text: Diabetes, GeneralEn Español (Spanish Version)Related TermsDiabetes, PreventionDiabetes, Nutritional DepletionPrincipal Proposed Natural TreatmentsBlood Sugar Control:Aloe; Chromium (Alone or With Biotin) ; GinsengTo Correct Nutritional Deficiencies:Calcium; Magnesium; Manganese; Taurine; Vitamin B12; Vitamin C; ZincComplications of Diabetes:See associated articleOther Proposed Natural TreatmentsBlood Sugar Control:Arginine; Ayurvedic Combination Herbal Therapies; Berberine ( Goldenseal) ; Black Tea; Biotin; Bitter Melon; Caiapo; Carnitine; Cayenne; Cinnamon; Cod Protein; Coenzyme Q10(CoQ10); Coccinia indica; DHEA; Fenugreek; Garlic; Genistein; Ginger; Glucomannan; Green Tea; Guggul; Gymnema; Holy Basil; Lipoic Acid; Magnesium; Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCTs); Melatonin; Milk Thistle; Niacinamide; Nopal Cactus; Onion; Ooolong Tea; Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPCs); Pterocarpus; Qigong; Sage Leaf Extract; Salacia oblonga; Salvia Hispanica; Salt Bush; Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine; Vanadium; Vitamin E; ZincTreatments to Use Only With CautionCLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid); Ginkgo; Rosemary; SeleniumPrincipal Proposed Natural TreatmentsTreatments for Improving Blood Sugar ControlTreating Nutritional Deficiencies in DiabetesPreventing DiabetesSupplements to Use with CautionReferencesDiabetes has two forms. In the type that develops early in childhood (type 1), the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas are destroyed (probably by a viral infection), and blood levels of insulin drop nearly to zero. However, in type 2 diabetes (usually developing in adults) insulin remains plentiful, but the body does not respond normally to it. (This is only an approximate description of the difference between the two types.) In both forms of diabetes, blood sugar reaches toxic levels, causing injury to many organs and tissues. Conventional treatment for type 1 diabetes includes insulin injections and careful dietary monitoring. Type 2 diabetes may respond to lifestyle changes alone, such as increasing exercise, losing weight, and improving diet. Various oral medications are also often effective for type 2 diabetes, although insulin injections may be necessary in some cases. Principal Proposed Natural TreatmentsSeveral alternative methods may be helpful when used under medical supervision as an addition to standard treatment. They may help stabilize, reduce, or eliminate medication requirements; or correct nutritional deficiencies associated with diabetes. However, because diabetes is a dangerous disease with many potential complications, alternative treatment for diabetes should not be attempted as a substitute for conventional medical care. Other natural treatments may be helpful for preventing and treating complications of diabetes, such as peripheral neuropathy, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, retinopathy, and cataracts. See the article on Complications of Diabetes for more information. The following treatments might be able to improve blood sugar control in type 1 and/or type 2 diabetes. However, for none of these is the evidence strong. One point to keep in mind is that the mere fact of joining a study tends to improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes, even before any treatment is begun! 219 Presumably, the experience of being enrolled in a trial causes participants to watch their diet more closely. This serves to indicate, however, that for diabetes, as for all conditions, use of double-blind, placebo-controlled method is essential. Only if the proposed treatment proves more effective than placebo can it be considered to work in its own right. Another point to keep in mind is this: If any natural treatment for diabetes actually works, you will need to reduce your medications to avoid hypoglycemia. For this reason, medical supervision is essential.Chromium is an essential trace mineral that plays a significant role in sugar metabolism. Some evidence suggests that chromium supplementation may help bring blood sugar levels under control in type 2 diabetes, but it is far from definitive. A 4-month study reported in 1997 followed 180 Chinese men and women with type 2 diabetes, comparing the effects of 1,000 mcg chromium, 200 mcg chromium, and placebo.1 The results showed that HbA1c values (a measure of long-term blood sugar control) improved significantly after 2 months in the group receiving 1,000 mcg, and in both chromium groups after 4 months. Fasting glucose (a measure of short-term blood sugar control) was also lower in the group taking the higher dose of chromium. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 78 people with type 2 diabetes compared two forms of chromium (brewer's yeast and chromium chloride) against placebo.2 This rather complex crossover study consisted of four 8-week intervals of treatment in random order. The results in the 67 participants who completed the study showed that both forms of chromium significantly improved blood sugar control. Positive results were also seen in other small double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of people with type 2 diabetes.139,148,180,182 However, several other studies have failed to find chromium helpful for improving blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes.4-5,169, 201 These contradictory findings suggest that the benefit, if it really exists, is small. A combination of chromium and biotin might be more effective. Following positive results in a small pilot trial,200 researchers conducted a double-blind study of 447 people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.209 Half the participants were given placebo and the rest were given a combination of 600 mg chromium (as chromium picolinate) along with 2 mg of biotin daily. All participants continued to receive standard oral medications for diabetes. Over the 90-day study period, participants given the chromium/biotin combination showed significantly better glucose regulation than those given placebo. The relative benefit was clear in levels of fasting glucose as well as in HgA1c. One placebo-controlled study of 30 women with gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) found that supplementation with chromium (at a dosage of 4 or 8 mcg chromium picolinate for each kilogram of body weight) significantly improved blood sugar control.6 Chromium has also shown a bit of promise for helping diabetes caused by corticosteroid treatment.7,8 For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Chromium article. In double-blind studies performed by a single research group, use of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) appeared to improve blood sugar control.18,19 In some but not all studies, the same researchers subsequently reported possible benefit with Korean red ginseng, a specially prepared form of Panax ginseng.150, 170,183 A different research group found benefits with ordinary Panax ginseng.17 However, in other studies (conducted by the research group mentioned in the previous paragraph), ordinary Panax ginseng seemed to worsen blood sugar control rather than improve it.149,171 Yet another group found potential benefit.195 It seems possible that certain ginsenosides (found in high concentrations in some American ginseng products) may lower blood sugar while others (found in high concentration in some Panax ginseng products) may raise it. It has been suggested that since the actions of these various ginseng constituents are not well defined at this time, ginseng should not be used to treat diabetes until more is known.172 For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Ginseng article. The succulent aloe plant has been valued since prehistoric times as a topical treatment for burns, wound infections, and other skin problems. However, recent evidence suggests that oral aloe might be useful for type 2 diabetes.Evidence from two human trials suggests that aloe gel can improve blood sugar control. A single-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the potential benefits of aloe in either 72 or 40 people with diabetes. (The study report appears to contradict itself).21 The results showed significantly greater improvements in blood sugar levels among those given aloe over the 2-week treatment period. Another single-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the benefits of aloe in people who had failed to respond to the oral diabetes drug glibenclamide.22 Of the 36 people who completed the study, those taking glibenclamide and aloe showed definite improvements in blood sugar levels over 42 days as compared to those taking glibenclamide and placebo. While these are promising results, large studies that are double- rather than single-blind will be needed to establish aloe as an effective treatment for improving blood sugar control. Note that in the above we are referring to the gel of the aloe vera plant, and not the leaf skin (the latter is drug aloe, not aloe gel). However, some confusion has been introduced by the fact that some leaf skin may find its way into gel products, and that could be the actual active ingredient in aloe gel regarding diabetes.23,24 It is possible, therefore, that completely pure aloe gel might not work! For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Aloe article. Cinnamon has been widely advertised as an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes as well as high cholesterol. The primary basis for this claim is a single study performed in Pakistan.153 In this 40-day study, 60 people with type 2 diabetes were given cinnamon at a dose of 1, 3, or 6 g daily. The results reportedly indicated that use of cinnamon improved blood sugar levels by 18% to 29%, total cholesterol by 12% to 26%, LDL ("bad") cholesterol by 7% to 27%, and triglycerides by 23% to 30%. These results were said to be statistically significant as compared to the beginning of the study and to the placebo group. However, this study has some odd features. The most important is that it found no significant difference in benefit between the various doses of cinnamon. This is called lack of a "dose-related effect," and it generally casts doubt on the results of a study. In an attempt to replicate these results, a group of Dutch researchers performed a carefully designed 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 25 people with type 2 diabetes.173 All participants were given 1.5 g of cinnamon daily. The results failed to show any detectable effect on blood sugar, insulin sensitivity, or cholesterol profile. Furthermore, a double-blind study performed in Thailand enrolling 60 people, again using 1.5 g of cinnamon daily, also failed to find benefit.218 On the other hand, a double-blind trail of 79 people that used 3 g instead of 1.5 g daily did find that cinnamon improved blood sugar levels.174 And, a randomized trial involving 58 people with type 2 diabetes also concluded that 2 g of cinnamon daily reduced HbA1c levels (a measurement of blood sugar levels over time), as well as high blood pressure.235 In addition, a very small study evaluated cinnamon for improving blood sugar control in women with polycystic ovary disease, and it too found evidence of benefit.205 Regarding type 1 diabetes, a study of 72 adolescents failed to find benefit with cinnamon taken at a dose of 1 g daily.204 A meta-analysis (formal statistical review) of all published evidence concluded that, thus far, cinnamon has not yet been shown to have any effect on blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.222 Systematic reviews and meta analysis can sometimes clarify the existence of benefits, but two systematic reviews published in 2012 and 2013 only provided conflicting results. The first review included a meta-analysis of 10 randomized trials with 577 patients who were given an average dose of 2 g of cinnamon per day for 4-16 weeks. The use of cinnamon was not associated with differences in blood glucose, HbA1c, or insulin levels when compared to placebo or usual care. However, most trials in this review had a moderate or high risk of bias, which affect the reliability of the results.242 The second review included 10 randomized trials with 543 patients who were given doses of cinnamon ranging from 0.12 g to 6 g. Those taking cinnamon showed significant decreases in blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels when compared to placebo or no treatment. Although, there was no difference in HbA1c levels between the groups. Unfortunately, there was a wide variation in dosing and length of treatments in the included trials which makes it impossible to determine an ideal dosage for treatment.243The bottom line: The evidence regarding cinnamon as a treatment for diabetes is highly inconsistent, suggesting that if cinnamon is indeed effective, the dosage is very unclear and its benefits may be minimal at most. For more information, see the full cinnamon article. The food spice fenugreek might also help control blood sugar, but the supporting evidence is weak. In a 2-month, double-blind study of 25 people with type 2 diabetes, use of fenugreek (1 g daily of a standardized extract) significantly improved some measures of blood sugar control and insulin response as compared to placebo.9 Triglyceride levels decreased and HDL ("good") cholesterol levels increased, presumably due to the enhanced insulin sensitivity. Similar benefits have been seen in animal studies and open human trials as well.10-12 However, it is possible that the effects of fenugreek are simply due to its dietary fiber content. Ayurveda, the ancient healing system of India, has been studied for its potential effect on blood sugar control.13-16 The Ayurvedic herb gymnema may be helpful for minor cases of type 2 diabetes when used alone or with standard care (under a doctor's supervision in either case). Combination herbal therapies used in Ayurvedic medicine have also shown some promise for improving blood sugar control.84-86,159,238 A 2011 review included trials on a variety of herbal mixtures, including Diabecon, Cogent DB, Inolter, Hyponidd, and Pancreas Tonic.238 Compared to placebo or usual care, the mixtures of Diabecon, Cogent DB, and Inolter significantly reduced HbA1c levels (an indicator of overall blood sugar control) and fasting blood sugar levels. Another study attempted to test the effectiveness of whole-person Ayurvedic treatment, involving exercise, diet, meditation, and herbal treatment.193 However, minimal benefits were seen. Studies in rats with and without diabetes suggest that high doses of the mineral vanadium may have an insulin-like effect, reducing blood sugar levels.25-35 Based on these findings, preliminary studies involving human subjects have been conducted, with some promising results.36-41 However, of 151 studies recently reviewed, none were of sufficient quality to judge whether or not vanadium is at all beneficial in type 2 diabetes.226 The researchers did find that vanadium was often associated with gastrointestinal side effects. Furthermore, there may be some cause for concern given the high doses of vanadium used in some of these studies. The following herbs are proposed for helping to control blood sugar, but the supporting evidence regarding their potential benefit is, in all cases, at best highly preliminary. For some, there are as many negative results as positive.Agaricus Blazei202 Berberine ( Goldenseal) Black tea211,223 Caiapo 144, 156 Cod protein 215Cayenne181Coccinia indica (also known as Coccinia cordifolia)50,225Garlic220Ginger245Green tea211,221,237Guggul70 Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum)58-59Maitake72Nopal cactus(Opuntia stredptacantha)60-65 Onion 45 Oolong tea 155Salacia oblonga188,214,227 Sage leaf extract ( Salvia officinalis)244Salvia hispanica (a grain)217Salt bush48-49, 55-57 Additionally, the supplements arginine,71,185carnitine,89coenzyme Q10(CoQ10),91DHEA, glucomannan,66-67,143,230lipoic acid,92melatonin combined with zinc,194 and vitamin E87-88,154,175 might also help control blood sugar levels, at least slightly.44, 140 One placebo-controlled study found hints that use of medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) by people with type 2 diabetes might improve insulin sensitivity and aid weight loss.212 The herb bitter melon ( Momordica charantia) is widely advertised as effective for diabetes, but the scientific basis for this claim is limited to animal studies, uncontrolled human trials, and other unreliable forms of evidence.51-53,68,69,141 The one properly designed (eg, double-blind, placebo-controlled) study of bitter melon failed to find benefit.208Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has shown promise in preliminary trials.73 However, other studies have found that CLA might worsen blood sugar control. ( See Supplements to Use Only with Caution for more information.) One study found that insulin metabolism in 278 young, overweight subjects improved on a calorie-restricted diet rich in fish oil from seafood or supplements compared to those on a diet low in fish oil. Though highly preliminary, the results suggest that fish oil may help delay the onset of diabetes in susceptible individuals.228 In another study of 50 people with type 2 diabetes, 2 g per day of purified omega-3-fatty acids (fish oil) was able to significantly lower triglycerides levels.229 However, it had no effect on blood sugar control. Other herbs traditionally used for diabetes that might possibly offer some benefit include Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Azadirachta indica(neem), Catharanthus roseus, Cucurbita ficifolia, Cucumis sativus, Cuminum cyminum (cumin), Euphorbia prostrata, Guaiacum coulteri, Guazuma ulmifolia, Lepechinia caulescens, Medicago sativa(alfalfa), Musa sapientum L. (banana), Phaseolus vulgaris, Psacalium peltatum, Rhizophora mangle, Spinacea oleracea, Tournefortia hirsutissima, and Turnera diffusa.75-83 A double-blind study of more than 200 people evaluated the effectiveness of a combination herbal formula used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine (Coptis Formula).145 This study evaluated Coptis Formula with and without the drug glibenclamide. The results hint that Coptis Formula may enhance the effectiveness of the drug, but that it is not powerful enough to treat diabetes on its own. Another randomized trial, this one lacking a control group, found no added benefit for Tai Chi in the treatment of blood glucose and cholesterol levels among 53 people with type 2 diabetes over a period of 6 months.231 One study claimed to find evidence that creatine supplements can reduce levels of blood sugar.206 However, because dextrose (a form of sugar) was used as the "placebo" in this trial, the results are somewhat questionable. In one study, the herb Tinospora crispa did not work, and showed the potential to cause liver injury.160 One study found hints that the supplement DHEA might improve insulin sensitivity.158 However, a subsequent more rigorous study failed to find benefits.203 Relatively weak evidence hints that genistein (an isoflavone extracted from soy) might help control blood sugar.210 It has been suggested that if your child has just developed diabetes, the supplement niacinamide—a form of niacin, also called vitamin B3 —might slightly prolong what is called the honeymoon period.93 This is the interval during which the pancreas can still make some insulin, and the body's need for insulin injections is low. However, the benefits (if any) appear to be minor. A cocktail of niacinamide plus antioxidant vitamins and minerals has also been tried, but the results were disappointing.94 (Niacinamide has also been tried for preventing diabetes in high risk children. See Preventing Diabetes below.) According to most studies, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS, also known as "prebiotics") do not improve blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes.176-177 As part of a systematic review on pine bark extract ( oligomeric proanthocyanidins [OPCs]), 2 studies (involving a total of 125 people) found evidence to support its use in people with type 2 diabetes, where it may help to modestly reduce blood glucose levels and protein in the urine (a sign of kidney damage).239 In a randomized trial of 86 people with , high cholesterol and diabetes, sage leaf extract improved fasting glucose and HbA1c when compared to placebo.244Milk thistle has been studied for its potential effect on HbA1c levels in people with type 2 diabetes. Two, small randomized, placebo-controlled trials (with a total of 89 people) found that milk thistle helped to improve both HbA1c and fasting blood sugar levels in diabetics.240 These results, though, should be considered highly preliminary. Massage therapy has shown some promise for enhancing blood sugar control in children with diabetes.146 A review of 9 clinical trials found insufficient evidence to support the Traditional Chinese practice of Qigong as beneficial for treatment of type 2 diabetes.233Treating Nutritional Deficiencies in DiabetesBoth diabetes and the medications used to treat it can cause people to fall short of various nutrients. Making up for these deficiencies (either through diet or the use of supplements) may or may not help your diabetes specifically, but it should make you a healthier person overall. One double-blind study found that people with type 2 diabetes who took a multivitamin/multimineral supplement were less likely to develop an infectious illness than those who took placebo.147 People with diabetes are often deficient in magnesium,3,95,96 and inconsistent evidence hints that magnesium supplementation may enhance blood sugar control.142,190 People with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes may also be deficient in the mineral zinc.97-99Vitamin C levels have been found to be low in many people on insulin, even though they were consuming seemingly adequate amounts of the vitamin in their diets.100-102 Deficiencies of taurine103 and manganese have also been reported.104 The drug metformin can cause vitamin B12 deficiency.105 Interestingly, taking extra calcium may prevent this.106Preventing Diabetes Evidence from a large study conducted in New Zealand suggested that the supplement niacinamide—a form of niacin, also known as vitamin B3 —might be able to reduce the risk of diabetes in children at high risk.107 In this study, more than 20,000 children were screened for diabetes risk by measuring certain antibodies in the blood (ICA antibodies, believed to indicate risk of developing diabetes), it turned out that 185 of these children had detectable levels. About 170 of these children were then given niacinamide for 7 years (not all parents agreed to give their children niacinamide or have them stay in the study for that long). About 10,000 other children were not screened, but they were followed to see if they developed diabetes. The results were positive. In the group in which children were screened and given niacinamide if they were positive for ICA antibodies, the incidence of diabetes was reduced by almost 60%.These findings suggest that niacinamide is an effective treatment for preventing diabetes. (The study also indicates that tests for ICA antibodies can very accurately identify children at risk for diabetes.) However, an even larger study that attempted to replicate these results in Europe (The European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial, or ENDIT) failed to find benefit. This study screened 40,000 children at high risk, and selected 552.108,187 The results, unfortunately, were negative. Rate of diabetes onset was not statistically different in the group given niacinamide as compared to those given placebo. Another study also failed to find benefit.186 At present, therefore, hopes are dimming for this approach. The related terms "glycemic index" and "glycemic load" indicate the tendency of certain foods to stimulate insulin release. It has been suggested that foods that rank high on these scales, such as white flour and sweets, might tend to exhaust the pancreas, and therefore lead to type 2 diabetes. For this reason, low-carbohydrate and low glycemic-index diets have been promoted for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. However, the results from studies on this question have been contradictory, and far from definitive.113-127,236 There is no question, however, that people who are obese have a far greater tendency to develop type 2 diabetes than those who are relatively slim; therefore, weight loss (especially when accompanied by increase in exercise) is clearly an effective step for prevention.128,161, 207 One review suggests that a weight decrease of 7%-10% is enough to provide significant benefit.207 Studies investigating the preventive effects of antioxidant supplements have generally been disappointing. In an extremely large double-blind study, use of vitamin E at a dose of 600 IU every other day failed to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes in women.191 Another very large study, this one enrolling male smokers, failed to find benefit with beta-carotene, vitamin E, or the two taken together.224 And, another large study of female health professionals over 40 years old with or at high risk for cardiovascular disease found that long-term supplementation (average of 9.2 years) with vitamin C, vitamin E, or beta-carotene did not significantly reduce the risk of developing diabetes compared to placebo.232 In a smaller (but still sizable) trial involving a subgroup of these same women supplementation with vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid also did not reduce risk of type 2 diabetes.234 Several observational studies suggest that vitamin D may also help prevent diabetes.110-112,192 However, studies of this type are far less reliable than double-blind trials. One observational study failed to find that high consumption of lycopene reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes.178 Curcumin was associated with a decreased risk of progression to type 2 diabetes in a randomized trial. The trial included 237 patients with prediabetes who received curcumin extract or placebo for 9 months.241Supplements to Use Only With Caution In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 60 overweight men, use of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) unexpectedly worsened blood sugar control.135 These findings surprised researchers, who were looking for potential diabetes-related benefits with this supplement. Other studies corroborate this as a potential risk for people with type 2 diabetes and for overweight people without diabetes.162-164 Another study, however, failed to find this effect.196 Nonetheless, at present people with type 2 diabetes or at risk for it should not use CLA except under physician supervision. Unexpected results also occurred in a study of vitamin E. For various theoretical reasons, researchers expected that use of vitamin E (either alpha tocopherol or mixed tocopherols) by people with diabetes would reduce blood pressure; instead, the reverse occurred.199 For this reason, people with diabetes should probably monitor their blood pressure if they take high-dose vitamin E supplements. There are equivocal indications that the herb ginkgo might alter insulin release or insulin sensitivity in people with diabetes.135,165,184 The effect, if it exists at all, appears to be rather complex; the herb may cause some increase in insulin output, and yet might actually lower insulin levels overall through its effects on the liver and perhaps on oral medications used for diabetes. Until this situation is clarified, people with diabetes should use ginkgo only under the supervision of a physician. Despite hopes to the contrary, it does not appear that selenium supplements can help prevent type 2 diabetes, but rather might increase the risk of developing the disease.213 For information on other herbs and supplements that may interact adversely with drugs used by people with diabetes, see the individual drug articles in the Drug Interactions section of this database. Contrary to earlier concerns expressed at one time, vitamin B3 (niacin) and fish oil appear to be safe for people with diabetes.74,135-138 A few early case reports and animal studies had raised concerns that glucosamine might be harmful for individuals with diabetes, but subsequent studies have tended to allay these worries.130-134,166-168,198,216Finally, if any herb or supplement does in fact successfully decrease blood sugar levels, this could potentially lead to dangerous hypoglycemia. A doctor's supervision is strongly suggestedReferences Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, et al. 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Beneficial effects of oral l-arginine treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and exercise training program in obese, insulin resistant type 2 diabetic patients Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun 13. [Epub ahead of print] Cabrera-Rode E, Molina G, Arranz C, et al. Effect of standard nicotinamide in the prevention of type 1 diabetes in first degree relatives of persons with type 1 diabetes. Autoimmunity. 2006;39:333-340. Gale EA, Bingley PJ, Emmett CL, et al. European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT): a randomised controlled trial of intervention before the onset of type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2004;363:925-931. Collene AL, Hertzler SR, Williams JA, et al. Effects of a nutritional supplement containing Salacia oblonga extract and insulinogenic amino acids on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and breath hydrogen responses in healthy adults. Nutrition. 2005;21:848-854. Heacock PM, Hertzler SR, Williams JA, et al. Effects of a medical food containing an herbal alpha-glucosidase inhibitor on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in healthy adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105:65-71. Song Y, He K, Levitan EB, et al. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials. Diabet Med. 2006;23:1050-1056. Liu S, Lee IM, Song Y, et al. Vitamin E and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Women's Health Study Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes. 2006;55:2856-2862. Hypponen E, Power C. Vitamin D status and glucose homeostasis in the 1958 British Birth Cohort: the role of obesity. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2244-2246. Elder C, Aickin M, Bauer V, et al. Randomized trial of a whole-system ayurvedic protocol for type 2 diabetes. Altern Ther Health Med. 2006;12:24-30. Hussain SA, Khadim HM, Khalaf BH, et al. Effects of melatonin and zinc on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients poorly controlled with metformin. Saudi Med J. 2006;27:1483-1488. Reay JL, Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. The glycaemic effects of single doses of Panax ginseng in young healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr. 2006;96:639-642. Syvertsen C, Halse J, Hoivik HO, et al. The effect of 6 months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on insulin resistance in overweight and obese. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print] Huseini HF, Larijani B, Heshmat R, et al. The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2006 Oct 30. [Epub ahead of print] Muniyappa R, Karne RJ, Hall G, et al. Oral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects. Diabetes. 2006;55:3142-3150. Ward NC, Wu JH, Clarke MW, et al. The effect of vitamin E on blood pressure in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2007;25:227-234. Singer GM, Geohas J. The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2006;8:636-643. Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Bakker SJ, et al. Chromium treatment has no effect in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb 15. [Epub ahead of print] Hsu CH, Liao YL, Lin SC, et al. The mushroom agaricus blazei murill in combination with metformin and gliclazide improves insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13:97-102. Basu R, Man CD, Campioni M, et al. Two years of treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone does not improve insulin secretion, insulin action, or postprandial glucose turnover in elderly men or women. Diabetes. 2007;56:753-766. Altschuler JA, Casella SJ, Mackenzie TA, et al. The effect of cinnamon on A1C among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:813-816. Wang JG, Anderson RA, Chu MC, et al. The effect of cinnamon extract on insulin resistance parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2007 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print] Gualano B, Novaes RB, Artioli GG, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in sedentary healthy males undergoing aerobic training. Amino Acids. 2007 Mar 30. [Epub ahead of print] Pi-Sunyer FX. How effective are lifestyle changes in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus? Nutr Rev. 2007;65:101-110. Dans AM, Villarruz MV, Jimeno CA, et al. The effect of Momordica charantia capsule preparation on glycemic control in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus needs further studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60:554-559. Albarracin CA, Fuqua BC, Evans JL, et al. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007 May 16. [Epub ahead of print] Atteritano M, Marini H, Minutoli L, et al. Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on some predictors of cardiovascular risk in osteopenic, postmenopausal women: a 2-years randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May 22. [Epub ahead of print] Fukino Y, Ikeda A, Maruyama K, et al. Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea-extract powder supplementation on glucose abnormalities. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jun 6. [Epub ahead of print Han JR, Deng B, Sun J, et al. Effects of dietary medium-chain triglyceride on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in a group of moderately overweight free-living type 2 diabetic Chinese subjects. Metabolism. 2007;56:985-991. Stranges S, Marshall JR, Natarajan R, et al. Effects of long-term Selenium supplementation on the incidence of Type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2007 July 9. [Epub ahead of print] Williams JA, Choe YS, Noss MJ, et al. Extract of oblonga lowers acute glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:124-130. Ouellet V, Marois J, Weisnagel SJ, et al. Dietary cod protein improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2007 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print] Albert SG, Fishman Oiknine R, Parseghian S, et al. The effect of glucosamine on serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI levels in people with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print] Vuksan V, Whitham D, Sievenpiper JL, et al. Supplementation of conventional therapy with the novel grain salba ( Salvia hispanica L.) improves major and emerging cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2007 Aug 8. [Epub ahead of print] Suppapitiporn S, Kanpaksi N, Suppapitiporn S. The effect of cinnamon cassia powder in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006;89(suppl 3):S200-S205. Gale EA, Beattie S, Hu J, et al. Recruitment to a clinical trial improves glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007 Sep 5. [Epub ahead of print] Sobenin IA, Nedosugova LV, Filatova LV, et al. Metabolic effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the results of double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Acta Diabetol. 2007 Sep 6. [Epub ahead of print] Mackenzie T, Leary L, Brooks WB. The effect of an extract of green and black tea on glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: double-blind randomized study. Metabolism. 2007;56:1340-1344. Baker WL, Gutierrez-Williams G, White CM, et al. The effect of cinnamon on glucose control and lipid parameters. Diabetes Care. 2007 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] Bryans JA, Judd PA, Ellis PR. The effect of consuming instant black tea on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26:471-477. Kataja-Tuomola M, Sundell JR, Mannisto S, et al. Effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2007 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print] Kuriyan R, Rajendran R, Bantwal G, et al. Effect of supplementation of Coccinia cordifolia extract on newly detected diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2007 Nov 13. [Epub ahead of print] Smith DM, Pickering RM, Lewith GT. A systematic review of vanadium oral supplements for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. QJM. 2008 Mar 4. Li Y, Huang TH, Yamahara J. Salacia root, a unique Ayurvedic medicine, meets multiple targets in diabetes and obesity. Life Sci. 2008 Mar 28. Ramel A, Martinez A, Kiely M, et al. Beneficial effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids included in an energy-restricted diet on insulin resistance in overweight and obese European young adults. Diabetologia. 2008 May 20. Shidfar F, Keshavarz A, Hosseyni S, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes patients. East Mediterr Health J. 2008;14:305-313. Sood N, Baker WL, Coleman CI. Effect of glucomannan on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations, body weight, and blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1167-1175. Lam P, Dennis SM, Diamond TH, et al. Improving glycaemic and BP control in type 2 diabetes. The effectiveness of tai chi. Aust Fam Physician. 2008;37:884-887. Song Y, Cook NR, Albert CM, Van Denburgh M, Manson JE. Effects of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene on the risk of type 2 diabetes in women at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:429-437. Lee MS, Chen KW, Choi TY, et al. Qigong for type 2 diabetes care: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2009;17:236-242. Song Y, Cook NR, Albert CM, et al. Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic Acid and B vitamins on risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes. 2009;58(8):1921. Akilen R, Tsiami A, Devendra D, Robinson N. Glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure-lowering effect of cinnamon in multi-ethnic Type 2 diabetic patients in the UK: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Diabet Med. 2010;27(10):1159-1167. Iqbal N, Vetter ML, Moore RH, et al. Effects of a low-intensity intervention that prescribed a low-carbohydrate vs. a low-fat diet in obese, diabetic participants. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(9):1733-1738. Hsu CH, Liao YL, Lin SC, Tsai TH, Huang CJ, Chou P. Does supplementation with green tea extract improve insulin resistance in obese type 2 diabetics? A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Med Rev. 2011;16(2):157-163. Sridharan K, Mohan R, Ramaratnam S, Panneerselvam D. Ayurvedic treatments for diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;12:CD008288. Schoonees A, Visser J, Musekiwa A, Volmink J. Pycnogenol® (extract of French maritime pine bark) for the treatment of chronic disorders(®) for the treatment of chronic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr 18;4:CD008294. Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Boonkaew S, Suthisisang CC. Meta-analysis of the effect of herbal supplement on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(3):1328-1333. Chuengsamarn S, Rattanamongkolgul S, Luechapudiporn R, et al. Curcumin extract for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012 Nov;35(11):2121-7. Leach MJ, Kumar S. Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD007170.Allen RW, Schwartzman E, et al. Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(5):452-459. Kianbakht S, Dabaghian FH. Improved glycemic control and lipid profile in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients consuming Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract: a randomized placebo. Controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2013;21(5):441-446. Mozaffari-Khosaravi H, Talaei B, et al. The effect of ginger powder supplementation on insulin resistance and glycemic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2014;22(1):9-16Last reviewed December 2015 by EBSCO CAM Review BoardPlease be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved.Editorial PolicyPrivacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsSupport


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subset: commoncrawl


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By DAVID GREEN
Geneva Ballard had never thought much about organ donations until her 18-year-old son, Justin Hoffman, lay in a hospital bed barely clinging to life following an automobile accident.
Justin's condition didn't look too promising and if worse comes to worst, Geneva thought, perhaps her son's organs could be used to help others.
She talked it over with her other son, Jeremy, and the decision was made. If Justin didn't pull through, his shortened life would help extend others.
A year later, Geneva sees that decision as the best thing to come out of an unfortunate situation. If she had to face it again, she would certainly make the same choice a second time.
That's what she told Tracy Kropp and Nancy Ellis of Life Connection of Ohio when they were in Morenci Saturday. Geneva invited the organ donation facilitators to set up a booth Saturday at a "celebration of life" in honor of Justin on the anniversary of his death.
The two representatives from Life Connection were delighted to hear Geneva's positive response.
"I wanted some good to come out of a tragic time," Geneva said.
There's a lot of good to think about.
Two kidneys, a liver, a pancreas and small intestine were used from Justin, and 69 tissue grafts were taken, allowing patients to make use of his corneas, skin, cartilage, etc. So far, 35 of the various tissue grafts have been used, but they can be stored for five years. In total, dozens of people will have benefitted from Geneva's decision.
She received a four-page letter from one organ recipient who expressed her thanks and told how she often thinks of Justin. She's had contact several times with another recipient.
"That's really rare," Life Connection's Nancy Ellis said. Most recipients don't make the effort to contact a donor's family.
Those contacts helped Geneva through some tough times. Occasionally, commemorative medallions, certificates and other items arrived in the mail from Life Connection or other sources to remind Geneva of the good that came from her family's misfortune.
"In some of my darkest days, a medallion would arrive," she said, reminding her of a gift of love passed on to others.
Variety of Applications
Organ and tissue donations from a healthy body can save or enhance the lives of more than 50 people.
Kidney and liver transplants are the most common procedures, but there are also people in need of other organs, including the pancreas, heart, lung and intestine.
A range of tissues can also be used to aid others, including bones, corneas, heart valves, skin, tendons and veins.
The use of donated tissue for transplantation is described by Donate Life Ohio as "one of the most remarkable success stories in the history of medicine."
A rib can be used in the repair of a jaw bone to restore facial appearance. The femur (leg) can be used in spinal repair to prevent bone collapse.
Achilles' tendon can be used in rotator cuff repair. Connective tissue from the thigh can aid in tendon repair and restore a person's independence.
The list of benefits is large and growing, however, the availability of donations lags far behind the need.
As of Aug. 1, there were 2,495 Michigan residents in need of a kidney transplant and nearly as many in Ohio. In Michigan, 298 people were in need of liver, a number that increases to 372 in Ohio.
The total number of patients awaiting transplants of various organs stands at 3,016 in Michigan and 2,873 in Ohio. Nationally, a new name is added to the waiting list about every 10 minutes.
Life Connection emphasizes five important facts that might concern potential donors:
• Donation does not restrict a normal funeral service;
• Medical treatment will not suffer if a person is listed as a donor;
• Families will neither pay nor receive payment for donations;
• Most major religions support donation and many openly encourage it.
• There are no firm age limits to serve as a donor. Medical staff evaluate each potential donor for suitability.
For additional information, call Gift of Life Michigan at 800/482-4811 or Life Connection of Ohio at 800/262-5443.


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TORONTO (AP) — One of two men accused of plotting to derail a train in Canada was born to Palestinian parents who spent much of their lives trying to settle in the Middle East and Germany before arriving in Canada in 1993, according to their Canadian refugee claim documents obtained by The Associated Press on Thursday.
The family lived in relative obscurity in Toronto until Raed Jaser, 35, was arrested earlier this week, along with Chiheb Esseghaier, a 30-year-old Tunisian citizen.
The two were charged with conspiring to carry out an attack and murder people in association with a terrorist group in their plot to derail a train that runs between New York City and Montreal. Canadian investigators say the men received guidance from members of al-Qaida in Iran. Iranian government officials have said the government had nothing to do with the plot.
According to the refugee claim documents, Raed Jaser was born in the United Arab Emirates, where his family lived for 24 years. His father, Mohammed Jaser, claimed that as a Palestinian, he was increasingly harassed by UAE authorities while working for a newspaper in Dubai. He blamed tensions between the UAE and Palestinian leaderships.
The family moved to Germany in 1991 and applied for refugee status, according to the Federal Court of Canada documents.
Before their application in Germany was decided, the family left for Canada in 1993. Mohammed Jasser said he grew fearful of attacks from anti-immigrant groups after a Molotov cocktail was thrown at their house in Berlin.
The Jaser family traveled to Canada using false French passports bought from a Turkish man, according the court filings. They claimed refugee status as "stateless Palestinians" upon their arrival in 1993.
"We hoped to find refuge in Germany, however, refugees in that country are now subject to perpetual harassment and danger. We lived as outsiders, in fear of growing anti-immigrant and anti-refugee sentiments," Mohammed Jaser testified during refugee board hearings in Toronto in 1993.
Mohammad and his wife Sabah settled in Toronto with their three children, Shadi, Nabil and Raed.
A local religious leader in Toronto said Wednesday that Raed Jaser started showing signs of becoming radicalized, to the point that his father reached out for to a Muslim support group in 2010 and 2011 for help and advice.
Mohammad Jaser expressed concern about his son's increasingly rigid interpretation of Islam, said Muhammad Robert Heft, president of the Paradise Forever Support Group Inc., a non-profit organization that provides support to Muslims in Canada.
Raed Jaser appeared in court Tuesday and did not enter a plea.
The Jaser family lost their refugee application but was allowed to stay in Canada under a special program known as the Deferred Removal Order Class.
They all eventually became Canadian citizens except Raed Jaser because of a 1997 conviction on fraud-related charges, according to the documents. He was arrested in 2004 after authorities issued a warrant for his removal from Canada. At the deportation hearing, he claimed he was a stateless Palestinian with nowhere to go. The Immigration and Refugee Board allowed him to stay in Canada on bail until the case was resolved.
In 2012, Raed Jaser applied for and was granted a pardon on his criminal conviction.
The Tunisian Embassy confirmed Thursday that the other defendant in the terrorism case, Chiheb Esseghaier, is a Tunisia citizen who came to Quebec in August 2008. The embassy, which described Esseghaier as "a brilliant" doctoral student, said it has requested a meeting with Canadian authorities for clarification on his arrest.
Esseghaier appeared briefly in court Wednesday where he made a statement suggesting he did not recognize the court's jurisdiction, saying the criminal code is "not a holy book." He rejected the allegations against him and declined to be represented by a court-appointed lawyer.
Jaser and Esseghaier were ordered to return to court on May 23.
Associated Press writer Benjamin Shingler in Montreal contributed to this story.


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The embattled California tree fruit industry went into 2008 with high hopes, only to see its optimism nosedive mid-season like an overripe peach plummeting to the orchard floor.
And those hopes rotted away like that peach until the season mercifully ended.
"While the season started out well, it turned into a year the industry couldn't wait to finish," according to Gary Van Sickle, director of research and regulatory compliance, and Gordon Smith, manager of international programs for the California Tree Fruit Agreement, Reedley, Calif.
In a report for the 27th Annual Agribusiness Management Conference, Van Sickle and Smith said for the third dismal year in a row, surviving California tree fruit growers and packers are left to ponder their fate.
The one realization is that volume still needs to drop by 10 percent to 15 percent annually to ensure industry marketplace stability. The tight financial restraints growers faced going into this season remain. Many could not get bank loans after two bad years and turned to financing from larger packers.
Consolidation continued by growers and packers with more vertical integration of growing, packing and marketing sectors.
After 2008, this picture is not likely to change, as reports circulated in the offseason that packers have closed and orchards have been sold.
According to Van Sickle and Smith, the general consensus is that orchard removal of poor varieties needs to be stepped up to reduce volume.
The orchards taken out should not be planted back to fruit, but to other commodities. Growers have been doing that for several years, opting for almonds, citrus and grapes rather than tree fruit. That is likely to be stepped up in the wake of 2008.
The maximum potential tree fruit crop is most likely in the 57-58 million box range compared to the more than 60 million boxes in the 1990s. The 2008 crop was approximately 57 million packages.
The negative factors facing the industry include sharply higher input costs, ongoing financial and regulatory constraints and a variety of what Van Sickle and Smith call "societal-economic" pressures.
Costs like the following also killed the 2008 crop:
– Minimum wage increased from $7.50 to $8, adding up to $1 to the cost of each package.
– As an example of across the board production cost increases, one crop care company raised its prices for agricultural chemicals by 25 percent June 1. They went up another 20 percent on July 1.
– The increased cost of diesel ran the rate for trucking a load of fruit to the East Coast to as high as $10,000 to $11,000 per load last summer. That is roughly double what it was just a few years ago.
Overall, the cost of growing and packing fruit went up $3 per package in 2008.
Nevertheless, the year started out well with moderate prices and good quality. However, in late June when the industry was preparing to provide ample fruit for the July 4 holiday, many retailers did not take the supply the industry had available; inventory soared in cold storage and the FOB market dropped below the cost of production for the remainder of the season.
Part of the problem was the regional effect where retailers pushed locally grown products over California fruit.
The "buy local" movement is hurting the California tree fruit industry.
"Consumers have grown accustomed to paying premium prices for fresh produce at the local markets, provided their expectations for quality are met," the pair notes.
The downturn in the economy only added to the problem, since produce items are often perceived by consumers as luxury items.
"The reality faced today is that tree fruit can and will be replaced, if quality and price does not work for the retailers' analysts," according to Van Sickle and Smith.
"It is not difficult for a retailer to source good fruit, but it is difficult for a retailer to meet profit expectations of their corporate offices" with a product that is now considered a "mature category" by retailers and not what it once was for retailers.
"What this means for the tree fruit industry as suppliers is it must provide high quality fruit consistently and develop marketing tools that can drive sales at the retail level.
"For those in the tree fruit industry that can meet these challenges, there's light at the end of the tunnel."
email: [email protected]


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Frozen Bananas on a Stick
- 3 bananas
- 6 wooden ice-cream sticks
- 1 C. orange juice
- 1 C. milk-chocolate pieces
- 2 Tbs. vegetable oil
- 3/4 C. chopped peanuts (optional)
- 3/4 C. shredded coconut (optional)
Our Readers Also Loved
Cover baking sheet with waxed paper; set aside. slice peeled bananas in half crosswise and insert stick. Dip into orange juice. Place in freezer until firm. Melt chocolate pieces and vegetable oil in top of double boiler. Spoon melted chocolate evenly over bananas. Chocolate will harden fast, so work rapidly. Roll coated bananas in chopped peanuts or shredded coconut. Serve immediately or wrap in plastic wrap and freeze.
Yield: Serves 6
Around The Web


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Days after Kim Kardashian filed a lawsuit against Old Navy alleging they used a look-alike in an ad to dupe the public into thinking she was associated with the company, the so called "look-alike" Melissa Molinaro is now firing back at the Keeping Up With The Kardashians star!
Melissa, who is ironically the new girlfriend of Kim's ex Reggie Bush, took to her twitter page to fire some not so subliminal shots at Kimmie.
"Were still talking about this?! Its JULY this aired in February…some people have too much time on there hands," tweeted Melissa later adding, "So is this what they do here? Welcome to Hollywood!"
A fan then tweeted the following to Melissa, "Dear girl with the big ass & the sex tape, No one thinks @MelissaMolinaro is you. She wasn't naked and she can actually dance & sing." Melissa responded to the fan with "lol Thank you xoxo." Ouch! Melissa also tweeted the photo below with the caption, "All I can say is…."
Meanwhile, many are still wondering why Kim would file a lawsuit that some are describing as frivolous. Some fans wonder if this is a result of Melissa dating Reggie while a source close to Kim attempts to shed some more light on her reasons for the lawsuit.
A friend of Kim's tells UsWeekly, "She's protecting her brand ..She can't let another brand use her image to sell clothes!" Really? What brand? The sex tape brand?
The Kim pal continues, "She's a businesswoman who has to protect her brand… Bottom line."
The lawsuit also states Kim "has invested substantial time, energy, finances and entrepreneurial effort in developing her considerable professional and commercial achievements and success, as well as in developing her popularity, fame, and prominence in the public eye." Wowzers.
Kim is seeking $15 to $20 million in damages from Old Navy. The Techdirt also poses an interesting question – "What if, as a result of this thing, [Melissa] becomes famous? Like, really famous? Say, more famous than Kim Kardashian? Does that mean Kim can't ever do an ad campaign again, because Molinaro will immediately file suit?"
As we reported back in January, the Kardashians are being sued for $75 million for reneging on a deal to market the prepaid Kardashian Mastercard. Perhaps this Old Navy lawsuit is a backup plan in case they have to pay up. Also Kim continues to receive a TON of backlash from fans who feel this lawsuit is ridic!
Photos credit: WENN.com


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Philadelphia Information Locator Service
Agency Information
Port Wardens, Board of[Record group 158]
Agency Function
- This Board has been superseded by a state-authorized commission.
- Agency History
- Created a department of City government by an ordinance of Councils of March 28, 1870, although the Wardens had been first established, as State officials, by an Act of Assembly of 1766 and, even after 1870, remained State officers in a strictly legal sense. Their functions included the examination and licensing of harbor pilots, the maintenance of all aids to navigation and the clearing of obstructions to it in the Delaware River and Bay, formulating regulations for the movement of vessels within the port, and the maintenance of the wharf line. The posts of Master Warden and the Harbor Master were always filled by appointees of the Governor; assistant wardens were named by him also until 1803, the date of the first of a series of Acts that until 1864 increased their number and made them elective by the governing bodies of communities along the Delaware. By the latter date City Councils chose sixteen assistant wardens and the Borough of Bristol in Bucks County and the City of Chester each named one. An Act of June 8, 1907, abolished the Board of Port Wardens and transferred their powers and duties to the then-established Commissioners of Navigation for the River Delaware, a State commission of five members of whom three are appointed by the Mayor and two by the Governor.
- Archival Records
- 158.1 Digest of Laws . . . Relating to the Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia (1862, 1895)
158.2 Minutes (1766-1773, 1784-1880)
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Last updated on July 9, 1999


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The 2012 Rolex Awards for Enterprise, announced yesterday at the Science Museum in London, UK, recognize pioneers whose work contributes to protecting the environment, or improving lives. Three of the 2012 Laureates, Sergei Bereznuk, Barbara Block and Erika Cuéllar have won Awards for projects devoted to saving species.
Over the past year, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has been working with Rolex to promote the Rolex Awards for Enterprise on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ website.
"It is greatly rewarding to see our efforts to promote the Rolex Awards for Enterprise result in the support of some truly fantastic conservation related projects," says Dr Simon N. Stuart, Chair, IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC). "We are immensely grateful to have been able to contribute to the process of connecting worthwhile projects with much needed funding and support through these Awards."
Laureate Sergei Bereznuk will be working to protect the last of the Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) while Barbara Block is setting up "Wi-Fi" hotspots to track marine predators. Erika Cuéllar, who is also a member of IUCN's Species Survival Commission (SSC), will train members of local communities in Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay to conserve the Gran Chaco region of South America.
"The Rolex Awards for Enterprise have supported pioneering work in the environmental arena since they were established in 1976," says Rebecca Irvin, head of philanthropy at Rolex. "Working with IUCN has allowed us to reach further into the conservation world to help find individuals whose ground-breaking projects meet the Awards' strict criteria of originality, feasibility and positive impact on the local community and beyond. The 2012 Laureates are an exceptional group and we are delighted to be able to help them carry out and complete their initiatives to conserve the diversity of life on earth."
This year, 3,512 applications were received from around the world and five projects were selected. Rolex will provide each of the five Laureates 100,000 Swiss francs to put towards their projects, a Rolex chronometer, and international publicity for their work.
Visit the Rolex Awards for Enterprise website for more information.