text:
California walnut growers know about crown gall, a disease that saps young trees and triggers root-destructive diseases, and now, with increasing reports of it in walnuts, some suspect it of expanding also in almond orchards, without growers being aware of the threat.
Lynn Epstein, an associate professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of California, Davis, has worked with the disease in walnuts and recently started collecting data on it in almonds.
Few facts are available to indicate whether it is economically worthwhile to treat walnuts for it, so she has set out to develop some guidelines.
Although even less is known about the pathogen, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in almonds, she talked about it during a recent almond field day near Escalon.
In the case of walnuts, she said severe infections can cause significant losses in yield. "Bill Olsen, farm advisor in Butte County, found that for walnut trees planted in 1996, there was a 12 percent decrease in cumulative yield for each 25 percent of the circumference of the trunk infected with galls.
"It appears," she added, "to be increasing in walnuts and we are also getting calls about it in almonds. Younger trees are the most susceptible and become stunted, while older trees develop secondary root rots."
The characteristic irregular, rough-outside, soft-inside galls form on roots and then encircle the crown of three-year-old trees. A telltale sign is soil pushed up around the crown.
Genetic codes
The bacterium lives on the surface of many plant hosts found throughout California. It invades roots and inserts genetic codes to cause the host to provide it with shelter for reproduction, in the form of the galls, along with a tailored food source for it.
In time the galls dry up and fall away, leaving sites for wood-rotting fungi to invade. Once roots are destroyed, trees collapse or blow over in a wind.
Natural wounds in the plant, such as points where roots or suckers emerge, are enough to let in the bacterium already on the surface. Epstein said it can form a "biofilm" coating on young trees before they are planted.
The disease is unpredictable, so neither nurserymen nor growers can say where it may occur, but Epstein said it is linked to nurseries, especially where plant densities are high. Peach-almond hybrid rootstocks are known to be more susceptible than Nemaguard rootstocks.
Although conventional wisdom has been that growers likely caused the crown gall entry points, Epstein said she sees no evidence that standard cultural practices contribute to incidence of the disease.
Severe cuts or scrapes from equipment can be an entry site, but "we do know that in walnuts the bacterium does not like to infect through pruned tissue. Pruning in walnuts causes release of phenols known to be toxic to the bacterium."
A standard recommendation for prevention — but not eradication — of crown gall in walnuts has been treatment prior to heeling in or planting with a biocontrol agent, Agrobacterium radiobacter 84, also known as K-84, Galltrol, or Norbac.
"If you have trees that are already infected," she said, "use of K-84 will do no good. It is only effective when applied to a clean tree that is to be planted in soil known to be infected. Of course, if the bacterium isn't there, the K-84 offers no advantage." The bacterium has also developed strains resistant to the biological control agent.
Not long lasting
"And K-84 is a relatively wimpy colonizer that tends to stay where it is applied and doesn't last for long."
On the other hand, she added, "It is always a real question whether it is economical to treat, but it is good insurance if you have had crown gall in the orchard before."
Some attempts to remove galls are very time- and labor-intensive. Their economic value is unknown, and Epstein said she hopes to learn more in trials with cooperating growers. One method is to dig away soil to expose the galls and use compressed air to dry out the bacterium, which thrives on moisture. Another is flaming to kill the galls.
The kerosene-derivative Gallex can be used in walnuts but galls, whose outer tissue resists penetration, must be cut open for the material to reach the sensitive internal tissue. She said the use of Gallex, or a grower alternative of applying straight kerosene with a brush, may be of some use on almond but is not entirely effective alone on walnuts.
Using her experience with walnuts as an example, she said trees infected with the bacterium will only produce more galls when planted in fumigated soil. Fumigation destroys the other competing soil-borne organisms, and then the bacterium has more opportunity to produce galls.
She does not recommend another remedy used by some growers, treatment with household bleach, because it sets up a semi-sterile condition that does not eliminate the crown gall disease but discourages natural competitors.
Nursery efforts
On the nursery front, she said some nurserymen use K-84 after digging, "although it is unclear whether this helps or not. We recommend a good rotation with two years without tree production."
Epstein distributed questionnaires on crown gall at the Escalon meeting, but too few were returned to provide any impressions, suggesting growers may not know if they have it in their orchards.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Flight log books appreciated
Imagine my astonishment when I was notified by a very thoughtful friend who subscribes to the Gothenburg Times that an ad had been placed in the newspaper by the Gothenburg Airport stating that they had found numerous old pilot flight log books. The ad listed many names of pilots, including my dad, my uncle and one of my cousins whose flight log books had been in storage there for over 40 years!
Many of my childhood years were spent flying with my dad and my uncle. My dad, Kenneth Stapp, has been deceased since 1988. Along with my cherished memories of those days, I have all his flight school classroom items, his pilot's license, and now thanks to the Gothenburg Airport, I have his pilot flight log book! In it is recorded in his own handwriting every flight that he ever commanded with points of departure and arrival, identification of the aircraft model and number, and remarks, procedures and maneuvers. I was overjoyed to read that I was his first official passenger he took on his first flight as a licensed pilot dated January, 29th, 19721
This is an amazing gift of inestimable worth and will be cherished for generations of my family for years to come all because of the kindness, generosity and goodwill of the Gothenburg Airport to allow family members to be able to go there and claim these valuable family heirlooms.
With genuine, heartfelt, immeasurable gratitude to all involved at the airport that brought this part of family history full circle for me,
Latest Headlines
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Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 10am to 5pm. Saturdays by Appointment.
Phone: 0212061864
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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text:
A rare evening celebration on March 15 at the tip of Point Loma will include dinner and dancing after a walk to the lighthouse at sunset, beginning at 5:30 p.m.
The fun-filled evening will benefit various historical and educational programs provided by the Cabrillo National Monument Foundation.
"Light Up The Night" was forced to be rescheduled from its original date in October because of the partial government shutdown that paralyzed the National Park System.
After a sunset walk to the Cabrillo lighthouse, guests will be treated to dinner catered by Elegant Events, followed by a silent auction and dancing to live music performed by Revolt Age and Friends.
The Cabrillo National Monument at the end of Catalina Boulevard normally closes at 5 p.m. As a result, the "Light Up the Night" event will present a rare opportunity to view the historic lighthouse and glimpse beautiful views of the city at night.
Tickets for "Light Up The Night" are available in the Cabrillo Store at the park or online at www.cnmf.org.


text:
Major Section: BOOKS
For this discussion we assume that the resident operating system is
Unix (trademark of AT&T), but analogous remarks apply to other
operating systems supported by ACL2, in particular, the Macintosh
operating system where `
:' plays roughly the role of `
/' in
Unix; see pathname.
ACL2 defines a ``full book name'' to be an ``absolute filename string,'' that may be divided into contiguous sections: a ``directory string'', a ``familiar name'' and an ``extension''. See pathname for the definitions of ``absolute,'' ``filename string,'' and other notions pertaining to naming files. Below we exhibit the three sections of one such string:
"/usr/home/smith/project/arith.lisp"The sections are marked by the rightmost slash and rightmost dot, as shown below.
"/usr/home/smith/project/" ; directory string "arith" ; familiar name ".lisp" ; extension
"/usr/home/smith/project/arith.lisp" | | slash dot | | "/usr/home/smith/project/" ; directory string "arith" ; familiar name ".lisp" ; extensionThe directory string includes (and terminates with) the rightmost slash. The extension includes (and starts with) the rightmost dot. The dot must be strictly to the right of the slash so that the familiar name is well-defined and nonempty.
If you are using ACL2 on a system in which file names do not have
this form, please contact the authors and we'll see what we can do
about generalizing ACL2's conventions.
include-book read the correct files
Major Section: BOOKS
The certificate (see certificate for general information) of a certified file is divided into two parts, a portcullis and a keep. These names come from castle lore. The keep is the strongest and usually tallest tower of a castle from which the entire courtyard can be surveyed by the defenders. The keep of a book is a list of file names and check sums used after the book has been included, to determine if the files read were (up to check sum) those certified.
Once the portcullis is open,
include-book can enter the book
and read the event forms therein. The non-
local event forms are
in fact executed, extending the host theory. That may read in other
books. When that has been finished, the keep of the
certificate is inspected. The keep is a list of the book names
which are included (heritarily through all subbooks) in the
certified book (including the certified book itself) together with
the check sums of the objects in those books at the time of
certification. We compare the check sums of the books just included
to the check sums of the books stored in the keep. If differences
are found then we know that the book or one of its subbooks has been
changed since certification.
See include-book to continue the guided tour through books.
Major Section: BOOKS
Although the notion of pathname objects from Common Lisp is not
supported in ACL2, nor is the function
pathname, nevertheless
ACL2 adopts conventions for naming files that are not so different
from Common Lisp's conventions, using strings that we'll call
``filename strings'' and (for ACL2 books) certain lists that we'll
call ``structured pathnames.'' Some of these strings and lists
correspond to ``absolute,'' i.e. complete, descriptions of a file or
directory; others are ``relative'' to the current working directory
or to the connected book directory (see cbd). The reason we
support structured pathnames is to allow books to be transferred
between machines running different operating systems
(see book-name).
Consider by way of introduction the following examples in the Unix (trademark of AT&T) operating system. The filename string
"/home/smith/acl2/book-1.lisp"corresponds to the structured pathname
(:absolute "home" "smith" "acl2" "book-1.lisp")and, relative to the connected book directory
(see cbd), corresponds to the relative filename string
"acl2/book1.lisp"and to the relative structured pathname
(:relative "acl2" "book-1.lisp")The rest of the discussion focuses on filename strings vs. structured pathnames, with attention to directories vs. files and to absolute vs. relative pathnames.
Filename strings. One way to specify a file in ACL2 is by way
of a nonempty string. The form of this string must conform to the
requirements of the resident operating system. Thus in the Unix
environment, slash (
/) is the ``directory separator'': a
filename such as
"/home/smith/acl2/book-1.lisp" may be read as
``Inside the directory
"/home", then inside the directory
"smith", then inside the directory
"acl2", consider the
"book-1.lisp".'' On the Macintosh, the directory
separator is colon (
:). Such strings represent a directory when
they terminate with the directory separator, and a file otherwise.
The directory separator may be obtained as:
(directory-separator (@ operating-system) 'top).Filename strings may be referred to either as absolute pathnames, which are complete descriptions of the location of a file or directory, or as relative pathnames, which give the location of a file or directory relative to a given (implicit) directory. In Unix, filename strings starting with the directory separator (
are absolute pathnames, such as the example in the preceding
paragraph. All other filename strings are relative pathnames.
For example, the string
"examples/my-book"is a relative pathname. If the implicit directory (which for books is the connected book directory; see cbd) is
"/home/smith/", then the corresponding absolute pathname is the
filename string obtained by concatenating the implicit directory
with the relative pathname,
"/home/smith/examples/my-book"On the Macintosh the convention is exactly reversed: a string represents an absolute pathname exactly when its first character is not the directory separator (
:). Thus, the absolute
pathname corresponding to the one displayed just above is
"home:smith:examples:my-book"which may be derived from the relative pathname
":examples:my-book"and implicit directory
"home:smith:"Notice that on the Macintosh, when we concatenate an implicit directory string to a relative pathname string, we must drop the excess colon, since a colon terminates the implicit directory string and also starts the relative pathname.
Structured pathnames. In ACL2, books may be named with
filename strings or with structured pathnames, which we now
describe. (Note that structured pathnames are only used in the
realm of books: for example, although
set-cbd accepts
structured pathnames,
ld currently only accepts filename
strings.) A structured pathname is a list beginning with one of the
:absolute or
:relative and then continuing with
strings, except that
:back may appear any number of times between
:relative and the first string in the list. Each of the strings
represents a subdirectory, except that the last may represent a
file. For example, the filename string (in Unix)
"/home/smith/acl2/book-1.lisp" represents the same file as does
the following structured pathname.
(:absolute "home" "smith" "acl2" "book-1.lisp")This is an absolute structured pathname, because it begins with the keyword
:absolute. The other type of structured pathname is
the relative structured pathname, which begins with the keyword
:relative. For example, the following structured pathname
corresponds to the relative filename string (in Unix)
(:relative "examples" "my-book")As mentioned above, relative structured pathnames may also contain any number of occurrences of the keyword
:back after the (initial
:relative and before the first string. This keyword
represents the notion of going up one level in the file system (just
".." in Unix). For example, suppose that the connected
book directory (see cbd) can be represented by the following
structured pathname.
(:absolute "home" "smith" "acl2" "examples")Then the structured pathname
(:relative :back :back "numbers" "book-2.lisp")represents the same file as does the following absolute structured pathname.
(:absolute "home" "smith" "numbers" "book-2.lisp")Here, the first
:back may be thought of as ``cancelling'' the
"examples" and the second
:back may be thought
of as ``cancelling'' its parent
"acl2", after which we are to
continue as specified by the given relative structured pathname.
There is no distinction between files and directories for structured
pathnames, but the intention is clear from context. For example,
the argument to
set-cbd is a directory, while the argument to
include-book is a file (but without the
".lisp" extension
(see book-name).
Finally, we note that our notion of structured pathname corresponds
to a similar notion of structured directory described in the second
edition of Guy Steele's book ``Common Lisp the Language.'' The main
difference is that we allow the trivial structured pathname
:relative), but Steele does not.
Major Section: BOOKS
The certificate (see certificate for general information) of a
certified file is divided into two parts, a portcullis and a
keep. These names come from castle lore. The portcullis of a
castle is an iron grate that slides up through the ceiling of the
tunnel-like entrance. The portcullis of a book insures that
include-book does not start to read the book until the
appropriate context has been created.
Technically, the portcullis consists of the version number of
the certifying ACL2, a list of commands used to create the
``certification world'' and an alist specifying the check sums
of all the books included in that world. The portcullis
is constructed automatically by
certify-book from the world
in which
certify-book is called, but that world must have
certain properties described below. After listing the properties we
discuss the issues more leisurely.
Each command in the portcullis must be either a
defpkg form or an
embedded event form (see embedded-event-form). In addition, we
include-book events unless the name of the included book
is an absolute filename (see pathname). For example, under
Unix (trademark of AT&T) any string supplied to
include-book in
the portcullis must begin with a slash (
/). Since the portcullis
commands are recovered automatically by
certify-book, this
restriction on the form of portcullis commands naturally
becomes a restriction on the world in which
certify-book may
be called. We explain the exclusion after discussing the general
Consider a book to be certified. The book is a file containing
event forms. Suppose the file contains references to such symbols
my-pkg::fn and
acl2-arith::cancel, but that the book itself
does not create the packages. Then a hard Lisp error would be
caused merely by the attempt to read the expressions in the book.
The corresponding
defpkgs cannot be written into the book itself
because the book must be compilable and Common Lisp compilers differ
on the rules concerning the inline definition of new packages. The
only safe course is to make all
defpkgs occur outside of compiled
More generally, when a book is certified it is certified within some
logical world. That ``certification world'' contains not only
the necessary
defpkgs but also, perhaps, function and constant
definitions and maybe even references to other books. When
certify-book creates the certificate for a file it recovers
from the certification world the commands used to create that
world from the initial ACL2 world. Those commands become
part of the portcullis for the certified book. In addition,
certify-book records in the portcullis the check sums
(see check-sum) of all the books included in the certification
Include-book presumes that it is impossible even to read the
contents of a certified book unless the portcullis can be
``raised.'' To raise the portcullis we must be able to execute
(possibly redundantly, but certainly without error), all of the
commands in the portcullis and then verify that the books thus
included were identical to those used to build the certification
world (up to check sum). This raising of the portcullis must
be done delicately since
defpkgs are present: we cannot even read
a command in the portcullis until we have successfully executed the
previous ones, since packages are being defined.
Clearly, a book is most useful if it is certified in the most
elementary extension possible of the initial logic. If, for
example, your certification world happens to contain a
defpkg for
"MY-PKG" and the function
foo, then those
definitions become part of the portcullis for the book. Every time
the book is included, those names will be defined and will have to
be either new or redundant (see redundant-events). But if
those names were not necessary to the certification of the book,
their presence would unnecessarily restrict the utility of the book.
Recall that we disallow
include-book events from the portcullis
unless the included book's name is an absolute filename
(See pathname). Thus, for example, under the Unix operating
system it is impossible to certify a book if the certification
world was created with
ACL2 !>(include-book "arith")The problem here is that the file actually read on behalf of such an
include-book depends upon the then current setting of the
connected book directory (see cbd). That setting could be
changed before the certification occurs. If we were to copy
(include-book "arith") into the portcullis of the book being
certified, there is no assurance that the
"arith" book included
would come from the correct directory. However, by requiring that
include-books in the certification world give book names
that begin with slash we effectively require you to specify the full
file name of each book involved in creating your certification
world. Observe that the execution of
(include-book "/usr/local/src/acl2/library/arith")or equivalently (using structured pathnames; see pathname)
(include-book (:absolute "usr" "local" "src" "acl2" "library" "arith"))does not depend on the current book directory. On the other hand, this requirement -- effectively that absolute file names be used in the certification world -- means that a book that requires another book in its certification world will be rendered uncertified if the required book is removed to another directory. If possible, any
include-book command required for a book ought
to be placed in the book itself and not in the certification
world. The only time this cannot be done is if the required
book is necessary to some
defpkg required by your book. Of
course, this is just the same advice we have been giving: keep the
certification world as elementary as possible.
See keep to continue the guided tour of books.
Major Section: BOOKS
Example Forms: ACL2 !>:set-cbd "/usr/home/smith/" ACL2 !>:set-cbd (:absolute "usr" "home" "smith") ACL2 !>:set-cbd (:relative :back "smith")See cbd for a description of the connected book directory.
General Form: (set-cbd str)where
str is either a nonempty string that represents the
absolute pathname for a directory, or a structured pathname that
represents a directory (see pathname). This command sets the
connected book directory (see cbd) to the string representing
the indicated directory. Thus, this command may determine which
files are processed by
include-book and
certify-book commands
typed at the top-level. However, the
cbd is also set by those two
book processing commands; thus, the setting of the
cbd is
irrelevant to
include-book commands in other books.
Note that if a structured pathname is used for
then it may be absolute or relative. (See pathname for
relevant definitions.) However, if a string is used for
:set-cbd, it must represent an absolute pathname. We do not
support syntax for relative pathnames for use with
that is peculiar to particular operating systems, such as
in Unix (trademark of AT&T), because we want to be sure to be able
to correctly identify the resulting absolute pathname of the
Major Section: BOOKS
Include-book has a special provision for dealing with uncertified
books: If the file has no certificate or an invalid
certificate (i.e., one whose check sums describe files other
than the ones actually read), a warning is printed and the book is
otherwise processed as though it were certified and had an open
portcullis. (For details see books, see certificate,
and see portcullis.)
This can be handy, but it can have disastrous consequences.
The provision allowing uncertified books to be included can have disastrous consequences, ranging from hard lisp errors, to damaged memory, to quiet logical inconsistency.
It is possible for the inclusion of an uncertified book to render
the logic inconsistent. For example, one of its non-
local events
might be
(defthm t-is-nil (equal t nil)). It is also possible
for the inclusion of an uncertified book to cause hard errors or
breaks into raw Common Lisp. For example, if the file has been
edited since it was certified, it may contain too many open
parentheses, causing Lisp to read past ``end of file.'' Similarly,
it might contain non-ACL2 objects such as
3.1415 or ill-formed
event forms that cause ACL2 code to break.
Even if a book is perfectly well formed and could be certified (in a
suitable extension of ACL2's initial world), its uncertified
inclusion might cause Lisp errors or inconsistencies! For example,
it might mention packages that do not exist in the host world.
The portcullis of a certified book insures that the correct
defpkgs have been admitted, but if a book is read without
actually raising its portcullis, symbols in the file, e.g.,
acl2-arithmetic::fn, could cause ``unknown package'' errors in
Common Lisp. Perhaps the most subtle disaster occurs if the host
world does have a
defpkg for each package used in the book
but the host
defpkg imports different symbols than those required
by the portcullis. In this case, it is possible that formulas
which were theorems in the certified book are non-theorems in the
host world, but those formulas can be read without error and
will then be quietly assumed.
In short, if you include an uncertified book, all bets are off regarding the validity of the future behavior of ACL2.
That said, it should be noted that ACL2 is pretty tough and if
errors don't occur, the chances are that deductions after the
inclusion of an uncertified book are probably justified in the
(possibly inconsistent) logical extension obtained by assuming the
admissibility and validity of the definitions and conjectures in the


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News Release
Media Contact: TPWD News, email@example.com, 512-389-8030
May 31, 2005
Master Naturalist Fall Training Classes Offered
AUSTIN, Texas — Fourteen chapters of the Texas Master Naturalist program will be conducting fall training classes for volunteers who want to help conserve natural resources.
The Texas Master Naturalist program, which has 33 chapters statewide, develops a local corps of well-informed citizen volunteers who educate their communities about the management of natural resources.
The main qualification needed to become a Certified Texas Master Naturalist is an interest in learning and playing an active part in conservation. Volunteers will receive a minimum 40 hours of training from educators and natural resource specialists from universities, state and federal agencies, nature centers and museums. Training topics include interpretation and management of natural resources, ecological concepts, eco-regions of Texas and natural systems management. Volunteers are expected to give 40 hours of service a year in community education, demonstration and habitat enhancement projects. They are also expected to pursue a minimum of eight hours of advanced training in areas of personal interest.
Texas Master Naturalist Chapters offering volunteer training this fall are listed below. Enrollment is limited in most chapters. Some registration deadlines have passed, but contact the chapter to see if seating is still available.
- Angleton—Cradle of Texas Chapter. Training begins Sept. 7. Registration deadline is Aug. 19. For more information phone (979) 849-1564, ext. 112 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com
- Athens—Post Oak Chapter. Training starts on Oct. 1. The registration deadline is Sept. 17. For information, call (903) 887-5061.
- Bryan/College Station—Brazos Valley Chapter. Training begins Sept. 15. Registration deadline is June 1. For more information, contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Burnet—Highland Lakes Chapter. Classes begin September 8. For information phone 512-756-5463 or email: email@example.com **
- Corpus Christi—South Texas Chapter. Classes begin September 13. For more information phone 361-767-5217 or email: email@example.com. ***
- Denton—Elm Fork Chapter. Class Roundup is Aug. 18 and the registration deadline is Aug. 25. Training begins Sept. 6. For more information, phone (940) 349-2883 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Fort Davis—Tierra Grande Chapter. The first class for this new chapter is being planned for late August. Information is available by e-mail at: email@example.com.
- Fort Worth—Cross Timbers Chapter. Orientation begins on Aug. 30. For more information, phone (817) 355-4832 or e-mail email@example.com.
- Houston—Gulf Coast Chapter. Classes begin Aug. 27. Deadline for registration is Aug. 8. Phone (281) 855-5600 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Jasper—New Master Naturalist Chapter. Training begins August 13. For more information Phone (409) 384-5231 or e-mail email@example.com. *
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(5.4.16 i)


text:
Aug 22, 2008
Dear doctor
I am hiv positive, recent i went to test for the cd4 count and it came at 24 and the percentage at 1.8% while the viral load stood at 55 000. What is confusing me is that health wise i feel okey and and gaining weight from 79kg to 90kg in August. One think i must admit, i have been stressed to much over the past months. Could stress have contributed to these numbers. Should i go for second test to very the accurate of these numbers. I am total confused because health wise i am feel okey.
Please help
Thank you
Response from Dr. Frascino
Are you under the care of an HIV specialist? If not, you need to contact one immediately. If you don't know how to find a certified HIV physician specialist, check the American Academy of HIV Medicine's Web site at www.aahivm.org. There you will find a list of certified HIV specialists listed by local. (Also see information below regarding choosing an HIV specialist.)
Your recent laboratory results indicate you have AIDS and that your immune system has been severely compromised by the virus. This places you at considerable risk for developing a wide variety of opportunistic infections. Stress can have some effect on immune parameters, but there is no doubt you have advanced-stage AIDS and are in desperate need of immediate intervention. The HIV specialist will repeat your studies and start you on several medications to help prevent certain opportunistic infections, such as PCP (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia), MAC, etc. He will also recommend you begin antiretroviral therapy immediately to decrease viral replication and hopefully allow some degree of immune reconstitution (increase in your CD4 cell count).
Do not delay. Turn off the computer and make the call to an HIV specialist now! Right now. So why are you still reading this? I said call now. Yes, right now!
I'm here if you need me, OK?
Dr. Bob
Re: Need of a private doctor Aug 16, 2008
Dear Dr. Bob, Thank you for all the information you provided in finding the right doctor. I really like the article you attached. You are the Man, you rock. Thank you much
Response from Dr. Frascino
Thanks for your thanks! Rock on and let's get through this together, OK?
I'm here if you need me.
Dr. Bob
Need a Private doctor Aug 14, 2008
I am HIV Positive living in Seattle area. I currently don't have one and i am looking urgently in a private clinic? Do you know a good one? I asked this question earlier & was told about Peter Shalit who is fully booked until end of year. Please let me know if you have a good one in mind. Thank You.
Response from Dr. Frascino
I would suggest you consult the American Academy of HIV Medicine Web site (www.aahivm.org). There you will find a list of certified HIV specialists arranged by locale. There are a number of well-qualified HIV specialists in the Seattle area. Be sure you hook up with one that you trust and with whom you can easily communicate. Your health insurance plan may have some restrictions, so remember to check this out as well. I'll repost some information below from the archives pertaining to locating an HIV specialist.
Good luck.
Dr. Bob
Choosing an HIV Care Provider
July 18, 2007
Why Is Choosing an HIV Care Provider Important?
Treating HIV disease is very complicated. There are choices to consider at every stage of the disease. It's best if you and your health care provider work together as a team. That makes it easier to choose and stick to your treatment plan. "Care provider" means a doctor, a physician's assistant, or a nurse practitioner.
There are several issues you may want to consider in choosing an HIV care provider. You might decide to have them be your "regular doctor" for all of your health issues. You might use a different care provider for most health issues and use your HIV provider as a specialist. If your regular provider isn't an HIV specialist, be sure they regularly get expert advice on HIV issues.
Training and Experience
Many people with HIV/AIDS get their care from physicians who are specialists in infectious diseases. However, especially now that people are living longer with HIV, it's important to deal with all of your health issues. You might prefer to have a family practitioner or a specialist in internal medicine as your primary physician.
No matter what their specialty, you will get better HIV care from providers who have experience treating people at all stages of HIV disease. Be sure to ask how many patients with HIV they have treated, and how many they currently see. HIV patients do better when their physicians have more experience treating HIV disease.
Do You Have Similar Ideas About Treating HIV?
Some providers are conservative. They prefer "tried and true" methods. Others are more aggressive. They are willing to try new and experimental treatments. Some are optimistic by nature, and focus on the hopeful or positive side when they talk about test results or future prospects. Others are more realistic. Some are pessimistic.
Some providers are comfortable suggesting "complementary and alternative" therapies such as massage, acupuncture, or herbs. Others stick strictly to Western medicine.
If you want a lot of emotional support, you probably won't be comfortable with a health care provider who only talks about test results. The more comfortable you are with their approach to HIV treatments, the easier it will be for you to get the kind of health care you want. Talk to providers and their patients before you make your choice.
The Provider-Patient Relationship
Many patients do better when they take an active role in planning their own health care. These patients do a lot of reading on their own, and bring information to their providers. They work together to make health care decisions.
Other patients are more comfortable with the provider making important decisions. Decide how you want to work with your provider. See if that fits with the way the provider likes to work with patients.
Help Your Provider Help You
Make sure that your provider has all the information needed to give the best advice about your treatment. This starts with your medical records, which may have to be transferred from another office. When you start working with a new provider, they will probably do a lot of tests to collect "baseline" information. This helps you see how well you're doing as time goes by.
Be sure your provider knows how you feel about using medications, and about your illness. Some people don't mind taking a lot of pills. Other people would rather take as few as possible. Are you willing to change your diet, or the amnount of exercise you do? Your provider should also know about other treatments you are using or want to try, including non-medical ones.
Be honest about your lifestyle. Your eating, sleeping, and work patterns can make a difference for your health care. So can your sexual practices and use of recreational drugs. If your provider seems too judgmental, try to change providers. It's better to have a provider who really knows you instead of holding back information.
Let your provider know about the important people in your life: the people who will support you if you get sick, or will help you make important medical decisions.
The best care provider won't do you any good if you can't get in to see them. Ask them (or their receptionist) how long it usually takes to get an appointment. Find out how well they usually stay on schedule during the day.
The type of insurance you have could limit your choice of a provider. Maybe the provider isn't on the list for your health maintenance organization (HMO) or insurance plan. Be sure to find out how you will be able to pay for their services.
Remember, you don't need an HIV specialist to help you with most of your health care needs. If a good HIV provider is hard to find, or if it's hard to get an appointment, use a non-HIV care provider for your general health care. Just be sure that when you are dealing with HIV issues, you see an experienced HIV provider, or one who consults with an expert in HIV.
Some people are very concerned about keeping their HIV status private. You might choose to get your HIV care from a provider in another town to protect your privacy. You will need to find your own balance between confidentiality and convenience.
Changing Providers
Your health care needs might change as time goes by. Also, your ideas about treatment could change. Although you will probably get better medical care from a provider who has known you for a long time, you always have the right to stop seeing one provider and change to another.
To Find a Health Care Provider ...
You can get help finding a care provider from your case manager or from your local Department of Health. You can also ask other people living with HIV. The American Academy of HIV Medicine has a web page to help you find a doctor at http://aahivm.org/web/index.php?option= com_comprofiler&task=usersList.
The Bottom Line
HIV medical care is very complicated, and changes quickly. This makes it important to find an HIV care provider who works with HIV/AIDS patients and is committed to staying up to date. Your relationship with an HIV provider will be better if you are comfortable with each other's personal style and approach to dealing with health issues in general, and HIV in particular.
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text:
- 9
Anyway, I thought when I clicked on the link "sepp holzer terraces and raised beds video" that I would see a video. I was wrong.
- 8
Hugelkultur works great. I've been doing it for about 15 years.
On your page you say:
"Hugelkultur is nothing more than making raised beds filled with rotten
I might say 'rotting' rather than 'rotten' since even fresh green wood
can be used. Also it is not absolutely essential that the material be
covered with dirt. I have created wood "terraces" with any carbonaceous
material I could get my hands on...logs, brush, etc.....and raked the
annual deposition of leaves over the material. Here in NC, where we have
high precip and humidity, the material breaks down much quicker than it
would in, say, California. I grew fabulous pumpkins, for example, in Ca
in the 8 month dry period (no rain at all) without irrigating. I used
everything organic I could accumulate, from logs to leaves, and laid it
out about 2 feet deep and planted into soil pockets.
Its amazing how the rotting wood becomes like a sponge. I can pull out
pieces that I buried two years ago and squeeze them to yield copious
amounts of water. Now when I look at wood, green or even dry, I think
I tell my students that every unit of carbon incorporated into soils can
hold 4 units of water.
Penny Livingston, of Pc Inst of N Ca, had a few brush piles littering
her site but she didn't feel like moving or burning them, so she piled
on straw and a light scattering of soil, planted potatoes into it, and
harvested a couple bushels of spuds in addition to dissolving the "problem".
Here at Earthaven we have prohibited the burning of brush so the slower
biological 'burn' is our preferred way of managing it.
You will be greatly rewarded by using this approach. Thanks for the pix.
- 1
Thanks for sharing what you're doing with us so we can continue learning. You've reminded me that instead of a burn pile, I must gather and create more soil/planting areas. We have a lot of small twigs and branches each year at this time from the winter of not gathering them. I actually did a small area of 'hugelkultur' last year, but I had already forgotten about it! In my front yard I have a lot of clay and so I layered on the branches, leaves and a little bit of compost just in a 3' X 4' area that I want to establish as a perrenial bed. I need to go dig around in it and see what it's done over winter.
I need to see these ideas a number of times and then implement them a few times before they just become part of my life.
- 2
Thanks so much!!
Quote: Sometimes I don't know what I do all day, but I know it takes me all day to do it. –A. G. Price, 2006
www.growinggreater.blogspot.com (my yard makeover)
www.born2cree8.blogspot.com (my fiber arts)
Do you have any more recent pics for your Hugel beds? Be great to see and hear how they've performed since you put them in.
How long ago did you build them? Also, where's the topsoil from?
entrailer wrote:
Do you have any more recent pics for your Hugel beds? Be great to see and hear how they've performed since you put them in.
How long ago did you build them? Also, where's the topsoil from?
I've moved on from that property, so I have no further pics.
The topsoil was from a pile that was dug out for a pond (if memory serves).
- 1
First, crabgrass grew across it like wildfire. Last summer I was running after a toddler and did not have the time to fight it. When I finally did take a shovel to it, I learned that crabgrass plus the branches had created a nearly impenetrable layer, six inches to a foot thick. It was a nightmare. Rototilling didn't work because the crabgrass just tangled up in the blades. The propane flame thrower didn't work either, as the roots were too deep.
But when I did manage to get a look at the layer underneath, I was so excited: the blackest and most gorgeous humus I could have hoped for.
My only problem was how to get the crabgrass out without using Roundup or throwing out my back. I'm trying to be Zen about it, and gently work it section by section, by hand. Six months later I'm about 2/3 of the way done. My body hurts all over. But I'm going to get good tomatoes this year if it kills me...and it might!
- 3
For nearly all weeds, it is a matter of competition. Think of what will outcompete the crab grass and shade it out.
For me, I would throw some hay on it. Or simply wait and let the tomatoes take over. Or plant other thngs with the tomatoes that will outcompete the crabgrass and feed the tomatoes.
Actually, I am thinking of employing a few chickens to clear the remaining area for next year. But I have some logistical things to ask y'all about--I guess I'll send it out under Critter Care.
- 1
Nature abhors a vacuum.
And, yes, I know, there are lots of books out there advocating this use for chickens. I just think it is wrong - and that thinking puts me in a small minority.
- 3
"One cannot help an involuntary process. The point is not to disturb it. - Dr. Michel Odent
- 1
Here is a picture I took just before I fell in the swamp and ruined my camera. I was able to get the pictures off of the tiny memory chip thingy ...
- 1
As for the sheep - have you looked into laying a hedge for keeping the sheep out? Something loaded with edibles?
It's wonderful to see the interest in using the opportunities that mother nature gives us to enhance the environment around us.
This subject is near and dear to my heart since for the last two years I and some friends have been working on a solution to what to do with slash (leaves and branches) instead of hauling them off to the dump.
What we have found out is the depending on your available land space and your climate situation you can either do what has been described here with the hugelkultur protocol (which is great) or step up the process with some artificial treatments.
Since we live in a dry climate and moisture, or lack there of, is an issue affecting the decomposition process, we take our slash and run it through a chipper, to reduce the size of the chips as much as possible. Actually we are able to reduce the chip down to 2mm or less with a secondary process, but that's not completely necessary if your are patient.
Then we put that back out onto the land with a 50/50 mix of cow manure also dropped through a chipper. It is imperative that you get clean manure without any gravel. The manure give the microbes the extra nitrogen they need to power themselves so they can break down the material. This way the microbes are not robbing the nitrogen from the soil.
Then we apply some moisture and cover. The end product will turn into the nicest humus that you'll have ever seen in about 3 months.
Out here in Colorado we have an over abundance of pine slash, which usually they just want to burn. It turns out that the nutrient value of this slash is terrific, having a much better balance of elements than any fertilizer that you can buy at any price.
Spread the word on any kind of composting process and just maybe we will collectively be able to get this old planet back into shape.
Needle Picker.
P S As the name implies I've pick a few pine needles in my time to make pine needle tea. As crazy as it sound it tastes pretty good and is good for you. Do some research though before you just go out and gather some needles so you get the right ones.
- 1
A few days ago I sodbusted the top of the bed and put the grass clumps in a pile at the top of the pic to dry out. This is "virgin soil" previously just grass. I came across two 4" fir tree roots that were still fairly "fresh". There was a stump we ground up that was on the other side of the fence, and I think that tree was cut about 15 years ago--so just goes to show pitchy underground fir trees roots take a LONG time to rot! I got some logs from the woods(fir), layed it in the trench and split it down the middle with an ax then mashed it up more with the ax. Then I added the (now dead) grass clumps on top, jumped on it a bit to compact for no giant air bubbles, then added the dirt back on top.
I added about a gallon milk jug's worth of wood ash and clawed it in. Usually you should wait 3-4 weeks before planting stuff after adding ash to prevent burning, but we are getting rain all this week, and I mixed it up with the dirt, so I figured I'll go ahead and plant since it's good to translpant when it will be wet...
Here's the finished(for now) bed. I transplanted a couple artichokes, added a few strawberries(everbearing quinalt), some deadnettle(I know, kinda invasive, but it's so pretty and if it gets out of hand it's easy to pull). I plan to add an oregano, a transplanted Oregon Myrtle, a transplanted Saskatoon/Serviceberry and throw in a cabbage. I topped it with about 6" of fresh grass mulch. I forgot to scratch in some powdered eggshell, I'll get to that.
I have one more bed I will prepare, I'm thinking of doing potatoes in it.
I chose logs that bust up about the same consistancy as a block of styrofoam--I give it a whack with the ax to see, I wanted stuff that was very well rotted. Putting the dirt on the plastic makes it MUCH easier and cleaner to get the dirt back into the bed(a no-brainer, but just do it).
My Blog, Natural History and Forest Gardening
"Listen everybody, to what I gotta say, there's hope for tomorrow, if we wake up today!" Ted Nugent
"Suck Marrow" Henry D Thoreau
OK one quiestion ..i know..I ALWAYS have questions..
when wood rot does it rob the area of nitrogen? I have heard that about using wood chips for mulch..which i do all the time..bark and chips..that you have to add nitrogen as the wood rotting will use up the nitrogen? Is this right or just another one of those misconceptions out there??
I sure can see how the wood WOULD make a great base as it rots..and i'm read to start..but i do want this quesiton answered by you pros..if you know please ??
Bloom where you are planted.
1. mixing the browns (logs) with greens (grass cuttings etc);
2. surface area. in hugelkultur we're generally talking about using logs, the larger the better; logs have a considerably smaller surface area to volume ration than woodchips, therefore any nitrogen robbery will be at a much much slower rate and will thus have less impact on the veg;
3. depth. sepp holzer recommends burying the logs as deep as possible - initially well below the level of the roots of most plants.
This is all theoretical, not sure what evidence there is that these factors are of such sufficiency that the hugelkulturist shouldn't be concerned with N robbery. Here in the UK (Leeds, Yorkshire) we've just completed construction of 8 rows of hugelbeds, each with as much logs, brash, leaves, grass and bokashi kitchen waste as we can cram in there, in trenches about 80cm deep. we're convinced that it will work in theory - don't see why it shouldn't - just have been a bit frustrated by lack of empirical evidence, but hopefully in 15 years' time we'll have the proof!
we have new neighbors that just bought MIL's land next door that has about 2 acres mowed too..and i just offered to allow them to USE my compost pile to dump their excess leaves clippings garden waste..etc..(nice of me to offer hey?)
the area of woods that we are going to be starting to Forest farm this year..has hundreds of dying and rotting aspen trees, most of them already rotting on the ground..the idea of growing things there is just overwhelming for me right now..cause i really hadn't thought much about it in the past..there are wild raspberries growing on west side..(neighbors just mowed down the ones on their property)..I will leave them..but probably brushhog an area through them so we can get to them to pick..very thick stand of them..
but I'm going to be going back into this woods over the next weeks and evaluating it for what to plant where..and so I'll be looking at these new areas of rotted material to investigate its use.
if I leave some of the piles of rotted logs IN the woods..in zone 4/5 north Michigan..are there any suggestions of things that would be really great to plant in them IN the woods itself? there is black Michigan peat and tons of composted good stuff in that soil..much of it needs to be cleared of an overly large amount of standing dead material before it is used..so as not to trample it with the removal of the dead..which will be a lot used for firewood spring and fall in our wood boiler..
with plants for sale in abundance in the nurseries and stores and seeds on sale now in the stores cheapo..give me suggestions for what you think YOU would do if you lived in our area and had about 600 x 600 feet of moist rotty woodlands..thanks
Bloom where you are planted.
Now I have this brush pile hidden off past the corner of my property that is watching me suspiciously. The front yard may not be safe much longer
would this be kinda similar to putting the entire logs in to rot? of course ours is going on TOP of the soil around the plants..but our earthworms are pretty good at burying it really fast..
also along with the wood chips goes the compost, char and manure as well as grass clippings when we have them avail and leaves and garden debris..i generally do NOT pull the garden debris off of the garden but just mat it down and cover it with the wood chips and the other stuff..in place to rot.
Bloom where you are planted.
- 1
But down deep .... yes those same chips still suck up a lot of N. But if you think about it, for a lot of the growing season, either the roots haven't made it that far down yet, or the plant has been harvested and is no longer needing N. Further, imagine early summer where there is very little root mass in the bed. And the rains come: all the N in the soil gets washed down and CAPTURED by your wood! Yay! Now that wood breaks down a bit and by the time the roots get down there, perhaps that wood is more like compost and ready to give back some N. Maybe not so much the first year, but definitely in the latter years.
So as the years pass, the beds get better and better. Especially if you are using good mulches on the surface.
"Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it." - Helen Keller
Jeremiah Bailey
Central Indiana
- 2
I have been reading the work of Paul Stamets on mushrooms it is not a subject i have been studying for a long, so bare with me if i don't have a complete grasp of it but it may give the answer to the wood rotting in this system and how much nitrogen the rotting process might need.
He says that fungi break down wood, lignin and cellulose, and bacteria deal with the small plants with cellulose, with things like your lettuce that suddenly turns into a wet and dark coloured mass in your kitchen.
If it is fungi that break down the wood in hugelkulture, then the process won't include using lots of nitrogen. It is the bacterial break down of organic material that uses so much nitrogen. This may mean the problem of your logs absorbing nitrogen does not exist as it does with mulches, with logs buried and damp it is possible that they will be rotted by funguses that don't not need nitrogen.
Fungi or their mycelium can work at the same time as bacteria or before the bacteria get to work so there will also be bacterial breakdown and some nitrogen will be absorbed.
It is saprophytic fungi that feed on dead matter, though parasitic fungi can first parasite a live plant and then continue feeding on it when it is dead. End up behaving as saprophytic fungi do, living off dead organic matter.
What worries me about using wood, is not that, the nitrogen used to rot the wood will leave little nitrogen for plants. It is having heard, years ago that the fungi that parasites on dead wood might spread to live wood. If different fungi parasite dead wood than live wood this does not matter, if you have a parasitic fungus on your wood in your hugelkulture maybe it does.
Fungi or their mycelium are, as we are, full of water so they would hold a lot of water. They also, in some cases, carry water from one place to another to keep the organic matter they are feeding on humid. They also hold oxygen, they usually make the ground a healthier place, more spongy wet and oxygenated.
paul stamets recipes for growing mushrooms outdoors sound a bit like German hugelkulture, you put down the sort of stuff they devour, wood for example and add some fungal mats, which is to say some material inoculated with the funguses you have grown for the purpose and on top more organic material, corn husks, for example, or more wood and then cover the lot with cardboard. Cardboard will nourish fungi and stops other fungus or microbes from alighting on the whole and allows the fungal mats that you have inserted to get a head start over other organisms looking for food that might come from the air the earth in hugelkkultur must fulfill the role of carboars. If the whole is open to the sky the bacteria and fungal spores in the air would compete with the fungi you have implanted and reduce its chances of getting a hold.
As to providing nitrogen when needed.
I read a gardening book but I can't remember which, that talks about using urine, if you have it, to provide the nitrogen, bacteria digesting organic material need. It says that a straw bale will turn to sweet earth in three months if you pee on it. Another book says that you can keep a family in cabbages with the same resource if there are two men or two unprudish females in the family.
On the subject of storing carbon not nitrogen.
As wood stores carbon till it rots and releases it when it rots, the worries of one of the contributors about how long it took tree roots to rot, do not seem very ecological. Roots should be carefully stored so they don't release their carbon till we are through the, global warming woods.
Though rotting wood releases carbon, having fertile ground may be a more important bonus, than releasing the carbon locked in the wood is an ill. Fertile ground means more plants to absorb carbon and release the oxygen of a C02 molecule.
Here in Spain there is a lot of barren ground due to a fear of fires that drives overgrazing, fear that does for the vegetable cover that is the source of organic matter and so for the fertility of soils. No organic matter, no nitrogen. Less organic mater less to absorb and retain water and, no plants, nothing to hold soils so they are liable be carried off by the wind and downhill by the rain.
Countries with dry seasons need more organic matter in their soils and fear of fires, as the fire risk is greater in them, as there is a lot of dry material about in summer, means that in hot countries they reduce plants and so organic matter. I have known the demand to reduce plants here and seen its effects and it has made me think fear of fires is a principal reason for desertification.
Rotting organic matter rereleases most of the carbon locked up in the organic matter. Look up sugar fat or starch molecules, they are all long mixtures of mostly carbon and hydrogen. Break up organic matter and you release a lot of carbon.
N one of the aspect of plants sucuestring carbon is that-
The residues of organic matter when it has fully broken down, humus, retains carbon for generations. Humus can remain stable for hundreds and even thousands of years, so it stores carbon but not all the organic matter in your soil turns into humus turns into humus.
I don't know what sort of break down process creates most humus and releases less carbon back into the atmosphere.
Wood used to build with will hold its carbon while its in th ehouse unles it gets attacked by molds. For a long time.
Humus properly named, is a black fine dust that is both very adaptable and very permanent, stable and chemically functional, good for the soil and acts like a gelatin so absorbing and storing lots of water and the nutrients in the water. It also bonds with oxygen.
Humic acid can be brought. Look it up in google. I have seen empty tins of it beside banana plantations in the Canary Islands but i have not found sellers in Madrid in Spain where i live.
the problem with ritting for a first time on something is that i have tomuch to say that i haven't siad before and ias i haven' read all the permies articles no idea if you have already written about it. Rose Macaskie.
the backhoe guy that is putting the pond scum in my woods has also knocked over several trees and is burying them under the pond scum and the dirt that he is bringing into my woods..that I wrote about and showed pictures of on that thread mentioned above.
some of the trees are dead, and some are alive..and there is forest duff on the ground as well as wild berry brambles and such ..leaves and whatnot..that is all getting buried by the pond scum..
so this area that appears flattish..now..is buried trees under about 2' deep of pond scum, algae, seaweed, clay, dirt, micro organisms..etc..
this might work in the same manner..with the trees rotting from below and the good stuff (giant compost pile) working from above..
too bad it hadn't stopped right here..but there is still more going in there..more scum..more dirt..more whatever..and will be for 2 or 3 more days..it has been going on all day..
we told him to go ahead and knock over and bury some of the dying aspens if he needs the room..but we flagged trees that we wanted to save..
here is a look at the far corner of the woods where it isn't getting filled..
the trees were healthier on this side..
the opening to where the area is getting filled in is to the south..so the area will get sun for the middle part of the day..i'm thinking once this area is repaired and levelled..and the stuff settles and begins to decompose (if it needs to decompose..it is mostly rotten already from being in the bottom of the pond) then it would be a good place to plant something
I'm not sure what will go there now..directly in front of this woods are 3 baby walnut trees that are doing very well..only a foot or so tall..so whatever gets put in here will have to put up with walnut trees within 40' of it..but..i have my list of things that will grow near walnuts..
this was totally unexpected..the scum in the woods..my husband arranged that this morning without my knowledge..so it is a new idea..what will happen with dead trees and pond scum
Bloom where you are planted.
If it is fungi that break down the wood in hugelkulture, then the process won't include using lots of nitrogen. It is the bacterial break down of organic material that uses so much nitrogen. This may mean the problem of your logs absorbing nitrogen does not exist as it does with mulches, with logs buried and damp it is possible that they will be rotted by funguses that don't not need nitrogen.
That sounds reasonable.
Of course, rotting wood also acts like a sponge, holding onto water and all sorts of nutrients. Including N.
Plus, as the wood breaks down, it leaves air pockets. And air pockets have air - which is bacteria chow.
Plus, it is my understanding that several species of fungi hoard N to do the "I'll trade N for sugar" thing with the plants.
What worries me about using wood, is not that, the nitrogen used to rot the wood will leave little nitrogen for plants. It is having heard, years ago that the fungi that parasites on dead wood might spread to live wood. If different fungi parasite dead wood than live wood this does not matter, if you have a parasitic fungus on your wood in your hugelkulture maybe it does.
Might? Do you have more info on that one? If true, it would be scary. But my gut says it would be really rare - if at all. Maybe it would do that for weak trees?
I read a gardening book but I can't remember which, that talks about using urine, if you have it, to provide the nitrogen, bacteria digesting organic material need. It says that a straw bale will turn to sweet earth in three months if you pee on it. Another book says that you can keep a family in cabbages with the same resource if there are two men or two unprudish females in the family.
The urine factor is something we've talked about many times in these forums.
What do the panel feel the minimum depth of soil is required to cover a hugel "core" when planting trees?
I've got some small trees growing in a hugelkultur berm. It was essentially a single layer of logs on the ground covered over by about a foot of dirt and chicken coop cleanings.
Granted, I'm in a sub tropical climate so things rot quickly and I've seen plants growing in the tops of piles of wood chips around here so I'm not even certain any dirt is required.
entrailer wrote:
What do the panel feel the minimum depth of soil is required to cover a hugel "core" when planting trees?
This is one of those questions where the only accurate answer is "it depends"
How much wood are you covering? Are you planting from seed? Maybe a 6 inch seedling? Maybe a seven foot tall tree?
Are you reshaping the land?
Are you looking for the "don't have to irrigate" benefit? If so, how dry does it get there?
Thanks for your replies.
Yep, you are right it def does depend.
But what I am looking for is tolerances, minimums.
I am temperate UK, northern.
Be good to get your input generally before I tell you my intentions. Because I don't want to look at this as an individual case, rather one end of the scale; when planting trees/perens on to unrotted biomass.
As for your pics online. I've viewed these many times. However what would be great is if you have any pics of this bed in production over the years since it was done that would be great also.
Thanks again,
- 1
If the limiting depth is what is needed to keep the wood decomposing nicely, the minimum might be much thinner for heavy clay than for sand, and thicker for cold or dry climates.
There might be real value to keeping your tree directly above an un-broken column of soil, maybe fairly narrow, so that wood doesn't deflect any taproot that might form. Fukuoka seems to recommend placing coarse organic matter to the side of the tree, rather than below it.
It might be worthwhile to build the hugelkultur bed after the tree is established in ordinary soil, building up wood around the stem of a sapling and giving the pile a thin skin of soil, if the tree is of the sort that would grow well that way, and it can be done without burying leaves.
"the qualities of these bacteria, like the heat of the sun, electricity, or the qualities of metals, are part of the storehouse of knowledge of all men. They are manifestations of the laws of nature, free to all men and reserved exclusively to none." SCOTUS, Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kale Inoculant Co.
- 2
B) If you ever do anything that results in a bunch of branches or logs that you wanna get rid of, I don't understand the idea of burning a brush pile or hauling it off - this is valueable wood! Either build something out of it, use it for some kind of fuel or .... it is the foundation for hugelkultur.
I think a raised bed should be at least two feet tall. And if I have a lot of wood to fill it with, all the better.
If I have a lot of cheap labor looking for something to do, I like to plot out the bed, lay on the wood, and then dig down about a foot and pile that on top of the bed. So you end up with a foot of soil on top of the wood. If you had a lot of wood, the first year that bed will be okay. The second year will be better. The third year will be excellent.
The world's cheapest jedi mind trick: "Aw c'mon, why not read this tiny ad?"
Solar ovens, haybox cooker - What would you build to go with a rocket oven?https://permies.com/t/89917/Solar-ovens-haybox-cooker-build


text:
ICD-10 Diagnosis Code M65.9
Synovitis and tenosynovitis, unspecified
Diagnosis Code M65.9
Short Description: Synovitis and tenosynovitis, unspecified
Long Description: Synovitis and tenosynovitis, unspecified
This is the 2018 version of the ICD-10-CM diagnosis code M65.9
Valid for Submission
The code M65.9 is valid for submission for HIPAA-covered transactions.
Code Classification
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00–M99)
Disorders of synovium and tendon (M65-M67)
- Synovitis and tenosynovitis (M65)
- Disorders of synovium and tendon (M65-M67)
Information for Medical Professionals
The diagnosis code M65.9 is grouped in the following Diagnostic Related Group(s) (MS-DRG V35.0)
Convert to ICD-9 General Equivalence Map
The ICD-10 and ICD-9 GEMs are used to facilitate linking between the diagnosis codes in ICD-9-CM and the new ICD-10-CM code set. The GEMs are the raw material from which providers, health information vendors and payers can derive specific applied mappings to meet their needs.
- 727.00 - Synovitis NOS
- Chronic synovitis
- Disorder of peroneal tendon
- Extensor carpi radialis tenosynovitis
- Extensor digitorum longus tenosynovitis
- Extensor hallucis longus tenosynovitis
- Infectious synovitis
- Peroneal tendinitis
- Peroneal tenosynovitis
- Shoulder joint inflamed
- Shoulder synovitis
- Synovitis
- Synovitis acne pustulosis hyperostosis osteomyelitis syndrome
- Synovitis and tenosynovitis
- Synovitis and/or tenosynovitis - ankle and/or foot
- Synovitis AND/OR tenosynovitis associated with another disease
- Synovitis of ankle
- Synovitis of elbow
- Synovitis of joint of left knee
- Synovitis of knee
- Tendinitis AND/OR tenosynovitis
- Tendinitis AND/OR tenosynovitis of the foot region
- Tendinitis AND/OR tenosynovitis of the pelvic region
- Tendon sheath crepitus
- Tenosynovitis
Information for Patients
Joint Disorders
A joint is where two or more bones come together, like the knee, hip, elbow, or shoulder. Joints can be damaged by many types of injuries or diseases, including
- Arthritis - inflammation of a joint. It causes pain, stiffness, and swelling. Over time, the joint can become severely damaged.
- Bursitis - inflammation of a fluid-filled sac that cushions the joint
- Dislocations - injuries that force the ends of the bones out of position
Treatment of joint problems depends on the cause. If you have a sports injury, treatment often begins with the RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) method to relieve pain, reduce swelling, and speed healing. Other possible treatments include pain relievers, keeping the injured area from moving, rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery. For arthritis, injuries, or other diseases, you may need joint replacement surgery to remove the damaged joint and put in a new one.
NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
- Hypermobile joints (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Joint pain (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Joint swelling (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Joint x-ray (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Limited range of motion (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Steroid injections - tendon, bursa, joint (Medical Encyclopedia)
Also called: Tendonitis
Tendons are flexible bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones. They help your muscles move your bones. Tendinitis is the severe swelling of a tendon.
Tendinitis usually happens after repeated injury to an area such as the wrist or ankle. It causes pain and soreness around a joint. Some common forms of tendinitis are named after the sports that increase their risk. They include tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, pitcher's shoulder, swimmer's shoulder, and jumper's knee.
Doctors diagnose tendinitis with your medical history, a physical exam, and imaging tests. The first step in treatment is to reduce pain and swelling. Rest, wrapping or elevating the affected area, and medicines can help. Ice is helpful for recent, severe injuries. Other treatments include ultrasound, physical therapy, steroid injections, and surgery.
- Achilles tendinitis (Medical Encyclopedia)
- De Quervain tendinitis (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Rotator cuff problems (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Tendinitis (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Tennis elbow (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Tenosynovitis (Medical Encyclopedia)
- What Are Bursitis and Tendinitis? - NIH - Easy-to-Read (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases)


text:
Shell Sheets
Photography: Wendell T. Webber
Source: Martha Stewart
In the summer, crisp white sheets look even more inviting edged with prints made from a few flawlessly shaped scallop shells -- beachcombing for the perfect candidates is half the fun of this project.
Apply fabric paint directly to the shell's surface with a sponge brush, but do so sparingly; you don't want it to fill in the grooves. Move the painted shell to a clean work area, and carefully place your fabric on top of it. Rub the cloth lightly to transfer the image, then gently lift it off. Wipe the shell clean before making the next impression.
Make practice prints until you are comfortable with the technique and can line up several prints neatly in a row. Test the fabric first, too: tightly woven cotton will pick up the most-detailed images. Follow paint manufacturer's instructions for colorfastness.


text:
Greenfield Community College expanding its agriculture, green energy programs
June 12, 2014 by Jeff
Filed under Green Energy News
GREENFIELD — Greenfield Community College will spend the next two years expanding its sustainable agriculture and green energy programs, thanks to nearly $225,000 in grant funding.
The National Science Foundation has awarded the college $197,000 to pay some staff costs, develop new courses and add some new physical improvements to the school's greenhouse. The Wallace Genetic Foundation has given a separate $25,000 grant, which will be used to plan a one-acre botanical garden on campus.
"What we're doing here is taking something that's organic to the community and developing it," said President Robert Pura. He said that while many schools have developed new agriculture or green energy programs, few have had a community as invested in the field as Franklin County.
GCC faculty members involved with the college's Sustainable Agriculture and Green Energy (SAGE) Education Center said that they'll use the greenhouse and surrounding gardens as classrooms for both theoretical learning and hands-on skills.
The grants will pay for the creation of a greenhouse management course, for instance, which they say will be of interest to both students and community members. And the college will be setting up a water "catchment" system that will trap water that comes off the greenhouse and use it to irrigate the permaculture garden below.
The botanical garden project, which will need additional revenue to get off the ground, will bring new flowers and plants to the college for students to learn about and help grow.
The college will also use the grant to pay for about 20 credit-free internships, allowing students to work at local organizations that focus on sustainable agriculture and green energy. Peter Rosnick, director of the SAGE Education Center, said that there are 80 organizations that the college collaborates with on these issues, and the list keeps growing.
"There's so much amazing work going on in this region about resilience and sustainability," said Teresa Jones, program coordinator for the college's renewable energy and energy efficiency program. "We're one piece of that and we keep staying in conversations and connection with as many as these groups and individuals as we can."
Rosnick said that grant funding begins this month and that GCC officials are working this week to create a project timeline for the next two years.


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These wreath and laurel graphics are perfect for all your future craft projects. Use them for logo design, stationary and greeting cards, scrapbooking and more.
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Coalition for Patient Privacy
June 15, 2006
The Honorable William M. Thomas
Committee on Ways and Means
Washington, D.C.
The Honorable Charles B. Rangel
Ranking Minority Member
Committee on Way and Means
Washington, D.C.
Dear Mr. Thomas and Mr. Rangel:
We, the undersigned organizations, urge you to support the Emanuel-Doggett Amendment to HR 4157 at the Ways and Means committee markup meeting on June 15, 2006. Our organizations represent constituencies from across the ideological and political spectrum, and we urge you to include basic principles of patient privacy in any HIT legislation.
Our coalition's privacy principles are as follows:
Recognize that patients own their health data
Give patients control over who can access their personally identifiable health information across electronic health information networks
Give patients the right to opt-in and opt-out of electronic systems
Give patients the right to segment sensitive information
Require audit trails of every disclosure of patient information and allow patients to review those disclosures
Require that patients be notified of suspected or actual privacy breaches
Provide meaningful penalties and enforcement for privacy violations
Deny employers access to employees' medical records
Preserve stronger privacy protections in state laws
The Emanuel-Doggett Amendment embodies the key privacy principles that our non-partisan Coalition for Patient Privacy has been urging Congress to add to health IT legislation.
Americans must trust the health IT system, before it will work. They must have confidence in the system. They must have confidence that the personal information they share with healthcare providers will not be disclosed to others. Research informs us that unless patients are assured of privacy, they will avoid treatment and tests, they will lie about their symptoms and health issues, they will omit critical medical data, and they will delay care, endangering their health because they know their records will be used and shared without their permission.
There are countless stories of people being harmed and discriminated against when others know information about their healthcare treatments. People have lost current or future jobs, been kicked out of college, denied insurance, denied credit, lost their identity, and harmed in immeasurable ways when the private information they told their healthcare providers became known to others who used the information for reasons that have nothing to do with healthcare or payment.
Who benefits when patients don't have privacy? Not patients.
Please assure Americans that they can trust any health IT system by incorporating privacy principles into HIT legislation. We believe that building a national electronic health system without ironclad patient privacy rights is a prescription for disaster.
African American Republican Leadership Council
American Association of People with Disabilities
American Association of Practicing Psychiatrists
Association of American Physicians and Surgeons
Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
California Medical Association
Consumer Action
Foundation of Owner Operators Independent Drivers Association
Just Health
National Coalition of Mental Health Professionals and Consumers
National Center for Transgender Equality
National Health Law Program
Pain Relief Network
Patient Privacy Rights Foundation
Privacy Rights Clearinghouse
Privacy Rights Now Coalition
Republican Liberty Caucus
Texas Public Interest Research Group (TexPIRG)
The Multiracial Activist
Thoughtful House Center for Autism
U.S. Bill of Rights Foundation
Elected Officials:
State Senator Karen S. Johnson, Legislative District 18, Arizona (Republican)


text:
We don't want another catastrophe besides the one we already have. Fatma (43) mother of 9 children
Since the start of the Israeli assault on Gaza on 7 July 2014, codenamed "Protective Edge", the water and wastewater infrastructure in Gaza has been heavily affected by Israeli airstrikes and shelling.
Main water supply and wastewater as well as electricity infrastructure has been hit. As a result services have been cut or severely disrupted, affecting the entire population in Gaza.
Up to 25 per cent of Gaza's population were displaced. The 1.8 million people in Gaza, living in homes and shelters have extremely restricted access to water and sanitation.
Fatma, 45, was displaced with her family and sought shelter at a school in Ash Shuja'iyeh. She speaks in a Thirsting for Justice campaign video about the problems with water, sanitation and hygiene that her family faces amongst the many other displaced.
Thirsting for Justice is an initiative of EWASH, the Emergency Water Sanitation and Hygiene group in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.


text:
Help Protect Alaska and the Arctic
The Wilderness Society needs your help in protecting Alaska's magnificent wilderness. From the Tongass National Forest to the Arctic Ocean to the special places in between, these wildlands benefit from your involvement. Our work helps protect millions of acres of forests, tundra and mountains as well as the moose, bears, birds, salmon and other wildlife that depend on them.
If you love this landscape and want to work to protect it, please:
Become a member
When you donate $35 or more, you become a member of The Wilderness Society and join our network of supporters dedicated to protecting Alaska and the Arctic and other wild places.
Make a donation
Even a small donation can help us continue our work to protect Alaska and the Arctic.
Stay connected
Join our growing online community of people working to protect our cherished wildlands.
Take action
Many issues that affect one wildland also affect other wild places across the country. Learn about current issues and lend your voice to important causes.
Wilderness is a precious resource with many human, natural and economic benefits that we need to protect.
Be the first to hear about important campaigns, victories and features related to enjoying and protecting wilderness by joining our email and mobile WildAlert network.
Each day, thousands of acres of our wild places are lost to development. You can help save America's last remaining wilderness by joining The Wilderness Society with a gift of $35 or more today!


text:
为了使您在Abcam官网的浏览体验更顺畅,请使用最新版本的浏览器比如 Google Chrome
Contains 30 or 90 dipsticks and necessary components to quantify the levels of the fully assembled Complex I enzyme complex from mouse and rat samples. The kit includes sufficient materials to generate a standard curve and evaluate several unknown samples.
Based on the immunologic sandwich assay, the kit utilizes two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to different antigens present on the Complex I enzyme complex. One antibody is immobilized on the nitrocellulose membrane in a thin line perpendicular to the length of the dipstick, while the other is gold-conjugated and combined with the sample mix. The sample contents containing the gold-conjugated mAb wick past the mAb immobilized on the dipstick. When assembled Complex I is present in the sample, a red line appears at the site of the anti-Complex I antibody line. The signal intensity is directly related to the amount of Complex I in the sample. The signal intensity is best measured by a dipstick reader or may be analyzed by another imaging system. To identify defects in Complex I that do not affect enzyme assembly combine this assay with our Complex I Enzyme Activity Dipstick Assay Kit (ab109720) to determine the relative specific activity of Complex I.
All components are stable in their provided containers at room temperature out of direct sunlight.
After diluting the 10X Blocking Buffer to 2X, store at 4°C.
For long-term storage, all buffers can be stored at 4°C.
|90 tests
|30 tests
|Buffer B (10X Blocking solution)
|3 x 0.4ml
|1 x 0.4ml
|1 x 90 units
|1 x 30 units
|Extraction Buffer
|3 x 15ml
|1 x 15ml
|Gold-conjugated antibody (dried in microplate wells)
|1 x 90 tests
|1 x 30 tests
|Wash buffer
|3 x 1ml
|1 x 1ml
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab109875 in the following tested applications.
The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
|Sandwich ELISA
|Use at an assay dependent dilution.
ab109875 has not yet been referenced specifically in any publications.
Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE"


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text:
About Geng Jianyi
A principal member of the '85 New Wave movement, Geng Jianyi's work examines the relationship between the individual and the collective. In his 2001 "Face" series, for example, Geng used photosensitive paper to create ghostly portraits composed of the bare minimum of forms necessary to distinguish one face from another, referencing the tension between existence and dissolution. Geng has also collaborated with fellow Chinese artist Zhang Peili, with whom he founded the Pond Society group and created a number of performances and video works. In recent years, Geng has focused on oil painting, installations, and photography, often returning to the themes of individuality and alienation.
Chinese, b. 1962, Zhengzhou, China, based in Hangzhou, China


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text:
The Gosselin drama gets uglier as each day goes by. The latest is Kate Gosselin accusing Jon Gosselin of taking out $200,000 from the couple's joint account, leaving only $1,000 for Kate.
According to RadarOnline, Jon violated an arbitrator's rules by pulling hundreds of thousands of dollars out of his joint account with Kate. Jon is said to have withdrawn this amount just hours after his appearance on Larry King Live on Thursday.
Radar confirmed with multiple sources that Kate routinely pays the family bills from that bank account. Jon's actions are said to be in violation of the Gosselin divorce arbitrator's guidelines.
Kate has engaged a high-powered lawyer who immediately sent Jon a letter, demanding he return the money to the bank account. Another attorney for Kate will go to court in Pennsylvania on Monday to file papers demanding the money be returned.
Kate also appeared on the Today Show Monday morning confirming these events.