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MAY 2 71985 UNITED STATES OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER The secretary DEPARTMENT OF• THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION WASHINGTON 25, D. C. Jlll - 1948 or the Interior. Sir: ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO • THE COM MISSIONER 7! [{ Attention: 7Yl The attached report on the Hells Canyon Project, IdahO?Oegon, urovides for the construction of a high dam located in the sparsely settle on section of.the.Snake River !ying·between the Blue UOUntain upland of Oregon and the Seven Devils and associated mountains 'of Idaho, approximately lOS miles south of Lewiston, Idaho. The project includes a reservoir which would inipound about 4,400,000 acre-feet of water, a power plant of. 90,00 kilowatts installed ca.paci ty 1 and transmi.s\sion lines to market areas in the Pacific Northwest. Besides production of power, the project would incl.u benetits to nood control, navigation, recreation, and through surplus power revenues 1V'()uld provide substantial financial assistance for development of needed irrigation throughout eastern Oregon and west central Idaho that otherwise could not be under-taken. · . There is urgent naed for support to irrigation, and for production of power througqout th;is area of the PC!ocific •Northwest. The need for .nood control is likewise of great importance in the Columbia River Basin The Hells caon Project, if authorized and constructed in an expetious manner as proposed herein will be one of the most important steps that could be taken to meet the needs of the area that are 'so evident at this time · The Hells Gaqyon Project is feasible both from an engineering and financial. standpoint. The estimated cost ·of the project is $433166010001 of whiCh $219501900 would. be a non-reimbursable allocation to navigation, nood contr91, and recreation, and the remaining $4101709,100 would be a reimbsable allocation. The tatter would be repaid to the United States within 50 years after completion of the power installation by revenues from power 1 which also wpuld pa;y for operation, maintenance, ' and ·rplacement, and provide for a return of 3 percent ann?ally on the unpaid balance of -the cost charged to power. 'r' Of paramount importance to irrigaton development is the reconendation that power revenues equal to interest at 3 percent .on the unpaid· balance of the power investment be accounted for separately dur-lng the payout period, and be made available ·for irigation subsiCJir. This provides for the application to the Hells Canyon Project of a principle repeate recognized under Reclamation Law, namely, to apply surplus .powe revenues to the suppo·rt of il"l•igation development to achieve widespread benefits. .j·. :' ']he Hells Canyon Project was included in the comprehensive report on the develoument of the water resources of the Columbia River Basin which was transmitted· to the affected States and to the -Scretary. of War in · March 1947 fpllmdng its approv;al as your proposed report on February s, 1947, and which was submitted to the Pres,ident on June 31 1948' along with the coents received in response to that tranmittal. In addition, copies of a preliminary draft of the Hells Canyon report.have been transmitted informal.l.y by our Regional Director at Bois, Idaho, to the Governors of the seven states of the c.olumbia River Basin; to the onservation of;f'icials of_ the States of Idaho, Oregon and Washington; and to the appropriate field offices of the Corps of Engineers, pepartment of the Ar. I concur in the report and recomendations of the Regional Director . except that reconmendati9n 54 c. is hereby leted. This d.eietion is desirable in view of your recent Departmental action and recomendation · in the Columbia River Basin report indicating. that as early as practicable after the deral power facilities the area are interconnected, the Secretary·will.designate a single agenc,y to carry out distribution and marketing functions. Accor4ing].y, I reconmend that you approve the report; of the Regional Director and that you authorize me, on your behalf, to transmit . copies of the report to.the States of the Columbia River Basin and to the Secretary of the A.rrcy' .for their views. and reconrnendations. · :Respectfully, . wComissioner. Enclosure 5.5. Approved: JJN - 9 t946 a�r.t ·secretary of t Inter '· e1t6t tt.m:v Ot'IIPI I estoa o-,L·-t ·oa odQa Bhta�td oeCo .tooe.:ttct -rwotsea 'tOA8Jt • ;r ·s: I uotSes: .tWO'J:S8'PJII)Q 1S0.Vltta "A IJ( IOLtvKnob . .10 .ri� m:oomo-Oll'Wt mm:ros i<Uvo S*rDlt o.zoes tnrunr ·v SOI'lnr a:Oil:15Llm m oliO �cl5tmv.ts mr:ttltl .. 1 i - " .. .. .. ., '" REPOBT OF THE REGIONAL DD,mCTOR - "j; . .. ,.\: .. "' "' and .; SUBSTANTIATIIfG MATERIALS '· 't . ! l I .. \ ... A REPORT OF THE .REGIONAL DIRECTOR QONTENT S Page I !\ P - Columbia River Basin PrE!ced!ng 1 !. • Transm1 ttal • Authority tor the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,co91>eration and Acls:nowledgm.enta • • • • • • • • • • • \V ·\Location Major Project Features •• , • • • • ••• . 'I ,Purposes to be Served • • • • • • • • • • • ;Power J.brket Areas and Loads I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belati of Hells Ca.eyon Da.JD. to Fishery Industry . '· • • Assistance w;o Irrigation Developllellt • • • • • . . . . . . I Flood Control f Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . fi Recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I i I( Need for-Development · "' Plan of Development Costs • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . Benefits. • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .I• Benefit-Coat Ratio Allocation of Coets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repayment of Betmburaabl Costs • • ; . . . . . . . ·;: •' . Conclusions • • Rec ommendations <' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 .7 8 8 8 11 2 13 14 14 17 18 '· COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN LEGEND D LAND POTENTI ALLY IRRIGABLE - IRRIGABLE L AND- AUTHORIZED PROJECTS IRRIGATED LAND - IRRIGATED LAND- SUPPLEMENTAL WATER PROJECTS tfll/ MAJOR POTENTIAL RESERVOIR .t. MAJOR EXISTING RESERVOIR,LAKES,AND RIVERS § MAJOR POTENTI A L DAM I MAJOR EXIS TING DAM V ICINITY MA P I \ ------- ' ' WYOMING \ ' T ____ [__1 i COLORADO \ v 25 50 75 100 SC8l.LIE OF MDLIES. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAM ATION REGION I, BOISE, IDAHO PREPARED IN THE REGIONAL OFFICE, JUNE 1946 . . UNITED STATES - ' DEPARTMENT OF THE nr.rERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Region I Bose, ;tp .. . .,. l \ r. .J.;. - . ft"" \'Ct.,., .. .... '*"I . ' .. .. .. , .. "4 �ppg. 29 ,· 1948 .l 4.· \ To: The, C'o)mniss::ioner, Bu rea1 o£ Recfama.tion. . - ; fr. • . ' l From: , The ·Reipnal Dj.rec'lfor, Regiqn I, Boil!e .r .I,dahp ; l , ' Sube-ct: • Dev:eo:r:me{lt. of " the 'Jiells. o . P ro.Jept ,, 'IaAJio-regqn • . Transmitl "' " · !: l·· • r ., ""·" '\' o/"'1. 1. reip £s. my ·,report -:oA,tlihing the potel:ttia.i" e� ,o_f the Hells Canyon 'Project,· located -on a -reach -of· Snake· River-·vhfeh forms the, boun.Qary -b,etween-ttre. states·-of'· Idahp and, 9r�n. S:OO':" stan tf;,ng Ma e�ala a;re-�ppepQ:edt ·t o: this .r.;por"b.· _ Befi-ts, or , the development woul-tt·l:txceed ·coste in 'the rat i o of 2.08 ;to..J..,."OO. ,_ AD:- rP!aab:e .;eosts-v9ui1l ,'be·xepaid to th �er.a.l· eplL ). I recormend that ou approye the. prpjec present t t 4'o:r.a:P,P!o priate -l>.eJ>Srtnien:"t:a.l action yith a view to authorization·¢· the 1 prect .for coru;strUQ'!'ion. _ ' ,, " , • # . Au:1ihoJ!1 tz, for� the RePort '!.· 1 !,!J. " , \" . ,, l �>( 2. is reprt is,authorfzed to bE:! made b.Y v ir.t'!le o:t .tl).�·.f¢eral ection � {Act pf June 17, ,1-,902 5 .3?. Stat.. J8, ap.9.· acts amento thereof or supplementary thereto • CooperationJcknowledgamants ' 3-•. Pfelim:tnary eva.lua'!'io .or the effev of�>rt}1e;_pr?t1?t have bee: made by tp.e Fit? h: 'and: Wild.J.fe Seice.J, j;h �at19PB-l: .Park S,F• vice, the. ?eolyal Suryey, and th Burea� 9. Mines.,_ �enqi! o the Deparnt. _or . j;he In"tfe;oior-1 .a.p.d !fl"e ,inld;ed,i �E} :;lpbsb ating te:r;ials .t9 ,this :r;pot-. thez: stud1e wi 12er114de by t4ese agenciea.n.connection with the rinal plan of evelopment. , Ff.od oot;-o;J. , and -ga.tio:p. bepef.its ;u!3ed'}n tfii's reo� J�.ve : . ,,\ been l!lad ,ava,.lao);e by the Porps o eepa , D�pal"tm.ent pt· ;t:qe, .. "t Arm:y. The Bo;onevila· Pow:r Administ"l(iop. cobo..:te ii} esi7 mating power: marl;,e;t; a.ncf.loaO.. data. · ., .. ,."' ... .. .t· lt.. �tlon �:lor f;oe?t' Feat�e "' "" : · ., 4. ·The.pro ct '.Site is in .;the rl.ati"ll; iccesaibl;, very sparsely settled canyon section of the Snake'River''iying between 1 11} fkr . ! . -. . , UNITED STATES . DEPAR'l'MENT OF THE nrrERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Region I Boise, ;t9 '· . ., .�· "' '• -;. .. ' ,( '" t. ·' J. J.. ·�\PP�!- .29, 1948 \ To: ?.'he Comissioner, Burea11 of. Recia.ma.t-1on if . .. \ From: , The Regional Dj.rector,. Region I, .Boise r ,Ida ho - . , t,., . .or. • . 1 Subec't: Develo:pment of 'the ·ells. ol!. .-P,:o.Ject ,, 'IQ-Qrgon. · t •' Transmittal t£ "' "" . 1. rein �a-my report·o1Ding the yoteP.�iai.evel�pf the Hells Canyon Project, located on a reach -of· Snake· River---whieh forms the, bounda.ry -between-the states·-of'· Idaho and Oregon. Sub"":" stantia 1?1.n8 ka erfa:i.s ·a.t8-appepQ:edi ·to.· this .r!='jo;r1i.' : Befi·ts. +of the development weui-d··-exeeett ·cosjis· in the ratio of 2.08 'tJ..-00. l' All. rinliursab.-e ;coErts-would ,be i-epaid to the Fera.l ao·v�/l·;, , I recO,um9nd tt ·you approye_ th,.e pr_ojec. · presen:t ! t ;for· apJ>!o priate Detmental action ith a view to authorization af the project for construQtion. · • · , 1 .. ,) - . Au:thm!i tz f2!: the RePort l • ,., 2. is repprt is.,authorized to b made b)"rVir.t!le o:t .t.e f- e:ralction La (Act ,of' June 17, :J-,902, 3 Stat •. 388"' ap!L· acts amentory thereof' or supplementary thereto). Cooperation,and Acknowledgements ' }. ptelimina.ry evaluations of' the ,ef'f'e.c1i of'·:tP.e.· i>rjct have been. made by t;b.e Fif;!h: ·a Wildlife Service, "j;he .ational: .Park S£U"! vice, the_ ol?B.l Suryey, and the Bureau. o!'.nes.,_enci ot: the Depar nt. _of'., 1;he In"t;ierior 1 .and .are includd- in. tll;Ep Substi:"' ating te:r;ials t9 this repo;r:t. fu:r;the:t: stuq.ie w1 !>ede by these agencies,,in conection with the final plan of' development. Flood control anQ. ,I)4rtgation benefits used in. th£s, repor.t have been l)ade availao.le")>y the· Porpa 0 neers' bapal-tment o: tiJ.e. Army. The 'Boi:meville Powei- Administration 'collaborated in esti":' " , " • " , • r. "'i-.:l&• T ..... &· mating power. :mark.e;t and .loa<t data. ., , .. ,� ; "'"' .. .. Locatlon and MaJor Project Feature "' -.: -.,- 9 OM i., 4 , "' 4. The project ite is in e rlatively inaccessible, very sparsely settled canyon section of' the Snake River' lying between 1 "' lJ.NITED STATES .DEP� OF TBE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Region I Bofse, Idaho I :!\-l'R�t-. }�9 ,-- 1948 \ ' To: 1!}le Comissioner, Burea1 o:f Reclamati?n. From: The Regipnal Director,. Rgion I, Boie ,Jdahp Subjec·t: Development o,f ·the HellS. on .�o.Ject_, Iahq-Oregon. r • Tranamfttal "' . "" l.,s .,J! · ·· 1. 1er<?i is. 'T.f1Y report ·outl1ng the poten:tial de ,of the Hells Canyon Proje ct, ·located ·on a· ?each -of Snake R1-v'er·whfe!r forme the bounda.ry-between the.·stateer""Of·.Iu!ro ,q. . Or!J�n. SJllr":" stantiating Materials -a:r-6-appen:Q:edt to th1 .report. :Benefi-ts :of ., the deve).'opment wUid--ecead: ·coats· in -;the ratio. of ·2. 08 ·"to. i.·OO .. ' :i • ;\ • · .. .. All , r1mhursable.-wou11l 'be rej»id tQ the Federal· . I recommend .tlilt. you o.pproye. 't:b.e project - preent t t.. .£o- appro priate De;partm.ental.,action with a view to authorization of the project for cons.truqt:i.on. - "� · · 1• 1 · ,. Autharltz·f2! Report ' - ? ' 3 J 2 .. This report is.,authorizeQ. o b made .. P.Y virt1e o� ,t:tJ,e F¢.- eral,Rection La {Act of une 17, -902, 3g Sta"\i. 3?81 acts tory thereof or suplementary thereto). Cooperation. Acknoyle4gements ' }. el1m,tna.ry evaluatio .of the effe.ct, of :tP.e. pro-ject have been. made by· the Fish. and Wildlife Service, the' .National .Park Ser• vice, the olo i Survey, ana.· ;th :Bur�u;· 9( J:ti.nes, ·senQi!i 9 the Deparn _of; the Interior,7 •• and .are in<?llfdd, 1;t th:E!' SB-l?stanti., ating te71a.Is t9 this rpo:r:t.._ ]'u;rther stlfd,i w,il 'f?e .mq.de py these encies,.in coi)IleQ;tion l!itp. tJ'!.e fina,l Pftm 2 deelopmep.i.'. Flood con1iz"oJ., anQ.,zu:viga.t1Qp benefits ;used,}zt tp.is, repJ>r; ve . \ been made .�va.ila.b).e :t>y the· Corps o ;Engineers, Department of the Army. The Bpneville- Power Admnfst-t;ion g,olla.boaifed i:e-. es:�i-mating poy;er irarkt ana: .loacl data. ,. ., s: Location and Major· Project Features -.--. . $# I . ,,} 4. Tne.project site is in the relatively . icc� elbl, very sparsely settled canyon section of the Snake River'lyingbetween 1 Report of the Regional Director tl! lue untain upland of Oregon and the Seven Devils and a.ssociated ·mountains f Idaho. South and east of this canyon section are th,e well developed iriga.ted, range, mineral, • and .f.orest lands. of the,: Upper Snake B{J.sin; north and west of it' are.. the highly developed areas. of the loWer· Snake. and lower Columbia· River .basins. , - 5: The site is approximately 108 miles. upa'tream, or. sbu:th, t'rom.Lewiston, Idaho, and. about· the same distance (lOU.: miles) downstream,. or north·, frOm. ·weiser, Idaho. The project would 1.nvolv a dam rising approximately.: 607 feet above river level, illpounding 4,4oo,ooo acrefeet owater; powe+houses with an ultimateinstalled capacity of 900,000.k1lowatts; and tranamiasion-ines providing for the transmission of .energy to load ce:!lters of southern· Idaho· and for the interconection of the development With the·Feral transtniesion network in ·the lower Columbia.Rver Msih The lake behind the dam, at normal elevation of 2,077 feet, would .extend about 93 miles· upstream and have a total area of approximately 24,800 acres. 6. The reservoil; area B" a .J;J.arr<>Vt strip of·,land ,alng the bottom of the Snake River on in the portion that forma the IdahoOregon boun.da:J:'y. The area which would be inundated is largely undeveloped. Provision would be made fnr the.teplacnt of·essential features displaced. A few small settlements,., the t'Q-o larger of ·· which have a combined pbpulatiQn estimatd at not more �ban �p·par sons, and about 1,800 acrs .of 'Cultivated landiwould· be 'flooded. About 10 miles of the main l.ine of the Union Pacii'ic ·Railroad:, between luntington, Oregon, a.rut Weiser, Ide.ho, and about. three. prl.les of U. S Highway;No·. 30 would require elevation and relocation. The Oxbow. Power Plant of the Idaho' Power Company, which producee about 6oo kilowatta of-bydroelectric·power, WQuld be completely ubmerged • . Purposes. !2, Served 7. The primary purpose· directly served; by the cleveloptnent j would. be t:Q.e pJrQ.duction of electrical energy which wia.l be.:.needd. .. '" in. the .Pacifc Noi":thwa.t w1 thin the .near future-. Purposes which would. incidentally be sen-ed by construction and operation of the project for power production include navigation, flood control, end recreation. Another tmpotant objecive of the evalopment would be to assist, thrpugh surplus pmter revenues•, .in. th return to the Federal Government. of co.nst:cnction .cost&,f'o�.neede'd irl:"iga.:tion developments. Also, if Authol"ized and: construc:ted..prOm.ptJ.Y, the. develop- 1!18nt could provide: ener€§ tntatively schedul"ed for '!)l"oduct16h 'in the.1mmedia.:te future t.:-prospeativ.e developments op. the lo:wer, Snake River, thereby permitting same delay: in conatructi.Qn of the latter. and.a.ffording a_longer opportunity for solution ofmigra.tory ish • problems. whi.eh construction' of' the lower ri.ver da.ms wi crea t"e." 2 Report of the Regional Director Power Market Areas and Loads 8. The power load in the Upper"Snake Basin has grown, and is continu!ng to .grow, with such rapidity -that large additional . installations of generating capacity are needed in the near fUtur.e in .order tq alleviate the·'necessi ty for lead curtailment p"l'ograii).B. Present power use of. about 760,000,000'kilowatt-hours anually is met by plants within the Upper Snake Basin having an installed· capacity of about 176,000 kilowatts, the greater t of which is in hydroelectric power plants owned and operated by the Idaho. Power Compa.z:l;1. Expectd loads in the Upper Snake Basin would. inct'eaae the use of power nearly sixfold by .1965. IncreaSed irrigation pumping loads will not contribute to-·the wintr peak loads on the power system, and wil be :met by t:J;l.e uae of secondary power ·produced in plants to be constructed .. as a. part of the irrigation· praJects. A major par· of the estimated load is accounted for·by development of the phosphate industry and by mining and mineral processing. Mining interests now utilizing isolated diesel-electric generators await· tJ:l,e opportunity to obtain central station· power. 9. The Upper .Snake Basin and imediately adjacent areas. share the St'ea.test phosphate resources in the United States. Cal.culated reserves in da.ho alone, south of ·the Snake•'River., (i.proach five billion tons. Additional cede of uncalculated volume lie north of· the Snake River. Th'e West, with ov·er·-6o percent of· Dur tqtal lmown reserves of phosphaes, in 1943' accounted· for only four and·one·half percent of the.national produotion'.of phosphate rook. Current demands. for phosphatic fertilizers in the western tates far exceed the western pr?duotion)tha·slus of demand over production. being met by shipments from the eastern part of th country, sold at substantially higher prices than preval in 1he East because of shipping costs. With increasing need :£or re':P:t aoei,!lent 9f· m: phospes removed from the soil anually by crops, the potential market for the western phosphate industry will be more than ample to absorb a yearly produoti9n which would require aproximate two oillion kilowatt-hours.of power under ultimate 'devel.opment· of the industry. 10. Present. power. l.oads in the. Upper Snake Basin exceed the, installed oapaoi ty of all the plants within the .Basin To mset· these 'Pl"esent and growing J.oads.,-· the Anderson &nob' and Palisades power ..p lants .;ar.e beign <Cleve.loped by :hte' Brueau·· of Reo.Iaelrtion with possibl.e ul.t:bnate 'installation of 94 ,50Q kil.owaiots., .. and tlle Idaho Power CompaQy has. projects under way for increasing the capacity of ite system by 76,500 kilowtts. In additon, the Company has plans to install 6g,oo kil.owatts at a new plab.t on the Snake River .near Bl.iss, Idaho. Prospective deve2opments of 'the. Bureau of Betll.amation in oonn.ea.tion with the MOl.mtain Home Pro.le"ct wDul.d 'aubstantiall.y increase power production facilities of the Basin. However, 3 '!. Reort of the Regional Dirctor all these pr9!Sose· and otential dflopmens ill-no"t1 b <!'l.�te 2- supp:Ly the gr;ipg -�d. for :e<;>wer i:tbis. areal and W,ill not rqvid#for .produqton'of the lare blpc:ks of power res.uix:ed fo:r the,.,de"'[elopm.ent of the..,phQsp:qt:te, metallic, minra.l, q.nd oth:t: resou:z;cee, of .the J3a.ein • • eed: Jor, large locks ,Qf PO'\{er, such as b au:ppUe4- 9nll b;r ae .pa.ut qt; tp.e gni tu stt: l!ell y�m, i,a eyide+tt om th analysis, of the load estimate13 ,in this area • · ., :;, ··· ' ' ·· · 1. !1Uc:,'ttl �!liter p�rt of tl,l pgw;e; loacd _itl. the Papi.fic. Northwe't; is now, and wiJ,l, 20{ltinu to be in tp.e a:ree.s which a.g.join Pugt F')q(\ and; in t-he ,u:p:(>er;. d<UE!, d l.ower, .Cqlumbi River load ceere. .Gro-w;th of the·-.poer l,oi}P, ;n,, the region. ts no li.m:1: ted, by lack Df adqua.t seert ca9it·and power nede are exP td doube w.lttn�he·natt 10 1ea.rs, wit continu·popula.tion grow,tJ.;t, h de"{eloPD\ent of .,z:ecla.ma,tion p;x-cjectt and h conti!}Ued ind.uetria;Ltation 9f t4e e�.. .. " . ,j ' - it' . ''1 Jot 12. Pow.er in,E!l:J.ttone yn4e:r.: con.Btruytiqn or pla:neO. for th near fuur to meet dmand n the watern.apd,northern pa.re f th Pacic .Northv.est inoJ..ud.e: Q.q.itiol '!flits a G;t:and, Co-g.lee ;. rMcl1Y fPl.<l :PoYle:r 'lt .ori1tl\e .C.?um,]:>ia .. River, Qelow the IQ.Outh of the Snake Rive:r; Fost$1" Creek Dam and Power Plant on the dolUIXLbia just below a.rana. Coule.e Dam.; Ihmgry Horse Daltl and :Power Plant··on the Sot�.tli. Fork· ot the Flath,d River :t.n.!4onta.tla; an4 Ice Harbor', Lower.' Monntal, I,tttl GQose'" d olfer Granite Danis and I \ '" . ' ' , " ' Powr Plante on the 'lower Mke i ve:t:. ,Addi tiol. emaJ.+er ilf{talla-tfq are alo bei:Qg p�.; Al.l theslants in the .western and northearts of the reg·wt.il ad4,an,eattmaed 4,936,000 kilowatts o· the inetaled:capacity:,,in the acific Northweat by 19Ci0. This will not 'f?e·. suf;ricient tq carry tha ea.tiplated load l;l.t that time.. · P<; l • . Relation £!.Hells CaNon i£ Fishery :Inu!tr .; - ,. • •' . ! • -13. ·Th qonstruction of the to'QX' uthorizeQ. dams :mentioned abpve on the, lower Snake River, at the Ice Harbor; Lower, Monumental, " .. ... '(.. . , " " Li..tt;te ·9ooa, and Lower, Qrapite sites, ,fisery-. i,:gtreste _:p.ay indi-cated,, .be ·xpected: tQ ha..ve .seriquely adverse efct \lPOn saJ.mon runs in the Snake River. Research is J.OW being undertaken by the.shap4.Wildlife·ServQe on the effect of damS ·on the salmon rune·, witb' a v1ew' towards c6�teracting or mititing adverse effets. P,ostponemet qf the ,qouction pf ye oer Snake aiver .oul: all<;)W ad4;i;t1o:op.l, time t0 4ev..e+s>P. pe:rnedi!l-1 �a,e\lJ:'es .d put them. into effect. .. ,. "' 14. t 'l'!J.e posei'Qaity .. of eft'ecting .such postP.onPlJ;.lt.witho:q pair,! : t.he power PZ:9SI',., by advc ower ns'tfl,lla..tion,.s, alternative to those scheduled in conection with the lower Snake River 4 - - --- Repar of the Regional Director dams, was suggested by the Department of the Interior and referred, through tl}.e Fedeal :i:nter-Age:q,<?Y River .Baa�:ii: C,omi ttee,. t9 he 9olumbia Basin Inter-Agncy Cammittee.i tr atudying:the matter, the I;a;�tr Committee concluded that, a reache,duling of:,d.a:rQ.s .au:tl\o:riz, ed by the Congrea,e would nS)t bf:! '1fq the beat n1fer�a'Ji.,of' thf'public, and recqmmended ait uch reacdu+ fn !ta·rport to the Fedel Inter-Agency i ver Basin. COJilmi tee. ThE! "later .concurred in thia'recammendation,in reply tq he sugestion 0 v�e Depart-ment of the ,Interi9r., "' ' .. ·" \ -15,. .It 'is not e intent .o:\ ",this rep<;>rt ·o uz:g 'pqatpont 9f any of' ·tlie Lower "Snake River dame, but inaslfmch as the ·B:ella Canyo.Project baa been definitelylinked with the possible aolutiai: of t f;tahery·problem, it i conSidered desirable to point out the cop.tributiori. whfpb. the prqject coW:-d make. Conatruc:�on. of tb, Rella panyQn ojec"Y, it lias .ben co�Iuded, could .:q.ot ,q·e completed'inime tq poduce energycheduled for productiont the first of tJ;te Loyer Bnake River dania to "b.e. conatruqte9-.. Prompt construction of :the RellJit Canyon Project., hoWever, wouldprmit deferal ·for about. 10 years 0 the construction .of .the other three dams on the LoWer SJ;ia,ke River,. : wi t:tloui . curta:!,lmen,�, f the po-i-r program cently planned, and '\;hereby· teaaen 'the adverse effects of'tlie Lower Snzik:e River' dams on fiah"runa pending solution of the basic oblems. ,. .,.. .,, 7'fi ! .l6. A portion of the almo .runa··w the Snake tver '"uses' apawnin8·areaa above.th aie Qf :the Helle Ca.nyo�, ., ')lcqea .. to these spawning areas .would be }>locked by th daln, with resUltant loss to the salmon iaheriea."' 'The ''Fish. and Wldl1f'e 'SeJ;.'Vice baa .iin4fQate!i, hQ1fver, that,..poaa+bilitieEt may exia:t for a.,campenaa t:f.ng improvement of the envi:rofun.ent. for .anad:.t'omoua fish in he,Se River bel the.ite as a.result o.he 9peration.of the reservoir. Additona.l atud:!,ea are·' needed, ,and are:-pe<r oy the Fiap an Wild!ife "Servic .\.to eval-q.a.te theEte :poaail>ili tieE(. In the event ther tuaiea reveal conditione 'precluding the maintenance of fish rune 1n the reach of the river below the dam, measures would be rq.uired to alvage t fish b:J.qek!='d·. ',t'h Q9B'\i,..ot sue .measures, 1-f' foupd cQay, wgu14, .9 , addli to. au!39,ue;p.t presented projeC,t costa, oa.nbrireifuburaable basis, in'accorce With,poviaiona o the Acof Auguat' 14; 946 (6os�. ,lo8ol f · ... "' . . t :J ,, Asaiatance.for_Irrisatio Deye19t 17,.. Alt1lou6b irl-iga.tion frQm. the 'Helle op..e,aer-y;o!:r i�M ,not .OBible, the. p:i-ojec'\i' coulQ: :prby+de p.eeded 'fiflanca.t:aaais't azi.Qe for potential :lrrigaon 'deveopmenta in ,'J;he-, Upper e :Basin and in. other Fta of the ;pacific Northwest/ The 'benefits. to th Region �d Na:tio. 9 iriSt+tio.nv dvel;.oP:nfl't£;' at 'to oe erke� will 'be .compa.rab1 't9 e benefits ceated b;r t:P,eqe +rriga.tion, . .. ,. " 5 '· Report of the Regional Director J)I;�ecta aJ.read3' in operation, Qp which depend ·the basic ecOilOm;y' ·of large parts of the Northwest:"<" The costa of most pott;}ntial developments l however, would exced- the toW.l a.m.Oi.lnt>which -water users could reaaonabl;rbe expeoted ·to .r-turn.•to ·hetEederai Government within the payment period established by Reclamation Law. Moreover, few of the potential iri,gation developments would have directly associated' !)ower de-telopmenta·, ·the revnue from ·which could·be utilized to help·ret·irigatiorr cotuction coats, Twelve potential projects discussed -the Subtantiating Materials to illustrate the need have a total·area of 987;000 acres, from whi'bh the provision of irrig!!tion.. wa,.ter would make possible an 'increased gross orop income of about· 4' fuillibn dollars per year (at 1939194 pricea-a f!gur&twice the otal estimate annual. coats of those· developments" Of•'the, estilnated irrigation construction coats of' these 12 projects; amohnting to approximately , 490 million dollArs 'at present price level'S; water -users a.nd:pot<er ; develbpments ·immediately associated ·with the projects could. be expected to ·return only· about 222· million. The ba.la.nce of 268 million dollara .. would ·not 'be. returnable''from'projeet sources in· • the customary repayment period, and the projects, though having benefits substantially in excess of costa, would not be feasible �e �PJiiona of curran Reclamation Law. 18. 'To 'provide the needed financial a.esistai:l.ce llua.trated above, 1 t· is proposed to utilize re.venues fronr .the sale of' Rella Canyon' power·. Use. of Hells- 'Ca.oyon . .p<>Wer revenues ft)r. this. purpose would be possible under propoaala.e in-the"report by the Department of the Interiorentitled.Camprehensive.Plari for the Development of theWa.ter'Resources of the Columbia Rer Basin, lihich.would establiah'a'ba'Bin-wide·pooling' of revenues from.Federal power developments to assist in the retUrn: of·:trrigat1on construction costs. Congreasionai action has not yet beetaken on �t basin-wide pooling .plan. If and when that plah is adopted, Lt w111 ancampa.ssthe morlimited proposals made'here with respect to the Hells CaflYon Project. " 19. The maximum amount of financial assistance to irrigation p;r,Qpoaed to be made available from the Rella Canyon Project during the pa.you period of the project is equivalent to interest o� the power invetment at '3 perc'ent per a.nnu.m, • . or $18,427 ,602. 'l'hia' assumpti is predicatd·on the current practice ot dre4iting' itl.terest- paid -on the 'power" invatin.ent as. a. return 01t .irigation· construction costa.., to ·the extent 'Which may. be nebsary ta: auppleme:O. t payment's by:. watert users. Action. pending by the Congrea,:J may: alter this pr6cedure Whatever alteration may be ma.d5 in procedure, however, the · a.m.ount indica ted above ( $418,427 ,6G2.)',. may: be" taken as an appropriate measure-bf the f1nancial-aas1etanee which it is desirable tbat Jiells·ca.nyon afford .to. irrigation auring' .tht) payout perioil, provided assistance ih tt· amount could be ad.va.nbed under 6 Beport.of .the Rgiqnal,Diretor . reyised procedure without inreae in the ve:;rage rte for firm energy from Hells Canyon shown subsequently \4.4 mille per kilowatt- hour). This te coxU:tidered to be the maximum practicable rate at which that energy could be marketed without retarding resource development. 20. The c:;redi ting. of such power rvenuee .. on,.,e return f · ·the conetrction coat of an irri8at!on projet, it is ropoeed, would be accomplished only qy the '.express ap,prova,X of Congree . in each insce, In the ae of a pew development ,f;"Qll which full· return of reimbursable construction cost waQ,not in prospect from water users,. the .reques ,for. "the edi,t from Hells, Canyon power revenues would be made in.conecion with the request of tiie CoDgr�as for authorization of. the proje9t. It also. is proposed to utilize power revenues f the Helle Canyon Projct t9 returp coste of exieing lrigtiori .projects in cases where stu indicates tl:J,a.t full return cannot .be mde by; water users and that the assistance is m.eri ted ·:aquest for us,e .. of Hels Canyon .Powe:t revenues in such insatnces woul be antde n seeW.. :teports to the Coa.a. · .{. Flood Control ·. . ; ?l. Under the plan of operation contemplated, the Rella Can-yon Reservoir would -reduce -.flood stages in reaclies of t)le Snake River dow:oetream from tb:e-·"d:a1n· aml in the lower Columbi River. The reduation: would w·-effected by- storing in the Helle Canyon Reservoir bo�h flood waters of th Ske Basin above te ite, and norma.l flows in the Snake dvring perio p(high -off on he lower ,.Columbia.. 'A;L though the reductioha in ,floop. stages would be small, they would nevertheless material!y reduce .·flood :damages and costa. tor protective-works in devloped areas.loDg the river chan,els downstream from the dam. The Corps of EDgineers, 'nepart- .m.ent .of the Army, bas estimated the· flood control 'benefits reaul t- .. ':> "' J l 4' ' ing from the operat1on·of aservo1r compaablein size and location to' that 'proposed in this rept 'wou1q. am61.Ult tp $236,000 nually. Naviaation 22. The .Hee Canyon Pro,iect would improve' navigation conditions- in }wo a. First, the reservoir pool 1 tself wo<l "iUake available an artery for low-cost transportation of ulk terials ,into and f;-pm the now largely undeveloped Snake Bi ver Canyon, Second, the reieasee from the Reservoir under the operation plan propQaed erein would increaa water dep in t downstream nav1,eatio cele during low ;fl�, periods. ' Increased cba.np.el deptha would perm1 t inea.Sed loading of barges, a.I).d 4ecreaee requirementS for ce}. dredging in some lqcali t'fes. eae benef1 te have been est ted by tlie Co:rps of Erigneee, Department of / 7 Report of the Regional Director the Army, in conection w1 th a comparable development in the Snake Canyon; at $299,000 anually. Recreation 23. The presence of such a large body of water as the Helle Canyon Reservoir in this area of wild, rugged beauty will afford unusual opportunities for the develont of recreational facilities. A considerable use of the reservoir itself for fishing; and·of the vicinity-for camping, picnicking, and sightseeing· is expected The Lake·Mead Recreational Area attracted a larger number·o:f viei• tore during 1947 ·than·any other recreational area operated·by·the National Park Service. The Helle Canyon Project would have a eimiW attractiozrf'or ·tourists and vacationers. Accee.e· roads planed would place the dam on an east-west route through rugged, mountainous country conecting major north-south highways through Idaho and Oregon. The National Park Service has evaluated recreational benefits of' the development on the basis of' the increased commercil activity in the vi c1nity due to the expend! turee of v1e1 tore to the area ·'Who "Would not otherwise have tarried. The monetary value thus obtained is $432,000 annually. The construction cost for facilities to·perm1t fUll public use of' the area for recreation has been estimated at··$750,000. Annual requirements for operation maintenance of' the :facilities would be $75,000. for Development 24. There- ia lrgent need to alleviate power shortages in the Upper Snake Basin and to provide more firm. power in the lower Columbia River area. strategically located between the two load centers, 'With a reservoir of' capacity adequate to control the entire flow of' the Snake River upstream from the dam during critical low flow periods, the Helle Canyon Project is well designed to help .fill these needs efficiently. The project would also facilitate the devEi!opment· of irise;tion in the area by the provision of' needed ftnancial assistance. Prompt construction of' the project also could extend the time availabl for solution of' the Columbia River fishery problem, if desired, by permitting a delay in construction of three of the four dams authorized for construction of' the Lower Snake, w1 thout impairing the power program currently contemplated for the Pacific Northwest. Plan of' Development 25. The recommended plan for the Helle Canyon Project calla for the construction of' a concrete, arch"SS'avity-·type dam to an elevation of' 2,082 feet above mean sea level, at a site on the S:nake River immediately downstream from Deep Creek, approximately 247 miles upstream frOll the mouth of the ·Snake River. The dam L 8 Trace 1400 1340 ... .. ..... .... ·· ....... ......... .. -·r·-. .. ·· ....... . b//1. . .- .. --- / Fillet radii =250' k \ > ... ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' \ I \ I /\\ ' of file I centers - ' /' . ... ...... .. TREAM ELEVATION (DEVELOPED) AT AXIS AND DOWNSTREAM TOE .... ...... ., .. ,. ,. / Max. 8 Nor. w.s. El 201l·w45·0 2082 r .. Top of dam EL 2082 ·----'- 2000 2.4:. 19 4.9'-. 5=0.5·-- l4'-., 1900 9.9' 18 12.7'-- 1800 11.4'- 1750 z 0 >=11700 :; w 1 1650 1600 1550 1500 1450 1400 1340 195.4' 208.1' 234.4' 251.8' 273.4' 291.1' 312.4' 345.7' 351.6' 395,9' 390.4' 448.4' 429.4' 502.2' 468.4' 555.9' 501.4' 609.1' 554.i' 614.2' MAXIMUM SECTION 10 0 10 200 SCALE OF FEET Note: Topography by U. S. E. D Reference drawings: 550-0-2, 550-0-3 STUDY NO. A-7 UNITED DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION HELLS CANYON PROJECT -IDAHO ·OREGON HELLS CANYON DAM 4,400,000 ACRE-FOOT RESERVOIR ROUGH PRELIMINARY DESIGN DRAWING PLAN. ELEVATION AND SECTION CHAFrER III HELLS CANYON PROJECT I' N R E L A I 0 N T 0 COLUMB IA R IVER F I S HERY Prompt construction of the Hells Canyon Project could help solve problems which fce the salmon industry of the Columbia River. SAIJ.l)N FISHING. INDUSTRY All phases of the industry are involved. The commercial fisheries, which include both the taking of fish in the lower Columbia River and an important catch of Colia River salmon in ocean trolling operations, ar& of major significance, but sport fishing and the traditional Indian catch for subsistence purposes are of importance. The salmon fishing conducted for both commercal and subsistence purposes by the Indians within reservations and at usual and accustomed places along the Columbia and tributaries is in accordance with right recognized in treaties between. the United States and the various tribes involved. The annual monetary values of these elements of te indust, totalling $21,000,000, are estimated as follows: commercial, $171000,000; Indi subsistence; $500,000; and sport, $3,500,009. The industry, in all its phases, is dependent upon the migration of adult salmon and steelhead trout from the Pacific to spawning areas in the Columbia Rier Basin; the return of the young fish to the ocean; and the subsequent .repetition of 1ihe cycle. An a.nnl harvest of fish may be takn without adverse effect upon the resource, but if the catch .is exc.ess,.ve, or. if other conditions seriously interfere with the cycle, :the runs may be depleted and the entire basis of the industry thereby threatened. This possibilit7, and particularly the likelihood that it might be brought to pass b7 proposed programs for development of the water resources of the Columbia River, has been a concern of fishery interests, and has led to careful consideration of means for avoiding that outcome. Same decline has been experienced in.the catch of Columbia River salmon and steelhead trout uring the past two decades. The principal causes to which the decline is atributed are: overexploitation of. the fishery; unscreened diversipn for irrigation and power; pollution; apd the loss of spawning areas cut off by insountable dams . 35 Relation of Project to Columbia River Fishery EFFECTS OF MAIN STEM --- The greatest cause for concern with respect to the future, however, has been the proposed construction of additional dams acrose the main'etam of.the lower Columbia and lower Snake Rivers. One structure--Bonneville Dam--exists on the lower Columbia. Careful counts of adult salmon passing through the fishways which pro vide access over the dam have been made since 1938, and numerous experiments undertaken to determine the effect of the dam on the salmon migrations Diminution of the rune has not been evident since construction of the dam, but this is attributed to other circumstances operating to increase the rune and ppensating for losses which the eXperiments indicate have been occasioned by the dam. Particular concern is felt over the a4dition of other dams, because 'it is anttcipated that their effect upon salmon will be cumulatively harmful. The barrier created by the dam to adult fish migrating upstream is the least significant of several factors because he fish can ascend ways or dders cotructed for them. It is feared, however, that the cumulative effeQt of finding and ascending a succession of ishwaya may be detrimental to the fish runs because of the serious loss in the time, and the great expenditure of stored-up energy required· to reach the spawning areas. The fisbways e notably lees successful as a means for the ;roung fish to pass dams enroute downstream to the ocean. The flow of wa tar through the fishwaye is so much smaller than that over the spillways or through power turbines that the latter routes are the ones which tend to be cosen with same mortality to the young fish. The water teeratures in the.relativel;r shallow pools above dams on the lower Columbia are another cause for concern to fisher;r interests. The temperature of the water in the pols, it is feared, would be so warm as to be conducive to disease, and in a succession of pools might reach temperatures which exceed the tolerance of efther adult or ;roung fish, or both. Moreover, the warmer, quiet waters of the pools make favorable habitats for varieties of fish which pre;r upon the young salmon descending to the ocean. REMEDIAL PLANS To forestall lose of the rune, which these conditions might cause unless remedial measures can be found and put in practice, two types of studies have been developed and initiated by the Fish and Wildlife Service and states of the Columbia River Basin. One series of studies applying to the entire Basin, includes investigations of (1) the migrat1Qns of fingerlings with a view to detening means for preventing or minimizing mortality in 36 Relation of Project to Columbia River Fishery :passing dams; (2) more efficint s.creeniAB 4'evices and fishways; (3) the effects of impoundments; and (4) improved methods of artificial propagation. 'These studies are designed to overcame to the maximum possible extent the hazards to fish·runs.attendant upon water resource developments' of various types. \ In additic;>n, other·measures have. been proposed in the "Lower River Develop�ent PlAn," originally adva!lced by !the Fish and Wildlife Service and currently being activated under the .. joint sponsorship .of that Service and the States of Oregon and Washington. The objectiye of the -plan is to increase, to the maximum xtent·possible, runs· of fish '.in streams tributary to the lover Columbia. Desirable as a eans of augmenting runs in the Columbia, if measures ·to safeguard the passage of fieh.over additional mainstream dams are successful, the plu would, moreover, ilf!ure the maintenance of at least minimum runs in the event those measures are unsuccessful 8nd mainstream dams prove to have the fully adverse effect feared. The plan contempJ.ates: (1) removal 9f obstructions to the passage of fish now existing in same of these tributaries; (2) the abatement of' pollution; (3) screening of diversio!JS and the construction of fishways; (4) transplantation of up-ri·ver runs to un obstructed arsasf (5) extension of' artificial popagation; and () the establishment of fish refuges in which no conflicting development would be permitted. The plan is large in· scale and a relatively long period is required in which to obtain to. check upon results, inasmuch as the complete fish cycle requires four to f'ive·years. Hence, a period of 10 years is· considered the minimum in-which to test the plan and put t into effect. Mclfary Dam, for navigation and power, is under constru�tion by the Corps of Engineers on the Columbia below tha mouth of Snake River. In addition, "a series of dams," now determined to be four in number, have been authorized for construction by the Corps of Engineers for the .improvement. of navigation and the dvelopm.en.t of power in -the ·Snake River between its mouth and Lewiston, Idaho. Other .dame will be required, and are planed between Mcl'ary and Boneville to complete slack-water navigation on the lower Columbia. The· Dalles Dam, at the head of the pQl behind Boneville :Pam, is the most urgently needed. fr.om. the standpoint of navigation and its relatively early'Authorization has ·been contem.pla ted by the Corps of Engineers. ·.Power would be produced at all of these dams . 37 Reation of Project to Columbia River Fishery PROPOSAL -OF -EHT DEPAREMNTT -OF -EHT EINRTIOR The conflict of interest in use of the river's resources inherent in these and other considerations led the Department of the Interior, in the spring of 1947, to make a preliminary suggestion for resolution of the matter. It was recognized (1) that electric nergy would be needed in amounts and on a schedule substantially as indicated in the preceding chapter, (2) that McNary with its probable adverse effects upon fish migrations would be complete as scheduled, a�d (3) tt interest of the fisheries should not stand in the way of the ultimate, full development of the river's resources for irrigation, power, navigation, and flood control with their attendant, manifold benefits to the region and Nation. With these. assumptions, it was suggested that construction of the authorized dams on the Snake and the construction of any other dam than McNary on the Columbia below the Okanogan River be deferred until 1958 in order to affbrd adequate time for placing the Lower River Develppment Plan in operation and for working ot plans to compensate theIndiana for losses of fishing rights. The suggestion was further made contingent upon the ability to develop, at sources other than the authorized dams on the lower Snake River and at the proposed dam at The Dalles, the energy scheduled for production at those places. Possible means suggested for achieving the latte objective were: carying forward the power instalJ.a,tions at Q-rand Coulee, Rock Island, and Kerr dams at the most rapid rate practicable; prompt construction o the authorized HUilgl7' Horae, Foster Creek, Detroit, and Mc]fary dams; and the early authorization and construction of upstream power developments which would not signifiqantly interfere with f:t,sh migrations. Specifically suggested in this conection vera th Helle Canyon, Wolf Crek (a · poential development on Snake River between the site of Helle Canyon Dam and the mouth of the Salmon River) , and the Boundary Pro ject o te Pend Orille RiveB. The later has been ruled out of consideration for the imediate future because of serious interference with mineral developments, and the Hells Canyo Project would logically precede Wolf Creek in the development 9f the Snake Can,yon. The proposal was refred by memorandum of .ch 24, 1947, signd by Warner W. Gardner, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, to the Federal Inter-Agency River Basin Comittee, which in turn transmitted the suggestion on April 2 to the Columbia River InterAgency Comittee for study and recomendation. The latter Committ ee held publ1 c hearings in Walla Walla, Washington, on June 25 and 26, 1947, to obtain information on attitudes of affected groups towards the pr9posal. The results of the het;1;ring and subsequent study of the matter by a fact-finding sub-cqmittee led the. Comittee to conclude that although current plans for further installations 38 ,-Relation of Project to Columbia River Fishery at Grand Coulee Dam, and the construction of ·Hungry Horse, Foster qreek, Detroit, and McNary dams should proceed with all possible speed, and that close cooperation should be maintained with private and public util.ities to the end of encouragill8 the expansion of existing power facilities, the re-scheduling of dams now authorized by the Oo.ngress would not be to the best interest of the public. The Committee recommended against such re-scheduling in its letter of October 15, 1947, to the Federal Inter-Agenoy River Basin Committee. The latter Committee concurred in the recOllenda tiQn, and so advised Assistant Secretary of the Interior W. E. Warne on,l'ovember 24, 1947. POTENTIAL ASSISTANCE !Q! BELLS CO'lOlV PROJECT -IN SOLTUION -OF F.EHIRS.... . Y_ PROB.:EMr It is not the intent of this report to u;t"ge postponement of any of tlie lower Snake River dams . Because the Hels Canyon Project has been linked with the possible solution of the Columbia River fishery, however, it will be desirable to indicate the extent to which the project ndght assist by making such postponement possible. InStal&tian Schedule Q, discussed in the preceding chapter, calls 'Eor the · 1n1 tial production of energy on the Lower Sna.ke R1 ver in December 1953, and at the Hells on Plant in September 1958. The desirability of advancing the latter date two years also has been pointed out in the interests of meeting prospect! ve loads 1-n the Upper Snake Basin. The earliest date at which it is estimated that energi could be made available from the Hells canyon Power Plant is July 1955. Hence, Helle Canyon energy could not be substituted for that now scheduled for production at the first development on the Lower Snake. The assistance which the project could provide to solution of the fishery problem thus is dependent upon te extent to which multiplication of dams across the Lower Snake River could be deferred by advancing the date for initial operation of the Hells Con Plant to July 1955. Utilizing the date for initial operation presented in Schedule Q, but recognizing that this schedule would involve undesirable delay in serving Upper Snake Basin loads, the advancement 1n time for operation �f the Hels Cacyon Plant would be from September 1958 to July 1955. Installations in the Lower Snake River plants scheduled to g::> into operation prior to July 1955 total 240,000 kilowatts and are located in the Ice Harbor Plant, the lowermost of the four plants currently planned. An aditional 601000 kilowatt unit would bring the ultimate installation at that plant up to 300,000 kilowatts in September 1957. 39 I Relation of Project to Columbia River Fishery capacity planned for installation in the other three' plants, and scheduled to go into operation subsequent to July. 1955; UIQllnts to 864,000 kilowatts. :By 1ears1 ,these ,installations are as follows: Year - 1955 1956 1957 +958' 195r 196o !£nth December June September September December March June September December June September 58 .2§ 58 116 58 58 .2§ 71 .1! Installation (Thousands of Kilowatts) During the Year Gw:lmlative Total 116 116 174 174 142 142 116 • 232 4o6 58o 722 864 Installation Schedule Q also calls for placing in operation at the Hells Canyon Plant generators with capacity of 190,000 kilcnra tts during September in each of years 1958, 1959, and 1960. Total installations called for in the three plants on the Lower Snake River and at Hells Canyon at times significant to the following discussion thus are 770,000 kilowatts in 1958 and until September 1959; 960,000 in that month and until December 1959; and substially 1n excess of l,ooo,ooo thereafter. The Rella Canyon Power Plant proposed 1n this report would have an installed capacity of 8oo,ooo kilowatts, with space for an aditional instalation of 100,000 kilowatts. If promptly constructed to go into operation in 1955, the Hells Canyon Plant thus could readily supply the power estimated to be required from the three Snake River plants above the Ice Harbor Dam. Power production resulting from operation of the project would be adequate also to meet the loads currentJ.Jr scheduled to be served by both those Snake River plants and Hells Canyon at least until September 1959. Prompt construction of the Hells Canyon Project thus would permit deferment of the time when the second plant on the Lower Snake River was put into operation until the latter part of 1959. It seeas probable that construction activities on the Lower Snake River dams would not significantly interfere with fish migrations I 40 Relation of Project to Columbia River Fishery until- a year 1 or year and a half' before the dam and power house were placed in operation.: That is to say, in the event of the noted deferment in constrUction, obstruction to fish would not ie caued by of the cla.ms on Lower Snake River above Ice Harber prior to 1958. 'fo S'Uliii&Lrize:· 'fhe �ela 0' Project cpuld not be"' ctructed 1n time to perllit deferment of .the construction of all f'ou.r dams QD. :the Lower SDake River without major cUx-ta11litent ·in achedULed capacit7 to Jl!l8et estimated power loads, but prall't construction of tlie project 1 Y1 tl1 an acceptance of some del.ay 1n serving Upper Snake sil, loa4&1 would make it' possible to d•fer' the construc-tion of thr" ot the dams for appro.x1.matel7 the, 10-rear period desired for adj:uatment of the fish problem. · . 41 ,, .I
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|Spec. Coll. TC557.I22.H45 1948
|Hells Canyon Project, Idaho-Oregon
|Searchable Date
|Excerpts from the project proposal to build a high dam in Hells Canyon, on the Idaho-Oregon border.
|Subject (TGM I)
Dam construction
Power industry
|Location (TGN)
|Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (United States, North and Central America : nature reserve)
|Location (TGN) ID
Hells Canyon Wilderness (Oregon and Idaho)
|U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation
|U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation
|Rare Book Collection
|Contributing institution
|Boise State University, Albertsons Library Special Collections and Archives
|Resource type
|Original physical format
|Digital format
|Ordering and permissions
|The contents of this item, including all images and text, are for personal, educational, and non-commercial use only. The contents of this item may not be reproduced in any form without the express permission of Boise State University Special Collections and Archives. For permissions or to place an order, please contact the Head of Special Collections and Archives at (208) 426-3958 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
|Full Text
The secretary
Jlll - 1948
or the Interior.
Attention: 7Yl
The attached report on the Hells Canyon Project, IdahO?Oegon,
urovides for the construction of a high dam located in the sparsely
settle on section of.the.Snake River !ying·between the Blue UOUntain
upland of Oregon and the Seven Devils and associated mountains 'of Idaho,
approximately lOS miles south of Lewiston, Idaho. The project includes
a reservoir which would inipound about 4,400,000 acre-feet of water, a
power plant of. 90,00 kilowatts installed ca.paci ty 1 and transmi.s\sion
lines to market areas in the Pacific Northwest. Besides production of
power, the project would incl.u benetits to nood control, navigation,
recreation, and through surplus power revenues 1V'()uld provide substantial
financial assistance for development of needed irrigation throughout
eastern Oregon and west central Idaho that otherwise could not be under-taken.
There is urgent naed for support to irrigation, and for production
of power througqout th;is area of the PC!ocific •Northwest. The need for
.nood control is likewise of great importance in the Columbia River
Basin The Hells caon Project, if authorized and constructed in an
expetious manner as proposed herein will be one of the most important
steps that could be taken to meet the needs of the area that are 'so
evident at this time
The Hells Gaqyon Project is feasible both from an engineering and
financial. standpoint. The estimated cost ·of the project is $433166010001
of whiCh $219501900 would. be a non-reimbursable allocation to navigation,
nood contr91, and recreation, and the remaining $4101709,100 would be
a reimbsable allocation. The tatter would be repaid to the United
States within 50 years after completion of the power installation by
revenues from power 1 which also wpuld pa;y for operation, maintenance,
' and ·rplacement, and provide for a return of 3 percent ann?ally on the
unpaid balance of -the cost charged to power.
Of paramount importance to irrigaton development is the reconendation
that power revenues equal to interest at 3 percent .on the unpaid· balance
of the power investment be accounted for separately dur-lng the payout
period, and be made available ·for irigation subsiCJir. This provides for
the application to the Hells Canyon Project of a principle repeate
recognized under Reclamation Law, namely, to apply surplus .powe revenues
to the suppo·rt of il"l•igation development to achieve widespread benefits.
']he Hells Canyon Project was included in the comprehensive report
on the develoument of the water resources of the Columbia River Basin which
was transmitted· to the affected States and to the -Scretary. of War in
March 1947 fpllmdng its approv;al as your proposed report on February s,
1947, and which was submitted to the Pres,ident on June 31 1948' along with
the coents received in response to that tranmittal. In addition,
copies of a preliminary draft of the Hells Canyon report.have been transmitted
informal.l.y by our Regional Director at Bois, Idaho, to the Governors
of the seven states of the c.olumbia River Basin; to the onservation
of;f'icials of_ the States of Idaho, Oregon and Washington; and to the appropriate
field offices of the Corps of Engineers, pepartment of the Ar.
I concur in the report and recomendations of the Regional Director .
except that reconmendati9n 54 c. is hereby leted. This d.eietion is
desirable in view of your recent Departmental action and recomendation ·
in the Columbia River Basin report indicating. that as early as practicable
after the deral power facilities the area are interconnected, the
Secretary·will.designate a single agenc,y to carry out distribution and
marketing functions.
Accor4ing].y, I reconmend that you approve the report; of the Regional
Director and that you authorize me, on your behalf, to transmit . copies of
the report to.the States of the Columbia River Basin and to the Secretary
of the A.rrcy' .for their views. and reconrnendations. ·
:Respectfully, .
Enclosure 5.5.
Approved: JJN - 9 t946
·secretary of t Inter
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text: Paul Cézanne is one of the great Post-Impressionist painters of the 19th century, renowned for his radiant landscapes, intense portraits, and complex still lifes. His influence extends to every aspect of Post-Impressionist inquiry, from the search for empirical truth in painting, which he saw as including imbalance and lacunae, to the capturing of the instantaneity of vision, and the calling of attention to the dimensionality of the canvas space. His paintings of apples, card players, and the landscape of Mount Sainte Victoire, which he saw from his window in Provence, France, are some of the best-known images in Western art. His mature works are striking for their vivid palette, sensitive brushstrokes, and swirling, unstable compositions full of impetuosity and vigor that paved the way for the advent of Cubism and abstract painting.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Giveaway Hop
Leap into Books
Hosted by I Am A Reader, Not A Writer and Jinky.
February 29th to March 5th
There will be 1 winner for this Hop USA ONLY
You have to be a subscriber to enter
Prize Pack is 2 Children's books
The Wishing Stone by Steve Smallman and Rebecca Elliott
Armadillo wants to have friends, but he is very shy. What happens when Mouse makes a wish? Will Armadillo keep pretending to be a stone?
How to Catch a Falling Star by Heidi and Daniel Howarth
Bear is waiting for a star to fall because he wants to make a wish. Can he catch the star? Will Bear's wish come true?


text: Adventure: News News Posted 06-03-2014 Texas Endures Tough Stretch of Water Related Accidents, Fatalities By: Lynn Burkhead, OutdoorChannel.com The month of May was a tragic time across the state of Texas in terms of water related safety. Truth be known, the Lone Star State has endured an almost unprecedented run of water related injuries and fatalities on water bodies scattered around the state. Since May 9, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department says that at least 24 people have lost their lives on Texas waters in boating or swimming accidents worked by the agency's game wardens. If that number seems unusually high, it is. According to TPWD, last year the U.S. Coast Guard reported146 water-related accidents in the state with 31 ending in fatalities. The past several weeks - including the recent Memorial Day holiday weekend - have nearly equaled that mark across the vast state. According to TPWD, Texas game wardens investigated seven drowning deaths and another four boating-related fatalities across the state over the Memorial Day holiday period. Those boating related fatalities, which included a jet ski accident at Joe Pool Lake in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, were a part of 21 boating accidents investigated by TPWD wardens. "Texas game wardens will remember this Memorial Day weekend for years to come," said Lt. Col. Danny Shaw, Deputy Director of Law Enforcement for TPWD. "Tragically, this was one of the deadliest three-day holidays in recent memory," he added. "Our thoughts and prayers go out to the families of all this weekend's victims." In addition to those fatalities, TPWD game wardens issued several hundred water safety citations over the Memorial Day weekend while making numerous arrests. The latter included 31 persons arrested for boating while intoxicated, seven for driving while intoxicated, 14 for public intoxication and 36 on various drug-related offenses. Shaw promises that game wardens will do all they can to keep Texas waterways safe this summer. "Game wardens will continue to be vigilant in our efforts to protect Texans on our public water," said Shaw. "I would implore all Texans when boating to wear their lifejackets, be aware of their surroundings and return home safely with their families." Share This Story Next From News Kilts, Sword Makers and Heavy Metal! Related Wild Card : Posted 05-21-2014 My Brothers Nearly Drowned Me View Comments Categories News Stories Recipes Tips Gear Videos Photo Galleries Viewer Photo Galleries Features Behind the Badge with Carlos Gomez Adventure Check Out All The Photos Explore the United States. Find information about and activities within your state. Get Started


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Karin W???
Firstly, I know almost zero about paperweights, but it does bear a passing resemblance to Peter Layton's landscape series. I don't know how he finishes off paperweights and could be wildly wrong!
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Guide Helps Aid Travellers with DisabilitiesIn an effort to aid travellers with disabilities, the Canadian Transportation Agency has published Take Charge of Your Travel: A Guide for Persons with Disabilities.From South West Booster, February 05, 2010
AT&T Convenes Advisory Panel on Access & Aging to Better Serve CustomersAT&T* will hold its first-quarter Advisory Panel on Access & Aging (AAPAA) discussion to announce its continued dedication in product and service offerings to keep its customers and employees, including seniors and those in the disability community, connected. The panel discussion will take place Thursday, February 4, and Friday, February 5, in Atlanta, Georgia.From PR Newswire, February 04, 2010
USA: Court Rules in Favor of Visually-Impaired GradA U.S. district court in San Francisco ruled Friday in favor of Stephanie Enyart, a visually-impaired law school graduate, allowing her to use special reading assistance software on the next California bar examination in late February. From The Daily Californian, February 01, 2010
Texthelp Systems Announces Fluency Tutor, Online Solution for Developing and Measuring Oral Reading FluencyAward-winning software publisher, Texthelp Systems today announced the release of its newest product offering, Fluency Tutor, at the Assistive Technology Industry Association (ATIA) Conference being held January 27-30 in Orlando, FL. From Sys-Con Media, January 28, 2010
Ghana: Rights of Persons with Disability LaunchedThe Ghana Federation of the Disabled in collaboration with Mind Freedom and a network of Journalists on Disability have launched a project on the Ratification of the Convention of the Rights of persons with Disability and Passage of Mental Health Bill in Accra yesterday.From Ghana Government News, January 28, 2010
Web Accessibility as a Government Mandate?Most web developers know that they should make their websites accessible to persons with disabilities, such as including captions for videos to assist the hearing impaired, designing navigation so it can be done through a keypad as opposed to a mouse and including descriptive captions for the blind. But too often developers choose fancy design over accessibility. In some countries though, accessibility is no longer an option!From Digital Qatar, January 28, 2010
An Internet for Everyone Innovation and Competition -- not Mandates -- Will Widen Web Access for the Disabled.Disability advocates are demanding that government do more to increase the accessibility of the Internet and broadband devices, especially mobile phones. And their pleas haven't fallen on deaf ears.From Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2010
The DOJ and ADA Mandate Ebook Readers Be Accessible to AllEbook reader makers received a major reality check earlier this month when, after investigating charges of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) violations, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) announced settlements with four major universities that had been part of the Kindle DX project to test the devices in real-life classroom settings.From InfoToday.com, January 25, 2010
Sri Lanka: ICT Equipment for Those with Special NeedsTechnology is a must to see the world and there should be no discrimination in the accessibility to technology. Disability is not a drawback and people with special needs too should be given the opportunity to use technology, Telecommunication Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka Director General Priyantha Kariyapperuma said. From Sri Lanka Business News, January 20, 2010
Korea Tops UN Recession-Time e-Govt RankingsSouth Korea has led the world in how governments have used ICT to give citizens and businesses better access to public services during the economic downturn, according to a United Nations survey. Korea edged out the United States in the 2010 UN E-Government rankings, marking the first time an Asian country has topped the bi-annual table. From FutureGov, January 20, 2010


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The Ford Hall Forum at Suffolk University presents Barney Frank with their annual Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award, proceedings moderated by Peter Meade, from 6:30-8 p.m. Friday, April 26, at the C. Walsh Theatre, 55 Temple St., Boston.
Former Congressman Barney Frank is a Ford Hall Forum favorite, having graced its stage seven times since 1979. Last year, he completed his illustrious 32-year tenure in the U.S. House of Representatives, throughout which he was boldly outspoken at every opportunity. Frank consistently chose to be the voice of those who often have no voice: Combat Zone sex workers, the elderly, Japanese-Americans in WWII, and even animals. One of the most powerful statements he made on his defense of civil liberties was his opposition to "Respect for America's Fallen Heroes," proving that his support for the First Amendment supersedes any personal agenda. In light of how he has conducted such a vital, brave career, Ford Hall Forum presents Barney Frank with its 2013 First Amendment Award to commend his commitment to civic engagement, democracy, and expression.
For the past 32 years, the Ford Hall Forum's Louis P. and Evelyn Smith First Amendment Award has honored individuals or organizations that demonstrate extraordinary commitment to promoting and facilitating the thoughtful exercise of our right to freedom of expression. The first award recipient was Norman Lear back in 1981, and since then, the Forum has recognized such luminaries as Rosa Parks, Peter Seeger, Ted Turner, Gwen Ifill, to name just a few.
The Ford Hall Forum is the nation's oldest free public lecture series. It promotes freedom of speech and fosters an informed and effective citizenry through events that illuminate the key issues facing our society.
The forum presents knowledgeable and thought-provoking speakers, including some of the most controversial opinion leaders of our times, in settings that facilitate frank and open debate.
Above: Former Congressman Barney Frank and Peter Meade, Director of the Boston Redevelopment Authority


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The forensic analysis of the 2009 Pennsylvania System of School Assessment results does not assert cheating occurred, but says certain answer patterns and erasures make the results suspicious.
Among the school districts identified as having multiple testing irregularities are Philadelphia, Hazleton, Connellsville and Lancaster. Many other districts were cited for one or two inconsistencies.
The department was unaware of the report - issued in July 2009 under a previous administration - until it was published Friday by The Notebook, an independent news service covering the Philadelphia school district, said Timothy Eller, a spokesman for Education Secretary Ronald Tomalis.
"It's very frustrating to the secretary that nothing was done in the past with it," Eller said. Tomalis became education secretary earlier this year in new Republican Gov. Tom Corbett's administration.
Then-Education Secretary Gerald Zahorchak, who served under Democratic Gov. Ed Rendell and is now superintendent of the Allentown schools, declined comment on Eller's remarks. He said he had not seen the report, but such assessments are conducted routinely by the company that administers the tests, and any subsequent investigation would be handled by a standards and practices commission and the results noted in their annual reports.
"These are not unusual," he said. "These are normal things. ... I can almost guarantee you that many superintendents would say to you `Yeah, we've been notified about people trying to influence inappropriately the PSSA work.' It's something the department and the state does very, very well - investigate and get to the bottom of complaints."
The news comes days after officials in Georgia revealed a massive cheating scandal in Atlanta, with nearly half of the city's 100 schools involved. State investigators said 178 educators had fudged standardized tests used to meet federal benchmarks dating back to 2001.
That same week, the U.S. Department of Education began looking into cheating allegations in Washington, D.C. Over the past several years, such scandals have surfaced in school districts in Baltimore and Houston, as well as Texas, Michigan and Florida.
Experts say many districts can feel pressured to meet testing standards to avoid penalties under the federal No Child Left Behind legislation, or to ensure positive results for teachers who are rewarded based on student performance.
In Pennsylvania, the PSSA is given annually in various grades to assess math and reading skills. Minnesota-based Data Recognition Corp. analyzed scores from 2009 and found hundreds of aberrant results, and singled out in the report about 90 schools with the most flags.
Based on statistical properties, the report said the suspect results were "highly improbable."
It noted that any possible fraud could have been perpetrated by students, teachers or other officials. But the company also stressed that the scores could have been obtained fairly.
"Their scores, response pattern, and number of erasures were aberrant, from a statistical probability perspective," the report states. "This does not imply that the school or student engaged in inappropriate testing activity."
The Philadelphia schools are willing to investigate the cheating allegations, but spokeswoman Jamilah Fraser said in a statement that such probes are difficult because of teacher turnover, student transience and the vagaries of memory.
The district has received about 10 to 15 accusations of breaches in test security in each of the past three years, and a few have been substantiated through internal investigations, Fraser said. Alleged violations could range from "low-level" offenses, such as failing to cover materials during a testing period, to more serious ones.
She also noted the district has a "very robust test monitoring protocol." Approximately 75 percent of schools, including charters, receive unannounced visits to random classrooms during PSSA testing, Fraser said.
In Connellsville, interim Superintendent Tammy Stern said she was a high school principal during the 2009 exam period. She heard nothing about cheating at the time.
"I'm not aware of any problems or improprieties," Stern told The Associated Press.
Lancaster district spokeswoman Kelly Burkholder said discrepancies in student enrollment and attendance led to the flags for three schools cited in the report.
"Our flags are not a result of testing impropriety but a result of our highly mobile population," Burkholder said.
Hazleton officials were not available for comment Tuesday.
It's not clear how often forensic audits were conducted under the previous administration, Eller said. The July 2009 report refers to that being "the first year of data forensic analyses for the PSSA." A Data Recognition Corp. spokeswoman declined comment.
Eller noted the department's 2010 budget had no money for audits, but that Tomalis has ordered them reinstated for this year.
Democratic state Rep. Michael McGeehan, of Philadelphia, said in a statement that he met last weekend with a group of Philadelphia teachers who alleged cheating at their school.
On Tuesday, he suggested that Tomalis create a "whistleblower hotline" for educators to report allegations of wrongdoing without fear of retaliation.


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The Ravens came off their 2000 Super Bowl season with thoughts of repeating only to see those hopes dashed by a longtime rival in the second round of the NFL playoffs.
The offseason began with news that Trent Dilfer was out and Elvis Grbac was in as starting quarterback. The move struck a chord with the national media, which found the ouster of a Super Bowl-winning quarterback to be an extension of the Ravens' arrogance. The team hoped Grbac would finally be the signal caller to cure their offensive woes, but the team quickly found out that the Dilfer era wasn't so bad after all.
The Ravens also brought back all of their aging veterans from the previous season for one more run at a world championship.
Then came that fateful day of training camp when budding star Jamal Lewis went down with a season-ending knee injury, leaving the Ravens scrambling to find a starting running back. Offensive lineman Leon Searcy, who figured to be a big part of the running attack, also went down with a season-ending injury, compounding the problems with the offense. The injuries showed how difficult it is to repeat as Super Bowl champions and how fortunate the Ravens were the previous season when no player missed significant time.
The Ravens ended up with a running back by committee approach that featured veteran Terry Allen, youngster Jason Brookins and Moe Williams, who played under coach Brian Billick when he was offensive coordinator with the Minnesota Vikings. All three players put together would not be nearly enough to make up for the loss of Lewis.
The Ravens began their season with 17-6 win over Chicago that was quickly followed by a stunning 21-10 loss at Cincinnati. The team rebounded to win at Denver and at home against Tennessee before losing two consecutive road games.
Grbac was inconsistent and was criticized for failing to take a leadership role, and the offense struggled without Jamal Lewis and his ability to grind out yards and wear down the opposition. Once again, the weight of the world was thrust upon the shoulders of the vaunted Ravens defense.
Like in 2000, the defense appeared up to the challenge. The Ravens strung together a three-game winning streak during which the team surrendered just 37 points. The defense then ran into a rough stretch, allowing more than 20 points in four consecutive games, resulting in two losses.
With the final playoff spot on the line, the Ravens finished the regular season with a 10-6 record by shutting down Minnesota's high-octane offense in a 19-3 victory on 'Monday Night Football.' The victory helped the team gain momentum for a second consecutive year of postseason play. Grbac finished the season with 15 touchdowns and 18 interceptions, certainly not the performance the Ravens expected when they signed him in the offseason.
Baltimore came alive during its wild-card game at Miami, drubbing the Dolphins 20-3 by using the old formula that made the team Super Bowl XXXV champions. The Ravens relied on a strong running game and punishing defense, and Grbac played the role of Dilfer well by minimizing his mistakes. He did not throw an interception, and Allen ran for 109 yards in the victory. The nasty Ravens were back, swagger and all.
But the Steelers, Baltimore's next playoff opponent, proved too physical for the Ravens and Grbac, who threw three interceptions and was eventually replaced by backup Randall Cunningham. Cunningham attempted to jumpstart the offense, but to no avail. If not for an 88-yard punt return for a touchdown by Jermaine Lewis in the third quarter, the Ravens would not have reached the end zone. The Steelers eliminated the Ravens and any hopes of back-to-back Super Bowl titles in a 27-10 rout.
The Ravens failed to capture another Super Bowl championship, and a major overhaul was on the way.
Season Highlights
- The Ravens opened training camp with their own television show, HBO's "Hard Knocks: Training Camp With the Baltimore Ravens."
- The Ravens won their 12th consecutive game with a season-opening victory over the Chicago Bears.
- Matt Stover broke the NFL record for most consecutive games with a field goal against Cleveland, breaking Fred Cox's old record of 31 games. Stover's streak ended at 38 games.
- Shannon Sharpe became the NFL's all-time leading pass-catching tight end, surpassing Ravens GM Ozzie Newsome.
- Safety Rod Woodson set an NFL record by returning a Peyton Manning interception 47 yards for a touchdown, his 10th career interception return for a touchdown.
- The Ravens scored their third consecutive home shutout win over the Cincinnati Bengals, the first time in 24 years that a team had three straight home shutouts over the same opponent.
- The Ravens' streak of 50 games of not allowing a 100-yard rusher came to an end when Cincinnati's Corey Dillon rushed for 127 yards. That was the longest such streak since the 1989-1992 Philadelphia Eagles 53-game streak.
- Six Ravens were Pro Bowl selections, tying the team's mark set in 1998: LB Ray Lewis, OT Jonathan Ogden, DT Sam Adams, RS Jermaine Lewis, TE Shannon Sharpe and S Rod Woodson.
- LB Peter Boulware set a team record with 4 sacks against the Vikings to finish the season as the AFC's sack leader with 15.
- With the Ravens wild-card victory over the Miami Dolphins, Baltimore became the first team in NFL history to win its first five playoff games.
The Year in the NFL
- Five of the six divisions had new champions, the fourth straight year that at least five of the six division champs were new.
- There were five 12-victory teams, tying a record set in 1998 and 1990 as the most ever.
- The NFC West had its sixth new division champion in six years (St. Louis).
- Green Bay Packers QB Brett Favre moved into sixth place all-time in touchdown passes and threw for 20 touchdowns in his eighth consecutive season.
- Oakland Raiders WR Tim Brown posted his ninth 1,000 yard receiving season, moving into second place behind teammate WR Jerry Rice.
- Jerry Rice became the first receiver to accumulate 20,000 yards, joining RB Walter Payton and RS Brian Mitchell.
- Indianapolois Colts RB Dominic Rhodes rushed for 1,104 yards, the most ever by an undrafted rookie.
- Cleveland Browns rookie CB Anthony Henry, who wasn't even a starter, tied Tampa Bay Buccaneers CB Ronde Barber for the league lead in interceptions (10).
The Year in the World
- On Sept. 11, the world changed forever when terrorists flew two airplanes into the World Trade Center Towers, causing both to collapse and killing thousands. A plane was also flown into the Pentagon while another crashed in Pennsylvania.
- On Jan. 20 , George W. Bush was sworn in as the 43rd President of the United States.
- Dale Earnhardt, 49, while trying to protect the lead of teammate Michael Waltrip in the Daytona 500, crashes into the outside wall and dies.
- The stock market plummets 14 percent on Sept. 21, the second largest decline in history in the wake of 9/11.
- Attacks on Afghanistan begin Oct. 7 as terrorist training camps are targeted.
- An American Airlines jetliner headed for Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic crashed in Queens, N.Y., killing 260 people.
- George Harrison, the Beatles' lead guitarist, dies of cancer at age 58.
- Britney Spears earns the dubious distinction of Worst-Dressed Woman of 2000, topping the annual list compiled by fashion guru Mr. Blackwell.
- Actors Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman announce they are separating, attributing conflicting schedules to the breakup.
- The XFL shuts down after just one season, losing about $70 million.


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NEW YORK (AP) — Stocks opened mixed on Wall Street, with the Standard & Poor's 500 holding at 1,500.
The Dow Jones industrial average rose 3 points to 13,855. The Nasdaq composite fell 7 points to 3,146.
Markets are absorbing data from several fronts Tuesday.
Ford blew by Wall Street expectations for the fourth quarter, but its losses in Europe continue to mount. Its stock declined 3.4 percent to $13.31.
U.S. home prices accelerated in November compared with a year ago, pushed higher by rising sales and a tighter supply of available homes, according to the Standard & Poor's/Case-Shiller index.
Investors will be looking for a report on January consumer confidence and hints from the U.S. Federal Reserve, which opens a two-day policy meeting.


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The Bears have continuity at the kicking positions, but another long snapper competition will play out this summer.
Currently on roster: 4.
Projected on final roster: 3.
Roster locks: Kicker Robbie Gould, punter Pat O'Donnell.
On the bubble: Long snappers Thomas Gafford and Rick Lovato.
Biggest offseason developments: The Bears allowed veteran long snapper Jeremy Cain to move on after his contract expired. They signed veteran long snapper Thomas Gafford and undrafted free-agent Rick Lovato. New special teams coach Jeff Rodgers served in that role under coach John Fox the last...


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You know you have a physical body, but did you know that you also have a light body—a timeless, energetic essence that connects you to everything in the universe?
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The Intended to help you with real-world challenges like stress, worry, and sleeplessness as well as transitions large and small, these time-tested skills will unveil your own inner luminosity and the true miracle that is your life.
The Ultimate Question: Who Are You?
The Taoist masters felt that our existence was worth investigating with passion, purpose, and a sense of awe. With childlike wonder, they continually posed the question, "Who are you?" Your Body of Light invites you to approach your own life with the same spirit, as you come into harmony with the original source of all that is.
Program Highlights
- The Inner Smile—an on-the-spot technique for neutralizing stress
- Creating the Pearl of Consciousness to plug in to your personal "power place" in the universe
- The Breath of Life—exercises for mastering the flow of qi (life energy)
- How to work with your organs and meridians to harmonize mind, body, and spirit
- The Three Treasures practice for health and longevity
- Constructing your vehicle for the adventure after this lifetime
- More than eight hours of Taoist philosophy, energy practices, and guided meditations for cultivating your "body of light"
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Customer Reviews
- body of light Review by Claudine
I absolutely love the theory and the sitting meditations. The instructions for the moving meditations could use more clarity. The booklet helps a little, except that i need a magnifying glass to read it! Could you offer a larger print version? Maybe the DVD course takes care of all these problems.
(Posted on 1/8/2016)
- Absolutely fantastic Review by jeanette
I enjoyed the descriptions and explanations, and then practicing with the meditations. Lovely to have so much practical self-exploration through the meditations. Loved this work. Will listen again and again.
(Posted on 12/8/2015)
- One of the best Review by Jeanette
I enjoyed this audio from beginning to end. All the meditations are repeatable. I gained tremendously by listening, Thank you.
(Posted on 4/19/2015)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by Lita A
Deep work with explanations and meditations to work with. I am finding this course very useful.
(Posted on 10/13/2014)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by Katherine A
Excellent program. I Highly recommend it. With a few of the exercises I had some questions about proper body form. I decided not to worry about it. Wonderfully educational. Meditations are powerful.
(Posted on 10/1/2014)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by JoAnn J
Very well done - works very well.
(Posted on 10/1/2014)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by Karolina M
I've been using this program for a few months now, and still find that there are new things to learn and discover.
Wonderful material that is designed to be worked with for months, years or maybe even a lifetime?
There is so much depth to every step.
Lee Holden takes you on a fantastic journey to rediscover and redifine your body, mind and spirit. And to truly connect them. It feels wonderful just to listen to his warm voice, giving precise instructions that can be easily understood and followed.
All this is done with a lot of heart.
When I'm doing my qi-gong "Body of Light" excercises, still listening to the instructions I get this feeling that it was made to help and to guide those of us who decide to use it to develop our full potential.
Absolutely love it!!
(Posted on 8/26/2014)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by Svetlana P
Absolutely revealing and simply beautiful!
(Posted on 1/23/2014)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by Claudette S
My daughter was in more need than me at the moment, so I lent it to her........ so it must be what she needed as she has not returned it yet!!! I like Lee Holden and I do not hesitate to recommend his products.........
(Posted on 5/22/2013)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by Linda R
I have three courses by Lee Holden now and love them all. I am enjoying qi gong so much! I don't have any stiffness anymore and feel very energetic, important for a 65 yr. old. Also, I am working several qi gong exercises into every meditation class I teach.
(Posted on 1/1/2013)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by Sharon
This is an amazing set. I'm not a total stranger to qigong but this is so helpful. The physiology is explained in very clear detail and then going into the meditation is wonderful as there is a nice foundation on which to build. The idea of moving energy with the breath and then with the mind, a beautiful distinction. Very, very highly recommended. I'm giving it five stars but it's worth many more.
(Posted on 11/27/2012)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by Laurie Mediavilla
I was very disappointed with this audiobook, especially after spending the amount of money I did. It 75% chi gong exercises :(
(Posted on 7/26/2011)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by Debbie Schmidt
Absolutely awesome! I've been working with the concepts and practicing the various meditations/QiGong. It's been extremely enlightening and beneficial in so many ways! Lee Holden does a wonderful job of explaining the concepts and leading you through the practices.
(Posted on 7/18/2011)
- Review for Your Body of Light Review by anna catella
It is a precious work. With simplicity the author guides through a literally incredible experience of seeing one's own energy. The tangible effect, the physical one, is astonishing. And I just listened and practiced only for the first time...
I was impatient to rate and to recommend it.
Thank you Lee to share and to guide.
(Posted on 8/29/2009)
Audio Download
Contents 1 Audio download (8 hours, 41 minutes) Filetypes M4B, MP3, PDF, ZIP Date Published May 01, 2009 ISBN-10 1-60407-414-0 ISBN-13 978-1-60407-414-7 Product Code AF01374W


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By Tony Bellissimo
After forcing eight turnovers to spark a victory over Elmont during the regular season, Wantagh's defense came through again with big plays down the stretch to secure a come-from-behind 24-21 win in a Nassau Conference II first-round playoff game on Saturday.
With the Spartans on the move just shy of midfield late in the fourth quarter, linebacker Ralph Sommer cemented the third-seeded Warriors' trip to the semifinals with an interception with 1:24 remaining. Cornerback Nick Rodin picked off a pass at Wantagh's 35-yard line to end No. 6 Elmont's previous possession.
"It was a heck of a battle," Wantagh head coach Keith Sachs said. "We really had to work and earn it. And if they would've won, they would've earned it.
"We made a couple of defensive adjustments in the second half and took away their favorite plays," he added. "We got those big interceptions and held them off."
Peter Brasile's 40-yard touchdown burst up the middle with 6:58 remaining put the Warriors (7-2) ahead to stay. They'll face nemesis and four-time defending county champion Garden City, the No. 2 seed, in the semifinals next Friday at Hofstra at 7:30 p.m.
The win was Wantagh's fifth over Elmont in three years, and second in six weeks as the Warriors took a sloppy 14-7 affair on Sept. 28. The Spartans (4-5) were led by Kevon Chambers' six receptions for 90 yards and a touchdown.
"We always play great games against these guys," Elmont head coach Jay Hegi said. "It's a shame we didn't beat them because we finally got off to a good start. Last year they jumped on us 21-0 after six minutes, and this year it was 14-0 after two minutes. Today we were in the lead or close all the way."
By Andrew Coen
The East Meadow football team had its season ended Saturday for a second straight year by Massapequa in the opening round of the Nassau Conference I playoffs.
The third-seeded Chiefs jumped out to a 21-point halftime lead en route to a convincing 56-21 victory over the sixth-seeded Jets at Massapequa High School. Massapequa, which also defeated East Meadow in the 2012 quarterfinals by a 43-29 score, advances to meet No. 2 Oceanside in the Conference I semifinals to be held at Hofstra University's Shuart Stadium next Saturday at 8:30 p.m.
East Meadow (4-5) led Massapequa 40-35 during the teams' regular-season meeting on Sept. 21 before falling 48-40, but on Saturday the Jets were unable to muster enough offense to hang with the explosive Chiefs.
"We just didn't do enough things well today to be able to win," said East Meadow head coach Vinny Mascia, who in 2011 guided the Jets to a county championship. "We didn't get enough done."
By Andrew McClure
Senior quarterback Joe Capobianco was 13 of 21 for 258 yards and four touchdowns to lead Lawrence to a convincing 42-12 victory over visiting Sewanhaka in the opening round of the Nassau Conference III playoffs on Saturday.
Junior Sam Locascio had four receptions for 117 yards, and pulled in a pair of touchdowns passes, including one on the final play of the opening half which gave the Golden Tornadoes a 34-6 lead.
Sophomore Marquan Williams ran for 75 yards on 11 carries to lead the Lawrence rushing attack. The top-seeded Golden Tornadoes will take on No. 5 Glen Cove at Hofstra University next Saturday morning at 10.
By Steve Siniski
Twenty four strong minutes from senior running back Tariek Harris, plus two forced fumbles by its defense and a blocked punt by the special added up to a 35-21 victory for No. 2 Oceanside (8-1) over No. 7 Baldwin (3-6) in the first round of the Nassau County Conference I football playoffs.
Harris, who had just one carry for five yards in the first half, kick started a Sailors run of 28 consecutive points in the third and fourth quarters with a 1-yard plunge just after halftime. The one-play drive followed up a blocked punt and return to the Baldwin 1 by senior Ryan Hertling.
Harris finished with 104 yards rushing on 13 carries and three touchdowns and supported a defense that kept Baldwin off the scoreboard in the second half until Bruins quarterback Tyler Warner threw his third touchdown pass of the game with just 1:01 remaining.
"He sets up 90 percent of their plays," Baldwin head coach Steve Carroll said of Harris, who ripped off runs of 59, 23 and 20 yards in the second half.
Oceanside advances to the semifinal round at Hofstra this Saturday where it meets No. 3 Massapequa.


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No word on Ossipee shooting victim's ID, conditionBy LARISSA MULKERN
Special to the Union Leader
March 13. 2013 10:49PM
OSSIPEE - The identity and the medical condition of the man who apparently shot himself with a small handgun on Wednesday morning while he sat in his parked truck outside of town hall has not yet been released.
The shooting incident was reported at 9:42 a.m. outside town hall, 55 Main St., in Center Ossipee. Coincidentally, the town's police chief was at the town hall at the time and was the first to respond to the victim.
On Wednesday afternoon, Police Chief Don Grow described how he was returning to his parked cruiser outside town hall when a man seated alone in a blue pick up truck shot himself in the head. Grow heard the shot and quickly ascertained that it came from the parked truck.
The identity of the man, who Grow said was still alive when he was rushed to the hospital, was not released. Grow said he is in his late 40s or early 50s. Police are withholding the identity of the man until next of kin are notified.
"I still don't know how he is," said Grow of the man's condition. Police are still investigating the shooting, but as of Wednesday, Grow said he did not believe the incident had any connection to town government, personnel or the elections on Tuesday.
"This had nothing to do with the town hall," he said, adding he believed it was a personal issue. No one else was harmed, and there was no threat to employees or visitors at town hall. The town hall is across the street from Ossipee Central School.
Grow said he had seen the man seated in his blue Dodge Dakota truck smoking a cigarette prior to the shooting. As Grow left town hall and opened the door to his cruiser, he heard a gunshot. After advising town hall personnel to stay put, Grow determined the gunshot came from the blue pickup truck and alerted emergency medical personnel.
Grow said the man used a small caliber handgun. Town officials declined to comment on the incident when asked at town hall on Wednesday.


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Stockton's police force doesn't look much like Stockton.
Stockton's police force doesn't look much like Stockton.
That troubles Councilman Elbert Holman. It should trouble all Stocktonians.
This is not a slam on the dedicated men and women who serve in the department, or a slight on Police Chief Eric Jones and his administration. Both the chief and the rank-and-file officers seem honestly to want what will make this city a safer place to live and work.
But clearly, it would benefit all of us if our police force better reflected the ethnic and racial makeup of this city.
Here are the facts, based on information from the city and from the census bureau:
� 68 percent of the sworn and civilian members of the department are white; in Stockton, 37 percent of the population is white.
� 22 percent of the police department is Latino; in Stockton, Latinos make up 40 percent.
� 6 percent of the department is Asian; in Stockton, about 22 percent.
� 3 percent of the department is black; in Stockton, about 12 percent.
We're not calling for some quota. There's no magic number. But come on, these numbers aren't even close.
If you're a poor black kid living on the south side and all you ever see are white cops, that might not be the best way to build trust between the police and community that is vital to effective policing.
What to do?
The best solution, and the one that seems to have the most long-term traction, is to grow our own. Cadet programs are one way. Police outreach in schools, colleges, job fairs and other places young people gather is another. Some of this is going on. The problem is that this is a long-term effort, and we have an obvious problem today.
About 11 percent of the applications the department receives are from blacks. But something seems to be happening between the day the application is turned in and the day an applicant is sworn in.
Being a cop is tough. The standards are high, as they should be. Holman, himself a 34-year veteran of law enforcement, certainly isn't suggesting anyone lower the standards.
What he is questioning is if there is something going on in the selection process that screens out minorities.
For example, are there, Holman asks, cultural differences that emerge with questions asked in the psychological screening?
Such concerns are not limited to the Stockton Police Department. Cultural bias is a well-known phenomenon in standardized and intelligence tests.
There is no easy answer but that doesn't mean we should throw up our hands and stop looking.
We want the best, most professional and honest men and women we can find to serve as Stockton police officers. In exchange this city pays them well, provides a first-class benefits and retirement package and a chance to have a challenging career doing important and meaningful public service work.
We need to make sure all Stocktonians who might be interested in that are provided the chance and support they need to have a shot at making it happen.


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Remember this story from earlier this year, about the monster Indiana buck nicknamed "Nightmare" by hunters and its demise at the gun of a nighttime jacklighter?
The saga about that buck hasn't died.
According to this report in the Indianapolis Star, Tom Miller says he has not been given the antlers from Nightmare despite being promised their return by the game warden who busted the poacher. Miller said Indiana Department of Natural Resources Conservation Officer Jeff Wells told him he could keep the antlers and now the DNR says they won't return the rack.
Miller has hired an attorney to pursue the issue. Miller told the newspaper the wildlife agency said it is afraid he might try to sell the antlers, and the antlers also might make other hunters jealous.
Miller's attorney has sent formal letters to the Indiana DNR director and the state's Natural Resources Commission requesting the antlers be returned.
Check out the Star for the full story.