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December 20, 2002
A popular therapy is the antifungal drug fluconazole because of its effectiveness, ease of use and relatively few side effects. However, unless the immune system's ability to contain infections is ultimately improved, oral fungal infections will reappear. This often leads to further use of antifungal agents, which in turn increases the risk of the fungus becoming resistant to these drugs. Now there appears to be a plant-based extract, commonly called tea tree oil (Melaleuca), that may hold some promise against oral fungal infections in some people with AIDS.
Researchers in Detroit have been testing mouthwashes containing a very weak solution of tea tree oil. Lab experiments have found that extracts of this plant have activity against some bacteria as well as the fungus (C. albicans) that can cause thrush. The researchers tested two kinds of tea tree oil mouthwashes -- one containing alcohol and the other alcohol-free.
Specifically, the doctors noted the following signs/symptoms and history:
Researchers gave 13 subjects tea tree oil mouthwash (Breath-Away brand made by Melaleuca Inc. in Idaho, U.S.) containing alcohol and 14 others the alcohol-free mouthwash, also made by the same company. All subjects were told to swish a small amount of the mouthwash for between 30 to 60 seconds, then spit it out. They were not supposed to rinse their mouths for at least 30 minutes afterward. All subjects were to use the mouthwash four times daily for two weeks. Those subjects whose fungal infections partially cleared after two weeks of using the mouthwash could continue using it for an additional two weeks to see if there was any additional benefit.
Although 27 subjects entered the study, data from two subjects could not be used because of difficulties in adhering to the study protocol. Therefore, researchers could only evaluate data on 25 subjects.
A total of 15 of 25 subjects (60%) responded to the tea tree oil mouthwash in the following way after four weeks:
The researchers point out that although response rates at the 4th week were promising, at the end of the first two weeks the response rate was not as good. This suggests that for its effectiveness to be apparent, tea tree oil may need to be taken for up to four consecutive weeks.
In comparing alcohol-based and alcohol-free formulations of the mouthwash, researchers found that both were equally effective. However, the alcohol-based formulation was more irritating. The study shows that tea tree oil mouthwash may be useful for some PHAs who have fluconazole-resistant fungal infections in their mouths.
Readers should note that this article mentions a mouthwash derived from tea tree oil. In its pure form, tea tree oil can be very irritating and should NOT be used as a mouthwash.
Clearly, antifungal drugs play a key role in helping to control fungal infections. Two factors not mentioned in the study on tea tree oil which also promote the growth of oral fungal infections are: regular use of antibiotics and nutrition. Regular use of antibiotics wipes out friendly bacteria in the body that helps control yeast. And because oral fungal infections feed off sugar, decreasing the amount of sugar in the diet, together with effective anti-fungal therapy, may be useful. Examples of sources of sugar in the diet include:
Reading labels on packaged foods can also be useful as sugar also comes in the form of glucose, fructose and sucrose, all of which are common ingredients used in the processed-food industry.
The content on this page is free of advertiser influence and was produced by our editorial team. See our content and advertising policies.


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Epic Pass holders get 3 free days at Les 4 Vallees
September 6, 2012
BROOMFIELD – Vail Resorts Inc. is offering holders of its Epic Season Pass three days of free skiing at the Swiss resorts that make up Les 4 Vallees, including Verbier.
The pass, now selling for $679, offers unlimited access to the company's Vail, Beaver Creek, Breckenridge and Keystone in Colorado; Heavenly, Northstar and Kirkwood in the Lake Tahoe area; and the privately owned Arapahoe Basin in Colorado. Vail Resorts said Thursday that this season, the pass also will provide three days of free access to the Verbier, Nendaz, Veysonnaz and Thyon resorts in Switzerland.
The benefit isn't available with Vail Resorts' other season pass products.
In past seasons, Vail Resorts has offered Epic Pass holders free skiing at Las Lenas Resort in Argentina if they stayed at certain hotels.


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By David Adams
MIAMI (Reuters) - To his supporters, Trayvon Martin was a typical teenager: flawed yet full of promise, a boy on the verge of becoming a man with dreams of piloting planes. If he differed from his peers it was because he embraced public displays of affection from his parents.
To defenders of the man who killed him, Martin was a gun-loving fight enthusiast with a marijuana habit, a representative of the dark side of the "gangsta" culture popularized by hip-hop music and urban crime mythology.
For all the attention paid to a homicide that captivated the United States for much of 2012, those competing narratives still cloud much of the public's understanding of Martin, who was three weeks past his 17th birthday when he was shot dead by neighborhood watch volunteer George Zimmerman on February 26, 2012.
"We never said he was an angel, but he was ours," said Martin's mother, Sybrina Fulton, a bureaucrat for Miami's housing authority who was thrust into the media spotlight by her son's death. "Trayvon had his ups and downs, his good days and bad days like every teenager."
Zimmerman, 29, was due to go on trial for second-degree homicide on Monday, when jury selection was set to begin. He has pleaded not guilty, contending he acted in self defense during their confrontation in a gated community in the central Florida town of Sanford.
The case inspired national debates on race and guns and the law. Celebrities tweeted and demonstrators marched around the United States in protest when police initially declined to arrest Zimmerman, saying he acted in self-defense. President Barack Obama sympathized with the victim, seeming to acknowledge racial profiling in America when he said, "If I had a son, he'd look like Trayvon."
The controversy forced the police chief to step down, the chief prosecutor to remove himself from the case, and the governor to appoint a special prosecutor who brought the murder charge against Zimmerman.
In the face of such a maelstrom, Zimmerman's defense lawyers argued that Martin's character was relevant to their case. So far, the judge presiding over the case has resisted admitting such arguments.
"We have a lot of evidence that marijuana use had something to do with the event," Zimmerman's lawyer, Mark O'Mara, told a pre-trial hearing late last month. An autopsy revealed marijuana in Martin's system.
Supporters of Zimmerman say he has been unfairly tainted as racist, noting the neighborhood was on heightened alert after a series of break-ins in the community.
Zimmerman's lawyers argue Martin's family has tried to present a "totally inaccurate" picture of the boy, hiding a darker side of his interest in drugs, guns and fights.
"From the defense perspective it's extremely important because of their proposition that Zimmerman was defending himself and that Trayvon was an aggressor," said David Weinstein, a Miami lawyer and former state prosecutor.
"On the prosecution side you want to downplay that and keep Trayvon's character from being a central theme," he added.
The judge ruled at a pre-trial hearing last month that photos and texts from Martin's cellphone and social media posts, as well as his suspension from school for suspected marijuana use, cannot be mentioned in opening arguments.
Martin's parents have argued from the start their son was an innocent victim who was stalked by Zimmerman while walking back to the gated community near Orlando with candy and soft drinks he had bought at a convenience store.
They accuse Zimmerman of being a vigilante, whose decision to pursue their son provoked the struggle that resulted in Martin's death.
As long as the prosecution stays close to the narrative of what happened that night, lawyers say it will be tough for the defense to bring up any possible negative baggage in the dead boy's past.
Martin's parents say they are not the least bit worried should his character be brought up at trial.
"You can't condemn every teenager that has been suspended from school because you would be throwing rocks at a lot of kids," said Martin's mother, Fulton, 47. She is on a leave of absence from her Miami Dade county housing job until the trial is over.
Martin's parents say his suspension and marijuana use were rare blemishes. Martin, who had no criminal record, was eagerly exploring many typical teenage pursuits - sports, music, roller skating and the movies - and was interested in pursuing a career related to aviation, they said.
"He was at that age that he thought there was nothing he couldn't do," his mother said.
Martin would have graduated high school this month.
For two summers in middle school he juggled his passion for American football with attending a science and math summer camp led by Barrington Irving, a Miami pilot and educator who in 2007 at age 23 became the youngest person - and the first African American - to fly solo around the world.
Irving said Martin was most interested in the mechanical side of aviation, building and fixing aircraft, but also took to the air with Irving.
"He kind of reminded me of myself a little bit as it relates to his love of football and then going into aviation," the aviator said. "He actually showed his commitment, going to a summer program and then going to football practice."
Martin was introduced to aviation by his uncle, Ronald Fulton, who had been studying to be an aviation mechanic when a car accident in 2001 left him a paraplegic.
"If something would break he would always find a way to make it work," the uncle said.
Martin's school friends said he was known by the nicknames 'Slimm' and 'So Skinny' due to his narrow frame and baggy clothes. They described him as a popular kid who steered clear of trouble.
"I knew who to avoid, who the bad kids were, and Trayvon was definitely not one of them," said Malcolm Hawkins, 16.
The judge has blocked efforts by the defense to obtain Martin's school records, but his friends and teachers say he was a good student with a special interest in science.
The week before his death, Martin was suspended from school after a baggie containing traces of marijuana was found in his book bag. His mother sent him to his father's house.
"That was his punishment. He had to tell Daddy what he did," said his uncle, Ronald Fulton, who wears a black wrist band that reads 'Justice 4 Trayvon'.
Martin's misbehavior was typical "teen stuff," he said. "He was just trying to be hip, slick and cool, trying to fit is what he was doing. It's all part of growing up."
(Additional reporting by Zachary Fagenson; Editing by Arlene Getz, Daniel Trotta and Richard Chang)


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"G0y9 REALL Y TAKES CARE OF US! 11 LN^> CB Pair Nab Gunman We <EANNER-> ^™*^ Page 1 Oct. 18. 1974 ^^^*^^^ First Play of Season Presented Next Weekend Aria De Capo is a musical term which not only describes the first play this season for the Speech- Drama department, but also is the ^Bits \ Pieces by Lance Banner Dean Steve Carleton formerly had a sign on his door in the history department, "Come on in and we'll talk over old times." Now that he has moved downstairs, the sign does not appear on his door. According to Carleton, the sign wasn't hiscreation; itmysteriously appeared on his door one day. He says that he does miss the old days when students would drop in and talk over old times. "Students still come in," said Dean Carleton," but most of them want something." * * * To investigate further, this reporter went to Dean Carleton's former stomping grounds and picked up the following bits of information from D. Way land Mar- ler, history department director. According to Marler, the most valuable piece of information, one that has lasted centuries, is, "Common to all ancient societies, the wisdom of the ancients, "He who so, so shall he who'." Marler commented further saying that he has found the ancient saying to be so very true in his own personal life. * * * One of the student preachers on student preacher's day presented by the M.A.S., was prepared to deliver his sermon on Sunday morning, when, much to his chagrin, he discovered that he had forgotten to bring his suit. Not to be stopped, the young homilist delivered his sermons in the only clothes that he had, his jeans and work shirt. * * * The alligator controversy continues in the Drama Dept. Some .have said that Albert, a Caimen, will not get very large in size. The Banner printed that fact in its feature story on Albert, and Dr. Irving Shaw, Albert's master, protested. According to Shaw, Albert will grow to be 30 feet long, depending of course on what or whom he eats. Albert's home has been remodeled to include a swimming pond, and an island on which to sleep. He graciously has shared his home with a guppy, although Albert is probably just fattening him up before the feast. * * * By now the question has probably arisen in your mind, "What is this?" This is a new column which will contain some of the best evesdropping, nosing about in other people's business, and outright embarrassing questions. lt will never be intended to harm anyone personally, and should such harm come about its author will immediately shave his head, take on sackcloth, and heap ashes upon his head. D.J. name given it by its author, Edna St. Vincent Millay. Cherilyn Johnson is directing this one-act whose actors are David Jackson, Vicki Schneider, Danny Brady, Karen Rhoades, and Debbie Thompson. The play begins with Pierrot, David Jackson, and Columbine, Vicki Schneider, playing a farce comedy. They are interrupted by Cothurnus, Masque of Tragedy, played by Danny Brady, who insists on playing his scene. Thyrsis, Karen Rhoades, and Corydon, Debbie Thompson are the players of the tragedy, and when they are through, Pierrot and Columbine begin their farce again. 'This play's deep meaning really gets to me. It is a challenge to get the meaning that I want, across to the audience," said Cherilyn Johnson. This is her second solo directing attempt. Aria Da Capo will be presented Oct. 25 and 26 in the Book of Life building. The prices are 50 cents for students, and $1 for the general public. Student Pastors See Responsibility "Standing there in the pulpit, you are struck by the horrible realization that YOU are the tool that God is going to use to get His message across. That is a very heavy responsibility." Those are the thoughts of one of the 20 men who preached for the Ministerial Alliance's Student Preacher Day. Twice a year, churches open their doors and pulpits to preachers from CBC. The preachers went all over southern and central California, some as far as north of Bakersfield. A partial listing ofthe men who Student Loans Available Now Some National Direct Student Loan (NDSL) funds are still available to students who qualify. If the student filed a need analysis (either a PSC or SFS) and if a financial need is shown as a result of that application, he will qualify for NDSL. This loan is repayable after completion or termination of your education. Students are asked to make necessary arrangements in Student Financial Services room 122D. went out are Terry Cara, Mike Lynch, Don Rice, Jeff Souers, Joe Lowe, Tom Whaley, Bob Wilson, John Watkins and George Lewis. Some of the towns that were preached in included lvanhoe, Tu- -lare, Porte rjoile, Orange Cove, Dinuba, Visalia,and Farmersville. George Lewis, one ofthe preachers, said, 'That day'U standout in my mind as one of the most unique experiences of my life. I didn't even know Porterville existed until I found myself in it. The people of the church, especially a family named Burton, were so gracious I didn't want to come back here. That day was a good opportunity to bless folks and be blessed, too." The usual procedure was for the preacher to stay at the pastor's home, and preach both morning and evening services. The men left on Saturday morning and came back late Sunday night and Monday morning. This day allowed the MAs, like Les Chanteuses or the basketball team, to represent Cal Baptist. They also represented God. There will be another Student Preacher Day later on in the year. The MAs encourage any ministerial student to attend their meetings on the second and forth Mondays ofthe month in the old chapel. Conference Teaches Students to Love "Share His Love" is the theme for the State Student Conference, sponsored by the State Department of Student Work. The main empasis of this conference is to help students share Christ's love on the campus, in their community and in their church. A few of the people to lead in this conference are: Bill and Linda Gates, who will be leading the Friday night and Saturday morning worship and seminar. It will deal with expressing your faith, creatively. They will also be singing. Charles Roselle, chief of National Student Ministries in Nashville will be leading the national program of student work for the Southern Baptist Convention. Bob Hughes, minister of youth at the Elmhurst Baptist Church, Hayward will present the drama he wrote and produced for Foreign Missions Week at Glorieta during the summer. Len Sehested, served as a missionary in India. She will lead on prayer and devotional life. Dr. Richard Cunningham, from Golden Gate Seminary will lead Bible study and a seminar. The seminar will be on important and relevant topics concerning students today in a Christian life. The conference will be held Oct. 25-27 on the Contra Costa College campus in San Pablo. Cost is $2. which includes the Saturday noon meal, the program and insurance. Noon - day worship is held Wednesdays at 12:30 in the old chapel. Youth Caught Stealing Bike, Pulls Pistol By DAVE JACKSON VICTOR MATIMBA --Refused Bribery DON RICE ■The Strength of Samson Plans Made For Preview Day at CBC College Preview Day, formerly called Prospective Student Day, at California Baptist College, will be held Friday, Oct. 25. Registration will begin at 8a.m. in the Book of Life Building. The day's activities will include campus tours, classroom visitation, a student-faculty dialogue, a parent- sponsor-administration dialogue, powderpuff football, a variety show, and a drama production. Auditions for the touring musical ensembles will be conducted between 1 and 4 p.m. Students may also take the ACT test, Saturday, Oct. 26 at8:30a.m. on the college campus. The test reservation must be in, on or before Oct. 25. The cost ofthe test is $8.50. College Preview Day is planned especially to acquaint high school juniors and seniors with what Cal Baptist has to offer students in higher education and personal growth and development. Two Cal Baptist students faced death last Tuesday night, Oct. 15, when a suspect they had caught stealing a bicycle pulled a .22 automatic pistol and said, "I'm going to plug you." The two students were Victor Ma - timba, who lives in the men's dorm, and Don Rice of 8471 Diana apt. 241. Glenn Hill, son of Mr. and Mrs. Neil Hill of 8471 Diana Apt. 141, was the first to spot the young man, stealing his bicycle from in front of his house. Matimba, a visitor at the Hill residence chased the tall youth with the bicycle to the fence that borders the freeway across Diana Street from the apartments. As Matimba ran after the suspect, Don Rice in the apartment above the Hill's had also followed in pursuit. Rice assisted Matimba at the fence, and then took the suspect back toward the apartment while Matimba brought the bicycle. At the fence, the youth had offered Matimba $20 that he, "had in his pocket," to free him. When Rice told the suspect that ihe police were coming to get him, he pulled away from Rice, reached down into his pocket and pulled out the pistol. This is the account of the following events given by Rice. "The kid was being mouthy, and trying to get us to let him go by telling us stories such as the Mafia was after him and other things. As soon as I told him that the police were coming he pulled away, got his gun out ofhis pocket, stuck it in my belly, and said, 'I'm going to plug you,' meaning, he was going to shoot me. "God must have given me the strength of Samson or something because I picked the kid up over my head and threw him down on the ground and then I sat on his chest with my knees on his arms. Victor stomped on the guy's arm and got the gun out of his hand." The arresting officer, Roy Rod- gers, said that the police department had been looking for the 6'1", 180 pound youth all dayashe had shot the pistol at a student in his high school earlier in the day. Investigation into the matter is continuing. Stamp Collection Displayed One of the truly great collections of religion on postage stamps is in process of being given to the Book of Life collection of California Baptist College. For tax purposes, the gift is being spread over a ten year period, but in case of the donor's death, the entire collection becomes the property of the college at once. Meanwhile the Book of Life has the use for exhibit purposes of the entire collection. Among the items currently on display outside the office in the Book of Life Building is a framed watercolor of a scene outside Quebec, Canada, the trees and buildings, including a church, of which are made entirely from British and American postage stamps. The front facade and the steeple of the church are composed of stamps of Martha Washington while the side visable shows JohnQuincy Adams. This picture composed by a French nun was purchased by an Oklahoma postal worker whose widow presented it to the Book of Life collection.
Object Description
|The Banner - October 18, 1974
|California Baptist University -- Students -- Periodicals. College student newspapers and periodicals -- California.
|The Banner is the student newspaper of California Baptist University. It has been in continuous publication since 1952.'
|California Baptist University
|October 18 1974
|Copyright California Baptist University. All Rights Reserved.
"G0y9 REALL Y TAKES CARE OF US!
CB Pair Nab Gunman


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Conference Tools for 2017 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition
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2017 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Advanced Characterization Techniques for Quantifying and Modeling Deformation Mechanisms
Presentation Title
In-situ Experiments to Capture Rapid Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation of Titanium during Dynamic Loading
, David R. Jones, Paulo A Rigg, Ellen K. Cerreta
On-Site Speaker (Planned)
Abstract Scope
Under sufficient stresses, such as during dynamic loading, titanium experiences a phase transformation from hcp alpha phase to hexagonal omega phase. Omega phase is often retained in the microstructure after unloading, and has a strong influence on subsequent mechanical properties. Simulations suggest there are multiple pathways and underlying mechanisms for this transformation. Due to the incredibly short timescales involved, experimental measurements for model validation have been difficult. However, new capabilities at the Advanced Photon Source have enabled diffraction measurements during plate impact experiments to study the evolution of titanium during transformation. These high-rate data allow us to probe the mechanism and kinetics of phase transformations in new ways. Recent results will be presented and compared to post-mortem characterization of soft-recovered shocked specimens. TEM and EBSD are used to further characterize and quantify microstructural features, including alpha-phase twinning and omega-phase variants formed during deformation, and determine likely mechanisms and pathways.
Proceedings Inclusion?
Planned: Supplemental Proceedings volume
3D Dislocation Structure Evolution Underneath Indentations in Single Crystalline
3D Orientation Mapping in the Transmission Electron Microscope
A Correlation between Digital Image Correlation and Grain Misorientation Distribution Mapping to Capture the Localized Plastic Deformation in a Polycrystalline Titanium Alloy
A Multi-scale FE-FFT Approach to Study Lattice Strain Evolution during Biaxial Strain Path Changes
A Novel In Situ TEM Technique: High Strain Rate Tensile Testing in the Dynamic TEM
Analysis of Dislocation Structures in Ferritic and Dual Phase Steels Regarding Continuous and Discontinuous Loading Paths
Analysis of Strain Localization During Creep of a Polycrystalline Superalloy Using SEM-DIC
Atomic-scale Characterization of Boron Carbide with Advanced TEM and Atom Probe Techniques
Atomic Resolution Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy of Segregation Along SESFs in Ni-Based Disk Alloys
Atomic Scale Investigation of Co-deformation and Mechanical Mixing in Severely Deformed Multiphase Structures
Characterization and Deformation Behavior of Microstructural Gradients in the Low Solvus High Refractory (LSHR) Nickel Base Superalloy
Characterization of Dislocation Pile-ups at Special Angle Tilt Boundaries in Pure Nickel by Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging (ECCI) and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Characterization of the Mechanistic Responses of Three Silicon Carbide Variants to Knoop Indentation by TEM
Characterizing the Boundary Lateral to the Shear Direction of Deformation Twins in Magnesium
Comparison of Dislocation Characterization in Tantalum using Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging and Cross-Correlation Electron Backscattered Diffraction
Comparison of Measured and Simulated Elastic Strain States in Crystal Plasticity Simulation of Experimentally Deformed and Characterized Microstructure Patches
Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms in AISI 321 Austenitic Stainless Steel under both Dynamic and Quasi-static Loading Conditions
Detection of the Onset of Plasticity in Micro-crystals: In-situ Deformation of InSb Micro-pillars under Synchrotron Coherent X-ray Nanobeam
Determination for Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Linear Elastic Materials Using the Large Dimensional Hopkinson Tube
Determination of Geometrically Necessary Dislocations in Large Shear Strain Localization in Metals
Digital Image Correlation Using Forescatter Detector Images for the Study of Transformation in TRIP Steel
Dislocation Characterization in a Scanning Electron Microscope Equipped with an Annular STEM Detector
Dislocation Interaction and Fatigue Damage Evolution at Grain Boundaries Studied by In-situ Cyclic Loading of Bi-crystalline Micro Samples
Dissecting Dislocation Dynamics Simulations : The Search for the Origins of Dislocation Microstructure Evolution
Effect of 3D Crystallographic Orientation on Evolution of Corrosion in Aluminum Alloys
Effect of Indentation Load on Deformation Mechanisms in Boron Carbide
Effect of Strain and Stress Holds on Deformation in Ti-6Al-4V: Microscale Evidence of Load Shedding
Effect of Thermal and Mechanical Loadings on the Residual Strain Field in a Shot-peened Nickel Based Superalloy Investigated Using the Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction Technique
Effects of Crystal Orientation on Shock Induced Dislocation Dynamics of Single Crystalline Copper
Effects of Crystallographic Structure on Damage Evolution Using Diffraction-amalgamated Grain-boundary Tracking Technique
Explicit Modeling of Twin Lamellae in AZ31 Using a Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Approach
From Micro-Cantilever Testing to Deformation Patterning in Hexagonal Polycrystals
High Resolution Strain Mapping of Proton Irradiated Zirconium Alloy
High Resolution Strain Measurements in a Polycrystalline Superalloy during Deformation at Intermediate Temperature
High Temperature Dynamic Mechanical Behavior Characterization of Ti-6Al-4V Using a NEW Compression Kolsky Bar Technique
How Important are the Smallest Grains for their Aggregate Mechanics?
Improved Angular and Spatial Resolution of Measured Lattice Rotations in Highly Deformed Bulk Materials through Combining Low-kV EBSD with the Dictionary Indexing Approach
In-situ EBSD Analysis and Crystal Plasticity FE Simulations in a CP Titanium Sheet
In-situ Experiments to Capture Rapid Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation of Titanium during Dynamic Loading
In-situ Neutron Diffraction Studies of Load Path Changes in 316L and AZ31
In-situ Structural and Mechanical Characterization of ThCr2Si2-structured Superelastic Intermetallic Compounds
In Situ Strain Mapping of Deformation Processes in Metallic Specimens
In Situ TEM Compression Testing of IN718 Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting
Influence of Elastic Anisotropy and Local Texture on the Onset of Plastic Slip in Ti-6Al-4V
Investigating the On-set of Amorphization in Single Crystal Boron Carbide
Kink Band Propagation during Plastic Deformation of Bulk Metallic Nanolaminates
L-1: Analysis of Compact Forced Simple-Shear and Compact Forced Double-Shear Specimens for Shear Localization in Materials
L-2: Characterization of a Biocompatible Co-Cr-W Alloy by means of Correlative Microscopy and Nanoindentation Experiments
L-3: Displacement Rate and Temperature Equivalence in Stochastic Cluster Dynamics Simulations of Irradiated Pure alpha-Fe
L-4: Error Analysis of the Dictionary Approach to Electron Backscatter Diffraction Indexing
L-5: Microstructural Development During Particle/Substrate Impacts in Cold Spray of Gas Atomized Aluminum Alloy Powders
L-6: NiAl Oxidation Reaction Processes Studied In Situ Using MEMS-Based Closed-Cell Gas Reaction Transmission Electron Microscopy
L-9: Unidirectional Fibre Composite Characterisation from X-ray Tomography
Mapping the Deformation of Brazed Joints in Ti-6Al-4V Specimens Using High Angular Resolution Electron Backscatter Diffraction (HR-EBSD) and High Spatial Resolution Digital Image Correlation (HR-DIC)
Measuring Residual Stresses in Boron Carbide in TEM
Mechanics of Phase Transformation in Shape Memory Alloys: A Coupled High-energy X-ray Diffraction and Forward Modeling Approach
Microstructural Characterization of Inconel 600 Tubes after Tensile Tests at Various Temperatures and Strain Rates
Microstructure Characterisation of Drilled Chips of 316L Stainless Steel
Modeling Dislocation Arrays in Orientation Gradient Microstructures in Ta Thin Films
Modeling of Matrix-precipitate Interactions in NiTi Using FFT-based Constitutive Modeling
Modeling the Evolution of Slip System Strength in α–Phase Ti-7Al Using High-Energy Diffraction Microscopy Data
On the Optimization of a Biaxial Tensile Test Specimen Design
Parameter Estimation in Crystal Plasticity Based Material Models
Physics Based-crystal Plasticity Modeling of Single Crystal Niobium
Progress on Measuring the Transient Dynamic Strength of Rapidly Heated Plain Carbon Steels
Quantifying Strain-path Dependent Dislocation Densities Using Time of Flight Neutron Diffraction and High Resolution Electron Backscatter Diffraction Techniques
Recent Applications of Micromechanical Modeling Directly Coupled with Advanced Characterization Techniques of Polycrystalline Materials
Representation of Materials Microstructure for Modeling
Role of Adjoining Twin Pairs on Detwinning under Stress Reversal in HCP Metals
Shear-Coupled Grain Growth and Texture Development in a Nanocrystalline Ni-Fe Alloy during Cold Rolling
Strain Localization Structures in Textured Magnesium AZ31 under Reversed Loading via Multi-scale Digital Image Correlation
Study of Homophase Interfaces in Structural Materials by ECCI and EBSD in the SEM
The Origin of Stochastic Behavior during Nanoindentation near a Grain Boundary in Cu
Toward a Description of Disinclination Densities Using Orientation Imaging Data
Tracking Shear-migration Coupling of Grain Boundaries Using In Situ TEM
Twinning Kinetics and Its Sensitivity to the Strain Rate
Unambiguous Complexion Identification and Inspection in High Purity Binary Alloy Systems
Understanding the Role of Competing Slip Systems during Formation of Stress Hotspots in Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP) Materials
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text:
"A" Is for Adherence
December 2001/January 2002
A note from TheBody.com: The field of medicine is constantly evolving. As a result, parts of this article may be outdated. Please keep this in mind, and be sure to visit other parts of our site for more recent information!
Maintaining adherence to medication is vital for sustaining viral suppression.
Adherence to HIV medications is not easy. After deciding to take medications, one must address and overcome challenging barriers.
Researchers report that in order for HIV medications to effectively reduce viral load, raise T-cells and improve overall immune system function, they must be taken at a consistency rate of 95 percent or higher.
A medication regimen of Sustiva and Combivir requires five pills daily: one in the morning and four at night. In a 30-day month, this totals 150 pills. Ninety-five percent of this total is 143. This means missing more than seven pills in a month may render the medication ineffective.
There are common reasons for missing medications. Some people lose track of time because they are busy with other activities. Others may wish to avoid side effects of the medications, which may include nausea, headaches, rash and diarrhea. Lastly, some people are tired of taking pills on a daily basis. As stated earlier, the consistency with which HIV medications must be taken is unforgiving.
There are other reasons reported for not taking medications as prescribed: Some people state that they are too busy to fit medication regimens into their routines; some choose not to take their medications because they are too happy and do not want to terminate feelings of elation; others are too depressed and do not want to be reminded of their illness two times each day; and yet others do not take their medications because they do not have the necessary foods needed for successful drug absorption.
Treatment advocates have a unique opportunity to offer useful techniques to increase medication adherence for people with HIV disease.
Often, treatment advocates or peer educators are people who are also living with HIV and may offer personal experience and insight. Traditional methods suggested by treatment advocates, such as placing pill containers in frequently used areas, or taking medications at 12-hour intervals, have proved successful. Taking medications during favorite television shows, during breaks at work or before or after dinner, placing notes on a refrigerator, or enlisting the help of friends to place a timely phone call, are all suggestions that treatment advocates have employed when helping people to adhere to medication regimens.
For those who take several types of HIV medications, treatment advocates often suggest writing in diaries. Diaries can also be a great resource for people to use as a history of side effects when speaking with a health care provider.
Pharmaceutical companies and pharmacies (both local and mail-order) also offer plausible suggestions. Several pharmaceutical companies have designed daily, weekly and monthly pillboxes where medications can be easily stored. Pillboxes are typically labeled by day, morning and evening and many times are in Spanish as well. These containers allow people the opportunity to save time by placing pills in the boxes on a monthly or weekly basis.
The Arpex Corp. has developed an electronic monitoring system that records the date and time when the bottle is opened. The Medication Event Monitoring System, or MEMS cap, has an embedded microchip. In studies, MEMS cap bottles have shown a strong correlation with adherence to medications and lower viral load results.
Researchers are also studying the effects of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) and adherence to medications. DOT refers to a person taking medications while being observed by a volunteer who records whether or not the person takes the medication.
Preliminary results from a DOT study at AIDS Healthcare Foundation have shown that participants are more adherent to their medications and have had a reduction in viral load. However, once the six-week study was completed, most participants were less adherent to their medication regimens and required more assistance.
When taking HIV medications, maintaining a sufficient amount of medication within the body for viral suppression is crucial. When the drug level is too low, resistance may occur.
Resistance refers to the ability of the virus to mutate in such a way that the new virus it produces is no longer susceptible to the medication that is in the body. For instance, if medication that must be taken twice daily is only taken once a day, then the level or amount of drug necessary to stop HIV replication will not be present.
HIV infection is not yet a manageable disease. However, conscientiously taking medications as prescribed may assist people in suppressing the virus for longer periods of time.
Back to the December 2001/January 2002 issue of Positive Living.
A note from TheBody.com: The field of medicine is constantly evolving. As a result, parts of this article may be outdated. Please keep this in mind, and be sure to visit other parts of our site for more recent information!
This article was provided by AIDS Project Los Angeles. It is a part of the publication Positive Living.


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School season is in full gear, but backpacks are always a great gift idea for students of all ages. They're also great for traveling as they can often be much more comfortable and convenient than a briefcase.
We checked out the new Expat Nylon Backpack from Incipio and were impressed. The black backpack is much more sleek and compact than some of the bulkier backpacks out there and it's efficiently designed to take full advantage of the available space. The black nylon also gives it a more understated and professional look as well, so it's great for students along with any professionals going to a business meeting.
The backpack is designed for laptops and getting through airport security should be very easy with the Expat. You simply unzip the back compartment, open the Velcro at the top of the padded built-in sleeve and then slide out your laptop. The internal sleeve holds up to a 15″ device.
We also liked the small zippered pocket that the top of the pack that gives you a handy spot for your smartphone. It's lined with faux fur as well for protection, and it has a rubber pass through for headphones for easy listening or talking while you're walking. The backpack has a ton of sleeves and compartments to carry water bottles and other stuff.
The ergonomic shoulder straps are padded and very comfortable. We loaded up the bag and it still felt great.
Overall, this backpack is both stylish and practical, and it's a great option if you're looking for something for yourself or as a gift this holiday season.
Related Posts
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College can be an exciting time of personal discovery. Many students come to more clearly understand their sexual orientation/identity while in college, while others enter college with this part of their identity explored and more developed. Wherever you are on your journey of sexual identity, we hope the following information will help. The SJSU LGBT Resource Center is a great place to find community and many discussion groups related to specific topics under the LGBTQ umbrella. We also welcome you to Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS), where there is a knowledgeable and affirming staff available if you would like to discuss your experience in a confidential space. Personal counselors are available at CAPS in the Student Wellness Center, Room 300B (third floor), to consult, vent, and explore your identity and the coming out process. Please call us at 408-924-5910 to schedule an appointment or come in to our office. For emergency/crisis walk-ins our hours are Monday, Thursday and Friday from 8:00am-5:00pm; Tuesday and Wednesday from 8:30am-5:30pm. Please call 408-924-5910 for more information.
- Ally: A person who is an advocate and supporter of the LGBT community and LGBT individuals.
- Asexual: A person who is not sexually active and/or is not sexually attracted to others.
- Biphobia: A fear or hatred of bisexual individuals, which may result in prejudice and discrimination.
- Bisexual: An individual who is romantically, emotionally, physically, or sexually attracted to two sexes or two genders.
- Coming Out: Acknowledging and/or declaring one's sexual identity to oneself and/or others.
- Dyke: A once derogatory term that has been re-claimed as a political statement by some lesbian and bisexual women to identify their sexual identity.
- Gay: One who is romantically, emotionally, physically, or sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex or gender. Typically refers to masculine-identified individuals who are attracted to other masculine-identified individuals. May also be used as an umbrella-term for LGB people.
- Heteronormativity: The assumption and norm that all individuals are heterosexually-identified.
- Heterosexism: The system of oppression that discriminates against LGB individuals. Based on the belief that heterosexuality is superior.
- Heterosexual: An individual who is romantically, emotionally, physically, or sexually attracted solely to someone of a different sex or gender than their own.
- Homophobia: A fear or hatred of LGB individuals, which may result in prejudice and discrimination.
- Homosexual: An individual who is romantically, emotionally, physically, or sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex or gender. This term is most often used in clinical, medical, or religious discussions about sexuality. Thus many LGB individuals may prefer not to be identified with this term.
- In the closet: Keeping one's sexual identity a secret from others.
- Lesbian: One who is romantically, emotionally, physically, or sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex or gender. Typically refers to feminine-identified individuals who are attracted to other feminine-identified individuals.
- LGBTQQIA: Acronym that refers to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning, Intersex, and Ally Community
- Outing: Exposing someone's sexual identity as being LGB.
- Pansexual: the potential for sexual attractions, sexual desire, or romantic love, towards people of all gender identities and biological sexes
- Queer: A once derogatory term that has been re-claimed as a political statement. Frequently used as an umbrella-term used to refer to all LGBTQQIA people or individuals who do not identify as heterosexual.
- Questioning: The individual process of contemplating whether one may be LGBT.
- Sexual identity/ Sexual orientation: How one identifies with regard to romantic, emotional, physical, or sexual attraction. Based on who one is attracted to.
Please Note: It is very important to respect the way in which individuals identify their sexual identity. Thus, please refrain from making assumptions, but rather ask how others identify and then refer to their identity as such. Also note that these definitions pertain to sexual identity. Although, at times sexual identity and gender identity (how one identifies on the masculine-feminine spectrum) do intersect (sexual identity may influence the label one uses to identify oneself regarding gender and/or sexual orientation), gender identity is an identity that is separate from sexual identity. Please see the gender identity page for gender identity definitions.
Questioning Your Sexual Identity & Coming Out
Questioning your sexual identity and "coming out" (realizing within yourself and/or
informing others about your identity) as gay, lesbian, bisexual/pansexual, and/or
queer can be very exciting and fun. It involves discovering more about love, romantic
relationships, who you are attracted to, and your sexuality. Exploring different identities,
and who you are as a person, allows you an opportunity to define yourself on your
own terms and to be true to yourself and your desires. As with questioning any aspect
of identity, it may also be a stressful time in one's life - at times, discovering
your sexual identity can be overwhelming due to the societal pressures and discrimination
that some individuals face.
If, and when, you feel that you are ready to come out to others, it is recommended that you first come out to those who are more likely to be supportive. You may also want to find other LGBQ people of your cultural and religious background to seek support from others experiencing similar multicultural identities as you. Your coming out process does not need to follow a specific timeline or happen quickly. It is more important for you to explore who you are and to choose what feels most comfortable to you. Also, be mindful that you do not have to come out to everyone if you do not feel ready.
Navigating your Multicultural Identity
Most of us identify with more than one aspect of our identity. We may identify with a specific racial, ethnic, religious, or cultural group, and/or we may identify with a specific academic or extracurricular field of interest. These aspects of our identities can add additional layers of emotions when combined with identifying as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. Sometimes our religious background, family culture, and ethnic backgrounds may provide expectations or ideas for "who we should be" that create an additional layer of complexity as we question our sexuality. For example, many people struggle within themselves when they are attracted to a same-sex partner and also identify with a cultural or religious group that is not accepting of LGBQ people. Many students find comfort in talking with others who are experiencing the same combinations of identities, for example Asian American queer identified students or Christian LGBQ students. Some of these groups exist at San Jose State! (See the resource list above.) No matter how you are feeling, know that you are not alone, and if you are feeling confused or stuck, consider visiting Counseling Services to talk things through with someone knowledgeable and supportive.
Athletic Identity as an LGBQ Person
Playing sports is an important part of the educational experience for many people. Prejudice and discrimination still limit access to sport, and experience of sport participation. Making sure that sport is a safe and respectful place for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people is an on-going quest for sport equality. Many LGBQ identified sportspeople hide their identities and endure anti-gay prejudice, discrimination, and fear that the discovery of their sexual identity or gender identity would put an end to their careers in sports. Many LGBQ athletes have had to exchange invisibility for the opportunity to compete and coach. However, while there are many reports of invisibility, there are also opportunities to come out to a supportive team and/or teammates, and have a positive environment that fosters respect and acceptance. The below articles and references bring to light some of the LGBQ identified athletes within the sporting world, the opportunities to have conversations with coaches and teammates about LGBQ identities, and the impact that sexual identity may have on career in sport and personal identity outside of sport.
Websites & Books
- LGBT People in Sports: http://www.case.edu/lgbt/resources/sports.html
- Gay-Friendly Olympics?: http://www.realjock.com/article/1599
- Women's Sports Foundation: http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/Home.aspx
- Out Athletes On Campus: http://www.outsports.com/campus/index.htm
- LGBT in Sports 2011: http://thenewcivilrightsmovement.com/25-sports-figures-have-said-im-gay-in-2011-is-gay-now-ok-in-sports/news/2011/05/18/20419
- Resources for parents of LGBT athletes: http://www.momsteam.com/successful-parenting/resources-for-parents-of-lgbt-athletes
- Gay Athletes and the Cult of Masculinity: http://www.amazon.com/Game-Athletes-Masculinity-Culture-Relations/dp/0791465330
- Book about Billy Bean Ð former baseball player who outed himself after retiring: http://www.amazon.com/Going-Other-Way-Lessons-Baseball/dp/1569244618/sr=8-1/qid=1168807574/ref=sr_1_1/103-1426503-0117433?ie=UTF8&s=books
- Non-fiction books links: http://www.outsports.com/entertainment/booksnf.htm
- Breaking the Surface Ð Greg Louganis: http://www.amazon.com/Breaking-Surface-Greg-Louganis/dp/0452275903
- Bisexuality resource center: http://biresource.net/
- African American: http://www.hrc.org/documents/ComingOut_AfricanAmericans.pdf
- In Spanish: http://www.hrc.org/documents/recursos.pdf
- Regarding religion: http://www.hrc.org/documents/livingopenly.pdf
- HRC coming out guides: http://www.hrc.org/issues/10773.htm?utm_source=hrc.org&utm_medium=content&utm_campaign=NCOD
- Coming out stages: http://www.drury.edu/multinl/story.cfm?nlid=152&id=13258
- Coming out stories: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/05/23/us/20110523-coming-out.html
- http://www.logotv.com/video/franchise.jhtml?ctid=2176
- http://www.logotv.com/shows/dyn/coming_out_stories/videos.jhtml
- Coming out while in college: http://gaylife.about.com/od/comingout/a/collegecampus.htm
- Questioning: http://www.pflagphoenix.org/quick_guides/guide-questioning.html
- Klein Grid: http://kleingridonline.com/
- Sexual Health: http://www.sjsu.edu/studenthealth/health_education/sexual_health/index.htm
Campus Support at SJSU
- LGBT Resource Center:
- http://www.sjsu.edu/lgbtrc/
- http://www.sjsu.edu/lgbtrc/organizations/students/
LGBTQQIA Discussion Group
This group is co-sponsored by Counseling Services and the LGBT Resource Center. SJSU students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, questioning, gender variant, and transgender are welcome.
LGBT Resource Center
The campus respurce center provides numerous activities including: game night, social events, political events, student groups based on cultural identity, and trans/gender variant student groups. The office can also provide a list of gender-neutral bathrooms on campus. Stop by Building BB for more information. The center is located in Building BB. Contact Bonnie Sugiyama (email@example.com) for more information.
Peers In Pride: http://www.sjsu.edu/lgbtrc/programs/pips/
This mentoring program pairs returning SJSU LGBTQQI-identified students with incoming (first year and transfer) LGBTQQI students. Students interested in mentoring or being matched with a mentor can contact one of the two sponsoring agencies: Counseling Services (firstname.lastname@example.com) or the LGBT Resource Center (firstname.lastname@example.com).
QTIP (Queers Thoughtfull Interrupting Prejudice)
This student group coordinates many political and social activities on campus. Meetings are held weekly.
Community Support in San Jose
- South Bay Queer and Asian - Offers a safe and fun environment for queer APIs in the south bay to discuss their identities as API LGBTQQI, and to be visible in the greater community: http://www.sbqa.com/
- PFLAG - Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays: http://www.pflagsanjose.org/
- Billy DeFrank Center - Aims to provide community resources and support to LGBTQQI individuals by promoting health, inclusiveness, diversity, and other support services. Has an LGBTQQI youth program (25-years-old and younger) as well as other community events (e.g., Bingo): http://www.defrankcenter.org/
- Prolatino - Non-profit organization offering educational programs and STD prevention programs to GLBT community members in Santa Clara County. Support and empowerment to LGBT Latino individuals who are at high risk, or are living with, HIV/AIDS: http://www.prolatino.org
- http://www.sanjosepride.com/index.html
- American Psychological Association, Questions about Sexual Orientation
- Gay library -- The Gay Library serves as a leading public education resource, updated daily, with a constantly expanding global outreach. Includes list of local gay-friendly religious facilities
- Human Rights Campaign (HRC)--A national political organization based in Washington, D.C. that works to ensure equality for the gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender community
- National Lesbian and Gay Law Association (NLGLA)--An affiliate of the American Bar Association that sponsors year-round regional and local events to promote justice in and through the legal profession for the lesbian and gay community
- National Center for Lesbian Rights (NCLR)--A legal resource with the primary commitment to advancing the rights of lesbians through a program of litigation, public policy advocacy, free legal advice and counseling


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The U.S. Senate voted down a bipartisan compromise on expanding background checks. RFL's Richard French talked to Eric Milgram, a father of two Newtown tragedy survivors, who recounted that tragic day.
Focusing on national and regional politics with a healthy dose of sports and entertainment, the Regional News Insider blog offers readers a chance to further explore today's headline news through the writings of industry insiders, commentators and special guests.


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Law Practice Magazine
As business becomes increasingly global, more lawyers are trying to cultivate clients abroad. However, traditional American client development techniques do not necessarily translate well across cultural divides. Succeeding at global rainmaking requires a different skill set. Here are some key to-dos.
Develop a Global Perspective
Many lawyers in North America take a U.S.-centric view of current events, economics, business trends, client needs and even business development strategies—in part because the United States was the key financial center of the world economy for so many years. As the writer Anaïs Nin said, "We don't see things as they are; we see things as we are." However, just as the economy has increasingly globalized, so do lawyers need to globalize their perspectives.
For starters, to court international clients and prospects, you need to understand global business from their perspective. Many non-U.S. news outlets—like the BBC and the Economist—do a better job of reporting on global business developments than American news sources do. You can also stay abreast of international legal trends by joining groups like the International Bar Association and the ABA Section of International Law, reading their publications and listserve posts, and attending their conferences and teleclasses.
You must also know enough about the principles of non-common law legal systems (such as civil law and shari'ah), and various areas of the law, to be able to spot relevant issues. This task can seem overwhelming. However, the goal is not to become an expert in a variety of fields or legal systems—the goal is to be able to spot legal issues, and then when needed call in specialists, such as foreign counsel. Of course, the more you work on matters with international aspects, the more real-life insight you will gain into foreign legal issues.
Lastly, having a general interest in other cultures really enhances global rainmaking. Prospective clients can sense whether a lawyer is genuinely interested in them and their culture—or is just trying to get the economic benefit of their new business.
Whether it's North American lawyers going global or non-North American lawyers entering U.S. and Canadian markets, I notice one blunder time and time again: lawyers' failure to adapt their native country's client development techniques to a particular foreign market. In contrast, lawyers who succeed at global rainmaking continuously hone their cross-cultural client development skills.
Successful global rainmakers know how to communicate best with their prospective clients, and they make their efforts culturally appropriate. Often they instinctively adapt their communication style. For example, they might adjust their pace, pitch and inflection; the words they choose; or how forthrightly they speak. They might also adjust their body language, level of formality and the like.
They also tap into their clients' cultural values. For example, recently I worked with a firm whose lawyers were cultivating Chinese clients. We tweaked the firm's traditional client gift (packages of golf balls with the firm logo) by repackaging the balls in groups of eight—considered a lucky number in China—and steering clear of white balls—because to many Chinese that color symbolizes death.
Advance research into cultural norms really helps, and thanks to the Internet, such research has become easy and painless. Simply typing in a search like "business customs in [name of country]" brings many results. Books about foreign business customs abound, one of my favorites being the often humorous Dos and Taboos of Body Language Around the World by Roger Axtell. As this book mentions, seemingly innocuous hand gestures (such as the "okay" symbol popular in the States) can be highly offensive in other cultures (in this case, Brazil).
While in the process of rainmaking, lawyers should scrutinize their efforts and adapt them if necessary. I helped one frustrated managing partner on this very issue. Despite having a well-connected partner from a particular Latin-American country, the firm failed to attract clients there. It became clear that the managing partner's hard-charging style—and unrealistic expectations about rainmaking time frames—was working against the firm. So to adjust the firm's approach, we combined the managing partner's strategic insights with the Latin-American partner's relationship-focused rainmaking style.
It is true that globalization has diluted cultural values. However, to the extent that lawyers can still tap into culture-specific values, they will have an advantage over others who do not.
Americans' direct communication style—and desire for fast progress—causes many cross-cultural blunders. Often U.S. lawyers ask for business too quickly and never even realize their gaffe. The potential client will just never hire the lawyer—and be too polite to explain why.
Cross-cultural snafus frequently result from differences in values. In many foreign cultures, long-term relationships are a prerequisite to being hired. In China, for example, foreign lawyers must grapple with guanxi—a tradition that prizes relationships and the obligations of mutual assistance arising from them. Similarly, in many Arab and Latin-American countries, U.S. lawyers must expend considerable time and effort developing close personal relationships and important connections in their targets' business communities.
Conversely, lawyers from relationship-based cultures must ramp up their directness and assertiveness when cultivating American clients. Recently I worked with a Latin-American firm on boosting its client development in the States. The firm's gracious, indirect communication style had proven ineffective in the fast-paced U.S. market. However, it was able to improve its U.S. rainmaking by learning to promote the firm and the individual attorneys more directly and assertively—and to do so in all forms of communication, including marketing materials, the firm's Web site and in-person communication.
All lawyers who've succeeded in developing clients across cultures at some point realized they had to step outside their comfort zone and take the long-term view to develop business abroad. Global rainmaking requires tailoring your client development strategies to each client's cultural perspective. This takes time, effort and ingenuity, but the global rewards can be extraordinary.
Janet H. Moore is an experienced international business lawyer who helps law firms and lawyers succeed with customized global rainmaking strategies. She serves as Vice-Chair of the ABA's International Law Practice Management Forum and contributed to the ABA's best-selling Careers in International Law, 3rd Edition (2008).


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Ruben Amaro Jr. struck at the deadline again. Charlie Manuel finally has the righthanded bat he has craved since spring training. And the best team in baseball just added the final piece to its World Series-or-bust hopes.
The Phillies, permanently in a win-now mode, acquired outfielder Hunter Pence from the Houston Astros for four minor leaguers late Friday night, a source told The Inquirer. Two of those players — Jonathan Singleton and Jarred Cosart — were rated as the top prospects in a farm system depleted annually by summer blockbusters.
But such is the life for a franchise that had already invested $175 million in its major-league roster. The expectation in this city is to win a championship, future be damned.
Pence is not a superstar, but he is the complementary righthanded bat the Phillies have missed once Jayson Werth bolted for his mega-millions deal in Washington. He will be inserted into right field and the middle of Manuel's lineup.
In Pence, the Phillies have long-term certainty. The 28-year-old has two years of arbitration remaining. That doesn't mean he will come cheap; Pence is already making $6.9 million in 2011 and will be due a significant raise in 2012 and 2013. But with his addition, the 2012 outfield of Pence, Shane Victorino and Domonic Brown is set.
It's unclear whether the Phillies will pay the remaining $2.2 million on Pence's deal this season. If they do, it could put them dangerously close or over baseball's luxury tax limit of $178 million. No National League team has surpassed that threshold since instituted in 2003.
In the end, while top farmhands were sacrificed, no young pieces at the major-league level were required to complete the deal. The two players to be named later will come from a list that does not include Brown or 23-year-old pitcher Vance Worley.
FOXSports.com first reported the trade.
Have a question? Send it to Matt Gelb's Mailbag.
Download our NEW iPhone/Android app for easy access to all of our Phillies coverage, plus app-exclusive videos and analysis. Get it here.


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Glossary of Energy Terms
Click on the alphabet letter you wish to go to.
Note: No entries for Y or Z.
Letter P
PARALLEL PATH FLOW - As defined by NERC, this refers to the flow of electric power on an electric system's transmission facilities resulting from scheduled electric power transfers between two other electric systems. (Electric power flows on all interconnected parallel paths in amounts inversely proportional to each path's resistance.)
PARTIAL LOAD - An electrical demand that uses only part of the electrical power available. [See California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Section 2-5342(e) 2]
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) - Unburned fuel particles that form smoke or soot and stick to lung tissue when inhaled. A chief component of exhaust emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines.
PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY - Use of the sun to help meet a building's energy needs by means of architectural design (such as arrangement of windows) and materials (such as floors that store heat, or other thermal mass).
PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEM - A solar heating or cooling system that uses no external mechanical power to move the collected solar heat.
PBR - PERFORMANCE-BASED REGULATION - Any rate-setting mechanism which attempts to link rewards (generally profits) to desired results or targets. PBR sets rates, or components of rates,for a period of time based on external indices rather than a utility's cost-of-service. Other definitions include light-handed regulation which is less costly and less subject to debate and litigation. A form of rate regulation which provides utilities with better incentives to reduce their costs than does cost-of-service regulation.
PEAKER - A nickname for a power generating station that is normally used to produce extra electricity during peak load times.
PEAK LOAD OR PEAK DEMAND - The electric load that corresponds to a maximum level of electric demand in a specified time period.
PEAK LOAD - The highest electrical demand within a particular period of time. Daily electric peaks on weekdays occur in late afternoon and early evening. Annual peaks occur on hot summer days.
PEAK LOAD POWER PLANT - A power generating station that is normally used to produce extra electricity during peak load times.
PEAKING UNIT - A power generator used by a utility to produce extra electricity during peak load times.
PEAT - A heterogeneous mixture of partly decomposed organic matter that has accumulated in a water saturated environment over a very long period of time. Peat geologically is considered a very young form of coal and has a heating value of 6,600 Btu/pound in situ. California has minor peat resources.
PETROCHEMICALS - Chemicals made from oil.
PETRODOLLARS - Money paid to other countries for oil imported to the United States.
PADD (PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATION FOR DEFENSE DISTRICTS) - The United States is divided by the U.S. Department of Energy into five PADD regions for planning purposes. The states within PADD V are Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and Washington, which are linked closely by their oil supply network. Since very little petroleum product is export outside the district, PADD V is essentially a self-contained oil supply system with Alaska and California the main producers and California refining the majority of the crude oil consumed in the PADD.
PERM - The measurement of water vapor through different materials measured in perm-inch (mass of water vapor moving through a unit area in unit time).
PETROLEUM - Oil as found it its natural state under the ground.
PG&E - The acronym for Pacific Gas and Electric Company an electric and natural gas utility serving the central and northern California region.
PHOTOCELL - A device that produces an electric reaction to visible radiant energy (light).
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - A process by which green plants change carbon dioxide into oxygen and organic materials. The energy for this process comes from sunlight.
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL - A semiconductor that converts light directly into electricity.
PIPELINE - A line of pipe with pumping machinery and apparatus (including valves, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, etc.) for conveying a liquid or gas.
POOLCO - Poolco refers to a specialized, centrally dispatched spot market power pool that functions as a short-term market. It establishes the short-term market clearing price and provides a system of long-term transmission compensation contracts. It is regulated to provide open access, comparable service and cost recovery. A poolco would make ancillary generation services, including load following, spinning reserve, backup power, and reactive power, available to all market participants on comparable terms. In addition, the Poolco provides settlement mechanisms when differences in contracted volumes exist between buyers and sellers of energy and capacity.
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT - The functions of resource planning and procurement under a traditional utility structure. Portfolio management can also be defined as the aggregation and management of a diverse portfolio of supply (and demand-reduction) resources which will act as a hedge against various risks that may affect specific resources (i.e., fuel price fluctuations and certainty of supply, common mode failures, operational reliability, changes in environmental regulations, and the risk of health, safety, and environmental damages that may occur as a result of operating some supply resources). Under a more market-driven power sector with a "power-pool" or POOLCO wholesale market structure, a portfolio manager would: aggregate and manage a diverse portfolio of spot-market purchases, contracts-for-differences, futures contracts and other market-hedging-type contracts and mechanisms.
PCBs (POLYCHLORONATED BIPHENYLS) - A group of organic compounds used in the manufacture of plastics and formerly used as a coolant in electric transformers. In the environment, PCBs are highly toxic to aquatic life. They persist in the environment for long periods of time and are biologically accumulative.
POWER - Electricity for use as energy.
POWER AUTHORITIES - Quasi-governmental agencies that perform all or some of the functions of a public utility.
POWER PLANT (Note: Two separate words, not one word.) - A central station generating facility that produces energy.
POWER PLANT ENTRAINMENT - A situation where small organisms carried along with the water drawn into the power plant are subjected to thermal, physical, or chemical stresses.
POWER POOL - An entity established to coordinate short-term operations to maintain system stability and achieve least-cost dispatch. The dispatch provides backup supplies, short-term excess sales, reactive power support, and spinning reserve. Historically, some of these services were provided on an unpriced basis as part of the members' utility franchise obligations. Coordinating short-term operations includes the aggregation and firming of power from various generators, arranging exchanges between generators, and establishing (or enforcing) the rules of conduct for wholesale transactions. The pool may own, manage and/or operate the transmission lines ("wires") or be an independent entity that manages the transactions between entities. Often,the power pool is not meant to provide transmission access and pricing, or settlement mechanisms if differences between contracted volumes among buyers and sellers exist.
POWER POOL - Two or more interconnected utilities that plan and operate to supply electricity in the most reliable, economical way to meet their combined load.
PPM (PARTS PER MILLION) - The unit commonly used to represent the degree of pollutant concentration where the concentrations are small.
PREFERRED DAY-AHEAD SCHEDULE - A Scheduling Coordinator's preferred schedule for the ISO day-ahead scheduling process.
PREFERRED HOUR-AHEAD SCHEDULE -- A Scheduling Coordinator's preferred schedule for the ISO hour-ahead scheduling process.
PREFERRED SCHEDULE - The initial schedule produced by a Scheduling Coordinator that represents its preferred mix of generation to meet demand. The schedule includes the quantity of output (generators) and consumption (loads), details of any adjustment bids, and the location of each generator and load. The schedule also specifies the quantities and location of trades between the Scheduling Coordinator and all other Scheduling Coordinators, and is balanced with respect to generation, transmission losses, load, and trades.
PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR (PWR) - A nuclear power unit cooled by water that is pressurized to keep it from boiling when it reaches high temperatures.
PRIMARY FUEL - Fuel consumed in the original production of energy, before conversion takes place.
PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLER - A device that controls the operation of electrical equipment (such as air conditioning units and lights) according to a preset time schedule.
PROPANE - A gas that is both present in natural gas and refined from crude oil. It is used for heating, lighting and industrial applications. See also LPG.
PROVIDER OF LAST RESORT - A legal obligation(traditionally given to utilities) to provide service to a customer where competitors have decided they do not want that customer's business.
PUBLIC ADVISER - A appointee of the governor who attends all meetings of the California Energy Commission and provides assistance to members of the public and interveners in cases before the Commission.
PUBLIC INTEREST GOALS -- Public interest goals of electric utility regulation include: 1) inter-and intra-class and intergenerational equity); 2) the equal treatment of equals (horizontal equity); 3)balancing long- and short-term goals that have the potential to affect intergenerational balance; 4)protecting against the abuse of monopoly power; and 5) general protection of the health and welfare of the citizens of the state, nation, and world. Environmental and other types of social costs are subsumed under the equity and health and welfare responsibilities.
PUHCA - The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935. This act prohibits acquisition of any wholesale or retail electric business through a holding company unless that business forms part of an integrated public utility system when combined with the utility's other electric business. The legislation also restricts ownership of an electric business by non-utility corporations.
PUMPED HYDROELECTRIC STORAGE - Commercial method used for large-scale storage of power. During off-peak times, excess power is used to pump water to a reservoir. During peak times, the reservoir releases water to operate hydroelectric generators.
PURPA - The Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1978. Among other things, this federal legislation requires utilities to buy electric power from private "qualifying facilities," at an avoided cost rate. This avoided cost rate is equivalent to what it would have otherwise cost the utility to generate or purchase that power themselves. Utilities must further provide customers who choose to self-generate a reasonably priced back-up supply of electricity.
PURPA - The Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA) is implemented by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Under PURPA each electric utility is required to offer to purchase available electric energy from cogeneration and small power production facilities.
PX - The California Power Exchange Corporation, a state chartered, non-profit corporation charged with providing Day-Ahead and Hour-Ahead markets for energy and ancillary services, if it chooses to self-provide, in accordance with the PX tariff. The PX is a Scheduling Coordinator, and is independent of both the ISO and all other market participants.
PX GENERATION - Generation being scheduled by the PX.
PX LOAD - Load that has been scheduled by the PX, and which is received through the use of transmission or distribution facilities owned by participating transmission owners.
PX PARTICIPANT - An entity that is authorized to buy or sell energy or ancillary services through the PX, and any agent authorized to act on behalf of such an entity.


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Star Wars Special Edition
Directed and written by George Lucas. Starring Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Harrison Ford, Alec Guinness, and the voice of James Earl Jones. Opening Friday, Jan. 31, at area theaters.
At a 20-year remove, Star Wars comes off less as the work of a wizard than as the weird obsessive outgrowth of an eccentric American primitive. George Lucas is a tycoon version of those self-taught craftsmen who fill back yards, storage rooms, and cramped city apartments with paintings or gewgaws or wire-hanger sculptures. Fine-arts critics have a name for what these characters produce: Their quirky private mythology is called "outsider art." Lucas at his most likable has a strain of the outsider artist in him; when he made Star Wars he was following his own impulses and bucking the studio heads who thought space fantasy and heroic legendry were dead. What's unsettling about Lucas is that his stubborn idiosyncrasies are devoid of anything controversial or outre. He's an outsider with inside intuitions — he created the new mainstream, and it swamped Hollywood.
If you're not a Star Wars fanatic, and you re-see this movie varnished to a sheen in its self-consciously spiffy new edition, yet stripped of the novelty it had in 1977, you may be amazed that it became a phenomenon. The dialogue is unspeakable (and the befuddled cast can't figure out how to speak it), and there are long chunks of exposition, a white-bread view of the cosmos, desexed schoolboy airs, and monotonous rhythms. The Star Wars of the title have as complicated a back story as the Wars of the Roses, a presumptuous burden considering that all audiences have to know is that Darth Vader (the voice of James Earl Jones) is bad and that Luke Skywalker and friends — feisty rebel Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher), lovable mercenary Han Solo (Harrison Ford), guru Obi-Wan Kenobi (Alec Guinness) — are good. And though comic-book art usually bursts with adolescent sexuality, even the most striking costume designs seem neutered. (Have a codpiece and metallic pecs ever seemed less suggestive than they are on the Imperial Stormtroopers? And why does Princess Leia dress like a vestal virgin?)
The movie isn't a breakneck adventure either. It's often blamed for the action-blockbuster mentality that's corrupted American moviemaking for two decades, but no studio executive today would green-light such a gassy script. The first hour in particular is heavy lifting, as Darth Vader bullies a horde of forgettable subordinate baddies and Obi-Wan convinces Luke to be all that he can be. The movie's hold relies on Lucas' pulp notions of virtue connecting with America's hunger for an all-purpose, ready-to-wear philosophy. What could be easier to swallow than the beliefs of the Jedi Knights (compacted from cartoons, sci-fi serials, westerns, and swashbucklers, spiked with '60s consciousness-expansion and anthropology)? In spite of the scripture that's grown up around them, their pursuit of positive feeling isn't any more challenging than Green Lantern's faith in willpower. (Lucas and mythologist Joseph Campbell are now intertwined in the public mind; in 1985, Lucas told the National Arts Club that Campbell "has become my Yoda." But Campbell appears only in a footnote in Dale Pollock's 1983 Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas, written with Lucas' cooperation. Pollock cites Carlos Castaneda and his Tales of Power as the main source of the movie's mysticism.)
"I am Oz, the Great and Powerful," declared one of Lucas' major influences, the Wizard of Oz. Star Wars alternates between the Not-So-Great and Powerful, but it is intriguing: uninteresting in an interesting way, filled with notions that don't quite crawl to the level of ideas, and moods that rarely acquire the weight of emotion. There is still something enjoyably jolting about seeing "sand people" with eyes that resemble the air jets over airplane seats, or "Jawas" who look like incongruously jolly leprous monks, or a junk heap filled with mutated gadgets, all rolled out with serene matter-of-factness, as if each had an ordained place in the cosmos. And if you're surrounded by hundreds of rapt viewers — people who've attended the film so many times that they don't clap for the cliffhanger climaxes or laugh at the obvious jokes, but do clap fervently at the end — you have to grant that Star Wars is a genuine Yankee-tinker oddity. It's a cult movie for a mass viewership. And unlike cults for small-scale movies, the Star Wars cult, like Star Trek's Trekkers, take their preoccupation seriously, as a pop route to transcendence. They turn stick figures into icons and worship the notion of "The Force" — Lucas' variation on the Eastern concept of a vital energy coursing through the universe, here capable of fueling good or evil depending on how it's shaped by humanity.
As moviemaking, Star Wars is telling evidence of why, after this feature (and his two earlier films, THX 1138 and American Graffiti), Lucas gave up directing. He's far better with concepts — an android running up against a mammoth animal corpse in a wasteland, a freak summation of a Darwinian environment — than with flesh-and-blood characters like Luke sitting around the dinner table with his farmer aunt and uncle. And Lucas' fantastic compositional sense is divorced from human drama: He's able to position props (and the characters who might as well be props) as if they were vectors, signifying movement when there isn't any. Yet he can't get a narrative point across without a ton of dead-weight dialogue. Nonetheless, as entrepreneurial invention, the film is flabbergasting. Several times in his career, Lucas has done something most filmmakers do only once — revive or open up genres or areas of subject matter that other filmmakers go on to mine or vary, perfect or deepen. He did it with pre-'62 growing up in American Graffiti, with globe-trotting adventure in the Indiana Jones series, and with space opera in Star Wars. For my money, no other part of the Star Wars trilogy approaches the second film, The Empire Strikes Back, which was directed by Irvin Kershner. (Empire, and the third entry, the mechanical Return of the Jedi, are also scheduled for deluxe revivals before winter's out.) [page]
But Lucas has had subtler legacies, too. Would Diner have been financed if the success of an earlier vignette-style coming-of-age ensemble period piece — Lucas' American Graffiti — weren't in studio executives' heads? And the credits to Lucas' directorial efforts are also a credit to his taste, from actors like Richard Dreyfuss and Paul Le Mat and Harrison Ford to that sound and editing wizard Walter Murch. The second-unit photographers for Star Wars alone included Carroll Ballard (who went on to direct The Black Stallion), Robert Dalva (who edited The Black Stallion), and Tak Fujimoto (who shot Melvin and Howard, Something Wild, and The Silence of the Lambs for Jonathan Demme). Too bad Star Wars has become such a commercial vortex that it's weakened Lucas as a catalyst, sucking down his time.
The highly publicized changes Lucas has wrought for Star Wars Special Edition won't alter anyone's view of the picture — if anything, they're dismaying in how they betray the picayune level of his obsessiveness. He uses computer tricks to animate creatures in scenes that he always thought too static, to populate the streets outside the Mos Eisley Cantina more friskily, and to reincorporate the intended (but ultimately cut) debut of the loathsome, gelatinous Jabba the Hutt (now computer-generated) and bounty hunter Boba Fett. (He also includes a brief rah-rah segment pumping up Luke's reputation as a pilot prior to the screaming-eagle finish; the total of the "new," outtake footage amounts to 4 1/2 minutes.) The one Star Wars devotee in my viewing circle considered the new stuff classy and enlivening, and superior to what Spielberg offered up in Close Encounters — The Special Edition. I actually think that apart from punching up one gag that now has Han Solo dashing headlong into a horde of Stormtroops, the additions are a wash. They may draw one breed of "close readers" who'll scan the screen for the slightest alteration. But others will feel as if their long-term recall has been zapped.
And the slicker the movie gets, the more it loses character. Because Lucas pioneered seamless meldings of special effects into live-action footage, his trilogy has left a glossy afterglow, though one of its charms is how knocked-up its futuristic vision gets — even that golden boy C-3PO has a charming collection of dents. Part of the Star Wars appeal for a nontechnical, noncult audience came from its transposition of Second World War propaganda and baby boomer youth culture to that "long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away." It was a daydream come true for many members of the Woodstock generation — fighting Nazi-like Imperial Stormtroops as their fathers did, but with the vaguely countercultural Force as their weapon. One of the several spontaneous chuckles at the screening I attended came when Luke begs off cleaning up the androids because he's got to go to "Tosche station to pick up some power convertors," sounding for all the universe like a Valley Boy aching to get some new shocks for his jalopy. In his enormous "Letter From Skywalker Ranch" in the Jan. 6 New Yorker, John Seabrook writes that people applaud for Lucas "because he is Star Wars. It's difficult for brains braised in Star Wars from early adulthood to conceive of Lucas in any other terms." But even at the time of its premiere, movie fans couldn't help seeing Luke as Lucas. In Star Wars, Luke is thrust into an intergalactic civil war when he's nothing more than a kid from a desert nowhere-land who would fit right into the Modesto of American Graffiti — and he ends up triumphing over the evil Empire by sticking to his gut urges, as Lucas ended up conquering Hollywood. The movie's one heartfelt twinge comes when John Williams' music wells up like tears as Luke, profiled against a melancholy double sunset, laments what promises to be a fate of rural drudgery. (In general, Williams' score carries the emotional load: When you saw the film without the score, Carroll Ballard told Pollock, "you couldn't take it seriously. But the music gave it the style of an old-time serial.")
The filmmaker means for the fresh-faced innocent Luke to function as our stand-in. But he's inadequate except as a mirror image of Lucas, who was already an American success story after American Graffiti. The other human characters don't fill the bill either, at least not at this point in the saga. Harrison Ford hadn't yet gained the swashbuckling authority to pull off the role of a bluff gambler-adventurer. He may grimace and snarl like a rough but he looks unmarked by experience, like a kid doing Bogart for Halloween. Carrie Fisher plays interstellar royalty like a summer-camp thespian, hitting every wrong note imaginable for a freedom-loving princess; even when she stoops to admiring Han Solo's gumption — "He's got courage" — she descends with a nincompoop's noblesse oblige. And Alec Guinness lathers on his trademark understatement as Obi-Wan Kenobi: He's so wise-old-owlish you half expect him to say, "Whoooo." Those few curious adults who'll be seeing the film for the first time may wonder, as a friend of mine did, "What's the difference between an archetype and a stereotype?" (In Skywalking, Pollock finesses the issue by calling the heroes and heroine "fairy-tale prototypes.")
The nonhuman characters heist the spectacle, including Han Solo's huge literal grease-monkey, the Wookiee Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew); C-3PO (Anthony Daniels), a mechanical, dithering gentleman's gentleman who's like a cross between Stan Laurel and Edward Everett Horton; and that short, stocky can-do droid R2-D2 (Kenny Baker), who speaks in cascades of pulses, beeps, and flatulent static. ("Robonics," I suppose; the splendidly named Ben Burtt did the justly famous sound design.) At its peak, Star Wars is like a trick symphony by Haydn — in particular, of course, the Surprise Symphony. Lucas is at his best after C-3PO and R2-D2 crash-land on Luke's desert planet, Tattooine, and wander through the endless sandscapes bickering; when C-3PO moans, "We seem to be made to suffer," it's like Beckett for kiddies. When the Jawas zap R2-D2, Lucas wrings a giggle from the squat droid's abrupt collapse. Along with the celebrated, orgiastic cantina scene, it's one of the film's uncanny strokes of humor; it provokes a laugh every time and shows off Lucas' grasp of the ineffable side of objects. So does the bit when the Wookiee howls at a miniature surveillance droid and it scurries off like a frightened Chihuahua. A fanzine called Cinescape, ranking Star Wars right after 2001: A Space Odyssey as the most influential sci-fi film of all time, noted that tiny flourish as an example of Lucas displaying "how much fun a movie could be." [page]
But how much lasting "fun" is the first Star Wars movie, really? Once the blush of the gimmickry wears off, what's left is rather ponderous — the dedicated rebels and the iniquitous Empire and that overarching home religion of the Force. I suppose it's encouraging, in this self-absorbed culture, for a piece of pop mythology to call for some vanquishment of self, which the Force does. But the Force is a two-edged light saber. At the initial stage of the Star Wars saga, it's so general that it can mean almost anything, from God to Emerson's "Oversoul" to New Age cure-alls to the "one big soul" of fellow-feeling in The Grapes of Wrath. "The Force can have a strong influence on the weak-minded," says Obi-Wan Kenobi. Watching audiences applaud the Triumph of the Will-meets-Emerald City finish — a show-of-force ending to an anti-tyrannical fable — you know that Kenobi's not just talking about Imperial Stormtroopers. To me, what's most astonishing about Star Wars is how it laid the tracks for the infinitely superior The Empire Strikes Back — coming refurbished to a theater near you on Feb. 21.


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Physical Therapy Information
Mission of the DPT Program
The mission of the Department of Physical Therapy is to serve the public with a focus on the citizens of Tennessee and the region by preparing qualified practitioners and engaging in clinical care, service and research.
Job Market and Earning Potential
Physical therapists practice in a variety of settings including hospitals, outpatient clinics, school systems, skilled nursing facilities, home health agencies and fitness centers. The American Physical Therapy Association reports the median salary for a physical therapist is $80,000 depending on position, years of experience, degree of education, geographic location, and practice setting.
Educational Programs
The minimum educational requirements to practice physical therapy is a post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited education program. While some programs offer a master's degree, a majority of programs offer the Doctor of Physical Therapy Degree. Currently, over 200 colleges and universities nationwide offer professional physical therapist education programs. Entry-level programs, both master and doctoral levels, prepare students as generalists in physical therapy. UTHSC has a three-year professional program and graduates of the program are awarded the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree.
For physical therapists who have completed their basic physical therapy education and wish to specialize in a specific area, post–professional programs are available. These programs are developed for those physical therapists who seek advanced knowledge and/or skill in clinical practice, education, management, and/or research.
In addition, some universities and community colleges offer accredited two-year educational programs for physical therapist assistants (PTAs). PTAs are skilled technical health care workers who, under the supervision of physical therapists, assist in patients' treatment programs. Graduation from a PTA program does not assure an individual's admission into an educational program for the physical therapist.
Contact Us
Carol Counts Likens, PT, PhD
Chairman and
Associate Professor
Department of Physical Therapy
The University of Tennessee
Health Science Center
930 Madison – Suite 647
Memphis, TN 38163


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MOSCOW (AP) — The Kremlin says Russian President Vladimir Putin has ordered a surprise military exercise in the Black Sea.
News agencies quoted his spokesman Dmitry Peskov as saying Putin dispatched the order to the defense minister at 4 a.m. on Thursday.
A Kremlin statement says the exercise will involve 36 vessels, an unspecified number of airplanes and up to 7,000 troops. Peskov says maneuvers involving fewer than 7,000 troops do not require approval from Russia's neighbors.
Peskov said ships taking part in the exercise have already left the Russia-leased Sevastopol port in Ukraine's Crimea peninsula.
Russia's naval affairs are under scrutiny due to the civil war in ally Syria. Russia risks losing access to its naval base in Syria's Tartus port on the Mediterranean Sea if the Syrian regime is toppled.


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CSCS Card Tests booked online by some of the finest companies in Scotland. Book your CSCS Card Health and Safety Test for Scotland now ONLY £34.50 – click here now
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Pigment powered gadgets
Queensland Uni trailblazers in melanin infused electronics
The natural pigment, melanin, which endows humans and animals eye, skin and hair colour is set to be the driving force behind a new generation of bio-powered gadgets.
A research team from the University of Queensland led by Professor Paul Meredith and Associate Professor Ben Powell and incorporating an international team of scientists has published a study on the electrical properties of melanin and its biologically compatible "bioelectronic" features.
That biological compatibility means the first applications for melanin-based electronics would be on products for human implants.
Professor Meredith describes the pigment as like an organic semiconductor, composed of molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and other elements.
"There are very few examples of natural organic semiconductors and melanin was thought to be the very first example, demonstrated to be such in the early 70s," said Professor Meredith.
The study, which has been evolving for ten years, reveals that in semiconductors, such as those found in computers and mobile phones, electrons carry the electrical current. However, in biological systems, such as brains and muscles, ions carry the current. While in melanin, both electrons and ions play important roles.
"Melanin is able to talk to both electronic and ionic control circuitry and hence can provide that connection role," said Professor Meredith. The research is engaging in new ways of interfacing conventional electronics to biological systems using a combination of ion-and-electron conducting biomaterials such as melanin.
The team is currently working on creating ion-based electrical devices using melanin, with a view to ultimately connect them to actual biological systems. Applications could include stimulating or repairing signal-carrying pathways in tissues such as muscle or brain. Professor Meredith said that using the biomaterials would also solve the need for cheaper, safer electronic materials with greener credentials. ®


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Learners create art inspired by authentic NASA planetary image data while learning to recognize the geology on planetary surfaces, uniquely inspiring learner engagement. This presentation and accompanying activity use the elements of art - shape,... (View More) line, color, texture, value - to make sense of features in NASA images, honing observation skills and inspiring questions. It aligns with the NGSS cross-cutting concept of Patterns. Videos, images, and an interactive poster that breaks down activity elements deepen user access. (View Less)
These short leader guides are designed for a novice user to pick up and implement the activities with ease. They address a range of topics all related to asteroids - most especially Asteroid Vesta. Activities are tagged to quickly find ones that are... (View More) active (involves movement), edible (involves food), calm (stationary) or informative (about NASA's Dawn mission and Vesta). (View Less)