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Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions.[1][2][3] These preferences were extrapolated by Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers from the typological theories proposed by Carl Gustav Jung, and first published in his 1921 book Psychological Types (English edition, 1923[4]). Jung theorized that there are four principal psychological functions by which we experience the world: sensation, intuition, feeling, and thinking.[5] One of these four functions is dominant most of the time.
The original developers of the personality inventory were Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers; these two, having studied extensively the work of Jung, turned their interest of human behavior into a devotion of turning the theory of psychological types to practical use.[2][6] They began creating the indicator during World War II in the 1940s,[2] through their own original research,[2] believing that a knowledge of personality preferences would help women who were entering the industrial workforce for the first time to identify the sort of war-time jobs that would be "most comfortable and effective".[1]:xiii The initial questionnaire grew into the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which was first published in 1962. The MBTI is constructed for normal populations and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences.[7] Robert Kaplan and Dennis Saccuzzo believe "the underlying assumption of the MBTI is that we all have specific preferences in the way we construe our experiences, and these preferences underlie our interests, needs, values, and motivation" (p. 499).[8]
- 1 Concepts
- 2 Historical development
- 3 Applications
- 4 Format and administration
- 5 Precepts and ethics
- 6 Type dynamics and development
- 7 Cognitive learning styles
- 8 Correlations to other instruments
- 9 Origins of the theory
- 10 Criticism
- 11 Reliability
- 12 Utility
- 13 See also
- 14 Notes
- 15 References and further reading
- 16 External links
As the MBTI Manual states, the indicator "is Designed to Implement a theory; therefore the theory must be understood to understand the MBTI".[9]:1
Fundamental to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is the theory of psychological type as originally developed by Carl Jung.[1]:xiii Jung proposed the existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions:
- The "rational" (judging) functions: thinking and feeling
- The "irrational" (perceiving) functions: sensation and intuition
Jung believed that for every person each of the functions are expressed primarily in either an introverted or extraverted form.[1]:17 From Jung's original concepts, Briggs and Myers developed their own theory of psychological type, described below, on which the MBTI is based.
Jung's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left or right handedness: individuals are either born with, or develop, certain preferred ways of perceiving and deciding. The MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, or dichotomies, with a resulting 16 possible psychological types. None of these types are better or worse; however, Briggs and Myers theorized that individuals naturally prefer one overall combination of type differences.[1]:9 In the same way that writing with the left hand is hard work for a right-hander, so people tend to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult, even if they can become more proficient (and therefore behaviorally flexible) with practice and development.
The 16 types are typically referred to by an abbreviation of four letters—the initial letters of each of their four type preferences (except in the case of intuition, which uses the abbreviation N to distinguish it from introversion). For instance:
- ESTJ: extraversion (E), sensing (S), thinking (T), judgment (J)
- INFP: introversion (I), intuition (N), feeling (F), perception (P)
This method of abbreviation is applied to all 16 types.
Four dichotomies
|Extraversion (E)
|(I) Introversion
|Sensing (S)
|(N) Intuition
|Thinking (T)
|(F) Feeling
|Judging (J)
|(P) Perception
The four pairs of preferences or dichotomies are shown in the table to the right.
Note that the terms used for each dichotomy have specific technical meanings relating to the MBTI which differ from their everyday usage. For example, people who prefer judgment over perception are not necessarily more judgmental or less perceptive. Nor does the MBTI instrument measure aptitude; it simply indicates for one preference over another.[9]:3 Someone reporting a high score for extraversion over introversion cannot be correctly described as more extraverted: they simply have a clear preference.
Point scores on each of the dichotomies can vary considerably from person to person, even among those with the same type. However, Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference (for example, E vs. I) to be more important than the degree of the preference (for example, very clear vs. slight).[10] The expression of a person's psychological type is more than the sum of the four individual preferences. The preferences interact through type dynamics and type development.
Attitudes: extraversion/introversion (E/I)
Myers-Briggs literature uses the terms extraversion and introversion as Jung first used them. Extraversion means "outward-turning" and introversion means "inward-turning".[11] These specific definitions vary somewhat from the popular usage of the words. Note that extraversion is the spelling used in MBTI publications.
The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called "attitudes". Briggs and Myers recognized that each of the cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior, action, people, and things ("extraverted attitude") or the internal world of ideas and reflection ("introverted attitude"). The MBTI assessment sorts for an overall preference for one or the other.
People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action: they tend to act, then reflect, then act further. If they are inactive, their motivation tends to decline. To rebuild their energy, extraverts need breaks from time spent in reflection. Conversely, those who prefer introversion "expend" energy through action: they prefer to reflect, then act, then reflect again. To rebuild their energy, introverts need quiet time alone, away from activity.[12]
The extravert's flow is directed outward toward people and objects, and the introvert's is directed inward toward concepts and ideas. Contrasting characteristics between extraverts and introverts include the following:
- Extraverts are "action" oriented, while introverts are "thought" oriented.
- Extraverts seek "breadth" of knowledge and influence, while introverts seek "depth" of knowledge and influence.
- Extraverts often prefer more "frequent" interaction, while introverts prefer more "substantial" interaction.
- Extraverts recharge and get their energy from spending time with people, while introverts recharge and get their energy from spending time alone; they consume their energy through the opposite process.[13]
Functions: sensing/intuition (S/N) and thinking/feeling (T/F)
Jung identified two pairs of psychological functions:
According to Jung's typology model, each person uses one of these four functions more dominantly and proficiently than the other three; however, all four functions are used at different times depending on the circumstances.
Sensing and intuition are the information-gathering (perceiving) functions. They describe how new information is understood and interpreted. Individuals who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible, and concrete: that is, information that can be understood by the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come "out of nowhere".[1]:2 They prefer to look for details and facts. For them, the meaning is in the data. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is more abstract or theoretical, that can be associated with other information (either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern). They may be more interested in future possibilities. For them, the meaning is in the underlying theory and principles which are manifested in the data.
Thinking and feeling are the decision-making (judging) functions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information-gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent, and matching a given set of rules. Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it 'from the inside' and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the people involved. Thinkers usually have trouble interacting with people who are inconsistent or illogical, and tend to give very direct feedback to others. They are concerned with the truth and view it as more important.
As noted already, people who prefer thinking do not necessarily, in the everyday sense, "think better" than their feeling counterparts; the opposite preference is considered an equally rational way of coming to decisions (and, in any case, the MBTI assessment is a measure of preference, not ability). Similarly, those who prefer feeling do not necessarily have "better" emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts.
Dominant function
According to Jung, people use all four cognitive functions. However, one function is generally used in a more conscious and confident way. This dominant function is supported by the secondary (auxiliary) function, and to a lesser degree the tertiary function. The fourth and least conscious function is always the opposite of the dominant function. Myers called this inferior function the shadow.[1]:84
The four functions operate in conjunction with the attitudes (extraversion and introversion). Each function is used in either an extraverted or introverted way. A person whose dominant function is extraverted intuition, for example, uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function is introverted intuition.
Lifestyle: judging/perception (J/P)
Myers and Briggs added another dimension to Jung's typological model by identifying that people also have a preference for using either the judging function (thinking or feeling) or their perceiving function (sensing or intuition) when relating to the outside world (extraversion).
Myers and Briggs held that types with a preference for judging show the world their preferred judging function (thinking or feeling). So TJ types tend to appear to the world as logical, and FJ types as empathetic. According to Myers,[1]:75 judging types like to "have matters settled".
Those types who prefer perception show the world their preferred perceiving function (sensing or intuition). So SP types tend to appear to the world as concrete and NP types as abstract. According to Myers,[1]:75 perceptive types prefer to "keep decisions open".
For extraverts, the J or P indicates their dominant function; for introverts, the J or P indicates their auxiliary function. Introverts tend to show their dominant function outwardly only in matters "important to their inner worlds".[1]:13 For example:
Because the ENTJ type is extraverted, the J indicates that the dominant function is the preferred judging function (extraverted thinking). The ENTJ type introverts the auxiliary perceiving function (introverted intuition). The tertiary function is sensing and the inferior function is introverted feeling.
Because the INTJ type is introverted, however, the J instead indicates that the auxiliary function is the preferred judging function (extraverted thinking). The INTJ type introverts the dominant perceiving function (introverted intuition). The tertiary function is feeling and the inferior function is extraverted sensing.
Historical development
Katharine Cook Briggs began her research into personality in 1917. Upon meeting her future son-in-law, she observed marked differences between his personality and that of other family members. Briggs embarked on a project of reading biographies, and she developed a typology based on patterns she found. She proposed four temperaments: Meditative (or Thoughtful), Spontaneous, Executive, and Social.[14][15] Then, after the English translation of Psychological Types was published in 1923 (having first been published in German in 1921), she recognized that Jung's theory was similar to, yet went far beyond, her own.[1]:22 Briggs's four types were later identified as corresponding to the Is, EPs, ETJs and EFJs.[14][15] Her first publications were two articles describing Jung's theory, in the journal New Republic in 1926 (Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box) and 1928 (Up From Barbarism).
Briggs's daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, added to her mother's typological research, which she would progressively take over entirely. Myers graduated first in her class from Swarthmore College in 1919[1]:xx and wrote the prize-winning mystery novel Murder Yet to Come in 1929 using typological ideas. However, neither Myers nor Briggs were formally educated in psychology, and thus they lacked scientific credentials in the field of psychometric testing.[1]:xiii So Myers apprenticed herself to Edward N. Hay, who was then personnel manager for a large Philadelphia bank and went on to start one of the first successful personnel consulting firms in the U.S. From Hay, Myers learned test construction, scoring, validation, and statistics.[1]:xiii, xx In 1942, the "Briggs-Myers Type Indicator" was created, and the Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook was published in 1944. The indicator changed its name to the modern form (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) in 1956.[16][17]
Myers' work attracted the attention of Henry Chauncey, head of the Educational Testing Service, and under these auspices, the first MBTI Manual was published in 1962. The MBTI received further support from Donald T. McKinnon, head of the Institute of Personality Research at the University of California; Harold Grant, professor at Michigan State and Auburn Universities; and Mary H. McCaulley of the University of Florida. The publication of the MBTI was transferred to Consulting Psychologists Press in 1975, and the Center for Applications of Psychological Type (CAPT) was founded as a research laboratory.[1]:xxi After Myers' death in May 1980, Mary McCaulley updated the MBTI Manual, and the second edition was published in 1985.[10] The third edition appeared in 1998.
Differences from Jung
Judging vs. perception
The most notable addition of Myers and Briggs to Jung's original thought is their concept that a given type's fourth letter (J or P) indicates a person's preferred extraverted function, which is the dominant function for extraverted types and the auxiliary function for the introverted types.[1]:21–22
Orientation of the tertiary function
Jung theorized that the dominant function acts alone in its preferred world: exterior for the extraverts, and interior for the introverts. The remaining three functions, he suggested, operate together in the opposite world. If the dominant cognitive function is introverted, the other functions are extraverted, and vice versa. The MBTI Manual summarizes references in Jung's work to the balance in psychological type as follows:
There are several references in Jung's writing to the three remaining functions having an opposite attitudinal character. For example, in writing about introverts with thinking dominant...Jung commented that the counterbalancing functions have an extraverted character.[10]:29
However, many MBTI practitioners hold that the tertiary function is oriented in the same direction same as the dominant function.[18] Using the INTP type as an example, the orientation would be as follows:
- Dominant introverted thinking
- Auxiliary extraverted intuition
- Tertiary introverted sensing
- Inferior extraverted feeling
From a theoretical perspective, psychologist Hans Eysenck called the MBTI a moderately successful quantification of Jung's original principles as outlined in Psychological Types.[19]
Eysenck, however, also said: "This (the MBTI) creates 16 personality types which are said to be similar to Jung's theoretical concepts. I have always found difficulties with this identification, which omits one half of Jung's theory (he had 32 types, by asserting that for every conscious combination of traits there was an opposite unconscious one). Obviously the latter half of his theory does not admit of questionnaire measurement, but to leave it out and pretend that the scales measure Jungian concepts is hardly fair to Jung."[20]
Both models remain hypotheses, with no controlled scientific studies supporting either Jung's original concept of type or the Myers-Briggs variation.[21]
The indicator is frequently used in the areas of pedagogy, career counseling, team building, group dynamics, professional development, marketing, family business, leadership training, executive coaching, life coaching, personal development and marriage counseling.[citation needed]
Format and administration
The current North American English version of the MBTI Step I includes 93 forced-choice questions (there are 88 in the European English version). Forced-choice means that the individual has to choose only one of two possible answers to each question. The choices are a mixture of word pairs and short statements. Choices are not literal opposites but chosen to reflect opposite preferences on the same dichotomy. Participants may skip questions if they feel they are unable to choose.
Using psychometric techniques, such as item response theory, the MBTI will then be scored and will attempt to identify the preference, and clarity of preference, in each dichotomy. After taking the MBTI, participants are usually asked to complete a Best Fit exercise (see below) and then given a readout of their Reported Type, which will usually include a bar graph and number to show how clear they were about each preference when they completed the questionnaire.
During the early development of the MBTI thousands of items were used. Most were eventually discarded because they did not have high midpoint discrimination, meaning the results of that one item did not, on average, move an individual score away from the midpoint. Using only items with high midpoint discrimination allows the MBTI to have fewer items on it but still provide as much statistical information as other instruments with many more items with lower midpoint discrimination. The MBTI requires five points one way or another to indicate a clear preference.
Additional formats
Isabel Myers had noted that people of any given type shared differences as well as similarities. At the time of her death, she was developing a more in-depth method of measuring how people express and experience their individual type pattern.
In 1987, an advanced scoring system was developed for the MBTI. From this was developed the Type Differentiation Indicator (TDI) (Saunders, 1989) which is a scoring system for the longer MBTI, Form J,[22] which includes the 290 items written by Myers that had survived her previous item analyses. It yields 20 subscales (five under each of the four dichotomous preference scales), plus seven additional subscales for a new Comfort-Discomfort factor (which purportedly corresponds to the missing factor of Neuroticism).
This factor's scales indicate a sense of overall comfort and confidence versus discomfort and anxiety. They also load onto one of the four type dimensions:[23] guarded-optimistic (also T/F), defiant-compliant (also T/F), carefree-worried (also T/F), decisive-ambivalent (also J/P), intrepid-inhibited (Also E/I), leader-follower (Also E/I), and proactive-distractible (also J/P)
Also included is a composite of these called "strain." There are also scales for type-scale consistency and comfort-scale consistency. Reliability of 23 of the 27 TDI subscales is greater than 0.50, "an acceptable result given the brevity of the subscales" (Saunders, 1989).
In 1989, a scoring system was developed for only the 20 subscales for the original four dichotomies. This was initially known as Form K, or the Expanded Analysis Report (EAR). This tool is now called the MBTI Step II.
Form J or the TDI included the items (derived from Myers' and McCaulley's earlier work) necessary to score what became known as Step III.[24] (The 1998 MBTI Manual reported that the two instruments were one and the same[25]) It was developed in a joint project involving the following organizations: CPP, the publisher of the whole family of MBTI works; CAPT (Center for Applications of Psychological Type), which holds all of Myers' and McCaulley's original work; and the MBTI Trust, headed by Katharine and Peter Myers. Step III was advertised as addressing type development and the use of perception and judgment by respondents.[26]
Translations into other languages
The MBTI has been successfully translated into over 20 languages,[27] covering many countries across the world. However, it is more true to say that the creation of a new questionnaire language is adaptation,[28] which includes translation; the other stages include reviews by subject matter experts fluent in the native language, and statistical analysis to check that the questions still measure the same psychological concepts as the original US English questionnaire.[29]
Precepts and ethics
The following precepts are generally used in the ethical administration of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator:
- Type not trait
- The MBTI sorts for type; it does not indicate the strength of ability. The questionnaire allows the clarity of a preference to be ascertained (Bill clearly prefers introversion), but not the strength of preference (Jane strongly prefers extraversion) or degree of aptitude (Harry is good at thinking). In this sense, it differs from trait-based tools such as 16PF. Type preferences are polar opposites: a precept of MBTI is that people fundamentally prefer one thing over the other, not a bit of both.
- Own best judge
- Individuals are considered the best judge of their own type. While the MBTI questionnaire provides a Reported Type, this is considered only an indication of their probable overall Type. A Best Fit Process is usually used to allow respondents to develop their understanding of the four dichotomies, to form their own hypothesis as to their overall Type, and to compare this against the Reported Type. In more than 20% of cases, the hypothesis and the Reported Type differ in one or more dichotomies. Using the clarity of each preference, any potential for bias in the report, and often, a comparison of two or more whole Types may then help respondents determine their own Best Fit.
- No right or wrong
- No preference or total type is considered better or worse than another. They are all Gifts Differing, as emphasized by the title of Isabel Briggs Myers' book on this subject.
- Voluntary
- It is considered unethical to compel anyone to take the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. It should always be taken voluntarily.[30]
- Confidentiality
- The result of the MBTI Reported and Best Fit type are confidential between the individual and administrator and, ethically, not for disclosure without permission.
- Not for selection
- The results of the assessment should not be used to "label, evaluate, or limit the respondent in any way" (emphasis original).[30] Since all types are valuable, and the MBTI measures preferences rather than aptitude, the MBTI is not considered a proper instrument for purposes of employment selection. Many professions contain highly competent individuals of different types with complementary preferences.
- Importance of proper feedback
- Individuals should always be given detailed feedback from a trained administrator and an opportunity to undertake a Best Fit exercise to check against their Reported Type. This feedback can be given in person or, where this is not practical, by telephone or electronically.
Type dynamics and development
|The Sixteen Types
|US Population Breakdown
|The table organizing the sixteen types was created by Isabel Myers (an INFP person).
|Estimated percentages of the 16 types in the U.S. population.[31]
The interaction of two, three, or four preferences is known as type dynamics. Although type dynamics has received little or no empirical support to substantiate its viability as a scientific theory,[32] Myers and Briggs asserted that for each of the 16 four-preference types, one function is the most dominant and is likely to be evident earliest in life. A secondary or auxiliary function typically becomes more evident (differentiated) during teenage years and provides balance to the dominant. In normal development, individuals tend to become more fluent with a third, tertiary function during mid life, while the fourth, inferior function remains least consciously developed. The inferior function is often considered to be more associated with the unconscious, being most evident in situations such as high stress (sometimes referred to as being in the grip of the inferior function).
However the use of type dynamics is disputed: in the conclusion of various studies on the subject of type dynamics, James H. Reynierse writes that "Type dynamics has persistent logical problems and is fundamentally based on a series of category mistakes; it provides, at best, a limited and incomplete account of type related phenomena"; and that "type dynamics relies on anecdotal evidence, fails most efficacy tests, and does not fit the empirical facts". His studies gave the clear result that the descriptions and workings of type dynamics do not fit the real behavior of people. He suggests getting completely rid of type dynamics, because it does not help but hinders understanding of personality. The presumed order of functions 1 to 4 did only occur in one out of 540 test results.[33]
The sequence of differentiation of dominant, auxiliary, and tertiary functions through life is termed type development. Note that this is an idealized sequence that may be disrupted by major life events.
The dynamic sequence of functions and their attitudes can be determined in the following way:
- The overall lifestyle preference (J-P) determines whether the judging (T-F) or perceiving (S-N) preference is most evident in the outside world; i.e., which function has an extraverted attitude
- The attitude preference (E-I) determines whether the extraverted function is dominant or auxiliary
- For those with an overall preference for extraversion, the function with the extraverted attitude will be the dominant function. For example, for an ESTJ type the dominant function is the judging function, thinking, and this is experienced with an extraverted attitude. This is notated as a dominant Te. For an ESTP, the dominant function is the perceiving function, sensing, notated as a dominant Se.
- The Auxiliary function for extraverts is the secondary preference of the judging or perceiving functions, and it is experienced with an introverted attitude: for example, the auxiliary function for ESTJ is introverted sensing (Si) and the auxiliary for ESTP is introverted thinking (Ti).
- For those with an overall preference for introversion, the function with the extraverted attitude is the auxiliary; the dominant is the other function in the main four letter preference. So the dominant function for ISTJ is introverted sensing (Si) with the auxiliary (supporting) function being extraverted thinking (Te).
- The Tertiary function is the opposite preference from the Auxiliary. For example, if the Auxiliary is thinking then the Tertiary would be feeling. The attitude of the Tertiary is the subject of some debate and therefore is not normally indicated; i.e. if the Auxiliary was Te then the Tertiary would be F (not Fe or Fi)
- The Inferior function is the opposite preference and attitude from the Dominant, so for an ESTJ with dominant Te the Inferior would be Fi.
Note that for extraverts, the dominant function is the one most evident in the external world. For introverts, however, it is the auxiliary function that is most evident externally, as their dominant function relates to the interior world.
Some examples of whole types may clarify this further. Taking the ESTJ example above:
- Extraverted function is a judging function (T-F) because of the overall J preference
- Extraverted function is dominant because of overall E preference
- Dominant function is therefore extraverted thinking (Te)
- Auxiliary function is the preferred perceiving function: introverted sensing (Si)
- Tertiary function is the opposite of the Auxiliary: intuition (N)
- Inferior function is the opposite of the Dominant: introverted feeling (Fi)
The dynamics of the ESTJ are found in the primary combination of extraverted thinking as their dominant function and introverted sensing as their auxiliary function: the dominant tendency of ESTJs to order their environment, to set clear boundaries, to clarify roles and timetables, and to direct the activities around them is supported by their facility for using past experience in an ordered and systematic way to help organize themselves and others. For instance, ESTJs may enjoy planning trips for groups of people to achieve some goal or to perform some culturally uplifting function. Because of their ease in directing others and their facility in managing their own time, they engage all the resources at their disposal to achieve their goals. However, under prolonged stress or sudden trauma, ESTJs may overuse their extraverted thinking function and fall into the grip of their inferior function, introverted feeling. Although the ESTJ can seem insensitive to the feelings of others in their normal activities, under tremendous stress, they can suddenly express feelings of being unappreciated or wounded by insensitivity.
Looking at the diametrically opposite four-letter type, INFP:
- Extraverted function is a perceiving function (S-N) because of the P preference
- Introverted function is dominant because of the I preference
- Dominant function is therefore introverted feeling (Fi)
- Auxiliary function is extraverted intuition (Ne)
- Tertiary function is the opposite of the Auxiliary: sensing (S)
- Inferior function is the opposite of the Dominant: extraverted thinking (Te)
The dynamics of the INFP rest on the fundamental correspondence of introverted feeling and extraverted intuition. The dominant tendency of the INFP is toward building a rich internal framework of values and toward championing human rights. They often devote themselves behind the scenes to causes such as civil rights or saving the environment. Since they tend to avoid the limelight, postpone decisions, and maintain a reserved posture, they are rarely found in executive-director type positions of the organizations that serve those causes. Normally, the INFP dislikes being "in charge" of things. When not under stress, the INFP radiates a pleasant and sympathetic demeanor; but under extreme stress, they can suddenly become rigid and directive, exerting their extraverted thinking erratically.
Every type, and its opposite, is the expression of these interactions, which give each type its unique, recognizable signature.
Cognitive learning styles
The test is scored by evaluating each answer in terms of what it reveals about the taker. Each question is relevant to one of the following cognitive learning styles. Each is not a polar opposite, but a gradual continuum.
The first continuum reflects what generically energizes a person. Extraverted types learn best by talking and interacting with others. By interacting with the physical world, extraverts can process and make sense of new information. Introverted types prefer quiet reflection and privacy. Information processing occurs for introverts as they explore ideas and concepts internally.
The second continuum reflects what a person focuses their attentions on. Sensing types enjoy a learning environment in which the material is presented in a detailed and sequential manner. Sensing types often attend to what is occurring in the present, and can move to the abstract after they have established a concrete experience. Intuitive types prefer a learning atmosphere in which an emphasis is placed on meaning and associations. Insight is valued higher than careful observation, and pattern recognition occurs naturally for Intuitive types.
The third continuum reflects the person's decision preferences. Thinking types desire objective truth and logical principles and are natural at deductive reasoning. Feeling types place an emphasis on issues and causes that can be personalized while they consider other people's motives.
The fourth continuum reflects how the person regards complexity. Judging types will thrive when information is organized and structured, and they will be motivated to complete assignments to gain closure. Perceiving types will flourish in a flexible learning environment in which they are stimulated by new and exciting ideas.
Correlations to other instruments
Keirsey temperaments
David W. Keirsey mapped four "temperaments" to the existing Myers-Briggs system groupings: SP, SJ, NF and NT; this often results in confusion of the two theories. However, the Keirsey Temperament Sorter is not directly associated with the official Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
Big Five
McCrae and Costa[34][35] present correlations between the MBTI scales and the Big Five personality construct, which aims to organize the complete set of basic personality domains. The five personality characteristics are extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability (or neuroticism). The following study is based on the results from 267 men followed as part of a longitudinal study of aging. (Similar results were obtained with 201 women.)
The closer the number is to 1.0 or −1.0, the higher the degree of correlation.
These data suggest that the four MBTI scales are subsumed within the Big Five personality traits, but that the MBTI lacks a measure for emotional stability dimension of the Big Five (though the TDI, discussed above, has addressed that dimension). Emotional stability (or neuroticism) is a core domain predictive of depression and anxiety disorders. These correlations refer to the second letter shown, i.e. the table shows that I and P have negative correlation to extraversion and conscientiousness respectively, while F and N have positive correlation to agreeableness and openness respectively.
These findings led McCrae and Costa, the formulators of the Five Factor Model (a Big Five theory),[36] to conclude, "correlational analyses showed that the four MBTI indices did measure aspects of four of the five major dimensions of normal personality. The five-factor model provides an alternative basis for interpreting MBTI findings within a broader, more commonly shared conceptual framework." However, "there was no support for the view that the MBTI measures truly dichotomous preferences or qualitatively distinct types, instead, the instrument measures four relatively independent dimensions."
Personality disorders
One study found personality disorders as described by the DSM overall to correlate modestly with I, N, T, and P, though the associations varied significantly by disorder. The only two disorders with significant correlations of all four MBTI dimensions were schizotypal (INTP) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (ISTJ).[37]
Origins of the theory
Jung's theory of psychological type, as published in his 1921 book, was not tested through controlled scientific studies.[21] Jung's methods primarily included clinical observation, introspection and anecdote—methods that are largely regarded as inconclusive by the modern field of psychology.[21]
Jung's type theory introduced a sequence of four cognitive functions (thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition), each having one of two orientations (extraversion or introversion), for a total of eight dominant functions. The Myers-Briggs theory is based on these eight functions, although with some differences in expression (see Differences from Jung above). However, neither the Myers-Briggs nor the Jungian models offer any scientific, experimental proof to support the existence, the sequence, the orientation, or the manifestation of these functions.[21]
The statistical validity of the MBTI as a psychometric instrument has been the subject of criticism. It has been estimated that between a third and a half of the published material on the MBTI has been produced for conferences of the Center for the Application of Psychological Type (which provides training in the MBTI) or as papers in the Journal of Psychological Type (which is edited by Myers-Briggs advocates).[38] It has been argued that this reflects a lack of critical scrutiny.[38][39] Many of the studies that endorse MBTI are methodologically weak.[39][40] A 1996 review by Gardner and Martinko concluded: "It is clear that efforts to detect simplistic linkages between type preferences and managerial effectiveness have been disappointing. Indeed, given the mixed quality of research and the inconsistent findings, no definitive conclusion regarding these relationships can be drawn."[39][40]
For example, some researchers expected that scores would show a bimodal distribution with peaks near the ends of the scales, but found that scores on the individual subscales were actually distributed in a centrally peaked manner similar to a normal distribution. A cut-off exists at the center of the subscale such that a score on one side is classified as one type, and a score on the other side as the opposite type. This fails to support the concept of type: the norm is for people to lie near the middle of the subscale.[34][39][41][42][43] "Although we do not conclude that the absence of bimodality necessarily proves that the MBTI developers' theory-based assumption of categorical "types" of personality is invalid, the absence of empirical bimodality in IRT-based MBTI scores does indeed remove a potentially powerful line of evidence that was previously available to "type" advocates to cite in defense of their position." [43]
In 1991, the National Academy of Sciences committee reviewed data from MBTI research studies and concluded that only the I-E scale has high correlations with comparable scales of other instruments and low correlations with instruments designed to assess different concepts, showing strong validity. In contrast, the S-N and T-F scales show relatively weak validity. The 1991 review committee concluded at the time there was "not sufficient, well-designed research to justify the use of the MBTI in career counseling programs".[44] This study based its measurement of validity on "criterion-related validity (i.e., does the MBTI predict specific outcomes related to interpersonal relations or career success/job performance?)."[44] Studies have found that there is insufficient evidence to make claims about utility, particularly of the four letter type given after the test.[39]
The accuracy of the MBTI depends on honest self-reporting by the person tested.[9]:52–53 Unlike some personality measures, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory or the Personality Assessment Inventory, the MBTI does not use validity scales to assess exaggerated or socially desirable responses.[45] As a result, individuals motivated to do so can fake their responses,[46] and one study found that the MBTI judgment/perception dimension correlates with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire lie scale.[47] If respondents "fear they have something to lose, they may answer as they assume they should."[9]:53 However, the MBTI ethical guidelines state, "It is unethical and in many cases illegal to require job applicants to take the Indicator if the results will be used to screen out applicants."[30] The intent of the MBTI is to provide "a framework for understanding individual differences, and … a dynamic model of individual development".[48]
The terminology of the MBTI has been criticized as being very "vague and general",[49] so as to allow any kind of behavior to fit any personality type, which may result in the Forer effect, where individuals give a high rating to a positive description that supposedly applies specifically to them.[21][39] Others argue that while the MBTI type descriptions are brief, they are also distinctive and precise.[50]:14–15 Some theorists, such as David Keirsey, have expanded on the MBTI descriptions, providing even greater detail. For instance, Keirsey's descriptions of his four temperaments, which he correlated with the sixteen MBTI personality types, show how the temperaments differ in terms of language use, intellectual orientation, educational and vocational interests, social orientation, self-image, personal values, social roles, and characteristic hand gestures.[50]:32–207
Factor analysis
With regard to factor analysis, one study of 1291 college-aged students found six different factors instead of the four used in the MBTI.[51] In other studies, researchers found that the JP and the SN scales correlate with one another.[34]
According to Hans Eysenck: "The main dimension in the MBTI is called E-I, or extraversion-introversion; this is mostly a sociability scale, correlating quite well with the MMPI social introversion scale (negatively) and the Eysenck Extraversion scale (positively) (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1985). Unfortunately, the scale also has a loading on neuroticism, which correlates with the introverted end. Thus introversion correlates roughly (i.e. averaging values for males and females) -.44 with dominance, -.24 with aggression, +.37 with abasement, +.46 with counselling readiness, -.52 with self-confidence, -.36 with personal adjustment, and -.45 with empathy. The failure of the scale to disentangle Introversion and Neuroticism (in fact there is no scale for neurotic and other psychopathological attributes in the MBTI) is its worst feature, only equalled by the failure to use factor analysis in order to test the arrangement of items in the scale."[19]
There is a lack of test-retest reliability, with large numbers of individuals having different classifications after five weeks. There is also strong evidence that the different scales are correlated, and not independent as claimed.[39] In Fortune Magazine on May 15, 2013, an article on the test, entitled "Have we all been duped by the Myers-Briggs Test", said that:
"The interesting -- and somewhat alarming -- fact about the MBTI is that, despite its popularity, it has been subject to sustained criticism by professional psychologists for over three decades. One problem is that it displays what statisticians call low "test-retest reliability." So if you retake the test after only a five-week gap, there's around a 50% chance that you will fall into a different personality category compared to the first time you took the test."
The consequence is that the scores of two people labelled "introvert" and "extravert" may be almost exactly the same, but they could be placed into different categories since they fall on either side of an imaginary dividing line.[52]
Some researchers have interpreted the reliability of the test as being low. Studies have found that between 39% and 76% of those tested fall into different types upon retesting some weeks or years later.[39][42]
One study reports that the MBTI dichotomies exhibit good split-half reliability; however, the dichotomy scores are distributed in a bell curve, and the overall type allocations are less reliable. Also, test-retest reliability is sensitive to the time between tests. Within each dichotomy scale, as measured on Form G, about 83% of categorizations remain the same when individuals are retested within nine months, and around 75% when individuals are retested after nine months. About 50% of people tested within nine months remain the same overall type, and 36% remain the same type after more than nine months.[53] For Form M (the most current form of the MBTI instrument), the MBTI Manual reports that these scores are higher (p. 163, Table 8.6).
In one study, when people were asked to compare their preferred type to that assigned by the MBTI assessment, only half of people picked the same profile.[54] Critics also argue that the MBTI lacks falsifiability[citation needed], which can cause confirmation bias in the interpretation of results.
A number of scholars argue that criticisms regarding the MBTI mostly come down to questions regarding the validity of its origins, not questions regarding the validity of the MBTI's usefulness.[55] Others argue that the MBTI can be a reliable measurement of personality; it just so happens that "like all measures, the MBTI yields scores that are dependent on sample characteristics and testing conditions".[56]
In her research, Isabel Myers found that the proportion of different personality types varied by choice of career or course of study.[1]:40–51[10] However, some researchers examining the proportions of each type within varying professions report that the proportion of MBTI types within each occupation is close to that within a random sample of the population.[39] Some researchers have expressed reservations about the relevance of type to job satisfaction, as well as concerns about the potential misuse of the instrument in labeling individuals.[39][57]
CPP became the exclusive publisher of the Myers-Briggs instrument in 1975. They call it "the world's most widely used personality assessment", with as many as two million assessments administered annually.[58] CPP and other proponents state that the indicator meets or exceeds the reliability of other psychological instruments and cite reports of individual behavior.[59][60][61]
Some studies have found strong support for construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability, although variation was observed.[62][63] However, some academic psychologists have criticized the MBTI instrument, claiming that it "lacks convincing validity data",[34][41][42][64] while some studies have shown the statistical validity and reliability to be low.[39][42][65]
Studies suggest that the MBTI is not a useful predictor of job performance.[39][44][66] As noted above under Precepts and ethics, the MBTI measures preference, not ability. The use of the MBTI as a predictor of job success is expressly discouraged in the Manual.[9]:78 However, the MBTI continues to be popular because many people are qualified to administer it, it is not difficult to understand, and there are many supporting books, websites and other useful sources which are readily available to the general public.[67]
See also
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Myers, Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers (1980, 1995). Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type. Mountain View, CA: Davies-Black Publishing. ISBN 0-89106-074-X. Check date values in:
- ^ a b c d MBTI basics, The Myers-Briggs Foundation, 2014, Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- ^ Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), CPP.com, Menlo Park, CA, 2014, Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- ^ Jung, Carl Gustav (August 1, 1971). "Psychological Types". Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 6. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-097704.
- ^ Kaplan, R.M., & Saccuzzo, D.P. (2009). Psychological testing: Principle, applications, and issues. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
- ^ Center for Applications of Psychological Type. (2012). The story of Isabel Briggs Myers. Retrieved from http://www.capt.org/mbti-assessment/isabel-myers.htm
- ^ Pearman, Roger R. (1997). I'm Not Crazy, I'm Just Not You (First ed.). Palo Alto, California: Davies-Black Publishing. xiii. ISBN 0-89106-096-0. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help)
- ^ Kaplan, R.M., & Saccuzzo, D.P. (2009). Psychological testing: Principle, applications, and issues. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
- ^ a b c d e Myers, Isabel Briggs (1985). Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. ISBN 0-89106-027-8. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help)
- ^ a b c d Myers, Isabel Briggs; McCaulley Mary H.; Quenk, Naomi L.; Hammer, Allen L. (1998). MBTI Manual (A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator). Consulting Psychologists Press; 3rd ed edition. ISBN 0-89106-130-4.
- ^ Zeisset, Carolyn (2006). The Art of Dialogue: Exploring Personality Differences for More Effective Communication. Gainesville, FL: Center for Applications of Psychological Type, Inc. p. 13. ISBN 0-935652-77-9.
- ^ nettle, Dr. Daniel. "Personality: A user guide". The Open University. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
- ^ Tieger, Paul D. (1999). The Art of SpeedReading People. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-316-84518-2. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help)
- ^ a b "CAPT: "The Story of Isabel Briggs Myers"". Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- ^ a b "The TYPE Writer: "It Happened In 1943: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Turns 60 Years Old"" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- ^ Geyer, Peter (1998) Some Significant Dates[dead link]. Retrieved December 5, 2005.
- ^ "Guide to the Isabel Briggs Myers Papers 1885-1992". University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries, Department of Special and Area Studies Collections, Gainesville, FL. 2003. Retrieved 2005-12-05.
- ^ "TypeLogic". Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- ^ a b Eysenck, H.J. Genius: The Natural History of Creativity (1995 ed.). p. 110.
- ^ Eysenck, H.J. Genius: The Natural History of Creativity (1995 ed.). p. 179.
- ^ a b c d e Carroll, Robert Todd (January 9, 2004). "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator-The Skeptic's Dictionary". Retrieved 2004-01-08.
- ^ "Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- ^ Rebecca L. Oxford. Language learning motivation: pathways to the new century (Google Book). Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ^ Briggs Myers, Isabel; McCaulley, Mary H.; Quenk, Naomi L.; Hammer, Allen L.; Mitchell, Wayne D. MBTI Step III Manual: Exploring Personality Development Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Instrument p.119. Consulting Psychologists Press (2009)
- ^ Myers, Isabel Briggs; McCaulley Mary H.; Quenk, Naomi L.; Hammer, Allen L. (1998). MBTI Manual (A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator) p.131. Consulting Psychologists Press; 3rd ed edition. ISBN 0-89106-130-4.
- ^ "CAPT Step III". Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- ^ Be Better with SkillsOne®
- ^ International Test Commission (2010). International Test Commission Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. [1]
- ^ "MBTI® Step I instrument | European Data Supplement" (PDF). OPP Ltd, Elsfield Hall, Oxford. March 2011. Retrieved 2014-07-04.
- ^ a b c "Ethics for Administering the MBTI Instrument". Retrieved 2009-02-15.
- ^ "CAPT—Center for Applications of Psychological Type". Retrieved 2010-06-19.
- ^ "The Personality Junkie: Personality Type Theory". Retrieved 2009-11-22.
- ^ James H. Reynierse, "The Case Against Type Dynamics", Journal of Psychological Type, Issue 1 2009
- ^ a b c d McCrae, R R; Costa, P T (1989). "Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator From the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model of Personality". Journal of Personality. 57 (1): 17–40. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00759.x. PMID 2709300.
- ^ Full text
- ^ "University of Oregon: "Measuring the Big Five Personality Factors"". Retrieved 2008-08-08.
- ^ "An Empirical Investigation of Jung's Personality Types and Psychological Disorder Features" (PDF). Journal of Psychological Type/University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. 2001. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
- ^ a b Coffield F, Moseley D, Hall E, Ecclestone K (2004). "Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systematic and critical review" (PDF). Learning and Skills Research Centre.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Pittenger, David J. (November 1993). "Measuring the MBTI...And Coming Up Short" (PDF). Journal of Career Planning and Employment. 54 (1): 48–52. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Pittenger" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b William L. Gardner and Mark J. Martinko (1996). "Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to study managers: A literature review and research agenda". Journal of Management. 22: 45–83. doi:10.1177/014920639602200103.
- ^ a b Stricker, L J; Ross, J (1964). "An Assessment of Some Structural Properties of the Jungian Personality Typology". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 68: 62–71. doi:10.1037/h0043580.
- ^ a b c d Matthews, P (2004-05-21). "The MBTI is a flawed measure of personality". Bmj.com Rapid Responses.
- ^ a b Bess, T.L. & Harvey, R.J. (2001). "Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI: Fact or artifact?". The Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego 2001.
- ^ a b c Nowack, K. (1996). Is the Myers Briggs Type Indicator the Right Tool to Use? Performance in Practice, American Society of Training and Development, Fall 1996, 6
- ^ Boyle, G J (1995). "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Some psychometric limitations". Australian Psychologist. 30: 71–74. doi:10.1111/j.1742-9544.1995.tb01750.x.
- ^ Furnham, A (1990). "Faking personality questionnaires: Fabricating different profiles for different purposes". Current Psychology. 9: 46–55. doi:10.1007/BF02686767.
- ^ Francis, L J; Jones, S H (2000). "The Relationship Between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Among Adult Churchgoers". Pastoral Psychology. 48.
- ^ "MBTI Type at Workl". Retrieved 2010-08-04.
- ^ "Forer effect from the Skeptic's Dictionary".
- ^ a b Keirsey, David (1998). Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence. Del Mar, CA: Prometheus Nemesis Book Company. ISBN 1-885705-02-6.
- ^ Sipps, G.J., R.A. Alexander, and L. Friedt. "Item Analysis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator." Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 45, No. 4 (1985), pp. 789-796.
- ^ "Have we all been duped by the Myers-Briggs test? - Fortune". management.fortune.cnn.com. Retrieved 2014-07-04.
- ^ Harvey, R J (1996). "Reliability and Validity, in MBTI Applications A.L. Hammer, Editor". Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto, CA. p. 5- 29.
- ^ Carskadon, TG & Cook, DD (1982). "Validity of MBTI descriptions as perceived by recipients unfamiliar with type". Research in Psychological Type. 5: 89–94.
- ^ Dawes, Robyn (2004). "Time for a critical empirical investigation of the MBTI: Case and Phillipson are right to highlight the pre-scientific roots of the MBTI, but they fail to separate the issue of the validity or usefulness of the MBTI from the issue of the validity of its origins.(Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)". European Business Forum (18).
- ^ Capraro, Robert (2002). "MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR SCORE RELIABILITY ACROSS STUDIES: A META-ANALYTIC RELIABILITY GENERALIZATION STUDY". Educational and Psychological Measurement (62): 590–602. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help)
- ^ Druckman, D. and R. A. Bjork, Eds. (1992). In the Mind's Eye: Enhancing Human Performance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-04747-1.
- ^ "CPP Products". Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ Schaubhut, Nancy A. (2009). "MBTI Form M Manual Supplement" (PDF). CPP. p. 17. Retrieved 2010-05-08. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help)
- ^ Clack, Gillian. "Response to Paul Matthews' criticism". Retrieved 2008-05-14. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help)
- ^ Barron-Tieger, Barbara; Tieger, Paul D. (1995). Do what you are: discover the perfect career for you through the secrets of personality type. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-84522-1.
- ^ Thompson, Bruce (Autumn 1986). "Construct Validity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator". Educational and Psychological Measurement. SAGE Publications. 46 (3): 745–752. doi:10.1177/0013164486463032. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help);
- ^ Capraro, Robert M. (August 2002). "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability Across: Studies a Meta-Analytic Reliability Generalization Study". Educational and Psychological Measurement. SAGE Publications. 62 (4): 590–602. doi:10.1177/0013164402062004004. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (
|author=suggested) (help);
- ^ Hunsley J, Lee CM, Wood JM (2004). "Controversial and questionable assessment techniques". Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology, Lilienfeld SO, Lohr JM, Lynn SJ (eds.). Guilford. ISBN 1-59385-070-0., p. 65
- ^ Kline, Paul, The handbook of psychological testing, Psychology Press, 2000, ISBN 0-415-21158-1, ISBN 978-0-415-21158-1
- ^ Letters to the Editor: It's Not You, It's Your Personality." (1992, February 3). Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. PAGE A13. Retrieved November 8, 2008, from Wall Street Journal database. (Document ID: 27836749).
- ^ Corie Lok (2012). "Career development: What's your type?". Nature 488, 545-547.
References and further reading
- Hunsley, J.; Lee, C.M.; and Wood, J.M. (2004). Controversial and questionable assessment techniques. Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology, Lilienfeld SO, Lohr JM, Lynn SJ (eds.). Guilford, ISBN 1-59385-070-0
- Bess, T.L.; and Harvey, R.J. (2001, April). Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI: Fact or artifact? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego.
- Bess, T.L.; Harvey, R.J.; and Swartz, D. (2003). Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando.
- Bourne, Dana (2005). Personality Types and the Transgender Community. Retrieved November 14, 2005
- Falt, Jack. Bibliography of MBTI/Temperament Books by Author. Retrieved December 20, 2004
- Georgia State University. GSU Master Teacher Program: On Learning Styles. Retrieved December 20, 2004.
- Jung, Carl Gustav (1965). Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Vintage Books: New York, 1965. p. 207
- Jung, C. G. (1971). Psychological types (Collected works of C. G. Jung, volume 6). (3rd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. First appeared in German in 1921. ISBN 0-691-09770-4
- Krauskopf, Charles J. and Saunders, David R. (1994) Personality and Ability: The Personality Assessment System. Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-9282-1
- Matthews, Paul (2004). The MBTI is a flawed measure of personality'.'. bmj.com Rapid Responses. Retrieved February 9, 2005
- Myers, Isabel Briggs (1980). Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type. Davies-Black Publishing; Reprint edition (May 1, 1995). ISBN 0-89106-074-X
- Myers, Isabel Briggs, Mary H. McCaulley, Naomi Quenk, and Allan Hammer. (1998) MBTI Handbook: A Guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Consulting Psychologists Press, 3rd edition. ISBN 0-89106-130-4
- Pearman, R.; Lombardo, M.; and Eichinger, R.(2005). YOU: Being More Effective In Your MBTI Type. Minn.:Lominger International, Inc.
- Pearman, R.; and Albritton, S. (1996). I'm Not Crazy, I'm Just Not You: The Real Meaning of the Sixteen Personality Types. Mountain View, Ca: Davies-Black Publishing.
- Personality Plus. Employers love personality tests. But what do they really reveal?
- Saunders, D. (1989). Type Differentiation Indicator Manual: A scoring system for Form J of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
- Skeptics Dictionary. "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" [2]
- Virginia Tech. The Relationship Between Psychological Type and Professional Orientation Among Technology Education Teachers. Retrieved December 20, 2004
- Thomas G. Long (October 1992). "Myers-Briggs and other Modern Astrologies". Theology Today. 49 (3): 291–95. doi:10.1177/004057369204900301.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myers–Briggs Type Indicator.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Psychological Type


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ARM1136J-S and ARM1136JF-S core frequency and features target requirements of consumer, wireless and networking applications
Cambridge, UK – Oct. 14, 2002 – ARM [(LSE:ARM) (Nasdaq:ARMHY)], the industry's leading provider of 16/32-bit embedded RISC microprocessor solutions, today introduced two new microprocessors, the ARM1136J-S™ core and the ARM1136JF-S™ core at the Microprocessor Forum, San Jose, Calif. These two new CPU products are the first microprocessor core implementations of the ARM11™ microarchitecture, which was announced at the Embedded Processor Forum in San Jose in April 2002. (See press release... ARM Announces Next-Generation ARM11 Microarchitectuer…Apr. 29, 2002). Both products are based on the ARMv6 instruction set architecture. ARM also launched the ARM11 PrimeXsys™ Platform today, which is powered by these new cores (see separate press release … ARM Launches New ARM11 PrimeXsys Platform … Oct. 14, 2002).
The ARM1136J-S core and the ARM1136JF-S core are targeted at a wide range of consumer, wireless and networking applications such as set-top boxes, digital cameras, 2.5 and 3G mobile phones, voice-over-IP (VoIP) infrastructure equipment, broadband modems, residential gateways, WLAN access points and security devices. The ARM11 microarchitecture features a high-performance pipeline and high-bandwidth memory system which, when combined with clock gating throughout, results in an extremely compact and power-efficient microprocessor core. With a typical operating frequency of over 533MHz in 0.13u process, these two new cores are the only licensable microprocessor intellectual property (IP) to deliver performance of over 600 Dhrystone MIPs (un-optimized) at under 200mW.
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The Memory Management Unit (MMU) supports leading operating systems such as Microsoft, SymbianOS, WindRiver and linux, and includes physically tagged caches - which reduce OS context switch times, and improve processor utilization by eliminating forced cache flushing by the OS.
The ARMv6 architecture contributes SIMD instructions to accelerate multimedia performance, such as MPEG4 encoding in software, by a factor of two over the ARMv5 architecture.
The new cores also feature improved real time response with a low-interrupt-latency mode, vectored interrupt support and 3x times faster interrupt entry using new stack and mode-change instructions. Low-power operation is ensured by extensive clock-gating throughout the design, and two low-power modes to support system-level power management.
"Performance features coupled with the traditional ARM® core strengths of low-power consumption, small die size and tight code density are critical factors in many embedded applications - particularly in portable devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras and wireless LAN NICs," said David Cormie, CPU product manager, ARM. "The ARM1136 cores deliver very high effective performance within a compact physical and power envelope to meet the evolving demands of these applications and the requirements of our Partners."
The new 'F' extension added to the ARM1136JF-S core signifies the inclusion of a floating-point coprocessor function that in addition to consumer, wireless applications, and also makes the core highly suitable for automotive applications. Floating-point coprocessors are ideal for embedded control applications such as power-train and vehicle dynamics systems, and are also a key requirement for many 3D graphics applications. Both cores include the ARM Jazelle™ extensions for enhanced Java™ acceleration and the ARM "E" extensions for DSP acceleration. The ARM1136J-S core and the ARM1136JF-S core are delivered in a synthesizable format and are designed to work seamlessly with commercially available libraries and RAM compilers, which helps to speed up integration of the cores into system-on-chip (SoC) devices. The ARM1136J-S core and the ARM1136JF-S core deliver over 400 MHz worst-case for 160mW in a 1V, 0.13 micron process
The ARM1136J-S core and the ARM1136JF-S core are supported by the ARM RealView™ development solution consisting of RealView Compilation Tools, the RealView Debugger tool, RealView ICE™ products and RealViewTrace™ products.
About RealView Tools
RealView tools by ARM, provide designers with the best solution for creating and analyzing systems based on ARM technology. ARM RealView tools are designed and used by the same creators of the ARM architecture and, therefore, enable the highest level of pre-silicon evaluation and development and the broadest range of support for future architecture families and derivatives. ARM RealView tools are fully integrated and provide a complete solution to any design or SoC integration challenge, giving the developer higher confidence in first silicon and a faster time-to-market.
About ARM
ARM is the industry's leading provider of 16/32-bit embedded RISC microprocessor solutions. The company licenses its high-performance, low-cost, power-efficient RISC processors, peripherals and system-on-chip designs to leading international electronics companies. ARM also provides comprehensive support required in developing a complete system. ARM's microprocessor cores are rapidly becoming a volume RISC standard in such markets as portable communications, hand-held computing, multimedia digital consumer and embedded solutions.
ARM and Multi-ICE are registered trademarks of ARM Limited. ARM11, ARM1136J-S, ARM1136JF-S, PrimeXsys, Jazelle, RealView, RealViewICE, and RealViewTrace are trademarks of ARM Limited. All other brands or product names are the property of their respective holders. "ARM" is used to represent ARM Holdings plc (LSE: ARM and Nasdaq: ARMHY); its operating company ARM Limited; and the regional subsidiaries ARM INC.; ARM KK; ARM Korea Ltd.; ARM Taiwan; ARM France SAS; and ARM China.


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Born with spina bifida and paralyzed from the waist down, this busy second-grader doesn't let anything get in his way and always has a smile on his face.


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NEW YORK (AP) — Worries over the looming "fiscal cliff" and the health of the U.S. economy drove oil prices lower Tuesday.
U.S. lawmakers have less than a month to reach a compromise to avoid a series of sharp tax increases and spending cuts that take effect in January. Proposals from the White House and Republicans in Congress have failed to find much common ground.
There are few details so far, but the White House estimates its plan would carve $4.4 trillion from the deficit over the coming decade, including previously enacted cuts ($1 trillion) and savings from reduced costs for overseas military operations ($800 billion), as well as interest payments on the national debt ($600 billion).
House Republicans say their plan would cut deficits by $2.2 trillion over 10 years, but they don't claim previous cuts, war savings or interest costs toward that total. Both plans would block automatic spending cuts set to hit the economy in January.
On Monday, there were signs that the lack of a deal may be affecting the economy. U.S. manufacturing shrank in November to its weakest level since July 2009, the Institute of Supply Management said, brought on by the impact of Superstorm Sandy and uncertainty about taxes and government spending cuts.
Benchmark crude finished down 59 cents at $88.50 a barrel in New York.
At the pump, gasoline lost less than a penny overnight to reach a national average of $3.38 a gallon, according to AAA, Wright Express and the Oil Price Information Service. That's down almost four cents in a week but still a dime higher than a year ago.
Brent crude, which is used to price international varieties of oil, lost $1.08 to $109.84 on the ICE Futures exchange in London.
Other futures on the New York Mercantile Exchange:
— Heating oil fell 5 cents to $3.00 a gallon.
— Natural gas lost 5 cents to $3.54 per 1,000 cubic feet.
— Wholesale gasoline fell 3.75 cents to $2.69 a gallon.


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After stumbling upon WFP.org while surfing the web, a British schoolboy has decided to give up birthday presents this year to help feed the world's hungry.
LONDON -- Zane Smith, a nine-year-old from Killigrew Primary School in St. Albans, has decided he doesn't want birthday presents this year. Instead, he has asked his school friends to donate money to the World Food Programme.
By sacrificing his presents he has managed to raise £165, which is enough to feed a staggering 1,000 school children in the developing world for a day.
"We are so proud of Zane," says Zara Belmar, his mother. "He found WFP's website while surfing the net. He was so struck by the plight of other children that he decided he had to do something to help".
As Zane put it: "I don't mind about birthday presents this year. I always get special presents, so this year I want to make a difference for others".
With the number of hungry people in the world creeping towards 1 billion, it's more important than ever to support the work of the World Food Programme. The organization aims to feed about 100 million people in 77 countries in 2009.


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PARIS (AP) — French prosecutors have announced the release of three people detained earlier this week as part of an investigation into the deadly terror attacks in Toulouse that targeted Jews and paratroopers.
A spokeswoman for the prosecutors, Agnes Thibault-Lecuivre, says the three, including a soldier, were freed Friday. None was charged in the case.
Investigators in the terror case are trying to understand whether Mohamed Merah — the man police say killed three Jewish schoolchildren, a rabbi and three paratroopers last March —had any help.
Merah was killed in a shootout with police after his deadly spree.
Five people had been detained earlier, but all were freed after questioning. Only Merah's brother, Abdelkader, has been charged with complicity in the case and is being held.


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Arts & Mysteries: Advanced Chisel Techniques
When you know what you're doing, chisels can be wonderfully helpful tools.
By Adam Cherubini
Pages: 82-86
From the June 2005 issue #148
Buy this issue now
If all you want to do with your chisels is adjust machine-cut joints or slice glue drips, any technique or tool will work. This sort of work is occasional in nature, and not particularly strenuous. But chisels offer woodworkers the opportunity to do much more.
For machine-using woodworkers, chisels provide the opportunity to explore new possibilities. You can cut shapes with a chisel that are not achievable by other means. For the beginner lacking specialty machinery, chisels can be used to cut all manner of joints quickly and efficiently. But this work requires more effort than the occasional paring of a joint.
For this sort of work to be practical, we need much more thoughtful tools and techniques. The trouble is, neither the tools nor the traditional techniques are well-understood. What we need is a professional to show us his tricks and the tools we'll need to perform them. That's where I come in. Oh, no, I don't mean me. See, the guy we need died more than 300 years ago.
In this, my second article on working wood quickly and efficiently with hand tools, we'll look back in time in hopes of discovering the effective and efficient use of chisels.
From the June 2005 issue #148
Buy this issue now


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Recently engaged Melissa Rycroft says wedding plans are coming along well with the help of her fiancé Tye Strickland.
"Tye is planning more than I am," the former Bachelor and Dancing with the Stars contestant confessed to PEOPLE Monday night at the Verizon Wireless Matt Leinart Foundation Celebrity Bowl in Hollywood. "At this point, I'm probably the worst bride in the history of brides."
Melissa and Tye dated on and off for about 2 years before he proposed on June 26. With wedding plans underway, Melissa says she would rather be a bad bride than turn into a bridezilla. "I'm the exact opposite [of a bridezilla]," says Rycroft, 26. "I don't know if we'll get married ever by the way that I plan it!"
For Melissa, an important part of the ceremony is getting fit to show off the wedding dress. "I've heard the stress alone of planning a wedding helps you get into shape for it, so we'll see if I need to stress myself out a little bit to lose that extra pound!"
Not sure what Melissa is talking about because she definately looks fit to me.


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Teen Charged in Death of Bucksport Student
The teenager behind the wheel in a crash that killed Taylor Darveau of Bucksport in October has been charged in connection with her death.
The 16-year-old girl was summoned Wednesday evening on charges of manslaughter and driving to endanger, according to media reports. Because she is being charged as a juvenile, Townsquare Media will not publish her name.
Darveau, a 15-year-old student at Bucksport High School, was the passenger in the car that crashed into a tree on Bucksmills Road on the evening of Oct. 3, 2013.
Police cited speed and driver inexperience as factors in the crash.


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Hello All,
Planning a trip to the Bay Area solely for kiteboarding, live music and kicking back. I'll be there July 6th. to the 16th. Looking for some info on must kite sites and a central area to base myself out of. Three spots I'd like to get are Sherman Island, Crissy, and to kite under the GG Bridge.
Thanks for a great resource!


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Baltimore police said they are investigating the death of an adult male, who was shot in the head Saturday in Northwest Baltimore.
The shooting took place in the 2300 block of Riggs Ave., according to a release from the department.
According to Sgt. J Eric Kowalczyk, homicide detectives were actively investigating late Saturday night, and no further information was available.


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RadarOnline is reporting some interesting and shocking news. According to them, Jillian Harris's new fiance Ed Swiderski continues to text his ex girlfriend, Bethany Steffen (pictured above). These texts are described as being more than platonic.
Multiple sources tell RadarOnline that Ed was texting and emailing Bethany even during the filming of The Bachelorette. This story seems to have some merit to it, as RealitySteve reported part of an alleged email exchange between Ed and Bethany during the filming of the show.
"He broke off his relationship with Bethany just a week before he began shooting The Bachelorette but soon resumed contact with her via texts and emails," a source told Radar. Another source described the texts as being "sexy."
The report says Ed continued his sexy text messages towards his ex even after he finished filming. His ex is described as being stunned at news that Ed was the winner. "Ed's sexy messages to Bethany certainly aren't of the kind a happily engaged man should be sending."
Radar also reports Ed and Bethany had dated for four months. Ed broke off communication with Bethany before the show, effectively dumping her (but just forgetting to tell her!).
I like these two as a couple and was hoping the Ed girlfriend rumors were false, but the evidence keeps piling up against Ed. Jillian is planning on moving to Chicago to live with Ed on September 1.


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Director: Joan W. Berman, PhDPhone: 718.430.3194Fax: 718.430.8541Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Albert Einstein College of MedicineJack and Pearl Resnick Campus1300 Morris Park AvenueForchheimer Building, Room 727Bronx, NY 10461
Current Graduate Students
Current Research Fellows
Works In Progress Schedule
Pathology is a dynamic field that links contemporary molecular and biological approaches with disease processes. Our faculty, students and postdoctoral fellows are performing state-of-the-art research in such areas as Cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Immunology, Vascular Disease, Neuro-AIDS, Molecular Genetics and Infectious Diseases, among others. Many of these studies are translational, including a strong clinicial component.
The application procedure for a PhD is straightforward. Prospective students apply directly to the Sue Golding Division of Biomedical Sciences of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, not to a specific department. This allows students to explore many areas of research before choosing one of more than 200 labs in which to conduct their thesis work. Prior to choosing a department for their PhD studies, students have an opportunity to rotate through three laboratories in any department during their first year.
Applications are available online from September 1, 2013. The PhD application deadline for Fall 2014 will be December 15, 2013. Application, Academic Transcripts, and Letters of Recommendation must be submitted using the online application process. Admission decisions are made by considering applications individually, weighing grades, GRE scores, reference letters, and a personal interview. All application information and answers to Frequently Asked Questions can be found here.
Accepted Ph.D. and MD/Ph.D. students receive the following benefits:
All students in the Ph.D. program will graduate with a minimum of seven courses. Candidates for the Ph.D. degree in Pathology will be expected to obtain a broad and strong foundation in the biological sciences. Course requirements include Graduate Biochemistry, Mechanisms of Disease, and either Molecular Genetics, Gene Expression or Molecular Cell Biology.
Additional courses will be selected depending upon individual interests and needs, and with the advice of the Student Advisory Committee. At least two courses per semester should be taken during the first two years.
The Pathology Department faculty offers non-credit courses in grant writing, methodology and critical reading that will prepare students for the qualifying exam, which consists of a written research proposal based on your laboratory project and oral defense of your proposal.
The department's weekly Works-in-Progress meetings help prepare students for the qualifying exam process. Participation in the Friday lunch meetings - pizza is served - provides students the opportunity to gain analytical skills, understand current scientific theories and methods, and interact with students and PIs in the department. Additionally, participation in mock qualifying exams with senior students and post docs will help prepare you for your exam. The Pathology Department takes great pride in its long track record of performing successfully on these exams.
The Fall 2011 Semester Course Catalog can be found here.
During the first two semesters, students complete three laboratory rotations before choosing their thesis lab. Students may also be permitted to undertake research in collaboration with faculty in other departments.
The Department of Pathology offers extensive opportunities for students to do rigorous, cutting-edge research in an exciting and nurturing environment. In addition, Pathology students mentor our incoming students and welcome them to their new lives at Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
The departmental Ph.D. Committee will constitute the Advisory Committee until the student chooses a Thesis Problem. A thesis advisory committee will then be established and will follow the Sue Golding requirements.
The departmental Works-in-Progress meets once a week. Seminars are held every Friday at noon during the academic year. Attendance at these activities is required, and pizza is served. Additional seminars in specific areas, e.g. Neuropathology, are organized on a biweekly basis.
Students are required to present a seminar as part of their thesis defense. The thesis defense will follow the seminar and will be conducted by a committee of six members, at least two of whom will be faculty from the Pathology Department and the remainder from other departments. One outside reviewer from another institution must be included.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine offers many different clubs and activities including Social Clubs, Community Service Programs, Intramural Sports, and Faculty-Student Mixers. Our doctoral candidates frequently interact with the Medical and MSTP students in laboratory collaborations, school sponsored programs, and socially. Whether a student is looking for a ride to the airport, a hot baseball ticket, or an important reagent, our school Graduate Student Server keeps all of our students closely in touch by email.
Many of our students have gone on to outstanding post-doctoral fellowships at major medical centers to further their training. Our graduates have become faculty at high quality universities or medical centers, while some have received excellent positions in industry.


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1005 Broadway Quincy, IL 62301
Voca Health has immediate openings available for Travel or local Med/Surg Oncology Registered Nurse (RN) professionals in Quincy, IL!
Voca connects Travel Nurses, Nurse Practitioners, LPNs, CNAs, and other clinical professionals with fantastic health systems nationwide. Our goal is full partnership with our travelers, providing the tools, guidance, and opportunities to help our travelers reach their individual goals. Voca provides travelers a variety of benefits including insurance, vacation, referral bonuses, and dedicated support for active travelers.
Assignment details are provided below, we're excited to hear from you. Interested travelers (or local candidates!) will reach out to Danielle St. George at email@example.com, 347-293-2560.
Assignment Details
Traveler Benefits
Partnering with Voca comes with a number of benefits including:
Danielle St. George
Voca | Healthcare Recruiter
d 347-293-2560
e firstname.lastname@example.com
Voca: The Spirit of Work


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HQ Cache Visit
Geocaching HQ is excited that many people want to log the Geocaching Headquarters GCK25B Cache in August and September. To help ensure a favorite-point-worthy experience for all visitors we will have a ticketing system during this busy time. See more details about tickets below.
The HQ cache lives in our Visitor Center. The Visitor Center is a small space that accommodates up to 22 people at a time. Please reserve a ticket for your opportunity to enter our Visitor Center and log the cache. Please note that this space is also the entrance to the Geocaching HQ offices and this visit does not include an office tour. As a working office, we are not able to support office tours.
Reserve your spot to log the HQ Cache During Your Visit
Some visits are shorter than others to accommodate larger numbers of guests.
August 13 - 15 | Monday - Wednesday | 50 minute visits
August 16 - 17 | Thursday - Friday | 25 minute visits
August 20 - 21 | Monday - Tuesday | 25 minute visits
August 22 - August 24 | Wednesday - Friday | 50 minute visits
September 24 - September 26 | Monday - Wednesday | 50 minute visits
September 27 - 28 | Thursday - Friday | 25 minute visits
October 1 - 2 | Monday - Tuesday | 25 minute visits
October 3 - 5 | Wednesday - Friday | 50 minute visits
We are closed Saturday, Sunday, & Holidays (including Labor Day, September 4)
During Your Visit
Find the HQ cache and sign the logbook
Capture the moment in our photo booth
Add the HQ icon and souvenir to your profile
Browse exclusive HQ merchandise and geocaching supplies
Learn about the HQ GeoTour and pick up a passport
Important Visitor Information
All members of your group must have a ticket - including kids.
Only 25 people are allowed in our Visitor Center at a time (including staff). We must enforce this limit for safety reasons.
If you do not have a ticket, you are welcome to wait in line for possible openings. Waiting in line will not guarantee a visit to the HQ cache.
The waiting line will be first come, first served, as space is available. We REALLY recommend getting a ticket!
There is not a waitlist for tickets.
Please arrive only 10 minutes before your scheduled ticket time. We do not have a large waiting area.
You MUST be on time. If you arrive late we will let people from the line take your spot. If you arrive late you are welcome to wait in line for possible openings.
What are my transportation/parking options for getting to and from the event?
Once you book a ticket you will receive information about transportation and parking.
How can I contact the organizer with additional questions?
Please visit http://geocachinghq.com/faq/ for answers to common questions. Email email@example.com with additional questions.
Do I have to bring my printed ticket to the event?
Yes, please bring your ticket to the event. You may print your ticket or show us the e-ticket on your phone.


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Green rooms strengthen drive for sustainability
Eliminating energy 'vampires,' composting waste and monitoring all play rolesGeneva Boyer '14 opens the door of her Hassenfeld residence hall and points out a few of the things that landed her a Green Room Certification -- the compact fluorescent light bulbs, the smart power strip, the reusable water bottles. She is one of 450 students on campus so far to have pledged to reduce their impact on the environment. A round sticker on her door shows everyone who passes by that Boyer is committed to living a sustainable life.
As interest in sustainability soars on campus, additional resources are emerging, including Thinking Green, the first environmental floor, and a new Building Dashboard that shows the university's electricity use in real time.
Boyer is also an Eco-Rep, a peer educator who shows others how to live while respecting the environment. She holds up a power strip, an extension cord of sorts with five outlets and a master switch that can be turned off when particular appliances are not being used. It prevents "vampire" items like cell phone chargers and computer printers from sucking electricity all day long.
Plants are perched all around her small single room. Connecting with nature, Boylan says, is an important way for her to stay connected to the environment.
Reusable shopping bags sit on the shelves and a recycling bin collects old paper that could otherwise wind up in a landfill. Compact fluorescent bulbs shed light on her desk, which is arranged near the window to take advantage of the sun.
To earn a green certification, simply log on to the Green Room and choose 15 of the 25 listed sustainability-oriented actions that you either currently engage in or that you pledge to take over the course of the year. They range from using cold-water settings for laundry, which eliminates heating, to opting for reusable coffee mugs.
Green housing
The Thinking Green floor, located in Deroy, this year became part of the Common Cause Community, which brings together new students who share a similar interest. It is comprised of 21 freshman and one CA with a focus on environmentalism.
"It's really easy to be environmentally friendly so I thought that there's no reason not to do it," says Maya Himelfarb '15. "Anything that you do helps, and I really wanted to make a difference." Himelfarb recycles, watches her meat intake, uses a hand towel instead of paper towels and takes shorter showers.
"I became interested in sustainability after taking environmental chemistry in high school," says Himelfarg. "Most of my friends are on this floor. It's a lot of fun."Every week the floor comes together for a group activity, such as planting vegetable container gardens and maintaining the floor's worm-composting bins. They will also be participating in the Charles River cleanup, picking up trash and removing invasive plants.
Lilian Medford '14 is a second year Eco-Rep and the CA for Thinking Green. The California native grew up among giant redwoods near the ocean.
"Nature is very much a part of the society that I come from, purposefully thinking about how current actions will affect future generations," she says. "Coming to Brandeis last year was a little bit of culture shock and I'm happy to be an Eco-Rep and help inspire more sustainable-minded things on campus."
The idea for such a floor originated with Cecelia Watkins '11 and Emma Green '13, recipients of Brandeis Sustainability Fund support for their initiative to increase campus-wide composting. The Department of Community Living became involved and the floor was created.
Boyer says she feels that although Brandeis is a pretty environmentally friendly campus, people don't always understand the magnitude of the environmental problems.
"I think Eco-Reps are trying to address that so that we become a more environmentally literate campus," says Boyer. "Ultimately this is one of the biggest issues facing our world today."
Building DashboardNow the Eco-Reps and other environmental groups on campus have the Building Dashboard to help educate the university community about how much energy is being used on campus. It was unveiled earlier this month in the Shapiro Campus Center.
"A number of schools have building dashboards and they found that it really reduces energy use per person," says Janna Cohen-Rosenthal '03, Brandeis' Sustainability Coordinator.
The dashboard, which had a $26,000 up-front cost to cover software engineering, currently monitors electricity use in six locations: Massell quad, which has four buildings and houses first-years; the Village, which houses juniors, seniors and the mid-year class that enters in January and the Shapiro Campus center. There will be additional charges if the system is expanded to monitor additional buildings.
The Building Dashboard can be accessed from personal computers. Once logged on viewers can choose to make sustainable commitments, then post them to their Facebook pages to spread the word.
The Dashboard is a result of a project application submitted to the Brandeis Sustainability Fund last year by Sam Porter '14, who felt that having smart meters would reduce energy use through education. He located the technology at Lucid Designs.
Leanne Ortbals '11 is an Eco-Rep working to engage students in the new dashboard. She says that since coming to Brandeis she has become passionate about sustainability."I became a vegan and began composting at my family's home in St. Louis, Missouri," says Ortbals. She also spent a summer interning with EcoSet, a Los Angeles based company that works with film production crews to make them more eco-friendly.
"Now that the system is in place we're going to monitor it to see if it makes financial sense to invest in more buildings," says Cohen-Rosenthal. "It will be fun and interesting to see the difference between the energy use of a typical residence hall, apartment style living and a campus center. For the next phase I'd love to throw in more buildings like a science center and academic areas."
Categories: Student Life


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Waltham Man Arraigned in Connection with Stealing Nearly $40,000 in Fraudulent Unemployment and Insurance Claims
John Toyias, age 45, was charged with Unemployment Fraud (55 counts), Motor Vehicle Insurance Fraud (2 counts), Larceny Over $250 (2 counts), and Attempted Larceny.
"Insurance and unemployment fraud are serious crimes that lead to a drain on our unemployment system and higher insurance premiums for consumers," said AG Coakley. "Our office will continue to investigate and prosecute these cases to protect our taxpayers."
According to authorities, Toyias, the owner of Waltham based Jayco Landscaping Company (Jayco), filed fraudulent insurance claims for alleged property damage to a methane pipe owned by the town of Canton. Jayco manages waste removal and dumping contracts for several cities and towns.
In May 2006, a driver allegedly backed over a methane pipe with their vehicle on a contracted site in Canton. According to authorities, although there was no visible damage, Toyias insisted that the driver report the incident and alleged damages to his insurer, Arbella Insurance Company (Arbella). Toyias subsequently submitted invoices for emergency repairs made to the methane pipe to Arbella, without contacting the town of Canton. As a result of the claim, Toyias was paid $9,925 by the insurer.
Authorities allege that in May 2007, a Jayco employee contacted Premier Insurance Company (Premier) to report a similar incident in which he backed his vehicle into the same methane pipe claimed in 2006. Toyias again claimed emergency repair work was completed on the methane pipe immediately following the accident and submitted repair invoices to Premier for $9,925. Subsequent investigation by Premier noted the previous claim made in 2006 and further investigation by an outside property damage appraiser at the site of the alleged incident found no evidence of any repairs made to the pipe. Premier ultimately denied the claim and referred the case to the Insurance Fraud Bureau of Massachusetts (IFB) for further investigation. Following its investigation, the IFB referred this matter to the Attorney General's Office.
In a separate scheme, Toyias allegedly applied for unemployment benefits from the Executive Office of Labor and Workforce Development's Division of Unemployment Assistance (EOLWD\DUA) on two separate occasions while fraudulently claiming to be separated from his employer and began receiving benefits from January 2006 through July 2006, and from March 2007 through September 2007. During the relevant time periods, Toyias allegedly continued to operate as the president and owner of Jayco, and failed to disclose his employment status to EOLWD\DUA.
For each of the 55 weeks that Toyias collected unemployment benefits he allegedly notified the EOLWD\DUA that he was not working, but that he was able to work and was available for work. Authorities allege Toyias collected fraudulent benefits totaling $30,620 while working and collecting.
A Suffolk County Grand Jury returned indictments against Toyias on January 27. Toyias was arraigned today in Suffolk Superior Court at which time he entered a plea of not guilty and was released on personal recognizance. Toyias is due back in court on September 6, for a pre-trial conference. Clerk Magistrate Gary Wilson presided over today's arraignment.
AG Coakley's Insurance and Unemployment Fraud Division works to protect consumers and the integrity of the insurance system by investigating and prosecuting those who commit fraud against all types of insurers, including the Commonwealth's unemployment insurance and workers' compensation system. The prosecution of insurance fraud helps prevent the increase in premiums and taxes that are the result of fraudulent insurance claims. In 2010 the Insurance and Unemployment Fraud Division obtained more than $800,000 in restitution orders in 30 matters.
The prosecutor assigned to this case is Assistant Attorneys General Audrey Cosgrove of AG Coakley's Insurance and Unemployment Fraud Division with assistance from investigators from EOLWD\DUA and the IFB.
To report unemployment fraud to the EOLWD\DUA, call the agency's toll free fraud hotline at 1-800-354-9927 anytime, 24 hours a day. Callers may remain anonymous.


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Stephen SeneFree Agent
Offensive Guard
Ht: | Wt:
News | Stats | Stat vs. Team | Targets | Injury | Depth Chart | Roster
|Patriots | Team releases 14 players
Sat, 30 Aug 2008 18:30:52 -0700
Patriots.com reports the New England Patriots have released DL Titus Adams, CB Fernando Bryant, TE Tyson DeVree, S Mark Dillard, C Mike Flynn, RB BenJarvus Green-Ellis, QB Matt Gutierrez, LB Victor Hobson, LB Vincent Redd, CB Michael Richardson, OL Stephen Sene, CB Antwain Spann, DL Santonio Thomas and OT John Welbourn.
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|Patriots | Sene signed
Thu, 14 Aug 2008 13:08:43 -0700
Mike Reiss, of The Boston Globe, reports the New England Patriots have signed free-agent OG Stephen Sene (Rams). Terms of the contract were not disclosed.
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|Rams | Sene waived
Tue, 29 Jul 2008 21:15:24 -0700
The St. Louis Rams have waived OT Stephen Sene.
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|Rams | Sene to wear No. 64
Mon, 05 May 2008 08:10:21 -0700
The St. Louis Rams announced Monday, May 5, that OG Stephen Sene will wear jersey No. 64.
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|Rams | Sene agrees to terms
Sun, 27 Apr 2008 20:14:11 -0700
Josh Buchanan, of NFLDraftBible.com, reports the St. Louis Rams have agreed to terms with undrafted rookie free-agent OG Stephen Sene (Liberty). Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
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