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Maternity Rights
25th October, 2013
A father is not entitled to maternity leave where his partner and mother of his child is self-employed.
The case of Betriu Montull v Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social (INSS) C-5/12 considered the system of shared parental leave. Mr Betriu Montull applied for 10 weeks maternity leave (as allowed under Spanish law) following the birth of his son. He was entitled to such leave as he was an employee and covered by the Spanish Social Security System. However, Mr Betriu Montull was refused the maternity leave as the mother of his son was self-employed. The ECJ held that the primary right to paid maternity leave belongs to the mother; the father has no independent right to it. In the present case, a self-employed woman did not enjoy any primary right to maternity leave, and as such she had no right to grant leave to the father of the child.
An intended mother in a surrogacy arrangement is entitled to maternity leave said Advocate General Kokott in C-D v S-T.
In the case of C-D v S-T C-167/12 (Advocate General's Opinion), C-D was employed when she became a mother under a surrogacy agreement. Her partner was the biological father of the child but she was not the biological mother. Her employer refused to grant her maternity or adoption leave and instead offered support through a career break, unpaid paid, annual leave and reduced hours. C-D brought a claim to the Employment Tribunal that she had been subjected to a detriment contrary to section 47C of the Employment Rights Act 1996 in respect of her maternity leave request and discriminated against contrary to sections 13 and 18 of the Equality Act 2010 because of her sex and pregnancy/maternity.
This case has been referred to the ECJ and Advocate General Kokott proposes that in making their decision, the ECJ considers to following:
• An intended mother who takes responsibility for a baby via a surrogacy arrangement has the right to receive maternity leave under the Pregnant Workers Directive ("PWD"), whether or not she will breastfeed the child.
• An intended mother's maternity leave must amount to at least two weeks. However, any maternity leave taken by the surrogate mother (apart from her first two weeks) must be deducted from the intended mother's 14-week entitlement under the PWD.
There was no discrimination contrary to EU law in this case. C-D had not been subjected to a detriment by reason of sex, pregnancy or maternity leave.
The opposing opinion of Advocate General Wahl in Z said an intended mother was not entitled to maternity leave nor discriminated against.
Advocate General Wahl gave his opinion in another case involving surrogacy, Z v A Government Department and the Board of Management of a Community School C-363/12. This opinion was largely about discrimination. In this regard, the Advocate General took the view that an intended mother's complaints that her employer's refusal to grant her maternity leave did not amount to sex or disability discrimination under EU law. Notably, however, the Advocate General made some comments about the PWD that seem to contradict the view of Advocate General Kokott in the above case.
He emphasised that:
• The health and safety protection provided by the PWD is intended for women who give birth to a child. The right to maternity leave is defined as a period of "at least 14 weeks, allocated before and/or after confinement". The aim is to protect the woman during a period when she is particularly vulnerable both before and after confinement.
• The ECJ has attached importance to the special relationship that develops after birth between a woman and her child. However, that objective can only be understood in context "as a logical corollary of childbirth (and breastfeeding)".
• Because of the clearly enunciated objective of protecting the health and safety of workers in a vulnerable condition, the PWD should not be read as protecting a right to maternity leave for an intended mother who has had her genetic child via a surrogacy arrangement.
"We will therefore await the decisions in both cases and the impact they may have on future rights to maternity leave."
These are Advocate General's opinions and therefore are not binding on the courts. We will await the ECJ's decisions as to which opinion they prefer and the effect this may have on future cases.
The UK position remains for now that only the surrogate mother is entitled to maternity leave.
In the meantime, the UK position on this topic is that only surrogate mothers are entitled to maternity leave. It will be for the ECJ to decide whether it prefers the opinion in C-D or that in Z, or indeed whether it thinks a third approach is correct, therefore the UK position may change accordingly.
For more information on implementing an effective maternity policy in your workplace or advice on best practice to be followed, please contact Claire Brook on 01244 405575 or send an email to [email protected]
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Esta edición ISBN ya no está disponible.Ver todas las copias de esta edición ISBN.
In this intensely personal and moving memoir, Marlon Brando talks for the first time of his struggling to become a actor, of his remarkable career first on the stage and then in film and his on and off screen relationships with a host of actors, producers and directors. He talks candidly of a dislocated childhood and the effect this has on his movies and his method of acting. This is an extraordinary testament from one of the 20th Century's greatest icons.Reseña del editor:
In this memoir, Marlon Brando talks of his struggle to become an actor, of his stage and film career, and of his relationships with actors, producers and directors. He talks candidly of a dislocated childhood and of his driving ambition and relentless determination.
"Sobre este título" puede pertenecer a otra edición de este libro.
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A Estados Unidos de America
Descripción ARROW (RAND), 1995. Paperback. Condición: New. Never used!. Nº de ref. del artículo: P110099436914

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Mill Bank from Foxen Lane
Its hard to believe that this village was under threat of demolition just 35 years ago! In 1970, plans were proposed by Sowerby Bridge Urban District Council to demolish the village. There was much opposition to the proposals led by June and Ernest Hall and architect Arthur Quarmby, and with the aid of government grants the village remains, and new property has been built to attract people to the area. In November 1970, the urban council decided to stop demolition and to seek to improve the village


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Gi.Ve.Aw.Ay. With Tons of Cheese & A Trip to Norway.
Jarlsberg® Cheese is celebrating their 60th anniversary with a giveaway that could land you in Norway. Jarlsberg® Cheese fans can enter the Jarlsberg® Cheese Weekly Perfect Pairing Giveaway for a chance to win a trip to Norway from now – Sept. 12, 2016. Enter daily at www.jarlsbergusa.com where Ja
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Homeowners Insurance German Valley, IL
Are you searching for home insurance coverage in German Valley, IL? Enter your Zip Code to compare the best options available nearby. Comparing multiple quotes is the best way to save money on your homeowners coverage in Stephenson county.Have you been asked by your mortgage lender to get homeowners insurance? Did you just purchase your first home and understand the value of insuring it but don't know what type of coverage to buy? If so, here is some information to help you get the German Valley, Illinois homeowners insurance you need.
Be aware that while some lenders will escrow you for insurance, they go about picking the plan for you. They also will charge you nearly double or triple what you could pay on your own.
What Home Insurance Is
When you start shopping for coverage, which you can do in person at an insurance agency or online at an insurance company website, you will notice that there are different types of coverage to choose from.
Understand that there are some exclusions to general or basic perils. These are terms you will face when you start examining what your potential policy covers.
What Homeowners Insurance Covers
Basic perils often come with exclusions or things that will not be covered by the policy. Be sure you understand what you are getting when you get your basic peril coverage. This type of coverage usually covers damage due to fires, lightning, wind storms, smoke, and vandalism.
A lot of people assume that coverage for things like floods, earthquakes or termite damage are automatically covered. This is not the case. Flood and earthquake insurance policies must be purchased separately or you must pay an additional fee to your insurer to have these specific types of coverage included.
There are also all-risk policies. These tend to cover everything, except any specific exclusions which the insurance company will detail for you in writing. Be aware that sometimes buying an all-risk policy means that things like floods or earthquakes are not included.Other things that you want to consider is the replacement cost for your home. You need to make sure you are buying enough coverage. For instance, you could choose a policy that pays you $500,000 in the event of the home's destruction. Make sure you base the replacement cost on more than just the current market value of the home.
Make sure to buy content coverage for any of your belongings inside the home. This may have limits, however, so make sure you know just what it will cover. Finally, ask your insurer about getting liability coverage so that in the event someone is injured on or around the home, you have protection.
Obtain quotes from insurance agents in person to get personalized help. Or, for more convenience, you can get German Valley homeowners insurance quotes free online. Protect your home with affordable insurance today.
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The contribution to naphthalene and pyrene triplet state formation of intersystem crossing from the excited singlet state has been determined for both cyclohexane and benzene solutions using the singlet state quenchers nitromethane and xenon. In agreement with the conclusions reported in part II, intersystem crossing plays an important role; under certain conditions up to 50 % of the total triplet yield in naphthalene-cyclohexane solutions has this origin. The extinction coefficient for naphthalene triplet absorption in cyclohexane at λmax = 412.5 nm is 20 000 ± 5000 1 mol-1 cm-1.
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A slinky mesh bracelet in three tones. Two are silver toned one is gold toned. The bracelet measures 7 1/2 inches in length with a magnetic catch which is 2 inches in width. Excellent condition. A slinky elegant look for the sophisticated women. This bracelet is not marked but I would say 1980's I try to price realistically to make your shopping fun and will combine orders.
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Funky Fashion Jewelry from C1900 to C1980
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ISBN. glass industry bottled drinks remained small portion of the market throughout much century. ExpeRiment with the fuel for rocket. You will have peace of mind. One hypothesis to explain this relationship that phosphoric acid contained some soft drinks colas displaces calcium from bones lowering density skeleton and leading weakened osteoporosis. JanuaryRead More →
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Golden Speed
499 Beans Fork Rd Middlesboro, Kentucky 40965(606) 242-2726
Print | Save | Directions
AboutGolden Speed is located at the address 499 Beans Fork Rd in Middlesboro, Kentucky 40965. They can be contacted via phone at (606) 242-2726 for pricing, hours and directions.
Golden Speed has an annual sales volume of 501K - 999,999. .
For maps and directions to Golden Speed view the map to the right. For reviews of Golden Speed see below.
Phone: (606) 242-2726
Employee Size: 1 To 4
Exact Employee Count: 1
Exact Sales Volume: 48000
Location Type: Single Location
Sales Volume: 501K - 999,999
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INFLUENCE: MUSIC | Art
The Set NYC
Saturday, August 5, 2017 from 8:00 PM to 11:00 PM (EDT)
Event Details
The Set NYC presents: INFLUENCE: MUSIC | ART . An event to help end NYC depression. Featuring music by Jessie Torrisi and art by Justine Yu. The mission of The Set NYC is to empower and build people up to sustainable living.
Featured artists:
Justine Yu ART
Saturday, August 5 8pm - 11pm
@TreeHaus MiMa , 470 West 42nd Street, near 10 ave
$5 entry donation, one drink purchase min. 21+ event
When & Where
TreeHaus MiMa
470 West 42nd Street
near 10 ave
New York,
Saturday, August 5, 2017 from 8:00 PM to 11:00 PM (EDT)
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The Set NYC
The Set NYC is a platform to help & bring together artists, people for showcasing, networking, & helping end child trafficking. Mark 12:30-31
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Vertical Bill: The Story of Bill Cuddington and the Development of Vertical Caving in America Widely acknowledged as the father of vertical caving, Bill Cuddington has pioneered vertical-rope techniques for more than half a century. Published by the National Speleological Society, this new book explores Bill Cuddington, the person, and his life of adventures on rope and underground.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
A native of Pennsylvania, David W. Hughes began serious cave exploring while an undergraduate electrical engineering student the Georgia Institute of Technology. Over the decades he has pursued various speleological interests in many states and in several foreign countries. At present, his caving goal is to descend all of the pits that Bill Cuddington has done, plus all of the pits that Bill Cuddington hasn't done. This is his second book about caving.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description National Speleological Society, 2008. Hardcover. Condition: New. Never used!. Seller Inventory # P111879961296
Book Description National Speleological Society, 2008. Condition: New. book. Seller Inventory # M1879961296


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about this item
A classic look redefined. The Master armless task chair is the perfect marriage of modern style and comfort. With its slightly angled leatherette seat and chrome 5-start caster base, this task chair is as appealing to the eye as it is to the body. Great addition to your home office, or conference area.
Number of Pieces: 1
Seats up to: 1
Dimensions (Overall): 34.5 inches (H) x 22 inches (W) x 24.5 inches (D)
Weight: 16 pounds
Material: Metal (Frame)
Holds up to: 250 pounds
Minimum Height, Floor to Seat Top: 17.5 inches
Maximum Height, Floor to Seat Top: 20.5 inches
Upholstery: Upholstered
Seat Back Dimensions: 16.25 inches (H) x 18 inches (W)
Assembly Details: Assembly required
Care and Cleaning: Spot or wipe clean, Dry Dust
Adjustability: Adjustable
Seat Dimensions: 18 inches [W], 16.5 inches [D], & 20.5 inches [floor to seat top]
Warranty: 90 day limited warranty. To obtain a copy of the manufacturer's warranty for this item, please call Target Guest Services at 1-800-591-3869.
Item Number (DPCI): 249-14-4373
color Black
- Contemporary styling
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I recently did a trade with Lorelei Eurto (click the link to go to her blog!). It was the first trade I ever did - it was fun! I picked out a necklace from her shop, and she had two specific bead sets in mind that she wanted of mine. The first photo is of the necklace I chose from her shop, and the next two photos are the beads that she chose! The neckalce is beautiful and incredibly well-made - I highlly recommend her! You can check her blog today, too, as she has a post about the trade! I'll be exicted to see what she makes from the beads.
Tuesday, December 30, 2008
My Trade with Lorelei
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Art Elements Theme of the Month - Sunflowers
It was my turn to choose the Theme of the Month for the Art Elements monthly challenge, and I chose Sunflowers! Why not? They're nice an...
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Friday, December 9, 2011
On Vacation!
We arrived in Phoenix, Arizona 5 minutes earlier than our 1:30 arrival but by the time we got the car seat out of the baggage carousel (the tether strap got stuck in the conveyor), boarded the car rental shuttle, picked up the car and drove to the rental house it was 3:30pm. We left our home at 8:15am, so after a grocery shopping trip for dinner, finding out the bbq was out of propane so no burgers for dinner and on to plan B of tortillas with cheese and veggies for supper we finally finished dinner at 7pm. No DD-Day 8 for me today, will get it done tomorrow after I sleep in and maybe have a nap later too ;)
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Altenew Artist Markers| AECP Class: Creative Colouring With Artist Marker
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European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
Highly ranked among journals in its field, the European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging provides a forum for the exchange of clinical and scientific information for the nuclear medicine community and allied professions involved in the functional, metabolic and molecular investigation of disease. The journal remains of primary interest to practitioners in the field of nuclear medicine but also reports on original work relating to physics, dosimetry, radiation biology, radiochemistry and pharmacy. Original material examines the field of molecular imaging probes, reporter gene assays, cell trafficking, targeting of endogenous gene expression and antisense methodologies.
The Journal publishes in-depth reviews of topical interest, short communications, controversies, interesting images and letters to the Editor.
This is the official journal of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). EANM members, and also members of the Japanese, Korean and Italian nuclear medicine societies have free access to EJNMMI. As part of this reciprocal agreement, EANM members also have free access to "Annals of Nuclear Medicine", "Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging" and to "Clinical and Translational Imaging".
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Prostate cancer imaging: when the game gets tough, the hard one gets done!
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Serial FLT PET imaging to discriminate between true progression and pseudoprogression in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a long-term follow-up study
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I'm asthmatic and have been sitting here for hours. I can't believe how nasty the room is and I'm sitting here watching the doctors do absolutely nothing at all
Methodist University Hospital
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I went to the ER at Methodist Germantown ER in a wheel chair because I was unable to walk. I am less than two years out from being treated for a very rare aggressive very likely to recur form of...
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Danish Police on Saturday announced finding a bag containing the dismembered head and legs of a Swedish journalist who disappeared two months ago during a trip with a Danish submariner.
The police said divers searching Koge Bay, south of Copenhagen, found two bags: one containing Kim Wall's clothes and a knife and the other containing her severed legs and head, reports Efe news.
The 30-year-old's torso was found floating in the Baltic Sea on August 21 almost two weeks after she boarded the homemade submarine Nautilus on August 10, as part of a story she was working on about the vessel's creator, Peter Madsen, who remains in custody facing charges of murder.
However, the 46-year-old denies murdering Wall and mutilating her corpse.
A post-mortem examination revealed knife wounds in her genitals and rib-cage, which are believed to have been caused "around or shortly after her death", reports the BBC.
The exact cause of death is yet to be established.
Wall was last seen alive as she departed with Madsen in his self-built 40-tonne submarine, UC3 Nautilus, for a story she was writing about his venture.
Her boyfriend raised the alarm the next day when she did not return from the trip.
Initially, Madsen said he had dropped her off in Copenhagen but later changed his story to say she died in an accident after hitting her head on a hatch and he had "buried her at sea".
Danish Prosecutor Jakob Buch-Jepsen told a court earlier this month that footage of women being decapitated alive had been found on a hard drive believed to belong to Madsen.
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text:
Ready to Eat Curd-A Step towards Rural Transformation
Received Date: May 22, 2013 / Accepted Date: Jul 19, 2013 / Published Date: Jul 24, 2013
Pure culture of Pediococcus spp GS4 isolated from khadi was used as inoculum for curd preparation. 1% of the bacterial culture having viable cell count of 1.24×109 CFU/ml was inoculated, and curdling was observed after 18 hours of incubation at 37°C. The cell viability in the curdled sample was determined to be 2.46×109 CFU/ml. Physico-chemical analysis of the curd showed its moisture content to be 90.36%, free amino acids amounted to a concentration of 710 μg/μl, and protein and carbohydrate concentration in the curd was determined to be 460 μg/μl and 0.86 mg/ml, respectively. The free fatty acid content was estimated to be 6.77 g/100g as oleic acid equivalence. The confirmation of probiotic properties showed acid and bile tolerance with the percentage survivability of 88.01 and 113.33%, respectively. Antimicrobial activity of the 100 μl of the cell free extract gave maximum inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, with the Zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 13.9 ± 0.32 mm, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.2 ± 0.45 mm), and the least with Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes with the average ZOI of 11.9 ± 0.25 and 10.6 ± 0.85 mm, respectively. The concentration of lactic acid was determined to be 2.43 ± 0.01 g/20ml of supernatant. The viable counts upon lyophilisation showed a decrease in viability and the counts dropped to less than 108 CFU/ml after the 6th day of storage at room temperature. Organoleptic evaluation of the reconstituted curd was judged as acceptable. The curd thus prepared possessed the health beneficial and organoleptic property to support and supplement the rural health and economy.
Keywords: Pediococcus spp GS4, Probiotic; Curd; Viable counts; Organoleptic
Consumers are increasingly interested in their personal health, and expect foods to be safe and healthy. Such functional foods or neutraceuticals are of great demand in present time. The growing scientific evidence suggests that food supplements containing beneficial bacteria can provide an array of health benefits to the host. One such group of bacteria is commonly known as Probiotic bacteria. The realisation of importance of gut microflora in health restoration and maintenance kindled the interest in probiotics. Probiotics is defined as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host" [1]. Beneficial effects related to probiotics include antagonistic effects, competition, enhancement of digestion, strengthening of the immune system and stimulation of vitamin production [2]. At present, probiotic bacteria are widely used in human and animal nutrition because they beneficially influence the balance of the intestinal flora of the host. Probiotic therapy has been used to treat several gastrointestinal disorders, delay development of allergies in children, and also treat and prevent vaginal and urinary infections in women. The information on the recommend minimum concentrations of probiotic bacteria for effective function is still insufficient. However, adequate numbers of viable cells, namely the "therapeutic minimum" needs to be consumed regularly for the "probiotic" effect. Shah [3] has suggested a minimum viable number of 106 CFU ml-1 or gram, but recommends 108 CFU g-1 to compensate for reduction while passing through the gut. Controlled trials have shown that Lactobacillus GG can shorten the course of infectious diarrhea in children. Studies have also documented other health benefits relating to bioavailability of the nutrients, alleviation of lactose intolerance and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis [4].
Fermentation is an effective method of preservation, and contributes to the digestibility and the nutritive value of the final product [5]. The origin of cultured dairy products dates back to the dawn of civilization, and it has been mentioned in Bible and the sacred books of Hinduism [6]. But the scientific interest in this area was boosted after the work of Metchinkoff in 1908. Among the bacteria associated with food fermentation, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is of predominantly important. LAB has contributed to the increased volume of fermented foods worldwide, especially in foods containing probiotics or health promoting bacteria. The fundamental reason for the development and acceptance of fermented foods can be ascribed to several safety and functional benefits. According to Steinkrause [7], the traditional fermentation of food serves several functions, i) enrichment of diet through the development of diversity of flavours, aroma, texture in food substrates, ii) preservation of substantial amounts of foods through lactic acid, acetic acid, alcoholic and alkaline fermentations, iii) enrichment of food substrates biologically with protein, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and vitamins, and iv) detoxification during fermentation processing and decrease in cooking time, and thus, reduced fuel requirements.
It has been reported that chance contamination, favourable environmental and climatic conditions and serendipity, together played a role in the development of many of the cultured dairy products [8]. The Indian economy is agriculture based since the Vedic civilization. Cow and land were the major sources of economy. Fermented milk and milk products are, thus, intimately associated with Indian society. Indians have been consuming dahi or curd for centuries as a part of their traditional diets. In India, curd is essentially a vegetarian preparation. Dairy milk is used for curd preparation. Milk is boiled and is brought to temperature around 40°C; then an inoculum, as starter culture is introduced. The starter culture mainly composed of yeast or bacteria, or in combination. The preparation is then kept at room temperature (25-35°C), for 3-5 hours in summer and overnight during winter. The mode of preparation is found same as yoghurt. Curd is known for its characteristic taste and consistency. The word Dahi is derived from Sanskrit word Dadhi. Dadhi is one of the five elixirs (Panchamrita), often used in Hindu rituals [4]. However, the quality of dahi may vary with the type of starter culture used. The use of wild type of starter culture gives rise to poor grade dahi having less shelf-life and less effective. Therefore, a need was felt to formulate a probiotic curd (using the monoculture of the Probiotic strain Pediococcus spp GS4), with an extended shelf life by manipulating processing conditions to reduce the moisture content of curd, and also maintain the minimum viable cell population of the probiotic microorganism to attain the desirable health benefits. A practical approach to develop a Probiotic curd with a potential probiotic strain for extended shelf life and health benefit was the primary aim of the current study.
Materials and Methods
Standardisation of inoculum size for curd preparation
Pediococcus spp GS4 strain (NCBI Genbank: HM044322) isolated from Indian fermented food Khadi (Delicacy of Gujarat), with probiotic potentials [9], anti oxidative [10] and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) producing [11], was used as a starter culture for curd preparation (Figure 1). Sterile MRS (de Mann Rogosa Sharpe) broth with final pH 6.5 ± 0.2 (at 25°C ) was inoculated with overnight grown Pediococcus spp GS4 culture (1% v/v), and incubated for 18 hours at 37°C. The viable count of the overnight grown culture was enumerated by serial dilution method.
Preparation of curd
Fifteen grams of skim milk powder (Everyday, India) was aseptically added to 60 ml of sterile water and mixed. The contents were placed in a water bath set to 70°C for 15-20 minutes to dissolve the contents thoroughly. It was then inoculated with 1% v/v of the inoculum containing the standard viable cells (108 CFU/ml). It was then incubated at 37°C for 18 hours, and observed for curdling. Enumeration of the viable cells in the curd was determined by serial dilution.
Physico-chemical analysis of the prepared curd
Moisture content of curd: Moisture content of curd was determined following the method described else where [12]. In brief, Pre-dried beaker was labeled and weighed accurately, and the mass was recorded. Small quantity of curd sample was placed and reweighed accurately. The moisture content was then evaporated by placing in Hot air oven at 90°C for 3 hours. The sample was then cooled and weighed. Percentage of moisture was calculated using the following formula:
Estimation of total free amino acids: The free amino acids present in the curd sample were estimated colorimetrically at 570 nm using ninhydrin reagent [13]. Ninhydrin is a powerful oxidizing agent, which decarboxylates the α–amino acids to yield a bluish purple coloured product. The concentration of free amino acids in the curd sample was determined from the standard graph plotted with the water soluble amino acid, Leucine (1 mg/ml) as the reference standard.
Protein estimation: The total protein content in the curd sample was estimated colormetrically at 660 nm using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the protein reference standard [14]. The concentration of protein in the curd sample was calculated from the standard graph using BSA as standard.
Estimation of total carbohydrates: The concentration of the total carbohydrates present in the curd sample was determined by phenol sulphuric method colorimetrically at 490 nm, using glucose as reference standard. The concentration of the total carbohydrate was estimated from the standard graph as glucose equivalent.
Determination of free fatty acid value: Five grams of curd sample was weighed accurately and placed in 250 ml Erlmnyer flask [12]. To the sample, 100 ml of neutralized ethanol and 2 ml of phenolphthalein indicator was added and titrated against 0.1 N NaOH. The end point of titration was indicated by a slight change to pink colour that persisted for 30 seconds. The volume of the titrant at the end point of titration was used to calculate the free fatty acid (FFA) value, using the formula given below:
Where %FFA=percent free fatty acid in g/100 g expressed as oleic acid equivalent
V=Volume of titrant in ml (NaOH)
N=Normality of NaOH titrant (mol/1000 ml)
282=Molecular weight of oleic acid (g/mol)
W=sample mass (grams)
Formulation of curd into powder form for extended shelf life: The curd sample was formulated into powder form by subjecting samples to freeze drying (Lyophilization). The powdered curd was then evaluated for the shelf life by enumeration of viable count of Pediococcus spp GS4.
Evaluation of the shelf life of the lyophilised probiotic curd: The viable cell count of the lyophilized samples, stored at room temperature (28°C), and refrigerated temperature (10°C) was performed at two day intervals from 0 day (day of lyophilisation). 1 gram each of powdered curd stored was serially diluted using sterile normal saline (0.84% sodium chloride), and a 100 µl was plated on MRS agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The cells were then enumerated accordingly.
Confirmation of the probiotic potential of Pediococcus spp GS4 after lyophilization: 1 g of the powdered curd was serially diluted to an appropriate dilution and plated onto MRS agar. The single colony was selected and inoculated into MRS broth for testing probiotic properties. The probiotic potential evaluated included: acid tolerance, bile tolerance, quantification of Lactic acid production and antimicrobial production.
Acid tolerance: Acid tolerance capability of the isolate was confirmed by viable count method [15]. One ml of GS4 grown in MRS broth for three generations having an optical density of 0.280 (at 660 nm) was inoculated into 9 ml of sterile MRS broth, with the pH adjusted to 3.5 with 1 N HCl, and was incubated at 37°C for 4 hours. At 0th hour and 4th hour, 1 ml of the sample was taken for enumeration by serial dilution using sterile normal saline (0.84% NaCl). A 100 µl of the appropriate dilution was plated onto MRS agar and incubated for 24-48 hours at 37°C. Colonies were enumerated using a colony counter. The reduction in log value after exposure to pH stress as compared to control was calculated to evaluate the survivability in the acid tolerance test using the formula: % survivability= (log CFU 4th hour/log CFU 0th hour)×100
Bile salt tolerance: Survivability on exposure to bile stress was evaluated by viable count method [15]. Like acid tolerance test, 1 ml of GS4 isolate was inoculated into 9 ml of MRS broth supplemented with bile salt (0.3% sodium thioglycollate), and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. At 0th hour and 24th hour, 1 ml of the sample was taken, serially diluted, and 100 µl of the appropriate dilution was plated onto MRS agar. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The viable cell count was carried out using a colony counter, and the percentage survivability in the presence of 0.3% bile salt was calculated using the formula:
Determination of lactic acid production: The 24 h spent broth of the strain GS4 was collected by centrifuging at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4°C, and used for the quantitative estimation of the organic acid present. Few drops of phenolphthalein were added as an indicator to 20 ml of spent broth in the conical flask, and titrated against 0.1N NaOH. It has been standardised that one ml of 0.1 N NaOH is equivalent to 90.08 mg of lactic acid [16]. Amount of lactic acid produced was calculated from the standards provided. The experiment repeated and the average value was calculated.
Antimicrobial potential: The antimicrobial activity of the cell free extract (CFE) of the GS4 (10,000 rpm for 5 min at 4°C) was investigated. Neutralised CFEs were evaluated against the reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25619), and Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 15313), by agar well diffusion method [17]. Inocula of reference strains from log phase (0.450-0.500 at 650 nm) were seeded onto Muller Hilton agar (pH 6.5 ± 0.2 at 25°C), using sterile swab. Wells were made using incinerated metal agar borer (8 mm). A 100 µl CFE was aseptically transferred to the wells along with ampicillin (10 µg/100 µl) and Nisin (100 µg/100 µl) as positive control, and negative control with un-inoculated sterile broth. The ZOI were observed after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C. The experiment was repeated thrice. The diameters of the ZOI were measured in mm and the average diameters were computed and compared with controls [18].
Organoleptic evaluation: The reconstituted curd sample (powdered curd mixed with appropriate quantity of water) was evaluated by ranking method for sensory characteristics, and overall acceptability by a random population of varying age groups selected from Vellore Institute of Technology University campus, Vellore.
Results and Discussion
The information on the recommend minimum concentrations of probiotic bacteria for effective function varies from study to study. The recommended "therapeutic minimum" needs to be consumed regularly for the "probiotic" effect. The study shows the survivability of Pediococcus spp GS4 strain qualified the "therapeutic minimum" [3]. The viable cells in the inoculum used for curd preparation was determined to be 1.24×109 CFU/ml, while the viable count of Pediococcus spp GS4 was calculated to be 2.46×109 CFU/ml of curd. This satisfies the minimum number of viable cells of probiotic microorganism in food carrier [3].
The prepared curd showed satisfactory physico-chemical parameters (Table 1). The study also qualifies the restoration of probiotic property after lyophilization. Acid tolerance is important not only for withstanding gastric stresses, but is also a prerequisite for their use as dietary adjuncts. It enables the strain to survive longer periods in high acid carrier foods, without reduction in their numbers [19]. Table 2 shows the results of the acid tolerance test. The Pediococcus spp. GS4 strain exhibited a survivability of 88.01%, when subjected to acidic pH of 3.5 for duration of four hours. Bile salt tolerance is also an important factor that affects the viability of LAB cells [20]. Bile plays a fundamental role in specific and non-specific defense mechanisms of the gut. Havennar et al. [21] has pointed out the tolerance to bile salt is a prerequisite for colonization and metabolic activity of the probiotic bacteria in the small intestine of the host. Table 3 shows the results of the bile salt tolerance potential of the isolate. In this study, the strain exhibited good bile tolerance potential with an increase in log value, and hence, a potential probiotic candidate.
|Physico-chemical parameters of prepared curd
|Moisture content
|Ash content
|Total protein
|460 mg/ml
|Total reducing sugar
|0.86 mg/ml
|Free fatty acid
|67.7 mg/g
Table 1: Physico-chemical parameters of prepared curd.
|0 hours
|4 hours
|Survivability %
|Log CFU/ml
|Log CFU/ml
|Pediococcus spp GS4
Table 2: Survivability in condition of acidic pH.
|0 hours
|24 hours
|Survivability %
|Log CFU/ml
|Log CFU/ml
|Pediococcus spp GS4
Table 3: Survivability in condition of 0.3% bile salt (Sodium thioglycollate).
The concentration of lactic acid was found to be 2.43 ± 0.01 g/20 ml of the supernatant. Antimicrobial potential of LAB displays a wide range of antimicrobial activities. Among these, the production of lactic acid is of primary importance. Bhatia et al. [22] has also proposed that the production of organic acid by LAB is responsible for the inhibition of gastrointestinal pathogens. The ability to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria is also considered as a desirable feature of probiotic bacteria [23]. The results of antimicrobial potential showed the maximum antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, with the average zone of inhibition of 13.9 ± 0.32 mm, moderate with P. aeruginosa with the average zone of 12.2 ± 0.45, and minimal inhibitory activity was observed with E. coli and L. monocytogenes, with the average zones of 11.9 ± 0.25 and 10.6 ± 0.85 mm, respectively. The positive control ampicillin (10 µg/100 µl) showed average zones of 39.10 ± 1.05, 17.6 ± 0.58, 28.5 ± 0.98, 36.7 ± 0.00 mm, respectively for S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, respectively. Positive control with Nisin gave zone of inhibition only against S. aureus (19.5 ± 0.71 mm). The inhibition of reference bacterial member by neutralized CEF has been demonstrated by the production of a cationic antimicrobial peptide of 9.57 kDa, and found to be better candidate than Nisin (unpublished data).
The result of the viable count to evaluate the survivability of the Pediococcus spp GS4 cells is shown in Table 4. The shelf life of the powdered curd when stored at room temperature (28°C) was determined to be 5 days, and a decline in cell number was observed beyond the 6th day of storage. The viable cell count dropped to a 107 CFU/ml on the 6th day, which is below the recommended dose (108 CFU/ml) for the desirable health benefits of the probiotic inoculum. However, the viable count showed viability of 108 CFU/ml after 6 days of storage in refrigerated conditions (10°C). Hence, it can be inferred that shelf life of powdered curd formulation stored at room temperature is about 5 days, and an extended shelf life of 6 days was observed when stored in refrigerated conditions.
|Duration of Storage (Days)
|Viable cell count CFU/ml under Storage conditions
|Room temperature
|Refrigerated temperature
|0 (Day of Lyophilisation)
|2.11 × 108
|3.27 × 108
|1.21 × 108
|3.01 × 108
|1.01 × 108
|2.58 × 108
|6.30 × 107
|1.00 × 108
Table 4: Viable counts of the powdered curd stored at room temperature (28°C) and refrigerated (10°C) conditions.
Organoleptic survey showed overall acceptance of the reconstituted curd, with reference to factors such as taste, colour, aroma and texture.
Analysis of published literature reveals the various health promoting benefits of probiotic bacteria in fermented foods. There is good evidence that specific strains of probiotics are safe for human use and able to confer some health benefits on the host, but such benefits cannot be extrapolated to other strains without experimentation. The health benefits for which probiotics can be applied include conditions such as gastrointestinal infections, certain bowel disorders, allergy and urogenital infections, which afflict a large portion of the world's population. The application of probiotics to prevent and treat these disorders should be more widely considered by the medical community. In addition, there is emerging evidence to indicate that probiotics can be taken by otherwise healthy people as a means to prevent certain diseases and modulate host immunity.
Fermented foods occupy one third of the diet worldwide. Fermentation process reduces the toxicity of the food along with the increased digestibility of raw materials. Different fermented foods are prepared worldwide using different substrates. Curd is one of the popular traditional food in southern India, commonly consumed by the rural folk. The functional value of this fermented food was improved by using the probiotic strain Pediococcus spp GS4 as inoculum/starter culture. This probiotic strain has been found to exhibit the key probiotic potentials such as acid tolerance, bile tolerance, production of lactic acid, anti-oxidative, as well as antimicrobial potential [9,10] and CLA production [11]. The demonstration of these properties has also been confirmed in this study. Therefore, content of the curd is capable of playing vital role in the maintenance of probiotic property and shelf life [24].
Curd is a low cost food that satisfies the rural need, and is nutritionally recognized. However, the lack of adequate scientific knowledge on fermentation process, absence of control over the fermentation variables, poor hygienic practices and the non-availability of refrigeration facilities lead to the variability/poor shelf life of the fermented preparation. This study has fulfilled this objective by the use of lyophilization technique. This is a widely used preservation technique in making liquid suspensions to powder form through the process of sublimation. The prerequisite for the probiotic inoculum to have a viable count of 108 CFU/ml was considered as criteria for assessing the shelf-life of the product. The viable count showed a decline in cell numbers when stored at room temperature, and the count dropped below 108 CFU/ml after the 6th day of storage. However the viable counts of 108 CFU/ml was observed on the 6th day of storage in refrigerated condition. Another study with GS4 showed satisfactory viability in gelatin capsule [25]. Results of a pilot study have shown the possibility of reducing the moisture content of the curd, and also to maintain its shelf life for about 5 days when stored at room temperature. This pilot study can be scaled up for the large scale production of the ready to eat Bio yoghurt with extended shelf life, which would make technology come possible in rural India.
Authors thank to VIT-TBI and Villgro Student Innovation Programme, which has given funds to GS to carry out her MS and the probiotic project at Centre for Infectious Diseases and Control, VIT University. GS also acknowledges the sincere cooperation extended by all the participants of VIT University, who took part in the survey for the organoleptic evaluation of the product.
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Citation: Sukumar G, Ghosh AR (2013) Ready to Eat Curd-A Step towards Rural Transformation. J Prob Health 1: 111. Doi: 10.4172/2329-8901.1000111
Copyright: ©2013 Sukumar G, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Oh the horror!
Actually showing the potential reality of the situation!
A first for any movie dramatizing the royal family where artistic licence is the norm.
Channel 4 in the UK is set to broadcast a film called 'The Taking of Prince Harry.' The film dramatises the third in line to the throne being kidnapped by the Taliban, 'shot with an unloaded pistol and forced to appear in Al-Qaida and Taliban propaganda videos'.
Now people are shocked, and high ranking military leaders are concerned for what it would do for morale or lest it give any terrorists ideas. The powers that be at Channel 4 have not bowed to pressure to shelve the film. Good for them.
Don't get me wrong, I wouldn't want Harry to be harmed or kidnapped. But this is the reality when he heads over to Afghanistan to fight with his boys. The potential is always there. Or is it? A film depicting Prince Harry being kidnapped is seen as distasteful. Is it better to dramatize the kidnapping of some other soldier provided we don't know who he/she is?
In 2008, when we saw footage of Harry in Afghanistan he was depicted in his job as a forward air controller, looking macho in camouflage while firing a machine gun, and foot patrolling a deserted Afghan town, hugging his weapon. Yes, the photos of him were impressive. He played his role well. Certainly we should be proud that he 'walked the talk' and no question he did something to earn the medal he was awarded. But there is no way he would ever come into harms way. Guarded from birth, no one would ever let that happen. Prince Harry is a fool to think that he can fight like any other soldier. He may be fed the same food, allowed to get dirty, exposed to the elements and wear the same gear. But that's where the similarities end. Unlike his fellow soldiers, he has people who are paid to take bullets for him.
Which is why this special sounds so intriguing. What would happen if he did get kidnapped? How much would the ransom note be? Would the government *gasp* negotiate? Who would wring their royal hands more, Charles or the Queen? How would the military deal with it? How far would they go to secure Prince Harry's release? If they put the same amount of effort into rescuing him than they do for other soldiers, then maybe this film isn't so realistic after all.
I wish I could watch the film. It seems like it shows the potential reality Harry could have faced while in Afghanistan. And it faces the reality should he return there.
Maybe it's time that Clarence House did the same.
© Marilyn Braun 2010
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
Why the Prince Harry kidnapping film intrigues me
Labels: Commentary, Prince Harry
2 comments:
- LWH said...
I think a dramatization of the kidnapping of a fictional character is one thing. But when you make it of a specific person, high profile or not, its in very poor taste.
- Marilyn Braun said...
The royal family is dramatized all the time. Whether in good taste or not.
Again, don't get me wrong, I don't want him to come to any harm. But in this case, I think it's a good way to illustrate the danger he faces, the reality of it. Which in all honesty I think is glossed over by Clarence House.
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Man jailed for manslaughter of pensioner
News • Jul 16, 2018 16:31 BST
A man has been jailed for the manslaughter of a pensioner
Men jailed for handling stolen goods
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Two men have been jailed for handling stolen goods from a series of aggravated burglaries of mobile phone stores
Four men convicted following death in east London
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Four men have been found guilty of murder and manslaughter following a fatal shooting in Bow
Two jailed for fraud offences
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A man and a woman have been jailed after admitting fraud relating to the Grenfell Tower fire
Two men jailed for fraud offences
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Two men who defrauded businesses out of nearly £2 million by posing as bank officials have been jailed
Woman jailed for defrauding charity
News • Jul 13, 2018 14:29 BST
A woman has been sentenced for defrauding a charity she worked for of more than three quarters of a million pounds
Two sentenced for Tower Hamlets drugs supply
News • Jul 12, 2018 21:07 BST
Two men have been sentenced for drugs offences following an investigation by Tower Hamlets police
Hatton Garden burglar admits offence in 2010
News • Jul 12, 2018 14:27 BST
One of the burglars responsible for the Hatton Garden heist has admitted taking part in a similar raid five years earlier
Regent street moped robber jailed
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UPDATE: Teenager convicted of Mill Hill manslaughter
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A 16-year-old boy has been convicted of the manslaughter of Vijaykumar Patel in January
Man jailed for making and distributing indecent images
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A man who pleaded guilty to making and distributing over 60,000 indecent images of children has been jailed
Man jailed following armed robbery
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A man who brandished a handgun at a shop assistant has been sentenced to six years' imprisonment
Man jailed for raping teenage girl
News • Jul 05, 2018 16:17 BST
A man has been jailed for 11 years for the rape and kidnap of a 13-year-old girl in Southwark
Man jailed for raping woman in south London
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A man who took advantage of a drunk woman to rape her in the street has been jailed for eight years
Two convicted of Hounslow murder
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Two men who violently and fatally assaulted a young father days before Christmas have been convicted of his murder
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News • Jul 03, 2018 13:04 BST
A man has been convicted of rape after attacking a young woman as she walked through an east London park.
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A man has been jailed following a joint investigation by Met Police and HMRC Criminal Finance teams.
Three jailed for east London shooting
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Three men have been jailed for a total of more than 50 years for a shooting in Whitechapel.
Man jailed for nine years for manslaughter of Mohammed Hersi in Finsbury Park
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A man has been sentenced to nine years imprisonment for the manslaughter of Mohammed Hersi in Finsbury Park last November.
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Two men who ambushed and fatally stabbed a man after a boxing match in Bethnal Green have been jailed.


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Are you looking to apply your technical and problem-solving skills to real-world issues? ORH is currently recruitin… https://t.co/nNsFZOl8Hl
Looking forward to the second day at #pccsumm Visit our stand to hear about a new approach for dynamic management o… https://t.co/oK8AmVT33g
Our work on improving patient transport for @HealthShareNSW features in the latest @TheORSociety Impact Magazine… https://t.co/C4HRYC6Pg0
Recommendations from our independent service review of East of England #Ambulance Service with Deloitte published… https://t.co/QUDqx0oEFu


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SALT LAKE CITY (AP) - Three men accused of raping a 9-year-old Utah girl while her mother was smoking methamphetamine in a garage were found not guilty Wednesday after their lawyers argued they couldn't be convicted without physical evidence.
Prosecutors said the girl's clear, harrowing testimony that the three grabbed and assaulted her after a 2016 Easter-egg hunt in rural Utah should be enough to convict them. Uintah County attorney Mark Thomas pointed to testimony that helped convict comedian Bill Cosby in his sexual-assault case.
But the defense argued that without any blood, hair or serious injuries, the jury couldn't be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt. Attorneys said the child, now 11, was copying a story fabricated by her paranoid mother, who was angry at a former boyfriend who was a defendant.
"If everything that she was saying was true, there should be some kind of physical evidence or injury to her," said defense attorney Bryan Sidwell.
The jury of five men and three women deliberated for about three hours before reaching the verdict.
Defendants Larson RonDeau, 38, Randall Flatlip, 28 and Jerry Flatlip, 31, were held in custody to face additional charges, though some may be thrown out after the acquittal on rape and sodomy counts.
Pictured from left to right, defendants Larson RonDeau, 38, Jerry Flatlip, 31 and Randall Flatlip, 28 .
The case provoked outrage in the town of Vernal, about 170 miles (274 kilometers) east of Salt Lake City.
The girl testified that she went with her mother, who wanted to visit a friend from jail, to the house where the three men were staying in 2016.
She said the three men brought her to a back bedroom and assaulted her after she fell asleep on a couch, and returned her there after it was over. When her mother got back from the garage, she found the girl upset with her Easter dress askew. She insisted on going home.
She didn't initially tell her mother about the assault because the men threatened to kill her, prosecutors said. The mother called police when she confided in her about two days later.
Thomas said Wednesday that prosecutors went to court with the best evidence available.
"We present cases to the jury that we believe that we have sufficient evidence. Then it's up to the jury," he said.
"There was a case against Bill Cosby where there was no physical evidence and the jury there found (him guilty) solely on the testimony of somebody who was there," Thomas said. "Obviously we still believe that a person's testimony can be weighed and considered by the jury."
The Associated Press generally does not identity people who say they were victims of sexual assault, and is not naming the mother to avoid identifying the girl.
The mother subsequently pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor child abuse charge and was sentenced to jail and drug treatment.
The girl is now in the care of her Native American tribe, authorities have said.
Charges were initially filed against a fourth man but dropped when the mother could not be found to testify at a 2016 evidence hearing.
The defendants remained calm throughout much of the five-day trial, but Jerry Flatlip seemed to become emotional as defense attorneys implored the jury to acquit the men.
"He said, 'This is the first time in two years that somebody's actually stood up and told my side of the story to someone,'" his lawyer, Sidwell, said.
Copyright 2018 The Associated Press.
A suspected drunk driver was shot by sheriff's deputies after leading them on a pursuit across North County freeways Friday night, the San Diego County Sheriff's Department said.
Fire crews responded to a fully involved building fire in the 7000 block of Amherst Drive in Rolando.
The woman fatally shot at an Oceanside apartment Friday afternoon was identified as a Navy corpsman, and a suspect is in custody.
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Detectives are investigating the circumstances surrounding a man who died Saturday morning on a sidewalk in Old Town.
Fire crews have reached full containment of a wildfire that spread over hilly rural terrain east of Ramona Friday afternoon, officials said.
A strong high pressure ridge will slowly strengthen and expand, putting Southern California underneath it's dome of hot air.
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Day two of Comic-Con has come and gone, but tens of thousands of people are still hitting the streets of downtown San Diego – pumping thousands of dollars into the local economy.
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Find Wedding Ideas: Forest + Wooded Weddings
Enchanted by the thought of a forest wedding?
Scroll down to see a bunch of useful articles + ideas about forest weddings. Or you can:
- Find a woodsy forest wedding venue near you
- Get inspired by real weddings held in the woods
- Check out our Outdoor Weddings board on Pinterest
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Whimsical + Woodsy: Inspiration for your Forest Wedding
There's something so enchanting about a forest wedding. Towering trees, shady groves, and rustic décor create a magical atmosphere and a one-with-nature experience. If you're dreaming of a woodsy wedding, we hope you'll be inspired by these verdant yet vibrant details.
13 Woodsy Wedding Venues in Southern California
Whether it's a single spreading oak, a dappled forest, or a majestic grove of redwoods, trees impart an irresistible beauty to a wedding. All of the Southern California venues we've highlighted below showcase Mother Nature's arborial handiwork, and any one of them might have just the outdoor setting you're looking for.
17 Woodsy Wedding Venues in Northern California
If you want nature, in the form of glorious trees, to play a role in your wedding, these venues could be just what you're looking for. From a cathedral in the forest created by a grove of redwoods to a canopy of spreading oaks aglow with bistro lights at night, they'll all add a woodsy beauty to your celebration.
Under the Big Texas Sky: 9 Outdoor Wedding Venues in Austin
Austin's a great place for an outdoor wedding. It offers a variety of venues and settings, and whether you celebrate at a Victorian Mansion, a resort, or a Sculpture Garden and Museum, nature will enhance your event.
13 Outdoor Georgia Wedding Venues With A Must-Have Ingredient: Trees, Trees, and More Trees!
Want nature to play a major role in your wedding? Georgia has a wealth of wedding venues surrounded by trees—in gardens, forests, and other landscapes.
13 Massachusetts Wedding Venues Where Trees Have A Starring Role
Trees are transformative: They can beautify a landscape, elevate the spirit, and bring nature into your wedding. All of these venues feature forest views, so you'll be accompanied by trees no matter which place you choose.


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