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People First Impact Method
"Giving Voice to Disaster Affected Communities in
East Africa."
Turkana District Exercise, Rift Valley Province,
June 2012
ACK Anglican Church of Kenya
AMREF African Medical and Research Foundation
ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Lands
CBO Community Based Organisation
CF Child Fund
CSO Civil Society Organisation
CDF Constituency Development Fund
DoL Catholic Diocese of Lodwar
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
EGPAF Elizabeth Glaser Paediatric AIDS Foundation
FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organisation
GOK Government of Kenya
HSN Hunger Safety Nets
KWS Kenya Wildlife Service
KCPE Kenya Certificate of Primary Education
IAWG Inter Agency Working Group
IRC International Rescue Committee
ILRI International Livestock Research Institute
LATIF Local Authority Trust Fund
LOWASCOM Lodwar Water and Sanitation Company
MCL Municipal Council of Lodwar
MERLIN Medical Emergency Relief International
MoA Ministry of Agriculture
MoE Ministry of Education
MoF Ministry of Finance
MoF Ministry of Fisheries
MoH Ministry of Health
MoL Ministry of Land
MoLD Ministry of Livestock Development
MoP Ministry of Planning
MoSP Ministry of Special programmes
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
PA Provincial Administration
PLWA/H People Living With HIV/AIDS
P-FiM People First Impact Method
PPR Pestes des Petits Ruminants
RCEA Reformed Church of East Africa
UN United Nations
WASH Water, sanitation and hygiene
WFP World Food Programme
WVI World Vision International
SoK Survey of Kenya
TRP Turkana Rehabilitation Project
VIP Ventilated Improved Pit (latrines)
VSF-B Veterinaires Sans Frontieres Belgium
Table of Contents
Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
1.0. Operational Context ....................................................................................................................... 10
2.0. Key Findings ................................................................................................................................. 14
2.1.0. Positive Impacts .......................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1. Livelihood protection and improved food security…………………………………………………………………16
2.1.2. Social solidarity and empowerment……………………………………………………………………………………….18
2.1.3. Increased access to and quality of education…………………………………………………………………………20
2.1.4. Stimulus to cash based economic activities……………………………………………………………………………21
2.1.5. Reduced morbidity from increased access to water .................................................................. 22
2.1.6. Improved protection ................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.7. Increased access to and quality of health care and nutrition support…………………………………….24
2.1.8. Improved sanitation access and practice ……………………………………………………………………………….25
2.2.0. Negative Impacts ........................................................................................................................ 26
2.2.1. Lack of local economic and livelihood development .................................................................. 27
2.2.2. Poor communication and information sharing ........................................................................... 29
2.2.3. Food insecurity and loss of productive assets ............................................................................ 31
2.2.4. Lack of access to education. ....................................................................................................... 32
2.2.5. Increased number of destitute street children ........................................................................... 32
2.2.6. Increased rural to urban migration…………………………………………………………………………………………33
2.3.0. Neutral Impacts ........................................................................................................................... 34
2.3.1. Access to water at cost means people still consuming from river ............................................. 34
2.3.2. Vaccinations in response to PPR disease………………………………………………………………………………. 35
2.3.3. Nutritional support………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..36
3.0. Analysis of the Drivers of Impact……………………………………………………………………………………………….37
3.1. Positive Impact Attribution.…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38
3.2. Negative Impact Attribution..……………………………………………………………………………………………………40
3.3. Neutral Impact Attribution..………………………………………………………………………………………………………41
4.0. Action Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 42
5.0. Feedback from participants on the methodology used ................................................................. 44
Annex 1 Field Exercise Participants………………………………………………………………………………………45
Annex 2 People First Impact Method Summary……………………………………………………………………46
The impact findings and attribution results in the report are the statements, views and
perspectives of representative community groups, as openly shared by them with inter-
agency teams of local personnel which were structured and trained in ways to limit agency
and project bias. These statements faithfully present the voice of the community without
analysis or interpretation by the authors. Paul O'Hagan and Gerry McCarthy, both
independent consultants and co-developers of the People First Impact Method (P-FIM
2011 www.p-fim.org) present these findings in the report, which are not necessarily the
views of FAO or Trócaire.
This report was commissioned by the FAO Regional Office in Nairobi and the exercise
contract was managed by Trócaire. The authors would like to acknowledge all the agencies
who committed staff to the exercise.
"Waiting for milk from someone else's camel is unreliable."
Relief is someone else's camel and we need to have a plan of our own
Small Business Group
Executive Summary
A. Exercise objective
The objective of the People First Impact Method (P-FiM) (Annex 2) exercise in Turkana was
to give a voice to communities in selected areas. It records declarations of impact and
measures the impact; positive, negative and neutral of interventions by stakeholders
without agency or project bias from the perspective of the community. It sets out the
attribution of positive, negative and neutral change alongside the drivers of impact.
This is the second of three P-FiM exercises in Kenya. The first was completed in Mwingi
District, Eastern Province in January 2012, and the third in East Pokot District, Rift Valley
Province in March 2012.
B. How to use the report
The report is intended to inform communities, government, donors, NGOs, faith groups,
CBOs and private sector of the community perspective on how they view past and present
impact differences in their lives, their causes and what is important for them going
forward. It adds to the body of material on quality and accountability and best practice to
inform the humanitarian sector in the region and beyond. The report will be of direct value
in assisting actors to know if they are 'doing the right things and doing things right' in their
response strategies. This is aimed at better listening to community voice to respond
appropriately. These findings will populate the IAWG DRR and Climate Change web based
project mapping platform managed by FAO. In this way agency project activity will be seen
alongside its connection or not with community voices.
The report is written with Key Findings and Recommendations sections in grey text boxes
and bold highlights to enable fast scan of the report. The primary evidence is the
statements made by communities and recommendations drawn from these. Community
statements include the names of agencies and factors they feel have made a positive,
negative or neutral impact. Individual agencies and donors can use this report to review
existing programmes e.g. using a log-frame or project cycle review. Further research may
be required to capture views from the district as a whole.
C. Limitations
The discussion groups took place within a 2 hour drive (90Km) radius of Lodwar. Given time
and logistical constraints it was not possible to carry out discussions with remoter
communities. More exercises are recommended to gain a wider understanding of the
County and determine whether humanitarian response has been largely "road side"
assistance with relatively easy to reach groups.
D. Methodology
P-FiM was the approach used. Its starting point is people and not projects or organisations.
The experience of the people of the district is the starting point and provides the foundation
to work back from and consider the quality and accountability of humanitarian action and
whether assistance was timely, relevant and appropriate or not. In this way impact
differences attributable to humanitarian actors are verified. A "goal free" approach (in the
sense that a specific project, sector, programme or organisation was not the focus) was
used to avoid projecting agency perspectives on issues which occupy substantial attention
within the humanitarian community in Kenya e.g. on drought response, conflict or food
security etc. By having a "goal free" discussion our experience has been that community
groups and agency front line staff experience the process as transformational and
different to how things are normally done.
Between 05-08 March 2012, 32 staff from 15 organisations including community based
organisations, administrative government departments (National Drought Management
Authority, Livestock Services and Agriculture), Faith Based Organisations and international
and local NGOs conducted participatory field work on an inter-agency basis. The field work
was entirely carried out by Kenyans who were Turkana speakers.
Participants received two days training in participatory communication, open questioning
techniques, listening skills, understanding bias, integrated human development etc. and
were then deployed in teams of 3 as facilitators, reporters and observers from different
organisations to meet with community groups in varied livelihood locations. The inter-
agency focus demonstrated to communities that agencies can work together, ensure the
objectivity of the findings, demonstrate inter-agency transparency and avoid single agency
bias. Training was essential to prepare field staff to identify the different stages and quality
of interpersonal communication within community groups and to recognise and accurately
record community declarations of impact.
E. Focus response that puts capacity into people's own hands
"IDPs expressed greater
appreciation for agencies that
gave support on long term
sustainable solutions rather than
food aid."
P-FiM Participant
IDP Group
There was a mixed reception by and within different
groups receiving food aid assistance, both in its
nature, regularity and the reliability of information
about receiving it. Some people felt that food aid
was trapping them in dependency. Overall people
wanted sustainable long-term support and
especially information on developing, establishing
and maintaining their own livelihoods.
F. Closing the gaps between agencies, communities and groups
Participants in the training and exercise were from Turkana County and collectively had
substantial experience and knowledge of the area. This process opened "eyes and minds" to
the real impacts of some of their organisation's approaches and programmes. One
participant remarked that, "our projects have been making our own people dependent."
Substantial learning transfer from the groups to the staff took place. Even within a
discussion group of vulnerable children, senior teachers were taken aback by the
experiences of struggle faced by children in their school. This increased their awareness,
stimulated reflection about attitudes and drove commitment to do things differently.
Increasing the space of community voice and lessening the space of agency voice can lead to
deeper understanding and better results on the ground.
G. Growing conflict between Turkana and Pokot
There is currently a heightened state of tension in the border areas between Turkana and
Pokot communities over retaliatory livestock raiding and killings. While this is a long-
standing issue, communities claim it is on the increase. Agencies are encouraged to work
with both communities on development and conflict resolution activities. If ignored this
conflict is likely to escalate. They said that there have been a lot of peace meetings and they
are not seeing any results. They recommend the greater involvement of women in peace
and conflict resolution processes.
H. Severe vulnerability of children
Discussion with the vulnerable children's group was a powerful experience. It substantially
raised awareness of growing numbers of street children in Lodwar and the struggles of
access to education and finding funds for fee payments by children. Children with physical
challenges face severe difficulties. For example a visually impaired boy said he had become
partially sighted at school and was unable to continue schooling. He is now out of school.
I. Social organisation of vulnerable groups
The exercise found that vulnerable groups who had organised themselves such as PLWA/H,
IDPs and the physically challenged were faring better (around Lodwar) in accessing services
and support. This made a substantial difference to them. These groups also identified more
positive impacts in their lives than negative ones. Those trained (inter-agency teams)
selected the groups they felt were most important in order to achieve the exercise
objective. They did this through a mapping and ranking exercise which is reflected in the
table below and following paragraph.
No. Community Representative Group Selection and
Importance Ranking by the inter-agency team
1 Agro-Pastoralists 38
2 Vulnerable Children 36
8 Pastoralists 35
4 Community Leaders 32
5 Physically Challenged 30
6 Internally Displaced 27
7 People Living with HIV/AIDS 26
9 Women 26
3 Single Mothers 25
10 Small Business 24
A total of 10 discussions with community representative groups including vulnerable
people were conducted at Turkwel, Napetet x 2, Sopel, Nadapal x 2, Kanaan x 2, Kataboi and
Kangatotha. The groups were selected and prioritised by the participants who knew the
language, area and culture and were trusted and accepted as "sons and daughters" in the
Women Men Female
Girls Boys Total
Gender of Participants
Disagregation of Representative Discussion
Female Male
Gender Disagregation
180 people participated in the exercise with community
groups on the greatest impact differences they
considered had occurred in their lives over the past two
years and to whom or what these positive, negative and
neutral impacts were attributable to. Participants of
varying ages included adults, youth and children - 61%
female and 39% male.
Qualitative statements made by groups form the report
findings and recommendations. These qualitative
statements are substantiated quantitatively through a
systematic grouping and ranking by their frequency of occurrence. To ensure the reliability
and objectivity of the findings and recommendations, scoring and ranking criteria/ exercises
were integral during debriefings. Objectivity was further ensured by the inter-agency
nature of field work and feedback in plenary in order to accurately record group
statements and test assumptions and findings. Focus was not on what the field team
"thought" but on what the community groups "said" and at what communication level.
Overall there were more positive declarations of impact than negative or neutral. 48
positive statements, 19 negative and 3 neutral impact statements were recorded. Some of
those termed 'vulnerable groups' tended to be more positive than others.
1.0. Operational Context
The P-FiM exercise was carried out in Turkana District which is part of Kenya's Arid and
Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL). Turkana has an area of 68,680Km2 and shares international borders
with Ethiopia to the north, South Sudan to the northwest and Uganda to the west. Within
Kenya, the district borders Marsabit to the east, Samburu to the southeast and Baringo (East
Pokot) and West Pokot to the south. Much of the eastern end of the district is on Lake
Turkana which stretches north-south for 200km. Turkana consists of low lying plains with
isolated mountains and hill ranges. The highest point is 900m at the foot of the escarpment
marking the Uganda border to the west, falling 370m on the shores of Lake Turkana to the
east. Turkana District forms the newly created Turkana County as set out in the new
Constitution of Kenya and has an estimated population of 855,399 i.e. 2.5% of the
population of Kenya (Kenya Census, 2009).
The main water sources are rivers, boreholes and traditional hand dug shallow wells mostly
along dry river beds. The major rivers are the Turkwel and Kerio both originating in the
highlands to the south. These rivers are the most important in the district and have
potential for irrigated food production if properly managed. Most rivers are seasonal. Rivers
Omo, Turkwel and Kerio flow into Lake Turkana. Fishing is the major activity on the lake
(Aklilu and Wekesa 2002).
The temperature ranges between 24
C to and 38
C with a mean of 30
C. Rainfall in the
district is bimodal (long and short rains) and is becoming increasingly erratic, with average
precipitation ranging from 121 mm in the east to over 540 mm in the northwest. The long
rains normally occur between April and June and the short rains between October and
November; the western parts and areas of higher elevation receive more rainfall. While
drought is a regular feature in Kenya's ASALs, it is believed that drought is occurring more
frequently and becoming more severe (Aklilu and Wekesa 2002).
The district experiences soil erosion as a result of the low and erratic rainfall, flash flooding,
high temperatures, localized occurrences of highly saline soils and soils of low mineral
content, resulting in relatively little vegetation cover. The area has poor agricultural
potential, which is generally restricted to the hinterlands of permanent rivers that are prone
to erosion - often due to poor irrigation methods.
There are four livelihood zones: pastoral, agro-pastoral, fisheries and formal/casual
employment. Pastoral livelihoods are predominant, covering 86% of the County. At least
64% of the population depend on pastoralism for their livelihoods, with a further 16%
dependent on agro-pastoralism and livestock forms an integral part of community social and
cultural life. Traditionally, during both short and long rains, pastoralists migrate across the
plains. When drought begins, they move to the higher mountain areas and even to
neighbouring Uganda and South Sudan and into the Pokot Mountains in search of pasture
and water for their livestock. Lodwar is the capital with a population of 48,000. The poverty
level is high at 94.3% (reliefweb 2008).
Apart from livestock, other means of livelihood are petty trade in urban and peri-urban
centres such as Lodwar, Kokuro, Kakuma, Lokichoggio, Kalokol, Kainuk and Lokichar and
include income from: fish (dry & fresh), wood products (firewood and charcoal), handcrafts
and livestock products, remittances, baskets, beads and mat selling. In addition to providing
life sustaining products (such as milk, blood, meat, hides, skins and ghee), goats, sheep,
cattle and camels are used as payment of bride price and in local rituals. About 12% of the
people rely on fishing or mixed fishing and livestock – fishing is also a drought mitigating
strategy. A further 8% rely on small businesses in Turkana's urban areas (Aklilu and Wekesa
Over recent years, the survival of nomadic pastoralism as a traditional subsistence-based
livelihood strategy has been threatened by increased human population, livestock diseases,
persistent droughts, low rainfall, reduced access to traditional rangelands, and insecurity
related to pasture, water and livestock theft with neighbouring tribes. In a study undertaken
by the International Livestock Research Institute, 100% of pastoralists surveyed in Turkana
indicated that drought was a key livelihoods challenge. In addition, 97.5% cited raids and
insecurity and 65% cited the lack of access to permanent water as key livelihood challenges
Other drought mitigation strategies include division of large herds into smaller units;
keeping of multiple species; stock loaning between relatives and friends; additions to the
diet, such as wild fruits and bartered cereals and; begging for food. All this is exacerbated by
pasture degradation through over-grazing and the encroachment of an exotic tree species
known as Prosophis Juliflora or "Mathenge" (VSF-Belgium 2006).
In attempts to ameliorate the devastating impacts of recurrent threats, international and
local organizations support the livelihoods of pastoralists by capacity building, assisting
control of livestock pests and diseases, destocking and restocking interventions and
improving the natural resource base. There are strategies to introduce pastoralists to the
cash economy and promote market integration through the development of livestock
markets, slaughter houses and marketing associations. However the lack of adequate
livestock markets and poor livestock prices remain a challenge. Pastoralists move frequently
from one place to another in search of water and pasture. Yet movement has to be carefully
calculated due to insecurity. Relatively safe areas in the central parts of the district have
high concentrations of livestock compared to Northern, North-Western and Southern areas,
which are more prone to armed conflict and cattle raids. The vastness of the district and
the very poor road network makes market access and travel very difficult. Banditry, cattle
rustling and insecurity render road travel risky and a growing problem. Many deaths occur
due to raids, diseases, and drought. The population density varies between one and seven
persons per square km with a ratio of male/female 92:100. The low population density is
due to the harsh environment (ILRI 2006).
Due to a number of factors such as recurrent droughts and food scarcity, raiding and animal
diseases, more pastoralists are increasingly engaged in fishing, agriculture, handicraft
production and wage-employment. Agriculture is practiced only in a few places along the
permanent Turkwel River where irrigation is possible. The people have limited access to
basic services such as clean drinking water, health care, housing, education and security.
Many people depend on relief food supplied by non-governmental organizations, churches
and the government.
In spite of free primary education, Turkana County has one of the lowest gross enrolment,
retention, and completion rates in the country. Only 33% of children between 5-10 years
start school and 69.2% drop out before finishing primary school. About 11% sit the Kenya
Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) exam and of 4.9% who go to secondary school, 22%
drop out before completing "Form 4". 4% sit 'O' Levels and 70 out of every 100 adults
cannot read and write in any language. Illiteracy is considerably higher among women with
only 15 out of every 100 women literate.
The provision of adequate health care is a serious challenge in Turkana as one of the most
remote areas of the country. The majority of the population are nomadic who form into
communities known as 'Adakar' – groups of around 40-100 families who migrate throughout
the year. This migratory lifestyle makes access to health care difficult. There are 3 district
hospitals, 2 sub-district hospitals, 91 dispensaries, 6 health centres, 19 medical clinics and 3
health programs. The doctor to population ratio is 1:52,434. Infant Mortality is: 60/1000 and
the under-five mortality rate is 12/1000. Malnutrition and disease is prevalent. The HIV
prevalence rate is 9%. The average distance to a health centre is 50km and delivery by
skilled attendants is 8.1%. Contraceptive acceptance is 3% and the number of traditional
birth attendants is 97 (AMREF).
2.0. Key Findings
Participants in the 10 representative group discussions declared 70 impact statements
categorised as positive, negative or neutral. The section following presents the most
important impact differences over the past two years: positive, negative and neutral. It
then goes on to attribute what and whom these people see as the causes of these changes
in their lives. These drivers of impact are those caused by humanitarian intervention and by
wider events, factors and actors within the context of people's lives. The drivers of impact
are attributed according to the most commonly understood actors within a humanitarian
response: Communities, Government, Red Cross, United Nations Agencies, Non-
Governmental Organisations, Faith Based Organisations, business and wider events (e.g.
in this case drought, disease and conflict). In this way the process draws linkages between
what worked and did not work from the perspective of the affected populations.
2.1.0. Positive Impacts
10 10
6 6
5 5
protection and
improved food
Social solidarity
access to and
quality of
Stimulus to
cash based
morbity from
access to
potable water
access to and
quality of
health care and
access and
Turkana District Positive Impacts by Sector
Positive impact differences are reflected on the previous page and show the areas or sectors
in which people felt most positive change has taken place.
2.1.1. Livelihood protection and improved food security
Key Findings
Communities appreciate agencies that support long-term sustainable
solutions rather than only providing food aid
Irrigation programmes are improving food security
Restocking of livestock especially goats is assisting poor families
Food aid alone is creating dependency and stunting development
Focus preparedness and response on food security and sustainable
IDPs in Kanaan said that livelihood restoration and protection was a positive impact for
them over the past two years. Some of them received goats from the RCEA, ACK, mobile
phone companies and especially the Diocese of Lodwar. They were very happy about this.
The Diocese had also planted trees that they really appreciated. They said that previously
there was no shade and people would stay in their houses and that now they could rest in
the shade and get fresh air. They spoke
passionately about goats, cash grants and
schools that are still working well. IDPs
emphasised that they want NGOs providing
food to re-think and support them to establish
their own livelihoods.
Community leaders in Nadapal advised that
they felt food security had improved through
farming with an irrigation scheme and training
supported by the MoA and Child Fund (CF). The
physically challenged group said that during the
period of drought and food scarcity that they
received assistance from CF, Oxfam, WVI,
Merlin, Red Cross, GoK and the Diocese of
Lodwar to off-set these effects. They mentioned
that they had been given a plot of land to
irrigate. In the past they said that only those
Figure 1 Community garden, Lodwar
who could access aid or other services could get income. Now micro-farming has given them
a means to access cash from the sale of their produce – this support was given through the
TRP, CF and the Diocese. The women's group at Kataboi said they received food assistance
during the drought from Oxfam (blanket distribution), Merlin and TRP (food for assets).
An impact statement from the Small
Business Group in Kangatosa was that they
could pay fees, afford modern clothes,
improve diet and engage in small business
through sale of livestock at higher prices in
Lodwar where livestock prices were higher
than other places. This was attributed to
the community itself, Ministry of Livestock
Development and NGOs. They said that
livestock off-take in 2010-2011 saved
livelihoods by injecting money into the
community that people used for various
purposes and food. The Ministry of Livestock
Development and Ministry of Special Programmes led the effort which was complemented
by NGOs – VSF Belgium was mentioned by this group. The single mothers group at Napetet
felt that food production had increased with GoK and WVK support. They described it as "if
you sow two bags, then you will increase to four bags." They said they had also received
goats from WVI and the Diocese of Lodwar after they had lost livestock during the drought.
Agro-pastoralists at Turkwel said that they benefited from three irrigation schemes. This
means they have enough food for themselves and surplus for sale to meet other family
needs. It was the community with GoK input and substantial FAO support that contributed
to this impact. They said that if it had not been for the MOA they would not have reached
where they are now.
Figure 2 Hand dug well for irrigation of community gardens,
"Akimorikin kapei ngesi aria erot"
Together we are strong, divided we fall
Community Leaders
2.1.2. Social solidarity and empowerment
Key Findings
People led initiatives play a key role in shifting attitudes and creating a
sense of identity and purpose within vulnerable groups e.g. PLWH/A,
Physically Challenged, vulnerable children etc
Social organisation of vulnerable groups is critical for their access to and
demand for basic services
Leadership capacity at community level is essential for communities to
Recognise, connect with and support people's own actions to support
vulnerable community members especially at times of crisis
Support the social organisation of vulnerable groups to access services
Invest in leadership development at community level
After the post-election violence, IDPs who fled from Eldoret were resettled at Kanaan with
assistance from NGOs (e.g. IRC) and those with HIV identified themselves and formed their
own social group. The community at Kanaan cooperated to make this happen. The PLWH/A
group received support and training in organising themselves and accessing ARVs by IRC,
ALPHA Plus and the Elizabeth Glaser Paediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAC). The IDP PLWH/A
group at Kanaan Camp shared how they felt empowered through the training the agencies
carried out on how to live positively and have a normal life. They spoke of the benefits of
sharing with each other through group gatherings organised by Faith Based Organisations,
such as the Diocese of Lodwar. They now have no fear of speaking about HIV/AIDS and had
registered themselves as a HIV Positive Group with Social Services and Equity Bank.
The Vulnerable Children's Group also said that social solidarity had an empowering
influence in their lives. Of fifteen children in the discussion group, twelve had parents who
had died. Of the twelve, two stay with their grandmothers. The other ten stay with well-
"Emong is a standard 7 student
at a primary school. His parents
died and he then stayed with his
uncle herding goats. One day
while out grazing one of the
small goats went missing.
Returning to his uncle's house
he was gravely beaten for loss of
the goat. Seriously injured,
Emong ran away and joined a
group of street children feeding
from the scraps of restaurants in
Lodwar. He was happy with this
life. He made a friend in a
football game who convinced
him to go to school. The boy
gave Emong his school uniform
and explained this to his parents
who bought another one. Today
Emong is still using the same
uniform. His friend is now in
secondary school and every
weekend brings soap for Emong
to wash his uniform."
Vulnerable Children's Group
"When Mary's parents
passed away she was
looked after by an aunt.
The aunt made her work
a lot and eventually
chased her away. She
joined another family
and it is now like her
mother and father are
Vulnerable Children's Group
Community leaders in Nadapal said that they felt
highly consulted by development actors and that
they had taken charge of their own decision making
– training has helped this development.
They recounted a time when the whole community
had mobilised against Child Fund (CF) who tried to
introduce a "Food for Assets" programme. They
rejected this because other areas were still receiving
blanket food distributions and they wanted to
continue with that as usual. Now they are able to
celebrate and embrace the "Food for Assets"
concept and Nadapal was one of the first sites to use
it and CF helped to bring about acceptance of it. They
now regret the degree that they went to block it.
Now they feel that if the spirit of unity continues in
the community that they can achieve a lot in terms
of development and new initiatives. The new
constitution of Kenya has given a boost to the
physically challenged. They said that now even the
chiefs consult them and ask their attendance at
public meetings or 'Barazzas'. They attributed this
participation in decision making primarily to the
administrative government and secondly to positive
actors within the
community. Some
NGOs also ask them
to participate in
targeting their
activities. The physically challenged in Nadapal had
mobilised themselves and formed a group. They registered
with social services and that has enabled them to access
grants and equipment such as wheelchairs and walking
aids (without which they would just have to cope by
crawling if they cannot walk). Equipment has been
accessed from administrative government, Islamic Relief
(IR) and the Diocese of Lodwar. They meet monthly. When
they see a new member who needs equipment, they all
give support to access it. Step-down training (by which
members replicate the training received by other group members) has been led by the
Diocese and secondly by IR followed by administrative government. The physically
challenged group stated that the single biggest difference in their lives that had made all
this possible was through family support - social, psychological and economic.
The single mothers group were very excited about what they called "the improved faith and
lifestyle of the people" – they explained that is the transition from belief in witchcraft to an
alternative worldview.
2.1.3. Increased access to and quality of education
Key Findings
Distances to schools have multiple protection implications
Shorter distances and Increased access to schools is positively appreciated
Government provision of teachers is critical to the continued functioning
of schools
Electrification has wider benefits related to evening study and security
School fee support has an important impact in keeping children in
Increased access to secondary education especially for girls is a new and
positive development
Families will invest in school fees if they have increased incomes
Supporting education is essential; building of schools, provision of
teachers, school fee support and increase secondary school access
especially for girls.
IDPs at Kanaan said reduced walking distance to school for children was a major impact for
them. Prior to decisive community, administrative government (Constituency Development
Fund and Ministry of Education) and Diocese of Lodwar action to build a school, their
children walked long distances to nursery and primary schools at Kanonen – the only place
with schools. Their children would at times delay by playing on the way to or from school
and arrive at night. Some would not go to school as a result. The whole community
participated in building the school at Kanaan supported by the Diocese of Lodwar and with
funds from CDF and with teachers provided by the MOE. Parents now monitor if their
children are going to school which they feel is important to them.
Community leaders at Nadapal stated that access to and quality of education had improved
through the building of more schools, increased school enrolment, student retention and
employment of more teachers. These results had been achieved with the MoE, CDF, Diocese
of Lodwar and CF. They were very happy that some girls from the area had gone to
university this year with A and B grades. The single mothers group at Napetet said that
access to power had helped create access to training devices like televisions, computers and
that electricity enabled them to study at night. This had led to wider knowledge and they
said that … "now we can look at our TVs and know who President Kibaki and the Prime
Minister Odinga are". They attributed this to the Ministry of Energy.
The single mothers felt that illiteracy has decreased because of schools provided by the GoK
and WVI sponsoring their children's education. Agro-pastoralists at Turkwel said that
through their own sales they were able to send their children to school. Women at Kataboi
said that since independence and up to two years ago there was no access to secondary
school for their girl children. They saw strong community participation and the MoE as the
drivers of this impact increasing access to girl's secondary education. The agro-pastoralist
group in Turkwel said that Equity Bank is also supporting school fees for vulnerable children.
CF, MoE and Diocese of Lodwar are also playing a role in increasing school enrolment.
2.1.4. Stimulus to cash based economic activities
Key Findings
Increased access to financial services and credit is empowering people
Cash grants and access to financial services increase local economic
activity and personal prioritisation of need
Education of children is the priority purchase with additional income
Charcoal production and sale is the fall back position to access cash when
times are difficult
Cash transfers are reducing vulnerability and increasing livelihood options
Cash is preferred to food aid especially in the development of local
Stimulate economic activity noting the shift to alternative/mixed
livelihood preferences
The agro-pastoralist group at Turkwel said they had improved financial access (credit
facilities). Help Age International and Equity Bank made this possible. After selling some of
their produce they were able to send their children to school. The women's group at Kataboi
stated that they were positively impacted by cash transfers from Oxfam in response to the
drought. They expressed this as empowering.
The physically challenged group benefitted from improved access to grants for small
businesses through the CDF. They felt that no NGO targets them and that the GoK is the
only support they can access. Single mothers said that they had access to commodities such
as sugar and soap etc through micro-business.
Pastoralists at Sopel felt that Hunger Safety Nets (HSN) through cash grants from Equity
Bank have reduced the community's struggle to meet basic household needs (i.e. they
pointed out that no bag of charcoal was on sale there to earn cash as would have normally
been the case). To a lesser extent Help Age International and Oxfam were supporting cash
transfers from their understanding. Overall the group stated that cash transfer was
producing a positive impact. However, there was some minor dissension in one group who
said some people are just waiting for money from Equity Bank and are not doing alternative
activities that could raise them cash.
2.1.5. Reduced morbidity from increased access to water
Key Findings
Increased access to potable water for human and livestock consumption
and reduction of water borne diseases is an evident impact
Increase community owned water programmes
IDPs at Kanaan said that the walking distance for water had reduced. Previously they would
get up early to fetch water at the River Turkwel and return by 1000hrs or 1100hrs. Oxfam
brought the water tanks and the Diocese of Lodwar provided the borehole. This supplies a
kiosk (a piped water booth operated like a small shop from which water is sold from taps)
and there is no water from the kiosk if you do not pay – this is strictly monitored by
LOWASCOM according to this group (another group had mixed views of this water supply cf.
neutral impact section).
Community leaders at Nadapal felt that access to water had improved. They stated that
while the water supply has not reached other centres, they had benefited from boreholes
Figure 3 Borehole at Napetet
and water kiosks within their particular
catchment provided by the administrative
government and the Diocese of Lodwar. The
single mothers group at Napetet cited access to
water and reduction of water borne diseases as a
key impact for them. They said they now had a
reason to smile as they could bathe and
diahorreal diseases were reducing. For them
LOWASCOM was the driver of this impact.
The women's group at Kataboi identified a key
positive impact was stopping consumption of water from Lake Turkana, due to improved
access to potable water supported by Oxfam and through their own efforts. Pastoralists at
Sopel said an impact for them was access to clean water at zero distance from their
homesteads for both livestock and human consumption. This they attributed firstly to the
Diocese of Lodwar, secondly to CDF and thirdly to community action.
2.1.6. Improved protection
Key Findings
New Kenya Constitution is directly benefiting vulnerable groups in
claiming their rights
Early action on resettlement of IDPs from post-election violence was
Police are seen to be playing a positive role in improving security
Support awareness of the entitlements of vulnerable groups
Involve the displaced in resettlement decisions from the outset
Support the role of police in enabling protection activities
The physically challenged group highlighted that a key impact for them was the recognition
accorded by the new constitution of the Government of Kenya, which they felt supported
them a lot. They said that children who are born physically challenged are not always
considered of equal importance in the family – parents can feel ashamed.
IDPs, the single mothers groups and IDPs who were PLWH/A said, that soon after they had
been displaced by the 2007 post-election violence from Eldoret, the Provincial
Administration (PA) and Ministry of Special Programmes played the major role in resettling
them. They were initially settled in a compound of the Reformed Church of East Africa
(RCEA). This church compound was very small and they were uncomfortable and unhappy
there, until everyone was given a piece of land at Kanaan. "If you were talking to your wife,
then everyone was hearing. Now you can discuss your own things on your own plot." The
support from the counsellor and the chief encouraged the community to really participate in
the resettlement. Government departments including the Survey of Kenya (SoK), which
demarcated the plots, and the Municipal Council of Lodwar (MCL) played key roles. The IDP
PLWH/A commented that the Kenya Red Cross and Catholic Diocese of Lodwar supported
their relocation with building materials, food and other essential items. The second IDP
group did not mention these actors. Both groups primarily appreciated the transformative
action of the Administrative GoK departments in resettling them to Kanaan given the
conditions at the RCEA site. This made them feel that the administrative government was
doing something for them. The single mothers group at Napetet felt that security had
substantially improved – attributed to the Kenya Police Service.
2.1.7. Increased access to and quality of health care and
nutrition support
Key Findings
Nutritional support of vulnerable people through the health care system
has been important
Communities are involved in reporting and referring malnutrition cases
Road development is important in increasing access to health services
Increased number of women giving birth in dispensaries
Support continued community based surveillance of vulnerable people
and linkages to health services
Improve the road network as a basis for wider development of services
IDPs and PLWH/A said that NGOs provided them with nutritional support and advice. The
MoH, through the Lodwar Hospital and the Diocese of Lodwar, supplied them with
medicines from time to time. The other IDP group at Kanaan said that they had reduced
cases of malnourished children and malnourished mothers with babies. WFP and the RCEA
had explained to them how to identify malnourished children. When identified by the
community, the malnourished are taken to Merlin therapeutic feeding sites. Each month,
WFP/WVI conduct a general food distribution for the entire camp. RCEA has also provided
maize and beans and the Diocese of Lodwar brought maize, beans and biscuits.
At Kataboi the women's group said that they used to deliver their babies at home. They now
deliver their babies at the dispensary run by the Diocese of Lodwar with some Merlin
support. Pastoralists at Sopel said that a key impact was increased access to services
especially health care due to improvement in the road network. They attributed this
exclusively to the CDF.
2.1.8. Improved sanitation access and practice
Key Findings
People want knowledge on how to improve sanitation and hygiene
Support continued integration of hygiene communication activities to
address critical diseases such as cholera, typhoid etc
IDPs in Kanaan said that increased knowledge on proper faecal disposal and proper use of
latrines had reduced cases of diarrhoea and cholera. People really appreciated this
knowledge which they attributed to the MoH and Merlin. In 2010 the women's group at
Kataboi stated that there had been a cholera outbreak in the area. This triggered CF and the
National Drought Management Agency (formerly Arid Lands) to construct VIP latrines. As
part of other efforts to increase potable water supply they had received sensitisation on
improved hygiene behaviour from Oxfam.
2.2.0. Negative Impacts
4 4
Lack of local
and information
Food insecurity
and loss of
productive assets
Lack of access to
number of street
children and
Increased rural
to urban
because of
Turkana District negative Impacts by Sector
Each of the 70 impact statements have been consolidated into categories - positive,
negative or neutral. The negative impact differences are reflected above and show the
areas and sectors in which people felt most negative change has taken place.
2.2.1. Lack of local economic and livelihood development
Key Findings
IDPs have been severely affected by lack of livelihood opportunities and
want to engage in alternative livelihoods e.g. irrigation farming
Lack of clear information on regularity of food distributions created
uncertainty and contributes to dependency and vulnerability
Food aid is a divisive issue for communities causing dependency and a
negative impact on local market activity
Lack of diversification of small business activity
Absence of pasture forcing pastoralists to travel longer distances resulting
in increased risk of livestock disease and conflict with Pokot
Lack of knowledge among agro-pastoralists on correct irrigation
techniques undermining production and income
Fisherfolk received equipment from agencies and are frustrated by fishing
polices that do not involve them and prevent them from accessing good
fishing grounds
Needs assessments should better understand local context and dynamics
Agro-pastoralists and fisherfolk need to be involved in policy development
Increase accurate information and knowledge dialogue through extension
Focus response on initiatives that build livelihoods
For IDPs PLWH/A an impact of their displacement to Kanaan near Lodwar was the lack of
economic opportunities i.e. no support in farming. Before being displaced they said that
they were used to farming and doing business - now most of the time they are idle. They do
not have cattle or water for irrigation and if they plant crops they are concerned about goat
damage and theft. They felt that it was the community itself and the GOK that were
contributing to this negative impact. They said that they are bored sleeping in their tents
and simply want the opportunity to farm and appealed to the GoK or NGOs for assistance to
get established.
"A farm hand asked for a job from a farmer at Eldoret. Yes, I have a job said the
farmer. I have two forms of payment – food and money. For now I will pay you with
more food and less money. So each month he was given 150 shillings and 40 KG of
maize. One day the farmer said, I can predict a fight if I continue giving you food. So
the best way to prevent that fight coming is that I will give you a piece of land. Since
the farm hand received his own land, he was able to produce more than 40KG of maize
per month, send his children to school and cover medical bills. All his needs were taken
care of.
If I remember that piece of land before I was displaced and if I reflect, that if I had a
small piece of land again, then my life would change."
IDP Group
Kanaan Camp
"Long ago the women
formed a group to weave
baskets and mats. A priest
used to do the marketing
for them. One day he left
without linking them to
the marketing outlet
channels he had
established. They were
forced to sell locally where
the returns were very low.
This demoralised them up
to now."
Women's Group
Some IDPs felt that provision of food had prevented them
from meeting other needs themselves. Likewise the "stop
start" nature of food aid and supplementary feeding
created uncertainty in the Nadapal community. Some
wondered if having a malnourished person in the family
would be a benefit. In one group food aid and
supplementary feeding was such a dividing issue (with
some for and some against) that they were unable to
discuss it further.
The small business group in Kangatosa spoke about
growing poverty and poor living standards due to loss of
profits and business. During the height of the relief food
period, markets became stagnant even though people had
animals to sell. There was no active development and
people were dependent on relief food which led to low
revenues for small businesses. They felt the GoK (Ministries of Planning and Finance) were
largely responsible for not regulating this. Furthermore they said that they were all doing
the same type of business and competing among themselves. This period made them fearful
to seek loans to develop business opportunities. Many of them are selling maize, beans and
Unga (flour) and relief destroys their trade. Afterwards when people need these small
traders they are not there. The group said that business is severely constrained by lack of a
transport network (only one vehicle which is from the Catholic Mission).
The agro-pastoralist group at Turkwel said that during the last two years of drought, pasture
dried up and they were forced to go close to the Ugandan border for water and this brought
them into closer contact with the Pokot. This led to massive loss of livestock from drought
and PPR disease (Pestes des Petits Ruminants)
. Agro-pastoralists cited increased soil salinity
on their farms that had affected plant growth and yields, caused by over water-logging of
the saline sub soil by excess irrigation.
Women at Kataboi said that they had received fishing gear (materials to make nets & boats)
from the National Drought Management Authority and Oxfam. In their view the impact is
negative given raised expectations and as they are not catching enough fish as expected and
the input is simply not working for them from their perspective. They were given strict
instructions by the MoF to use a 5 inch gauge net that do not catch fish. Those using smaller
gauge nets are catching fish. They also felt inhibited from fishing further out in the lake
because of insecurity and restrictions laid down by KWS.
2.2.2. Poor communication and information sharing
Key Findings
People did not have reliable information on food aid distributions
Poor communication on entitlements raised expectations and caused
disappointment in some groups
Engagement of agencies on a project by project and sectoral basis over
many years has constrained community ability to engage in a dialogue
about their overall development needs
Weak leadership in some relief committees has contributed to inadequate
information sharing and exclusion of vulnerable groups
People are very keen to engage in dialogue about the challenges facing
them e.g. conflict, pest control, farming and animal treatment etc
Provide timely and people focused information in all areas
Share information in ways that communities understand through the
appropriate locally trusted and accepted communication channels
Some discussion groups at first expressed reticence and suspicion to discuss freely with the
teams. In one case they suspected the team was from a political party as they were
PPR is a severe, fast-spreading disease of mainly domestic small ruminants. It is characterized by the sudden onset of fever,
discharges from the eyes and nose, sores in the mouth, disturbed breathing and cough, foul-smelling diarrhoea and death. The
virus which causes PPR, the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), belongs to the morbillivirus group of the paramyxovirus family
of viruses. Clinical disease is seen in sheep and goats. Cattle, buffaloes, camels and pigs can become infected but there is little or no
evidence of disease associated with their infection.
"One of the children
mentioned that they
had heard of an NGO
World Vision that
works with children.
They had never met or
heard from them."
Vulnerable children's group
expecting politicians to visit the area. Another group commented on confusion created by
politicians at community level. They wanted a clear explanation for why the teams had
come. Once this was given and a rapport had been
established, discussion proceeded well. The way that
agencies have engaged with communities on a project and
sectoral basis over many years, initially limited the ability
of some community groups to freely engage in discussion
that was not focused on agencies and projects.
One IDP group said that expectations had been raised by
the administrative government with regard to promising
them 10,000KSH each in compensation and permanent
houses, which had been unfulfilled. IDPs had also
understood that WFP would provide food for six months,
but after three months it came to a standstill without any signal or notice to them. Another
agency who had been distributing biscuits said they would do so for four months and then
stop. This was the case and it meant that the community was psychologically prepared.
In an another community the people expressed the same experience that food aid had been
"up and down" and they did not know when it would start or stop. This they attributed to
Poor leadership within communities and relief committees has also led to poor access to
information sharing and inclusion of vulnerable groups e.g. physically challenged. This was
attributed largely to communities themselves and secondly to government, then Diocese of
Lodwar and other CBOs.
The agro-pastoralist group said that they are eager and hungry for knowledge about what
they are doing. In the past GoK extension workers would come frequently but now farm
trainings are seldom – "We do not know what is happening." They said that they need more
long-term sustainable interventions and not relief handouts. Hunger for basic information
on how to treat pests, improve agricultural production and care of livestock was heard
In the case of rural to urban migration caused by insecurity between the Turkana and Pokot,
one of the groups was desperate simply to talk through the issue and wanted to use the P-
FiM team in a mediator role.
2.2.3. Food insecurity and loss of productive assets
Key Findings
Drought was one issue that, compounded by other factors, led to food
insecurity and loss of productive assets
Focus response on initiatives that put capacity to be food and livelihood
secure into people's own hands
Support diversified livelihoods
Step up extension services focussed on two way communication related
to preparedness and actual real time pastoral and farming challenges
Food insecurity and loss of productive
assets were issues related to drought. One
group expressed starvation and loss of
lives (famine) as an impact over the past
two years. They blamed the GoK partly for
this in not declaring a state of emergency
earlier and a combination of community
and NGO factors along with the drought
itself. The challenge was not drought itself
but how to be more prepared for and
resilient to it. This means more and better
extension services to support people who
are growing their own food and managing
their livestock – trying new approaches means making and learning through mistakes. The
margin for error and what this means for survival is low in this environment. Successful
agro-pastoralist experiences and knowledge in these communities should be shared.
Figure 4 Beetle infestation on crops, Lodwar
2.2.4. Lack of access to education
Key Findings
People need funding support to pay secondary school fees
Inability to pay school and examination-fees is forcing vulnerable children
to find casual labour and leave school
Substantial action on addressing the needs of vulnerable children and
access to education
A key impact statement by the IDP PLWH/A group referred to the dropout of secondary
students due to lack of school fees. They said that they had no hope for their children
continuing secondary education due to lack of school fees even when students had done
well in their KCPE. In the vulnerable children's group there was at least one boy who had
been living on the streets unaccompanied, and his companions were not attending school.
Relatives, the community itself and community leaders are not always sending their children
to school and for those who do turn up for registration, they are sent away if they cannot
pay. Vulnerable children are running away from school to look for casual work if they cannot
pay examination and school fees. This is leading to erratic and poor performance of some
children while others do not go to school at all. Further research and engagement with
communities and actors already involved in the education sector to examine knowledge,
attitudes and practices on these issues - with practical lateral thinking on solutions would
help pave ways forward.
2.2.5. Increased number of destitute street children
Key Finding
Serious levels of child vulnerability and numbers of street children
increasing in and around Lodwar
Give increased attention to the situation of street children in Lodwar
Participants from the discussion group with vulnerable children expressed that the
community is not aware that the number of children on the streets is increasing. Various
reasons were given for this including death of parents, poor integration with into the
families of relatives and / or physical beatings. Within the school where the discussion took
place the school director and a senior teacher said that they had their "eyes and ears
opened" by what they heard about the level of the problem - they were not aware before.
Further research and engagement should be undertaken to determine the scale of
vulnerability and appropriate responses to it.
2.2.6. Increased rural to urban migration
Key Findings
Livestock raids displacing large numbers of people from pastoral to the
urban areas
Conflict and insecurity taking on an increased level of seriousness -
especially between The Turkana and The Pokot
People have lost confidence in the peace processes
Urgently increase attention to peace and conflict issues
Greater involvement of women in peace processes
Support strategic communication for peace at all levels through trusted
and accessible channels
Ensure balanced and appropriate support to both (Turkana and East
Pokot) communities, especially in boundary areas to reduce conflict
The agro-pastoralist group at Turkwel cited increased rural to urban migration because of
insecurity as an important impact over the past two years. Some of these people had been
displaced by livestock raiding. They came to Turkwel centre for security and to look for
other livelihoods as their livestock had been driven away. The previous week there was
another raid and they said some water points were poisoned resulting in the deaths of
animals and some people. They said that if the GoK and the NGOs cannot see the problem
they are facing that they will have to take the initiative. They said they were not seeing any
results from many peace meetings largely attended by Wazee (elders) and recommended
that the strategy should be changed so that women also attend the meetings and then go
home and influence their youth and men. (Please confer East Pokot report on the
seriousness of the current conflict between the Turkana and Pokot). They said that at times
of extreme drought the permanent Turkwel River becomes a magnet for people from other
areas with their livestock with the result that pasture becomes exhausted quickly. The
Turkwel centre itself grew out of the migration of pastoralists in the 1969 drought. An issue
arose in one discussion group about resisting water source development. One group felt
that a borehole could attract a lot of animals, encourage migration and increase the
likelihood of raids. For particular areas and groups this impact is the most serious above all
2.3. Neutral Impacts
Each of the 70 impact statements have been consolidated into categories - positive,
negative or neutral. The neutral impact differences are reflected above and show the
areas or sectors that people felt where no real difference had been made to their lives.
2.3.1. Access to water at cost means people still
consuming from river
Key Findings
Where water has been provided vulnerable groups feel excluded from the
benefit as they are unable to pay for the water
Examine user fee water systems that exclude vulnerable people
Agencies involved in WASH at Kanaan Camp should re-examine existing
WASH behaviour to address gaps
1 1 1
Nutrition support Access to water at costs
means people still
consuming from river
Vaccinations in response to
PPR disease
Turkana District Neutral Impacts by
IDP PLWH/A said that water had been supplied to one access point which is located far for
some people in the settlement. LOWASCOM had constructed water tanks supplied by
Oxfam and a water kiosk. 200KSH has to be paid per month by each family and this is hard
for them as they do not have jobs or other economic activities. They are therefore
continuing to collect and consume water from the Turkwel River. For them as a result, the
provision of water was a neutral impact bringing about neither, positive or negative
difference. In the debriefing with the wider discussion group teams, the second IDP group
mentioned that there is a second water source at Kanaan, a borehole with hand pump
drilled by the Diocese of Lodwar with slightly saline water but which is free to use. The
PLWH/A group did not mention this in their discussions and it may be something that
agencies working on WASH in the area should look at further.
2.3.2. Vaccinations in response to PPR disease
Key Findings
Livestock vaccination was either not appropriate or happened late
Pastoralists want more information and knowledge on disease prevention
and treatment
Herd management and care should be more proactive than reactive
Vaccinate livestock prior to disease outbreak along with appropriate
treatment during outbreaks
Greater community extension support on livestock care – knowledge
transfer, drugs available, para-vets in communities
For pastoralists at Sopel the loss of their livestock was a bitter experience. Some lost nearly
all their herds and vaccinations were carried out after the outbreak which saved the
livestock they have now. However, the scale of the losses compared to what they saved
through vaccination made them view it as a neutral impact. The pastoralists want more
animal health knowledge on treatment techniques. In some instances after vaccination,
animals did not improve and they wanted to know how to treat and inject animals
themselves. They said that other areas have Community Development Workers which they
said they do not have and whose support is required.
2.3.3. Nutritional support
Key Findings
Mixed information on supplementary feeding is causing confusion among
Agencies to improve community based communication
Community leaders at Nadapal felt that nutritional support through supplementary feeding
had had a neutral impact due to the erratic delivery of the support – "that it is going up and
down." It starts and works for three months and then it stops – agencies withdraw. This
comment was also expressed in other groups. It was felt that the process confused people
and that if a family does not have a child who is malnourished, that it could risk the
nutritional support stopping.
3.0. Analysis of the drivers of impact
NGOs Community FBO Business UN Red Cross Others Event
Impact Attribution
Positive Impact Negative Impact Neutral Impact
3.1. Positive impact attribution
Administrative departments of the Government of Kenya are the drivers
of the greatest positive impact
Collectively NGOs are the second most positive contributor to positive
Attribution to forces and actors within communities themselves are the
third largest cause of positive impact
Faith based organisations and particularly the Diocese of Lodwar are
major positive actors within the society (making an impact contribution
greater than any individual NGO)
UN and Red Cross impact attribution is low
NGOs need to be recognising, coordinating with and working closely with
administrative Government departments
The reasons for perceived low attribution and contribution by UN
Agencies and Red Cross Movement should be seriously examined by those
agencies and their donors
Important over time to see a measurable increase in positive attribution
to communities and business and decrease in attribution to NGOs in order
to measure whether dependency is decreasing
The analysis in this section examines what is working or not working from the perspective of
representative community groups. This weighs accountability from the perspective of the
affected population that reflects the performance of all actors (including the community
itself) – which may be helpful to government, donors and decision makers. Stakeholders are
rated positively, negatively and neutrally. Each impact statement receives a 0-10 score
attributed to different actors / factors that people see as impacting change in their lives.
These totals are combined giving the results in the charts below.
The size of the attribution rows (positive, negative, neutral) is important. If the size of the
positive attribution row is greater than the corresponding negative attribution row then an
actor or group of actors may feel they are on the right track. However the size of negative or
neutral attribution should be seriously considered, as should the overall size of the
attribution to external humanitarian actors (even when positive). If negative or neutral
impact outweigh the positive impact an actor or actors are making, or if the attribution rows
of positive impact by external actors is too high, then this provides an opportunity for
reflection, further community discussion and a possible change of strategy, to ensure that
positive local community, government and civil society results are increased. In a healthy
humanitarian or development context; community, government, local business and local
civil society action should be strong and provide the foundation for a robust and local
sustained response.
A review of the positive attribution results clearly demonstrates the substantial positive
space occupied by Administrative Government over the past two years until now. Most
attribution under the FBO column is the Catholic Diocese of Lodwar and second to
Government and community action, it represents the single most positive actor in the area
from the community perspective and ranks more highly than any individual INGO activity.
In some cases people do not know or state the difference between the Red Cross, UN
agencies and NGOs (and in other instances they named the agencies both positively and
negatively in their statements as above). There is a possibility that agencies mentioned may
have been confused with other actors in the area. Sometimes, people do not know how to
differentiate between agencies and the community appreciation of organisations is often
horizontal and regardless of whether an agency is large or small. UN agencies are in some
cases funding NGO and government activities and this tends to be unknown by
communities. What matters to communities is what and whom are having results for them
from their perspective. This underlines the fact that sector performance is collective from
the perspective of those on the receiving end and that organisations are not insulated from
judgement on performance by the affected populations. The results above show (albeit
from a relatively small representative group) who and what people feel are responsible for
these impacts. The situation on the ground is dynamic in relation to long-term changes and
can vary considerably from area to area. The drought while serious is only part of the overall
context of people's lives which this exercise reveals. In this regard the graphs provide a
clearer appreciation of the context within which humanitarian actors are working.
3.2. Negative Impact Attribution
Key Findings
Administrative departments of the Government of Kenya seen to be the
drivers of the greatest positive impact - they are also seen to be the most
negative (largely through lack of coverage or under performance)
Events such as drought and disease are not perceived to be the most
negative impact – Government and the community itself are the main
drivers or contributors to negative impact
NGOs need to be recognising, coordinating with and working closely with
administrative Government departments
In terms of negative impact, forces within the community are clearly driving negative impact
whether through conflict, neglect of vulnerable children or poor pastoral and farming
practice. This is followed by action or inaction by administrative government departments
e.g. not enough community based extension activity etc. Attribution to an event is primarily
drought and disease. In terms of impact attribution, drought (event) ranks third after the
community and government, possibly meaning that if other issues are addressed it would
have less impact. The learning from the attribution results raises important questions; will
agencies build positive links between communities, local actors and local government? Are
agencies satisfied to see the positive results of their work, even when communities are not
aware of their role? What space within the community do the humanitarian actors occupy
in terms of influence and time? Is it in line with or in excess of their contribution?
3.3. Neutral Impact Attribution
Key Findings
Neutral impacts relate to the negligible effects of responding late e.g.
vaccinating livestock at the wrong time
Providing inputs without sufficient contextual knowledge or adequate
targeting e.g. supply of fishing equipment to people who have inadequate
knowledge or experience of fish movements or do not have access to
where larger catches are; improving water supply and overlooking
vulnerable groups who cannot afford to pay user fees; providing food aid
on an ad hoc stop start basis
Humanitarian actors to respond on time and appropriately based on solid
contextual knowledge and relationships of trust and respect with
In terms of neutral impact differences this is largely due to getting a response half right /
not completely; providing inputs without enough technical and contextual knowledge of the
relevance and appropriateness of the response; inadequate targeting of need and; poor
communication so that affected people are not informed enough to plan and make their
own decisions.
4.0. Action Recommendations
Action Recommendations Responsible
1. Donors should proportionally
fund local government and
agencies that can
demonstrate they are making
a positive impact. This should
be based on evidence of
impact attribution and
contribution - what is and is
not working
2. Focus on building resilience
and sustainable livelihoods to
increase food security and
protection of productive
National Drought Management Authority and support
agencies e.g. UNDP, FAO, UN ISDR, NGOs, Faith Based
Organisations, Red Cross, donors and community
3. Give serious attention to
addressing the causes of
conflict between Turkana and
Pokot in a balanced and
inclusive way
GOK and support agencies e.g. UN, NGOs, Faith Based
Organisations, Red Cross, donors, local businesses and both
4. Increase two way dialogue
that respects the perspective
and experience of the
GOK and support agencies e.g. UN, NGOs, Faith Based
Organisations, Red Cross, Donors and community
5. Increase livelihood extension
engagement, knowledge and
experience sharing e.g.
fishing, livestock diseases,
treatment, agriculture and
GOK, Faith Based Organisations, Communities, UN agencies,
Red Cross, businesses and NGOs
6. Increase economic,
infrastructure and livelihood
development to help off-set
some of the more severe
repercussions of cyclical
GOK and support agencies e.g. Donors, UN, Faith Based
Organisations etc
Action Recommendations Responsible
7. Support close communication
and engagement between
administrative government
and communities - the key
drivers of positive and
negative impact
GOK and support agencies e.g. UN, NGOs, Churches, Red
Cross, Faith Based Organisations and community
8. Engage with and support the
forces of empowerment and
solidarity within the
GOK and support agencies e.g. Faith Based organisations, UN,
NGOs and community
9. Increase livelihood protection
and improved food security
GOK and support agencies e.g. UN, UNDP, FAO, ISDR, Faith
Based Organisations, Red Cross, Community, NGOs
10. Increase access to and quality
of education
GOK and support agencies, UN agencies (UNICEF), NGOs,
Faith Based Organisations, community
11. Increase cash transfers and
micro business support in
place of food aid
GOK, Faith Based Organisations, Communities, UN agencies,
Red Cross, CALP and NGOs
12. Increase access to potable
water (with attention to
vulnerable groups who may
be excluded from paying user
GOK and support agencies, UN agencies (UNICEF), NGOs,
Faith Based Organisations, community, Red Cross etc
13. Improve protection especially
of vulnerable groups with a
strong emphasis on children
GOK, Faith Based Organisations, Communities, UN agencies,
Red Cross and NGOs
14. Increase access to and quality
of health care and nutrition
GOK and support agencies, UN agencies (UNICEF, WFP),
NGOs, Faith Based Organisations, community
15. Improve sanitation access and
hygiene behaviour change
GOK, Faith Based Organisations, Communities, UN agencies
(UNICEF, WHO), Red Cross and NGOs
Figure 5 Participant ranking on exercise results to give
communities a voice and identify impact
5.0. Feedback from participants on the
methodology used
This report highlights clear challenges
and opportunities for those working
with the people of Turkana and those
forces that are making a positive
contribution to change. We found an
impressive calibre of people committed
to working well for the resilience and
development of their own people. The
32 participants from 15 organisations in
the exercise found the training and
exercise a transformative experience.
They felt that community knowledge
and capacities should not be overlooked
in their work; that giving people a voice
and identification of impact are key to doing the right things and doing things right. There
was a new found commitment to developing relationships of acceptance and trust with
communities for their work to be effective - people are greater than projects and
organisations. Overall participants through a final ranking exercise felt that this was very
much a beginning in terms of improving the quality of communication and engagement with
the people of Turkana and that much more work needs to be done.
Annex 1 Field Exercise Participants
No Name Agency Post
1 Johnstone Moru National Drought Management Authority METL
2 Brenda Mana National Drought Management Authority METL
3 Michael Etabo Ameripus Veterinaires Sans Frontieres - Belgium Field Officer
4 Johnstone Ekamais Veterinaires Sans Frontieres - Belgium Community Mobiliser
5 Nancy Akalale Egyelan World Vision International Child Well-Being Facilitator
6 Silvester Sulu Eknoit World Vision International Lokori
7 Peter Lochuch Turkana Rehabilitation Project AECD Field Officer
8 Chistopher Eregae Childfund Project Coordinator
9 Japheth Too Ministry of Agriculture DIVELDO
10 Okita Boniface Ministry of Agriculture Agric. Officer
11 Vitalis Juma Ministry of Agriculture Extension Officer
12 Dr. Simon Logilae Oxfam GB Livestock Mobiliser
13 Joseph Loreno Turkana Rehabilitation Project Field Officer
14 Peter Lochuch Turkana Rehabilitation Project Field Officer
15 John Miinyan Diocese of Lodwar- Emergency M&E Officer
16 Philip Labouri Diocese of Lodwar- Emergency Media Liason
17 Monica Kinyanjui Diocese of Lodwar- Child Protection Field Officer
18 Daniel Edaan Diocese of Lodwar- Justice and Peace Paralegal Officer
19 Gabriel Lokol Naita Diocese of Lodwar- Water Social Worker
20 Dominic Palal Diocese of Lodwar- Health Data Officer
21 James Kiyonga Lomidat Pastoral Co-operative Chair
22 Mary Ekutan Lomidat Pastoral Co-operative Secretary
23 Bobby Lotiang Ministry of Livestock Development Livestock Prod. Officer
24 Alphose Emuria Ministry of Livestock Development Livestock Officer
25 Jakob Lotesiro Ministry of Livestock Development Livestock Prod. Officer
26 Wilson Ikamar Ewesit Merlin Nutrition Info. Syst. Officer
27 Mohammed Luyanae Merlin Logistics
28 Philip Ewoton Merlin Nutrition Officer
29 Lidyah Tioko AMREF Community Mobiliser
30 Patrick Nacho Baptist Church Coordinator
31 James Elele National Council of Churches of Kenya Assist. IGA Officer
32 Margaret Kaaleng Community Empowerment Services Africa Journal
"P-FIM is fantastic in
successfully putting
people first."
P-FIM Participant
Bor, Jonglei State, Southern
"P-FIM is fantastic in
successfully putting
people first."
P-FIM Participant
Bor, Jonglei State, Southern
Annex 2 People First Impact Method (P-FiM) Summary
P-FIM is a simple low cost methodology that fully allows communities to speak for themselves, in identifying impact
changes in their lives and what the drivers of impact difference are attributable to. In this way the starting point is people
and communities and not organisations and projects. It is a powerful tool that highlights issues humanitarian and
development agencies may often be poorly aware of. P-FiM as a mainstream approach and tool directly complements
aspects of Sphere, the Good Enough Guide, Participatory Impact Assessment (Tufts) and HAP etc. P-FiM enables
humanitarian actors to accurately 'take the temperature' in order to properly align interventions with local priority issues,
ensure they are engaging properly and where they can have the greatest possible impact. P-FiM simply recognises the
primary driving force of people and communities at all stages of an intervention as essential. It adds value to existing
collaborative and inter-agency initiatives. The method has been used in multiple inter-agency exercises (four days per
exercise) e.g. in 2010/12 in South Sudan, Haiti, Sudan (West Darfur) and Liberia with excellent results and high
spontaneous buy-in by participants and agencies.
Potential P-FIM Benefits to Agencies:
(i) Impact measured in the context where a programme or programmes are delivered
(ii) The action doubles as P-FiM Training for participating local agencies and agency personnel
(iii) A series of P-FIM actions will provide a basis for advocacy/mainstreaming of people first approaches.
P-FIM takes a representative geographical area (e.g. 1-5 year programme) of people and communities who are getting on
with their lives. Local people are trained on P-FiM who have basic development skills, understand language and culture and
are trusted locally. The method (i) enables a qualitative process where primary changes are openly discussed with
representative groups making up a community - whether positive, negative or indifferent - and recorded (ii) the method
then works backwards to determine in a quantitative way where change is attributable to e.g. leadership in the
community, government actions, local business, NGO, UN etc. The method makes no assumptions about impact and what
drives it - with often surprising impact results revealed. It is community owned and driven. P-FiM fundamentally asks "So
what?" questions . . . "So what difference has that made to people's lives?" and "who is really responsible for the change
or impact?"
There are two biases that often colour project and organisational impact evaluation approaches:
What impact are we actually having? Typically organisations and their programmes are the focus of impact/
evaluation measurement to meet standard quality, accountability and donor requirements.
How can we know the actual impact of a project/programme if we only consider projects and organisations? What
about the depth and breadth of what is around the project or organisation in terms of change impacts? P-FIM
measures impact in the context of the project and as such, the impact of the project can be tested.
While participatory approaches and accountability at community level are given increased importance, the standard
organisation/project focus is still emphasised by donors and agencies. A typical end of project impact evaluation involves
external (sometimes local) evaluators who carry out desk and field exercises to determine the positive or negative
qualitative and (mostly) quantitative impact achieved by a project (which in itself is important). However, by over focusing
on the organisation and project and the role of external consultants - the full honest views of local people and
communities on what is working or not working (or whether correct or needed in the first place) and what other factors
(often not actions of the project) have caused impact - are typically unheard or not considered.
Why People First Impact Method (P-FIM)? Our fundamental question is "Are we doing things right and are we doing the
right things?" To put this into a programme/project context, the assumption column of a logframe requires that donors
and agencies fully consider the wider context to ensure that proposed programmes are relevant. In this way it can be said
that 'impact lives in the assumptions' - weak assumptions lead to inappropriate responses. P-FIM references 'project cycle
approaches' and effectively links with other evaluative / impact tools in humanitarian and development contexts. It is a
simple methodology that can bridge an essential gap within existing approaches.
The knowledge base and pedigree underpinning P-FiM draws on key concepts from Existentialist and Personalist
Philosophy, Psychosocial Methods and beyond. It is an integrated and holistic view of human nature freedom and potential
- people's needs and rights. Key concepts are: people come first; local relationships of trust are fundamental; people have
a right to life with dignity; a non agency centric and non project approach facilitates objectivity and honesty; an integrated
holistic appreciation of human development is vital; quality and depth of respectful communication with people is


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