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Bodhi Sarkar's 'Best of 2005'
Better late than never, Mr Sarkar provides his top ten DVD purchases of last year
Whilst I love my mainstream blockbusters, I'm only really subjected to them during my visit to the local multiplex. When it comes to DVD, my shelves are reserved for independent and world titles that, in my opinion, have a bit more soul than their Hollywood counterparts. This may explain Hollywood's tendency to mimic every successful title to emerge from the Far East in recent years. It is somewhat unfortunate that I was either submerged in my final year thesis or ridiculously bankrupt to fund my compulsive DVD buying habit. Subsequently, there are so many releases that I have been unable to obtain due to time and budgetary constraints. The following represent my most treasured purchases of 2005 in reverse order of preference. In other words – the stuff I managed to scavenge during my final year at University.
10. Joint Security Area UK Region Two
With the unprecedented success of Oldboy, South Korean filmmaker Park Chan-wook became a valuable contributor to the international cinema scene. It was inevitable that UK audiences would finally be exposed to Park's globally acclaimed blockbuster Joint Security Area – a delicately rendered puzzle revolving around the DMZ that separates the two Koreas. In an era where conflict and war spread fear like a disease, it is refreshing to see a film depicting simple characters with a desperate hope for reunification. Tartan have grown to become one of the UK's finest distributors of contemporary and world cinema. The early days of dark transfers with burned-in subtitles are a distant memory; now they are massive supporters of DTS, supplementary materials and respectable transfers. However if NTSC to PAL conversions irritate you then I suggest you look elsewhere.
9. Shutter HK Region Three
Hurrah! An original Far Eastern horror! Well alright, not really - we still have the clichéd long haired, pale faced, Ringu-cloned Asian girl but apart from that, Shutter is an incredibly well written story. This Thai movie easily dwarfs anything by the Pang Brothers in terms of adrenaline, suspense and shear intensity. Unless you are God, it is unlikely that you will be able to foresee the film's spectacular climax. In addition, the HK disc is one of the finest bargains of 2005. Not only is the disc blessed with English subtitled extras but also boasts a colossal full-rate DTS-ES mix.
8. Bungee Jumping of Their Own South Korean Region Three
At last we come across the first of the splendid Far Eastern DVD packages. Although not as grand as certain Japanese editions, those Koreans still know how to maintain exquisite ambience. The exterior comprises of a lovely sturdy box that houses the disc and the accompanying scenario book. Being a South Korean release, importers could avoid extortionate Japanese prices and proudly display an exclusive limited edition on their shelves. The film itself was a remarkably bold decision for first time director Kim Dae-seung, who highlighted the idea of love and reincarnation. Blessed with breathtaking cinematography, Bungee Jumping of Their Own offers an alternative angle on the romantic drama genre.
7. Crying Fist South Korean Region Three
This also wins an award for being last year's biggest surprise – the Ryu brothers can deliver a heart-warming tale about the ultimate fight for dignity. Korean cinema experts will of course recognise the brothers' previous collaborations, where writer/director Ryu Seung-wan would be at the helm and little sibling Ryu Seung-beom usually starred as the goofball protagonist. In a surprising turn, the latter grew dreadlocks and a bad attitude for his character in Crying Fist. With Oldboy star Choi Min-sik as his competitor, the screen literally explodes when these two underdogs come face to face. Once again the DVD presentation is immaculate – the video transfer exploits the rapid exposure with incredible intensity and does not compromise on the violent DTS soundtrack. Even the fold-out digipaks are nicely decorated with images from the film.
6. Danny the Dog HK Region Three
My favourite genres collide in this unique mix of British gangsterism, martial arts and contemporary drama. Unapologetically gritty performances from Hoskins and Li result in arguably the best Hollywood Jet Li movie. In addition, Danny the Dog was filmed and set in Glasgow – although why everyone speaks in a dodgy cockney accent is open for discussion. Incidentally, this is also the only 'mainstream' title on my list and I use that term lightly – what I really mean is that it is the only English dialogue film that I have placed in my top 10. HK label Panorama have done sound job with the DVD, offering a brutal DTS mix and informative English subtitled supplements. Let us hope that this trend continues in 2006, allowing viewers to watch deleted scenes and documentaries in absolute comfort.
5. A World Without Thieves HK Region Three
At just shy of $7, this is the best bargain of 2005. Straight from Mainland China, commercially successful writer/director Feng Xiaogang delivers a mesmerising adventure about thieves with solid morals. Andy Lau, Rene Liu and You Ge ignite the screen with their witty yet stern performances – a perfect break from the usual Hong Kong rubbish. It is worth viewing for the fantastic pickpocket choreography alone, but when the filmmakers have provided lush visuals and an extravagant score, one must wonder why anyone would be missing this from their collection – especially at that price! Jaws begin to drop when it is revealed that the disc contains two DTS-ES mixes and even has room for two more Dolby Digital EX tracks. Thankfully the deleted scenes have been subtitled in English but everything else will have you reaching for that English-Chinese dictionary.
4. Hana and Alice South Korean Region Three
My second exposure to critically acclaimed filmmaker Shunji Iwai has filled my innards with sweetness and compassion, as he depicts a love triangle between Anne Suzuki, Yu Aoi and Tomohiro Kaku's characters. Iwai's expertise in combining sublime photography with an elegant soundtrack is made strikingly vivid, especially as he was responsible for composing the entire score. It was a tough call between the HK and Korean region three releases – both are the only versions available with English subtitles. However, the improved video transfer of the Korean release outweighed the 5.1 audio of the HK disc, even though the latter exhibited the original theatrical artwork but the cherry blossom filled drawings of the Korean DVD made an attractive option. Whilst neither disc opted for English subtitled extras, the Korean packaging is once again aesthetically pleasing and reassuringly affordable.
3. Sekai no Chushin de, ai wo Sakebu Japanese Region Two
We now come across another modern Japanese filmmaker, Isao Yukisada, whom I admire very much. Incidentally, we also encounter the most over the top packaging ever. Three discs are housed inside a massive cassette shaped exterior that is the size of a laptop. Included is a wealth of gifts that will most likely never see the light of day, such as a photo frame, picture booklets, calendar and audio cassette. Upon initial release, the set came to around £50 plus delivery. However for reasons unknown, it was later reduced to £16, which made it cheap enough to avoid a customs bill. This film was notorious for having special and limited editions available all over the place. However it is the three disc Japanese limited edition that stands proud on the shelf, providing it is big enough to handle all that weight. The film itself was an emotionally charged tragedy, which was beautifully retold thanks to Yukisada's delicate filmmaking techniques. If possible, I would urge fans to also check out the J-drama counterpart to open additional tear ducts.
2. Nobody Knows Japanese Region Two
Japanese documentary filmmaker Hirokazu Koreeda shares his insight into the desolate world of abandoned children with his heart-achingly beautiful drama Nobody Knows, which of course earned the young actor Yuya Yagira a best actor award at the Cannes Film Festival. The children are all non-professional actors but display such sincerity in their performances that it is very easy to feel happiness and sorrow when the characters face hope and tragedy respectively. The Japanese DVD is perhaps not the most economical solution – the extras omit English subtitles and the boxset is ridiculously expensive. However the presentation is undeniably pristine and there is a charm in knowing that you own a genuine Japanese region two copy. For those who cannot justify a high SRP then there are plenty of cheaper alternatives.
1. Black UK Region Two
To call this film a masterpiece would be an understatement, perhaps even an insult as the term is carelessly used today to describe any decent production that attracts the public's eye. Even if I were to review it, I would find it awkward to award it a mark out of ten. Just as the Mona Lisa is a priceless painting, cherished by art lovers worldwide, I feel the same about Sanjay Leela Bhansali's fantastic accomplishment. In addition to the marvellous lighting and tranquilising score, the icy shades and calm monochromes help paint a bleak picture. The protagonist's exhausting journey from complete isolation into a life of knowledge has been wonderfully illustrated with incredible aplomb. Black is a title that is likely to restore your faith in life without the need for manipulation and over the top melodrama. The UK DVD comprises of a beautifully decorated digipak with brail markings on the cover, along with a few nice extras. It is a shame that the disc is now expensive and of limited supply. Until a new batch comes in, good luck with finding a copy.
Where are my films made?
South Korea and Japan share the top spot but the former would probably be in the lead if it were not for my bias towards Japanese cinema. These results may reflect on the booming South Korean film industry, where an increasing number of westerners are impressed by the quality of Korean cinema. Interestingly, there is not a single HK title on my list. However I have lost enthusiasm for Cantonese titles after the majority now contain irritating idols and unfunny humour to generate those revenues.
Where are my DVDs coming from?
Being the cheapskate that I am, I tend to go for the wallet-friendly option. HK and Korean discs are some of the cheapest on the planet – especially considering the lengths that some distributors go through to present their packaging. There are no Region One discs simply because I prefer to enjoy the Hollywood titles on the big screen. The titles I like to take home come from elsewhere. On occasion, I like to save up for a lavish Japanese or UK edition, with subtitled extras being a bonus point of the latter.
Final Thoughts
Well now that I have a steady job, car and woman (alright just the job and the car), I can continue my investment in DVDs and home cinema equipment. In 2006, I'm looking forward to Serenity Limited Edition Tin (R4), King Kong and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In terms of cinema, I'm quite intrigued by Superman Returns and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, not to mention the countless hidden gems that are likely to pop up from time to time.
I hope that by browsing through my purchases of 2005, I have encouraged some of you to check out titles that you would normally not go out of your way to see. In return, I would also appreciate information on any foreign/independent films that you think I should really check out.
Editorial by Bodhi Sarkar
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Longtime law enforcement officer Johnny Owens died surrounded by his family on July 9, 2013.
Owens was born Aug. 16, 1947 and served his country in the Army as a Sergeant with the field artillery. He also served in the Vietnam Conflict before returning to the area and joining the Bastrop Police Department. He served the citizens of Bastrop in this capacity for 25 years, retiring as a Captain. But, Owens did not end his law enforcement career with retirement. Under the administration Morehouse Parish Sheriff Bob Carter, he served as the Chief Deputy and continued to serve for both Sheriff Danny McGrew and Sheriff Mike Tubbs.
"Johnny was an Officer of the Law my entire life," said Tubbs. "I worked with him at the Police Department and was honored to have him serve with me at the Sheriff's Office."
"He was very passionate about serving the community and I learned a lot about law enforcement from just watching and being around him."
Owens is survived by his wife, Rosemary Chunn Owens of Mer Rouge; his mother, Mattie Odell Scott of Mer Rouge; his three children, Dawn Chapman and her husband, Ron of Bastrop, Tammie Ricks of Bastrop and J.C. Phillips and wife, Kellie of Hamburg, Ark; four grandchildren, Amber Ricks, Harley Ricks, Lex Ann Phillips and Jace Phillips; a brother, Tim Scott and wife, Gay of Blanchard; a niece, Megan Scott of Blanchard; an aunt and uncle, whom he loved as a mother and father, Dean and James Vosburg and numerous nieces, nephews and extended family as well as two special friends, Butch Aulds and Ronnie Harper. He was preceded in death by a brother, Jimmy Kindley.
Funeral services for Mr. Johnny Owens will be held at 3 p.m. Thursday, July 11, 2013, at the Chapel of Cox Funeral Home of Bastrop. Interment with military honors will be at the Mer Rouge Cemetery. The family received friends from 5 p.m. until 8 p.m. Wednesday, July 10, 2013 at Cox Funeral Home of Bastrop

subset: commoncrawl


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Did Nicki Minaj really endorse Mitt Romney? Maybe not.
By Maria Puente, USA TODAY If Nicki Minaj thought she'd send the political world and the blogosphere into an incredulous swoon with her profane "endorsement" of Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney, well, she was right. Bloggers and politicos have been swooning for hours today and they're still no closer to determining whether Minaj is really for Mitt, or whether it's just another ironic stunt by ...Read more ›


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Items affiliated to " Japan"
Group by: No Grouping | Authors | Refereed | Document Language | EPrint Type
Number of items at this level: 8.
Blakemore, Robert (2010) Wonder Worm to the Rescue. Our World 2.0 brought to you by the United Nations University, 2 July 2010, 2010, p. 1.
Hossain, Shaikh Tanveer; Sugimoto, Hideki; Asagi, N.; Araki, T.; Ueno, H.; Morokuma, M. and Kato, H. (2013) The use of desalinated-dried jellyfish and rice bran for controlling weeds and rice yield. Journal of Organic Systems, 8 (1), pp. 28-37.
Sarker, M.A and Itohara, Y. (2008) Dissemination of Organic Agricultural Information: The Role of Key Communicator Networks in Rural Bangladesh. Poster at: Cultivating the Future Based on Science: 2nd Conference of the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research ISOFAR, Modena, Italy, June 18-20, 2008.
Sarker, Md. Asaduzzaman and Itohara, Yoshihito (2008) Factors Influencing the Extent of Practice of Organic Farming Technologies: A Case Study of Tangail District in Bangladesh. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 3 (3), pp. 584-590.
Sugimoto, Hideki; Takuya, Araki; Masahiro, Morokuma and Hossain, Shaikh Tanveer (2017) Combined Application of Oil Cake and Rice Bran Reduced the Number of Weeds and Increased the Yield of Paddy Rice in a Pad Field Incorporated with White Clover. In: Proceedings of 9th Crop Science Association Conference.
Taniguchi, Yoko (2014) The Level of Trust and the Consumer Attitude toward Organic Vegetables: Comparison between Japanese and German Consumers. In: Rahmann, G. and Aksoy, U. (Eds.) Building Organic Bridges, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany, 3, Thuenen Report, no. 20, pp. 773-778.
Xu, Hui-lian; Li, Fenglan; Su, Feifei; Qin, Feifei and Chang, Tingting (2014) ORGANIC POTATO CROPS ARE IMPROVED BY INOCULATING A MICROBIAL INOCULUM TO THE CUT SURFACE OF SEED TUBERS. In: Rahmann, G. and Aksoy, U. (Eds.) Building Organic Bridges, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany, 1, Thuenen Report, no. 20, pp. 133-136.
YOSHINO, Keiko; KUBOTA, Hiroko; UOZUMI, Michio and FURUSAWA, Koyu (2014) Organic agriculture and teikei in Japan after nuclear plant explosion in March, 2011. Paper at: IFOAM Organic World Congress 2014, Istanbul, Turkey, 13-15 October 2014. [Completed]
This list was generated on Thu Sep 20 11:23:05 2018 CEST.


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POL342 Politics of Developing Areas
Comparative study of the processes, institutions, and issues of political systems in the developing societies of Africa, Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Overview course to prepare students for more intensive studies dealing with specific areas.
- 3
- Liberal Arts
- Must be enrolled in the following level: Undergraduate
- May not be enrolled in the following class: Freshman


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The Ready To Learn Grant
About the Grant
Past Ready To Learn initiative grants from the U.S. Department of Education have funded some of the country's most effective and beloved children's educational television programming. Ready To Learn initiative programs like Between the Lions, Sesame Street, SUPER WHY, and WordWorld have helped young children build the cognitive, problem solving, and social/emotional skills they need for school success.
Today's Ready To Learn initiative funding is focused heavily on developing programs and resources that help young children build strong pre-reading and reading skills, using scientifically-based reading research (SBRR) to guide teaching strategies. Other current Ready To Learn initiative priorities include:
- Testing new ways for kids and parents to view programs—for example, on the Internet, or with handheld devices, mobile phone, and other emerging technologies
- Exploring new ways to ensure that children from all socio-economic levels have the resources they need to learn how to read
- Evaluating rigorously the outcomes of children's exposure to television programming and other content to learn what works
Current Ready To Learn initiative grantees are PBS in partnership with the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the Ready To Learn Partnership. Fun, engaging, innovative, and motivating productions in development include the soon-to-be-unveiled Martha Speaks and an updated version of The Electric Company. These new shows will join perennial Ready To Learn Initiative favorites Between the Lions, Sesame Street, SUPER WHY, and WordWorld.


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Horoscopes for week of August 28, 2003
What greater adventure is there than exploring the enigmas of your unique destiny, Aries? For more hints about the week ahead, listen to your Expanded Audio Horoscope. The reading costs $6.
This week Mars is closer to Earth than it has been since cavemen roamed the earth. It also happens to be midway through a five-month sojourn in your astrological House of Networking, which is its longest stay since 1956. Because the red planet invigorates everything it influences, you could very well be a whiz at winning friends and influencing people from now until December. But keep in mind that unless you respond with all your passionate ingenuity to the arousing Martian energy, it may also have a disruptive effect. Here's your rule of thumb: Go all the way, give everything you have, and don't hold back.
Want to explore the coming week even further, Taurus? Dig deeper? Feel stronger? Consider tuning in to your Expanded Audio Horoscope. The reading costs $6.
Do you think you'd enjoy being able to focus all your ambitions in one overarching dream? Can you imagine what it might be like not to feel your desires split in five different directions? While your predilection for versatility and vacillation isn't necessarily a bad thing, Gemini, it might be interesting at some point in your life to explore the ferocious pleasures of single-mindedness. It so happens that now is a perfect moment to launch such an exploration. Mars, the planet that rules willpower and determination, is currently expressing tremendous force in your astrological House of Total Commitment. There has rarely been a better time for you to stabilize your purpose and steel your resolve.
Got enough clues to chew on for a while, Gemini? If you need more, give yourself the luxury of your Expanded Audio Horoscope for the coming week. The reading costs $6.
The largest mountain on Mars, Olympus Mons, is almost three times the size of Mount Everest. It should serve as your sacred symbol of power in the coming months. Why? Because the red planet is now pouring extra mojo into your astrological House of Exploration, and will continue to do so through mid-December. You will have the ability to pull off frontier adventures that are equivalent to climbing to the top of Olympus Mons. For a picture of Olympus Mons, go here.
Need a few more whacks applied to your mental blocks in the coming week, Cancerian? A few more caresses administered to your growing edge? Cruise on over to your Expanded Audio Horoscope. The reading costs $6.
It's a perfect moment to purge romantic karma left over from the old days. You shouldn't go another week without doing a ritual to dissolve the bad memories, lingering resentments, and ancient wounds that have continued to tweak your intimate relationships. It's also prime time to kill off your outdated dogmas about gender roles and to blow up any obstacles that interfere with your ability to experience total sexual pleasure. How can I be so sure you're ready for these fate-mutating transitions? Mars, the planet of creative destruction, is currently bringing its tough love to your astrological House of Sexy Emotions. I predict that it will liberate you from influences that prevent you from finding more beautiful and flagrant ways to enjoy your libido.
Where do you want to go in the coming week, Leo? Who do you want to be? For more clues, tune in to your Expanded Audio Horoscope. The reading costs $6.
Astronomers are uncertain about how brightly Mars will glow in the sky this week. It'll be as close as it ever gets to both the Earth and sun, and should theoretically be a dazzling beacon. But there's a possibility that huge dust storms will sweep the planet, increasing its reflectivity and boosting its illumination even further. Due to astrological factors that would take too long to explain here, I predict that you Virgos will be as shiny and brilliant as Mars, and that any storms passing your way will only make you shinier and more brilliant.
Life will bring you entertaining revelations in the coming week, Virgo. To explore even deeper, dive into your Expanded Audio Horoscope. The reading costs $6.
Mars is not only a heavenly body, but also an aspect of your psyche. Your inner Mars consists of your ambition, animal energy, willpower, and sex drive. By reading the movements of the red planet in the sky, we astrologers can make educated guesses about the state of the Mars force within you. Here's my analysis: Your ambition will get back on track now if you give it a chiropractic-like adjustment; your animal energy will return to full vitality if you stop doing the careless thing that's weakening it; your willpower has been muted by the consequences of a past mistake, but you now have the insight to correct the mistake; your sex drive is not as pure and strong as it could be, but will become so if you will just get clearer about what really turns you on.
Want more clues, Libra? Need further insight? I discuss your coming week in greater depth in your Expanded Audio Horoscope. The reading costs $6.
Michel Gauquelin (1928-1991) was a French statistician and psychologist who set out to prove astrology is bunk. To his surprise, he found some scientific evidence demonstrating its validity. One striking discovery was the Mars Effect: There is a significant probability of world-class athletes and military leaders being born when the red planet is rising in the sky. I believe you Scorpios are now benefiting from a variation on this phenomenon. Mars, which is one of your astrological rulers, is closer to Earth than it has been in 60,000 years. It is also in the midst of a rare five-month visit to your House of Creative Self-Expression. I believe that not only means you are extra fertile; you're also at the peak of your physical vigor and your ability to emerge victorious in competitive struggles.
What greater adventure is there than exploring the enigmas of your unique destiny, Scorpio? For more hints about the week ahead, listen to your Expanded Audio Horoscope. The reading costs $6.
You and your tribe are the restless explorers of the zodiac, Sagittarius. Your wanderlust sometimes becomes so consuming that you forget how important it is to have a home base. And when you suffer from that delusion, you aren't likely to devote much creativity to keeping your foundations strong. Luckily, you're now in a phase when you can't possibly get away with this ignorance. The energizing planet Mars is stirring up a flood of feelings and ideas about what you need to sustain you -- and how to take good care of it.
Your destiny is a gorgeous mystery, Sagittarius. Your soul is awakening more every day. The secrets of life are ripening right in front of your eyes. For more clues, consider checking out your Expanded Audio Horoscope. The reading costs $6.
Alert! Mars is extremely up-close and personal right now. Not since the time of the Neanderthals has the red planet veered so near to the Earth. In cosmic terms, it's practically on top of us, ladies and gentlemen. It's in our faces. It's forcing us to deal with its favorite agendas. What that means for you Capricorns is that you'd better communicate with concise candor in all matters related to your ambitions and sexuality. Find a way to express your burning desires with uncompromising integrity.
Hungry for more inspiration, Capricorn? Curious about the unfolding mysteries? For more juicy details about your destiny in the coming week, check out your Expanded Audio Horoscope. The reading costs $6.
Mars is closer to Earth right now than it has been since the Old Stone Age. At the same time, amazingly enough, it's also making its nearest approach to the sun. As a result, we're able to get our best look ever at the melting of the red planet's south polar cap. This rare confluence provides a good metaphor for the effect that the intensified Martian vibes are likely to have on you as they impact your astrological House of Finances and Possessions. I believe your frozen assets are about to thaw.
No one knows you better than you do, Aquarius. But maybe you'll be inspired to dig up even more self-knowledge in the coming week if you tune in to your Expanded Audio Horoscope. The reading costs $6.
Mars usually cruises through a sign in five to eight weeks, but it has been in Pisces since June 16 and will remain there until December 16 -- its longest stay since 1956. But that's not all: Mars is now closer to Earth than it has been in 60,000 years. During this unprecedented convergence of unusual events, I predict that your relationship with the red planet will be more intense and intimate than it ever has been. Here are some of the tasks you can expect cosmic assistance with: discovering secrets about how to ask forcefully for what you really want; making your strategies for success more foolproof and irresistible; and getting very clear about the life goals that are most important for you to pursue in the next ten years.
How much do you want to know about your destiny in the coming week, Pisces? How far do you dare to go? For more insight into your shimmering, undulating fate, tune in to your Expanded Audio Horoscope for the coming week. The reading costs $6.
|Missed a week? Check the horoscope archives.
© 1995-2013 -- Rob Brezsny. All rights reserved


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(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved.
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On May 16, 1874, in the hills of western Massachusetts, the Williamsburg reservoir dam broke, devastating a narrow valley lined with factories and farms and leaving 139 dead. At the time, it was the most deadly dam failure on record in the U.S. Amasa Jones, a Deerfield farmer, recorded the event in his diary, among the other entries of local deaths, accidents, and illness. His diary demonstrates that death and sickness among young people was much more prevalent in 1874 than today, but that the losses of individuals were no less mourned.
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Page from Josiah Allen diary regarding Mill River Disaster Flood
"The Mill River Disaster" article from the Journal of Industry newspaper
"Daily Graphic" newspaper illustration- 'Birdseye View of the Williamsburgh Reservior with the Ruined Dam'
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University of Vermont
2011-12 Online Catalogue
Political Science (Bachelor of Arts)
General Requirements
Specific Requirements
Thirty credits in Political Science:
- Four (twelve credits) core courses (POLS 021, POLS 041, POLS 051, POLS 071).
- At least fifteen credits at the advanced (100 or 200) level in political science subject to the following restrictions:
- Three credits must be at the 200-level.
- Students must complete at least one advanced (100 or 200-level) course in three of the four subfields (American Politics; Political Theory; International Relations; Comparative Politics).
- Twelve of those fifteen credits, including the three credits at the 200-level, must be in UVM political science courses (excluding study abroad, transfer credit, readings and research).
- Three additional credits in political science at any level (can include transfer credit).
- At least fifteen of the thirty credits used to satisfy this major must be taken at the University of Vermont.
Note: Internships will not count toward the thirty credits required for the major.
- Colleges and Schools: College of Arts and Sciences.
- Departments and Programs: Political Science Department.


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HEREDIA, COSTA RICA – The atmosphere at Estadio Eladio Rosabal Cordero was everything that the LA Galaxy expected and unfortunately, for LA, at times it was much more.
The Galaxy endured jeers, chants, whistles, and according to Mike Magee the occasional spitball from the fans during their scoreless draw against Herediano in their CONCACAF Champions League Quarterfinal First Leg.
"I got spit on about 30 times tonight, so I'm not too happy with that. But besides that, their fans were very pro-them, but anytime you're getting spit on, you're not going to leave happy," said Magee. "I don't want to sound like I'm whining, but spitting's disgusting. I'd rather somebody punch me than spit on me."
But was the reaction better than flying bags of urine, which have long been a staple of CONCACAF matches? Not so says Magee.
"At least you can see a bag coming; you can dodge it. Spit is disgusting and [with the] misty air, so it's combination of each," said Magee. "I'm not leaving here like this is a place I want to come back to."
Magee had every reason to be frustrated after the result as he saw two opportunities to put the Galaxy ahead denied by the woodwork and the officiating crew. In the 52nd minute, the Galaxy attacker had a chance rattle the crossbar and then 15 minutes later, his next opportunity found the back of the net, but was ruled offside. Television replays showed that Magee was onside when the ball was played to him.
The hostile conditions of El Rosabal now thousands of miles away, LA captain Robbie Keane believes that not only were LA the better team on Thursday, but they are now in striking position to advance once they return to the friendly confines of The Home Depot Center.
"I thought we were the better team, to be honest with you. Considering we're playing in their stadium and on their pitch, that we're obvious not used to. I thought we were kind of in control of most of the game," said Keane. "It's in our own hands now, playing in our own stadium, in front of our fans, on a pitch we obvious feel more comfortable than this, so we look forward to it."


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Watching the dysfunction in Washington over the past two weeks has been painful. Our leaders have grown too comfortable with pushing the limits, and we let a few dozen of our own representatives -- the people elected to promote the common good, or "general welfare," as the Constitution calls for-- hold the nation's economy hostage for the sake of their political self-interest.
But after the storm comes the promise -- the hope of lessons learned and new ways forward together. A few key groups of people have renewed my faith that this is possible.
First, I want to thank the women of the Senate, both Republican and Democrat, who helped lead us to choose the common good over ideological agendas.
Second, I want to acknowledge the mysterious influence and power of prayer that spread across the nation to help reopen our broken political process and protect the nation from more catastrophe. Yesterday morning, your prayers connected with those very same senators who spearheaded the deal -- Sens. Kelly Ayotte (R-N.H.), Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska), and Susan Collins (R-Maine) -- as they joined us to pray over Congress on the Capitol lawn before walking in to work on ending the shutdown.
And finally, I am grateful for the spiritual discipline we engaged in this past week of reading all 2,000 verses in the Bible about poverty and justice every day the Congress was in session over the shutdown during our #FaithfulFilibuster. We now stand prepared for the upcoming budget battles that will again threaten the lives of poor and vulnerable people.
Ultimately, disaster was averted -- for now. Last night, Congress agreed to reopen the government and raise the debt ceiling despite lingering opposition from the ideological fringe. Thankfully people will be put back to work, critical services will restart, and our country's credit rating remains intact (though certainly blemished by all this mess).
But moments of crisis are also times of opportunity, as multiple experiences over the past two weeks have revealed to me.
On a stormy Thursday morning, a young woman who had been furloughed by the shutdown approached me on the second day of our Faithful Filibuster. Angela had come to observe, but then joined us to read. I was so encouraged by her willingness to join us, but didn't realize that God used us to encourage her:
I thought I was walking over to observe something wonderfully holy, but I had no idea that God was going to use to this to encourage me. Being asked to step to a podium and read the word of God a day after I was told it wasn't my place brought me to tears. We serve a God who has put passion in the hearts of all of his children. If we silence even one of those voices we are missing out on a precious piece of God's redemptive plan for this side of Eden.
A couple of days later, our Filibuster was joined by a young pastor who brought a carload of parishioners with her from Ohio just to read with us. Rev. Kate Shaner encouraged me with her joy in declaring God's word:
As I stepped onto the grass and began to read, the long hours of the trip began to fade away as the words of the Gospel began to cross my lips. I remember feeling that I would have driven a thousand miles to be able to proclaim the good news of the message of Christ and to speak the Word out loud in a way that comforted God's people. I would have kept on reading until I couldn't do it anymore, true filibuster style, all the while looking at the Capitol building with all her power. Our Christian story is one of liberation, new life, abundance, and mercy. It is a story that brings good news to the poor, and I will tell it until I no longer have breath.
Yesterday, on our last day of the Filibuster, a group of pastors in Iowa shared that they went to their congressman's office and held a vigil of their own. Here is an excerpt of their prayer:
... We pray that our elected representatives will remember that their neighbor is not just their party member, but the person across the aisle, as well as the furloughed national monument groundskeeper, the devastated cattle ranchers in South Dakota, the Head Start student's parents, the toddler receiving WIC nutrition aid, the struggling small business owner, the cancer patients praying for the NIH to open, the countless others who worry and wonder, and these Christian pastors praying for you in your Des Moines Office today.
And finally, one of Sojourners' own interns, who participated in the Filibuster almost daily, reminded me today why it is that we do this:
God used pastors, students, old and young, whites and blacks, D.C. natives and out-of-towners, people in scruffy clothes and well-dressed businessmen giving me the thumbs-up, to give me a greater hope and enthusiasm for what we accomplished. Many thanks to all who planned or spontaneously lent their time to stand with us in solidarity for the poor. May you be blessed, as I have been.
Those who have been blessed by God are here to be a blessing. Thank you to each of these women for their faithfulness and for helping us weather this recent storm. You've reminded me that despite the dire forecasts, the common good remains.
Jim Wallis is president of Sojourners. His book, On God's Side: What Religion Forgets and Politics Hasn't Learned About Serving the Common Good, is now available. Watch the Story of the Common Good HERE. Follow Jim on Twitter @JimWallis.


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The Image Properties dialog is one of CommonSpot's common dialogs that is available from any element that renders an image (image grid, text-around-an-image, the Rich Text Editor, and so on) or directly from the Image Gallery.
This dialog provides a convenient and common interface for managing the properties of an image. From this dialog, contributors can:
Depending where the Image Properties dialog was invoked, it may or may not display all of the fields shown below.For example Rollover Image option is not available from this dialog when invoked within the Rich Text Editor, the option for specifying a is not provided.
When no image is specified, the contributor is prompted to either upload a new image or select an image from the existing Image Gallery.
Clicking the Choose button displays the Image Gallery dialog, allowing the user to choose an image from a gallery of "public" uploaded images or any image previously uploaded by the current user. Clicking the New button displays the Upload New Image dialog, allowing the user to upload an image that is stored locally to the server, and include it in the Image Gallery (either for public or private use). If an image had been previously specified, the Image Properties dialog renders in a slightly different fashion, showing a an image preview in the left side panel with property information.
In addition to Choose and New buttons, the Edit option invokes the Edit Image Properties dialog for uploading a new version of the image.
Note: There is an important difference between uploading a new image via the New button and uploading a new version via the Edit button. CommonSpot tracks versions of an image and when a new version is uploaded all reference to the image will show the new version.
The Image Properties dialog displays the following sections:
Roll Over Image
You can choose to have a second image render when a viewer "rolls-over" the image with the mouse. Specify the image in the same manner as the primary image, by selecting an image from the Image Gallery or upload a new image file. When you have an image on a page (a "primary" image), you can specify a second image to use for "rollovers." A rollover image appears whenever a visitor hovers the mouse cursor over the primary image. Whenever the visitor moves the mouse cursor off the rollover image, it reverts back to the primary image. You can specify a rollover image, from the Image Properties dialog, shown below. This wizard will take you through a second round of image selection.
When you have entered an image file name, click Next to go on to the Image Size dialog, where you specify the size the image will appear on the Web page.
Image Size
The settings that are related to the sizing of the image are conveniently displayed in the wizard window, settings such as original size, scaled size, border size, vertical spacing and horizontal spacing around image. To edit any of these settings, click the 'Edit…' button next to the 'Image Size' section. This will invoke the Image Size dialog. Once you have made your edits, click the 'OK' button to continue.
If you have uploaded an image using a version of CommonSpot prior to v3.1 and your image size is unknown or has a width or height of 0 pixels, it is also recommended that you click the 'Rescan Image Size' button. This will ensure that the size of the image is properly obtained from the image. This step is should not be necessary if you are using CommonSpot 3.1 or above.
Alternate Image Text (Flyover Text)
Enter copy to display when a user "flies" or "rolls-over" the image with the mouse.
Text entered here displays in a box on mousover. You can leave this blank or enter short descriptive text. Sites adhering to Section 508 Accessibility standards, should always use Alternate Image Text.
You can link the image, just like any other link (bullet item, text, and so on) to an existing Web page or document (file), a new Web page to be created, a new document or file to be uploaded, or you can choose to not link at all.
While still in the Image Properties dialog, click on the Edit button in the Link Section. This will open the Insert Image dialog where you can select the appropriate link type - existing page or file, new page from template, new uploaded file, an image, e-mail link, scheduled element or no link.
Related Links
You can download PDF versions of the Content Contributor's, Administrator's, and Elements Reference documents from the support section of paperthin.com (requires login).
For technical support:
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I have only been a member a couple of days and already have lost massive amounts of sleep trying to read what interests me. Questions have been quickly and thoroughly answered by really nice and educated people.
I am old and back in school for an IT degree, but this is where I'll get my education-great to meet you all


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Are you a Business Owner?
Set up your Private Seller Account and create your listing todayGet Started Here
Broccoli Pizza & Pasta has seen rapid growth in the United Arab Emirates and is now expanding into the UK and Europe!
The business launched in 2011, and has seen rapid growth in the region. Broccoli Pizza & Pasta is now operating 106 restaurants with a further 59 coming soon. Every part of the restaurant has been thought about meticulously to enable owners, and staff to operate the unit with the greatest of ease.
The owners and management of the business, have over 80 years experience of commercial property, F&B, franchising, and business management allowing the franchisees to take advantage of a wealth of experience with a fraction of the risk of starting up alone.
Conceptualised in 2009, the company spent over three years thoroughly researching the markets across the globe with the help of PICO International, ensuring that each area was thoroughly explored, and finding the best possible offering for the general public as well as the most profitable business model.
So, what do you get as part of being a Broccoli Pizza & Pasta franchisee? Well, lets start off with the initial support once we have signed the agreement and the franchise fee of $12,500 has been paid. Our commitment to you is to provide:
We offer you guidance to getting open, and making sure that you are well supported in every aspect. Finally, pre opening marketing through our website, social media and "opening soon" shop window design.
Once your open, we are here to offer you support and guidance everyday, as well as world class marketing, to ensure that you have the best chance of success.
You will also have the chance to meet with our management to discuss how the brand will expand worldwide, with detailed discussions about the business.
Please select franchises to go here


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Clark's Trading Post Bridge #64May 23. 2013 3:19PM
Clark's Short Steam Railroad
North Woodstock, NH
Clark's Bridge was originally built in Barre, Vermont as a part of the Barre Railroad, a short line railroad which ran between Montpelier and Barre, Vermont. The bridge was built to span the Winooski River. In 1960 both the railroad line and the covered bridge were abandoned. Ed Clark and his brother Murray dismantled the bridge in East Montpelier and brought it piece by piece to its present site. The abutments at the site were constructed using granite blocks from an abandoned Maine Central Railroad bridge that crossed the Connecticut River in Coos County, New Hampshire. The bridge was reassembled on dry land next to the Pemigewasset River. Falsework was created by setting railroad tracks in the river bed, placing two flatcars on the tracks and building a crib on these cars up to the bridge level. The bridge was then pulled across the river using a half-track trailer. It was positioned over the river in 1965 and is still used as a part of Clark's Short Steam Railroad. It appears to be the only Howe railroad bridge left in the world.
Year of Construction: - 1904
Original Cost: - Unknown
East of U.S. Route 3 in Clark's Trading Post on Clark's Short Steam Railroad in North Woodstock. The bridge spans the Pemigewasset River.
Howe Truss. The bridge is 116'0" long with a clear span of 107'0". It has an overall width of 21'6" and a railway width of 14'8" and a maximum vertical clearance of 20'6".


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Online access to eFolders is now available for Hearing and Appeals Council level cases. If you have not done so, consider enrolling for online access to your clients' eFolders.
- Appointed Representatives requesting access to the eFolder must have cases pending at the Hearing or Appeals Council levels.
- Enrollment for access to eFolders is a multi-step process, and must be conducted in-person to meet SSA authentication requirements.
- ODAR maintains a list of all representatives who have expressed interest in enrolling for access to eFolders.
If you are an appointed representative who has claims pending at the Hearing or Appeals Council levels and you want to enroll for online access to your client's eFolders, please contact a hearing office and ask them to place you on the list of representatives who would like to receive an invitation to enroll.


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John Hedgecoe's Guide to 35mm Photography
Collins & Brown, 1999 - Photography - 128 pages
The world's best-selling photography author shows how to achieve professional results you'll be proud of in a convenient, pocket-sized guide to 35mm photography. Whether you want to convey movement in sports shots or take natural-looking pictures of children, bringing a subject to life on film is easy once you know the tricks of the trade. Distilling a lifetime of experience into one volume, John Hedgecoe provides readily accessible information for the amateur, backed up by over 400 of his superb, full-color photographs. Every question is answered: how a camera works, buying a new and second-hand camera, films, exposure, and lighting, including sunlight and flashes. Consult the visual guide to different types of lenses and their characteristics. Then develop your aesthetic skills with tips on the equipment and techniques needed for photographing unusual viewpoints, wildlife, filter effects, still lifes, portraits, sunsets, architectural details, and more. 128 pages (all in color), 5 7/16 x 8.
What people are saying - Write a review
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Common terms and phrases
28mm wideangle allow angle of view aperture and shutter autofocus avoid camera shake background backlit black and white blue blur built-in meter camera position close-up clouds colour composition creates daylight Daylight film depth of field diagonal diffused DX coding effect ensure Exposure mode f/number Fast film fast shutter speeds fill-in film speed filter flash unit flashgun focal length focus focused foreground frame freeze the action give handheld lenses lines ln this shot look low light macro lens main light millimetres over-exposed pattems perspective photographer picture Placing the horizon portraits print film reflector rule of thirds scene setting shadows shape sharp sidelighting silhouette slide film slow shutter speed small apertures smallest aperture speed table sport studio subject distance Technical tips technique telephoto lens texture tripod Tungsten film under-exposed viewer viewfinder whilst white film wideangle lens yellow zoom


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Travel through Australia's Flinders Ranges and the famous Oodnadatta Track to the dusty Red Centre and tropical Top End
Embark on a South Australia to Northern Territory adventure, from Adelaide to Darwin, taking in the region's biggest and best-known drawcards along the way. Drive the famous Oodnadatta Track, stroll around Wilpena Pound, witness Uluru during a stunning sunrise, wander through the majestic canyons of Kata Tjuta and admire the views from Kings Canyon. Get a taste of the tropics in Kakadu National Park. A region of exceptional landscapes and intriguing cultural attractions, this tail-to-top adventure of the Territory is a trip that will leave you with a profound appreciation of Australia's raw and rugged natural beauty.
Get back to basics with this classic thirteen-day overland adventure. See the highlights and national parks of Australia's Flinders Ranges, Red Centre and Top End in rugged, authentic style
Enjoy the flexibility of a private vehicle, the local knowledge of a passionate guide and the magic of camping under the great southern sky
See some beautifully remote places in the Flinders Ranges
Check out one of the strangest towns in Australia - built underground
Get up early and see the sun rise over Uluru
Discover the wonders of Kakadu National Park. Get adventurous on a 4WD tour to the spectacular Jim Jim Falls and see the ancient Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander rock art of Ubirr
This is a basic trip, covering the highlights of Australia's Flinders Ranges, Red Centre, and Top End.
You'll spend some nights of the trip sleeping in outback camping grounds. While conditions can be basic and facilities are minimal, this is all part of the adventure. You'll also need to pitch in with preparing meals and cleaning. This is part of the experience of travelling in a group.
The Top End & Kakadu portion of this trip has a strict luggage limit of 10kg. Excess luggage can not be carried however, it can be stored at Darwin accommodation.
This trip requires a moderate level of fitness as it involves a lot of walking, allowing you to truly enjoy the surrounding nature. Some hikes are longer and more challenging than others. Please bring sturdy, comfortable walking shoes and comfortable clothing.
This trip is BASIX and we use mixed gender multishare accommodation. This means, the minimum age for the trip is 18 years old because minors aren't able to sleep in mixed gender rooms.
Temperatures in the Top End be extreme. During the day the weather can be hot (and the Australian sun is strong) so please bring appropriate clothing, use sun protection and drink plenty of water. In the evenings temperatures really drop, so ensure you have base layers and warm clothing.
This itinerary is valid for departures from 01 April 2019 to 31 March 2020. View the itinerary for departures between 01 April 2018 - 31 March 2019
Trip search is unavailable.
There are currently no scheduled departures on our Adelaide to Darwin Overland trip. If you are interested in other trips in the region visit one of the links below.
1. Tour commences in Adelaide on day 1 at 6am and finishes in Darwin day 13 at approx 6pm
2. For the Kings Canyon Rim Walk it is a requirement that you have a minimum of 3 litres of water with you. Please consider bringing your own refillable water bottles.
3. The Top End & Kakadu portion of this trip has a strict luggage limit of 10kg. Excess luggage can not be carried however, it can be stored at Darwin accommodation.
4. This trip requires a sleeping bag
5. This is a combination trip, made up of two of our most popular trips.
Our Adelaide to Darwin Overland trips score an average of 5 out of 5 based on 4 reviews in the last year.
This was an amazing experience. I will have memories that will last a lifetime. It is the true way to see Australia while letting someone else take care of the driving (and cooking).
Review submitted 24 Sep 2018
A great way to see the real outback with knowledgeable guides. Got to see things that large buses couldn't get to. Liked the opportunities given to explore areas and experience a wide variety of activities such as sunrise and sunset at Uluru. Truly amazing trip.
Review submitted 11 Sep 2018


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Working Papers (LEFIC) Forfattere "Sweeney, Richard J."
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Limits on Economic Harmonization in The United States and The European UnionSweeney, Richard J. (København, 2003)[Flere oplysninger][Færre oplysninger]
Resume: The U.S. Constitution importantly limits the degree to which the federal government can impose harmonization across member states. This paper reviews these limitations and how they have evolved substantially over time in the U.S. It also discusses some of the benefits and costs of such limitations, and argues that the EU may benefit from adopting similar limitations. Harmonization of EU tax codes is likely to be economically harmful. On theoretical grounds, tax rates are likely to be harmonized at a common rate that is higher than optimal for the EU. This suggests the benefits of constitutional provisions that make tax harmonization difficult to impose. Other types of harmonization have a less clear-cut costbenefit analysis. A federal commercial code that is uniform across member states reduces transaction and information costs, compared to leaving important code issues to member states; further, many states may keep codes for long periods that are sub-optimal compared to a given federal code. A federal code may, however, fit poorly with other institutions of member states, potentially causing large costs. Leaving codes to the states leads to competition across states, and may generate forces for change for the better. Competition also generates information about the effectiveness and costs of different commercial codes. Because any country's initial code is likely to be sub-optimal, and is likely to become less optimal over time, information on how to improve codes is valuable. Likely it is easier to learn and adapt from member states than from other countries. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6806
Filer i denne post: 1wplefic112003.pdf (374.9Kb)
Evidence from Market and Accounting DataGoldberg, Lawrence G.; Sweeney, Richard J.; Wihlborg, Clas G. (København, 2005)[Flere oplysninger][Færre oplysninger]
Resume: This paper discusses results and difficulties of comparing banks' performance based on publicly available data for the case of Nordea, a pan-Nordic bank created through mergers of important national banks. The objective of the performance comparison is to determine whether Nordea's unique strategy of functional intergation across four countries can be advantageous. For stock-market data, however, Nordea does not have stable betas on risk factors, as illustrated by market betas, and thus the comparables method must be used with great care. The Nordea holding company performed about as well as the comparables, both in terms of stock-market and accounting data. Nordea banks in individual countries outperformed comparable holding companies; by arithmetic, Nordea non-bank operations are not as profitable as its bank operations. In event studies, the market views Nordea's acquisitions as adding value. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6812
Filer i denne post: 1wplefic052005.pdf (339.2Kb)
Some Lessons from United States Constitutional HistorySweeney, Richard J. (København, 2003)[Flere oplysninger][Færre oplysninger]
Resume: A constitution is more likely to be accepted if it federalizes those issues that are widely seen as needing complete harmonization. A constitution is more likely to endure if the federal government does not have powers that are not vital to it but which may alienate some member states to the point that the federal government loses legitimacy. It appears vital to have trade policy at the European Union level; for euro countries, monetary policy is already federalized. It is not clear that common foreign and defense policies are needed; insisting on common foreign and defense policies may lead to conflicts within and across member states that severely weaken the Union, conceivably contributing to eventual collapse. Insisting on harmonization of commercial codes does not have the destructive potential of attempting completely to harmonize defense and foreign policies; it may, however, lead to needless conflict that helps drain the reservoir of goodwill that the European Union will need for dealing with other conflicts amongst member states. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6787
Filer i denne post: 1wplefic092003.pdf (442.7Kb)
New Challenges and Opportunities for RegulatorsGoldberg, Lawrence G.; Sweeney, Richard J.; Wihlborg, Clas (København, 2005)[Flere oplysninger][Færre oplysninger]
Resume: Nordea is the first major international bank planning to operate important host country activities in branches as the Second European banking directive envisions rather than as subsidiaries. Nordea is the result of mergers of roughly equal-size universal banks in four Nordic countries with the intention to reap economies of scale and scope by providing services in an integrated organization. Nordea has so far operated under a legal structure with subsidiaries in the host countries. When the new branch organization is implemented, EU directives specify that the home country is responsible for supervision, regulation as well as deposit insurance. Supervisors in all involved countries are challenged by this prospect and they are negotiating to obtain an acceptable division of responsibilities. We argue that the Nordea case offers an opportunity to implement the EU's vision and to develop institutional foundations for substantial market discipline in banking. In particular, distress resolution and insolvency procedures for banks must be made rule based and credible for host country authorities to accept home country control. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6783
Filer i denne post: 1wplefic042005.pdf (209.7Kb)
Lessons for the EU from United States History, 1789 - 1861Sweeney, Richard J. (København, 2003)[Flere oplysninger][Færre oplysninger]
Resume: If secession or expulsion ends in a "velvet divorce," as with Czechoslovakia, costs are minimal and the split is relatively unimportant. High costs arise if a federation splits into mutually hostile, comparably sized regions. Perhaps the majority of splits lead to dangerous hostility. A well-designed constitution minimizes the likelihood of hostile splits by limiting the issues that are dealt with at the federal level, by providing checks and balances, and by establishing due process under the rule of law. Preventing the conditions under which a hostile split may arise is more costeffective than trying to optimize the terms of a split or to find last-minute compromises to forestall the split. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6786
Filer i denne post: 1wplefic122003.pdf (396.6Kb)
Why Didn't the U.S. Civil War Go On and On?Sweeney, Richard J. (København, 2003)[Flere oplysninger][Færre oplysninger]
Resume: The post-Civil War reconciliation between the North and the South is a very rare event in the history of civil wars. The South was thoroughly beaten. Top generals, particularly Robert E. Lee, saw further fighting as "useless effusion of blood." There was no call by top Confederate leaders for continuing the fight with the type of bushwacking that occurred in Missouri and Kansas. Reconstruction is often thought of as harsh, but compared to the standards of history Confederates were by and large treated well after the Civil War. Within a decade or so of the end of the Civil War, conservative white elites had established political, economic and social dominance in the South. They had lost their "slave property" and the "government of our own." They could never get back slavery, and a government of their own was not worth fighting for. There was little reason for the kind of persistent low-level guerilla warfare that often occurs after civil wars, or the organization of a succession of rebellions. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6810
Filer i denne post: 1wplefic132003.pdf (447.2Kb)
Lessons from the Causes of the American RevolutionSweeney, Richard J. (København, 2003)[Flere oplysninger][Færre oplysninger]
Resume: Because the conflicts that led to the American Revolution mainly arose from constitutional issues, the history of these conflicts offers lessons for the design of the new European Union constitution. One lesson is the importance of avoiding needless conflicts between federal and member-state governments. In particular, forcing decisions on where sovereignty lies may cause great conflict. Another lesson is that a federal system depends on good will among the federal and member-state governments, and because this good will is easily dissipated, efforts should be made to nurture it. Federal exercise of power will often alienate member states; thus, a sensible strategy is to grant the federal government only the minimal powers that a strong consensus agrees it must have, and to change these powers only by strong consensus. Removing "democratic deficits" may not be sufficient in many cases to give legitimacy to exercise of federal power; minorities may require protection by constitutional limits on federal powers. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6782
Filer i denne post: 1wplefic102003.pdf (372.3Kb)
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Students in the City Colleges of Chicago can often enroll in Learning Communities, where they experience a multidisciplinary exposure to a complex idea or problem. In a Learning Community, students enroll in a collection of classes with a common theme such as:
By taking courses in general education area, such as English, Math, Science, Humanities and others, students are able to gain a broad and unique perspective of complex relevant issues, and how they cross traditional disciplinary lines. Students proceed through the classes a cohort, seeing the same classmates in each class, and take part in projects that spread out over classes.
Dial 711 for the Telecommunications Relay Service


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Minnesota Offering $1M In Grants To Livestock Producers
ST. PAUL (AP) - The Minnesota Department of Agriculture is urging livestock farmers to apply now to take advantage of $1 million available for Livestock Investment Grants.
The program helps eligible producers offset the costs of on-farm improvements.
Qualifying upgrades include the purchase, construction, or improvement of facilities for livestock production, and purchases of fencing, as well as feeding and waste management equipment. Producers who suffered losses due to a natural disasters or unintended consequences may also apply. The grants won't pay for livestock, land purchases or debt refinancing.
Qualifying producers are reimbursed 10 percent of the first $500,000 of their investment, with a minimum investment of $4,000.


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1. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVrenaun Mar 4, 2011 10:16 AM (in response to DStragli)1 person found this helpful
In regards to building applications, you use the AIR 2.5 SDK and target your application the "tv" profile. The AIR docs describe what API's are available for what profiles. Also ADC has a Flash Platform TV section here - http://www.adobe.com/devnet/devices/flash_platform_tv.html
Little information about the Samsung TV marketplace and actual devices are known at this time from the developer prespective. As more information becomes available you will see it talked about on ADC.
2. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVspeedy82 May 23, 2011 2:03 AM (in response to renaun)
Hi all,
are there any updates about available Samsung Devices supporting ADOBE AIR?
Eventually when will these devices be put on the market?
Thanks in advance
3. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVspeedy82 May 23, 2011 2:53 AM (in response to speedy82)
Sorry, just another question,
how can I get "MAX 2010 AIR for TV Jumpstart Kit" to develop for TV? How can I contact Adobe AIR for TV team?
4. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVspeedy82 May 23, 2011 6:43 AM (in response to speedy82)
actually I need Adobe AIR for TV with the MAX 2010 Hardware Developer Kit to develop Air Application for TV, how can I purchase as developer this device?
5. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVJAXIMFLASH Jul 27, 2011 2:52 PM (in response to speedy82)
I was finally able to get my app on a Samsung TV using Flash Builder as my development tool. Here's some more info on this subject. You actually have to overlay the Air 2.6 SDK - not the 2.5 SDK.
Also make sure when you finally package the TV app to change the application XML to point to 2.5,. During development you can leave it as 2.6.
@see http://learn.adobe.com/wiki/display/airquestions/AIR+for+TV
What tools do developers use to create AIR 2.5.1 apps for TVs?
Developers can use the following tools:
- Flash Professional CS5 Extension for AIR 2.5 (now an integral feature in Flash Professional CS5.5)
- Flash Builder 4.5
Note: Developers can use the AIR 2.6 SDK for developing apps for AIR 2.5.1 for TV. In Flash Professional, set the publish settings to Adobe AIR 2.5. In Flash Builder, set the AIR namespace to 2.5 in the app descriptor file:
<application xmlns="http://ns.adobe.com/air/application/2.5">.
If you are using Flash Builder 4.5, you must do the following:
- Download the Flex 18.104.22.16876 SDK.
- Download the AIR 2.6 SDK.
- Copy each file from the AIR 2.6 SDK into the corresponding directory within the Flex 4.1 SDK, replacing the Flex original variants.
- To use this SDK within Flash Builder, select your project in the Flash Builder package explorer.
- Choose Project > Properties to open the project's Properties dialog box.
- Select Flex Compiler in the list and then click the "Configure Flex SDKs" link to open the Preferences dialog box.
- Click the Add button, browse to the SDK, and then click OK until you get back to the project's Properties dialog box.
- Click the "Use a specific SDK" option and then pick Flex 4.1 from the drop-down menu.
You must also replace the default WindowedApplication element with Application in your project's MXML file.
6. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVabeihl Jul 28, 2011 11:53 AM (in response to JAXIMFLASH)
A few questions:
- What model number of TV?
- Have you tried AIR 2.7 ?
7. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVJAXIMFLASH Jul 29, 2011 6:46 AM (in response to abeihl)
I did try the highest SDKs that come with Flash Builder 4.5.1 and my hello world app did not load on the Samsung device. I was only successful when I used Flex 4.1 SDK overlayed with Air 2.6 SDK. Perhaps you can still overlay the Air 2.7 SDK with the Flex 4.1 SDK, but I did not try that.
The Samsung TV model I have is un55d8000.
8. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVJens Eckervogt Aug 16, 2011 4:59 AM (in response to JAXIMFLASH)
Hello guys,
Are you are developing for Samsung TV
Nice for info! I try App for Samsung TV. An Air App is subtitle tool for deafness
My display television model is Samsung TV UE37D6500. What does Samsung TV UE37D6500 support? Adobe AIr 2.7.1 or hightest version? Or Samsung TV driver will upgrade?
I am developer for Adobe Air but i need support for audio output-to-subtitle.
If you are deaf than you do not understand on display television. But you have luck because sender of television are in the us and it has not problem for completed sender programs with subtitles. Now it has bug problem in Germany. Look at facebook. sometimes little of english. Sorry it to many German Language http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=135561826530220
Now I want to need help by you. If you know about audio output into text or label display? If i am deaf than television in Germany has problem. it has not subtitle. It is possible? Cam adobe air make from audio into subtitle output?
What do i use AS3? - If i know like audio say "a" than Adobe Air will show text or label "a".
Can Adobe Air 2.7 or hightest version work all television models? Samsung, Sony, Apple and more newest display televisions?
Thanks Mister Eckervogt
9. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVJohn_Simpson Sep 2, 2011 8:58 AM (in response to DStragli)
Yes, it is possible to start building applications for TV. There are several sessions at MAX that will discuss TV. Including one on how to build apps for TV.
The session "TV: The Final Frontier for App Monetization" will discuss how to get apps onto a Samsung TV.
10. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVdimitar_mar2 Sep 7, 2011 5:18 AM (in response to JAXIMFLASH)
How do you use Flex 22.214.171.12476 SDK with AIR 2.6 SDK .
If I overlay Flex SDK and change descriptor to use 2.5 . I can't compile . because of error
Description Resource Path Location Type
Namespace 2.5.0 in the application descriptor file should be equal or higher than the minimum version 2.6.0 required by Flex SDK.
How this works for you ?
THank you ,
Dimitar Marinov
11. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVJAXIMFLASH Sep 7, 2011 6:24 AM (in response to dimitar_mar2)
Compile your SWF using 2.6 in your application XML file. The Samsung TV app doesn't use the compiled airi file. You will need to put all the contents of the airi file within a zip file. You will also need to create a Samsung specific config XML file within the zip app file. The last thing you will need to do before you are done with your Samsung TV app zip file is change the application XML file within the zip file so instead of specifying 2.6, it specifies 2.5.
12. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVJoe ... Ward Sep 7, 2011 7:57 AM (in response to dimitar_mar2)
To get rid of the error, go into the SDK and edit the file: templates/air/descriptor-template.xml. Change the last number in the namespace from 2.6 to 2.5.
13. Re: AIR Development for Samsung Smart TVdaslicht Sep 7, 2011 8:00 AM (in response to DStragli)
Hello Guys,
just got an UE55D6500 Samsung Smart TV set.
I have read that it only supports upto Flash Player 10.1.
Is there a way to update the Flash Player on the TV so that I can develop with Flash Builder 4.5.1 and vie the sites with the TV Web Browser ?


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RAWALPINDI, Pakistan (AP) — Dozens of wounded Pakistani troops, many of them maimed during the fighting in the country's tribal areas bordering Afghanistan, gathered Saturday for a sports competition designed to help them recover — in body and spirit.
The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan following the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks saw thousands of Taliban militants cross over the border into Pakistan, where they meshed with homegrown Taliban fighters and their allies.
Since 2009, Pakistan's army has launched numerous operations across the tribal areas against militants, who have responded with hundreds of attacks against security forces and civilians. At least 4,000 Pakistani forces have been killed, and thousands more wounded.
The most severely wounded are sent to the Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine in Rawalpindi, just outside the capital, Islamabad. Despite being in wheelchairs or walking with crutches or on prosthetic limbs, dozens on Saturday competed in soccer, basketball, track races and archery contests.
Capt. Jamshaid Anwar Warraich, 28, lost his leg above the knee in September 2010 in a mine blast in South Waziristan. Now he wears a prosthetic on his leg and has returned to service with his unit based in Rawalpindi.
"If someone is participating in sports, he forgets about that injury, and he comes to know that he can do something — that he's not disabled," Warraich said.


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September 24, 2007
Playstation3 helps robots see
By Rick Merritt
AUSTIN, Texas — Robots took a tiny step closer to seeing the same way humans do thanks to a team of university researchers who ported to the Cell processor new vision algorithms derived from brain research. The team from Dartmouth and the University of California at Irvine were able to get three networked Playstation3 devices to recognize a given object in one second using their software.
"We are headed toward a custom chip that can accelerate brain algorithms," said Andrew Felch, an associate research professor at Dartmouth's Neukom Institute for Computational Science, one of four researchers on the project.
The team won a $10,000 award for its work porting the algorithm to the Cell processor as part of a university challenge organized by IBM Corp. As many as 80,000 students from 25 countries competed in the challenge with winners announced at the first Power.org technical conference here Monday (Sept. 24).
The same brain algorithm used for vision is also employed for language processing. Thus researchers hope their work can ultimately lead to the creation of small robots that can both respond to commands and then autonomously navigate their way to do useful work such as delivering small packages.
"We aim to put all the speech and vision recognition into a working robot, so we need real-time performance," said Felch. "DARPA wants to see people create robots that can actually drive a vehicle without harming anyone in the process," he added.
"The hardest part of our effort was in understanding the brain algorithm and translating it into something we could use on the computer," said Jayram Moorkanikara, a doctoral student at UC Irvine. "The language brain researchers speak is completely different from the one computer scientists use," he added.
The team spent about eight months on the project first implementing the algorithm on a 2 GHz Intel Core 2 Dupo processor. Using the PC, the team showed machine vision that could recognize in three minutes a bar stool in an image of an office setting.
Using a network of three Playstation3 consoles linked to a PC, the team was able to speed the recognition rate up to just one second. "A one-second delay is essentially real time object recognition, and that is just what humans do," said Felch.
Thanks to its on-board accelerators, the Cell processor in the consoles was able to handle key computations in three cycles that the Intel chip had to compute sequentially in 15 cycles. Overall the three consoles handled the work at rates up to 140 times the speed of the single PC processor, Felch said.
The underlying algorithm breaks objects down into a hierarchy of key shapes and objects called line triplets. Those primitives are then compared to similar shapes in a new image. The research effort was focused on speeding up the process of making those comparisons.
Latency is significantly less important for the brain algorithm. Synapses typically have latency delays of one millisecond, Felch said. That's more than an order of magnitude higher than the latencies in today's fastest computers, he added.
Playstation3 helps robots see


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The Blue Genie Art Bazaar (BGAB) is an annual four-week holiday shopping event featuring handmade artwork, jewelry and gifts from approximately 200 regional and local Austin artists. In addition to shopping among unique gifts and creations, the bazaar presents a range of activities and live music. Celebrating 17 years in Austin and its second year at a new location on Airport Boulevard, BGAB is a family-friendly experience where shoppers can browse in a hassle-free environment with centralized checkout. Parking and admission are free; valet parking will be available on weekends and opening night for $5. Refreshments and bar also available daily.
Community Support: Blue Genie Art Bazaar supports the Make-A-Wish Foundation of Central & South Texas via "Make-a-Wish Mondays" when 10% of profits every Monday throughout the bazaar goes to the charity.


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SCORES of people stripped off to take part in the World Naked Bike Ride in York.
The bike ride is held in cities around the world and was picked up in York in 2006 as a protest against oil dependency and car culture.
Riders gathered at the Millennium Bridge before setting off on the 90-minute course taking in Ouse Bridge, Coney Street, Clifford's Tower, Micklegate, the Mount and Knavesmire.
John Cossham, a regular participant in the event, said: "If we just had an annual bike ride, wearing normal clothing, we would get minimal publicity for the issues... anthropogenic climate change, peak oil, pollution, dangerous roads, the genius simplicity of the bicycle.
"Riding naked is fun, feels nice and free, and draws attention to these important subjects, encouraging debate."
John said he hoped it would also lead to society's attitudes changing.
Nudity was not essential, and anyone was welcome to join the ride, which bears the motto As Bare As You Dare.
Baring a message
SATURDAY'S naked bike ride sent as strong a message as the poverty report, but in a fun way.
It was the sixth running of the event, and riders set off from Millennium Bridge to raise awareness of cycling and encourage people to choose more environmentally friendly modes of transport.
As ever, cyclists daubed themselves with logos or showed only a certain amount of flesh.
Others, though, were happy to express their barefaced cheek.
Let's hope they remembered their factor 15.


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Sylvia Woods, known as the Queen of Soul Food, died yesterday at age 86. She opened the legendary Sylvia's restaurant in Harlem 50 years ago, around the corner from the Apollo Theater, and it soon became a gathering place for prominent African Americans, politicians, and foodies of all ages and races.
Woods' secret, she told a TV reporter back in 2003, was "a little of this and a little of that and you mix it all together. But a whole lotta love has to go in it. If you don't have that, you have nothing at all." (Hear our colleague Joel Rose's remembrance above and on All Things Considered tonight.)
She made chicken and waffles cool long before today's current crop of retro-comfort food seeking hipsters ever thought about installing a deep fryer.
Check out the story of her life, and some delicious tributes from social media sites:
Finally this hour, we remember a woman known as the Queen of Soul Food. Sylvia Woods has died. She founded the Harlem restaurant that bears her name almost five decades ago. Sylvia's has become a required stop for politicians, foodies and just about anyone who wanted a taste of her world-famous fried chicken. NPR's Joel Rose has this appreciation.
JOEL ROSE, BYLINE: Long before she was crowned the Queen of Soul Food, Sylvia Woods learned how to cook in the tiny town of Hemingway, South Carolina. But she perfected her craft in her namesake restaurant on Lenox Avenue and 126th Street in Harlem.
SYLVIA WOODS: You got pork chops. You got chicken and waffles. You got a variety.
ROSE: As Woods told a local TV reporter in 2003, the key was what she called Sylvia's secret seasoning.
WOODS: Well, it's a little of this and a little of that and you mix it all together. But a whole lot of love has to go in it. If you don't have that, you have nothing at all.
ROSE: Sylvia Woods scraped together the money to buy a luncheonette in 1962. It quickly grew into a thriving restaurant and something more. Reverend Al Sharpton says Sylvia's became a meeting place for black America.
AL SHARPTON: I watched this business grow from a counter to a corner to where all over the world people know Sylvia's. She built something that made us all proud. But she did it without being boastful and proudful(ph) herself.
ROSE: Sylvia's became a frequent stop for politicians courting the black community and other bigwigs from around the world. But those who knew Sylvia Woods say she had the same welcome for everyone who came through her door, whether they were famous or not. Woods' niece Melba Williams grew up working at Sylvia's.
MELBA WILLIAMS: When you walked in there, no one was too big, no one was too small for her. The dishwasher was just as important as the head chef. And she lived and led by example. If she wanted the toilet clean, she'd go clean it herself.
ROSE: Williams now owns several restaurants of her own. She's one of many family members in the business. Woods' grandson Lindsey Williams is a caterer and cookbook author who also grew up around Sylvia's.
LINDSEY WILLIAMS: I could think of so many times where a guy who's strictly hungry and he's like I just need something to eat, need something to eat. She'd go, OK, I'm going to give you this food. Now, you go outside and eat that food, OK? Don't be gnawing on my counter. That's how she was, man. She'd make sure that if you were hungry you were going to eat.
ROSE: Sylvia Woods died Thursday at the age of 86 after a long struggle with Alzheimer's Disease, just a few weeks shy of her restaurant's 50th anniversary. Joel Rose, NPR News, New York. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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The Truxedo Lo Pro Soft Roll-Up truck bed cover features a sleek, Low Profile Appearance, and has Automatic Tension Control keeping the cover tight and looking good. The Lo Pro is an elite roll up cover that includes a Lifetime Warranty.
Product Warranty Period: Limited Lifetime
TruXedo, Inc. warrants that all new, unused products are free from defects in material and workmanship. This warranty is effective if the product is properly installed and used for the purpose intended for the life of the product. It applies to the original buyer only. TruXedo, Inc.?s obligation under this warranty is limited to repairing, or at its option, replacing any part that is returned, transportation prepaid, to TruXedo, Inc., Yankton, South Dakota, if the product is, in our judgment, defective. All materials must be accompanied by an RMA (Returned Material Authorization) number requested by and authorized in advance of returning the materials. TruXedo, Inc. shall not be liable or responsible to supply or pay labor to replace any part found defective, nor shall it be liable for any damages of any kind or nature to person, product, or property.


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Nintendo's E3 press conference is just about to start if anyone's interested in checking out there new console the live feed link is below-
Way ahead of you. Let's just hope they don't:
A) Offer AT&T for Project Cafe!
B) Tell people what to do when they are playing the demo games for the show.
C) Show CG teasers for eagerly awaited or new games.
D) Bring a disgraced sports star to the stage, heckle him then get him to play a motion control game without making much use of the motion control.
Terrible so far, nintendo are so far up there own backside its unreal.
Classic japanese bow
All about 3DS so far :smileysad:
Deeper and Wider!
Wii U is...
Well done nintendo, you finally gave your gamers a proper controller. I think its just me but i don't get the hype here lol A PS Vita thats a controller.
Gawge wrote:
I can't work it out.
At first I thought it was a console. Then I thought it was a handheld, then he said it wasn't a handheld. Then I thought it was a controller, but now they are showing loads of "new games" for WiiU, you don't get games for a controller...
Yeah im the same. confused.com
It's a Wii U:DS the bottom a controller with a touch screen like the DS and the TV being the top part of the DS.
That you can also separate from the TV screen which you cant do on the DS ;)
This thing will cost a fortune if you want more than 1 controller. lol
Ok now its a controller that creates HD graphics but controls ngames on a wii but also is capable of playing battlefield 3 on its own which makes it a handheld console.
scottishrebal wrote:
Ok now its a controller that creates HD graphics but controls ngames on a wii but also is capable of playing battlefield 3 on its own which makes it a handheld console.
the games run on the big screen wioth other info on the smaller controller screen, but it looks like it has the ability for the console to stream the image to the controller screen if the TV needs to be used for something else.
But no matter what the main unit needs to be on for it to run.
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The Jaw
It is hard to believe that a backache or a pain in the legs can originate in the jaw. However, an understanding of the relationship between the muscles and bones in the jaw and the rest of the body leads to an understanding of how an imbalance in one part affects another.
The jaw bears the teeth and forms the framework of the mouth. It consists of two bones: the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw). The upper part of the jaw is stationary, while the lower part is the only movable bone in the face. The position of the jaws is dependent on the relationship of the teeth to each other when the mouth is closed.
The mandible or the lower part of the jaw functions like a hinge, permitting the mouth to open and close, as shown in Figure 1.1. This hinge action is accomplished by bones and muscles located in the skull, neck, and face. There are two phases involved in opening and closing the jaw. The first phase is a simple hinge action. The second phase involves a gliding action of the joint, which helps open the jaw to its maximum. The muscles that coordinate the movements of the jaw joints originate in the head, neck, and face areas. Due to the relationship of these muscles to the muscles of the shoulder and back, any imbalance in the jaw area may eventually affect the shoulder and back.
The temporal bone of the skull (the bone on the side of the head, above the ears), and the mandible fit together to form the jaw joint called the temporomandibular joint as shown in Figure 1.2. There are two such joints-one on the left side of the head and one on the right side.
Figure 1-2. Temporal Bone and Mandible Form the Temporomandibular Joint
Figure 1.3 shows the components of the temporomandibular joint. Each joint is surrounded by a saclike sheath called a capsule.This capsule contains synovial fluid, which lubricates and nourishes the joints. At each end of the lower jaw, there is a knoblike structure called a condyle. At the ends of bones throughout the body, condyles are attached to muscles that join the bone to nearby bones. Mounted on top of each condyle is a cushion made of cartilage and known as the disc. As with any joint in the body, a disc or cushion sits between the joint and its socket, which, in the case of the jaw, is located on the skull. This disc moves with the condyle and prevents it from hitting the temporal bone. When the disc is abnormally placed, the jaw may not function properly causing pain or discomfort in the head, neck, shoulder, and back area. Since the jaw joint sits right in front of the ear, any problems with this joint area may also affect the ears, eyes, and sinuses.
Opening and closing the jaw is a relatively simple movement compared with the joint movement that occurs while grinding the teeth during the act of chewing. During grinding, one jaw joint slides forward, while one slides back. This movement can be felt by placing your fingers in front of your ears while making grinding movements with your teeth. If no problems exist, this motion is performed with ease, and quietly. However, audible clicking or popping noises or pain may indicate that the joints are not functioning normally. (See TMJ in Part Two.)
The Teeth
Teeth-they're not just for chewing. Our teeth perform important functions such as helping us to eat and speak, and keeping our facial muscles from sinking in. Teeth are not for opening bottles, holding nails and pins, or biting fingernails or pencils. If mistreated, teeth are subject to breakage, cavities, yellowing, and other forms of degeneration. Caring for your teeth requires that you see the mouth and teeth as important organs of your body.
Teeth are an integral and growing part of the body. The same blood supply that goes to the heart takes oxygen and nutrients to every tooth. And, as anyone who has ever had a toothache knows, the teeth are very much alive with nerves.
The better we understand the structure and development of teeth, the greater our appreciation of them will be. Practicing proper oral hygiene and maintaining good nutritional habits will help keep teeth and gums healthy. To better maintain our teeth, let's begin with a discussion of their structure and development.
The same structure can be seen in all human teeth, whether they are baby teeth (also known as deciduous or milk teeth) or permanent teeth. The care given to the baby teeth will be reflected by the adult teeth. Preventive care must begin even before the first tooth appears because teeth begin to develop before they erupt. Parents are now aware, for instance, of the damage done to teeth when infants are allowed to sleep with bottles in their mouths. (See Bottle Mouth Syndrome in Part Two.)
As seen in Figure 1.4, there are three main parts of a tooth-the crown, neck, and root. When you look at a tooth, the top part, called the crown, is visible. The root is the part that is imbedded in bone and covered by the gums, unless gum disease exists. The junction between the crown and the roots is called the neck. The parts of a tooth are composed of various materials.
The outer surface of the tooth, the enamel, is a hard layer covering the crown of the tooth and the upper part of the neck. The function of enamel is to resist abrasive wear and protect the tooth from damage and pain. It is the hardest tissue of the body and is composed almost entirely (97 percent) of inorganic salts. Inorganic salts, in general, are mineral constituents of the body and play specific roles in the functions of cells.
Most of the inner bulk of the tooth is made of dentin. Dentin is 67 percent inorganic salts and is not as strong as enamel. Specialized cells in dentin called odontoblasts form new dentin from minerals transported by the blood. Small tubelike structures in dentin transmit pain sensations to the nerves in the pulp, the soft tissue containing the nerve and blood supply of the tooth. When dentin is exposed by thinning or other forms of damage to enamel, the tooth may become sensitive. When tooth decay or a cavity reaches the pulp, treatment of the nerve or loss of the tooth may be inevitable.
Cementum, a bony substance, is very thin and covers the surface of the roots. Its purpose is to attach the tooth to the jawbone and the gums. When the gums are receded, cementum is exposed, causing sensitivity to hot, cold, or pressure.
The teeth rest in a bony socket. They are attached to this bone by collagen fibers, fibrous tissue that forms a bridge from the cementum to the socket. The gums or gingiva surround the teeth and the bone.
When the fetus is only five weeks old, tooth buds appear. Initially, four tooth buds, representing baby teeth, appear on each side of the upper and lower jaw. These buds undergo several changes as each layer and part of the tooth begins to form. Enamel cells form and multiply. Some of these cells begin to become specialized, forming the dentin and pulp. Next, the cells for the future crown and root begin to be arranged, and layers of enamel and dentin begin to be deposited in incremental layers. The next stage is calcification or hardening of the calcium salts in the teeth, which is followed by eruption.
The process continues until approximately twenty-three weeks in utero for some teeth and up to eleven months after birth for others. Different teeth develop within this range of time; for example, front baby teeth begin to develop at five months in utero and continue until they erupt when an infant is five to seven months old. Different parts of a tooth also develop at different times. The enamel of the front baby teeth begins to develop at fourteen weeks in utero, and it is completed one and a half months after birth.
Trauma during birth, diarrhea or vomiting, feeding difficulties, rickets, and other chronic childhood diseases may cause disturbances that result in malformation of teeth. Because teeth begin to develop in utero, fetal trauma affects color or structure of teeth. Depending on when the trauma is experienced, a particular tooth or part of a tooth may be affected. For example, congenital syphilis, an infectious disease sometimes contracted during birth, will affect the teeth that are developing at that time. The front baby teeth will have notches on the edge, and the back teeth will have a pitted appearance.
Long-term treatment with the antibiotic tetracycline and excessively high amounts of fluoride in the water will cause tooth discoloration. With tetracycline, brownish bands will appear on teeth. If fluoride in excess of one part per million is ingested during the development of enamel and dentin, mottling of teeth will result. The mottling gives the teeth an opaque, chalky appearance. The severity of the condition is determined by the amount of fluoride ingested.
There are twenty baby teeth that usually begin to appear (erupt) when a child is about six months of age. Additional teeth will then appear at the rate of about one per month. There is usually a range of plus or minus two to six months when teeth erupt and when they shed (fall out). Usually, the teeth of slender children erupt and shed earlier than the teeth of stocky children. The following table in the right column shows the approximate age at which each tooth appears.
The position of the teeth as they erupt depends on many factors. The teeth on either side and the teeth directly opposing each tooth help give guidance for proper position. If the teeth on either side or any opposing teeth are missing, a tooth may erupt incorrectly.
For example, if a bottom front tooth, which normally contacts the top front tooth, is lost, the top tooth will continue to erupt, since its opposing tooth is missing. If an adjacent tooth is lost, teeth on either side of the missing tooth will begin to shift into the space. This is why when a tooth is pulled, a replacement should be made to prevent shifting or extrusion of teeth. (See Tooth, Loss of, in Part Two.)


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Both Engadget and Gizmodo, those lucky [redacteds], got some hands on time with the new iPhone 3G. Ushered into a secret, dimly lit back room and likely surrounded by storm troopers, they came back with the following:
The Good
- 3G is faassst! 2X EDGE on quicky test, and can be Settings disabled (for those who won't spring for the extra $10?).
- Better phone quality.
- Flush headphone jack for realz!
- Camera software improved, same megapixels, better images.
- Build quality, even on the all new, all plastic back, felt okay. Lighter, better fit, and design-wizardly thin. Bonus points for Jony Ive!
The Bad
- Oh, cut and paste, where art thou? C'mon Apple! You nailed this with Mac 1.0!
- Chrome buttons are for realz as well!
- No WiFi 802.11n! This, the iPod Touch, and the MacMini are still the only Apple devices to bring down your network speed.
- No sign of video iChat, or video recording.
- No sign of A2DP stereo Bluetooth, and no comment on whether its in or coming.
- Dock now sold separately. Guess that $199 price point gotta hit us somewhere?!)
The Ugly
- The predicted after-market for your old iPhone 1.0 (though if you manage to catch some people stuck on non-Apple signed carriers who want a jailbroken iPhone, given the new activation policies, there could just be a resurgence...)
Can't wait to get your hands on the iPhone 3G? What are you looking forward to most? What's still missing for you? Let us know!