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Pakistani fielding at it's very best. Cheers Saeed.
Originally Posted by CricinfoOriginally Posted by Cricinfo
If this was a first class game then Asif would have Lumb in no time.
Really am yet to be convinced by Kieswetter.
Does Keiswetter have any shots other than the lift over mid off/cover?
Steve Davies. please
Think we need to give him a little longer before making a judgement. He didn't go too well in his first 2 ODi's before making that century. I'm happy to stick with him atm, need to give an opening pair a decent run.
Kieswetter dropped twice at mid-on. Just needs to make the most of the chances now.
Seriously, how does an international team get to be so horrendously bad at fielding!? Just boggles the mind. If you've played cricket for 10+ years at a high level, as all of these players have done, how do you not know how to ****ing catch a ball? And even if, somehow, by the time you get to the national team you're still not quite sure how to catch a ball hit directly at you, that's why the have coaches and go to all those training sessions. Seriously don't know how Pakistani fans deal with it all.
Still, as (I think) SS said during the Aus-Pak series, it's at least comforting to know that I'm better than a number of professional players at some element of the game.
Lumb's started well anyway, oh and that was better from Craig. Another shot, which is nice.
Surprisingly, Lumb has been quite convincing at International level thus far. Not made a score of note yet, but looked comfortable on all 3 surfaces he's played on. I think these 2 have the potential to be a very successful opening pair in T20 cricket if given time. I still think Kieswetter has the potential to be a fine player, needs to be persisted with for a little while though. Can't keep going through opening pairs every series/tournament.
Good over that. 19 off it.
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March 26, 2012 WIC Update
SUBJECT 1: Breast Pump Order
SUBJECT 2: Breastfeeding Seminar
JOB OPPORTUNITY: Peer Counselor-Samuel U. Rodgers Health Center
Breast Pump Order: Medela will begin shipping breast pumps the week of April 9, 2012. Please remember that the following procedure must be followed in order to verify receipt of shipment for payment and to send the required WIC tags.
- Immediately upon receipt of shipment, please locate the packing slip and verify that your agency received the products and quantities stated.
- Sign the packing slip to verify the order is correct.
- Fax the signed packing slip to Laura Weiler at the state WIC office at 573-526-1470. WIC tags will be mailed upon receipt of your packing slip.
- If your agency did not receive what was stated on the packing slip, please contact the state WIC office immediately.
If you have any questions, please contact Kathy Mertzlufft at firstname.lastname@example.com or by telephone at 573-526-4792.
Breastfeeding Seminar: Dr. Marianne Neifert and Dr. Thomas Hale are presenting a session in Columbia titled, "Improving Health Care Practices that Support the Breastfeeding Dyad" on Friday, May 18, 2012 from 5:30-8:30 p.m. Registration is free, but seating is limited. Attached is the registration form with contact information for questions. (ONE ATTACHMENT)
WIC Positions
JOB OPPORTUNITY-Peer Counselor-Samuel U. Rodgers Health Center-8 hours per week; flexible days/times
The Peer Counselor will work with WIC team members to encourage and support breastfeeding among WIC participants. This position will counsel pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers by telephone and in the WIC office at scheduled intervals; teach prenatal and breastfeeding classes with approved lesson plan provided by the health center. Current or previous enrollment in WIC preferred. Position requires three days of training to become a peer counselor. Fax resume to (816) 889-1839 or email resume to email@example.com.
Neifert-Hale Brochure

subset: commoncrawl


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Oh goody. It's way more fun when the truly famous stars are the bitches.
Last night, Julia Roberts and that sexy, sexy, SEXY fine ass beast Clive Owen were in New York for the premiere of Duplicity. Roger Friedman was on the press line, was angling to speak with her. What he received what the total bitchness.
She cut him down, interrupted him, was rude to him, and he described her behaviour as "unexpected and chilling".
The reason?
She believes he wrote nasty things about her when she was on Broadway. This was conveyed to Friedman by her reps last night, confirming that yes, she was deliberately acting like a hag, and yes, it's because she can keep a grudge.
But isn't that the point of being a reviewer? To provide critical analysis?
Unfortunately, she's an idiot. Or her people are idiots. Because Friedman, unlike many other critics, was actually more than kind in his review of her performance a few years ago in Three Days of Rain. He pretty much jumped into her goose honking mouth and installed a temple there. But again, not the point.
The lesson here is that you are not allowed to have an opinion. Unless your opinion is favourable. And this is not unique of Julia Roberts. This applies to all of them. This is how they live: surrounded by sycophants, only positive feedback, told they are wonderful over and over and over again to protect their fragile egos, unable to own disappointment and failure, and totally petulant and unforgiving if they don't hear what they want to hear.
But they're so pretty. They must be nice, right? It's the mantra of the MiniVan.
PS. Julia gives a great bitchface in a few of these shots.
PPS. This behaviour – it's not new. Oscars a few years ago, before presenting to Denzel Washington, she was f-cking twat backstage about her teleprompter. Story was widely circulated…
Click here for Roger Friedman's full report.
Photos from Flynetonline.com


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Producers around the world reacted to higher wheat prices by planting more wheat. United States winter wheat seedings are estimated to be 4 percent higher than for the 2007-2008 marketing year (this year) and spring wheat planted acres are also projected to be at least 4 percent higher. Estimates of U.S. total wheat planted acres are about 63 million.
A 4 percent increase in planted acres would be 62.8 million. If 84.6 percent (the five-year average) of the planted acres are harvested and yields are average (41.7 bu.ac.), 2008-2009 wheat marketing year production would be 2.215 billion bushels.
World wheat planted acres are expected to be 6 percent to 8 percent higher than last year. The world's five-year average production is 22.06 billion bushels. This year's production was 22.2 billion bushels and the record is 23.1 billion bushels. A 6 percent increase in production would be 23.5 billion bushels.
United States wheat ending stocks are projected to be 272 million bushels, the lowest since the 1948-1949 marketing year. The U.S. wheat stocks-to-use ratio is projected to be 11.6 percent, the lowest since the 1946-1947 marketing year.
World wheat ending stocks are projected to be four billion bushels, the lowest since the 1977-1978 marketing year. The stocks-to-use ratio is projected to be 17.7 percent, compared to a 10-year average of 30 percent and a five-year average of 22 percent.
Wheat stocks are at near-record lows. The supply "pipeline" will essentially be empty before the U.S. winter wheat harvest. Flour millers are scrambling to find wheat. Demand will be "backed up" until 2008 harvested wheat becomes available.
The major wheat exporters are the United States, the European Union, Canada, Argentina, and Australia. United States winter wheat will be available for export in mid-June. European and Canadian wheat will be available for export in early September. It will be at least November before Argentine or Australian wheat is available for export.
The current supply and demand situation is similar to the 1995-1996 marketing year situation. Prices peaked near $7 in April 1996, declined to near $6 in May, and averaged about $5.50 in June. The average September price was about $4.15.
Pent-up demand should keep prices relatively high into June. If the foreign wheat crop appears to be average or better, millers will buy enough wheat to meet nearby needs and will backup as much demand as possible into September.
Wheat stocks should remain relatively tight throughout the 2008-2009 marketing year. One signal is that the Kansas City Board of Trade July 2008 wheat contract price is $10.25, and the July 2009 wheat contract price is $9.20. This implies that the market believes that stocks will only be slightly higher in May 2009.
United States 2008-2009 marketing year beginning stocks are expected to be about 275 million bushels; 90 million bushels are expected to be imported, and production is projected to be 2.215 billion bushels. The total U.S. wheat supply is expected to be 2.58 billion bushels.
For the last two years, domestic wheat use has been 1.14 billion bushels. United States' wheat exports are projected to be 1.2 billion bushels and the five-year average is 1.07 billion bushels. Using 1.14 billion bushels for domestic use and 1.1 billion bushels for exports would produce an estimated 2.24 billion bushel use for the 2008-2009 marketing year.
The United States 2008-2009 supply of 2.58 billion bushels and use of 2.24 billion bushels would result in ending stocks of 340 million bushels. This would be an increase of about 70 million bushels.
World beginning stocks of four billion bushels, production of 23.5 billion bushels, and use of 22.8 billion bushels would result in 2008/09 wheat marketing year ending stocks of 4.7 billion bushels.
Both U.S. and world wheat yields and production must be average or better. Average U.S. production is expected to result in price peaking in May or June. If followed by average or better foreign wheat production, prices will continue to fall, but are expected to remain near $7.


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Archive for 'Tag Archives: 'Eczema''
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I needed to parse SAML 1.0 POST messages. However the (picketlink-fed-core\src\main\java\org\picketlink\identity\federation\core\parsers\saml\)SAML11AssertionParser checks for majorVersion=1 and minorVersion = 1.
Would it be possible to allow minorVersion=0 as well?
Bob, honestly we need to introduce a SAML10AssertionParser rather than muck around with saml11.
You can attempt by cloning https://github.com/picketlink/federation and then putting a pull request.
Retrieving data ...


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WHITE PLAINS, N.Y. (AP) — The parents of a bride-to-be killed in a boating accident on the Hudson River suggested Wednesday that poor lighting on a barge, not drunkenness, was responsible for the crash.
In a statement issued the day before Lindsey Stewart's funeral, her mother and stepfather and the parents of a second victim complained that there was a "rush" to blame Jojo John, who was piloting the powerboat that hit a barge Friday night.
The stationary barge was carrying construction materials for the $3.9 billion project to build a new Tappan Zee Bridge across the Hudson.
Investigators have said that based on witness statements, they suspect that John, 35, who was injured, was intoxicated. He has been charged with vehicular manslaughter.
But the families, after saying they were "shattered" by the accident that killed Stewart and Mark Lennon two weeks before the wedding, said, "Compounding our agony is the rush, by some, to cast blame on or even malign the victims. While police have issued serious charges against the boat's driver, toxicology results supporting those charges will not be available for days."
They said their conversations with survivors of the crash, including groom-to-be Brian Bond, made clear that the passengers "had consumed very little alcohol and considered themselves sober."
They were all "mature, respected professionals," the parents said. Stewart, Lennon and Bond were all 30.
It was also clear, the parents said, that "none of them saw the barge. They did not brace for impact and could not identify what they had hit — even after impact."
Investigators have said they are looking into whether the barge was properly lighted. The Coast Guard and the state Thruway Authority, which is building the bridge, have said it was. The Thruway Authority added lighting after the crash.
The parents, Carol Stewart-Kosik and Walter Kosik and Kevin and Dympna Lennon, asked other boaters to help with the investigation by emailing any knowledge they have "of the barges or the accident conditions."
Rockland County District Attorney Thomas Zugibe confirmed Wednesday that tests on John's blood are not yet complete. He said all information would be submitted to a grand jury.
Zugibe also revealed that investigators have a brief cellphone video, shot by one of the survivors, that shows the moments just before the crash.
"It picks up the last few seconds before impact," Zugibe said.
The district attorney said it's difficult to tell if the video shows the actual impact. He says the cellphone also briefly recorded audio of the impact and the aftermath of the crash.
He says investigators are carefully reviewing the recording for clues to the cause of the accident.
Stewart's funeral is scheduled for Thursday at the church where she would have been married Aug. 10. Lennon's funeral is scheduled for Friday.


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In the December 2013 issue of Texas Highways, Lori Moffatt visits with Houston chefs Hugo and Ruben Ortega about the renowned hot chocolate served at Hugo's Restaurant. The Ortegas make 6-75 pounds of chocolate weekly for the restaurant's desserts and mole sauces. They sell their 10-ounce chocolate tablets (made of cacao, vanilla, sugar, and cinnamon) so that home cooks can replicate the Hugo's hot chocolate experience at home.
"The directions on the back of the tablet say to bring 2 ½ cups of milk to a boil and then add half of the chocolate tablet and stir, and then to serve when the chocolate is completely dissolved," says Lori. "But I found that the chocolate still felt 'toothy' after being heated, and I think I discovered a trick, thanks to Diana Kennedy's terrific cookbook The Essential Cuisines of Mexico. In it, Kennedy's recipe for hot chocolate calls for using water instead of milk to dissolve the chocolate, but then notes that if you are making it with milk, dissolve the chocolate in ½ cup of water first, then add the milk. I'll try that next time. I didn't mind the gritty bits of chocolate at the bottom of my cup when I made it according to the Hugo's tablet, but I think I'd prefer a creamy version.


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Susan Hidalgo-Smith
Susan has long been part of the WRKF family. Having been indoctrinated in public broadcasting as on-air talent for membership campaigns at LPB, WRKF asked her to be the development director at the radio station. She went on to serve as WRKF's underwriting manager for 12 years and then the special events director for another three. Susan, part of a family of doctors, can't help but be fascinated with medicine and health. Out of that fascination came the award-winning "Conversations in Medicineâ


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Our Advanced Search is the quickest way to find the perfect Jersey or Guernsey self catering holidayAdvanced Search
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Facilities at 4* Cottages at Kings Mills
A traditional Guernsey 17th Century farmhouse is the basis of these 4 star graded cottages which sit within a gated community environment. The property is self contained with pretty gardens and an indoor pool and spa*.
Each cottage has outside table and seating area and its own individual style. The owners pride themselves on the standard of the cottages and the equipment and hospitality provided. Don't miss out on a unique opportunity to experience Guernsey at its best.
Kings Mills is a quaint hamlet set amongst Green lanes with a beautiful walk through natural marshland to the lovely bay of Vazon, the route is ideal for bird watching. The resident owners are happy to use their vast knowledge provide information on the island, its history and activities on offer.
More about the accommodation
Basic grocery shopping service can be arranged prior to arrival.
Laundry room for the use of all cottages. 1 Parking space per cottage.
For the comfort of all guests smoking is not permitted either in the cottages or any of the grounds. *Pool open from mid April to end of September.
What is provided
Top Tip! Make a list of the accommodation reference numbers that appeal.


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Articulatory Phonetics
Summary and Keywords
Articulatory phonetics is concerned with the physical mechanisms involved in producing spoken language. A fundamental goal of articulatory phonetics is to relate linguistic representations to articulator movements in real time and the consequent acoustic output that makes speech a medium for information transfer. Understanding the overall process requires an appreciation of the aerodynamic conditions necessary for sound production and the way that the various parts of the chest, neck, and head are used to produce speech. One descriptive goal of articulatory phonetics is the efficient and consistent description of the key articulatory properties that distinguish sounds used contrastively in language. There is fairly strong consensus in the field about the inventory of terms needed to achieve this goal. Despite this common, segmental, perspective, speech production is essentially dynamic in nature. Much remains to be learned about how the articulators are coordinated for production of individual sounds and how they are coordinated to produce sounds in sequence. Cutting across all of these issues is the broader question of which aspects of speech production are due to properties of the physical mechanism and which are the result of the nature of linguistic representations. A diversity of approaches is used to try to tease apart the physical and the linguistic contributions to the articulatory fabric of speech sounds in the world's languages. A variety of instrumental techniques are currently available, and improvement in safe methods of tracking articulators in real time promises to soon bring major advances in our understanding of how speech is produced.
Keywords: speech, anatomy, gesture, coordination, coarticulation, phonetic implementation, articulatory phonology
1. Scope and Goals of Articulatory Phonetics
Articulatory phonetics is concerned with the physical mechanisms involved in producing spoken language. Since its primary concern is the production of the sounds of spoken language, it is a part of linguistics that, as practiced by many, is considered part of cognitive science. As part of linguistics, it is concerned with how the physical properties of sounds vary between languages and the ways that linguistic structure contributes to the physical fabric of speech in the sounds of the world's languages. One goal of articulatory phonetics is to provide an efficient and consistent description of the key articulatory properties that distinguish sounds used contrastively in language. A number of classification systems have been developed, differing mostly in the degree of resolution they provide in representing small phonetic differences between languages and dialects. From a linguistic perspective, key research questions in this field include which aspects of articulator movement and coordination follow from properties of the articulators, or the neural structures that execute articulatory goals, and which are under linguistic control. The expansion of the data foundation to include a wider range of speech styles, along with steady improvement in technological options for imaging articulators and tracking speech processing in the brain, promise to keep articulatory phonetics a dynamic and fruitful area of study.
2. Approaches to Studying Articulatory Phonetics
The primary source of data on speech production involves observations of the range of movements observed in humans while speaking. One approach focuses on understanding the basic properties of the articulators apart from their linguistic function. Here, research from speech pathology to dental anatomy can potentially inform our understanding of the speech mechanism. Another lens on these questions involves the basic cataloging and description of the sounds used contrastively in languages. These data minimally include characterizations of contrastive phonemes in minimal, or near-minimal, pairs. Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996) is a compilation of instrumental data on sounds of the world's languages, representing several decades of work by researchers at UCLA and their collaborators around the world.
In addition to documenting human speech sounds across languages at a phonemic grain of analysis, the last half of the twentieth century also saw development of a strong research emphasis on documenting the range of human phonetic capabilities from another perspective, which combined attention to within-language phonetic variability and a comparison of this variation between languages. Common ways of enriching the data foundation in this area include comparing articulation of the same items at different rates of speech, or different styles of speech, and comparing the same or similar sounds in different prosodic positions, manipulating location relative to stress. For example, articulatory gestures are often faster or longer in syllable onsets or in word-initial position and slower or less extensive in final positions. However, the details of how these effects play out varies between languages. While influential early theories of phonology assumed that the phonetic details of speech production, especially change over time, were more or less "automatic" products of the speech mechanism, a half century of phonetic analysis has revealed tremendous variability both between languages in the finer aspects of articulation, and within languages in different linguistic contexts and styles of speech. This in turn opened up a whole research focus on fine phonetic detail which, since it varies between languages, must be learned, and therefore must be under linguistic control (see Research in Articulatory Phonetics; see also Beckman & Kingston, 2012).
3. Anatomy for Speech Sounds
The respiratory organs, including the lungs and the muscles that support respiration, such as the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles between the ribs, provide the aerodynamic essentials for the majority of speech sounds, which involve modifications to lung air as it passes up from the lungs and out the mouth and/or nose. The resulting flow of air is then manipulated by movements of articulators to produce sound.
The first point at which modifications are made to the airflow is the larynx, where the vocal folds can be positioned to produce sound. The most common modification is the position and stiffness of the vocal folds that favors modal voicing, which is used most commonly cross-linguistically. The vocal folds are close enough to touch but do not obstruct airflow completely, and they are appropriately tensed such that they can oscillate with the air pressure changes that result from the Bernoulli effect. The rate of vocal fold vibration determines the perceived pitch, which is used contrastively in languages with tone or pitch accent. Beyond tone and presence or absence of voicing, the mode of vocal fold vibration can also be changed, producing breathy or more creaky voice qualities. Further downstream, movement of the velum (soft palate) regulates whether air passes into the nose. A lowered velum allows air to pass into the nose but does not block air from passing into the mouth. For nasal stop consonants, due to complete obstruction in the mouth, the nose is the sole path for air to exit the vocal tract; for nasal vowels, air exits both mouth and nose.
The oral articulators can be combined in a wide variety of ways to modify the air stream. Most of this movement is accomplished through action of the tongue, lower jaw, and lower lip. Different regions of the tongue may act as the primary articulator for a consonant, and these different regions are designated with specific labels (from front to back: tip, blade, front, center, back, and root). For consonants, different degrees of constriction between articulators produce different aerodynamic effects, including stops, where airflow is temporarily blocked completely, to fricatives, in which air forced through a small constriction generates noise, to approximants, in which articulator movements produce an audible change in the sound wave but no independent acoustic event such as a burst transient or noise is created. Quick movements of the tongue tip, lips, or uvula can also be produced, resulting in taps, flaps, and trills. For vowels, the body of the tongue as a whole is moved and shaped for individual vowel targets, with accompanying targets for different degrees of lip protrusion or spreading.
For the articulators outlined above, there are additional manipulations that can be used to produce linguistic contrasts. For example, beginning with the movement of air, in addition to the universally employed egressive pulmonic airflow, some speech sounds involve trapping and manipulating pockets of air, mostly to produce variants of stops. Clicks involve a pocket of air enclosed between a velar or uvular constriction and a more forward closure, which is then rarified through downward movement of the tongue body. The inward movement of air on release makes the characteristic hollow sound of this set of consonants used in languages of southern Africa. More common are ejectives, which involve trapping air between the glottis and a more forward articulation and then compressing it through slight larynx raising. The release of this high-pressure air mass produces a loud burst with a characteristic lag before vocal fold vibration can begin. For the oral articulators, additional contrasts can also be produced—for example, by manipulating the length of time a sound is held. Languages employ length contrasts on both consonants and vowels. Sounds may also involve multiple articulators and multiple constrictions. As noted above, vowels involve not only tongue positioning but also specific lip configurations, and possibly velum lowering as well. Consonants may involve multiple oral constrictions, ranging from doubly articulated stops like the labiovelars kp and gb to secondary articulations such as palatalization, which involves a high front tongue constriction that is active while another more complete constriction is made at another point in the vocal tract.
Clearly, with the basic anatomy just described, a large number of speech sounds can be produced. Any articulatory dimensions that can be manipulated independently can be used in combination to produce sound contrasts. For example, since the velum can move independently of the tongue, we can produce nasal stops at all places of articulation forward of the velum. Furthermore, since rate of vocal fold vibration can be manipulated independently of tongue position, languages can produce multiple contrasting tones or tone contours on the same vowel quality. Certain combinations of articulations are impossible due to limits of the vocal tract. For example, pharyngeal nasal stops are not possible because a pharyngeal closure would preclude airflow through the nose. Ultimately, use in languages of the physically possible sounds is restricted either by perceptibility (e.g., languages usually don't have as many nasal vowels as oral vowels) or by articulatory or aerodynamic boundary conditions (e.g., a voiceless approximant is hard to distinguish from a fricative).
Many excellent and detailed descriptions of speech anatomy are available in textbooks for speech language pathology courses, and much basic research in speech anatomy is done by both phoneticians and speech scientists. For more in-depth discussion of speech anatomy for phoneticians, see Reetz and Jongman (2011), Gick, Wilson, and Derrick (2013) and other references in Huffman (2011). Several very useful online resources for envisioning articulation are also available. One, a collaboration called "Seeing Speech," includes ultrasound and MRI images of a male and a female phonetician producing a wide variety of speech sounds. The textbook companion site for Gick et al. (2013) has MRI images for English phonemes and some sounds from other languages. Finally, the University of Iowa "Sounds of Speech" resource has demonstrations with video, audio, and schematic mid-saggital views for sounds of English, Spanish, and German, also available as an app.
4. Classifying Articulatory Possibilities
How do we organize all this information in a way that allows for consistent and meaningful descriptions of speech sounds? There is fairly strong consensus in the field about the inventory of terms needed to describe and distinguish sounds that function contrastively in language. It should be noted, however, that the feature set employed in phonetics differs in several respects from common usage of distinctive features in phonology (see Hall and Mielke (2011)). Here we will briefly outline the physical properties addressed in definitional descriptions of speech sounds and discuss some less common aspects for illustrative purposes.
In phonetic descriptions, vowels and consonants employ fairly distinct sets of terms. Consonants descriptions minimally describe voicing (voiced or voiceless), place of articulation, and degree or manner of articulation.
Place of articulation terms for consonants allow for all combinations of upper and lower articulators that are used in languages, with tongue involvement being assumed and unstated, except where it must be specified because it is unusual (e.g., linguolabial sounds). Because of the way the airflow out of the vocal tract responds to different kinds of constrictions, degree of constriction is divided into roughly three major categories, with some additional categories due to special timing or gestural properties. Complete constriction in the mouth produces a stop. An incomplete constriction that is small enough to generate turbulent airflow produces a fricative. A constriction that does not produce turbulent airflow is normally classified as an approximant (or, in some systems, a "resonant"). Common exceptions to this basic division include taps, which involve a very fast movement of the tongue tip that does not ensure closure nor the conditions for frication, and affricates, which involve a stop followed by a brief fricative state. For some consonants, the shape of the tongue is also critical to sound production. Some of these are regularly reflected in articulatory descriptions. For example, retroflexed sounds involve curling up of the tongue so the underside of the tip is used to make the constriction. Retroflexion is often treated as a special case of place of articulation. While the majority of consonants are oral, most languages have one or more nasal consonants, so the distinction is reflected in the terms oral/nasal.
For vowels, the common descriptive terms are height, backness, and rounding, and, as noted earlier, the first two are only roughly articulatory. With no specific point of contact or frication production, it is nontrivial to determine the "place" of articulation of a vowel. Furthermore, classification of vowels was until relatively recently accomplished solely by ear, so comparison between vowels has been heavily influenced by their acoustic and auditory properties. Nonetheless, vowels are typically classified by so-called height (minimally high, mid, low) and backness (front, central back), though additional intermediate terms for height are quite common. Languages sometimes employ an additional dimension for vowels, which involves finer distinctions in height and backness that sometimes correlate with tongue root position (advanced tongue root). Vowels are particularly susceptible to influences of neighboring consonants, especially those involving the tongue back and root, and this influence, a coarticulatory effect, often appears in vowel descriptions such as rhoticization (sounding like an r) or pharyngealization (with the low back tongue position typical of a pharyngeal articulation) (see the next section). In addition, vowel articulation can include nasalization plus laryngeal adjustments including variations in mode and rate of vocal fold vibration (see Anatomy for speech sounds).
Descriptive terms and symbols for the sounds they describe are often organized into charts, which provide a quick overview of the descriptive dimensions involved. The International Phonetic Association provides symbol charts and a wealth of additional resources on phonetics and transcription including the Handbook of the IPA. In addition, excellent in-depth discussions of the set of terms needed to describe sounds and distinguish sounds accurately across languages are available (e.g., Catford, 1982; Laver, 1994) as well as the inventory of sounds observed in the world's languages (Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1996).
5. Speech Dynamism and Variability
The basic literature on articulatory phonetics is dominated by a segmental perspective, in which sounds are described as individual phoneme-sized units that abstract away from the dynamic nature of speech. On the one hand, this is understandable, since articulatory phonetics is often taught in the context of training in transcription, or interpretation of transcriptions, an approach that emphasizes the focus on a segment- or phoneme-sized level of analysis. On the other hand, articulation is clearly predominantly dynamic. Production of speech sounds requires the coordination of multiple articulators, and these articulators are rarely stationary.
See, for example, the short X-ray film illustrating the moving articulators while acoustician Kenneth Stevens produces nonsense items illustrating English consonants and vowels, plus two short sentences. The dynamic nature of speech has always caused tension with segment-oriented descriptive methods such as phonetic transcription and with theories of speech representation that put heavy emphasis on phoneme-sized units. As a phonetics student once put it, "transcription is like describing the world using only integers." In contrast, in reality, the articulators move nearly continuously, and the way they move varies in accordance with a vast array of factors, from identity of an adjacent sound, to position of a sound within larger linguistics units such as syllables or words, to more global considerations like speech rate or pragmatic context.
Variability in speech sounds can be organized into roughly two general classes of effects, which we may call coordinative and hierarchical (which are similar to, but not equivalent to, the common terms segmental and suprasegmental). Coordinative effects concern the influence of sounds on neighboring sounds in the same word or phrase. These may also be thought of as a kind of syntagmatic effect. Hierarchical effects concern differences in the production of the "same" sound in different positons in linguistic units such as the word or syllable, or various types of prosodic units (Frota, 2012). Effects of stress will also be included in this category, since stress involves relative differences in strength or prominence akin to prosodic domain effects.
Considering coordinative effects first, we can see that since successive sounds are produced with the same set of articulators, in different combinations, and the articulators move more or less continuously, rather than in discrete steps, it follows that the production of one sound will be influenced by production of neighboring sounds. While making a sound, we begin preparing for the next sound, and likewise the articulation of one sound will affect the way the articulators move toward a following sound. The most general term for this is coproduction, though a more common alternative is coarticulation. Sometimes a distinction is drawn between coarticulation, conceived of as described above, and assimilation, which is taken to be a discrete, segment-changing, phonological effect. The term coarticulation, then, evokes a theoretical distinction between phonetic facts and phonological facts that in practice can be hard to maintain (see, e.g., Scobbie, 2007). In either case, the key insight is that there is overlap, or influence, between neighboring sounds. Commonly acknowledged examples of coproduction include nasalization of a vowel preceding a nasal consonant (compare the vowels in "bead" and "bean") and the rounding of the lips during a consonant that precedes a rounded vowel (compare "seat" and "suit"). There is even evidence that in certain cases these effects can extend beyond immediately adjacent sounds, as in longer-distance anticipation of retroflexion later in a phrase (West, 1999). Another kind of local coproduction effect is articulator shift, as when a velar is produced more front before a front vowel (compare "keep" and "coop") or when a consonant shifts its place of articulation under influence of an adjacent consonant made with the same articulator (compare the "n's" in "tenth" and "lunch"). Crucially, these and other co-articulatory effects have been found to differ across languages (Cohn, 1990; Beddor, 2009), raising the question of how this interaction between nearby sounds is learned, controlled, and represented.
Hierarchical effects reflect variations in articulation related to the position of a sound in a higher-order linguistic structure. Some of these effects have been codified as recognized allophones, such as aspiration occurring on word-initial voiceless stops in English or the strong tongue backing gesture referred to as velarization in syllable codas, which distinguishes the "l" in "fell" from the "l" in "left." Others involve more subtle differences, some of which are readily detected and are sometimes noted in impressionistic phonetic descriptions, such as a tendency to lengthen segments before phrase boundaries (e.g., Wightman, Shattuck-Hufnagel, Ostendorf, & Price, 1992; Byrd & Saltzman, 2003). Others are more subtle, such as the increase in articulatory contact and/or duration for "t" in utterance initial position reported by Cho and Keating (2001) for Korean and by Cho and Keating (2009) for English. There is also evidence that these articulatory effects produce acoustic differences that listeners can use in word segmentation (e.g., McQueen & Cho, 2003). Prosodic effects on articulation vary across different segments and different languages (Cho, 2015). See also Cho, Grice, and Mücke (2014), a recent special issue of the Journal of Phonetics (2014) on Dynamics of articulation and prosodic structure.
Effects of word stress or phrasal accent can also be characterized as hierarchical effects, since the domain of both involves stretches of speech larger than an individual sound, though a better term, especially for these, might simply be nonlocal effects. Influences of stress on articulation include increase in consonant closure duration and increase in vowel openness (Cho & Keating, 2009). Furthermore, Beckman, Edwards, and Fletcher (1992) found a decrease in vowel–consonant gesture overlap for phrase-accented vowels. Speech rate, like stress and accent, also affects larger stretches of sounds, though rate effects are not generally associated with specific linguistic units to the exclusion of others. Speech rate may change extent or speed of gestures, including lip or jaw velocity or displacement (Lindblom, 1963; Beckman et al., 1992; Moon & Lindblom, 1994; Shaiman, 2001), or it may affect intergestural timing. For example, higher speech rate can increase overlap of labial and tongue gestures (Engstrand, 1988; see also Munhall & Löfqvist, 1992).
Theorists debate how much of the dynamicity of articulation is critical to linguistic representations. Since this debate cannot be resolved here, we have maintained the common segmental perspective as a means of organizing discussion of the essentially variable nature of speech, which is central to the core research questions in articulatory phonetics. (For further discussion of articulatory detail in linguistic representations, see Theories addressing articulation and linguistic representation.)
6. Research in Articulatory Phonetics
A diversity of approaches is used to develop informative accounts of the variability in speech sounds and to tease apart the physical and the linguistic contributions to the articulatory fabric of sounds in the world's languages. As noted above, research in a wide variety of fields bears on the questions of concern in articulatory phonetics. Foundational work in the field has been done, for example, by speech scientists, linguists, psychologists, and electrical engineers, to name a few. At the concrete anatomical level, questions of interest include the range of variability of human vocal tracts, the movements that may be considered more natural or easier to produce, and any limiting conditions on articulator coordination. At a slightly more abstract level, key questions are concerned with how speech production is planned and controlled and the role of linguistic structures in determining the course of articulation. Research in recent years has even considered how speech is coordinated with nonspeech gesture, including facial movements, hand and arm gestures, and even torso and body movements (e.g., Esteve-Gibert, Pons, Bosch, & Prieto, 2014; Wagner, Malisz & Kopp, 2014; and the February 2014 special issue of Speech Communication on gesture and speech in interaction). Here we will briefly survey research methods in the field, including data collection methods, models, and theories pertaining particularly to linguistic representation of, and control of, speech production.
6.1. Sources of data
Research on speech articulation must contend with a variety of linguistic, social, and situational variables that can affect the data gathered. Traditionally, data was gathered in a laboratory setting, with subjects pronouncing words in isolation from a word list or possibly in a sentence frame to regularize the effects of stress and intonation which otherwise tend to alternate in a word list. As more compact signal processing devices have been developed, it has been easier to collect data outside the lab, even in rural and remote areas. Ladefoged (2003) and Bird and Gick (2005) describe techniques for doing phonetic fieldwork (see also the next section). Speech style is still a critical variable, with researchers debating the relative merit of "laboratory speech" over spontaneous conversation or the popular compromise: task-oriented interactive dialogue (e.g., the MapTask). Over time, more attention has been directed at controlling (or directly studying) individual sociolinguistic variables, such as dialect, race, class, and sexual orientation (Cohn & Huffman, 2014; Docherty & Mendoza-Denton, 2012; Warren & Hay, 2012). Beyond these considerations, at the linguistic level, the sorts of analytic comparisons made include comparing similar sounds across multiple languages, comparing the "same" sounds in multiple linguistic contexts, and examining the same sounds in multiple communicative situations, from spontaneous dialogue to imitated speech and even elicited speech errors.
6.2. Instruments for data collection
A variety of instrumental techniques are currently available to study articulation. Since acoustic recordings are the least invasive and the easiest type of data to collect, much work in this area has been based on inference from analysis of audio data. For languages spoken in areas far from speech laboratories, the range and type of data beyond acoustic recordings that can be collected are somewhat limited, though articulatory and aerodynamic data are sometimes obtained. X-rays in the past provided good resolution of individual articulators and information about articulatory movements in a two-dimensional space, which could be associated with a parallel acoustic recording. Efforts to develop safe alternatives have made considerable progress. Ultrasound can reveal the shape and movement of most of the tongue (constrained somewhat by individual anatomical variability), and simultaneous audio recordings can be made. MRI can resolve most speech structures very well, but good-quality simultaneous audio is not possible due to machine noise, and the speaker must be lying down. Pellet tracking systems such as electromagnetic midsagittal articulometry (EMA or EMMA; e.g., Perkell et al., 1992) provide good temporal resolution of speech gestures and allow for simultaneous audio recording. For review of articulator imaging and tracking techniques, see Davidson (2012) and contributions in Harrington and Tabain (2006).
More detailed information about tongue contact location, extent, and timing can be gathered using electropalatography, in which a retainer-like device embedded with electrodes is held in the mouth during speech. At present such devices can only be used with a very limited number of subjects, as the retainer must be fit to the individual speaker (check whether this has improved), but they do have the advantage of providing time-varying data at a decent rate of resolution and good-quality simultaneous audio. For static samples of overall tongue contact, static palatography can be used, in which a dark substance is "painted" on the tongue or palate; after articulation of a sound, the contact pattern can be observed by determining where the substance was transferred to the other articulator (Dart, 1998; Anderson, 2008). See also Ladefoged (2003) for description of this technique as well as aerodynamic and acoustic recording techniques for a fieldwork setting.
Aerodynamic data can be used to infer changes in velum position and the positions of the vocal folds. Estimation of velum position, or, more accurately, estimated velopharyngeal port aperture, comes by a number of means. One is to measure nasal airflow on its own; alternatively, one can measure both nasal and oral airflow, with a split mask, and then using oral airflow as a way to estimate more accurately which changes in nasal airflow are due to velopharyngeal port opening and which are due to oral constriction (which would favor higher nasal airflow independent of changes in velopharyngeal port opening). For more information on measuring nasality, see Krakow and Huffman (1992). Inverse filtering is a process by which the glottal waveform is deduced by estimating the contribution of the vocal tract to the volume velocity output, as registered with an airflow mask, and then "subtracting" that from the output spectrum, with the remaining spectral components being considered the contribution of movements at the larynx. Analysis by synthesis or other types of articulatory to acoustic modeling can then estimate the shape of the glottal flow waveform, which in turn gives an indication of the pattern of vocal fold vibration. Vocal fold function can also be assessed using electroglottography (EGG), in which electrodes on either side of the thyroid cartilage measure the current passing through the larynx, which will be higher with contact with more laryngeal tissue. EGG can be used to estimate the mode of vibration of the vocal folds and to assess phonation type differences such as difference between normal voice and so-called creaky voice, which is used contrastively in some languages and is a prosodic element marking phrase boundaries and/or low tone in many languages (e.g., Redi & Shattuck-Hufnagel, 2001; Hanson, 2012).
6.3. Articulatory modeling
The goal of articulatory modeling is to understand the way in which articulators are coordinated in production of speech, including how they are used together to achieve speech production targets and how their preferred modes of movement and coordination might delimit the nature of human speech sounds, including what are common sounds and sound combinations. (Löfqvist, (2010) provides an overview of issues in speech production modeling.) The larynx and tongue, as the most complex moving articulators, have been modeled using many methods. Models of the larynx range from one-dimensional models to those with as many as 16 degrees of freedom (e.g., Fujita, Dang, Suzuki, & Honda, 2007; see also papers in Redford, 2015). Models of the tongue now include time-varying representations based on flesh point data or sagittal tracings from X-rays or MRI images and representations of tissue and muscle properties (e.g., Sanguineti, Laboissiere, & Payan, 1997; see also papers in Harrington & Tabain, 2006, and a review of data acquisition and modeling techniques in Hiiemae & Palmer, 2003). Three-dimensional mechanical models such as Artisynth have reached a level of sophistication and accessibility great enough that they can contribute to tests of specific hypotheses about speech articulators and preferred modes of movement, thus providing for major advances in answering questions about which aspects of speech are motivated by properties of the articulatory system. Stavness, Gick, Derrick and Fels (2012) is an example of articulatory modeling applied to the question of explaining common gestural coordination patterns, in this case the tendency of different English "r" variants to co-occur with specific vowels. Ultimately, models must account for essential aspects of speech articulation and how they generate the acoustic waveform that is the outcome of human speech. Here we briefly mention a few models that produce acoustic output and have been used in linguistic research. HLSYN (by Sensimetrics) is a parametrized system for driving a formant synthesizer. It is quasi-articuatory in that the values for some of the synthesis control parameters are constrained by considering dependencies between them that result from vocal tract structure and speech aerodynamics and acoustics (a brief overview is included in, e.g., Hanson & Stevens, 2002). TADA (from Haskins Laboratory) is a system for generating synthesizer control variables from gestural "scores" containing information about articulator, articulator properties, and movement goals. It is an implementation of the representations posited in the theory of articulatory phonology (see Theories addressing articulation and linguistic representation). The output of TADA produces an acoustic waveform through formant synthesis via HLSYN.
A range of influential theories have addressed different subsets of this set of questions, as will be reviewed in the next section.
6.4. Theories addressing articulation and linguistic representation
As discussed above, one challenge to theories concerned with articulatory phonetics is the vast variability in what are taken to be the "same" speech sound. The vowel in "cat" will vary in height and frontness across dialects, but it will also vary somewhat from the vowel in "can" because of anticipation of the nasal consonant. Furthermore, it will also vary depending on speech rate, speech style, and more personal physical properties of the speaker, from age to head size to sex. Among all this variability, how do languages encode a consistent system relating sounds to meaning? If some of the variability can be explained by language-external principles, then this leaves less that must be encoded in linguistic representations. Some of the highly influential theories in this area provide explanations for patterns in phonetic variation. One such theory is Lindblom's (1990) hyperarticulation and hypoarticulation (H&H) theory, which holds, roughly, that for a given articulatory target (which is an abstraction, since it is a target, not an achieved position), a general speech mode parameter of strength of articulation will determine whether that target is reached, exceeded, or "undershot." It is implicit in this view that an articulator's starting position will also contribute to how the articulatory target is achieved, so this theory does acknowledge the essentially coordinative nature of speech. Another influential theory, Stevens's quantal theory (Stevens, 1972), focuses more on the acoustic output and nonlinearities in the articulatory to acoustic transduction process. The key insight here is that for certain combinations of articulators, precision in articulator positioning is not needed, because small differences in degree or place of articulation have little acoustic effect, thus generating regions of stability in the articulatory–acoustic relation. Conversely, between these regions of stability, there are regions where a small articulatory change has a big acoustic effect. In sum, quantal theory provides an explanation for two important properties of an information conveyance system: strong markers of boundaries, or distinctions, between units of the code and consistency in the physical representation of individual units (see also Iskarous, 2012).
As just demonstrated, much theorizing in articulatory phonetics is founded on the assumption that linguistic representations are abstract symbolic or featural codes that are then "implemented" by the speech articulators. The mapping between these discrete representational units and the essentially continuously changing world of articulators and sound waves is then a primary theoretical challenge. Which aspects of this mapping are automatic, because of the way that articulators work, the aerodynamic consequences of articulator function, and the basic physics of speech, and which aspects are under linguistic control? For those aspects under linguistic control, does the envisioned abstract code contain all the necessary information to provide an account of the linguistically important aspects of the output? As decades of research documenting phonetic properties of individual languages amassed, it became clear that the amount of individual phonetic detail that differed between languages could not be coded in the sorts of phonemic or featural representations normally envisioned as being part of the grammar. (See also Cohn and Huffman 2014).
Different solutions to this problem have been developed. One solution is to recognize a separate "phonetic" component which embellishes the basic abstract "phonological" representation with detail about specific phonetic targets and allowable variation for a language. For example, the phonetic targets for /a/in English and Spanish would be different (Spanish /a/ is fronter than most/a/'s in American English) and the range of acceptable variation would also be different (English tolerates more stress conditioned spectral variability in vowels than Spanish does). This general approach is often referred to as "phonetic implementation," where a phonological representation is "realized" through the addition of phonetic detail. The result is still normally seen as a set of somewhat abstract targets which must be converted to an articulatory plan. Another solution to this problem is to envision linguistic representations as manipulating articulatorily relevant parameters from the start, thus circumventing the discrete representation-to-continuous movement translation problem. The theory of articulatory phonology (e.g., Browman & Goldstein, 1992) holds that linguistic representations are articulatory representations, described as gestural scores, which include information about target degree and location of constrictions, as well as information about coordination of different articulators and information about articulator kinematics, such as gesture stiffness. The phonetic variations previously described as changes in feature values, addition of feature specifications, deletions, effects of syllable structure, stress, etc. are all hypothesized to have a source within the speech plan, or gestural score, combined with a model of how movement arises from the score. Hypothesized gestural scores can be used by task dynamic model of articulator movement (e.g., Saltzman & Kelso, 1987),combined with an articulatory synthesizer (e.g., Rubin et al., 1981) to produce outputs that can then be tested against articulatory data in an analysis by synthesis approach.
Articulatory phonology has provided novel and insightful accounts of a variety of phenomena. For example, many types of sound variation that had been treated previously as cases of deletion or discrete change in phonological features have been shown to be accounted for by reference to changes in gestural coordination or articulatory movement variables. One traditional example of this is the phrase "perfec(t) memory," which English speakers can, and often do, say without an audible [t] (Browman & Goldstein, 1991). This had been described as deletion of a/t/phoneme, but in reality, many productions of this phrase involve a hidden or low-amplitude tongue movement for/t/. Many cases of sound "change" in differing prosodic conditions, or changes associated with speech style changes, also find a natural account in terms of changes in dynamical properties of gestures, including degree and timing of gestural overlap and gesture amplitude (Browman & Goldstein, 1992). Cross-linguistic differences in fine phonetic detail are not a separate or secondary problem in articulatory phonology. The notion that the "same" sound is phonetically different in different languages is reflected simply in the fact that the two languages employ the same articulator, and languages can vary in their target constriction locations and degrees, with properties of the articulators defining the boundary constraints on what is possible. On the other hand, perceptual effects on speech sound inventories, or on individual articulation of speech sound, do not have a natural account in articulatory phonology. These challenges are more evident with vowels and resonants like English "r," for which it seems that individual speakers can combine a variety of articulatory movements to achieve what may be an acoustic or perceptual goal rather than a clear articulatory goal (e.g., Nieto-Castanon, Guenther, Perkell, & Curtin, 2005).
7. Future Directions
Articulatory phonetics gains insights from, and contributes to, a diverse set of domains of knowledge, from psycholinguistics to the physics of singing. As such, developments in a wide variety of fields can bring new progress in addressing the core questions of the field, which concern the way speech is planned and executed and the way that properties of the speech mechanism contribute to the articulatory and acoustic fabric of the sounds of the world's languages. The relatively rapid pace of improvements in articulator and brain imaging techniques currently taking place promises to provide substantially larger and richer sets of data in the near future. This progress, along with continued advances in modeling of articulation and neural control of speaking, promise to make possible the investigation of more specific and revealing hypotheses about the nature of spoken language.
Links to Digital Materials
Further Reading
Bird, S., & Gick, B. (2005). Phonetics: Field methods. In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (2d ed., Vol. 9. pp. 463–467). Oxford: Elsevier.Find this resource:
Browman, C., & Goldstein, L. (1992). Articulatory phonology: An overview. Phonetica, 49(3–4), 155–190.Find this resource:
Catford, J. C. (1982). Fundamental problems in phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Find this resource:
Gick, B., Derrick, D., & Wilson, I. (2013). Articulatory phonetics. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Find this resource:
Harrington, J., & Tabain, M. (2006). Speech production: Models, phonetic processes, and techniques. New York: Psychology Press.Find this resource:
Ladefoged, P. (2003). Phonetic data analysis. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Find this resource:
Ladefoged, P., & Maddieson, I. (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Find this resource:
Redford, M. (2015). Handbook of speech production. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Find this resource:
Anderson, V. B. (2008). Static palatography for language fieldwork. Language Documentation & Conservation, 2(1), 1–27.Find this resource:
Beckman, M. E., Edwards, J., & Fletcher, J. (1992). Prosodic structure and tempo in a sonority model of articulatory dynamics. In G. J. Docherty & D. R. Ladd (Eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology II: Segment, gesture, prosody (pp. 68–86). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Beckman, M. E., & Kingston, J. (2012). In A. C. Cohn, C. Fougeron, & M. K. Huffman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of laboratory phonology (pp.10–16). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Find this resource:
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Frota, S. (2012). Prosodic structure, constituents, and their implementation. In A. C. Cohn, C. Fougeron, & M. K. Huffman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of laboratory phonology (pp. 255–265). Oxford: Oxford University PressFind this resource:
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How to Use
Sixteen miles of the Ohio & Erie Canal between Cleveland and Akron are located within the boundaries of Cuyahoga Valley National Park, a unit of the National Park System.
1. Trace the route of the Ohio & Erie Canal from Cleveland to Portsmouth.
2. How do you think canal routes were chosen?
3. Why wasn't one canal built straight through the middle of the state?
4. Note the location of rivers and other bodies of water along the canal route. Why do you think the canal was built right next to a river? Why weren't the rivers used for transportation?
* The map on this screen has a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a high quality version of Map 1, but be aware that the file may take as much as 60 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.


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PORTSMOUTH, N.H. - Sen. John McCain reached out to veterans in New Hampshire on Monday, delivering a scathing critique of President Barack Obama's foreign policy while attempting to portray Republicans as the only party willing to compromise over the contentious issue of defense sequestration cuts.
McCain - the 2008 GOP presidential nominee - visited the Granite State to campaign for Mitt Romney and held town halls at three Veterans of Foreign War posts in the state he got to know well during his previous bids for the White House. A veteran himself, McCain said support from the men and women who served in the military will be vital for Romney to win here.
In each of the town halls, the Arizona Republican gave a harsh rebuttal to the foreign policy decisions made by the current administration. His most passionate argument centered around the recent attack on the U.S. consulate in Libya which took the lives of four Americans, including Libyan Ambassador Chris Stevens. U.S. officials such as Susan Rice, ambassador to the United Nations, characterized the attack as "a spontaneous reaction" to a video mocking the prophet Muhammad.
It's a characterization McCain called "disgraceful."
"This was a well-orchestrated attack. They had indirect fire, direct fire. And somehow there were reports that they knew where our ambassador was. That is not a spontaneous demonstration," McCain told a crowd gathered at the VFW post in Portsmouth. "That is wrong to tell the American people that it was. It's disgraceful to tell the American people that it was a spontaneous demonstration."
McCain was joined for part of the day by New Hampshire Sen. Kelly Ayotte. The two have been part of a group of Republicans who have toured the country to warn about the dangers of automatic spending cuts to the defense budget, known as "sequestration." The cuts, which were agreed to by Congress and the White House last year as part of deficit-reduction plan, will take place unless Washington can agree to an alternative way to slash spending.
During a stop in Nashua, McCain called on the president to "invite us to the White House. We'll compromise. We'll prevent a devastating effect on our ability to defend this nation."
Later in the day McCain said Republicans are "willing to put everything on the table for the sake of our national security." But he said the president has been unwilling to negotiate and cited it as an example of Obama's failed leadership.
Much of McCain's energy on Monday was also aimed at defending Romney's foreign policy credentials, which have come under new scrutiny since the GOP nominee criticized the president's handling of attacks on American outposts in the Middle East. The former Massachusetts governor was viewed by some as trying to politicize an event which took U.S. lives. McCain defended Romney's statements, likening his world view to that of former President Ronald Reagan.
"When Ronald Reagan came out of governor of California, he wasn't the most versed in national security issues," McCain told a VFW crowd. "He had been a movie actor and governor of California. But he had the instincts. He spoke up for the oppressed ... Mitt Romney has those same instincts."
But it was not just Romney's foreign policy experience that McCain found himself defending. Throughout the day, he faced questions from conservatives worried about their prospects come November.
One voter asked -- given the country's bleak economic outlook -- why Romney isn't leading in the polls. Another asked why the former Bain Capital CEO will not be more specific about his plans for the country.
McCain cited the contentious Republican primary where the Romney campaign had to endure an onslaught of negative attacks as part of the reason why the candidate is having such difficulty winning over voters. "I've never seen in modern times such vicious attacks," McCain said. "Bain Capital, allegations that he was quote, lying; even one person said he had committed a crime. There was a saturation. And so, it's regrettable."
When a woman said she worries Republicans will not be able to spread their message far enough to garner electoral success, McCain said, "I do, too."
The concern on display from voters today came in the wake of a Politico article citing in-fighting in the Romney campaign for recent blunders and missed opportunities at the Republican National Convention. It's a narrative McCain knows well; his unsuccessful 2008 run was plagued by similar stories.
"There's always some disagreements amongst campaigns, but you know, political folks need to write a story every day," McCain told NBC News after his Portsmouth town hall. "But look, these things are always there. We saw about dissension in the Obama campaign between Chicago and Washington. There's always those stories. Most Americans are not too concerned about it."


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They say that exercise will take your mind off kiting and relieve stress. In the off season we tend to get out of shape and gain weight. While during kite season we are fit as a fiddle.
What a load of crap. We all know that nothing is as fun as kiting. Working out just makes you want to be out kiting more because your like " Why I am using my muscles so hard and I am not on the water?" Here are my off season exercises.
1. Pump up your kites in the back yard and look how cool they look. While you are pumping them up pretend like you are just about to go out kiting. Take cool pictures of yourself in front of them. Post on forums.
2. Login to kiteforums as much as possible and make funny posts like this one!
3. Login to ikitesurf and check the wind as much as possible because there is always a chance it is going to be blowing all of a sudden, right?
4. Play x-box and buy any game that is as close to kiteboarding as possible and play the crap out of it. Currently Shawn Murry Wakeboarding is the closest.
5. Go snowkiting if you can.
6. Go snowboarding if you can but (Warning it just makes you want to be kiting even more!)
7. Drink lots of beer and watch kite videos.
8. Take a kite vacation but be warned once you get it back in your system you just want it more.
9. Countdown the days until the season starts.
10. Go on-line and look at all the new gear on sale and try and conince yourself that you really don't need new gear but then buy it anyway. That new kite in the living room will keep you happy for at least two days maybe more.
With this info you should be all set to be fit for the next season!!


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Bills Tender Urbik, Rinehart
by DC Insider Rick Bennett
by DC Insider Rick Bennett
In a day of bigger, flashier moves, the Bills opted to stay low key. They've announced that they've applied RFA tenders to offensive lineman Kraig Urbik and Chad Rinehart. The tenders are equal to the round the players were drafted in.


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Pre-trade transparency
Looking forward, it's a priority that the Commission finishes rules to promote pre-trade transparency, including those for swap execution facilities (SEFs) and the block rule for swaps.
Pre-trade transparency will allow buyers and sellers to meet and compete in the marketplace, just as they do in the securities and futures marketplaces. SEFs will allow market participants to view the prices of available bids and offers prior to making their decision on a transaction.
Transparency – a longstanding hallmark of the futures market, both pre- and post-trade – lowers costs for investors, consumers and businesses. It increases liquidity, efficiency and competition.
Further Implementation of Swaps Market Reform
Looking forward, it's a priority that the Commission ensures the cross-border application of swaps market reform appropriately covers the risk of U.S. affiliates operating offshore. During a default, risk knows no geographic border.
If a run starts in one part of a modern financial institution, whether it's here or offshore, the risk comes back to our shores. That was true with AIG, which ran most of its swaps business out of the London neighborhood Mayfair. It was also true at Lehman Brothers, Citigroup, Bear Stearns and Long-Term Capital Management.
Thus, as the CFTC completes the cross-border guidance, I believe it's critical that Dodd-Frank swaps reform applies to transactions entered into by branches of U.S. institutions offshore, between guaranteed affiliates offshore, and for hedge funds that are incorporated offshore but operate in the U.S. Where there are comparable and comprehensive home country rules abroad, we can look to substituted compliance, but the transactions would still be covered.
Otherwise, American jobs and markets may move offshore, but, particularly in times of crisis, risk would come crashing back to our economy.
The Commission granted time-limited relief until this July for non-U.S. swap dealers (and foreign branches of U.S. swap dealers) from certain Dodd-Frank swap requirements.
In July, when the relief expires, various Dodd-Frank requirements will apply to non-U.S. swap dealers. Overseas financial institutions that wish to look to substituted compliance to fulfill Dodd-Frank requirements are encouraged to engage now with the CFTC, as well as their home country regulators.
Customer Protection
Building on the significant steps market participants and the Commission has taken on customer protection, the CFTC staff is now reviewing public comments on our recent proposal for further enhancements.
The proposal includes a provision on residual interest to ensure that the assets of one customer are not used to cover the positions of another customer. We are considering the many comments we have received on this and plan to finalize the proposal consistent with the specific provisions of the Commodity Exchange Act and the overall goal of protecting customers.


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Instead of a quick half-hour trip home from her class at Damascus University, Lama Issa says she now must maneuver through security checkpoints, army tanks and blast walls — a two-hour journey that is often terrifying.
That's the new price of an uneasy security these days in the Syrian capital, the seat of power for President Bashar Assad.
Rebels have set their sights on the city of 1.7 million, and fighting on the outskirts is raising fears that Damascus soon could be facing the most brutal battle of the Syrian civil war.
"All these checkpoints make me feel like we're under occupation. Yet I have to remind myself that these are Syrian soldiers," Issa, a 22-year-old architecture student, told The Associated Press in the capital.
It is largely through a massive security clampdown that Assad maintains his grip over much of the capital. But the checkpoints and clogged traffic are adding to Syrians' woes, including power cuts lasting several hours a day, shortages of heating fuel and diesel, and long lines for bread. Many city streets and squares are teeming with soldiers.
Residents say the disruption is hurting an already-struggling economy and turning daily life into an agonizing and frightening ordeal.
The Syrian military began setting up checkpoints separating Damascus and its mostly poor, Sunni Muslim suburbs early on in the uprising against Assad. Although the revolt began with largely peaceful protests in the country's south in March 2011, the battle soon was transformed into a ferocious civil war that the opposition says has killed more than 40,000 people.
The Damascus suburbs, such as the sprawling town of Douma, became opposition hotbeds, and the government tried to isolate them from the capital.
Activists and residents say the checkpoints and other security measures increased markedly in the summer after a bomb ripped through a meeting of top security chiefs. Several were killed, including Assad's brother-in-law and the defense minister. Rebels then made an unsuccessful run on the capital and have been trying to push back in ever since.
Fighting around Damascus and the international airport a few miles south of the city has intensified in recent days as rebels press a battle they hope will finish Assad's regime. The government responded with an unprecedented tightening of security, and some of the measures — like endless checkpoints and blast walls — seem more like Baghdad in the worst days of the Iraq war.
Activists estimate there are now about 250 fixed checkpoints in Damascus, in addition to those set up by pro-regime vigilantes known as the Popular Committees and the "flying checkpoints" that are set up briefly and then dismantled.
They say the checkpoints and the young soldiers manning them are often there to taunt, provoke or intimidate people just as much as they are there to guard against rebel attacks.
At a checkpoint near the town of Kisweh just south of Damascus, troops stand around a large picture of Assad placed on a wooden placard amid sandbags, adorned with pro-regime slogans. "We are the soldiers of Assad," the poster says.
A group of uniformed soldiers search approaching cars at a snail's pace, first asking for identification, then asking random questions about what's on the ID papers, where the auto's occupants are from and where they are going. Motorists also are asked to open the trunk for a thorough search as lines of cars stretch up to a mile (a half-kilometer) or more.
Issa, who lives in the town of Sahnaya southwest of Damascus, says her younger brother was seized at one of the checkpoints two months ago and has not been heard from since.
"I detest these checkpoints, even though I know that many of the soldiers standing at them are hapless. But it frustrates me deeply to see their pictures, their flags, their uniforms," she said.
The checkpoints are particularly cumbersome for some students and employees, cutting off neighborhoods from each other and isolating the city from its suburbs. Many residents have been forced to quit their jobs or relocate rather than spend hours in what some refer to as the "death traps." Others finish work or homework in their cars, or sleep at friends' houses.
In addition to the checkpoints, a maze of concrete blast walls and barriers protect the entrances to government ministries, security buildings and other institutions.
The capital has seen a series of suicide bombings, many of them against security targets, as well as car bombings in pro-regime neighborhoods.
Omayyad Square, one of the city's two huge landmark plazas, often has two checkpoints. Sabaa Bahrat Square, which in the beginning of the uprising was home of huge pro-Assad demonstrations, has several roadblocks and often has trucks parked to block roads.
A 28-year-old salesman who lives in the Damascus suburb of Daraya recently quit his job because he fears arrest at a checkpoint after one of the soldiers there threatened to throw him in jail for six months if he didn't replace his damaged ID card.
A 55-year-old minibus driver says his work hours have been cut in half because of clogged traffic and the fear of kidnappings after dark. A few days ago, two drivers were kidnapped by gunmen who asked for $13,000 in ransom for each, while a third was killed when he refused to take a passenger to a troubled area, he said.
The salesman and the minibus driver spoke on condition of anonymity because they feared retaliation from the government.
Activists have taken to social networking sites to inform each other and post updates on checkpoints.
A newspaper called Local Grapes, started recently by the Daraya coordinating committees, published tips for activists in case they absolutely must cross a checkpoint. It suggested that they not carry anything identifying them, but rather use the ID of a deceased friend or someone abroad.
"Don't show distress," goes the tip. "Take a deep breath, answer questions in a calm way, and act like they don't know anything about you."
Karam reported from Beirut. A journalist in Damascus, Syria, contributed to this report.


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Saint Columba of Terryglass
- Colum mac Crimthainn
- Colum moccu Loigse
- Columba of Tirdaglas
- Columba of Tyrdaglas
Son of Crinthainn. Disciple of Saint Finnian of Clonard; administered Last Rites to Saint Finnian on his death-bed. Spiritual director of Saint Caemban, Saint Fintan, and Saint Mocumin. Founded the monastery of Tirdaglas (Terryglass) in 548, and served as its abbot. Visited Tours, France, and brought back relics of Saint Martin of Tours. One of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.
- Book of Saints, by the Monks of Ramsgate
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- Catholic Online
- Lives of the Saints, by Father Alban Butler
- Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints
- "Saint Columba of Terryglass". CatholicSaints.Info. 5 December 2009. Web. 19 September 2018. <>