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Health Information
When your gut (intestines) becomes infected with the parasite Entamoeba histolytica (often shortened to E. histolytica), the condition is known as amoebiasis. E. histolytica lives in the intestines of infected people. It can be passed out in their stools (faeces). Infection often occurs after drinking water contaminated by infected faeces or eating food prepared or washed using contaminated water. 9 out of 10 people with amoebiasis do not develop any symptoms. In those who do develop symptoms, diarrhoea, which can be bloody, is the most common symptom. Those most at risk of amoebiasis include travellers to areas where amoebiasis is common (mostly countries with poor sanitation).
Treatment includes medication to kill the parasite and drinking plenty of fluids to prevent a lack of fluid in the body (dehydration). If you develop diarrhoea after travelling abroad to places where E. histolytica is common, you should see your doctor so that amoebiasis or other infections can be excluded.
What is a parasite?
A parasite is a general term for any living thing that lives in, or on, another living organism. It may feed on its host, or obtain shelter using its host but it contributes nothing to its host's well-being or welfare. Human parasites include fungi, protozoa and worms.
What is amoebiasis?
Amoebiasis is a condition in which your gut (intestines) becomes infected with the parasite E. histolytica. Entamoebae are a group of single-celled parasites (living things that live in, or on, other living organisms) that can infect both humans and some animals. There are at least six species of entamoeba that can infect the human gut but only E. histolytica causes disease.
E. histolytica is an amoeba. An amoeba is the name given to any single-celled microscopic animal with a jelly-like consistency and an irregular, constantly changing shape. Amoebae are found in water, soil and other damp environments. They move and feed by means of flowing extensions of their body, called pseudopodia. Amoebae are types of germs (protozoa). Protozoa is a more general name for microscopic, single-celled organisms. Some protozoa, including E. histolytica, are important parasites of humans.
How do you develop amoebiasis?
E. histolytica lives in the gut (intestines) of infected people. It can be passed out in their stools (faeces). The parasite - a living thing that lives in, or on, another living organism - can actually survive for weeks, or even months, in soil, fertiliser, or water that is contaminated with infected faeces. If another person then drinks the contaminated water or eats contaminated food, they too can become infected.
E. histolytica can also be present on the hands of an infected person if they follow poor hygiene practices (for example, not washing and drying their hands properly after going to the toilet). If they are then in contact with another person, or prepare food for others, the parasite can enter another person's mouth and start to multiply in their gut, and therefore amoebiasis can be passed on. Sexual transmission of E. histolytica is also possible, usually in men who have sex with men.
E. histolytica is more likely to infect people who live in developing countries where sanitation and hygiene are poor. In the UK, most people with E. histolytica infection have caught it whilst travelling abroad.
Most people who become infected with E. histolytica do not develop any symptoms. However, symptoms may develop if the parasite causes inflammation of the lining of your gut. In some people, E. histolytica can also get into the bloodstream from the gut and spread around the body to the liver, lungs and sometimes other organs. Note: the parasites can still be present in the stools of infected people who have no symptoms.
How common is amoebiasis?
It is estimated that around 1 in 10 people in the world is infected with E. histolytica. As mentioned above, not everyone develops symptoms. It is thought that, worldwide, about 40 to 50 million people infected with E. histolytica develop amoebic colitis or abscesses, causing up to 100,000 deaths per year.
E. histolytica infection is particularly common in areas of Central and South America, Africa, and Asia. If you travel to such areas you may be at risk of infection. Ways to prevent infection are described below.
What are the symptoms of amoebiasis?
About 9 out of 10 people who are infected with E. histolytica have no symptoms. If infection does cause symptoms, they may be due to:
Amoebic colitis
The E. histolytica parasite can cause inflammation of the lining of your gut (intestines). This condition is known as amoebic colitis. 'Colitis' is a general term used for inflammation of the lining of the large intestine (the colon). 'Amoebic' refers to the fact that the colitis is caused by the amoeba E. histolytica. The disease is often mild and can just lead to tummy (abdominal) pain and diarrhoea. However, more severe inflammation with ulceration of the intestinal lining can occur in some people and so-called 'amoebic dysentery' can develop. (Dysentery is any infection of the intestines, causing severe diarrhoea with blood and mucus.)
So, symptoms of amoebic dysentery include severe abdominal pain and diarrhoea which can contain blood and mucus. High temperature (fever) may be another symptom but this is not common. You may also experience loss of appetite and weight loss. Symptoms can last for several weeks. Some people with amoebic colitis may just develop bleeding from their back passage (rectal bleeding) with no diarrhoea.
Severe amoebic colitis is known as 'fulminant' or 'necrotising' colitis. The person is very unwell with very severe bloody diarrhoea, very severe abdominal pain and a swollen (distended) abdomen with tenderness when their abdomen is examined by a doctor. Fever is also present. Occasionally, a hole (perforation) in the intestine may occur. This severe infection seems to be more common in certain groups of people, including the very young, pregnant women and those with underlying poor nutrition.
In a few people with amoebic colitis, an 'amoeboma' can develop. This is essentially a lump (mass) of tissue that builds up or forms in the wall of the intestine due to the inflammation. It may cause a blockage of the intestine. Anaemia is another complication of amoebic colitis (due to blood loss in the bloody diarrhoea).
Note: if you develop diarrhoea after travelling abroad to places where E. histolytica is common, you should see your doctor so that amoebiasis or other infections can be excluded.
Amoebic liver abscess
The E. histolytica parasite can invade right through your gut wall, get into your bloodstream, and pass in your bloodstream to your liver. Once in your liver, it can cause an amoebic liver abscess to form. (An abscess is any localised collection of pus in the body that is surrounded and walled off by damaged and inflamed tissues.) An amoebic liver abscess contains pus and liquified, dying liver tissue.
Symptoms include fever and right upper abdominal pain with tenderness in this area when a doctor examines you. You may notice that your skin and the whites of your eyes become yellow (jaundiced) and your liver may also become enlarged (again, a doctor may be able to tell this when they examine your abdomen).
Only 3-4 out of 10 people with an amoebic liver abscess have symptoms of amoebic colitis at the same time. However, many people with a liver abscess may recall an episode of bloody diarrhoea within the previous year. So, an amoebic liver abscess can develop some time after initial infection with E. histolytica. It can be many years in some people.
Spread from an amoebic liver abscess
Rarely, an amoebic liver abscess can burst (rupture) and lead to damage to your diaphragm. The diaphragm is the thin muscle that separates your chest cavity from your abdominal cavity. This can allow spread of the abscess into your chest cavity, affecting your lungs and your pleura - the membrane that covers your lungs. Symptoms of such a complication include cough, difficulty breathing and pain in your chest when you breathe in.
Also, very rarely, in someone with an amoebic liver abscess, infection can spread to their brain and central nervous system. This can be very serious and it needs quick treatment. Symptoms include headache, feeling sick (nausea), being sick (vomiting) and confusion.
How is amoebiasis diagnosed?
Amoebiasis may be diagnosed when E. histolytica is seen in your stools (faeces) after a stool sample is sent to the laboratory and examined under a microscope. Ideally, three stool specimens from different days should be examined. However, in many people with an amoebic liver abscess, E. histolytica may not be seen in their stools. Sometimes the parasite can be seen when fluid is drawn out of a liver abscess and examined under a microscope. A needle is passed through your skin into the abscess, usually using an ultrasound scan to guide the person performing the procedure.
Other methods to detect E. histolytica in your stools have also been developed, including stool antigen detection (looking for E. histolytica proteins in your stools). The infection may also be diagnosed using a blood test that looks for evidence of E. histolytica infection in your blood. (If you have infection, antibodies to E. histolytica are usually found in your blood. These are another type of protein that are made in response to E. histolytica antigen.)
Sometimes a colonoscopy is performed if you have bloody diarrhoea and other tests have been negative. A colonoscopy is a procedure which uses a thin, flexible telescope passed through your back passage (anus) into your colon to allow examination of your colon. A tissue sample (biopsy) taken at colonoscopy and examined under the microscope can show the parasites - living things that live in, or on, other living organisms - in your intestinal lining. A liver ultrasound scan or a CT scan of your liver can show a liver abscess. Other tests may also be carried out if you have amoebic colitis or an amoebic liver abscess; for example, blood tests to look at your liver function, blood tests to look for anaemia, etc.
What is the treatment of amoebiasis?
If you have no symptoms but are found to have E. histolytica in a stool (faeces) specimen, it is usually advised that you should be treated with medication to kill the parasite - a living thing that lives in, or on, another living organism. The drug diloxanide furoate is commonly used. Treatment is advised because you can still pass on the infection to others even if you have no symptoms. The amoebae will still pass out in your stools. Also, you may still develop symptoms at a later stage.
The treatment of symptomatic amoebiasis then depends on your symptoms.
Amoebic colitis
Medicines called antibiotics are needed to treat amoebic colitis. Metronidazole is the usual antibiotic that is used but tinidazole may be a good alternative. A second medicine, usually diloxanide furoate, is then used to get rid of any parasites that may still be living in your gut. After treatment is completed, testing of a follow-up stool sample is advised to ensure that the parasites have been cleared.
If you have amoebic colitis, you are at risk of becoming dehydrated. Dehydration means there is a lack of fluid in your body. It can occur if the water and salts that are lost in your stools are not replaced by your drinking adequate fluids. Therefore, drinking plenty of fluids is very important if you have amoebic colitis. Your doctor will advise you about how much fluid and what type of fluids you should drink.
You may be given special rehydration drinks. They are made from sachets that you can buy from pharmacies. (The sachets are also available on prescription.) You add the contents of the sachet to water. Rehydration drinks provide a good balance of water, salts and sugar. The small amount of sugar and salt helps the water to be absorbed better from the gut (intestines) into the body. They do not stop or reduce diarrhoea. Home-made salt/sugar mixtures are used in developing countries if rehydration drinks are not available but they have to be made carefully as too much salt can be dangerous. Rehydration drinks are cheap and readily available in the UK and are the best treatment.
If you do become severely dehydrated, you may need admission to hospital so that you can be given fluids through a vein (intravenously).
Occasionally, someone who develops fulminant colitis or a hole (perforation)in their bowel may need surgery to remove part of their intestine.
Amoebic liver abscess
Antibiotics are also needed to treat an amoebic liver abscess. The same antibiotics are used and are usually very effective, clearing the abscess in most people. Again, a second medicine, usually diloxanide furoate, is then used to get rid of any parasites that may still be living in your gut. If you also have colitis symptoms, drinking plenty of fluids is essential, as described above.
If a very large amoebic liver abscess develops, or antibiotic treatment is not successful, surgery may be needed to drain the abscess. Surgery may also be needed if the liver abscess bursts (ruptures).
Preventing the spread of amoebiasis to others
If you (or your child) have amoebiasis, the following are recommended to prevent the spread of infection to others:
- Wash your hands thoroughly after going to the toilet. Ideally, use liquid soap in warm running water, but any soap is better than none. Dry your hands properly after washing. If your child wears nappies, be especially careful to wash your hands after changing nappies and before preparing, serving, or eating food.
- If a potty has to be used, wear gloves when you handle it, dispose of the contents into a toilet, then wash the potty with hot water and detergent and leave it to dry.
- Don't share towels and flannels.
- Don't prepare or serve food for others.
- If clothing or bedding is soiled, first remove any stools (faeces) into the toilet. Then wash in a separate wash at as high a temperature as possible.
- Regularly clean with disinfectant the toilets that you use. With hot water and detergent, wipe the flush handle, toilet seat, bathroom taps, surfaces and door handles at least once a day. Keep a cloth just for cleaning the toilet (or use a disposable one each time).
- You should stay off work, school, college, etc, while you have amoebiasis. Your doctor will advise you when it is safe to return. Avoid contact with other people as far as possible during this time.
- Food handlers: if you work with food and develop diarrhoea or being sick (vomiting), you must inform your employer and immediately leave the food-handling area. If amoebiasis is confirmed, you should inform your employer and stay away from work until your doctor advises it is safe to return.
If you have amoebiasis infection and you work with vulnerable groups of people such as the elderly, the unwell or the young, you should inform your employer.
What is the outlook (prognosis) for amoebiasis?
Most people who develop amoebic colitis or an amoebic liver abscess can be successfully treated with medicines to kill the parasite - a living thing that lives in, or on, another living organism - and eliminate it from the gut (intestines). Occasionally, treatment with medicines does not get rid of the parasite completely and symptoms can come back (recur).
In rare cases, fulminant colitis can develop and this causes severe illness and carries a worse outlook. If an amoebic abscess ruptures, or infection spreads to the central nervous system, again this has a worse prognosis.
If strict hygiene measures are not undertaken and precautions are not used when travelling to 'at-risk' areas, re-infection can occur.
Can amoebiasis be prevented?
In general, good hygiene is essential to prevent the spread of many infections to others and to reduce your chance of picking up infections from others.
Handwashing is the most important thing that you can do. In particular, always wash your hands and dry them thoroughly; teach children to wash and dry theirs:
- After going to the toilet (and after changing nappies or helping an older child to go to the toilet).
- Before preparing or touching food or drinks.
- Before eating.
If you smoke, you should also wash your hands before smoking. The simple measure of washing and drying hands regularly and properly is known to make a big difference to the chance of developing many infections.
In addition to this, when travelling to areas with poor sanitation, you should avoid eating or drinking the following to help reduce your chance of getting amoebiasis. This is because amoebiasis is often passed on by drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food. Avoid:
- Tap water.
- Watered down fruit juices (for example, fruit juices that may be sold in the street).
- Ice cream.
- Ice cubes.
- Shellfish.
- Eggs.
- Salads.
- Raw or undercooked meat.
- Fruit that has already been peeled.
- Mayonnaise or sauces.
Sealed bottled water, tea, coffee and alcohol are thought to be safe to drink.
Further help & information
Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London, WC2B 6NH
Tel: (Helpline) 020 7276 8829, (Admin) 020 7276 8000
Web: www.food.gov.uk
Further reading & references
- Ximenez C, Moran P, Rojas L, et al; Novelties on amoebiasis: a neglected tropical disease. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011 Apr;3(2):166-74. doi: 10.4103/0974-777X.81695.
- Jha AK, Das G, Maitra S, et al; Management of large amoebic liver abscess--a comparative study of needle aspiration and catheter drainage. J Indian Med Assoc. 2012 Jan;110(1):13-5.
- Gastroenteritis; NICE CKS, July 2015 (UK access only)
Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. EMIS has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but makes no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. For details see our conditions.
Original Author:
Dr Michelle Wright
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About Zac Efron(Click Here To Hide)
Zac Efron is a Disney star from High School Musical. Zac is dating Vanessa Hudgens from HSM and is currently working on movies while Zac Efron is chased by female fans and the paparazzi. Pictures of Zac Efron and videos at Gossip Center.
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subset: commoncrawl


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AUBURN, Ala. –Auburn junior Nick Marshall has been named the starting quarterback, head coach Gus Malzahn announced Saturday.
"Nick Marshall has emerged and earned the right to be our starting quarterback," Malzahn said.
"As I've said, we wanted to go with the guy that gives us the best opportunity to win football games and Nick is that guy. He has caught on quickly in the short period of time he has been with us. He is a playmaker with a big upside, and once he becomes more comfortable with the offense, he has the chance to improve each week."
The 6-1, 210-pounder from Pineview, Ga., came to Auburn from Garden City Community College, where he passed for 3,142 yard and 18 touchdowns while rushing for 1,095 yards and 19 TDs last season.
Auburn opens the 2013 season on August 31 against Washington State at Jordan-Hare Stadium.
The game will be televised by ESPNU and kickoff at 6 p.m. CT.
Season and select single-game tickets for the 2013 Auburn football season are now available to the general public through the Auburn Athletics Department Ticket Office.
All tickets can be purchased online at AUBTIX.com. For more information or questions regarding tickets, contact the ticket office by email at firstname.lastname@example.com or by phone at 1- 855-282-2010, ext. 1.


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Comments: Having reviewed the published studies with this herb, I tend to
agree that the clinical efficacy of St. John's wort is probably attributable
to the combined contribution of several mechanisms, each one too weak by
itself to account for the overall effect. This is what makes St. John's herb a
special herb. By working on several brain chemical systems, its overall
benefits are enhanced while the possible side effects are reduced.
Bennett DA Jr, Phun L, Polk JF, Voglino SA, Zlotnik V, Raffa RB.
Neuropharmacology of St. John's Wort. Ann Pharmacother 1998 Nov;32(11):1201-8


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Ready for Spring
Happy Monday!
10 comments
Cute outfit Lily! I say don't wait til Spring, bust this look out this January!ReplyDelete
I'm dreaming of spring too, and it feels so good.ReplyDelete
I agree, I'm sick of the cold weather! I can never handle it for too long. I'm so excited to wear skirts and little dresses again. Although I'm sure after a while, I'll crave layers and boots. We are so fickle aren't we? ;)ReplyDelete
I agree...why wait?! I love the polka dot top:)ReplyDelete
Be sure to check out my giveaway...
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Landiana wrote:TheVampireGirl wrote:TheWolfGirl wrote: i really like how seth is all buddy-buddy with the cullens. and he's protective of them too. not just, oh look a vampire, let's be friends! lol more like What? Sam wants to kill my vampire pals? *teeth bore* bring it on. lol and his views of people are so clear and unadolterated by prejudices.
I know, right? "My buddies? Why cant it be someone elses! Grrrrrnesssss! You going down Sam, going down! GRRRRRRRR!" But when I think of the bouncy ball of fur thing I think Of Bill from Tokyo Hotel. Weird I know. But thats what I think.
lol i loved that ^^^^
i agree Seth is awesome, made evn more so by the fact that he has no prejudice. i mean, why can't werewolves and vampire be friends. they are just mortal enemies. thats a small wall to climb.
If Seth can do why can't the rest!
Yeah! exactly! they should play following the leader and Seth should be the leader!


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Song of loss and redemption: A review of Theft
BK Loren
224 pages, softcover: $16.
Counterpoint, 2012.
Development's brutal erosion of the landscape is a fact of life in the West. In the hands of lesser writers, it often becomes a cliché -- shorthand for the destructive side of human nature and the grief and rage it provokes. Even when tackled by good writers, it can flatten into a monotonous, self-righteous howl of blame.
But in Theft, Colorado essayist BK Loren's first novel, the loss of nature is linked to the loss of a loved one, and grief becomes a territory to be explored. The novel's narrator, Willa Robbins, is a wildlife tracker involved in the reintroduction of the Mexican wolf to New Mexico. Then she is asked to track down her estranged brother, who is wanted for murder.
Her return to the landscape of her Colorado childhood (now built over and utterly changed) revives memories of her dead mother, her violent but beloved brother, Zeb, and their shared history of petty theft and hard choices. The connection between land and family is established early: "That land felt like blood relation to me," thinks Willa as she drives north, "a place I could never squeeze out of my bones."
The most vivid parts of the book concern her brother. As a child, she helped him rob houses by slipping into a cracked-open window "like a penny into a bank." Years later, when he's a fugitive, he overhears the police talking to his common-law wife and reflects how he and she "can read each other like rivers, the fluidity, the steadiness, the soft rage of water shaping something as solid as a rock." The landscape that enfolds the story is rich with scents, sounds and stories of its own.
Loren's novel is a meditation on what can be owned and what can be stolen -- and what can never be taken. Loss is everywhere in the book, in all its forms: theft, neglect, attrition, regret, disease, death, extinction. But so are its opposites: endurance, restoration and reinvention. From the way Willa finds comfort in the "shameful" ruin of her grandparents' condemned house, to how she eventually cobbles together a new family of friends and acquaintances, she learns how to grow from her grief. Her work with wolf reintroduction becomes a counterpoint to the tragedy of the unraveling of her family; despite the overwhelming obstacles faced by the wolves, their tentative steps toward recovery still offer a promise of renewal.


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Oldest recorded "God"?
20-01-2013, 02:39 PM (This post was last modified: 06-02-2013 11:57 PM by LadyJane.)
Oldest recorded "God"?
1. The forum needs a history section.
2. What is the oldest recorded reference to a "God"? By record, I mean a sculpture, or painting/hieroglyph, or written down account. And by "God" I mean some sort of embodiment of nature, or immortal being.
I'm guessing it's one of those fertility statues - a fertility god.
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RE: Oldest recorded "God"?
You might want to start with "deity" in your search.
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Logisch (20-01-2013)
RE: Oldest recorded "God"?
Any cave drawing of the sun, stone carvings of wavey lines to show water. A charcoal etching in a cave to represent fire.
I really don't think you're going to find what you are looking for, but you might start with the Epic of Gilgamesh and go from there.
Insanity - doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results
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kim (21-01-2013)
RE: Oldest recorded "God"?
Hey, Pool.
The written record is only about 5 000 years old. So in terms of being an exhaustive source of human activity, it sucks. We did plenty of stuff before that. Like 100 000 years worth. Or 2 million, depending how far back you wanna go
I've always known that Animism used to be a universal religion among humans (prior to the advent of civilisation; although it's still extant today). It is essentially the first human religion.
I did some quick snooping on the Intertubes and from what I've found, there is archeological evidence that it's 70 000 years old (evidence is from the Tsodilo Hills in the Kalahari) and may be as old as 200 000 years old. That makes sense to me. I'd buy that for a dollar. Although I would bet that while it may stretch back even further than that, it couldn't really be called Animism prior to the advent of syntactical language, and that's only about 100, maybe 120 000 years ago. So I'd say that Animism is as old as syntactical language.
So yeah, if you're looking for evidence, you won't find it in the written record. But you may find some archeological evidence.
Here's some Wiki links:
Timeline of Religion
Prehistoric Religion
Peace and Love and Empathy,
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ghostexorcist (20-01-2013), Bucky Ball (21-01-2013), Tartarus Sauce (21-01-2013)
RE: Oldest recorded "God"?
(20-01-2013 04:34 PM)Ghost Wrote: I did some quick snooping on the Intertubes and from what I've found, there is archeological evidence that it's 70 000 years old (evidence is from the Tsodilo Hills in the Kalahari) and may be as old as 200 000 years old. That makes sense to me. I'd buy that for a dollar. Although I would bet that while it may stretch back even further than that, it couldn't really be called Animism prior to the advent of syntactical language, and that's only about 100, maybe 120 000 years ago. So I'd say that Animism is as old as syntactical language.
Some people contest the claims made for Tsodilo Hills because new methods have shown the evidence is actually much, much younger than 70,000 year old. I agree that animism was most likely the first form of religion. The Chauvet cave in France has a 32,000 year old painting of a half-woman-half-bull chimera. I can sort of see why they did this. Women are the givers of life, while bulls are the sustainers of life through their meat.
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Bucky Ball (05-05-2015), Russ (05-05-2015)
RE: Oldest recorded "God"?
One of the most prevalent ancient gods I have seen is known as the "Lord of Animals." The reoccuring motif is of a horned god controlling beasts. I've seen depictions of him from Ancient India, Central Asia, and Ireland (I'm sure there are examples from other countries I haven't seen). The god' power over animals calls to mind animism.
Here are some interesting depictions of him. Notice the similarities:
Ancient Ireland
Ancient India
There is actually an entire book on the subject, but it is very pricey. I'll have to save up for it.
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ClydeLee (05-05-2015)
RE: Oldest recorded "God"?
In terms of the more organized stuff and synthesis,post Godesses, Zarathustra might be worth a Google.....
RE: Oldest recorded "God"?
Considering that Neanderthal man had essentially the same brain as we modern apes and knowing that we're still given to superstition... I would say that humans first started personifying/deifying natural objects as soon as we got this nifty new gray matter.
RE: Oldest recorded "God"?
Hey, jefe.
I'm not too familiar with the development of grey matter, but my snooping informs me that even Australopithecus sediba had grey matter. Fascinating.
Now, as a memeticist, I've been very interested in the origins of human language. Unfortunately there's exactly zero consensus on the matter.
The theory I prefer is the meme-gene co-evolution theory (with some of my own take peppered in). We began using gestural language around the time Homo habilus started flint-knapping. The process of making stone tools was communicated, suggesting some sort of language and suggesting the beginnings of cultural transmission. But the human vocal chords were nothing like they are now in habilus. So the bulk of communication was gestural (which makes sense for a species called Handy man). Well, it just so happens:
Quote:…there are two main cortical areas that are critical for language, Broca's area which is responsible for speech production, and Wernicke's area which is responsible for language understanding. Interestingly, these two areas seem to have evolved from the motor cortex and auditory cortex, respectively.Makes perfect sense to me that if language began gesturally, controlled by the motor cortex, it stands to reason that the same cortex would control speech; through Broca's area. But the vocal chords are useless to the human body because we can choke to death because of them. But it was of tremendous use to the memes. The more specific sound we can create, the greater our "vocabulary" because gestural language is rather limited. The greater the vocabulary, the more complex the memes and the easier it is to transmit them. Thus, the vocal chords evolved due to meme-gene co-evolution. This went on for a few million years until syntactical language arrived about 100 000 years ago; as an emergent property of all the talking and pointing.
Now, during that two million year period (give or take a few hundred thousand years) we don't know much, if anything, about the complexity of human language. We do know that it wasn't syntactical. So the question for me is, was language, prior to syntax, complex enough to allow for the cultural transmission of rituals and shared beliefs, or was that only possible with the advent of syntax? If it only came with syntax, then religion is only about 100 000 years old. If it came with pre-syntactical language, then it might stretch back to Homo habilus. If you are right, and it's a property of grey matter, then it could stretch back 4 million years; all the way into the Australopithecines. But I gotta say, I think it requires at least some rudimentary form of language. So I could be convinced of it stretching back to habilus (and if that was ever proven, it would be an astonishing discovery for memeticists), but I'm more comfortable saying it originated 100 000 years ago.
Peace and Love and Empathy,
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Adenosis (23-01-2013)
RE: Oldest recorded "God"?
That's interesting, thanks for sharing. My hypothesis is based on the fact that we have always (and still do) resort to the supernatural when we can't find an explanation for things in our environment. That and the understanding psychohistorians have extracted from human societies of all times leads to the conclusion that even if there wasn't a form of organized religion that far back it's still very likely that there were internal superstitions... for lack of a better descriptive. Another thing to consider is that animals have the ability to organize and cooperate for simple tasks (lions taking down prey, etc.) so I can't help but think that even if there was no verbal language, superstitions were innately shared among people and thus, communicated in some manner. And to clarify, we know humans arrive at the same superstitions even in vastly different geographical areas.
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Why Do We Celebrate The 'Solitary' Experience Of Books But Decry The Social Experience Of Online Social Media?
from the newness-vs.-oldness dept
I'd guess part of it is simply generational. As Douglas Adams has stated (I'm paraphrasing slightly), every tech around by the time you're born is "normal," new technology that is invented before you're thirty is cool and new and anything that gets invented after you're thirty is "against the natural order of things and the beginning of the end of civilization as we know it." It seems there's definitely an element of that happening here. Also, there's some view that talking to friends is just idle chatter... whereas reading a book is a "serious" thing from which you might learn. Of course, the fact that the most popular books are probably just as insight free as many online conversations is ignored. It's not like everyone reading books is digging into a meaty exploration of ways to solve all the world's problems. Either way, Mathew raises a good point. I'd be curious if someone can defend the importance of books while also defending the claim that social networking is useless without being self-contradictory.


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We get them, we hate them and we constantly think why me? A stretch mark is a type of scar that develops when our skin...Continue Reading
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By Sarah Alvarez
Across the Asia-Pacific region, millions of people have inadequate access to sustainable sanitation infrastructure—in other words, they don't have a safe and sanitary place to go to the bathroom. In the Philippines alone, 28 million people do not have access to the sanitation services needed to prevent contamination and disease. As a result, millions of people suffer from preventable diseases like dysentery.
Low-cost composting toilets can improve sanitation in less developed areas. (Photo Credit: Wikipedia)
The Water, Agroforestry, Nutrition and Development Foundation (WAND), a Philippine-based organization focused on eco-based solutions to human development challenges, has developed a low-cost composting toilet called Ecosan (Ecological Sanitation) that uses local materials to minimize water contamination and create fertilizers from human waste.
The WAND Foundation has developed several dry composting toilet models, some of which were recognized at the 2011 Tech Awards at Santa Clara University. At the conference, Cora Zayas-Sayre, executive director of the WAND Foundation, explained that by using local materials, the organization has been able to build 275 toilets at a cost of US$30 per toilet. She added that this innovation has already impacted the lives of 3,000 people.
This innovation simultaneously addresses two challenges that prevail in developing countries: the unsustainable and costly use of water-sealed toilets, and the hygienic management of human waste. Water-sealed toilets require pumping mechanisms to transport water and sewage between 300 and 500 meters away from the home, a method that is economically and environmentally unsustainable. Inadequate management of human waste can lead to a host of health problems in developing areas, and dramatically impact quality of life.
In addition to resolving these two challenges, Ecosan can enhance the fertility of forested land. Zayas-Sayre argues that, when properly treated, waste from Ecosan composting toilets can be used as fertilizer in agrisilvicultural systems for both crops and woody perennials.
In the coming years, WAND hopes to expand its services to three additional countries in the Asia-Pacific region, reach 300,000 new clients, and build new locations for the development of Ecosan products.
Do you know of another innovative human waste disposal system that is promoting sanitation in the developing world? Tell us in the comments below!
Sarah Alvarez is a former research intern with the Worldwatch Institute's Food and Agriculture Program.


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Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life SYNOPSIS
Ayn Rand was born in 1905 in St. Petersburg, Russia. Defying the death warrant of the Soviet Union, she came to America as a temporary visitor in 1926 but remained for the rest of her life. Later, she would also defy the cultural and political views of contemporary America in such best-selling novels as THE FOUNTAINHEAD and ATLAS SHRUGGED. Her unique philosophy, Objectivism, challenged the cultural tradition of 2,500 years . . .
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STOCKTON - Robert Hollinshed was a youth correctional officer who lived in Stockton for 55 years.
STOCKTON - Robert Hollinshed was a youth correctional officer who lived in Stockton for 55 years.
He had no college education and, apparently, no ties to San Joaquin Delta College.
But now, 11 years after his death, a donation from Hollinshed's trust will allow more than 50 students to complete two years of higher education through Delta's Passport to College program.
The motivation for the gift isn't entirely clear. As a corrections officer and later a bailiff at the county courthouse, Hollinshed likely came across many young people whose lives might have turned out better with an education.
Hollinshed's lone survivor, daughter Lynette Hollinshed of Stockton, declined to discuss the $117,891 gift in detail. She indicated she arranged for the donation.
"He was a private man," she said. "God in heaven was able to bless me to bless Delta College and the community, and I'll leave it at that."
College officials say the donation is an example how everyday people can help - whether they're in a position to put 50 kids through college, or just one.
"I'm really in awe," said Michael Kerns, vice president for student services. "This is just a real person who had his heart, I think, in the right place to make our community a better one."
In 2006, Delta promised free tuition to 7,000 schoolchildren if they would only stay in school and take steps to prepare for college.
Those "children" are set to graduate from high school in 2014. Many are likely to qualify for state tuition waivers, but the college will have to pay about $2 million in tuition for those who do not qualify, Kerns said.
Delta's foundation is gearing up to raise the cash, he said. That's where donations such as Hollinshed's come in big.
Not that you'd have to give so much, said Delta Trustee Teresa Brown, who sits on the foundation board.
"People could donate $46 to pay for just one unit," Brown said. "If we have a whole bunch of them, that's going to be extremely valuable."
Contact reporter Alex Breitler at (209) 546-8295 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Visit his blog at recordnet.com/breitlerblog.


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30 Mar 2008 19:51:39 PM
UFC Angling For an ABC Deal?
(ABC Wide World of Sports's "Agony of Defeat" skier: The '70s version of Anderson Silva's thai clinch.)
With EliteXC readying its blockbuster cards on CBS and Strikeforce getting some late-night love from NBC, the UFC is running out of major networks to sign with. But if the latest "informed speculation" turns out to be true, we could eventually see some Octagon fights on ABC. MMAPayout passes along this unconfirmed report:
The UFC and ESPN are discussing a potential strategic partnership. Representatives from each company reportedly met for what were described as extensive discussions last week in New York and Bristol, Connecticut. While Spike is the official cable home of the UFC, there is no longer an ABC Sports division, only ESPN on ABC, leading to speculation that such a partnership could lead to live events on ABC.
Screw creative control: If I'm Dana White, I'm going to do everything in my power to make this happen, "gladiator intro" be damned. Because if ABC gets snatched up by some other fight club, then the UFC is basically locked out of network television. Now is the time to make a deal. Pull back the ego a little bit and make it happen.
Semi-related: I just realized that I can't name any show that's currently airing on ABC. For my benefit, please post a comment with the name of a series that's on that network — without consulting Wikipedia. Caller number nine gets a pair of tickets to see Blue Oyster Cult at the Rock-o-Rama.Read More DIGG THIS


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What the Boston Lockdown Might Cost
The manhunt for the remaining Boston Marathon bombing suspect has largely shut down the city and its surrounding areas, as authorities asked residents in Boston and a number of nearby neighborhoods to stay indoors.
Boston Logan International Airport remained open and was operating under "heightened security," according to the Massachusetts Port Authority, but the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority suspended all public transportation, and businesses large and small told employees to stay home. Utility National Grid closed its facilities in the affected communities and told employees to work remotely, a spokeswoman said, but its crews in the area will work with local authorities to respond to any emergency situations. Schools including Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where authorities said a campus patrol officer was shot and killed by the bombing suspects last night, all cancelled classes.
Not all business activity was shut down. "At the direction of authorities, select Dunkin' Donuts restaurants in the Boston area are open to take care of needs of law enforcement and first responders," Karen Raskopf, chief communications officer of Dunkin' Brands, said in an emailed statement.
The Boston metropolitan area had a GDP of nearly $326 billion in 2011, according to data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis released in February. That makes the city and its surroundings the ninth largest metro area in the U.S., with an economy larger than those of Greece, Finland, Singapore, Portugal or Ireland.
It's far too early to get a complete sense of the economic impact of Monday's bombings and the subsequent manhunt, but a simple – or simplistic – calculation based on that $326 billion figure suggests that shutting down the area for a day could cost the regions' economy about $1 billion. That doesn't account for productivity lost nationally as workers tune into to TV news or other outlets to follow the unfolding events.
But today's economic activity isn't necessarily lost – it might just be delayed, similar to the effects from the blizzard that hit the area in February, says Alan Clayton-Matthews, a professor at Northeastern University who studies the region's economy. "People on salary haven't really lost any income," he says. Restaurant and retail workers might not be getting paid for shifts affected by the shutdown, but they could make up for that in the near future. "The short-run impact is pretty much like a snowstorm," says Clayton-Matthews, "which is kind of odd given how horrific and surreal this situation is."
The most significant long-run economic impact, if there is any, may come from increased security costs, both in Boston and nationally, particularly for open-air events. "More resources will need to be put into making events secure," Clayton-Matthews says, "and that takes away resources from other uses that might have led to higher growth in the future."
Read more at http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2013/04/19/What-the-Boston-Lockdown-Might-Cost.aspx#eKRtEpqGVGDh3hWe.99


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This is an incredible video because of the shocking footage of blatant disregard for worker safety. This can lead to an interesting discussion concerning how China has been able to have its economy grow. What other ways has China (or Chinese companies) been "cutting corners?" How does that give them a competitive edge on the global industrial market?
Via Seth Dixon


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Inside the Activists' Summit: Empowering Women to Become Leaders in the HIV/AIDS Movement
October 12, 2011
How does one address the serious and ironic lack of input and leadership from women living with or affected by HIV/AIDS in policy making decisions?
Well, the Campaign to End AIDS' (C2EA) Women's Advocacy Group has an idea. In just a few days' time, in Baton Rouge, La., the second annual Women's HIV/AIDS Advocacy and Leadership Summit will take place.
This powerful gathering will bring together women from around the country who are either living with or affected by HIV/AIDS in hopes to empower, educate and encourage more women to step up and demand more leadership roles in this movement, especially around policy making. This idea was born in 2010, and the first summit took place in last fall in Reno, Nev.
But before over 40 women descend on Baton Rouge for this year's gathering, we were able to get perspectives on the origins of the summit, last year's goals and lessons learned,. With us are Sharon DeCuir, prevention program manager at HAART (HIV/AIDS Alliance for Region Two, Inc.), in Baton Rouge, who was instrumental in bringing the summit to that city this year; Marsha Jones, national secretary for C2EA and co-founder and executive director of the Afiya Center in Dallas, Texas, who organized both summits; and Gwen Taylor, executive director of ACCEPT (African-American Community Cultural Education Programs & Trainings), an HIV prevention and support organization in Reno.
Olivia Ford: How did the Women's HIV/AIDS Advocacy and Leadership Summit come about? Out of what need in the community did this event grow?
Marsha Jones: The idea of having a Women's Advocacy and Leadership Summit was birthed from the goals and the mission of C2EA, which is demanding that our leaders exert the political will to stop the epidemic in the U.S. in regards to all people, especially marginalized people. In working with the women's advocacy group of C2EA, and being a woman myself and having an organization focused on HIV-positive women and women at greater risk for HIV/AIDS, we saw that there was not enough leadership and advocacy from the women who needed to be out there the most. This idea came up two years ago in a women's breakout group at C2EA's five-year anniversary, and we decided we'd do a summit. That's how it started: Trying to meet a need for very strong advocacy tools for women living with HIV -- even though all the women who attend the summit are not HIV positive.
We would not have been able to do this without the support of Christine Campbell, vice president for national advocacy and organizing for Housing Works, who has supported both summits in all kinds of ways.
I just started making phone calls and talking to people and using our national working groups to put the word out and make suggestions for where the summit might be needed the most. We wanted to go someplace where there wasn't necessarily a higher HIV prevalence rate, but rather where there was no really clear voice of women, especially women living with HIV. Also we wanted to go to a place where women thought they were invisible. One of the ladies in the working group talked about Reno, Nevada. Nobody ever thought about Reno and people living with HIV!
Olivia Ford: Why do you think Reno is so far from people's minds when it comes to HIV?
Gwen Taylor: We have a low epidemic in Reno, and in Nevada -- we don't compete with the larger cities like New York, L.A., and the states of Florida or North Carolina. We also have a low population base of African Americans in Nevada, and in Washoe County, where Reno is located. In Washoe County, we have 2 percent of the state's population base but we do make up 13 percent of its HIV epidemic. Among those, women are a small percentage. Consequently there is very little advocacy. They really needed to come to Reno to give us a boost!
I think the organizers of the summit were strategically looking at Reno because we have such stigma here, and we don't have the real strong advocacy leg that we need in this part of the country. I think the stigma comes from ignorance, and not wanting to know about HIV/AIDS. We're still very backward here in Nevada. We used to be called the "little Mississippi of the West" and I think we still have some of that mentality, where people don't really want to be bothered by people living with HIV; they're still afraid to touch them. There's still a lot of education and advocacy that needs to be done.
During the summit, the women were able to go to Senator (and Senate Majority Leader) Harry Reid [D-N.V.]'s office and advocate for more HIV awareness, as well as more funding for HIV/AIDS.
Marsha Jones: At the time we were about to get into the throes of the ADAP waiting lists. It was just getting crazy, and we thought it would be important to focus on that issue and bring it to the attention of Senator Reid. That action was part of the summit.
The action worked really well. We had been reaching out to Senator Reid to see if he would sit down and talk with us, or even just send a representative from his office, and we were totally ignored until we got to Reno. I guess the word got out that we were coming, and we were all these women, and we were going to picket around the Federal Building. About an hour before we were getting ready to go we got a call from Senator Reid's office. They were ready to sit down and talk with us. But by then we didn't need him to come to us; we wanted to go to him, because we wanted to be more visible, and we wanted him to take us seriously.
The meeting was successful because the women in Reno were able to speak to the people that represent them, and were able to give voice to what was going on around the ADAP waiting lists. The ADAP waiting lists were what got us in the room, but it opened up an opportunity to speak to issues that went beyond that: housing, access to care, people being out of care. So many concerns of people living with HIV and especially women were on the table, which I think gave Senator Reid's representatives a different view of what was going on in that city.
The point of the summit was not just to go to Reno and work on Reno's issues, but also to bring women in from around the country to share ideas, share challenges, share successes, and then go back and recreate this same thing in their own cities, in their states, in their regions. It was greater than just Reno. Reno just happened to be the best place strategically.
Gwen Taylor: We still have a lot of work to do in Reno. The summit definitely opened our eyes to a lot of issues around advocacy. The women from my organization that participated were energized and inspired. But it's been challenging to follow through with implementing what we learned, because I've just been so busy.
Olivia Ford: This year, the summit's host city is Baton Rouge. and recently the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ranked the city second in the nation in AIDS rates -- a very different HIV/AIDS landscape from that of Reno. How did the summit come to be in Baton Rouge and why is this location important?
Sharon DeCuir: We responded to a request for proposals that asked the question: Why should your city host the summit? We wrote a synopsis essay that was voted on, and that's how we came to host the summit. I got my executive director and others on board early before we were even selected.
I was involved in the essay-writing part, and I talked about how, unfortunately, what I saw were HIV rates among women at the time rising, and being higher than in other populations, and younger women being more likely to become infected because of their risk behaviors.
We women will take care of ourselves last. We will take care of everybody else but ourselves and let ourselves go undone. Because of the stigma associated with HIV, you don't find a lot of women living with HIV in my community in Baton Rouge that are willing to step up and ask for help, or say "This is a part of my life." They live in constant fear of who's going to know, and what people will probably think about it.
I felt that if we could bring a group of HIV-positive women to the area, in order to get other women involved and show them that it's OK to speak up and speak out, that we'd actually get more women involved in advocacy around their health care and other issues that affect women. Sometimes people follow by examples.
What I hope will come out of the summit is that we will bring forth enough attention to issues facing women at risk for HIV/AIDS in the area. For instance, our programs are constantly being cut. Our state puts no money into our prevention program -- all our prevention efforts are basically CDC funded. I think the government needs to look at other ways to cut some other projects, and put more focus and funds on HIV prevention, testing and counseling instead of constantly taking more money away.
More From This Resource Center
Newly Diagnosed? Words of Encouragement from HIV-Positive Women
What Every HIV-Positive Woman Should Know About GYN Care and Prevention
IRIN Reports on Community's Efforts to Increase Access to Contraceptives, Improve Family Planning in Madagascar
Internet search results. Be careful when providing personal information! Before
adding your comment, please read TheBody.com's Comment Policy.)


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Ireland - Government Urged to Ratify UN Convention on Disability RightsTHE GOVERNMENT was urged yesterday to ratify a UN convention on rights for people with disabilities if it is to deliver real support to people with disabilities at home and around the world.
From IrishTimes.com, October 06, 2008
Helping People with Disabilities Make Use of Public TransportIn an ideal world, all buses would be wheelchair friendly and train timetables would be available as audio recordings for the visually impaired. Reality has yet to catch up with that vision, so instead European researchers have developed a personal navigation aid to help disabled people make use of public transport.
From Science Daily, October 05, 2008
Statement on the Millennium Development Goals and Disability, from the Africa Regional ConferenceTHE STATEMENT OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND DISABILITY AFRICA REGIONAL CONFERENCE, HELD AT THE PANAFRIC HOTEL, NAIROBI, KENYA 15TH TO 17TH SEPTEMBER, 2008
We, the 200 delegates of the Millennium Development Goals and Disability Conference from the, Central, Eastern, Northern, Western and Southern sub regions of Africa met in Nairobi, Kenya, at the Panafric Hotel on 15th to 17th September 2008, to examine the status of MDGs in respect to the inclusion and mainstreaming of disability;
From wecando.worldpress.com, September 26, 2008
Apple Reaches Deal Over iTunes Accessibility for Blind (Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal)Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley is expected to announce an agreement with Apple Inc. for the computer and software company to improve access for the blind to its popular iTunes music store.From Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal, September 26, 2008
Accessibility Experts: Cultural Institutions Are Not Inclusive of Everyone with DisabilitiesVizcaya was completed in 1916 at a time when America's wealthy created lavish homes inspired by Europe's palaces. Making the home friendly to people with disabilities was not part of its initial architectural design.
From chicagotribune.com, September 26, 2008
Apple Makes iTunes More Accessible for the Blind (The Associated Press)Most teens listen to their music on digital players, but Cory Cadlik, who is blind, had to ask for help when he wanted to buy songs for his iPod from the online music store iTunes.
From The Associated Press, September 26, 2008
Apple Reaches Settlement over iTunes Use by the Blind (geek.com)iTunes and a related service called iTunes U will be improved to allow for their use by the blind after a settlement between Apple, the National Federation of the Blind and the Massachusetts' Attorney General. As part of the settlement, Apple has agreed to make the services compatible with an assistive technology called screen access software. The latest release of iTunes (iTunes actually includes steps toward ensuring this compatibility and the service's movement toward improved accessibility.
From geek.com, September 26, 2008
Philippines - Infotech Firms to Employ the Visually-ImpairedInformation and communications technology (ICT) companies are planning to employ persons with disabilities (PWDs), helping fill up positions in an industry that is expected to produce a million jobs by 2010.
From GMANews.TV, September 26, 2008
Take Action! Promote the Mainstreaming of Disability in the MDGsThe General Assembly's sixty-third session is taking place at the UN headquarters in New York. This session marks a special occasion to highlight the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and a number of consultations and events examining multiple dimensions of MDG activities are taking place throughout the week. This presents a unique opportunity for all concerned stakeholders to advocate for the inclusion of disability in the MDGs.
From wecando.wordpress.com, September 25, 2008
Dell Expands Global Philanthropic EffortsDell today launched an enhanced global philanthropic strategy providing additional support for education and digital inclusion initiatives the company considers essential to ensuring the next generation's success in the Connected Era.
From Marketwatch.com, September 23, 2008


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chaosdragoon13 wrote:Ooooooh that's what u meant, no its my fault I sometimes try too hard for people to like me but ok as long as we have an understanding.
I know exactly how that feels. I've had my experience of people giving me awkward reactions and even had a guy flip out on me(eventually I found out he's a jerk to everyone), just because I said something I thought was ok And there's no way I'd want anyone else to feel that awkwardness cause in the end I'll feel bad.
chaosdragoon13 wrote:Thanks for the explanation for B-MILD by the way. Also I was wondering, heehee, do you have a crush on a certain...... game character One that you like hehe. I'll tell you mine if you tell me yours.
No, I dont have a crush on any game characters but about a year before I knew what lucid dreaming was I did want to take control of my dreams to try to make my own dream anime girls .


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WASHINGTON (AP) — President Barack Obama has told lawmakers he's confident they can act together to make a difference for the country's children, "and our children's children."
At a luncheon at the Capitol hosted by congressional leaders after his inauguration, Obama said he recognized that democracy isn't always easy and there are profound differences among those present.
But he said all present were serving because they believed they could make America better.
He said lawmakers should be mindful that individually they cannot move the country forward, only with their partners in government.
Vice President Joe Biden also spoke at the lavish lunch in Statuary Hall, saying he was proud to serve as Obama's vice president. He said the bipartisan luncheon showed the ability to work together and find "a sense of opportunity."
About 200 guests joined the Obamas for the luncheon, which has taken place in its current form since 1953.


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text:
January 03. 2013 11:04PM
Salem talks school spending, potential Haigh School closing
By APRIL GUILMET
Union Leader Correspondent
SALEM - As school and town officials gathered to discuss spending a proposed $16 million on school renovations next year, many agreed that declining enrollments could lead to the closing of one elementary school within the coming five years.
On Thursday evening, members of the Salem Municipal Budget Committee met publicly at Salem High School to present, discuss and make preliminary votes on some of the school district's warrant articles for 2013.
Several committee members questioned the cost of items proposed for Haigh Elementary School, which is targeted for what school officials describe as "modest improvements" in the coming fiscal year.
However, that school might need to be closed in five years if enrollment numbers continue dropping, town and school officials said. Budget Committee member Robert Bryant said, "the building isn't going away unless we take it down," and stressed that renovating the school would still be necessary if the district plans to lease the building or use it for other purposes.
"We might not need it set up as classrooms, but we may need it for another purpose," Selectmen Stephen Campbell said. "So having a plan for what we're going to do is going to matter to voters."
Campbell added that he "doesn't feel this is a wise investment since we don't know what the future might bring."
"I'm all in favor of the improvements (at Haigh School)," Budget Committee Chairman Russell Frydryck said, "because we don't know for sure if the school is going to close."
"This is the minimum required to make this building safe," School Board Chair Pamela Berry added.
"At this time, we don't know how long this will be used as a school: It might be 25 years, or it might be three," Superintendent Michael Delahanty said. "But meanwhile, the children attending this school have the right to the same safety features as those at our other schools."
According to Delahanty, articles 2 and 3 include funds for "comprehensive renovations" to Soule and Fisk elementary schools as well as more modest improvements to Haigh Elementary School; Article 3 also extends those renovations to include upgrades to the heating systems and removal of asbestos at all three buildings.
Delahanty said discussions on closing Haigh School are "premature at this time" since there are no definite plans to act on.
Phase I of the district-wide school renovations project, which encompassed improvements at Barron, Lancaster and North Salem schools, was completed in early fall 2011. In the process, the district eliminated six temporary classroom structures, a move that has since saved Salem thousands of dollars in lease costs. At that time, new security doors were installed inside those three schools' gymnasium entrances, a feature that allows various community groups to use the school gyms outside of regular school hours while keeping other areas of the schools locked and secured.
In March 2010, voters approved School Warrant Article 2, which detailed plans to renovate all of the district's schools in the subsequent years.
"We also added new buzzer-entry systems in those schools," Delahanty said.
Among the proposed repairs under Article 2 is $362,682 in bonded improvements for Haigh Elementary School. That would include the addition of a new fire protection sprinkler system, a replacement for a section of the roof, upgraded lighting and a new security system.
Another $805,000 is proposed for HVAC improvements at Haigh School under Article 3.
Delahanty said total costs would be "of a broader scope" at Soule and Fisk schools, though more detailed estimates would be available in time for next week's public hearing.
Summer renovations would begin in June, should the warrants pass, with the goal being the completion of all projects by the time school starts in fall 2014. The deadline for citizens to submit petitions for school warrant articles is Jan. 8. A public hearing and final vote on the warrants will take place at Salem Town Hall on Jan. 10. Salem's School Deliberative Session is on Feb. 7.
- - - - - - - -
April Guilmet may be reached at


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NEW DURHAM — A portion of Route 11 was closed for more than an hour Tuesday morning following a two-vehicle crash near Davis Crossing Road.
New Durham police and fire departments worked with several area departments to close the road and reroute traffic at about 7:25 a.m., after a Toyota Avalon and a box truck collided. Deputy Fire Chief Kenneth "K.G." Lockwood said three people were involved with the crash, and the 18-year-old driver of the car was transported to Frisbie Memorial Hospital in Rochester with injuries not considered to be life threatening at this time.
Police Sgt. Reginald Meattey said Abigail Perkins, 18, of New Durham, was attempting to make a left turn out of Davis Crossing Lane to head east on Route 11 when she reportedly collided with the truck, described as a Chevrolet van, operated by Paul Ramsey, of Farmington.
Meattey said the woman was not charged and the investigation has concluded. The third passenger was in Ramsey's truck at the time of the incident, and that person's identity was not immediately available.
Lockwood said extrication was required before Perkins was transported, and a crane was brought in to remove the "medium sized" box truck from an embankment after it went off the side of the road. He said both vehicles were badly damaged and towed from the scene.
Lockwood added many accidents happen along that same section of the road.
"We get quite a few crashes in the morning there because of the sun, but I don't know if this was part of that," he noted.
Responding departments included Farmington police and fire and rescue along with the Alton Police Department.
New Durham driver, 18, transported after collision with box truck
NEW DURHAM — A portion of Route 11 was closed for more than an hour Tuesday morning following a two-vehicle crash near Davis Crossing Road.


text:
He went with a model
While JLo decided to celebrate her release from marriage by slumming it with a backup dancer who, on his best day, and I am being generous, is no more than a 5.5, Marc Anthony went with a model. And heΓÇÖs flaunting it all over the social network. This is Marc with Shannon De Lima as posted on his Facebook. Shannon is a beauty pageant queen from Venezuela. What is it with Venezuela and the crazy ass beauties it produces??? Couple years ago I went on a junket and one of the journalists there was the former Miss Venezuela Valentina Patruno. I have never worked so hard trying to not be in line after someone.
IΓÇÖll just say it so you donΓÇÖt have to, OK? JLo could have found a better looking backup dancer. There are, you know, some really, really, really great looking backup dancers out there. (See Daniel Cloud. Daniel Cloud is SO f-cking beautiful I would have hurt myself if IΓÇÖd met him inside my younger self.) But why does it have to be a backup dancer? Why canΓÇÖt it be, like, I dunno, Matthew Morrison? Or something. Else. Anyone. But Casper Smart.
One day I just want to borrow her eyes. To see how she actually sees people. You think she looks at Casper Smart and David Beckham is staring back at her?
Because she clearly doesnΓÇÖt seem interested in winning in style. I mean JLo doesnΓÇÖt have to make it a 10. She can pick a dude whoΓÇÖs a 7 and sheΓÇÖd still be ahead since Marc obviously isnΓÇÖt over her. Which is why heΓÇÖs showing so much Try with Shannon and retweeting his sonΓÇÖs message calling Marc and Shannon the ΓÇ£best couple for many more years to comeΓÇ¥. Please God he is a loser, isnΓÇÖt he?
And there she is...
Standing in victory next to Casper Smart.
Casper Smart is like being the Wimbledon champion and lifting up the trophy with a sh-t stain on your white shorts. They take photos in that moment you know? In your moment of glory, there is sh-t on your shorts. That is JLo and Casper Smart.


text:
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text:
Well just to say a big hello to everyone here.
I am a little new to whole world that is in here, but i hope to pick everything up quickly and be useful eventually on a few subjects in here.
Well if anyone wants to chat you can.
you can usually get my by e-mail or on messengers


text:
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This MBI 12x12 Gymnastics Scrapbook has a thick printed paper design cover and can be used for scrapbooking all of your favorite images from the first day of gymnastics to the national championships. Pack it with memorable moments from your gymnastics class.
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text:
BRIO Tuscan Grille's roasted lamb chops
Brian Farkas, executive chef, BRIO Tuscan Grille
BRIO Tuscan Grille's roasted lamb chops
Brian Farkas, executive chef, BRIO Tuscan Grille
Roasted lamb chops - Ingredients:
1 each prepared Lamb Rack (cut into 6 equal portions)
as needed, Steak Dust
as needed, Blended Oil
4-oz. Mashed Potatoes
2-oz. Red Wine Veal Sauce, hot
2-oz. asparagus, grilled
- Sprinkle chops with steak dust, drizzle with oil and mark on grill.
- Finish in oven until desired doneness. (Recipe provided did not provide temperature)
- On a medium oval plate place mashed potatoes.
- Place lamb chops leaning on the front of the mashed.
- Pour sauce over the chops.
- Place asparagus leaning on the mashed potatoes.
Seared 20- to 22-oz. lamb:
1 each Lamb Rack
1 1/2 tsp Herb Concentrate
1 oz Blended Oil
- Wash hands before handling.
- Rub entire rack with herb concentrate.
- Heat oil in a saute pan until just smoking, lower flame.
- Sear rack on all sides until golden brown.
- Place in a 350 degree oven high fan for 5 minutes.
- Place on a sanitized sheet pan to cool.


text:
project collaboration site
Related projects: oki4linux.
The printer is compatible with PCL, so use the
cljet5c driver
from GhostScript.
The Makefile is missing the command to create the directory.
mkdir -p /usr/local/man/man8/ make install
Check BIOS settings. Changed the BIOS setting as suggested in the man page and can make a big difference.
This script works as a CUPS backend. Configure the printer as a raw device with this backend. This method doesn't require a PPD file.
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then echo "backend \"Unknown\" \"gs sender\"" exit 0 fi if [ $# -eq 6 ]; then gs -q -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=oki4w -r300 -sPAPERSIZE=a4 -sOutputFile=/dev/lp0 $6 else gs -q -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=oki4w -r300 -sPAPERSIZE=a4 -sOutputFile=/dev/lp0 - fi
These instructions use the oki4drv program, the
oki4w driver, the
oki4daemon, and the CUPS spooler. This was tested withRedhat v9.
The test printer name is
Okipage8z. Substitute the name as needed.
1. Create a suitable directory to contain all the source files.
mkdir /usr/local/src/oki4drv cd /usr/local/src/oki4drv
2. Download the
oki4linux-2.1gst.tar.gz file into your new
directory. The file can be found athttp://www.openprinting.org/download/printing/
tar -xvzf oki4linux-2.1gst.tar.gz
cd oki4linux/src
4. Edit the Makefile file, to suit a Redhat install, and change the install paths to: install: oki4drv
install -m4755 oki4drv /usr/local/sbin install -m644 oki4drv.man /usr/share/man/man8/oki4drv.8
make install
cp oki4daemon /usr/local/sbin
7. Make sure that both
oki4daemon and
oki4drv are in the
ls /usr/local/sbin/
8. Change the permissions for the new printer device so that all users have full access:
chmod 777 /dev/oki4drv
You may want a more restrictive permissions setting, as this will allow anyone to do anything to your printer.
9. You can now read the man page for oki4drv:
man oki4drv
10. Create and paste the following
/etc/rc.d/init.d/oki4daemon file:
program: /dev/oki4daemon \ DAEMON=/usr/local/sbin/oki4daemon program=oki4daemon RETVAL=0 [ -f /usr/local/sbin/oki4drv ] || exit 0 [ -f /usr/local/sbin/oki4daemon ] || exit 0 if [ -f /etc/init.d/functions ] ; then . /etc/init.d/functions elif [ -f /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions ] ; then . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions else exit 0 fi start () { echo -n $"Starting $program: " daemon $DAEMON # any arguments? RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && touch /var/lock/subsys/oki4daemon return $RETVAL } stop () { echo -n "Stopping $program: " killproc $DAEMON RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && rm -f /var/lock/subsys/oki4daemon } case "$1" in start) start ;; stop) stop ;; restart) stop start ;; status) status $DAEMON ;; *) echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/oki4daemon {start|stop|restart|status}" exit 1 esac exit $RETVAL
11. The following adds the startup scripts to the rc.d files:
chkconfig --add oki4daemon
12. To use the oki4daemon:
/etc/local/rc.d/init.d/oki4daemon start
service oki4daemon start
To check the running status of the oki4daemon:
service oki4daemon status
You can also use the stop and restart options Make sure the CUPS service is also running:
service cups status
13. You might want to reboot now, just to test that the rc.d scripts will automatically start the
oki4daemon. Incremental testing is always good
practice. You should notice the oki4daemon start message appear near the
end of the bootup messages, and before the CUPS service starts. After the
service oki4daemon status service cups status
14. The following command tests that the oki4drv driver is working:
oki4drv /usr/share/cups/data/testprint.ps
The next command tests that oki4drv and oki4daemon are both working together
cat /usr/share/cups/data/testprint.ps > /dev/oki4drv
15. To get CUPS, and the Print Manager, and Linux applications to send print jobs through the oki4w driver, edit the
/etc/cups/printers.conf file, and
change the DeviceURI line to:
DeviceURI file: /dev/oki4drv
Note: all the information available mentions that the device should be
/dev/null. This is correct only if you are using the oki4drv driver by
itself. However we are also going to use the oki4daemon to monitor the
/dev/oki4drv pipe, and so the setting must be
/dev/oki4drv. It is the only
way your print jobs are going to get to the pipe.
16. Find the PPD (Postscript Printer Description) file for your printer:
cnd(find / -name *.ppd)
I found mine in
If you cannot find your printer's PPD file, you can search for and
download it fromhttp://www.openprinting.org/printer_list.cgi
17. Copy your printer's PPD file to a location where CUPS expects to find it. You should change its name to that of your printer name.
cp /etc/cups/ppd/?????????.ppd /usr/share/cups/model/Okipage8z.ppd
18. Gzip the PPD file:
cd /usr/share/cups/model gzip Okipage8z cd /root
19. Restart the CUPS service:
service cups restart
20. Now you can use any of your Linux applications to print a test page.
21. It is almost certain that your print area will be wrong. I used a utility
called alignmargins and a special margin alignment file called align.ps.
Both are available at http://www.openprinting.org/download/printing/
Run the alignmargins program, which will print the alignment page from the
align.ps file.
. You will need a ruler to measure the printout margins and a calculator to do some simple calculations, which you will be asked to input into the alignmargins program.
22. You should now have a fully functioning Linux Okipage 8z printer. Good luck and enjoy your inexpensive, quality printouts. It was worth all the effort.
See the entry for 17 October 2002 (17/10/2002).http://www.comworth.co.nz/web/content.asp?cont=notices
The lq850 driver works at a really high resolution. Its extremely slow. At lower resolutions it doesn't seem to work at all. The Epson 24 pin series driver works great for both the Oki 393 and Oki 395.


text:
After numerous careers – as a college professor, an athlete, an event planner, a DJ, a rapper, and more – Theresa Borrelli has found her calling. Borrelli, a Weehawken resident who grew up in West New York, recently published her fourth book, a collection of everyday prayers.
Borrelli has always tackled a range of subjects. In 2011 she published an autobiography, I am Myself: A Woman Growing Up with Tourette Syndrome, an insightful chronicle of her personal struggles and triumphs with the disorder. "That book is being sold all over the world. I got a note from somebody in Norway who bought it," said Borrelli.
The prayer book is something different.
Faithful Expressions: Prayers for Inspiration and Hope was published on Oct. 21, 2013 and is available through Amazon, Barnes and Noble, and other online suppliers, as well as in area bookstores.
"Perseverance got me places." –Theresa Borrell.
Borrelli turned her faith into personal prayers, which eventually became her new book. "I'm old school," she said. "I handwrite first instead of the computer. I don't know why. I type fast on the computer but I write faster."
Making book
Borrelli said that growing up in West New York, she was "brought up with excellent family values, going to church, things like that."
"I always wrote. I started out with poetry," she explained.
Borrelli knew in her early teens that someday she would be published, but it would be another 20 years before she released her first book, entitled Voices. A collection of poems with a smattering of landscape photographs, the 1998 release was a personal celebration of life and nature.
For her next subject, Borrelli took on a highly ambitious undertaking. "I knew at 13 I would write my biography," she said. "I even had the title."
That book became the Tourette's book.
And her third book, What is Jamie Different?, once again addressed the theme of Tourette Syndrome, this time in the form of an illustrated children's book about a girl who is afflicted with the disorder.
Borrelli is currently at work on her next project, another children's book. "It's called I Wanna Play Too," says Borrelli. "It's about a little girl who has Tourette's in grade school, a young girl who plays basketball and is confronted by bullies and she gets through it. It's about acceptance, education, and motivation."
Faithful expressions
Faithful Expressions brings Borrelli back to a format similar to her first book, a collection of short pieces. Although that's not how it started out.
"At a very young age, maybe about 10, 11, I wrote my first song," said Borrelli. "I'm not good at music itself, just words, lyrics. I played instruments but I was not very good at all."
She found unexpected inspiration in Maya Angelou. Attending an Ashford and Simpson concert where Angelou provided a spoken-word performance over the music, Borrelli determined to try the same thing. The result was the CD One Life, One Will, on which Borrelli recited her poetry atop music by Reginald Anthony and Kyle "Majik" Jackson.
Borrelli's songwriting began to take on a different tone after her mother died. "I wanted to write Christian songs. My faith has always been there but it got stronger I'd say 2008."
Eventually those songs morphed into yet another form. "I always prayed since a young child. So what I decided was to turn the lyrics I had for Christian songs into prayers." And those prayers became her newest book.
An athlete since age 9, excelling at softball and basketball, Borrelli has a master's degree in criminal justice. She has served as a probation officer in Hudson County. "Juvenile and adult, mostly juvenile," she said. "I worked with children and young adults just about most of my life."
With her wealth of experience, Borrelli is energetic, positive, and ambitious. "You have to promote and market yourself," she said. "I was always a promoter and marketer and go-getter with things I wanted. Perseverance got me places."
Art Schwartz may be reached at email@example.com.


text:
Campus Mourns Business Professor Bob Mark
By Dennis Walikainen | Published
Bob Mark, professor of practice in the School of Business and Economics, died Monday, May 23, 2011, after a recent stroke. He was 62 years old.
"Bob made teaching and learning fun by presenting concepts in a way that you couldn't forget them," said Michigan Technological University President Glenn Mroz. "He was a natural with students."
Bob was awarded the University's Distinguished Teaching Award in 2008, only two years after joining the faculty. He was famous for using magic tricks in his classes and for his involvement with students outside the classroom.
"Bob had a great impact on our School, through his teaching, his work with the Institute for Leadership and Innovation and his direct involvement with students with dreams of being entrepreneurs," said Darrell Radson, dean of the School of Business and Economics.
Bob was the driving force behind the Elevator Pitch Competition and the Business Plan Competition, both of which challenged students to present their best ideas for new, real businesses to a panel of judges. In fact, he had just announced the merger of the Business Plan Competition with Central Michigan University for next year, greatly increasing its prize monies and stature. He was also instrumental in bringing the Extreme Entrepreneur Tour to the Michigan Tech campus.
"Incredible teacher, respected colleague and generous person," is how Mari Buche, associate professor in the School of Business and Economics, will remember Bob. "He was such a force. Everything he was involved in, he gave 100 percent. He could take a good idea and turn it into an experience."
Bob's students agreed. "This is a huge shock and very hard to hear," " said Jessica Tompkins, whose company, Two Bows, which designs hunting clothing for women, won last fall's Elevator Pitch Competition and placed second in the recent Business Plan Competition. 'Bob was one of my greatest supporters in the development of Two Bows, in addition to the great professor and all around guy I knew him to be. If it wasn't for Bob I never would have known about the Business Plan Competition or the Elevator Pitch Competition. Michigan Tech and its students are going be missing an amazing instructor and entrepreneur!'
Bob's specialties also included commercializing University research projects, and he had presented continuing education business seminars to engineers. He even worked on commercializing a Senior Design project, an improved hospital bed mattress, with which his son, Larry, was involved.
Locally, he was president of the Keweenaw Economic Development Alliance. "Bob had been a pillar in promoting entrepreneurship at Michigan Tech and in the business community," said Carlton Carothers, CEO of the Michigan Tech Enterprise Corporation SmartZone. "I can't think of anyone else with such 'can-do' and 'get-it-done' attitude. Our community has lost a strong advocate of business and entrepreneurship. We will also miss his uncanny humor."
Jonathan Leinonen, also with the SmartZone, agreed.
"Bob was an exemplar for entrepreneurs, a role model for students and a leader in the community," he said. "Bob was a great inspiration to me personally, and I learned a lot from him through his tireless efforts to help students start businesses, to find funding for projects and to start the new Entrepreneurship Experiences capstone course. But what I really admired about Bob was that he had a heart for students, whether that was celebrating someone's birthday with ice cream cones, cheering them on at athletic events, helping them move into the dorms, or in one case I know of, carrying furniture out of a second-story apartment after a student graduated and landed a new job. Bob will be sorely missed by everyone who got to know him."
"Bob also developed the Introduction to Business course, an important part of our undergraduate curriculum," Radson added. "He will be greatly missed. Please keep his wife, Nancy, daughter, Jacqualine, and sons, Phil and Larry, in your thoughts and prayers."
Bob earned a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Michigan Tech and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Utah.
Funeral and visitation dates, times, and obituary can be found here. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to the American Heart Association or the Bob Mark Memorial Elevator Pitch Competition at Michigan Technological University (Make checks payable to MI Tech Fund / Bob Mark Memorial).
Michigan Technological University is a public research university, home to more than 7,000 students from 54 countries. Founded in 1885, the University offers more than 120 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in science and technology, engineering, forestry, business and economics, health professions, humanities, mathematics, and social sciences. Our campus in Michigan's Upper Peninsula overlooks the Keweenaw Waterway and is just a few miles from Lake Superior.


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text:
Bam! It's Mah Jonng!
March 4, 2013
By Julie Lookatch, Gan Ami Communications & Outreach Coordinator
You may have grown up hearing your mom and her friends talking and laughing alongside the sound of clicking tiles. Or maybe you've seen groups of women playing in the coffee houses and wondered what it's all about. Mah Jonng, or Maj, as it's more commonly called, is a rummy-like game played with tiles rather than cards. Four players sit at a square table facing each other with a rack of 13 tiles and a card listing the hands that they are trying to "make" with the tiles.
Mah Jonng originated in China thousands of years ago as a game solely for the ruling classes and was introduced in the United States in 1920. The main way that American Mah Jonng differs from Chinese Mah Jonng is that it uses a card of Standard Hands, against which all games are played. These cards are changed annually and are published by The National Mah Jonng League. Each year, the new card features new hands to keep the game interesting from year to year. The cards usually come out in April and are available at most synagogue gift shops or online.
There are three main suits: Cracks, Bams and Dots; as well as tiles called Flowers, Jokers and Winds. As players draw and discard the tiles, they call out their names, "Six Crack," "East," "Nine Bam." These sounds, along with the laughter of close friends sharing their stories and their lives, are the sounds of Mah Jonng.
So, why has Mah Jonng become so popular again? For many years, women gathered once a week in their homes to play with their friends, and Maj was more of a private, closed game. In recent years, the coffee house atmosphere has brought Maj out into the open and younger women are finding the game to be as fascinating as their mothers and grandmothers did.
But, ultimately, the appeal of Mah Jonng is not just the game. The game is challenging enough to stay interesting, but once you learn, it is not so challenging that you can't chit-chat with your friends. Having an excuse to sit down for a couple of hours and talk with your friends about your kids, your spouse, your job – this is valuable time. It's incredibly helpful to have a place to vent, to get ideas, to share common experiences. My Maj Girls (there are 14 of us) are the group of women I count on for everything. We are there for each other for simchas and shivas and everything in between. It is the game that unites us, but we have become connected through every aspect of our lives.
Every Monday, the ladies gather to play Maj at the JCC in the Soref Community Hall, and as I walk by each week on my way from Gan Ami to other parts of the building, I love to hear the sounds of the game. Some of the ladies have been playing for years and some are just beginning to learn. Newcomers are always welcome.
In addition, the JCC will be hosting a Mah Jonng Retreat on Tuesday, April 9 - Wendesday, April 10 at the Daniel M. Soref Retreat Center in Fredonia. Contact Diane Sobel 414-967-825 or Cathy Prieto 414-967-8248 if you are interested in joining the fun.