, R01 AI58715), the UAB Center for AIDS Research (P30 AI 27767), the National Science Foundation (DDIG), the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation, the Department of Anthropology at the University of Texas at San Antonio, the Ruggles-Gates Fund for Biological Anthropology, the University of California in San Diego (UCSD COR), the Carnegie Trust for Universities of Scotland, the Harold Hyam Wingate Foundation, the L. S. B. Leakey Foundation, the International Primatological Society, and the Wenner Gren Foundation. R.S.R. was funded by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Med-into-Grad Fellowship.
- Received 21 June 2011.
- Accepted 13 July 2011.
- Accepted manuscript posted online 20 July 2011.
- ↵* Corresponding author. Present address: University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 409 Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6060. Phone: (215) 746-8512. Fax: (215) 573-8976. E-mail: bhahn{at}upenn.edu.
↵‡ Present address: Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6060.
† Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.05475-11.
- Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.


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moreA fascinating story of the goldfields - the hardships, injustices, and triumphs of the human spirit. In the mid-1850s, Australia is in the grips of Gold Fever. Muji and her older brother Dong-il, two Korean children, who have been abducted from their homeland, are working on the goldfields to save for a passage home. Sam and his father, Mister Bill, are also trying their luck on the goldfields in order to create a better life for their family. Both parties are eking out a living and then disaster strikes ... In the stealth of night, a group of men raid the celestial camp destroying everything. Sam and his father, who have been visiting the camp of Muji and Dong-il on the night of the raid fall victims to their fellow Europeans' hostility. Sam is appalled with this behaviour and helps Muji and Dong-il to safety, but he wants to do more. It is the puppy, Ah-Poo, that comes to everyone's rescue when gold dust is discovered in his fur. Sam must race to find his two friends, who have left the goldfields and convince them to come back and stake a claim. He must also convince his father that unity between the Celestials and Europeans is possible, if not for all, at least for them. less
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176 pages; ISBN 9780730444411
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Title: The Goldseekers
Author: Greg Bastian
176 pages; ISBN 9780730444411
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October 9, 2017 · 0 Comments
By Jake Courtepatte
The Caledon Golden Hawks regained their scoring touch in Saturday's match with the Orillia Terriers, reaching double digits five days after a lopsided loss to the Alliston Hornets.
Each team entering the game with one win under their belt in the early stages of the Provincial Junior Hockey League season, Caledon tamed the Terriers in a 12-1 drubbing.
Matt Magliozzi and Mathiau Young were the top earners for Caledon that evening, each putting up a hat trick and two assists for five-point nights.
Magliozzi, whose hat trick was completed just three minutes into the second period, has moved up the rankings to fourth in division-leading scoring, the only non-Alliston or Stayner player inside of the top 10.
Young, a first-year Golden Hawk and former Pelham Panther of the GOJHL, moved up to a tie for second in the league in goals.
Marc Simonetta, Sean Nottle, Steve Luongo and James Harris also had multi-point efforts against the Terriers, while 17-year old Brody Read secured the victory in stopping 22 of the 23 shots he faced.
Back on the ice the following day, Sunday's match featured an inter-divisional clash between the Hawks and the Wingham Ironmen.
Heavyweights of the PJHL's Pollock division, the Ironmen came out flying after allowing Caledon to strike first just over a minute in, scoring three unanswered goals after a little more than a minute of play to take a 3-1 lead into the first intermission.
Tyler Whitten and Magliozzi each potted a goal in the second, though Wingham capitalized with one of their own for a 4-3 score after 40 minutes.
After Wingham took a two-goal lead five minutes into the third, Nottle brought it back within reach just before the halfway point of the period. Michael Andrews tied the game with just less than three minutes to go.
Though Caledon was given a glorious opportunity to put it away in regulation time, during a power play to close out the game, it would eventually go to overtime, where Wingham was able to beat Michael Kazcor just more than a minute in.
A three-point weekend launches Caledon into fourth place in the PJHL's Carruthers division standings, one point back of the Midland Flyers with a record of 2-4-1, though they are light-years behind both Alliston and the Stayner Siskins.
The two perennial powerhouses have started their seasons as they left off at the end of 2016-17, sharing one loss between them through the first seven games.
Caledon will look to keep the momentum going tomorrow (Friday) when they visit the 3-2-0 Flyers, before hosting the winless Huntsville Otters at Caledon East Sunday.
Puck drop is set for 7 p.m.
For stats, schedules and more information, visit www.jrcgoldenhawks.pointstreaksites.com
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