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Cause And Affect Of Unemployment In Malaysia Economics Essay
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Unemployment is a very important issue for every country, especially developing country with a tremendous population. High unemployment means that labor resources are not being used efficiently. In consequence, full employment should be a major macroeconomic goal of government. This essential issue often being included in the government policy or agenda for parliament debate and discussion year after year. After a long period of discussion and debate, it seems no ultimate solution has been found to completely eliminate unemployment.
Theoretically, industrial economies are cyclically sensitive as such when it expands, factors including employment, sales, prices and profits will rise. However, when it contracts, downturns are inevitable and significant (Nazaria, 2003). When our national economy is in recession, many firms and companies are close down, it will cause unemployment rate to increase.
The financial crisis that started in mid 1997 has affected the Malaysian economy. The impact was evident with the economic growth measured in real GDP began to slow down and registered the first negative growth since 1985 of -7.4 per cent in 1998. Table 1 depicts real GDP growth, labor force and unemployment from 1996 -2003 (UKM Juru Perunding, 2002). The contraction in real GDP affected the labor market resulting in slower employment growth, increased in the unemployment rate and also retrenchment. Labor force registered negative growth of 2.1 per cent and employment declined by 2.8 per cent in 1998 compared to a positive growth of 4.9 and 4.6 per cent in 1996 and 1997, respectively. In the same year, unemployment, on the other hand, experienced a slight increase standing at 3.1 per cent. Retrenchment soared to 83,865 workers in 1998 compared to approximately 19,000 in 1997 (EPU, 1999).
Table 1: Real GDP Growth, Labor Force, Employment, Unemployment, Labor Force Participation Rates, 1996-2003
Sources: Nazaria B., 2003: Working paper of Unemployed Graduates: Pre and Post 1997
Okun's Law, stated that there is a negative relationship between unemployment rate and real GDP. Okun (1962) found that a deviation of 3 per cent in the GDP will produce a rise by 1 per cent in the unemployment rate. Besides that, Zaleha, Norashidah & Judhiana(2007) prove that Okun's Law can be applied to explain Malaysia's condition. Results of Table 2 showed that the value of the t-statistic for the coefficient (5.796) is greater than the critical t-value at the ninety five percent confidence level (1.96). This proves that GDP strongly depends on unemployment. Unemployment is one of the main mechanisms that can affect GDP. On the other hand, the result also confirmed that there is a negative relationship between unemployment and output growth. The Coefficient is -1.75 and it is significant at 1 percent level. It means that one percent decline in unemployment will increase output by 1.75 percent. As a result, it will increase the growth rate of the GDP.
Table 2: Results of Regression Analysis
Sources: Zaleha Mohd Noor, Norashidah Mohamed Nor & Judhiana Abdul Ghani
(2007). "The Relationship between Output and Unemployment in Malaysia: Does Okun's Law exist?" Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia,Pp.6
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The overall goal of the study is to examine the factors that cause and affect the unemployment in Malaysia. It is important to identify these factors in order to find solutions which can reduce unemployment rate.
The study aim to investigate the factors that cause unemployment such as consumption, investment, government spending and trade. They affect the supply and demand in the labor market. While economic recession may cause lack of job opportunity in the job market.
Moreover, this study also intends to develop some solutions to solve the problem of unemployment. It is expected that this study will achieve the research objective and highlight some important issues which relate to unemployment.
1.3 Organization of Research Study
This study is organized into 3 chapters that will address the overall objective of the research. Each chapter will also serve the purpose of delivering the research following its title.
Chapter 1 briefly introduces the research topic "Relationship between Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth in Malaysia". Meanwhile, the research objective will be to study the consumption, investment, government spending, as well as the trade that affect economic growth and caused unemployment in Malaysia.
Chapter 2 seeks to support the study by providing various relevant journals and articles on the area of interest of the research. This is also the proof of reading the literature relevant to the area of study.
Chapter 3 discusses the strategy and method used to collect the data. The research frameworks consist of four independent variables, which are consumption, investment, government spending and trade. Meanwhile, unemployment will be the dependent variable. Secondary data collected from Data Stream and research methods are decided.
1.4 Significant of Study
The information gained from this research will be able to provide valuable solution to reduce the unemployment rate in Malaysia. It will also provide Malaysia government with an idea on how important is to reduce the problem of unemployment rate. Reducing the unemployment rate may lead to a better economy in Malaysia due to the increase in productivity of Malaysia. A growth of national income, higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Malaysia will then be achieved while the nations will have higher purchasing power and can lead to a better quality of life.
Investment, indeed, brings a lot of job opportunity in the country. Whenever foreign direct investments (FDI) invest in the country, there will be a lot of industry set up for production and administration. Thus labor demand will be increased due to the investment. It then decreases a certain amount of unemployed.
Another factor to reduce the unemployment is through the government spending. Government needs to build and construct many of the facilities in the country for the society's benefits. Government needs to spend on construction of big projects; this injection of money will help to create the job opportunity for the labor in the country.
Unemployment will be decreased.
Trade is one of the factors to reduce the unemployment as the working opportunity is created when two countries trade. Increasing of trade internationally meaning there will be an up surging of export. Thus, domestic supply of goods is needed to meet the international demand. From that, the people have an opportunity to produce and manufacture new product for the trade among the countries.
1.5 Research Question
The research question for the study would be "Relationship between Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth in Malaysia". Several independent variables affecting the unemployment rate will be investigated to see how actually it will influence the economic growth in Malaysia.
The details of the study are:
To study the consumption pattern affect the economic growth.
To investigate whether investment affect the unemployment rate.
To examine whether government spending affect the unemployment rate.
To study the effect of trade on the unemployment rate.
1.6 Problem Statement
Unemployment is a negative issue that may arise in every country around the world. As long as a person is involved in the labor market, he or she may one day become unemployed. Once unemployment issue is not solved, creation of problems to the unemployed graduates, nations, society and even the country will certainly arise. Furthermore, if the nation's unemployment continues to be severing, riots and insurgency will be occurring across the country and halting the country trading. A significant lost towards the nation will arise due to this serious problem. Solution for the unemployment problem is a priority of the government to include in the national economic planning and policy implementation. In this research, focus will be placed on how economic growth effects unemployment and their relationship.
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Definition of Unemployment
According to International Labor Organization (ILO, 2001), unemployed is persons who are above a specified age are without work, currently available for paid employment or self-employment, and actively seeking work.
There are three categories of unemployment,
Structural Unemployment
Structural unemployment is related to the mismatch in skills, as well as the inadequacy in locations or simply the wrong area desired for work, and interpersonal characteristics. For instance, as the technology is improving and changing in the market often causes many skills possessed to be obsolete. With the advancement of computer many jobs in manual book-keeping have been replaced by highly efficient and handy software.
Frictional Unemployment
Frictional Unemployment is resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers. This type of unemployment occurs when there are fresh graduates trying to enter the job market, searching for job of their choices.
Cyclical Unemployment
Unemployment that is attributed to economic contraction is called cyclical unemployment. The economy has the capacity to create jobs which increases economic growth. When the economy is in recession, firm will reduce production and it lead to the decline of labor demand. Thus, cyclical unemployment will rise sharply during recession.
2.2 Unemployment in Malaysia
It is essential to look at the unemployment trends in Malaysia for the period ranging from 2000 to 2009 (Figure 1). By observing the figure, unemployment rate remained moderate at approximate 3 percent.
Unemployment rate increases steadily from 2001 to 2004. On the year 2001, the 911 incident, US World Trade Centre was attacked by terrorists (Terence Tai-Leung Chong,2005). This attack marks the beginning of the US economy downturn. It then affects the whole world economy to decline. Being the largest economy in the world, US needs to import tremendously from the rest of the countries. Thus, US economy downturn has decreased its import and the world's export will decline as well. When the decline of export for the country, it will directly cause the down fall of the country's economic growth as the productivity has been reduced .Therefore, the global economy will be sluggish. Hence, unemployment rate in Malaysia is 3.7 percent on 2002.
During 2003, Malaysia was hit by double critical incidents which were Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Iraq War (Robert Evans,2003). Unemployment rate was 3.8 percent which has increased 0.1percent. There was an immediate effect from the outbreak of SARS and Iraq War due to the large amount of inter-regional trade. SARS and Iraq War have triggered a global downturn therefore affect the world economy into recession, and lowered world growth forecasts. SARS epidemic was concentrating in Asia which is the fastest growing economy in the world and that had basically been keeping the world economy to float.
Malaysia has gone through East Asia financial crisis during 1997. Thus, Malaysia has the ability to combat and survive during the sub-prime crisis. Some efforts of the policy maker have made to strengthen the domestic economy. Policy maker has implemented several monetary policy as well as fiscal policy to stimulate the economy. The increasing trend and steady growth in the Malaysia's Leading Index (LI) and the ratio of the Coincident Index to Lagging Index in 2007 (Public Bank Berhad,2007) indicates that the Malaysian economy was continue to remain strong and healthy in 2008 which US sub-prime mortgage crisis deceleration in the US economy.
Figure 1: Unemployment Rate in Malaysia
Sources: Indexmundi.com (2008). Malaysia - Unemployment rate (%). Retrieved
During a period of high unemployment, employees worry about losing their job and not able to get another job. Other than that, workers are less willing to leave unsatisfactory jobs because it is not easy to be hired at this current period. This may cause a decrease in production because workers are lack of experience in their current job. Higher unemployment rate will also affecting the government tax revenue. It is because there are more workers losing their jobs and leads to decrease in government revenue from income tax.
2.3 Factors that affect Unemployment
There are four independent variables that affect unemployment which are consumption, investment, government spending, and trade.
2.3.1 Consumption
Based on the study by Castillo, Dolado & Jimeno (1998), the result showed by using one cross-section of household per county, by comparing with the employed workers, the consumption losses suffered by the unemployed were 50% to 100% higher in Portugal and Spain, depending on the worker's job experience and skills. Besides, Bover et al. (2000) found that the unemployment benefits systems in Spain are more generous than in Portugal.
According to Samuel et al (2001), an increase in the duration of unemployment of male household heads tend to be connected with consumption losses in Germany, Great Britain, and the US than Spain and Italy. Also, in terms of 'married' households, Browning and Meghir (1991) found that the husband is unemployed in a married household have budget shares for clothing of 35% lower than the husband is being employed.
There are two authors have proven that consumption suffers downfall during unemployment. Cochrane (1991) reported a fall in consumption growth of 24% to 27% during unemployment. On the other hand, Browning and Crossley (2001) also proved that a mean fall in consumption of 14% on unemployment.
Browning and Crossley (2000) deal with the effect of income shock due to unemployment on consumption. Individuals experiencing an income shock may reduce consumption on durable expenditure than on food expenditure. For example, they may postpone to buy new jewelry or to replace new furniture.
2.3.2 Investment
According to Harms and Hefeker (2003), the returns of portfolio investment abroad are positively correlated with U.S. labor demand shocks. When there is more investment, it generates new jobs; therefore labor demand will increase accordingly. Thus, this will aid in the decrease of the unemployment rate.
Erkki Koskela, Rune Stenbacka, and Mikael Juselius (2009) study the effect of the unemployment equilibrium with capital investments under the category of labor market imperfections. By showing a higher capital, labor ratio has a wage-moderating effect with sufficiently strong labor market imperfections, the strategic effect of capital investments. Based on this appliance, an increased capital stock decreases unemployment equilibrium if the relative bargaining power of the labor union is sufficiently strong.
Marino (2000) showed the interdependency between FDI, economic growth, employment or explanation of factors for stimulating the FDI inflow in the case of open economies. The GDP growth is positively correlated with the capacity of FDI inflow. On the other hand, the relationship between GDP growth and FDI inflow is rather contrary in the case of closed economy.
Christoph Ernst (2005) studied that a country needs stable and productive investment inflows which would contribute to a rise in production rate and employment, to the technological modernization of the economy, as well as the production of higher value added goods resulting in a better integration into the world economy.
There is a strong correlation between national productivity and the level of unemployment (Joseph Prokopenko, 2000). In a situation where the economy is productive and competitive, there will be contest in the foreign market. Thus, it lowers the unemployment rate. However, investment will increase due to the high production rate. Then, it will create new job opportunities and the employment rate will increase as well. Hence, investing in a productive market is a source which can create new market and then increases the job opportunities in the market.
According to Borensztein, Gregorio & Lee(1998) and Yussof and Ismail (2002), FDI will introduce technology and management skill into the domestic firm to enhance the productivity. They may bring towards new technology into the domestic market. Thus, domestic labor will have a chance to upgrade and equip themselves with knowledge from the new technology and systems. FDI have positive effects on domestic unemployment, according to Lall (2002). FDI leads to increase the value of human capital accumulation. Labor will always get new knowledge from new technology so that they will be able to suit themselves into the specified occupations or jobs. Then, unemployment rate will decrease, hence, strengthening the economic growth of the country.
On the other hand, Blomstorm, Fors & Lipsey (1997) found that FDI will retain unskilled jobs at home country when more skill-intensive activities are allocated to the foreign country. Foreign investors will leave jobs which do not need much of labor skill work at their home country and relocate more labor-skilled works abroad. This way, the investors would be able to save in training cost by investing in foreign countries which have abundant skillful workers.
2.3.3 Government Spending
Government programs are the largest source of counterbalancing the income against household earnings shocks arising from the unemployment in the U.S. (Dynarski & Gruber, 1997). Agell, et al. (1997) noted that the government purchases and transfers can enhance employment thus strengthening and stabilizing the economic growth of the nation.
Spending on infrastructure will create more jobs opportunity (Kenyon, 1997). Government spending can raise labor productivity and also complements the investment from private sectors. Subsequently, the demand for labor will increase, hence, decreases the unemployment rate. The whole process of government spending is like a catalyst that can stimulate the overall economic activity and growth in the country.
According to Feldstein (1978), due to the unemployment insurance and taxation on labor income could deform work-leisure decisions, and it increases unemployment rates. Even if they do not have a job, they could still get the unemployment insurance to support their daily lives. Thus, this will result in a negative manner where labors will depend on the unemployment insurance instead of working hardly. On the other hand, the increase in income tax will lead to unemployment because income taxes charge according to personal income of individuals. The higher the income, the higher the taxes the person needs to pay. Everyone work so hard to get better income for a better life and yet they need to pay higher tax. Hence, there is this mentality where they would choose or decide not to work hard or be jobless, so that they would be able escape from being 'oppressed' by the government with income taxes.
2.3.4 Trade
According to Brecher (1974), the unemployment rate could rise or fall after trade depending mainly on whether the country exports labor-intensive goods or not. It shows under the Heckscher-Ohlin model. Davis (1998a, 1998b) further discussed about the effect in a two-country framework. If home country produces and exports labor intensive goods, then the employment rate will increase.
Matusz (1996) explored the consequences of opening to trade on the unemployment rate using the efficiency-wage framework. Open to trade will create intra-industry trade. It creates new jobs opportunity and then reduces the unemployment rate.
According to Brecher (1974) and Davis (1998), their study found that trade liberalization can reduce unemployment rate. Foreign workers are able to go to other countries anytime if there is no existence of the barrier of trade. Thus, a country's supply of labor will be excessive and it reduces tremendously, the job opportunity for domestic labors. Besides, frictional unemployment in comparative advantage model was introduced to find whether any relationship lay on a comparison of capital-labor benefit across countries (Davidson & Matusz 1988). For a country that produces capital intensive goods, labor skill is not in need for its production, thus, unemployment rate will increase.
Besides, fair wages has been introduced into a model with increasing returns to scale and trade liberalization of trade that would increase the unemployment rate (Egger and Kreickemeier, 2009). Labor wages in home country will be affected due to the excess in foreign labor supply. It reduces domestic wages and also reduces the chance of domestic worker to get a job at home country. As for one of the consequences, domestic unemployment rate will increase dramatically.
Helpman and Itshoki (2008) combined the comparative advantage consideration and increasing returns to scale by using search-matching approach. In conclusion, globalization can affect the increase of unemployment rate. Foreign workers can enter into the domestic labor market in a country, with cheap labor wages, that will result in the reduction of domestic wages as well as reducing the chance of domestic workers to get a job in their own country. Unavoidably, the domestic unemployment rate will increase.
According to Thomas (2004), Malaysia is heavily depending on foreign trades, the nation's exports account contributes large proportion of GDP, and manufactured goods are one of the main exports of Malaysia. As Malaysia is dependent on generating revenue through exports, many problems would occur if the exporting sector fails. Mainly, it will cause a major unemployment issue that would cause many of its people to suffer economic downfall. This is because manufacturing factories fail to sell and export their products, causing them to face financial problem. Therefore, it would result in the closing down of the factory, thus, the unemployment rate rises.
2.4 Unemployment Benefits in Malaysia
Unemployment benefits system is a benefit which is for eligible workers who become unemployed. Unemployment benefits consist of unemployment insurance and unemployment assistance. Unemployment benefits are available to the eligible unemployed only. The term "eligible" here means an unemployed individual which is in a condition of ready, willing and able to work on the go (Eva Liu, Walter and Kwong, 2000). Many studies have proven that unemployment benefits effectively smoothens consumption during unemployment. According to Gruber (1997), he found that the nation's budget on consumption expenditures would fall by 22 percent without the presence of unemployment insurance. It is proven from the study that unemployment could deteriorate not only the population's welfare but as well as the country itself. Furthermore, according to Kugler (2002), a study has made showing that the withdrawals from unemployment insurance savings account cause an increase of consumption level by unemployed household in Colombia.
Martin Borowing & Thomas Crossley (1996) discovered the impact of unemployment benefits to household welfare through the chain below. In general, their research study has concerned and included the overall link from unemployment benefits to its expenditures. As the result, they found out that a 5 percent cut in unemployment benefits level will cause an expenditure fall by 0.3 percent. The unemployment benefits as a major income for unemployed household have significantly larger falls in consumption. Also, some of the studies have been reviewed. For instance, the author reviewed Kell and Wright (1990) and Lundberg (1985) studies which were the relationship between personal income and household income depending on the reaction of earnings by other family members.
Unemployment Insurance benefits Personal Income Household Income
Household Expenditure Household Utility Level
However, Malaysia does not have any unemployment benefits system but the government has prepared a several types of welfare benefit system.
2.4.1 Severance Pay
Severance pay, in Malaysia, is regarded as a form of unemployment-related benefit for both employers and employees (Eva Liu, Walter and Kwong, 2000). Those workers, whose earnings which are not exceeding RM 1500 per month, irrespective of their earnings are covered under the employment Act 1955, will be provided for severance pay. Severance pay is known as retrenchment benefits, or termination and lay-off benefits in Malaysia. The rate is paid at the following rates:
10 days, 15 days, 20 days wages for each year of service for an employment shorter than two years, longer than two years but shorter than five years, five years or longer, respectively.
Severance pay is expected to be sufficient to meet the basic need of an unemployed worker until the next job is found. But, one must be clear that, severance pay is not equivalent to unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance.
Recipient employees do not need to have any prior contribution, neither the recipient employees are required to be able to work, nor willing to working or in the mode of finding work, in order for him to receive severance payment. Severance pay is made to an employee solely on the basis of termination of contract by the employer.
2.4.2 Employees Provident Fund
The Government has set up the Employees Provident Fund (EPF), a social security organization that provides retirement benefits to private sector employees and non-pensionable public service employees. Under the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) Act 1951 (Malaysia,1951), it is compulsory for all employers and employees to contribute towards this Fund. Employer need to contribute 12% for his employee's EPF at the same time, employee need to contribute another 11% for himself from his monthly wages into his EPF savings.
This fund provides benefits for old citizens, disability and death. Nevertheless, it does not provide cash assistance to any employee who is unemployed and the money can only be withdrawn when one reaches the age of 55.
2.4.3 Work Injury Insurance
Work injury insurance is treated as a kind of employment related benefit in Malaysia. The Social Security Organization (SOCSO), a statutory body, administers payment of benefits under the Employment Injury Scheme and Invalidity Pension Scheme. The Employment Injury Scheme provides protection to employees who are involved in accident during work. On the other hand, Invalidity Pension Scheme provides 24 hours coverage for employees from invalidity or dies irrespective of the cause of death. Although these two schemes are not somewhat unemployment-specific, an unemployed worker could benefit under these schemes. That particular individual is covered whenever an injury or invalidity happens during his/her immediate past employment. This indirectly categorizes those two schemes, as the unemployment benefits system which is practiced by other countries (Eva,L.& Walter,K.2000).
2.4.4 Services for the Poor
In Malaysia, under the Destitute Person Act 1977, public assistance is available to households with monthly income of less than RM460. Families which suffer from poverty due to unemployment, aging, illness or even disability, may apply for assistance under this program (Eva,L.& Walter,K.2000).
2.4.5 Labor Laws
There are various labor laws in Malaysia that specify the obligations of employers with respect to the workers' benefits which is mainly related to sickness, maternity, and termination. In other words, basic protection, such as mentioned above, has to be provided by the employers for their employees. The principal labor laws on these matters are the Industrial Relations Act 1967, the Employment Act 1955 for Peninsular Malaysia, the Labor Ordinances of the states of Sabah and Sarawak. The formula for the benefits is specified in the relevant laws. Certain sectors have their standard cover or benefits for those who are related within the sector itself. For instance, those in the plantation sector are accorded certain minimum benefits such as housing and medical benefits the Workers' Minimum Standards of Housing and Amenities Act, 1990.(Soh C.S, 2007)
2.5 The effects of Unemployment on Social Issues
Unemployment is one of the major causes of many social and economic problems, such as the imbalance of social status among the populations or the increase of vice activities. Social problem is pin pointed in this discussion. Of many countries around the globe, Malaysia is not excluded from getting involved and dealing with crime offence issues every day. The phenomenon of crime wave has received an increasing attention and the criminal activity has been given wide coverage in the newspaper and media (Muzafar Shah Habibullah & A.H. Baharom,2008). As proposed by Becker (1968) and Ehrlich (1973), however, criminal activity in Malaysia does not attract the attention of the people across the globe and remains largely neglected by the economics of crime literature.
Economic condition seems to be one of the most important macroeconomic variables affecting crime. According to the economic models of crime such as Becker (1968), when a nation's economy is stabilized, fortified and becomes stronger, this would open more opportunities for the citizens to get themselves involved in the nation's workforce. When individuals earn their income legitimately, the possibility or tendency of an individual to get involved in crime related activities would be greatly decreased, thus, relatively decreases the crime rate.
According to Pichaud (1997), unemployment can cause a humongous social and economic cost to a country's budget. Every problem arises would have its consequences, for instance, when the unemployed are faced with financial problem, hence, those individuals will be in poverty and in debts due to the inability to pay up their levies. The matter would be worse for those individuals having to support their family members. Once the population is in the state of poverty, they would be thinking of possible ways, legally or illegally, to get money in order to support their daily life expenses. According to Ehrlich (1973), he predicted that when opportunity cost in illegal activity is low, then unemployed will get involved in criminal as they can get better payoffs. Therefore, there are certain kinds of criminal activity are directly linked to unemployment. Jahoda (1982) has linked unemployment to family disruption, suicide, health problem, drug addiction, malnutrition, poor prenatal care, school dropouts, racial and ethnic antagonism, and other possible social problems.
On the other hand, a study proved a relationship between GDP per capita and robbery rate. The study tells that an increase in GDP per capita is associated with a significant fall in the robbery rate (Fajnzylber, Ledeman, & Loayza,2002). This result supported by economic cycles which have a strong impact on crime. There is many other studies that prove and support the statement that strong economic performance may reduce criminal rate such as Pyle and Deadman (1994), Deadman and Pyle (1997), Hale (1998) and Masin and Masih (1996). Unemployment could affect the lifestyle of the society as this is strongly related to stress management. For an example, when unemployment occurs, this would increase the number of individuals losing their jobs and this may lead to self-medication with the consumption of alcohol (Winton, Heather, & Robertson 1986). This is also the root to many domestic problems lately. Family stress arising from poverty and unemployment has been found to be associated with children's behavioral problems and with their adjustment over time, especially at times when the family condition is being hit by the impact of unemployment (Shaw, Vondar, Dowdell Hommerding, Keenan, & Dunn,1994). However, the relationship between the consumption of alcohol and macroeconomic condition is indeed complex, as many factors get involved in the matter at the same time. For instance, income or wages being reduced as one of the consequences of unemployment may contribute to an increment in the consumption of alcohol. As explained, many factors would get involved in the matter, such as health. Based on the Australian and the overseas studies, they have unequivocally demonstrated a strong relationship between unemployment and health (National Health Strategy (1992) and Smith (1987)).
Chapter 3 Research Methodology
Research methodology is a set of procedures or methods used to conduct research. Under research method, some of the econometric method will be conducted for data analysis to develop this research study.
3.1 Theoretical framework
Theoretical framework is the outline which is how the independent variables and dependent variable are related. In this research, Unemployment is the dependent variable. The independent variables which are factors that affect unemployment are consumption, investment, government spending, and trade.
Figure 2: Factors that affect Unemployment in Malaysia
Independent Variables
Government Spending
Economic Growth
Dependent Variable
3.2 Sources of Data
In this research, secondary data will be use. Secondary data is data which is data that already exist. I will get my data from DataStream from the faculty lab.
3.3 Research Method
Research Method is the methods that I going to run test in order to develop this research model.
3.3.1 Unit Root Test
Unit root tests can be used to determine if trending data should be first differenced or regressed on deterministic functions of time to render the data stationary. A unit root means that the observed time series is not stationary. When nonstationary time series are used in a regression model one may obtain apparently significant relationships from unrelated variables.
3.3.2 Detrending Techniques
When there is nonstationary data, the Ordinary Lease Square (OLS) Linear Regression test will indicate the wrong result. In order to remove the linear trend, we need to detrend the model from nonstationary to stationary. Hodrick and Prescott Filter is a detrending method that I am going to use it in this research.
3.3.3 Ordinary Lease Square (OLS) Linear Regression Model
Regression analysis is to study the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables. Ordinary Lease Square model is to minimize Residual Sum of Squares and follow the assumptions of the classical linear regression model. OLS estimators are Best Linear Unbiased Estimators.
Chapter 4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Unit Root Test
Logarithmic levels
First differences
ln unemploy
ln C
ln I
ln G
ln Ex
Table 4.1.1 Unit Root Test at Logarithmic levels and First differences
Notes: ** denotes significance at the 5% level, *** denotes significance at 1% significance level and the rejection of the null hypothesis of non-stationary.
The unit root results shows that all the variables are fail to reject at the logarithmic level. This result implies that all the variables are not stationary at the logarithmic level. However, the results at the first difference show that all the variables are rejected at 1% and 5% level respectively except the government consumption variable. This result implies that all the variables have become stationary variables and the government consumption variable still remain as not stationary variables at the first difference level.
4.2 Detrending Techniques - Hodrick-Prescott Filter
Hodrick-Prescott Filter is used as detrending method in this research in order to remove the trend component from a time series trend. Hence, the application of linear detrending model to transform the data into stationary.
Figure 4.2.1: private consumption
Figure 4.2.2: Investment
Figure 4.2.3: Government Expenditures
Result shows that the data of private consumption, investment and government expenditures has upward trend. By using the Hodrick-Prescott Filter on the variables above which is private consumption, investment and government expenditures, all the trends can be removed. After detrending process, it has clearly shown that the movement of all variables have became fluctuating. Before detrending process, the trends of these three variables are difficult to observe, because the movement of trend of these three variables are captured by the time trend due to increasing over time. It means that the amounts of private consumption, investment and government expenditures are accumulated from year to year, so it will not able to observe whether it was increase or decrease.
Figure 4.2.4: Unemployment rate
Figure 4.2.5: Export
Figure 4.2.4 and figure 4.2.5 show the trends of unemployment rate and net export. Although the graphs show there are fluctuations for these two variables, but the cycles of these two variables show a clearer fluctuation after detrending. It is easier to see that whether the variables are increase or decrease.
4.3 Ordinary Lease Square
Table 4.3.1 Regression Output
Independent variable
Private Consumption
Government Expenditures
Net Export
Adjusted R2
Durbin-Watson-d Statistics
Jarque-Bera Test
Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation Test
Notes: *** Denotes significance at 1% level and reject null hypothesis
Coefficient of model: ln Unemploy = 0.0000000000000376 - 0.808474 ln C -
0.904420 ln I + 0.213398 ln G + 0.162743 ln Ex
The result of the regression analysis shows that all the variables are not significant except the investment variable is significant at 1% level. This result implies that the private consumption, government consumption and net export do not have significant relationship with the unemployment rate. On the other hand, the investment variable has showed a significant relationship with the unemployment rate. The coefficient of private consumption, government consumption and net export is inconsistent with the expected sign. The coefficient of investment variable is consistent with expected sign. From the result, it shows that investment is strongly affect the unemployment rate and the others variables are not affecting the unemployment rate.
The Adjusted R2 for the regression analysis is about 0.67. This result implies that about 67% of the variation in unemployment rate is explained by the private consumption, government expenditures, private investment and net export. The rest of 33% is explained by other factors such as interest rate, inflation rate, and etc. The F Statistics is Joint Hypothesis Test, and the result has shown that it is significant at 1% significant level. Therefore, at least one of the coefficients of independent variable is not equal to zero. All the variables show a positively relationship with the unemployment rate except the investment variable shows a negatively relationship with the unemployment rate. 1% increase in private consumption will increase the unemployment rate by 0.8085%. 1% increase in government consumption will increase the unemployment rate by 0.2134%. 1% increase in net export will increase the unemployment rate by 0.1627%. 1% increase in private investment will reduce the unemployment rate by 0.9044%. This result implies that when the private investment increases, companies will recruit more labor for the new investment and the unemployment rate decrease.
The regression result shown that private consumption is not significant to the unemployment rate. This because no matter people spend more or less will not affect the unemployment rate. The money spent by the private sector is not to hire labors, so it will not affect the unemployment rate. In fact, unemployment rate will affect the private consumption, when the unemployment rate is high, then it show that people are losing their jobs. Therefore, people without income are not able to spend or invest. Thus, private consumption will not affect unemployment rate but unemployment rate will affect the private consumption.
There are various type of unemployment, including cyclical unemployment, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment and classical unemployment. Some additional types of unemployment that are occasionally mentioned are seasonal unemployment, hardcore unemployment, and hidden unemployment. Real-world unemployment may combine different types. The magnitude of each of these is difficult to measure, partly because they overlap. The regression output shows that government expenditures do not affect the unemployment rate because there may be a frictional unemployment which is cause by the aggregate demand in the economy. For example, Demand for most goods and services falls, less production is needed and consequently fewer workers are needed, wages do not fall to meet the equilibrium level, and mass unemployment results. Other than that, the unemployment rate also may cause by frictional unemployment which involves people in the way of changing jobs. In this situation, even the government spends more will also not able to reduce the unemployment rate. All these reasons of unemployment are hard to control by the government.
The regression output also shows that net export do not affect the unemployment rate. This is because the international trade will not directly affect the unemployment rate. Volume of trade will show the country is in trade deficit or gained in the international market. The volume of trade whether more or less will not affect the unemployment rate in the country.
From the result above, only investment is 1% significant and it is strongly affect (-0.90) the unemployment rate. This proves that foreign direct investment is very important to a developing country. FDI may create jobs opportunities to the home country. When foreigners invest in that country, they will hire local labors. This may reduce the unemployment rate in that country. Therefore, investment has negative relationship with the unemployment rate.
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
This research is to examine the relationship between unemployment rate and economic growth in Malaysia. The theoretical framework has given the model to examine the relationship between unemployment with the economic growth which is consumption, investment, government spending and trade. According to the test conducted in the data analysis part, the Unit Root Test has demonstrated some of the variables and became stationary after first differentiated. Thus, the Ordinary Lease Square (OLS) regression will be valid in estimation.OLS regression is tested on the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable. On the other hand, the Hodrick-Prescott Filter has succeeded to remove the unobservable trend of variables. Through the empirical result, the analysis shows that there is a positive relationship between the investment and unemployment, which the relationship is found to be significant.
In conclusion, this research is to understand the relationship between economy activities and unemployment rate is particular important in developing country like Malaysia. This research shows that foreign direct investment is the main factor to affect unemployment. Malaysia's government should attract more FDI inflows so that it can create jobs opportunity and decrease the unemployment rate in domestic. Besides, it will also improve the living standard of Malaysian. This research may contribute to the future studies for decrease of unemployment rate in Malaysia.
5.2 Recommendation
Investment plays an important role in order to reduce unemployment rate in Malaysia. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has brought in capital investment, technology and management knowledge needed for economic growth. So, lots of firms will be setting up, a huge number of workers are needed. In consequence, the demand for labor will increase and the unemployment rate will decrease. Furthermore, the advance technology in production will train more skillful labors. As a result, it will enhance the productivity of the firm. In future, Malaysians are able to produce high quality goods and services as foreigners do.
However, the entry of foreign investors will cause negative effect on domestic producer. Domestic producer will be facing some problems if there are too many foreign investors in the market. When the foreign investor becomes monopoly in domestic market, domestic producers are losing the market power. The foreign producers can achieve economic scale with the advance of technology, so this will cause domestic producers hard to survive in domestic market in long term. Government plays an essential role in this case. The government may impose relevant policies such as joint ventures. Domestic producers are given the opportunities to become a part of the joint venture company and they can also share the profit that earned.
According to W.M Har, K.L Teo and K.M Yee (2008), the key success factor of the FDI contributes to the economic growth in Malaysia because of the good environment. Without a suitable environment, it will discourage foreign investors to invest in Malaysia. Some trivial matter problems can be avoided in a good favorable condition environment, so that the investors can run their business conveniently in order to make more profit with life safety. Few crucial clues for foreign direct investment include political stability, economic stability, lower wages, easy accessibility of plentiful raw material, special rights, and personal safety
In conclusion, Government needs to maintain political and economic stability and implement policy that can protect domestic producer and meanwhile attract more foreign investors where the government has to concern the importance of FDI contribution to the economy of the country as well as its impact on the unemployment rate. Besides, government needs to create more new jobs opportunity, so as to ensure that jobs are match to jobseekers' talent and skill.
5.3 Research Limitation
There are some limitations in this research. Firstly, this research has limited to four independent variables only. There are many factors that can affect the unemployment rate, which are inflation and wages. Furthermore, this research is insufficient of the data analytical method which this study only focus on three research methods, which are Unit Root Test, Detrending Techniques, Ordinary Lease Square (OLS) Linear Regression Model. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Phillips-Perron and KPSS tests are not used as the model in analysis as it is not within the knowledge acquired as these test can portray a complete result.
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Busy Weekend in the Sunshine
4 days ago
I am based at Queensbury and bird a patch approx 7 mile by 7 mile incorporating 10 stretches of water, several plantations, a belt of woodland and good areas of moorland. I specialize in visible migration , upland birds and sky watching. My local patch is Fly Flatts reservoir. Any reports can be sent by text or call to 07771 705024 or see profile for e mail address. All images on this blog are copyright.(2018).
Nice Goldcrest Bri.
They don't stop still long enough for me to get many pics.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mexican authorities Friday banned a cruise ship from docking off the coast of Cozumel Island, citing Ebola concerns.
The move came a day after neighbouring Belize denied entry to one of the passengers, a Dallas woman who may have come in contact with the virus through laboratory work, Xinhua reported citing local media.
Local port authorities in Cozumel, Quintana Roo, said Mexico was implementing the necessary international health protocols, following a health alert issued by Belize.
"We woke up to several international notifications, and even though the (Ebola) case is not confirmed, the state health ministry in coordination with the municipality and port captaincy made the decision" to deny docking, Mexico's El Universal news website cited the municipal president of Cozumel, Freddy Marrufo, as saying.
Cruise operator Carnival Cruise Lines said the passenger was in isolation on the ship, though she has shown no symptoms of the disease, and poses no threat to other passengers.
On Wednesday, the cruise company was notified of the potential health risk by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) who said the woman supervised the laboratory at the Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, where patient Thomas Duncan had been treated before dying of the disease.
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Upcoming Mobiles
Xiaomi Redmi Note 2 Pro Confirmed to Launch as Redmi Note 3
Update – Until now, we were so excited about the launch of upcoming Redmi Note 2 Pro, but today the company indeed mentioned the upcoming budget smartphone to be named as Redmi Note 3. This makes the Redmi Note 2 series to have the shortest shelf life when compared to other devices in the Xiaomi's lineup. It will be unveiled at the Grand Finale event that will be held tomorrow in Beijing, China.
A total of four devices are expected to be launched including Redmi Note 3, Mi Pad 2. There also rumors that the company will be unveiling all new smartwatch and an affordable 4G LTE Redmi device. The upcoming flagship Xioami Mi 5 was first expected to launch at this event but later the company had confirmed launch Mi 5 will be held separately. Since the device is rumored to sport Snapdragon 820 processor, we can expect the device to be unveiled sometime in December while the device will be available in early 2016.
Earlier: Nov 19, 2015 – Xiaomi had sent out the invites for its 'Grand Finale' event scheduled on November 24th in Beijing, China. If the rumored are to be believed, the company might launch the metal clad variant of earlier launched Redmi Note 2 with few additional features. Today, Lin Bin, co-founder and president of Xiaomi had posted a new image of the Redmi Note 3 on his Weibo account. From this, we can confirm the device to launch on that is the Redmi Note 3.
It will be launched in two variants with different storage capacities and RAM. The device with 2GB of RAM and 16GB of internal storage is believed to be priced around Rs.14,000 price range while the 3GB RAM variant with 32GB of internal storage will be priced around Rs.16,000 price range. We also expect the company to launch another couple of devices, out of which one might be the Mi Pad 2 tablet. Since the launch event is just a few days away, stay tuned for more updates.
Earlier: Nov 17, 2015 – While everyone was expecting Xiaomi to launch Mi 5, the company had confirmed the launch of RedMi Note 3. According to the image posted on Weibo, the RedMi Note 2 Pro will officially launch on November 24th. This will also be first ever smartphone from Redmi series to feature a metal body. We already got the glimpse of the design of the device and specifications of the device through TENAA listing.
It comes with a fingerprint sensor placed on the rear of the device, making the Redmi Note 2 Pro the first ever Xiaomi to sport a fingerprint sensor. The device will be launched in two variants with the model numbers 2015617 and 2015611. It sports a 5.5-inch Full HD display with Gorilla Glass protection. Under the hood is the Helio X10 octa-core processor along with 2GB of RAM.
It has a 16GB of internal storage and also includes MicroSD card slot for storage expansion. We expect the other variant to sports 3GB RAM and 32GB of internal storage. It has a 13MP rear camera with dual tone LED flash and a 5MP front camera. The 3,060mAh battery is what keeps the device powered on. It runs on Android 5.1 Lollipop based MIUI7 and we can expect Android 6.0 Marshmallow but not anytime soon.
The device looks more like Redmi Note 2 with all metal body. As of now there is no information regarding the price of the device, but we expect it to be around Rs. 15,000 price range. Since the scheduled launch event is exactly a week away, we can expect more leaks to follow soon, stay tuned!
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In 2011 Repsol built the world's first service station certified by BREEAM , "the leading international method for evaluating and certifying building sustainability". The construction of the station was completed under green architecture parameters, utilizing multiple recycled materials. [2] The publication Newsweek selected Repsol as the most environmentally respectful energy company of 2012. [11] However, recent reports of Repsol drilling in the indigenous lands of the Peruvian Amazon display a disregard for the environment. According to an Environmental Impact Assessment , Repsol's exploration of the rainforest will involve drilling at least 21 wells. Although Repsol denies it, 20 of the 21 wells fall within the land of indigenous people, who are very vulnerable to any sort of contact with foreigners. [12]
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Tea House
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Merganser Street in Ottawa, Ontario
Below this text you can see the position of the Merganser Street on the Ottawa street map (ON, Canada). (Map powered by Google). GPS coordinates for the Merganser Street are: 45.43891,-75.63439. Anything interesing in Merganser Street? Add it as comment on bottom of this page.
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Anything interesting in Merganser Street in Ottawa, CA
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Random streets in Ottawa:
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Pumpkin Pie Soufflé Hand & Body Lotion Natural Handmade Fall Pumpkin Spice lotion - Valentines Day Gift
Pumpkin Pie Soufflé Hand & Body Lotion Natural Handmade Fall Pumpkin Spice lotion - Valentines Day Gift
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Handmade Body Lotion Soufflé 98% natural
Scented in a Wonderful blend of pureed pumpkin, caramelized sugar, ground cinnamon and maple with hints of pie crust.
Ingredients: Distilled Water, Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil, Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Emulsifying Wax NF, Glyceryl Stearate, Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter), Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Stearic Acid, Tocopherol (Vitamin E), Glycerin, Sorbitol, Fragranxe, Mica, Phenoxyethanol Caprylyl Glycol (Optiphen®), Methyl Cellulose, Allantoin.
This is a thick fast absorbing lotion packaged in a jar so you can get every last bit. Made completely from scratch using the best quality ingredients!
Shipping from Canada
Country Market Crafts returns all shipping overages over $1, with rates being so high I choose not to charge a handling fee in order to make my goodies more affordable to all!
I ship everything the safest most economical way if you need something by a deadline you must contact me and I will get back to you promptly.
All items are sent with Tracking!
Country Market Crafts is NOT responsible for order shown as delivered but not received.
If the tracking shows your package delivered and you claim you did not receive your package, we cannot file a claim with the USPS. This means, we will not be able to refund or replace your purchase. You know your area best so If you have any concerns please message me and I can add a signature required service to your order. This will require a small additional payment.
Returns & Exchanges
I gladly accept cancellations
Request a cancellation within: 0 hours of purchase
I don't accept returns or exchanges
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Returns and exchange details
Due to the nature of the products no refunds can be made.
Products will always have differences because they are handmade and that makes them so special. However if I sent you the wrong item please let me know and we will sort it out right away!
Wholesale orders are welcome! However due to the nature of my products I do not put them on consignment.
Custom orders are very welcome message me for details :)
Frequently Asked Questions
Gift wrapping and packaging
gift boxes are available for a small extra charge.
Wholesale availability
Yes I do accept bulk/wholesale orders please message me for pricing and lead times.
Custom and personalized orders
Absolutely, please message me for more information and lead time.
Reviews (5)
Jan 30, 2018
I love your lotion! Both scents I have tried have been phenomenal. I am a sucker for pumpkin spice and it smells divine on my hands. I am so happy with my product and I will continue to buy lotion from you! For anyone else thinking of getting it, this lotion lasts a long time and hydrates beautifully. You won't be disappointed! Definitely buy from this store! They know what they are doing!
Oct 27, 2017
Sep 25, 2017
Sep 15, 2017


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Doctor insights on:
Hard Bump Under Skin On Arm
I have a bump on my arm and it seems to be inside my skin it doesn't hurt and it feels very hard what could it be? If I try squishing it or pushing hard against it, it doesn't move at all or hurt it is just there the bump doesn't pop out you have to touch
Hard bump: Could be many things but one of the most common causes for a nontender bump under the skin is a dermatofibroma or cyst. ...Read more
Not to long ago I felt a little bump on my upper arm it feels really hard and its painless it is inside my skin?
Hard bump: Could be many things but one of the most common causes for a nontender bump under the skin is a dermatofibroma or cyst. ...Read more
I noticed a bump o my upper arm 3 days ago its underneath my skin its not visible you can just feel it its hard and it hurts around it when you touch?
Cannot visualize: This could be multiple different things, from infection to enlarged lymph node to tumor. Best to show this to a doctor unless it goes away with time. ...Read more
I have this hard bump on my arm, under the skin and it is starting to feel tingly and move up to my elbow. It hurts to touch it as well?
Bump: Any lump or bump changing its characters warrants an evaluation by a health care provider. ...Read more
I have had a small raised bump on my arm for about a yr. It is skin colored doesn't hurt it is hard and about the size of a bug bite. What is it?
Bump: The bump may be a ganglion cyst or possibly a lipoma. Hard to give an exact diagnosis without palpating or seeing bump. ...Read more
I have large bumps which have appeared under the skin on my arms, they are hard and can often be itchy, the bumps also appear to be white.?
See a dermatologist.: You need an exam to define the nature of these. ...Read more
I have had a small raised bump about the size of a bug bite on my arm for about a yr. It is hard but not painful. Skin colored. What could it be.
1 Look=1000 words: Too hard to tell from this limited information. Go see your family doctor or a dermatologist and have them look at it. Chances are they can take one look at it and know exactly what it is. ...Read more
Extra skin removed under arm. Have a bump that is size of penny that is hard. Other area scar same bump feeling isn't sticking out. How is it resolved?
Keloid: This sounds like a keloid and these are very resistant to treatment. Attempts to excise them typically causes a bigger keloid to follow. Laser and steroids have some degree of usefulness. Proper diagnosis would be in order ...Read more
I was applying some pressure on my arm and I found a few bb sized ball (or even smaller) lumps/bumps under neath the skin. It's hard and moveable. I can't see it. I can only feel it when I applied some pressure...it's not painful or anything. Is this a c
Valves: If they appear only with pressure, more likely to be valves in veins. ...Read more
My son random developed small, red hard bumps on his skin. Most are on his back with a few on his feet and arms. He does not have other symptoms.
Picture: Send us a picture to help the diagnosis. It may be a virus or contact rash if he is otherwise well. All the best. ...Read more
Red raised bump, is more of a one inch line one my arm. It did have a small hard head to it but went away. Main bump still there, itches and stings?
Bug bite: Sounds like a bug bite with residual inflammation. Try applying hydrocortisone ointment twice a day for several days and see if it goes away. If not away in 1 week. See pcp ...Read more
My daughter is 2 and has hard bumps coming up on her arms and legs they cant be popped. They are the color as her skin.?
Could be molluscum: Molluscum contagiosum is a common condition seen in young children. The lesions are flesh-colored and dome-shaped. Lesions can spread locally and often self resolve, but may take months. Your pediatrician or dermatologist can diagnose and discuss treatment options if they are numerous or bothersome. Another possible condition is called keratosis pilaris ...Read more
My boyfriend has small bumps all over his arms, back and legs that grow together to form hard scaly masses of skin. They appeared about 2 weeks ago an?
Visual Dx: Hi, it's hard to say without a picture but there is a great app that may be able to help you get a diagnosis without being seen in person by a dermatologist. The app is called VisualDX and is one of the best, if not the best out there. Many clinicians, including myself, use it. Just snap a photo and it gives you a list of possible diagnoses. Good luck! ...Read more
I have a black pimple like numb on the outer skin layer of my breast and a hard boil like bump under my arm? What could it be?
Infection?: Go see doc for exam and treatment ...Read more
I have recently developed hard red bumps with a pus- filled head on my leg, belly, and arms. I was just taken off metformin because I was allergic to it. My skin rash cleared up with the help of steroids but it is now coming back and I am getting these so
Folliculits: May be related to the steroids, which has affected the normal and healthy bacterial flora on you skin. ...Read more
My boyfriend gets random bumps under the surface of his skin. They do not pop up too often and when they do they usually go away pretty quick. But they are usually about the size of a quarter and are hard. He has one in his elbow that is always there. The
These could be either cystic lesions or nodules. There are many different types, some more worrisome than others. The fact that they go away is a good sign. However, the bottom line here is to have an evaluation by his primary care provider or dermatologist for a clear diagnosis.
Good luck. ...Read more
I had a small bump that had a head in my armpit, so my grandma popped it and now it's getting bigger and harder. It hurts when I touch it. What is it?
Abcess: Infected abscess. You can try applying warm moist compresses. If it does not improve, see a doctor for treatment. ...Read more
I have a small lump/bump under skin near elbow on outer forearm. Its skin colour, feels softish (i think) and seems to disappear if I press on it hard?
Skin lump: Usually possibilities include a cyst, a lymph node, or a lipoma. However there are many other rarer possibilities. It is prudent to ask your doctor to evaluate the lesion. You should go promptly if the lesion is growing or changing. ...Read more
Painful hard and warm bump came mid day yesterday on armpit no head to it. I use natural deodorant and shower daily and use baby powder.
Pustule?: Bumps on armpit areas may be small boils (skin infections; small abscesses) related to hair follicles, or oil or sweat glands. A visit to one's primary care doctor does help, as bumps are very hard to describe in words. Antibiotics may be needed, if there are signs of infection. Others causes of bumps are possible, but less likely. If bumps are mysterious-looking, a dermatologist can examine them. ...Read more
I have a large and painful bump under my skin located on my armpit. It is large and hard under my skin and tender. Just now it released dark pus help?
See doctor: Sounds like you may need antibiotic. Now stop touching it. Apply heat and get in to see your doctor ...Read more
My son has a rock hard bump under the skin of his forearm it is not outside noticable but you can feel its very hard what is it? It is a hard bump under his forearm. He was playing and barley bumped it when he was playing with his lil brother. He is three
The most important question here is if the lump was present prior to the incident where he bumped his arm. This is a common, the discovery of a lesion that is thought to be from the injury that occurred but was actually present prior to that. The bottom line here is to have your son evaluated by his primary care provider. It may just be a simple cyst or lipoma, however it needs to be seen.
Best of luck. ...Read more
Bump under left armpit, red/brown/bruised sometimes painful, and hard, the center of it peels sometimes but hurts to pull the skin off. Cancerous?
Unlikely. Abscess?: What you describe is very typical of an abscess. Cancer at that location is super-duper rare in teenagers. If it hurts, it's probably an abscess. Good idea to have it looked at. ...Read more
Bf is 45 has a nickel sized raised very round hard bump under the skin in his armpit very painful has apt tomorrow but we are scared what could it be?
Possible abscess: This is a common location to have an abscess, a local skin infection, which is easily treated by opening it and allowing it to drain, which may hurt briefly, but will release the pressure and there will be less pain afterwards as it drains. Other causes are possible of course, but that seems most likely. The doctor will sort if out, but it is probably nothing major, depending on your BF's health, ...Read more
I'm female, I found a bump in armpit, about 0.5" x 0.5", no skin irritation. Bump feels hard, round and appears connected (lymp node?) see doctor?
Yes, see a doctor:
Yes, I agree with you that you should see a doctor for an exam and possible additional test....
It may just be a beingn lymhnode, but I would not take that chance.
Please see you doc asap.
Good luck.. ...Read more
I have 2 hard non painful bumps under my skin on forearm muscle. Got an ultrasound on them and doctor said it was nothing but what are they?
Need more info: Without viewing and examining your "bumps" it's hard to tell you what is going on. If your physician did not give you a diagnosis it is time to get a second opinion from another physician. ...Read more
What's causing small areas of skin on my arm to be really bumpy? Bumps are close together and skin-coloured.
Send us a picture:
You can upload a picture of the rash at www. Imgur. Com
the picture will be tagged with its own URL website
You can resubmit the question to us again with the URL address listed and we will be able to view it. This is all done anonymously. ...Read more
I have these bumps under my arm pit and they hurt, some of the bumps are on the out side of my skin and some are under my skin. What are they?
Please see: Please see your dermatologist for evaluation and to discuss treatment options. These could be cysts or one of the painful tumors or apocrine acne. ...Read more
Last week Monday night I felt a small bump on my arm with a little blue around the next morning up till today it has been blue the bump is stil their feels like a little rock under my skin?
What else?: Did you pull any muscle or tendon from straining your arm excessively (weight lifting?)? Did you get bitten by an insect? My guess is that this is from a hemorrhage which will likely take a couple more weeks to go away often leaving a yellowish tinge on the skin for a little longer. If the lump fails to improve or gets larger, best to consult your doctor. ...Read more
Should I be worried about a tiny bump underneath my skin been there for awhile on my left arm?
An exam would tell: "bumps under the skin are not uncommon and are usually benign, or harmless to your health. Most commonly they are a type of cyst or fat deposit (lipoma). If the lump does not change in character or size and is not causing problems like pain you are likely not to fear. If it gets red, warm, painful it represent the bump got infected and a doc would need to see you. ...Read more
My skin itches me suddenly (arm and shoulders) so I mildley scratch for a second only and I get a bump abovey skin and it itches me more! What is this?
Sounds like it could: Be hives, which is a rash from an allergic reaction.Benadryl (diphenhydramine) should help but will make you sleepy. Can be from food, nerves, or other allergies. C ur doc to confirm. ...Read more
- Talk to a doctor online
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text:
Vacant City
By Mahmud al-Buraykan
Mahmud al-Buraykan (also known as Mahmoud al-Buraikan) was born 1934 in al-Zubayr near Basrah, Iraq and died in Basrah, March 2, 2002. He was apparently killed by thieves who had broken into his house. A most original poet and highly respected for "his versatile themes and distinctly different tone, outlook, and approach", al-Buraykan preferred not to publish his poems perhaps for political or ideolgical reasons. This poem "Madinah khaliyah" (=Vacant/Empty City) was published in Cairo 1998 as part of an anthology of embargoed or besieged poems from Iraq. For more information, see Modern Arabic Poetry: An Anthology , edited by Salma Jayyusi. New York: Columbia UP, 1987: 188-193.
Salih J. Altoma (translator) - Professor Emeritus of Arabic and Comparative Literatue, has been affiliated with Indiana University since 1964. He has served as director of Middle Eastern Studies (1986-1991) and chair of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures department (1985-1991). Altoma published a number of works in both Arabic and English on modern Arabic literature, and Arabic-American/Westem literary relations and edited recently the 2000 volume of The Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature, volume 48(2000) which was dedicated to Arabic-Western Literary Relations.
|Copyright © 2003 by Mahmud al-Buraykan all rights reserved. This text may be used and shared in accordance with the fair-use provisions of U.S. Copyright law, and it may be archived and redistributed in electronic form, provided that the editors are notified and no fee is charged for access. Archiving, redistribution, or republication of this text on other terms, in any medium, requires the notification of the journal and consent of the author.


text:
Product Details
Listing categoryMaterialQuantityDown to the last 2
Fitting everything you want to bring with you into your luggage is the toughest thing for preparing your trip. This cute hedgehog travel storage bags allow you to easily store and organize your clothing that makes it easy to pack and even easier to unpack. Your clothes will stay more wrinkled free and not get crushed during your travels.This set is included a laundry bag so that you can separate your dirty clothing from your fresh clothes on your journey back home. The zipper has a mini gold tassel.
Made from Heavy Satin for the front and Gold polka dot Cotton for the back and inside gold satin
2 x Dresses bags
Width - 18.90 inches (48 cm)
Height - 13.00 inches (33 cm)
1 x Laundry bag
Width - 18.90 inches (48 cm)
Height - 13.00 inches (33 cm)
1 x Socks bag
Width - 13.00 inches (33 cm)
Height - 9.00 inches (23 cm)
1 x Lingerie bag
Width - 13.00 inches (33 cm)
Height - 9.00 inches (23 cm)
- approximate as bags are all hand made.
*Care Instructions : For best results, spot clean only.
Machine wash and dry on low setting at your own risk. Pillow may lose some shape.Manufacturing location(s)/process(es)London
- Int'l shipping
Ship from: United Kingdom Ship to: 1st item 2nd item USA US$ 11.13 US$ 3.28 United Kingdom US$ 5.24 US$ 2.62 Macau US$ 11.13 US$ 3.28 Malaysia US$ 11.13 US$ 3.28 mainland China US$ 11.13 US$ 3.28 Japan US$ 11.13 US$ 3.28 Thailand US$ 11.13 US$ 3.28 Taiwan US$ 11.13 US$ 3.28 Hong Kong US$ 11.13 US$ 3.28 Other countries/regions US$ 11.13 US$ 3.28
- PaymentCredit/debit card payment, PayPal, Alipay
Refunds & Exchanges
- Tags


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"ASF GitHub Bot (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] [Commented] (COMPRESS-388) Improve concurrent reads from ZipFile
|Mon, 24 Apr 2017 03:54:04 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/COMPRESS-388?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=15980703#comment-15980703 ] ASF GitHub Bot commented on COMPRESS-388: ----------------------------------------- Github user kvr000 commented on the issue: https://github.com/apache/commons-compress/pull/21 Update, improving few things: - made the fields private again - simplified to single read(long pos, ByteBuffer buf) method - allocating the instance buffer only for single byte read which is rather rare (so far it seems that only Bzip2 uses it for reading the header), all other decompressors and even standard java core readers use internal cache. - wrapping the byte array passed by parameters instead of creating temporary ByteBuffer and copying the bytes Performance improved in comparison to previous commit: - 15%-20% for stored stream - 1%-3% for deflated stream > Improve concurrent reads from ZipFile > ------------------------------------- > > Key: COMPRESS-388 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/COMPRESS-388 > Project: Commons Compress > Issue Type: Improvement > Components: Archivers > Affects Versions: 1.13 > Environment: Any > Reporter: Zbynek Vyskovsky > Labels: patch, performance > Fix For: 1.14 > > Original Estimate: 2h > Remaining Estimate: 2h > > Concurrent reads on the ZipFile archive is terribly slow on multiprocessor systems. On my 4 CPU laptop it shows 26 reads/s vs 2 reads/s on 100MB samples for example. > The cause is the use of synchronized blocks to access the underlying file channel. This may be required for generic SeekableByteChannel but most commonly there is FileChannel implementation which supports lock-free reading from any position (i.e. using pread/pwrite system calls or their equivalent). > With the fix the performance is about 10 times faster (on 4 CPU system, with more processor the difference should grow significantly). -- This message was sent by Atlassian JIRA (v6.3.15#6346)
|View raw message


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