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Fireplace & Chimney Installers in Hayes
Find Fireplace & Chimney Installers in Hayes, Greater London and get free Fireplace & Chimney Installation quotes fast. Whatever your requirement Bark will find and contact the best local professionals for you. Chose Bark: Fast. Easy. Free.
Fireplace & Chimney Installers in Hayes ready to help
Duke of Design
Hi there! I guess you're looking to give your property a touch of luxury . Well, that just so happens to be our speciality! We design and build. From the inception of a project, we can take you from initial concepts, planning applications, listed building consents through to the completed building. We stand apart on our amazing designs with great attention on detail and customer service. Design and construction is our passion and we would love to show you what we can do together !
Ibex® is construction company with over 20 years of experience, providing full building services to both the residential and commercial sectors. We have worked throughout London covering all types of residential work, such as renovations, new builds and maintenance of listed buildings. All our projects are carried out by a team of skilled and highly qualified professionals. The projects we have worked on, both commercial and residential, have all been completed to the same high standard. This is a building company with a difference. We provide Free Estimates. Fully insured and all work guaranteed.
AlanDESIGn PROPERTY SERVICESCertificate of Excellence 2015
We are small group of professional builders, engineers and architectural designer based in Ealing, West London. We offer full house alterations, renovations, complete refurbishments, maintenance and repair. We undertake tasks such as general building, painting and decorating, plumbing and electrical, wooden and laminate flooring, tiling, plastering, suspended ceilings inc. LED lighting and handyman service. We are proud of delivering bathrooms and wetrooms to high end specifications based on designer's plans and also to standard level accordingly to client's request. We have over 15 years experience in multi- trade field. We can improve and repair your property to achieve high quality and best result. We can do smaller jobs such as tiling, re- sealing and grouting, which falls under property maintenance category. Moreover we offer architectural services such as preparation of architectural plans for extensions, lofts and porches for planning and building control applications. Documents' submission and liaising with any council free of charge. Our engineer will visit you to take a photographic and measured survey, to discuss your future plans of required works and then we will follow with a quote at a later date. We have done similar jobs like yours in the past. Meanwhile you can have a look on our portfolio on Rated People with positive job ratings: http://www.ratedpeople.com/profile/alandesign-property-services/index and our website www.alandesign.co.uk bathrooms & wetrooms section http://www.alandesign.co.uk/#!bathrooms-wetrooms/c1iz6 gallery section http://www.alandesign.co.uk/#!gallery/c1qz9 We do care about every single client to ensure that the work goes smoothly. We are proud of quality, service and value to bring mutual success between us and a customer. Thank you for your interest in advance and we are looking forward to hearing from you soon to discuss your best deal with us.
Brickson Construction Ltd
Brickson Construction is a construction company with vast expertise in residential and commercial development. Located in London, we have been committed to delivering professionalism and cost efficiency to each and every project for over 15 years. Brickson Construction delivers unparalleled craftsmanship, professionalism and value backed by a strong standard of work. During the last decade we've asked many clients what is important for them (in addition to good quality, on time and within budget). Almost all of them explained the utmost importance of establishing good relationships prior to undertaking the project; forming a friendship enables a mutual level of trust between both parties enabling the project to proceed as smoothly as possible. Whether you are building from scratch, renovating or redecorating, creating a beautiful home takes time and commitment. With its experience, Brickson provides exceptional aesthetically and structurally sound solutions often to unique design challenges. Quality is important to us, and Brickson has long dedicated itself to meeting the highest possible performance standards.
TidygroundsCertificate of Excellence 2015
www.TidyGrounds.com Call Luke on 07460894467 Serving Essex and surrounding counties - For all of your landscaping needs. Some of the services we offer include: • Landscaping • Decking • General maintenance • Fencing • Topsoil and ground clearance • Turfing • Outside painting • Shed bases • Patios • Block paving • Repointing • Mowing • Weeding • Tree removal / pruning No job too small and free quotations on request. Follow us on:- Facebook Group - https://www.facebook.com/groups/TidyGrounds Facebook Page - https://www.facebook.com/TidyGrounds/ Twitter - https://twitter.com/Tidygrounds LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=AAMAABqOWcwB5eGlC0Lf2U1lAS2Huk3r64UmHbg&trk=hp-identity-headline Google+ - https://plus.google.com/113510504368667704301/posts?hl=en Instagram - https://instagram.com/tidygrounds/
Chris Ford Builders
I'm a bricklayer With 40 years experience all photos are jobs I have done and completed Never left a job with a client not satisfied, We do all aspects of brick and block work also , Full house builds Extensions Driveways Garages Garage conversions Walls patios Steps Block paving and driveway cleaning Please don't hesitate to get in touch with any queries always here to listen and help , look forward to hearing from you. Very reasonable rates.
Cugini Construct Limited
We are the best opportunity for construction whit the best price from the market!
River Birch Landscapes
We offer high quality services in the sphere of Gardening and Hard Landscaping, interior and exterior building service including concreate, paving,flooring & tiling, walling, plastering, carpentry service, painting & decorating and other. With many years of experience we can guarantee high quality and reliability of our services. We perform work on the client and offer comprehensive design
As You Like It Building Services Limited
As You Like Building Services in West London specialises in Extensions, Loft Conversions, Kitchens, Bathrooms, Refurbishments, Carpentry, Roofing service, New Build and Gardening Services including installing Railings and Gates. We also undertake New Build projects on a plot of land or would knock down existing building and build a new house to architects design. At As You Like It Building Services, we carry out all gas, electrical and plumbing work. All work is finished to the highest quality. All work is done to the building regulations and building certificate is obtained.
KGB all in one contractors ltd
All kind of services including: externals,roofing,internal -all decoration and fitings,landscaping,etc https://www.bark.com/en/company/kgb-all-in-one-contractors-ltd/zkjy/'
B.carroll we cover internal external bricks Portland stone York stone bath stone We are a company that cover a wide range of different aspects from buildings renovation external buildings Masonry Brickwork Repointing Lime mortar Sculpting Restoring Restoration Pressure washing cleaning Chemical cleaning Marble stone Granite stone Tiled floors mosaics Mosaic repair Please contact if any requirements will be happy to help and guide you in the right line
ROOF N TILE ROOFING offer all of our customers economical solutions to all of their roofing problems. With over 15 years of experience specialising in long term 'guaranteed' roof repairs, you can be assured that any and all works undertaken by us are completed to the highest standard possible with long term suitability and absolute customer satisfaction guaranteed. Why would you pay to replace the whole roof when only a small section is damaged ? ROOF N TILE ROOFING will provide extensive photographic/video/written and verbal description/explanation of everything required to repair your roof... This would include a free roof examination and quotation. In an emergency, we are sometimes able to complete same day repairs (if weather conditions permit) at no extra charge. Please ask your works assessor during assessment. # We do ask all of our customers to obtain at least 3 written quotations/assessments and to obtain recommendations/references prior to choosing any tradesmen.
Milborrow Chimney Sweeps
With over 100 years of experience looking after chimneys and installing appliances for customers throughout Surrey, Sussex, London and Kent, our professional team of chimney sweeps and chimney technicians are ready and waiting for your call. The team at Milborrow Chimney Sweeps takes pride in keeping up to date with the very latest technology and techniques available to look after your flues, chimney stacks, fires, stoves, boilers and fireplaces. We also passionately believe in providing a personal and friendly service to each and every one of our private and commercial customers.
We are an established family business, based in West Sussex, and can help you find the shed you need at a cost you can afford.
Saxton Interiors Ltd
Saxton Interiors Ltd is your one stop shop and partner of choice for improvements to both residential and commercial premises catering for all style design wants, needs and projects. We are acredited by the Federation of Master Builders and have won the Best in service Houzz award for customer service 2 years in succession. From designing and building a new home, structural alterations and improvements to decorating, bathrooms, kitchens, soft furnishings, upholstery, dressing and finishing. We make, on a bespoke basis, all items to your exacting requirements, including joinery projects, fitted and free standing furniture, curtains, pelmets, Roman blinds, Velux blinds, bespoke bedding, headboards, cushions, re-covering and re-upholstery. We are at the cutting edge of design, constantly and consistently pushing design boundaries, embracing technology and thinking outside the box to create something truly unique and personal to you. Services Provided Building services: installing kitchens, bathrooms, building extensions, loft conversions, garden rooms, conservatories. Painting and decorating Service: plastering, rendering, internal and external painting, wallpaper hanging including specialist and designer wall coverings. Bespoke soft furnishings: curtains, pelmets, Roman blinds, Velux blinds, bespoke bedding, headboards, cushions, re-covering and re-upholstery.
bzone builders ltdCertificate of Excellence 2015
Bzone builders is a family company with years of experience in the building and maintenance industry. Bzone can conduct a multitude of different tasks in respect of both commercial and private property maintenance and renovation in and around London. Our services include: Refurbishments, Conversions, Extensions, Carpentry, Tiling, Driveways and Patios, Gardening, on-going maintenance. No job to small, our team of fully qualified and insured tradesmen strive to understand your objectives and will work with you to achieve the desired results. So call today and speak to our friendly staff for a free quotation.
Fenton Construction ServicesCertificate of Excellence 2015
Bespoke extensions and refurbishment. Additionally we offer a whole host of handyman services (fencing to TV installation). A family run business, we will work with you from start to finish. It's that simple. Contact us for your free quotation.
Gulf builderCertificate of Excellence 2015
Gulf Builder situated at the very heart of Notting Hill, in the hub of a residential area that requires the highest standards at the right price, always finished within budget, and importantly, always on time. No matter a prime residence or single room the same professionalism is always applied. We undertake all types of building work. We provide an extensive range of services specialising in the complete or partial development, maintenance, remodelling, renovation and refurbishment of all types of commercial premises and residential properties. We pride ourselves on meeting set schedules with efficiency and enthusiasm to manage, coordinate and deliver our projects from start to finish. It is who and what we are. We offer unmatched quality of completion at the best competitive prices. We undertake all types of construction work internal and external. We provide services specialising in complete or partial development of the highest standards from extensions, to roofing, loft conversions, basements, kitchen and bathrooms and more. Maintenance, remodeling, renovation and refurbishment of all types of commercial premises and residential properties are finished on time and within budget. Working to meet set schedules to manage a coordinated delivery of our projects from start to finish is what drives us. We offer unmatched quality of completion at very competitive prices. We work to the highest standards where all specialist trades and materials are closely monitored we achieve then a client focused and time efficient outcome because your goal is our priority. Our team which is made up of highly experienced, knowledgeable, competent and dedicated trade specialists has earned us an enviable reputation. Services provided by our team members include plumbing and heating, electrical and lighting, carpentry and joining, painting and decorating, gardening and fencing and many others. Whatever your needs, we will help you achieve the outcome you seek by formulating a unique, comprehensive and unbeatable service package adding further value to the service we offer. We will also help you draw up a plan. We will make covering your costs a stress less process by providing a clear budget breakdown.
Apex home improvements
At Apex home improvements we provide a high quality service of roofing and building this includes all types of pitched roofing, flat roofs, fascia soffit and guttering replacement, lead work, and cement work, and much more all of our work is finished at the high standards. (At competitive prices) and we tried to make your experience as stressfree as possible. If you would like to know any more information about ourselves or the work that we do please do not hesitate to call thank you
Bartons Gardening & landscaping
Gardening and landscaping is our passion. From pruning and lawn mowing to fencing and paving; we have the skills and enthusiasm to transform your garden into whatever your vision may be or simply help tidy up and see that it thrives.
Tur&Tur Ltd
We offer a very good quality for our job for more like15 years building and refurbish houses in Germany, Spain and UK ... All our job are insured and we are very happy to help every client with our experience... We have in our team electricians, plumbers, tillers, structural workers ,plasterers, bricklayers, painters , carpenters...
Job done plumbing and heating
Gas safe registered plumber that covers the Midlands area. Competitive prices and experience at all plumbing and gas works
Golden House Construction Ltd
At Golden House Construction Ltd. you will receive a fully professional and high quality team that can deliver your dream. With over 30 years' experience in the design and building trade, we pride ourselves on providing a complete and quality service. From drawing detailed plans to dealing with local authority planning permission we deliver exactly what our customers require. We have long-standing business contacts across the building trade with some of the highest quality suppliers.
Your local painter ltd
Painting and DIY company offering services such as pest control and gardening too. London based company and reasonable rates. We pride ourselves in offering a great service thats friendly and punctual.
Ultimate contractors
THE COMPLETE SHOPFITTING & CONSTRUCTION SERVICE IN LONDON AND THROUGHOUT THE UK Commercial - Residential - Interior & Exterior Building Work All Types of Building work and Dental Clinics Carpentry and Bespoke furniture specialists Carpentry - joinery - dry lining all types of ceilings and partion walls - electrical - solar power - plumbing and heating - air conditioning - plastering - tape and jointing - painting and decorating - tiling - all types of flooring and much more Shopfitting and all types of building work carpentry-bespoke joinery-dry lining partition walls ceilings-plastering-painting and decorating-all types of wall papering-electrical plumbing and heating-solar power-air conditioning-tiling-all types of flooring. If you would like to view projects ultimate has undertaken or is currently undertaking please contact us on 0800 051 8446 and we will be happy to arrange a site visit. We also lead the way with our commitment to the environment we promote the use of green materials when appropriate with waste control systems and recycle whenever possible. Ultimate contractors was established in 1996 and became a limited company in march 2005 due to our consistent reliability and high quality work for well known shops restaurants and high street retailers, our team expanded from a group of 8 to a 43 man team full of experienced tradesmen and women who use the best tools for the job. We strive to provide you with the complete service. Whether you need a major project completed or a small refit our management and teams work together to fully meet your demands. Each program is meticulously planned with the client or architect and the project manager to ensure that it is completed on time and to the highest standard. Our teams have completed a wide variety of retail projects at competitive prices throughout the UK they have gained a reputation for their attention to detail and specialist finishes. If your in need of an experienced and dedicated team who can provide an immediate response to your changing needs, look no further than us. Since 2004, due to popular demand we started a residential division to provide services for suburban homes, mansions and stately homes. Our innovative techniques mean you can trust us to transform your property into a prized possession that stands out. We have developed new skills and gained vital experience working on commercial and residential projects around the UK. You can benefit from our experience to make your store look glamourous. Our team fit out commercial property working rigorously within a tight schedule so that you are able to trade as soon as possible you can also get tailor made bespoke furniture and joinery to suit the needs of your business we also work on many residential properties whether a flat, house, mansion, stately home in need of a make over or some tlc, our diligent and creative craftsman take care to respect the boundaries of your home and carry out the work with minimal disruption to you. We understand the impact a major home improvement project can have on a house hold and will go out of our way to minimise the disruption for every customer. We provide a highly professional service from start to finish and will work closely with you, advising and consulting on designs to meet your requirements. We will ensure that we provide the best possible deal for you, whilst not compromising on the quality of the service we provide. As members of the Home Improvement Guarantee/any deposit payable and all works completed by us are covered by an Insurance Backed Guarantee [valid for up to 10 years. The electrical installation with in any construction project forms a major element of the requirements of a client and indeed is the part which brings any residential commercial or industrial project to life. With over 15 years experience in electrical installation and design ultimate can offer a full in house service to provide you with the most suitable and cost effective installation. With an initial consultation with you we will then design and cost a scheme that will meet and in most cases exceeds your requirements. From working with major high street names, large manufactures and various government bodies we are able to solve most problems and carry out installation works to a very high standard. We take pride in keeping up to date with the latest technical innovations and continually strive to increase our knowledge of the industry. We can provide the following services. Electrical installation and design to BS7671:2011. Fire alarm systems design and installation to BS-5859. Emergency lighting design and installation to BS-5266. Maintenance packages and services. Energy monitoring and assessments Updated lighting designs incorporating LED lights and Dali control systems LED complete change over packages for your property with energy sufficient break down costings.
We design plan and also build amazing Lofts and also have extensive knowledge in extensions and internal renovations. whilst we do this we make sure your list of ideas and needs are in the design all of the way. We help with the layout and building control and in some cases, planning and we give simple ideas on how you can have a shower room in you small loft space. We also make bespoke inverted roof terrace,s that are in keeping with permitted development We are very committed and competitive with our quotation price,s for several reasons, We have our own in house designer and our own structural engineer which can help in the planning stage of any loft, Most loft space do not need planning although some do, And we can aid in Party wall agreements.
Builders GBCertificate of Excellence 2015
Builders GB are a professional and highly skilled construction company based in London. At Builders GB the focus is on turn key projects and a full design and build service is offered to clients. Services include; Architecture Planning Consultation Building Advice Loft Conversions House Extensions Basement Conversions Property Refurbishments Property Conversions Plumbing Electrical Party Wall Advice Expert Advice Builders GB offer all services to residential and commercial customers throughout London and the surrounding areas. All work is fully guaranteed for 10 years.
Romano Constructions Ltd
We are a constructions and refurbishment company working in the sector for more than 20 years. We are specialised in commercial and residential works and we guarantee the finest italian quality for design and style. We cover the areas of London and South England.
Cheap Gardening ServicesCertificate of Excellence 2015
All gardening service, maintenance, as lawn mowing, grass cutting, edging, tree and bushes bumbles weeds harsh, shrubs cut back and pruning on permanently bases, once or twice in a Month or whenever it should be needed, according to customer requirements, wishing and satisfaction. We charge £30 an hour and we do not book any job less than two hours or we charge one off go, which depend job to job. Over pride are customer satisfactions. We use own power tools to complete our task quickly as it would be. Note: If customer is residing in the central London congestion-charging zone then these charges will be charge as well. We also, renovate old and new houses as well including landscapes and designing garden. Note: We request and aspect from over valuable customers to provide us realistic, factual, and clear information about required job. We do not come and give an estimate because it takes times and waste fuel, if someone is not sure about their requirements then we book them for two hours job initially, then we work for two hours and then we negotiate (please confirm first) we always try to help and reach on reasonable deal with the customer. Note: If someone has any type of disability then please feel free to ask us for special help to explain and clear the procedure about theirs required job. Note: If customer agreed to pay one off go and then after job done not pay or make any arguments then this would be not acceptable for us because we always shows customer again and again work that we done while we are working on theirs site, so it makes clear according to customer wish (if customer is not happy or want to change job) then let us know on the spot because after job done we are not liable to do same job again and again because it cast fuel and time as well. We try to understand well before start work that had explained by the customer in best of our professional ability. We do help customer to remove un-wanted house hold goods to dump it with one-off go quote, please call us soon as you can to get earlier available appointment. Note: We can safely dispose-off all gardening and house hold rubbish. Please book earlier or discuss over member of team for further details.
Gardening Life L T D
Hi,we are professional team with professional tools for all jobs Gardening- cut big tree,trimming ,maintenance,grass,fence ,brick work,decking,paving,driveway, We take away all rubbish House- refurbishment ,painting and decorated, plumbing,electricity ,tiles,change bathroom ,flooring , Roof- repair or change EXTENSIONES
Harrison Gardens
We offer all types of garden services - from design, through to the landscaping/build and garden maintenance (all year round gardening) of your garden. We're a friendly, professional team and pride ourselves on high standards, in all aspects of our work.
Stone Art uk ltd
Hi my name is Martin cash here at stone art uk ltd we can assist you with all your paving and landscaping needs so feel free to view our website to check out some of our recently completed jobs we specialise in all drives and patios such as resin bonded/bound driveways,block paving,Tarmac ,Indian sandstone,,turfing,walling ,porches,garages,sheds.
Leons Panting and Decorating.
We are Leons's painting and decorating company, we've being running this company for over twenty years. We are qualified and experienced trades men. We are very clean, tidy, reliable and we're very professional to our jobs. We undertake all types of work and we promise to our customers that, satisfaction is always guaranteed with Leon's Painting and Decorating Company. Please feel free to contact us any time on our contact numbers or our e-mail. you can visit our website on: www.leonspainting.co.uk Thank you very much and we are looking forward to do business with you.
Riccio builders
Here at Riccio Builders we understand how hard it is to choose the right company to foresee your project; it's a HARD choice! These are people who will be in your private home for a while depending on the size of the project, so you will need to trust the company. What else is important for you? Here is a step-by-step guide of how we work: - - We firstly set up a quotation meeting, this will give you the opportunity to meet us and ask us any questions. It will be our opportunity to get measurements, find out what you are are looking for. We take pictures to understand the project. - Measurements and notes are forwarded to our admin team, who will start on the quotation document. - We will post or email the quotation within a 48-hour period. This will give you time to query our quotation if needed. - Once the quotation has been confirmed we will settle on a start date. - Depending on the size of the project there will be more than one guy working throughout the project. As the owner, I'm available 24 hours per day, 7 days a week for a catch up. - After the project has been completed, I would like to meet you for a post meeting to make sure you are happy with our work, this can been done face to face or over the phone. Feedback is an imperative part of our business, this will help us improve the business. We currently cover the following areas: - - Exterior restoration work (redering, pointing - Exterior and interior painting & decorator - Brickwork - Fencing - Carpentry - Electrician - Plumbing - Kitchen and bathroom refits - Loft conversion - Extensions - Tiling
Gts property maintenance
Family run company All aspects of Building and roofing undertaken roofing repairs lead repairs and replacement Loft conversion cellar tanking Certified damp proofing Kitchens bathrooms plumbing Trustmark fairtrades members
Duncan Goode building service
Welcome to Duncan Goode Building Service. With over 30 years experience and accumulated knowledge in the construction industry, I offer a service second to none. You have a vision for a NEW HOME or EXTENDING an existing home? We can help. Reconfiguration of a home can also create a new living space, or a simple renovation/ Decorate. We can accommodate in all situations. Please take a look at our website duncangoodebuildingservice.com We work in and around Heathrow and surrounding areas. We pride ourselves on our diverse portfolio, including projects in Germany, 20 years building energy efficient homes. working on residential and commercial sectors. I believe that building strong client relationships is important and we work closely with our clients. Diversity is our strength, and this has ensured that we've been a practice of choice for more than 30 years. Our team has a great wealth of experience and know that, despite the complexity of the construction process, there should be no mystery to the client. We aim to make our projects as clear and easy to understand as possible explaining each stage. I am looking forward to hearing from you. Duncan Goode
Blenheim Property ServicesCertificate of Excellence 2015
Blenheim Property Services offer the full range of trade services from Electricians painters and decorators to Land scape Gardening or Garden maintenance to Property cleaning. If your property needs a make over or some simple decoration or repairs we are happy to help, likewise with your garden we offer the full range of services. For any project large or small we will visit you discuss and plan out the job and your requirements and specification and help provide solutions and a simple cost effective service No matter the size of the job, we take great pride in every job we do.
Trojan Maintenance SolutionsCertificate of Excellence 2015
We are a professional domestic and commercial maintenance company offering a wide range of property maintenance services from electrical and gas installations, plumbing, decorating, to roof repairs, light refurbishments and general maintenance
We are property management company. Have been providing building contracting services throughout London for the past decade. We believe we have the best tradesmen available anywhere in London. Decorators, Painters, Tilers, Plasterers, Plumbers, Bathroom fitters
DT Building Services
At DT Building Services we pride ourselves on excellent quality workman ship along with excellent value for money. We offer a price comparison which also means we wont be beaten on price with any like for like quotation. We have over 20 years combined building experience in the trade. We have carried out all aspects of building and maintenance work. Such as single roof tile replacements to full extensions. We are willing to help any of our customers with the smallest of tasks but can also provide a full building service to meet your needs. DT Building Services is a partnership between two very close friends who work well together to provide complete customer satisfaction. If we do not have the experience and qualifications to provide the service required, we have the help of other local tradesmen who has worked along side us on previous jobs to make sure you are given the highest quality of workmanship you require. We are based in the Oxfordshire area but have a wide client base through out other local counties. We are happy to provide our service to a wide area of customers within a reasonable distance of our business. All details of the services we provide are available on our services page of the website. If there is a service you require but isn't listed on our services page then please use our contacts page or freephone number to contact us as we may still be able to help.
Fireplace & Chimney Installers on Bark
We have 1193 Fireplace & Chimney Installers actively using Bark.com.
We'll reach out to them as well as others, based on your requirements.
Within hours, sometimes minutes, they'll contact you on Bark.
Professionals value their reputation on Bark and strive to do a great job for customers they find on our platform.
Example Fireplace & Chimney Installation Barks
What is the type of property?
What kind of installation services do you need?
Advice on existing fireplace
What type of fireplace would you like?
Not sure
What material would you like the fireplace to be made of?
Already there, metal
Where is the fireplace to be located
How tall is the building?
Two story building
When do you need the work carried out?
Within 1 month
Any additional details?
Just bought house, has fireplace but not sure if it works and how/what to do. Think its connected to gas


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The extracts below are from the whimsically titled A Tour Through Ireland in Several Entertaining Letters written in 1748 by W.R Chetwood.[1] On his journeys Chetwood travels from Cork to Dublin. Over three pages he discusses what seems to be the areas around Paulstown. The passage from the book comes after he has left Kilkenny and before he comes to modern day Bagenalstown and Leighlinbridge in county Carlow.
He refers to the 'seats' of two men, but for some reason does not spell their name in full. However, A —–D and F—D would correspond with Aylward and Flood, the two principal land owning families in the Paulstown area at the time. The description he gives of the house in which A —– D lives also corresponds with Shankill Castle, where the Aylward family lived.
He then gives a detailed account of stopping at an inn where the Kellymount Gang are known to frequent. Kellymount is a townland which forms part of Paulstown village. He describes in detail how they became so notorious that "the whole country trembled at this name."
The extracts below are from pages 205-207 of the publication. For a better understanding of some words, the 'f' shaped letter should be replaced with the letter s.
[1] Chetwood, W. R., A Tour through Ireland in Several Entertaining Letters: Wherein the Present State of That Kingdom Is Consider'd … Interspersed with Observations on the Manners, Customs, Antiquities, Curiosities, and Natural History of That Country … London: Printed for J. Roberts …, 1748. Print.


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"It's a jungle if you're an eagle right now on the Chesapeake Bay," says Bryan Watts, a conservation biologist at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Va. "You have to watch your back."
Americans have long imagined their national symbol as a solitary, noble bird soaring on majestic wings. The birds are indeed gorgeous and still soar, but the notion that they are loners is outdated, Watts and other conservationists are finding.
After nearly being wiped out, inadvertently, by strong insecticides that were in widespread use until the 1970s, bald eagles have come roaring back in places like the James River, south of Richmond, Va. Today the raptors fly around together above the James in big groups, hang out in communal roosts and are fiercely competitive.
As Watts motors his boat along a short stretch of the James River near Hopewell, Va., on a late-summer eagle survey, so many eagles fill the sky that he can't talk quickly enough to point them all out to me.
"[There's] another bird up around the corner there, and another four birds up around the corner there," Watts notes. In every direction, it's easy to pick out young eagles with mottled brown feathers, clinging to craggy branches. Mature birds fly by with bright yellow beaks and white heads. Eagles soar in groups, perch high in trees, and squabble with osprey.
Forty years ago, Watts, says, we probably would not have seen a single bald eagle here. A prime contributor to their disappearance in this region was located just upriver, where Bailey Creek meets the James. In the 1960s and 1970s, Allied Chemical Corporation produced a pesticide called Kepone (chlordecone) at its plant in Hopewell, Va.
"And that's the place where Kepone was dumped into the bay," Watts says, as he idles his boat near the mouth of the creek. "It was dumped out on the ground and made its way into Bailey Creek and from there went throughout the Chesapeake."
Pesticides like Kepone and DDT helped put bald eagles on the endangered species list. Eagles kept reproducing but their eggs weren't viable and didn't hatch. By the 1970s, there were no eagle nests at all on the James River, and fewer than 500 nests in the Lower 48. Watts says that grim reality woke up Americans.
"We as a society decided when the population was declining that that's not what we wanted," Watts recalls.
The United States banned the pesticides and the shooting of eagles. Wildlife officials started protecting the birds' nesting territory and setting aside tracts of land for their recovery.
In 2007, thanks to all those measures, the bald eagle came off the endangered species list. Its rebound has come without the struggles and public resistance that continue to mire efforts to bring back wolves, condors and grizzlies.
Today more than 10,000 eagle pairs nest each year across the Lower 48, and many more in Alaska. And nowhere is their comeback more dramatic than along the James River, where they once again dominate the avian scene.
"The greatest thing about that [is] that it was our society that brought them back," Watts says.
Interestingly, he says, it can still be tough to be a bald eagle along the James these days — but for new reasons. As the population of the birds has rebounded, there's less habitat for all the eagles reaching maturity as they try to find mates and claim territories. Only 1 in 5 finds a mate today, the evidence suggests, compared to nearly all, a few decades ago.
Watts ties up his boat near one of the more than 200 nests located along the river. This one is 80 feet up in a loblolly pine, one of the tallest trees around. Eagles build nests near the top of the forest canopy, probably so they can get to them easily without having to dodge other trees, Watts says.
"Eagles have long wing spans and so they have a hard time flying through trees," he explains.
The breeding season's over, but Watts can still learn a lot from the empty nests. The bones on the forest floor, for example, tell him that these birds fed their chicks blue catfish, an invasive species that apparently is an eagle favorite.
An eagle pair will return to the same nest every year and defend it ferociously. All the so-called "floaters" — adult birds without territory — covet the existing nests, Watts says. And, increasingly, they are attacking their elders to try to steal territory and mates.
"It's like a game of musical chairs, but with bayonets," Watts says. "Eagles have tremendous weaponry. And so when they fight, it can oftentimes be to the death."
Watts says sometimes interlopers break up nests and the chicks die. So these days, eagle parents apparently have a new job. One parent will stand guard while the other gets food.
Courtney Turrin, a graduate student who studies with Watts, has spent many hours watching nests during breeding season. She's seen parent birds standing guard and chasing away intruders, she says. And she's seen eye-popping displays of combat: big birds locking talons in midair.
"Sometimes one of them rolls [the other] over, upside down in the air," Turrin says. "Eventually they'll have to let go because they'll start falling."
An especially striking eagle, a large female, catches Watt's eye. He points out its dull bill, which soon will take on the brilliant yellow-orange hue of a mature eagle.
Watts puts a positive spin on the challenges this eagle probably will face in the coming years. The extra time she'll likely spend as a single adult will give her the experience she needs to be a better hunter and provider for her chicks in the future, he says.
"To see these species adapting to the different situations and [see] how they solve the different problems that they're faced with, is way more interesting than [the] static view [we've had]of them in the past," Watts says.
The delay in breeding is only one of the changes in eagle behavior that fascinates Watts. He's also intrigued by interactions among eagles and other birds that were once rare.
Great blue herons, for instance, also have made a comeback on the James, apparently to the eagles' advantage. On the James, some eagles nest among heron colonies.
"We have always wondered," Watts says, "whether eagles were sort of 'shopping next door' " — snatching heron chicks to feed to their young.
Turns out that's just what they're doing. This year, Watts found blue heron wings in a nest, alongside chirping eagle chicks. And there's evidence the big raptors may be similarly raiding the nests of gulls and pelicans elsewhere on the Chesapeake Bay, he notes.
Watts says he'll be interested to see what happens to these other species, now that they are on eagles' shopping list.
Bald eagles have become our nation's best conservation success story, Watts says. Now's the time to see the birds in action, and discover what they're really like.
OK, the bald eagle is no longer endangered but it is, apparently, cranky. Our national symbol has made a tremendous comeback. This means that growing numbers of bald eagles see other bald eagles nearby, who may be rivals for territory. NPR's Elizabeth Shogren has our report.
ELIZABETH SHOGREN, BYLINE: Biologist Bryan Watts motors along the James River south of Richmond, Va., surveying for eagles.
BRYAN WATTS: Another bird around the corner up here; another four birds around the corner there.
SHOGREN: I just counted 16, 17, 18 - 19, wow. There are so many, you can't even count them.
Young eagles with mottled, brown feathers; mature ones with bright-yellow beaks and white heads; eagles soaring in groups, squabbling with osprey, and snatching up fish with their legendary talons. Forty years ago, you probably wouldn't see a single bald eagle here. Watts, who's a professor at nearby William and Mary, says a prime reason was just upriver.
WATTS: That's the mouth of Bailey's Creek, and that's the place where kepone was dumped into the bay.
SHOGREN: Kepone is a pesticide.
WATTS: It was dumped out on the ground, and made its way into Bailey's Creek and from there, it went throughout the Chesapeake.
SHOGREN: DDT was a more infamous culprit. Eagles kept reproducing, but their eggs didn't hatch. By the 1970s, there were no eagle nests on the James River and fewer than 500 nests in the whole country. [POST-BROADCAST CORRECTION: There were fewer than 500 nests in the lower 48 states.] Watts says that grim reality woke up Americans.
WATTS: We, as a society, decided when the population was declining, that that's not what we wanted.
SHOGREN: The U.S. banned the pesticides. The eagle went on the endangered species list; their nests became protected. That was enough to let the eagles flourish. They rebounded without the major struggles that still face wolves, condors and grizzlies. Now, more than 10,000 bald eagle pairs nest each year across the country. And nowhere is the bald eagle comeback more dramatic than on the James River, where they're clearly the dominate bird. But Bryan Watts says ironically, the more eagles there are, the tougher it is to be an eagle.
WATTS: It's a jungle, if you're an eagle right now on the Chesapeake Bay. You have to watch your back.
SHOGREN: For decades, as soon as an eagle reached maturity, it got to hook up and have babies. But now, Watts says, only about 1 in 5 does. That means hundreds of adult birds without mates or territory.
WATTS: Why don't we tie up here? And I can take you up to a nest that's right by this little road here.
SHOGREN: One of more than 200 nests now on the James River. It's 80 feet up in a loblolly pine.
WATTS: Eagles have long wing spans, and so they have a hard time flying through trees.
SHOGREN: So they build nests high in trees, at the edge of forests. The breeding season's over, but Watts can learn a lot from empty nests. The bones on the forest floor under this one tell him what these eagles fed their chicks.
WATTS: So these are from the heads of catfish.
SHOGREN: Watts says eagle pairs return to the same nest every year, and defend them fiercely. Nests like this one are coveted by all those adult birds without territory.
WATTS: And so it's like a game of musical chairs, but with bayonets. The thing is that eagles have tremendous weaponry. And so when they fight, it can oftentimes be to the death.
SHOGREN: When the interlopers win, they sometimes break up nests, and the chicks die. So these days, eagle parents have a new job. One parent has to stand guard while the other gets food. Back in the boat, Watts looks through binoculars at an especially striking eagle.
WATTS: Large female.
SHOGREN: He says it's clearly one of those young adults on the prowl for territory.
WATTS: Do you see how dull its bill is? That bill will turn to a real brilliant orange-yellow as it matures.
SHOGREN: Watts puts a positive spin on the challenges she'll probably face in the coming years. The extra time she'll likely spend as a single adult will give her the experience she needs to be a better hunter and provider for her chicks.
WATTS: To see these species adapting to the different situations, you know, and how they solve these different problems that they're faced with, I think it's way more interesting than what our static view of them has been in the past.
SHOGREN: Now that bald eagles are our nation's best conservation success story, Watts says it's a great time to see what they're really like, and maybe get some hints about why early Americans were so captivated by them that they chose the bird as their symbol more than 200 years ago.
Elizabeth Shogren, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
Docter Classic 6x42 rifle scope is an essence of the word Classic itself. No so long ago scopes of these type (6x42) dominated the European hunting community. Even today it is easy to understand why, since these scopes are elegant, slim, light and at the same time offers generous 7mm exit pupil. This means that they are bright and comfortable to use. Docter Classic 6x42 however offers further evolved proven classics since it offers great optical quality and great light transmission rate even by todays standards. General features of this riflescope are:
It is especially worth mentioning that all glass surface of the lenses in these scopes are coated with Docter Multitop coating that offer an exceptional light transmission rate and really good resolution (sharpness of the image). Classic 6x42 is especially suitable for light rifles, combination rifles and all other European rifles where its classics looks are completing the entire setup.
Mounting of this scope is possible with traditional prismatic rail (LM rail) mounting elements.
|Riflescopes series
|DOCTER Classic
|Variable magnification
Variable magnification
Optical products with variable magnification are more versatile as they're designed with a wider range of magnification and larger viewing angle. For example, an 8x56 rifle scope has a fixed magnification of 8x and a fixed field of view of 5 meters at 100 meters. For comparison, a rifle scope with variable magnification 3-12x56 has a more versatile magnification range for observing the whole surroundings due to the big field of view (at 3 times magnification) and in the same time a detailed evaluation of the observed object (at 12 times magnification).
With their high number of lenses in housing, optics with variable magnification are larger, heavier and have a lower permeability of light. Variable magnification is rarely present in binoculars, but it's mostly used in rifle scopes and spotting scopes. Advantages of the variable magnification regarding usability with rifle scopes and spotting scopes outweigh disadvantages – in short, one fits all. High-quality variable binoculars are very rare.
|Maximal magnification
|Lens diameter
Lens diameter
Lens diameter represents the second value in product's name/designation. For example, 10x42 optics have 42 mm diameter of the lens at the front (those that are closer to the viewing object). It is known that the bigger the lens, the more light goes through and the image we see is brighter. All of this, however, depends on the magnification and quality of a certain optical product. Although the bigger lens diameter in binoculars is better, the size adds up on the weight, making it more heavy and difficult to handle. With riflescopes, bigger size of a lens diameter also means more problems with mounting.
The most common lens diameters are 24 mm, 42 mm, 50 mm and 56 mm.
Source: ZEISS
|42 mm
|Exit pupil
Exit pupil
Exit pupil is a circle from which the light is being transferred to your eye through the optical product. When you holdthe optics a bit far away from your eyes towards a light, exit pupil can be seen as a bright circle in the center of each eyepiece. The larger the exit pupil the more light can reach the eye and the image appears brighter. This is why exit pupil plays an important part in the optical products in poor light conditions at dawn or dusk. Size of the exit pupil also determines how comfortable viewing through an optical product really is. An important factor is also the size of the eye box, which is a space where the eye still has an entire picture, without any tunnel vision or blurry edges. Bigger eye box means more flexibility of the eye position and therefore more comfortable viewing, because the eye can move in several directions within the eye box and still obtain a full image.
Source: ZEISS
The diameter of the exit pupil is calculated by dividing lens diameter with magnification. E. g. 8x50 binoculars have an exit pupil in the diameter of 6.25 mm.
To ensure a brighter image, the eye pupil in low light conditions has to be at least as big as the exit pupil. This way there's no loss of light and the image is as bright as possible. However, the maximum diameter of the eye pupil depends on age. At night, children's eye pupils can widen up to 7 mm, while with aging they decrease to a maximum of 4 mm. So if the viewer's pupils can only be open up to 4 mm, the 7 mm exit pupil cannot be fully utilized. It may contribute to more comfortable viewing, but not to brighter image.
Source: ZEISS
In daylight, when the eye pupil is open up to 3 mm, all the optics with exit pupil bigger than 3 mm are equally bright. For example, the 8x30 binoculars with 3.75 mm exit pupil are no brighter than 8x56 binoculars with 7 mm exit pupil. Those with 7 mm are however more comfortable to use, since they're less sensitive to the eye position (they have bigger eye-box).
|7.0 mm
|Eye relief
Eye Relief
The only way of obtaining the whole field of view is to have the right distance between the eye and eyepiece – referred to as the eye relief. The eye relief is not necessarily a decisive factor in choosing the right optical product, however it is a useful information if you wear glasses. The eye relief then should be at least 16 mm for comfortable viewing and getting a complete image. Binoculars with too short eye relief give people with glasses a tunnel vision and only show the middle part of an image. With riflescopes the optimal distance is 90 mm or even more for safety reasons (recoil).
Without glasses the distance when using binoculars should be minimum of 15 mm, although everyone has a preferred placement as long as they're obtaining complete field of view with no blurry edges.
Most binoculars have movable eyecups, where you can adapt them to fit different face structures (if your eyes are further away from you nose etc.) and therefore maintain a steadier grip. If you wear glasses, the eyecups should be closed down so you can lean them onto your glasses.
Source: ZEISS
|Field of view
Field of view
Field of view is an area you see when looking through the optical product. Although it primarily depends on the build of the eyepiece, it is hugely affected by magnification. If you look through two binoculars of the same model but with different magnification, you can see that the one with lower magnification factor will have a wider field of view. So when comparing binoculars, you must compare the ones with the same magnification. With riflescopes the field of view is being measured at 100 m, while with binoculars, spotting scopes and other optical products it's measured at 1000 m.
With binoculars a field of view with more than 140 m at 1000 m distance is considered a wide angle, while with riflescopes it is with a field of view over 38 m at 100 m. Wide angle is particularly useful in bird-watching.
It is also important to mention that the size and lens diameter of optical products are not indicators of their field of view - bigger housing doesn't automatically mean wider field of view.
Field of view can be expressed in two values – degrees or meters.
One degree is 17.5 m at 1000 m / 1.75 m at 100 m.
If you divide the field of view given in meters by 17.5 you get the field of view in degrees.
If you multiply degrees with 17.5 you get the field of view at 1000m.
Source: Lovec
|6.6 m/100m
|Twilight Factor
Twilight Factor
In the past, twilight factor was an important value in determining the brightness of the optics. The manufacturers were using the same kind of technology and materials of the lenses therefore the optics were comparable. Nowadays, they use different types of lenses and modern coatings so the twilight factor has lost its meaning, because the brightness of the optics depends more on the quality of the coatings than on the twilight factor.
Twilight factor is calculated by the square root of multiplying magnification and lens diameter.
Twilight factor of 8x42 binoculars is a square root of 336, meaning 18.33. All the binoculars with this kind of magnification and lens diameter have the same twilight factor, but not the same brightness. If you look through an old pair of binoculars made in 1950s and a new pair with the same magnification and lens diameter you could see the difference in brightness even though they share the same twilight factor. The new pair is significantly brighter due to better lens materials and coatings.
Though manufacturers still specify the twilight factor, we recommend you to ignore it as it's not important.
|Relative Brightness
Relative Brightness
Relative brightness is a calculation of how bright the image should be when viewed through binoculars. It is presented as a square value of the exit pupil. 10x50 binoculars have an exit pupil value of 5.0 (dividing lens diameter with magnification). Square of 5.0 gives us a value of relative brightness which is 25.0. As the relative brightness value increases, we have a brighter image. On the opposite the lower the value, the darker the image.
In the past, relative brightness was an important value in determining the brightness of the optics. The manufacturers were using the same kind of technology and materials of the lenses, therefore, the optics were comparable. Nowadays, they use different types of lenses and modern coatings so the relative brightness has lost its meaning because the brightness of the optics depends more on the quality of the coatings than on the relative brightness.
|Light transmission
Light transmission
Light transmission specifies an amount of light that is let through the build of optical product. Every crossing through each lens means a certain loss of light (0.1% with best coatings, up to 5% without coatings). Higher light transmission rate is very important when using optics at dawn or twilight. Good optics normally have light transmission up to 90%, whereas top-notch ones have even 95% and more light let through.
Although the quantity of light reaching the eye depends on the size of an exit pupil, light transmission determines transparency of the lenses, whether the image is dark and cloudy or bright and clear.
Light transmission can be increased with applying different coatings on the glass surfaces. However, it depends on the coating type and number of layers. Multi-layered coatings mean higher light transmission.
Uncoated glass reflects about 5% of the light (entry-level price range), single coating reduces the reflectivity to approx. 1.5% (middle price range), multi coating reduces the reflectivity to approx. 0.1 to 0.2 % (premium price range)
|Reticle position
Reticle position
There are 3 options of reticle position in rifle scopes on the market:
- 1. Focal Plane (FFP)
(First) or Front Focal plane reticle position was a predominant rifle scope design in the past. Today, such reticle arrangement can only be found in tactical scopes and in a few classical European hunting scopes. The main feature of FFP reticles is their subtensions do not change with the magnification change. That means reticle subtensions in such scopes can be used for distance estimations or bullet drop compensation at any magnification setting. This is of paramount importance in tactical scenarios; thus, all real tactical scopes have FFP reticle placement. Usually, such scopes also have the clicks matched with reticle subtensions and are named MIL-MIL or MOA-MOA scopes. Another benefit of FFP reticles is the point of impact does not change with magnification change if you aim with other lines in the reticle.
The reason the majority of new hunting scopes are not produced as FFP scopes, however, is the fact these reticles are thick on highest magnification and cover more target space than SFP reticles. With super-zoom scopes with a zoom ratio of 6 times or more, this feature became even more noticeable, since FFP reticles in such scopes are thin on low magnification and thick on high magnification.
Rifle scopes with a reticle placed in their 2. (second) focal plane (SFP) are the predominant type of rifle scopes on the market. These scopes have the reticle placed in the eyepiece, at the so-called second optical focal plane. Such arrangement produces the effect that the reticle is seen the same size at all magnification settings.
Such rifle scopes are especially popular since their reticles are thin on higher magnification and offer greater precision. SFP reticles also have the advantage that, at low magnification, they are thicker compared to FFP reticles and easier to see. These two main benefits are the reason SFP rifle scopes gained such popularity.
There are, however, also some drawbacks of rifle scopes with such optical construction. Reticle subtensions change with the change of magnification, and because of that, distance calculations with the reticle are only possible at one specific magnification setting. Similarly, it is possible to use holdovers for correction of bullet drop only at one specific magnification, which makes this technique very difficult to use. The last, but minor, the drawback is that low-quality rifle scopes can have a shift of the point of impact with the magnification change.
Some rifle scopes (for example Docter Basic) have illuminated dot in the Second Focal Plane (SFP) and the reticle bars are located in First Focal Plane (FFP). This enables that on lower magnification settings the dot appears bigger on the target and the bars are thinner. Perfect for close range shots in stressful situations very common on driven hunts. However, on higher magnifications, the dot appears smaller on the target and the reticle bars thicker. This enables precise shots when aiming at greater distances. In tactical scopes, such reticle arrangement enables rapid target acquisition at 1 x magnification due to the bright and big red dot. At higher magnification reticle with hash marks can be used for holdovers.
Source: Revija Lovec
|1. focal plane - FFP
|Adjustment per click
Adjustment per click
Adjustment per click is, how many centimeters/millimeters will move on the target at 100 m when you make one click on the turrets for elevation or a point of impact windage on the rifle scope. Clicks are usually specified in MRAD (1 mrad is 10 cm / 100 m) or MOA (1 MOA is 2.9 cm / 100 m). Some manufacturers designate MRADs with acronym MIL.
Practically all newer rifle scopes have the possibility to adjust reticle left or right (windage) and up or down (elevation). This process is known as zeroing. The upper turret on the rifle scope is for elevation adjustment of the reticle and the side turret on the rifle scope is for windage adjustment of the reticle. Hunting rifle scopes have the mechanism of both turrets protected with caps that protect the turrets from water, damage or any other outside impacts. Turrets are in other words rotatable buttons which you can spin left or right.
Every single movement made with the turret produces a »click« sound. Usually, 1 click on European rifle scopes moves hit on a target for 1 cm at 100 m range (0.1 MRAD / MIL). On American, Japanese and Chinese scopes 1 click moves the hit on the target for ¼ MOA (minute of angle) which is 7 mm at 100 m range. On Benchrest rifle scopes, where corrections have to be very small, the clicks are either 1/8 MOA (3,5 mm / 100 m) or 0,05 MRAD (5 mm / 100 m).
|1cm/100m - 0.1mrad
Elevation is how much up and down you can adjust reticle. For example, if you see in rifle scope specifications elevation is 3.5 m, this means that you can adjust reticle maximal 1.75 m up and maximal 1.75 m down for hits on your target at 100 m. Elevation range is usually specified in MRAD (1 mrad is 10 cm / 100 m) or MOA (1 MOA is 2.9 cm / 100 m). Some manufacturers designate MRADs with an acronym MIL.
Practically all newer rifle scopes have the possibility to adjust reticle left or right (windage) and up or down (elevation). This process is known as zeroing. Upper turret on rifle scope is for elevation adjustment of reticle and side turret on rifle scope is for windage adjustment of reticle. Hunter rifle scopes has the mechanism of both turrets protected with caps which protect turret from water, damage or any other outside impacts. Turrets are easily said a rotatable buttons which you can spin in left or right way.
Every single movement made with the turret produces a »click« sound. Usually 1 click on European rifle scopes moves hit on target for 1 cm at 100 m range (0.1 MRAD / MIL). On American, Japanese and Chinese scopes 1 click moves the hit on the target for ¼ MOA (minute of angle) which is 7 mm at 100 m range.
For long range shooting elevation of at least 2.6 m / 100 m (26 MRAD or 89 MOA) is needed.
Source: Revija Lovec
|1.2 m/100m
Windage is how much right and left you can adjust the reticle. For example, if you see in rifle scope specifications windage is 1.5 m / 100 m, this means that you can adjust the reticle maximal 0.75 m right and maximal 0.75 m left for hits on your target at 100 m. Windage range is usually specified in MRAD (1 mrad is 10 cm / 100 m) or MOA (1 MOA is 2.9 cm / 100 m). Some manufacturers designate MRADs with an acronym MIL.
This is a necessary function for zeroing the rifle scope since with this feature you can eliminate any misalignment with your weapon, and adjust the reticle exactly on the point of impact of your ammunition.
With windage adjustment, we can also compensate wind drift of the bullet from a straight trajectory. Wind drift is caused by the effect that a side wind has on a bullet.
Practically all newer rifle scopes have the possibility to adjust the reticle left or right (windage) and up or down (elevation). This process is known as zeroing. The upper turret on rifle scope is for elevation adjustment of reticle and side turret on rifle scope is for windage adjustment of the reticle. Hunter rifle scopes have the mechanism of both turrets protected with caps which protect turret from water, damage or any other outside impacts. Turrets are in other words rotatable buttons which you can spin in in both directions.
Every single movement made with the turret produces a »click« sound. Usually, 1 click on European rifle scopes moves hit on target for 1 cm at 100 m range (0.1 MRAD / MIL). On American, Japanese and Chinese scopes 1 click moves the hit on the target for ¼ MOA (minute of angle) which is 7 mm at 100 m range. On Benchrest of F-class rifle scopes, where the corrections have to be very small and precise, the clicks are in 1/8 MOA (3,5 mm / 100 m) or 0.05 MRAD (5 mm / 100 m).
Source: Revija Lovec
|Turret Type
Turret Type
Turrets are easily said rotatable buttons on rifle scopes which you can spin it left or right to move the reticle in the scope. This way you achieve a match of point of impact and scope reticle. This is called zeroing. The market offers different rifle scopes for different purposes and they have also different types of turrets. Determination, how will turrets look like depends on rifle scopes purpose, price, manufacturer and country of origin.
Every single movement made with the turret produces a »click« sound. Usually, 1 click on European rifle scopes moves the hit on target for 1 cm at 100 m range (0.1 MRAD / MIL). On American, Japanese and Chinese scopes 1 click moves the hit on the target for ¼ MOA (minute of angle) which is 7 mm at 100 m range.
There are 4 different types of turrets on the market
Target turrets are known as the most precise type. They are the best choice for the precise shooters, due to very small and precise adjustments. Usually they are available in 1/4 or 1/8 MOA (1 MOA = 0.29 MRAD = 2,9 cm / 100 m) or in 0,05 Mrad (1Mrad =10cm/ 100m). They are protected with caps and usually, they are very high for easier manipulation.
BDC stands for Bullet Drop Compensation. BDC turrets offer the easiest way to dial a number of clicks to compensate for bullet drop when shooting at longer distances. These turrets are usually found on hunting scopes for long-range hunting. These turrets are very similar to Tactical turrets; however, the main difference is they don't have numbers for clicks engraved on them, but only numbers for the corresponding distances. On such turrets, 1 stands for 100m, 2 for 200m, 3 for 300m, and similar. Color dots, instead of numbers, are also very common; however, in such cases, the hunter must memorize which color corresponds to a given distance to the target.
BDC turret can only match one ballistic trajectory, and BDC turrets are always suitable for use with only one ammunition. When a shooter changes the ammunition in his rifle, the BDC turret must be changed to correspond to a new ballistic curve.
The best modern BDC turrets also have an additional function of a Zero Stop (the turret doesn't rotate under the zeroing distance of the rifle) and locking mechanism.
Scopes meant for tactical applications have uncovered tactical turrets that offer easy control over reticle elevation and windage. Click values on such turrets are visible and a number of clicks for bullet drop compensation can be dialed fast and easy. Such turrets are especially useful in tactical situations where, usually, every target is at a different distance and not more than a couple of shots are shot at each target. Such situations demand continuously changing of reticle position in the scope elevation and windage range. Turrets covered with caps are unpractical in such situations.
Since the main purpose of tactical turrets is easy and often changing of elevation and windage position of the reticle, such turrets usually have numbers of clicks (or elevation in MOA or MRAD) clearly written on them. Resetting the turret to 0 when the rifle is zeroed is also a standard feature on such turrets. Tactical turrets are also distinguished from other types of rifle scope turrets, as the number of turns plays an important role in their usability.
Tactical turrets on basic scopes, usually, have a high number of turns from one extreme of the elevation/windage range to another. Such turrets are called multi-turn turrets. However, tactical turrets on more advanced tactical scopes have a limited number of turns. The most common are single turn – ST and double turn – DT turrets. Double turn type turrets also have an indicator, which clearly shows in which turn the turret is located. Such advanced tactical turrets are especially useful when there is no room for error when dialing a number of clicks for proper elevation adjustment.
Advanced ST and DT tactical turrets often have a Zero Stop – ZS functionality, so when a user wants to go back to turret position at which rifle is zeroed, the turret rotation is stopped at that setting.
Capped turrets are the most usual turret type on hunting scopes, where the turret covers are removed only on rare occasions when the scope is zeroed. Due to the caps, the turrets are well-protected against water, dust, and unintentional damage. On most of the hunting scopes and on some wide-angle tactical scopes, the turrets under the caps have a low height. On target scopes, this is different, since most turrets are high and easy to dial. In modern rifle scopes, turrets caps also hold the spare battery for the illumination.
Turrets on target scopes are also covered with caps; however, such scopes have much higher turrets than hunting scopes, which also have turrets covered with caps. The reason for such difference is that turrets on target/ sports scopes are dialed often when shooters shoot on different distances. However, during transportation or when shooting in the rain, high target turrets still get protected with caps.
Source: Revija Lovec
|Elevation Per Turn
Elevation Per Turn
Elevation Per Turn is when you turn a rifle scope turret for 360 degrees to the same spot where you started. For example, when you see in specifications – elevation per turn is 10 MRAD or 100 cm / 100 m, this means when you make 1 turn with turret, the point of impact on the target will be moved for 100cm on 100m range.
If elevation per turn is 24 MOA, this means that 1 turn the point of impact will be moved for 24 x 2.9 cm / 100 meters.
This information is mostly important for sport and tactical rifle scope where you often change the elevation. It's much easier to use when the values for a turn are rounded (for example 20 MOA), but on tactical rifle scopes this mostly isn't possible, because of big elevations, so the turrets had to be Multi-Turn (MT), what would even more complicate the use.
Source: Revija Lovec
|0.25 mrad - 25 cm
|Reticle illumination
Reticle illumination
Reticle illumination is the possibility to illuminate the rifle scope reticle with light. Some rifle scopes use reticle with illumination possibilities. There are two main types of reticle illumination on the market:
- illuminated point in the middle of the reticle,
- illumination option to light up the whole reticle.
For hunting, the reticle with central light point (dot) is more recommended. Rifle scopes that use illumination of the whole reticle are more recommended for tactical and sports use. The power of illumination light can be either day strong or visible only in the lowest light situations (in dark). For the driven hunts, IPSC or tactical CQB daytime strong illumination is more usable. Illumination option only visible in low light conditions is better for hunting in low light conditions or even in the dark. Rifle scopes that use as many different intensity levels as possible are better because they offer more possibilities to find a perfect view of the reticle in different lighting conditions.
The most advanced rifle scopes use optical fibers built in the middle of the reticle as a light dot. In high quality rifle scopes, these illuminated dots are of the smallest size. For example, if the illumination is set to OFF, you don`t see this illuminated dot at all and when you turn the illumination ON, the light dot is visible. High quality rifle scopes enable the user to fine tune illumination intensity. This way the reticle is always illuminated just right in accordance with the ambient light condition. Very dim in low light and extremely bright in the daytime. Newer rifle scopes have built in automatic turn off electronics that turns off illumination of the reticle when you don't use your rifle scope for some time the illumination of reticle goes automatically to OFF. Such scopes have built in motion sensor to determine when the scope is not in use. This preserves battery life.
Reticle illumination option provides you a better accuracy at night and in low light situations. With non-illuminated reticles, you could have problems in low light situations, when you can see the target but not the reticle. The type of illumination for low light usage only is mostly meant for raised hide hunting.
Daytime bright illumination is the best option for driven hunting, IPSC and tactical shooting.
Source: Nikon
|Illumination color
|Day time usable illumination
Day time usable illumination
Daytime illumination of the rifle scope reticle serves a different purpose than twilight illumination, and in such rifle scopes, high intensity levels are a necessity. The illumination of the reticle is meant for rapid target acquisition, since a bright red dot is the best possible aiming point. Shooters' eyes are instinctively drawn to a bright red dot in the center of the field of view. Such strong illumination is feasible only in rifle scopes with magnification lower than 1.5x or ideally 1.0x. Such wide-angle rifle scopes with a real 1.0x magnification and daytime bright illumination of the reticle can even be used with both eyes open, similar to reflex/red dot sights.
Rifle scopes with daytime illumination are the best choice for IPSC, CQB, tactical shooting and driven hunting in bright daylight.
Source: Zeiss
Auto –TurnOff
Some of the red dots and rifle scopes with reticle illumination have Auto – TurnOff function. This means, in case that you forget to turn off illumination or when you leave your firearms on table (you don't do any movements with rifle scope), illumination automatically turns off. The time when illumination turns off is different from rifle scopes to rifles scopes.
Many of the expensive and high quality rifle scopes with illuminated reticle have an Auto-TurnOff smart motion sensor that detects different angles and automatically turns OFF or even ON the illumination of the reticle, based on the rifle scope position.
This is a nice feature to have, because this increases the battery life.
Source: Swarovski
|Parallax setting
Parallax setting
Parallax can be adjustable or fixed and parallax setting tells you if parallax is fixed, on which distance.
Adjustable parallax setting allows you to line up your reticle with your target objective in a proper plane, what brings you a proper focus, better sight image and better accuracy.
Easy explanation about parallax meaning. When your rifle with rifle scope is fixed on a bench and you are looking through the rifle scope. Your reticle is perfectly in line with the center of the target. Now you move your head around und you see also the reticle moves a little bit in relation to the target. This is parallax error. It happens when the target is not perfectly focused. When you adjust the parallax, so that the target is in perfect focus, then there is no parallax error. You can move your eye from the optical axis and the reticle will still stay in line with the center.
Traditionally, rifle scopes had a fixed parallax set at 100 meters or 100 yards; however, with the advance of shooting sports, such approach was not adequate anymore. Scopes with fixed parallax offered best resolution only at one distance (100 meters/yards) at which the target was in focus. At all other distances, the picture was less sharp or even blurry. An even bigger problem with this type of scope was the fact that, when shooting at the target not at the same distance as the scope parallax setting, the shooter had to be very careful about his eye alignment with the optical axis. If the eye is moved away from the optical axis, the reticle on the target will move, which will worsen the accuracy. Since these errors are small, the fixed parallax option is still considered accurate enough for traditional hunting. For sport shooting, though, such small error leads to poor results. Parallax errors become more pronounced with magnifications higher than 12x, and that means the majority of scopes with magnification range under this value need no parallax adjustment.
With the ability of parallax adjustment, accuracy of the riflescope is greatly enhanced at all distances. The shooter, however, has to adjust the parallax setting before making the first shot. Such scopes usually have AO – Adjustable Objective or SF – Side focus acronym in their name.
Source: Revija Lovec
|100 m
|Parallax adjustment
Parallax adjustment
Traditionally, rifle scopes had a fixed parallax set at 100 meters or 100 yards; however, with the advance of shooting sports, such approach was not adequate anymore. Scopes with fixed parallax offered the best resolution only at one distance (100 meters/yards) at which the target was in focus. At all other distances, the picture was less sharp or even blurry. An even bigger problem with this type of scopes was the fact that, when shooting at the target, not at the same distance as the scope parallax setting, the shooter had to be very careful about his eye alignment with the optical axis. If the eye is moved away from the optical axis, the reticle on the target will move, which will worsen the accuracy. Since these errors are small, the fixed parallax option is still considered accurate enough for traditional hunting. For sports shooting, though, such small error leads to poor results. Parallax errors become more pronounced with magnifications higher than 12x, and that means the majority of scopes with magnification range under this value needs no parallax adjustment.
With the ability of parallax adjustment, the accuracy of the rifle scope is greatly enhanced at all distances. The shooter, however, has to adjust the parallax setting before making the first shot. Such scopes usually have AO – Adjustable Objective or SF – Side focus acronym in their name.
With AO – Adjustable Objective scopes parallax is adjusted with a rotation of the ring on the objective bell; adjusting the parallax this way can hardly be done when in a prone position and is not the best solution for situations when parallax must be adjusted often. Due to this reason, such scopes are usually used for benchrest competitions and similar, where parallax is adjusted only initially.
With SF – Side focus scopes, parallax is adjusted with a rotation of the turret on the left side of the main tube. Such an approach offers easy adjustment of the parallax in the prone position and is the best solution for situations when parallax must be adjusted often. Due to this reason, such scopes are usually used on tactical scopes and similar, where parallax is adjusted before each shot and distances to the targets change rapidly. Scopes, which offer parallax adjustment with a side focus, are usually bigger and heavier than counterparts with parallax adjustment on Adjustable Objective. They are also more expensive to produce. Due to the size of the internal mechanism for side focus adjustment, the majority of such scopes have a tube diameter of 30mm or more.
Scopes, which offer parallax adjustment on objective bell, are usually smaller and lighter than counterparts with parallax adjustment on the side focus. They are also cheaper to make and offer adjustment that is more precise. Due to the size of internal mechanism for side focus adjustment, the majority of scopes with a tube diameter of 1 inch have an adjustable objective and not the side focus.
The easiest way to correctly set the parallax is to look at the target and gently rotate the ring on the objective. When the target is in focus and the image offers the best sharpness, move the eye from the optical axis to any direction. If the rifle is properly supported and fixed, the reticle should not move on the target when the eye is moved from the optical axis. If it does, parallax adjustment must be fine-tuned until the reticle is still, even if the eye of the shooter is moving around the optical axis.
Do not mind the meters or yards written on the adjustable objective, since they only provide an approximate value. There is nothing unusual if these values do not correspond well with the actual target distances.
Source: Revija Lovec
|Parallax adj. range
Parallax adj. Range
Parallax adj. (adjustment) range tells you the minimum and maximum distance you can adjust the parallax on your rifle scope.
Most rifle scopes (mostly) with maximum magnification 12 x have parallax setting fixed, for example, to 100m (EU 100 m / US 100 yards or 91 m). On those, you can't make any adjustment with parallax.
Rifle scopes with more than 12 magnification zoom have adjustable parallax setting, for example, from 50m to infinity.
There are some rifle scopes with special parallax settings. Schmidt & Bender Exos rifle scopes have CC mode, which means when you turn the magnification on 1, the parallax changes simultaneously from 100 meters to 25 meters, so it is much easier to look with both eyes open and therefore easier to shoot close distance running targets.
Source: Revija Lovec
|Diopter range
Diopter range in optics with one ocular (riflescopes, spotting scopes, NV optics, …)
Diopter range is an adjustment on optical products which can correct the prescription on each of your eyes. That way you can see a sharp image without wearing glasses. The diopter ring is normally located on the eyepiece and by turning it your image appears sharper.
Every optical product has different diopter range, from positive (+) to negative (-).
Diopter range in binoculars
The diopter ring is present in central focusing system on each of the barrels near the eyepiece, where you can correct the difference in the prescription of the left and right eye individually. Once you have set the right value, you can focus the image with using just the central focusing ring. If you're wearing glasses, the diopter value should be set to 0, because the differences in your eyes are already corrected in your glasses.
To see a sharp image without wearing glasses you can easily set the diopter by looking with bare eye, turning the ring and adjusting sharpness. So when looking with both eyes your image should appear sharp. If you have astigmatism the diopter adjustment cannot correct it – you'll still need your glasses and diopter set to 0 to see sharp images.
Optics Trade debate about Diopter settings on binoculars
|+2.5 / -2.5 dpt
|Fast focus eyepiece
Fast focus eyepiece
The eyepiece is that part of the rifle scope where you look in.
Fast focus eyepiece is a type of an eyepiece that enables fast diopter settings. With fast focus eyepiece you can adjust with rotation of the diopter setting to suite your eyes, reticle and even the target (image) at the same time.
All the newer rifle scopes have fast a focus eyepiece. There are not many rifle scopes without a fast focus eyepiece nowadays.
Older rifle scopes without fast focus had their whole eyepiece rotatable and a counter locking nut.
Source: oculus
|Lens coating
Lens coating
Optical products have many lenses in their housing. With each lens about 5% of the light passing through is lost. This can be solved with an application of coatings on the glass surfaces. With years the technology of coatings changed. At first they used only one layer, where the reduction of the loss was to 2% per surface. Today they use multiple layers of coatings where there's minimal loss of light - 0.1% per surface. The best binoculars have even 95% of the light transmitted to the eye, through all their lenses.
With increasing transmission of the light, the coating is also important as a protectant of the optical glass and to ensure the true color fidelity, so the colors when entering are the same when exiting binoculars/riflescope. Above all, coatings also increase the image quality because all the light bouncing around on the inside can cover up detail and blur colors.
Source: ZEISS
The process of applying coatings has to be precise, otherwise it can contribute to hazy and blurred image. They must be spread evenly and thinly to ensure the best quality. The better the coatings, the more expensive the optical product.
Lens coatings are as important as the quality of the lenses themselves. You can easily check whether your optical product has coatings – if you look at the reflection and it shows multiple colors such as purple, green or yellow the lenses are definitely coated. On the opposite, lenses with no coatings have a clear reflection without showing any colors.
There are many different ways of applying lens coatings:
Source: ZEISS
|Fully Multicoated
The waterproof feature is made to keep the optical products sealed and protected from water or dust. Such products are suitable for marine, hunting, hiking or in extreme humidity. Even if you're not planning on using them in this kind of situations, it is a good feature to have in case of heavy rain or dust. Waterproof optical products are typically sealed with O-rings.
All optical products that are fogproof are also waterproof because they have to be properly sealed to keep the dry gas inside. Yet not all waterproof products are also fogproof as the air inside the product is not necessarily replaced with dry nitrogen or argon.
You should be careful not to confuse waterproof with weather-resistant as they're designed to protect only against light rain and are not fully sealed.
Slightly better waterproofing of binoculars can also be ensured with an individual eye focusing mechanism, due to less moving parts than with the central focusing system.
Fogging in optical products can occur when you move them from the warm insides of your house to the cold outdoors. To prevent the formation of inside fogging they're often filled with dry gas – either nitrogen or argon which contain no moisture.
To keep the gas intact on the inside, the optics have to be properly sealed, which is why all fogproof optical products are also waterproof.
It's important to keep in mind that fogproof means that it's to prevent fogging on the inside of the optics, not on the outside. If your outside surface of the lenses fogs up due to temperature differences or humidity just allow them to adjust back – do not wipe the condensation off as it can be damaging to the glass surface and its coatings.
|Built-in rangefinder
|Temperature range
|Filled with
Filled with
Optical products are often filled with dry gas to prevent the condensation on the inside of the housing when exposing them to temperature extremes. If there is even a slight sign of air inside, there is a certain % of moisture present. Usually they're filled with either argon or nitrogen gas, which have the same effect – to prevent the moisture and internal fogging without affecting the optical properties. In addition, these gases also prevent the formation of fungus which would destroy the optics. Internal dewing was the biggest problem in older binoculars when exposed to lower temperatures, because they weren't watertight and contained air. Newer binoculars are therefore all airtight and filled with dry nitrogen or argon.
|324 mm
|Tube diameter
Tube diameter
Tube diameter is that diameter on the rifle scope, where mounts are clamped on (see the picture below).
Most tactical and some sport rifle scopes have the tube diameter of 34 mm, because of a thicker wall (of the tube) for a more reliable use in a harsh environment or an extended elevation range against 30 mm main tube rifle scopes.
|25.4 mm
|Objective diameter
Objective diameter
Objective diameter is outside (housing) diameter of front side (objective) on rifle scope.
On most rifle scopes objective diameter is bigger than tube diameter. Keep in mind, the last number in the description of rifle scope tells you the size of the objective lens diameter (example: 2 – 7 x 32). Objective diameter is always bigger then lens diameter.
Objective diameter is important to know, when buying ring mounts. The bigger the objective diameter the higher mount you will need.
This information is also important for all users of clip-on devices.
Source: Revija Lovec
|48 mm
|Eyepiece diameter
Eyepiece diameter
Eyepiece or ocular diameter is the outside (housing) diameter on the rear side of a rifle scope, directly where you look in the rifle scope itself.
The outside diameter of the eyepiece does not affect the quality of the picture, but it is an important information for users of bolt-action rifles. This dimension is important when mounting the rifle scope because you have to take into account how far your bolt handle is coming up when reloading. If the eyepiece diameter is too big, it can happen that the bolt hits the eyepiece.
The eye-piece diameter is also an important information when buying a wide-angle rifle scope and the suitable mount for it, because the eyepiece is usually bigger than the main tube, so consequently the user has to calculate the height for the mount from the eyepiece diameter and not from the objective diameter as usually.
Source: Revija Lovec
|42 mm
|Mount length
Mount length
Mount length is a length of rifle scope tube where ring mounts can be clamped on (see the picture below).
Mount lengths of the tube on rifle scopes are different due to the length of objective and ocular length and sizes. Wide angle type rifle scopes have longer mount length, due to the front side of the rifle scope has a tube till the end.
Source: Optics Trade
|140 mm
|Mount rail
Mount rail
Telescopic sights with a mounting rail under their main tube are almost always made by European producers and meant for hunting. Rail mounting brings these advantages:
- Less tensions on the scope
- More reliable mounting
- Mounting without marks on the scope
Mounting of such scopes with modern rail systems is easy and can be done by less experienced gunsmiths or even by the users. Selection of mounts is limited to premium European manufacturers, and such mounts are usually more expensive than ring alternatives.
Most common mount rail systems are:
- LM rail: a traditional prism rail under the scope. This standard was used in the past by all major European manufacturers and is commonly found on old hunting scopes. It is still used in limited production by S&B, Docter, and Kaps on their Classic lines of scopes. Mounting of scopes with LM rail is the most demanding of all rail systems since is demands drilling through the rail. Mounts made for LM rail have screws that go through the rail's cross section.
- Zeiss ZM/VM rail: a modern standard used by the biggest number of producers. The companies that use it also call this rail standard: 45° rail, Zeiss M rail, Docter Z rail, Meopta MR rail, Minox is rail, Leica rail, or S&B LMZ. There is no drilling needed when mounting such scopes and usually 2 or 3 internal elements are inserted into the rail.
- Swarovski SR rail: the main feature of this rail system are small ribs (recoil stoppers) that prevent movements of the scope during recoil. The system is used on Swarovski and Kahles scopes, and 2 or 3 inserts in the rail are needed when mounting. All high-quality mounts made for SR rail have only one point, where small ribs are fixed, usually on the front mounting element.
- S&B Convex rail: this rail system is used exclusively by Schmidt & Bender on their hunting lines of riflescopes. The basic principle of internal parts of the rail and outer parts is the same as with Zeiss ZM/VM rail standard; however, the shape of rail is convective and not made of straight lines.
Source: Swarovski
|LM rail
|360 g
|In production since
|30 years
|Made in