text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|1 Oct 1991
|Filing date
|14 Mar 1991
|Priority date
|20 Dec 1988
|Fee status
|Publication number
|William J. Blackburn
|Original Assignee
|Ericsson Ge Mobile Communications Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (49), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/286,691, filed Dec. 20, 1988, now abandoned.
This invention relates generally to trunked radio repeater systems. More specifically, the invention relates to trunked radio repeater systems in which a calling unit is provided an indication that all channels are busy and that it has been placed in a queue of callers requesting service.
In many localities a plurality of radio frequency channels are allocated for use by either mobile or portable radio transceivers. As used herein, examples described identifying mobile radios are equally applicable to portable radios and vice versa. Each of the radio channels used by mobile or portable radio units usually includes at least two separate and distinct frequencies, one for transmitting and one for receiving. Generally, there may be, and usually are, many more mobile radio transceivers than there are available radio channels in a given locality.
Consequently, some arrangement is needed for sharing available spectrum space among users. One such arrangement enables a mobile radio transceiver user to obtain access to a radio channel that is not in use (without disturbing the privacy of channels already in use) and to thereafter establish communication with one or more specifically designated mobile transceivers over that acquired radio frequency. When the user is finished using the channel, the user relinquishes it for use by other mobile transceivers.
One such system for establishing communication between mobile radio transceivers using a repeater system over a radio frequency channel selected from a plurality of such channels is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No 4,360,927 to Bowen et al issued Nov. 23, 1982, which U.S. Patent is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Such a repeater system is utilized to route signals for rebroadcast to receiving mobiles since direct mobile-to-mobile radio communications are limited in range by low antenna heights and relatively low power.
Many diverse groups of mobile users in the same community utilize the same repeater system by transmitting and receiving on the appropriate frequencies. In general, the type of communication on a community repeater is a push-to-talk, release-to-listen message transmission of short duration in between one mobile user and a group of at least one other mobile user.
Trunked radio repeater systems offer better control of communications by being automatically trunked on a plurality of communication channels. Mobile or portable users in such a system must request service from a controller and receive a channel assignment and permission to transmit from the controller before being allowed to transmit on one of the channels. In such a trunked radio system, a calling unit initiates a call by, for example, depressing a push-to-talk control switch. The depression of the push-to-talk control switch in addition to "waking up" the transceiver microprocessor associated with the calling unit additionally serves to inform a system controller associated with the repeater system that a calling unit is requesting service. The system controller searches for an available channel. If a channel is available, both the calling unit and the called units are informed as to the operating or working channel which has been automatically assigned to handle the transmission between units. The channel service request message to the system controller and the message from the system controller to the mobile units relating to the working channel assignment occur over a control channel.
In such trunked radio repeater systems, if the system controller determines that a request for channel assignment is made at a time when all channels are busy, demands for service on the system are placed in a queue (e.g., a memory device associated with the system controller which stores indicia relating to the service request). The calling unit is informed, for example, by a digital message transmitted over the control channel that all channels are currently busy and that it has been placed in the queue of callers requesting service. As operational or working channels become available, these channels are assigned to calling units from the queue of callers requesting service but which were unserved at the time of request due to the system being busy.
In trunked radio systems, mobile units have heretofore been grouped into formalized related fleets. Each of the units in a fleet may, for example, have associated coding schemes such as continuous subaudible signals or digital signals which are transmitted by a mobile in the fleet to activate otherwise muted receivers of other members of its fleet. In this manner, a mobile user no longer has to monitor every message on the channel.
Heretofore, in a trunked radio system where mobile units are grouped into fleets, when all channels are busy, the calling unit is transmitted, for example, a digital message over the control channel to indicate that it has been placed in the queue of callers requesting service. The present invention recognizes that there is a dire need, not only to inform the calling unit that it has been placed in queue, but also to inform all units in the fleet that a call initiating unit has been placed in queue.
As will be appreciated by those familiar with the portable or mobile radio communications art, transmissions often involve messages relating to emergency or other public interest related communications. Additionally, a calling unit associated with a fleet dedicated to a particular business enterprise from time to time transmits a messages of critical importance to the enterprise. For example, a calling unit may need to redirect other members of the fleet to a location in the community where representatives of the enterprise are required to be present.
In accordance with the present invention, not only is the initiating or calling unit provided with an indication that all channels are busy and that it has been placed in queue, but also the called units in the respective called fleet are given an indication that in effect they have been placed in queue. This indication may, for example be an audible indication and/or a visual indication from a display lamp, light emitting diode or liquid crystal display.
In this fashion, each mobile or portable radio in a fleet is provided with advance notice that it is about to receive a call momentarily. In this regard, such a mobile or portable radio is informed that as soon as the system can provide a channel assignment for the calling unit, that a call will be received. Accordingly, a member of the fleet receiving such advance notice, rather than leaving his or her vehicle or turning off his or her radio to, for example, take an extended break, will be informed to standby the radio since a call is imminent.
In this fashion, the present invention enhances the probability that an emergency call, which may have life and death consequences (or an important business call) will be received and responded to rather than go unanswered. This advance notice of an impending communication for a particular group or fleet of a trunked radio system places all units receiving the queue indication in the "be ready to receive a radio call" status.
The fleet queue alert thereby notifies all units in the fleet that one unit in the fleet has requested service on the system, found the system "busy", and has been placed in a queue for assignment of a communications channels as soon as the system load, including previously queued units, permits.
In addition to placing all units of a fleet receiving the queue indication in a "be ready to receive radio call" state, the present invention also contemplates use in conjunction with a telephone interconnection network where a telephone call via an interconnected landline is attempted to be placed with a mobile or portable radio. In this embodiment, a called (individual) mobile or portable radio user is alerted that he or she is about to receive a landline to mobile call.
Many of the additional advantages and features of the present invention will be more readily apparent and better understood by reference to the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is a general block diagram of an exemplary trunking radio communications system according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an exemplary schematic block diagram of the site controller shown in FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3A and 3B are a flowchart delineating the sequence of processing operations performed in a mobile radio unit in accordance with the present invention relating to informing all units in the fleet that a call is queued; and
FIG. 4 is a flowchart delineating the sequence of processing operations performed at the site controller in implementing the call queue alert feature of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a trunking radio communications system 50 in accordance with the present invention. System 50 includes a repeater base station set 52 and plural fleets or groups 54a-54n of mobile or portable radio transceivers (only two groups 54a and 54b of transceivers are shown but any number of groups of transceivers can be provided). Repeater base station set 52 is connected via a telephone interconnect network 56 to one or more conventional standard telephone lines 58a-58n ("land lines") which are used to establish communications between standard telephones and mobile transceivers.
Repeater base station set 52 includes a plurality of individual repeater transceivers Rl-RN, a site controller 60, a data communications bus 62 (connecting the site controller to the repeater transceiver), and in some implementations may also have a further data communications bus 64 (connecting the repeater transceivers to one another). Each repeater transceiver Rl-RN is capable of communicating with site controller 60 via data bus 62, and is also capable of communicating directly with any other repeater transceiver via data bus 64.
Repeater transceivers Rl-RN are each connected to telephone interconnect network 56 via an analog signal path (66-1 through 66-N, respectively). Each repeater Rl-RN is also connected to a transmit antenna (68-1 through 68-N, respectively) and to a receive antenna (70-1 through 70-N, respectively).
Repeaters Rl through RN each permit radio transceivers within a group 54 of transceivers to communicate with one another over a communications channel. Groups 54a-54n of mobile transceivers each include at least one mobile radio transceiver, and may each include two or more transceivers (the transceivers need not be mobile, of course, but might be portable or fixed in position). Repeaters Rl-RN operate independently on different communications channels, so that as many groups of mobile radio transceivers can communicate simultaneously (without interference from the communications of other groups and without intrusion by transceivers in other groups) as there are repeater transceivers.
Repeaters Rl-RN are full duplex transceivers in the preferred embodiment (meaning that they each can transmit and receive simultaneously). Conventional techniques for sufficiently separating the input and output frequencies of repeater transceivers Rl through RN and the use of filtering and other techniques permit the repeater transceivers to operate simultaneously on different frequencies on a non-interfering basis.
Typically, each fleet or group 54a-54n of mobile radio transceivers has a common basis. For example, mobile radio transceivers installed on all vehicles owned by a given business may be included in the same group. Communications are generally restricted within each group (i.e., any member of a group of radio transceivers may communicate with any other member of the same group, but communications between members of different groups is not possible). A given mobile transceiver may be a member of more than one group if desired. Each group is pre-assigned a predetermined call signalling destination, which can be either an analog (tone) signalling format or a digital format uniquely identifying the group.
As noted above, the mobile or portable radio transceivers which comprise one of the groups or fleets 54a to 54n may each be affiliated with the same business organization or division thereof. By way of example only, the radios 72, 74 and 76 associated with fleet 54a may constitute a security division within the business enterprise. A calling radio unit in fleet 54a may have a fleet selection switch having a switch position which the radio is programmed to respond to by transmitting messages to all the other members of fleet 54a. In this fashion, security messages may be transmitted to all units in such a security fleet. A calling unit may additionally have switch positions which the radio is programmed to respond to by transmitting messages to the units of another fleet 54b (which may be, for example, an emergency medical fleet).
The present invention may be most advantageously utilized where, for example, there is a need for an emergency or other important communication to units in fleet 54a and all channels are busy. Under such circumstances, if a call is initiated, all members of the fleet are informed to standby to receive a call since someone in the fleet is attempting to call.
In an alternate mode of operation, system 50 can be used to establish communications between a land line and at least one of a group of mobile radio transceivers. The calling party who wishes to contact the mobile transceiver(s) simply utilizes the public switched telephone network to call a standard pre-assigned telephone number corresponding to telephone interconnect network 56. Telephone interconnect network 56 automatically "answers" the call by taking the telephone line "off hook" and in the case of a telephone line dedicated to a pre-assigned signalling designation, "rings" the transceiver(s) to establish the communications path. In cases where the incoming telephone line is shared by multiple fleets, (signalling designations), the operation is similar, in sequence, except after the "off hook" step, the telephone interconnect network 56 requests the telephone caller to dial (using, e.g., a touchtone keypad) additional digits specifying a code representing a group of mobile radio transceivers to be contacted. In either of the above cases, the site controller 60 determines whether there is a free repeater and associated communications channel available.
Heretofore, if there are no free channels, the telephone interconnect network doesn't answer the telephone. If a free channel is or becomes available, telephone interconnect network 56 connects the telephone line to the repeater transceiver operating on that free channel and the repeater transceiver permits communications to take place between the landline caller and the radio transceiver operators. As will be explained further below, in accordance with an additional embodiment relating to the telephone interconnect network, this invention contemplates that when there are no free channels, the called party or parties as well as the calling party receives an indication that the landline call connection is imminent.
For further details relating to the hardware, software and modes of operation of the mobile radio transceivers, exemplary signalling protocols, and other operational details relating to the system of FIG. 1, reference is hereby made to commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,682,367, which issued July 21, 1987. This patent is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary site controller 60 shown in FIG. 1. Site controller 60 includes a microprocessor 150, a read only memory (ROM) 152, an input/output (I/O) port 154, a data bus 156, and a random access memory (RAM) 158. I/O port 154 is connected to data bus 62, and thus provides a means by which information can be communicated between selected repeater transceivers Rl-RN and site controller 60. ROM 152 contains stored program control information and other data necessary to control microprocessor 150 to perform a sequence of predetermined steps. RAM 158 contains information used by site controller 60 and by repeater transceivers Rl through RN to control the operation of system 50. Microprocessor 150, ROM 152, I/O port 154, and RAM 158 communicate with one another via data bus 156. The internal structures and operating features of each of these components is conventional and well known to those skilled in the art, and further details need not be provided herein.
RAM 158 stores a table 160 containing a plurality of blocks 162 of data relating to the status of repeaters Rl through RN. Thus, block 162(1) stores information relating to the status of repeater Rl, block 162(2) stores information relating to the status of repeater R2, and block 162(N) stores information relating to the status of repeater RN. The contents of blocks 162 are updated periodically as the status of the repeaters to which they relate changes.
Blocks 162 each include storage locations containing the following information a busy flag; a group field; and an interconnect flag. An index field specifying the repeater and/or communications channel to which the block relates may also be provided and/or other conventional techniques for indexing these blocks may be used. The busy flag of a block 162 is set whenever the repeater it relates to has dedicated the communications channel it operates upon to a group of mobile radio transceivers, and is otherwise unset. When a repeater dedicates a communications channel to a particular group of mobile radio transceivers, a code designating that group (the same code preferably also specifying the call signalling sequence associated with the group) is written into the group field of the block 162 associated with that repeater. The interconnect flag of a block 162 is set whenever the repeater associated therewith is interconnected with a landline via telephone interconnect network 56, and is otherwise unset.
RAM 158 also stores a "validity" table 164 which includes a listing of all of the groups of mobile radio transceivers supported by system 50, and a valid flag associated with the listing of each group. Validity table 164 permits site controller 60 to restrict the use of system 50 to groups of mobile radio transceivers which have been declared to be "valid" on the system. Typically, only a limited number of all possible call signalling sequences are assigned to groups of mobile radio transceivers supported by system 50, and only the assigned groups are listed in validity table 164. Moreover, it is sometimes desirable to deny a group of mobile radio transceivers listed in validity table 164 the use of system 50. For example, a group of users which have contracted to pay for the use of system 50 but which has been delinquent in paying for radio services may be prevented from accessing the system by simply changing the value of the valid flag associated with the listing for this group from "valid" to "invalid".
A queue 165 which may, for example, be located in RAM 158 or in the microprocessor 150 general registers is utilized to store requests for service from calling units when all channels are busy. As working channels become available, they are served from the queue 165 of callers requesting service. Such service requests may be handled on either a first-in, first-out or priority basis. Typically, the queue 165 stores at least a fleet identifier and indicia identifying the calling unit.
The manner in which the information stored in tables 160 and 164 is manipulated and changed is described in connection with FIGS. 7 through 13 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,682,367. FIG. 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,682,367 shows an exemplary mobile radio transceiver which may be used herein which includes a transceiver processors 206 and 208 and all the structure required for transmitting and receiving on any of the systems communication channels.
FIGS. 3A and 3B disclose the sequence of operations performed by the radio units processing hardware in implementing the call queuing feature of the present invention. Additionally, the flowchart indicates the general flow of control in the mobile radio when a channel assignment is made.
Before FIGS. 3A and 3B are described in detail, it is noted that in accordance with the present invention, an initiating mobile sends a channel request data packet to the site controller on the control channel when a user keys the microphone. The site controller responds to the channel request data packet via the control channel by either sending back a channel assignment to the calling mobile or sending a call queue message in a control channel data packet. If a valid channel assignment is detected by either the initiating or receiving mobile, then the units switch to the assigned channel and the call is connected. If a call queued message is detected then both the initiating and receiving mobiles will sound call queued alert tones or will otherwise be provided with an indication that a call is imminent. This allows all units in a particular fleet to know that a call will be received as soon as a channel is available.
As suggested in FIG. 3A at block 200, the mobile control channel must initially be "quiet", i.e. in the receive mode, in order for the processing set forth in FIGS. 3A and 3B to take place. The mobile radio awaits the receipt of a data packet from the site controller over the control channel.
As indicated at block 202, the mobile radio periodically receives a control channel data packet from the site controller. The data packets received over the control channel include a site identifier and a control channel identifier. The data packet may additionally include a working channel assignment. If the data packet includes a channel assignment, the channel assignment identifies the assigned working channel, the calling unit and the fleet number associated with the calling unit to identify the fleet for which service has been requested.
Upon receipt of a control channel data packet, a decision is made at the mobile radio as to whether a channel assignment has been received as determined by decoding the data in the data packet (204). If no channel assignment has been received, the routine sequences to block 206. If a channel has been assigned, the operations generally depicted in FIG. 3B are performed as will be described further below.
If the check at block 204 reveals that a channel assignment has not been received, a decision is made as to whether a call has been queued (206). If a call intended for the mobile unit has been queued, the data packet will contain a call queued message which identifies that a call has been queued. The call queued message also identifies the group or fleet and identifies the calling unit. It is noted that, even if all channels are busy, a call may not be queued if the queue is full. If the queue is full, a received call request is not queued but rather a system busy signal is generated and transmitted to the calling unit.
If the call is queued, as determined at block 206, then the mobile unit decodes the call queued message and, for example, responds by generating call queued alert tones (block 208). In this fashion, as a result of, for example, the generation and transmission by the site controller of a call queued digital message, call alert tones may be sounded in each of the units in the fleet to alert all such units of the call queuing. Units in the fleet may alternatively be alerted of a call being queued by the detection and reception of call queue alert tones rather than by reception of a digital message. The present invention additionally contemplates illuminating a "BE READY TO RECEIVE CALL" lamp associated with the mobile units or an equivalent LCD or LED display to visually display a call queued message.
As indicated above, the identifying units in the fleet are identified by a fleet number contained in the data packet received at block 202. Thus, all units on the control channel with the fleet number identified in the data packet, upon decoding the appropriate fleet number, receive the call queuing indicative digital signals. The units respond to the signals indicative of call queuing by alerting the operators in the fleet of call queuing visually and/or audibly.
If the check at block 206 reveals that no call queued message has been received, or after the queue alert tones have been sounded at 208, the routine checks to determine whether the radio microphone is keyed, as indicated by the depression of the push-to-talk control switch (216). If the push-to-talk switch has been depressed, then a channel request is sent to the repeater base station 52 via the control channel (218).
If the microphone is not keyed as determined at block 216, or after a channel request is sent to the control channel (218), the routine branches to block 202 where the routine awaits receipt of a control channel data packet. As indicated above, upon receipt of the control channel data packet, a check is made at block 204 to determine whether a channel assignment has been received.
If a channel has been assigned, then the trunked radio system operation proceeds as, for example, disclosed in the above-mentioned, commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,682,367. If a channel has been assigned, the general operation of the system is as follows. A check is made as indicated at block 220 to determine whether the mobile unit is the callee or the caller as indicated by the received data packet which identifies the initiating unit. If the mobile radio is the caller, then the unit is placed in the transmit mode (222). Once a channel has been assigned to a caller in the transmit mode, the caller is permitted to transmit a message on the assigned channel (224).
As indicated at block 226, the unit continues to check whether the microphone is being keyed. As long as the microphone is keyed, the routine branches back to block 224 and continues to transmit the message on the assigned channel. Once the check at block 226 indicates that the microphone is no longer being keyed, then a call terminate message is sent which ends the call (228).
If the check at block 220 identifies that mobile unit is the callee, then the mobile unit is placed in the receive message mode (230). Being in the receive message mode, the mobile unit continues to receive the message on the assigned channel (232) until a check at 234 indicates that the call has ended. The end of the call is detected by detecting a call terminate message such as the message generated at block 228. After the call terminate message is sent at block 228, or after the call has ended as determined at block 234, the routine branches back to block 202 in FIG. 3A to await the next control channel data packet.
FIG. 4 discloses the sequence of operations performed under the control of site controller microprocessor 150 (shown in FIG. 2) in alerting all units in the fleet of a call request being queued. The control channel handler routine (250) is executed by microprocessor 150 to process received channel requests from mobile units over the control channel (252). Thus, the site controller awaits communication from a mobile (or portable) radio over the control channel.
Upon receiving a data packet from a mobile unit, the routine checks to determine whether a channel assignment request has been received (254). As indicated above, RAM 158 shown in FIG. 2 stores a validity table 164 which includes a listing of all the groups of mobile radio transceivers supported by the system 50 and a valid flag associated with each listing of each group. In this fashion, the site controller may restrict use of the system to groups of mobile transceivers which have been declared valid by the system.
If the check at block 254 indicates that a valid channel request has been received, then a check is made at block 256 to determine whether the queue is full. Typically, when all the channels are busy a call will be queued unless the limit of calls which may be queued has been exceeded. In this regard, only a finite number of calls may be queued, e.g., 16 calls. If the queue is full, then the requester is sent a system busy packet: (258) and the routine branches back to block 252.
If the queue is not full, a check is made to determine whether all channels are currently in use (260). If all channels are in use, then the requester is sent a control channel data packet which includes a call queued message as describe above in conjunction with block 206 (262). Thereafter, the mobile request is placed in the queue 165 shown in FIG. 2 (264) and the routine branches back to block 252. If all channels are not in use as determined by the check at block 260, then the requester is sent a control channel data packet that includes a normal channel assignment (266) and the routine branches back to block 252.
If the check at block 254 indicates that no channel request has been received, then the routine checks to determine whether the queue is active, i.e., contains channel request entries, and any channel is not in use. If the queue is active and a channel is not in use (268) then as indicated at block 272, a channel assignment is made from a request in the queue. Thereafter, the associated channel request entry is removed from the queue (274) and the routine branches back to block 252. If the check at block 268 yields a negative response, then an idle site and control channel identifier packet is transmitted on the control channel to all units in the system (270) and the routine branches back to block 252 awaiting receipt of a channel assignment request from a mobile unit.
Turning now to the alternative telephone interconnect embodiment of the present invention, as noted above, a caller may make a call via telephone line 58a through 58n shown in FIG. 1 to one or more mobile units. If after dialing, for example, a particular mobile station identification number, the system may be busy and the call may not be able to be completed at that time. In accordance with the present invention, microprocessor 150, in addition to informing the telephone caller that the system is busy and that a channel cannot be immediately assigned, also informs the called unit that the landline call has been queued and that the call will be made momentarily as soon as a channel is assigned. Thus, essentially, the same logic flow indicated at blocks 260, 262 and 264 of FIG. 4 is accomplished in a telephone interconnect context.
If the party making the call, rather than keying in an individual mobile identification number, keys in the fleet number, the system will generate signals indicative of call queuing to all units having fleet number identified by the telephone caller. In the landline embodiment, the telephone caller is additionally informed that although all lines are temporarily busy, the call will go through as soon as a channel becomes open. The notification to the called party or parties enhances the probability that a call will in fact go through.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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|System and method for dynamic allocation of capacity on wireless networks
|16 Sep 2004
|16 Mar 2006
|Trevor Plestid
|System and method for queueing and moderating group talk
|19 Jul 2006
|25 Jan 2007
|Andrew Allen
|System and Method for Granting Transmit Capability In A Push to Communicate System
|29 Aug 2006
|17 May 2007
|Ofer Zimmerman
|Method and system for packing management messages in a communication system
|20 Mar 2008
|10 Jul 2008
|Samuel Zellner
|Associated Systems and Methods for Providing Data Services Using Idle Cell Resources
|9 Dec 2008
|2 Apr 2009
|Zellner Samuel N
|Method for Dynamic Multi-Level Pricing for Wireless Communications According to Quality of Service
|16 Aug 2012
|6 Dec 2012
|Bellsouth Intellectual Property Corporation
|System and Method for Dynamic Allocation of Capacity on Wireless Networks
|16 Sep 2004
|22 Mar 2006
|Research In Motion Limited
|System and Method for Queueing and Moderating Group Talk
|16 Sep 2004
|22 Dec 2010
|Research In Motion Limited
|Methods, apparatuses and system for queueing and moderating group talk
|30 Sep 1992
|27 May 1993
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method of assigning a control channel as a temporary voice/data channel in a radio communications system
|23 Dec 1992
|2 Sep 1993
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for providing a point-and-address communication system
|29 Aug 2000
|5 Apr 2001
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Method and system for providing a call reservation service through a packet switched network
|4 Feb 2003
|19 Aug 2004
|Fujitsu Limited
|Radio communication system and radio communication resource management device
|U.S. Classification
|455/17, 455/518, 455/512
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|15 Jul 1991
Owner name: ERICSSON GE MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS INC., A CORP.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:005771/0892
Effective date: 19910711
|3 Apr 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|9 May 1995
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|31 Mar 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|31 Mar 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Causes
Patient is a certified member of
The Information Standard
Reviewed by:
Prof Cathy Jackson, 07 Jul 2017
What happens in primary biliary cholangitis?
In PBC, inflammation develops around the small bile ducts within the liver, which gradually become blocked due to this inflammation. This process gets worse very slowly, and the number of damaged and blocked bile ducts gradually increases.
As bile cannot flow down bile ducts, it builds up in the liver cells which eventually become inflamed and then damaged by the accumulation of bile. The substances in bile may also spill over into the bloodstream, causing itching and yellowing of the whites of your eyes and your skin (jaundice).
In the early stages of the disease, the main problems caused by PBC are due to the build-up of substances in the liver and bloodstream which would normally be drained into the first part of the gut (small intestine), known as the duodenum, as part of bile.
As damage to the liver cells gets worse, scarring (cirrhosis) may begin in the liver. The scarred liver cannot function properly and over time liver failure may develop. Cirrhosis occurs only in the later stages of the disease. The rate of decline from early stages of the disease to the later, more serious, stages of the disease can vary from person to person.
Not all people with PBC develop cirrhosis. If cirrhosis does occur, it typically develops several years after the disease first begins.
What are bile and bile ducts?
Bile is a yellow-green liquid that contains various chemicals and bile salts. Bile helps you to digest food, particularly fatty foods. It also helps the body to absorb certain vitamins (A, D, E and K) from the food that you eat.
Bile is made by liver cells. Liver cells pass out bile into a network of tubes called bile ducts. These join together to form the larger common bile duct. Bile is constantly formed and drips down the tiny bile ducts, into the common bile duct. It is then stored in the gallbladder, which squeezes it out into the duodenum when you eat food containing fats.
The gallbladder is a pouch off the common bile duct; it lies under the bottom, front edge of the liver. It is a reservoir that stores bile but it also concentrates it. The gallbladder squeezes (contracts) when we eat, as the bile is needed to aid digestion. This empties the stored bile back into the common bile duct and out into the duodenum.
What does the liver do?
The liver is in the upper right part of the tummy (abdomen). Its functions include:
- Storing glycogen (fuel for the body) which is a starch made from sugars. It acts as 'quick access' energy for the body. When required, glycogen can be quickly broken down into glucose which is released into the bloodstream.
- Helping to process fats and proteins from digested food.
- Making proteins that are essential for blood to clot (clotting factors).
- Processing many medicines which you may take.
- Helping to remove or process alcohol, poisons and toxins from the body.
- Making bile which passes from the liver to the gut and helps to digest fats.
How does primary biliary cholangitis occur?
The immune system normally defends us by attacking bacteria, viruses, and other germs with antibodies, white blood cells, and other defence mechanisms.
In people with autoimmune diseases, the immune system turns against and attacks tissues of the body. It is not clear why this happens:
- Some people seem to have a tendency to develop autoimmune diseases. Their immune systems are more readily triggered into attacking parts of their own body. In such people, something may trigger the immune system to attack the body's own tissues. The exact trigger is not known. Possible triggers that have been suggested are some kind of infection or some kind of poison (toxin).
- There may also be a genetic tendency to develop PBC, as it seems to run in some families.
In people with PBC, the immune system attacks the cells that line the small bile ducts in the liver. This causes inflammation and damage in and around these bile ducts. Gradually they become scarred and may block off.
People with PBC have an increased chance of developing other autoimmune diseases. For example, Sjögren's syndrome, two thyroid diseases called Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma.
Further reading and references
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: The diagnosis and management of patients with primary biliary cholangitis; European Association for the Study of the Liver (2017)
Management of cholestatic liver diseases; European Association for the Study of the Liver (June 2009)
I J Beckingham and S D Ryder; ABC of diseases of liver, pancreas, and biliary system: Investigation of liver and biliary disease. BMJ 2001322:33-36.
My alkaline phosphate is 278 , alt 78 and esr 2727 with crp 9.2 is this ok im 68 .joan38691
Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. Patient Platform Limited has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. For details see our conditions.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fiber optic connectors are a substantial fragment of the global telecommunication industry. Optical fibers are joined using fiber optic connectors, which allow the light conduction between two consecutive optical fibers. An additional im…
Production, means the output of Garment Rivets
Revenue, means the sales value of Garment Rivets
This report studies Garment Rivets in Global market, especially in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India, focuses on top manufacturers in global market, with Production, price, revenue and market share for each manufacturer, covering
- Shun Shuay Enterprise
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Market Segment by Regions, this report splits Global into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate of Garment Rivets in these regions, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like
- North America
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Split by product type, with production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into
- Type I
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Split by application, this report focuses on consumption, market share and growth rate of Garment Rivets in each application, can be divided into
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text:
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: SLIFER SMITH & FRAMPTON DENV
Last Updated: 12/16/2017 11:07 AM
Description for 5455 Landmark Place UNIT 411, Greenwood Village CO, 80111
Beautiful mountain views from this desirable 4th floor 2 bedroom residence. Enjoy all the amenities the Landmark has to offer such clubhouse, community pool, fitness and business facilities.
Sold Price:
Sold Date:05/20/2015
Greenwood Village
2 Full
1,350 (approx)
Beautiful mountain views from this desirable 4th floor 2 bedroom residence. Enjoy all the amenities the Landmark has to offer such clubhouse, community pool, fitness and business facilities.
Listing Information
Greenwood Village
1,350 Sq. Ft. (approx)
Public Water Service
School Information
Room Information
Eat-In Kitchen
Interior Features
Cook Top Range, Dishwasher, Disposal, Dryer, Microwave Oven, Refrigerator, Self-Cleaning Oven, Washer
Carpet, Wood, Stone
Central Air
Heat Pump, Forced Air
No Basement
Double Pane
Complex Secured, Alarm -Smoke/Fire,
Internet Connection, Kitchen Island, Walk-in Closets, Window Coverings, Elevator
Exterior / Lot Features
2 Parking Spaces
Stucco, Concrete
Built Up
Public Transport
Community Features
Recreation Facilities, Community Pool
Clubhouse, Community Pool, Grounds Maintenance, Sewer, Snow Removal, Trash Removal
Financial Considerations
Listing Price History
Greenwood Village Real Estate
Greenwood Village is located in Colorado. Greenwood Village, Colorado 80111 has a population of 15,663.
The median household income in Greenwood Village, Colorado 80111 is $109,180. The median household income for the surrounding county is $62,213 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Greenwood Village 80111 is 44.6 years.
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text:
NYC coffee shops can be found on nearly every corner; but we've rounded up the most unique places for the perfect experiential sip. Check them out!
12 Gorgeous NYC Drinks Your Instagram Followers Will Love
Want the best drinks in NYC that taste good and are gorgeous enough to blow Instagram followers away? We've got 12 delicious suggestions here!
6 Unique NYC Cupcake Shops Not To Be Missed
Looking for unique cupcakes in NYC? From boozy mini treats to dessert ordered via ATM, you'll never forget these amazing Manhattan bake shops!
5 Not-To-Miss Vintage Shops In New York
Vintage shopping in NYC is an awesome way to find unique clothing and items. Check out these 5 vintage shops for all your thrifting needs!
Amazing NYC: Your Ultimate Guide To The West Village
The West Village is unique in many ways. From the unique architecture and ambiance to the small shops, this neighborhood has something for everyone.
Everything You Need To Know About Experimental Theater In NYC
Interested in unique shows in NYC? Here's everything you ever wanted to know about local experimental theater, plus suggestions for a quirky night out!


text:
Watch the biggest matches and events live.
Sky Sports News takes you through all of the day's racing news, plus Alex Hammond's tip of the day.
All the latest football transfer news.
All the day's best sports news, reaction and debate.
Follow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers.
March 11th, 2012
Charlie Longsdon is hoping that his Imperial Cup winner Paintball will get the chance to run for a £75,000 bonus at Cheltenham next week.
March 13th, 2011
Charlie Longsdon is hopeful Paintball can hit the bullseye in the Fred Winter Juvenile Handicap Hurdle at Cheltenham on Wednesday.


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As I chopped my first tree down it was wonderful to realise that – of course – counting the rings would tell me how old it was. Traversing through the layers of wood and so through time is one of the ways in which trees stimulate the imagination. As with wood, so with woodland.
Layers of life
The leaves lying on the ground fell only a few days ago, transforming the appearance of the woodland. The tops of the high beech trees are no longer shrouded in deep green mystery, their bare crowns are suddenly visible. By contrast the evergreen conifers seem almost luminous, dangerously catching the eye of a new woodland owner keen to make his axe a bit less shiny.
You always know what time of year it is in an English wood. The annual cycle of deciduous trees – winter starkness alternating with the lush privacy of summer – is matched on the woodland floor. Beech woodlands in the Chiltern hills of southern England are renowned for the spring flush of bluebells, as these and other spring-flowering plants make the most of the returning warmth in the brief window before the trees come into leaf and plunge the ground below into a dappled gloom.
Moving our sights up to the layer above we enter the world of saplings and small trees. Here they grew during the last 30 years, when very little happened to this woodland1. Some areas have a spread of native species: beech, oak, wild cherry, birch, rowan and doubtless others I've not spotted yet. Elsewhere flocks of fluffy evergreen western hemlock spruce saplings have spread wide beyond the base of their mother trees.
Many woodland owners see these as alien intruders, to be quickly exterminated. The bad reputation non-native conifers now have has a reasonable basis – shed needles acidify the soil and native wildlife can be baffled by the unfamiliar habitat. Four legged invaders such as grey squirrel and edible dormouse also roam the area, stripping bark and damaging trees. But arguments framed in terms of 'alien invaders' swamping the 'natives' who truly belong here are obviously bogus and repellent when applied to people. Is it really that different for trees? Why not view these saplings as second generation immigrants, adding variety and interest to their new home?
Nature versus nurture
Trees aren't people of course, which is why it's OK for me to attack them with an axe. In doing so, I'm part of a long tradition. These woods have been used and managed by humans for hundreds, probably thousands, of years. The large evergreens (larch, spruce and western red cedar) were planted during the 'locust years'2 the period after the second world war when 'scientific' management was applied to British woodland. During this time ancient trees were cleared or even poisoned and great numbers of fast growing softwood trees planted, to be managed on an industrial scale. This caused great damage to wildlife, not purely because of the species chosen. Old gnarled half-dead trees are a great habitat, and the new trees were planted for timber, meaning close together so they grow straight. In the gloom below, little grew.
So did this invasion of aliens destroy a primeval forest, in tune with nature? Not at all. The North American concept of old growth forest simply doesn't apply on this busy little island. For several hundred years the traditional beech woods of the Chilterns were managed for the furniture trade, especially here, near to High Wycombe. The 'last bodger' Owen Dean worked close nearby. Bodgers were craftsmen3 using traditional tools to make furniture within the woodland itself. The grand beech trees towering up in the canopy above me now were grown for timber and so lack side branches for many metres. These same trees are seen as slender youths in pictures of Mr Dean from the 1950s.
Down into the past
To go further back in time we need to look to the layers below. The soil will contain some trace of older vanished trees, even if we cannot read it directly. The top humus-rich layer is the result of hundreds of years of leaf-fall, never ploughed and rarely dug. The mushrooms that dot the forest floor in Autumn are just minor decorations on top of the mycelium, the fine fungus filaments that thread round roots and through rotting matter. Here is a potential continuity, providing a link – even if only an imaginative one – to the time of Shakespeare when the Chilterns were a major source of wood fuel for the nearby city of London.
This is an 'ancient woodland' site since we know if has been constantly wooded since at least 1600. Before this time we can only guess what grew and how it was used. Before oak trees were selectively removed to build the sinews of empire (bark for tanning leather, beams for warships) and beech favoured for furniture this was likely a mixed deciduous woodland made up of species that crept north into Britain after the end of the last Ice Age.
Humans were here too, for thousands of years. At some point a person sat on a stump to knap flint – banging pieces of this glassy stone together to make a sharp edge. I've yet to find a tool – an arrow head to kill deer perhaps, or an axe to chop firewood – but some of the useless discarded chips were in the first upturned tree I found.
The subsoil here is called 'clay with flints' which while descriptive is a bit of a cop-out of a name. It is a thin layer found on the very top of the chalk hills that make up the Chilterns. It's basically the geology of southern England in minature: after the chalk it's just about different ways of rearranging piles of flint. Soft soluble chalk contains a lot of hard flint – at first some thought clay with flints was simply the residue of the chalk dissolving over millions of years. But it's likely there some trace of the younger marine sediments in there as well, all mixed up by the churning of the frozen ground during the Ice Ages (the scouring ice sheets never quite got this far).
The layers below the chalk are hidden, but will include Jurassic rocks – which further east are the source of North Sea oil deposits – and perhaps Carboniferous rocks – which to the north are rich in coal. Man's interactions with these deeper layers brings us back to surface and to the future.
Back to the future
Think about woodlands and you keep coming back to cycles – the diurnal creeping of birds and animals, the annual dance of leaves and buds, changing fashions of woodland management over the generations. The biggest and most important is the carbon cycle. Across the world, ancient forests are being dug-up and burnt, releasing fossil carbon into the air. For the moment this is giving my trees a little boost, the extra carbon dioxide having a fertilising effect. In time though – probably in my life time – changing climate will make some of my trees deeply unhappy, through drought or storms or flooding or new pests or diseases.
One of the main joys of owning this little patch of woodland – other than hitting things with an axe – is the opportunity to plan what it will look like in 30 years time and then see it come to pass (touch wood). I'm still thinking the details through. The main goals – encourage wildlife, a source of firewood, a place my family can play outdoors – are clear. But the details – plant this, cut these down – are not. For me getting from one to the other means understanding all the layers of the wood, its past, its present and its likely future. It's a process I'm enjoying hugely and the chances are I'll write some more about it here. I hope you'll be interested in what I have to say.


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If you are a Helensburgh citizenship teacher wishing to offer your private citizenship tuition services in Helensburgh or the UK, please register with First Tutors or find out more about what we do here. Private citizenship tuition is a fantastic way to re-affirm your own citizenship knowledge while helping someone else, all in the Helensburgh area!


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About once a month we send out a newsletter filled with inspiration and tips on what's going on in Skåne. You will also get information about offers for the current season. You can choose to unsubscribe from the newsletter any time you want and we will not share your details with anybody else.
Still not convinced? Read through some of our previous newsletters below before registering. Click on the newsletters below to read them.


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Darius Rucker
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Ultimate Christmas Carols Lyrics to all of your favorite classics! Now you can sing along and share in the holiday cheer!...Read more
Get Pitbulls timber here now! Awesome app with the music video, ring tone, wallpaper and more!...Read more
PocketBand - working environment is aimed at making electronic music compositions. Apply high quality electronic sounds and make your own tunes. You can create your own sounding with the help of powerful instruments or taking advantage of other users' works and complete them with your ideas...Read more
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Buku musik merupakan salah satu aplikasi yang berisi lirik lagu dan kunci gitar musik indonesia. untuk memudahkan dalam mencari lirik lagu dan kunci gitar aplikasi ini sudah di lengkapi oleh from pencarian yang di susun bedasarkan nama artis dan judul lagu di bagian atas...Read more
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Athena's offers a wide selection of bridesmaid dress styles and colors as seen in leading magazines. We offer options to fit any style of occasion or vision you may have as a bride. Our dresses are so versatile that they may be used for other special occasions. Athena's also customizes for special needs.
Bridesmaid styles starting at $145. Parties of 3 and more receive a discount.
Bridesmaid Gown Designers
Athena's features the world's best bridal party attire designers, including:
MoriLee has solidified themselves as experts in bridal attire and have expanded their designs to include luxurious collections for prom, quinceanera, homecoming, parties, social events, and other special occasions. Whether you are looking for something elaborate or simple, reserved or bold, our contemporary, our award-winning dresses and gowns suit every age and style.
Bill Levkoff has been dressing bridesmaids for more than sixty years. In the 1950s, we opened our first showroom and factory location on Broadway in New York City. As the company grew, we began distributing dresses to retailers all over the country. Today Bill Levkoff Inc. is run by the third generation of the family and has established a network of retailers throughout the United States. Our dresses, which range in colors, styles, and fabrics, have been featured in Brides, Modern Bride, For the Bride, InStyle Weddings, and Bridal Guide.
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Alexia Designs bridesmaid dresses are designed by passionate and inspired designers to please your lovely bridesmaids of all different shapes and sizes. The Alexia bridesmaid gown collection has hundreds of different styles to suit a variety of different fashion-forward girls as well as those looking for something a little more traditional. The dreamy chiffon styles are perfect for modern bridesmaids, your chosen ladies will fall in love with more than one of our bridesmaid dresses whether it be a one shoulder style, an intricate lace style or something that's that little bit different. We really do have bridesmaid gowns to suit everyone's tastes.


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Make Your Mondays - March 31st
There is so much we take for granted in this busy world of ours. Our lives are constantly on the move and we are always looking towards our next great accomplishment. But what about taking a moment to stop and see what we do have. Being content with what we have and seeing that we are far better off than most. Taking a step back from the daily grind to appreciate our health and see just how lucky we are to even be able to participate in our crazy lives. To see that having long lasting social and romantic relationships make us happier and more compassionate people. Stop what you are doing for just a moment today and take a few seconds to find something to be grateful for. Chances are, you'll find many.


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"Surprise Basket" Farm to Table Dinner- Webster House
We are kicking off our Farm to Table dinner series in a HUGE way & celebrating Spring at The Webster House! Tuesday evening, May 3rd from 6-9pm. Come behind the scenes with Chef Brandon Winn as he opens the Webster House just for us. Chef Brandon will use his culinary chops to create an on-the-spot menu of fresh and delicious local, organic, free range fare.
Your ticket price includes dinner in the Webster House kitchen, cocktails, wine & "mocktails". Vegetarians are welcome, simply email with any dietry restrictions.
This event is limited to 30 people and our Eater Members get first dibs. Don't miss your chance to enjoy this one-of-a-kind event with food from your favorite KCFC Member farmers!
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text:
Staff Directory
Dr Andy Smith known as Andy
Contact Details
- Faculty of Creative Industries
- Associate Head, School of Media
- email@example.com
- (01443) 6 61824
- Cardiff - Atrium
PhD, University of Glamorgan, 2005.
Thesis: "Wrestling with Catastrophe": The Drama of Howard Barker and its relationship to Contemporary British Theatre 1970-2004.
BA (Hons) Drama, Aberystwyth University, 1991.
Andy is the Associate Head of the School of Music and Performance. He has published journal articles and book chapters across a wide range of disciplines, including horror cinema, Post-war British Theatre and the Gothic in popular culture. He has directed and produced over thirty theatre productions. He is the co-editor with James Reynolds of Howard Barker's Theatre: Wrestling With Catastrophe, London: Methuen, June 2015, which was shortlisted for the Theatre Society Book of the Year 2016: http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/howard-barkers-theatre-wrestling-with-catastrophe
Andy is a member of the Theatre and Performance Research Association and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.
I graduated with a BA in Drama from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth in 1991 and subsequently completed a PhD with the University of Glamorgan on the British playwright and director Howard Barker, supervised by Prof. Richard Hand (1999-2005). I taught Drama, Performance, Theatre and Film part-time at Swansea Institute of Higher Education from 1996-2001 and also at the University of Glamorgan between 1998 and 2001.
My first full time lecturing post in 2001 was at the University of Reading, where I taught theatre and film studies, followed by a lectureship at Bath Spa University in theatre and performance.
I was appointed as a Senior Lecturer at the University of Wales Newport in 2004, where I was the programme leader for BA Performing Arts from 2004-2008. Whilst at Newport I introduced with colleagues from Newport Film School an interdisciplinary curriculum project on acting for film. This project led to a number of international exchange visits with New York University Tisch School of the Arts, where I was a Visiting Scholar in the summer of 2010.
In 2008 I was appointed the Academic Subject Leader for Performance and Music at Newport, adding to that the Academic Leadership of Games and Animation in 2011. Between 2013 and 2015 I was the Associate Head of the School of Media at the University of South Wales, and I am currently the Associate Head of the School of Music and Performance.
Associate Head of the School of Music and Performance
University/Faculty Roles & Responsibilities:
School Executive Teams 2010-present;
UWN Unfair Practice Panel 2008-2014;
University of South Wales (USW) Faculty Research Programmes Committee 2013-present;
Skillset Wales Media Academy Industry Panel 2005-2009;
USW Quality Assurance Committee 2013-present;
USW Regulations Committee 2015;
FCI Quality Assurance Committee 2014-present;
FCI Learning and Teaching Committee 2013-present.
International Refereed Publications:
"So why shouldn't I write of monsters?" Defining Monstrosity in Universal's Horror Films in Gothic Projections, Richard J. Hand and Jay McRoy (eds), Edinburgh University Press, forthcoming 2017.
'Working with Actors: Learning – teaching – Learning' in Mourao, M., Semerdjiev, S., Mello, C. & Taylor, A. (eds)
The 21st Century Film, Television and Media School: Challenges, Clashes, Changes
CILECT (Centre International de Liaison des Ecoles de Cinéma et de Télévision – The International Association of Film and Television Schools), November 2016 [Co-authored paper with Nigel Orrillard].
Howard Barker's Theatre: Wrestling With Catastrophe, James Reynolds and Andy W. Smith, eds, London: Methuen, June 2015. Shortlisted for the Theatre Society Book of the Year, 2016. http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/howard-barkers-theatre-wrestling-with-catastrophe
"'To experience a thing as beautiful": the Photographic Practice of Howard Barker.' In: Howard Barker's Theatre: Wrestling With Catastrophe, James Reynolds and Andy W. Smith, eds, London: Methuen, June 2015.
'Staging Barker in America – Andy W. Smith in conversation with Cheryl Faraone and Richard Romagnoli' In: Howard Barker's Theatre: Wrestling With Catastrophe, James Reynolds and Andy W. Smith, eds, London: Methuen, June 2015.
'Magazines.' In: W. Hughes, D. Punter and A. Smith, eds, The Encyclopedia of the Gothic. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
'Gothic and the Graphic Novel.' In: C.L. Spooner and E. McEvoy, eds, The Routledge Companion to Gothic. London: Routledge, pp. 251-259. 2007.
'These Children that you spit on': horror and generic hybridity.' In: R.J. Hand and J. McRoy, eds, Monstrous Adaptations: Generic and Thematic Mutations in Horror Film. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 82-94. 2007.
'I am not what I was: Adaptation and Transformation in the Theatre of Howard Barker and the Wrestling School.' In: K. Gritzner and D.I. Rabey, eds, Theatre of Catastrophe: New Essays on Howard Barker. London: Oberon Books, pp. 38-55. 2006.
Ian Rowlands in British and Irish Dramatists since WWII (Edited by John Bull), Dictionary of Literary Biography 310, Thomson-Gale, 2005.
Ed Thomas in British and Irish Dramatists since WWII (Edited by John Bull), Dictionary of Literary Biography 310, Thomson-Gale, 2005.
'This is where you get off: The problem of Ambivalence in early episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer', Diagesis Journal of Popular Culture, No 7, Summer 2004 [co-authored paper with Lucy Nevitt].
'Family Blood is always the sweetest: The Gothic Transgressions of Angel/Angelus', Refractory: A Journal of Entertainment Media, Vol 2, March 2003 [co-authored paper with Lucy Nevitt].
International Conference Presentations 2001 – present:
"Which shall prevail?" Duality in the work of David Rudkin" Child be Strange: a symposium on Penda's Fen, British Film Institute, London, June 2017.
"Continuity is Hard: Modelling Collaborative Director/Actor Relationships", co-presented with Nigel Orrillard, Centre International de Liaison des Ecoles de Cinéma et de Télévision Conference, Munich, November 2015.
Chekhov Home Movies, Theatre and Performance Research Association Conference, Royal Holloway, September 2014.
"Freeing the Unborn Self: Howard Barker's The Europeans, Howard Barker's Art of Theatre, Aberystwyth University, July 2009.
Co-Convener with Nigel Orrillard, International Symposium on Training for Film Acting and Film Directing, 23-24 January 2009, University of Wales, Newport. Speakers included Ken Russell, Professor Louis Scheeder, Dr Victoria Lowe, Witold Stock, Owen Teale and Jethro Skinner.
Actor and Director Training for Film, Theatre and Performance Research Association Conference, University of Leeds, September 2008 [Co-presented with Nigel Orrillard].
"No Boat Lands on the Empty Shore": Adapting Chekhov, Cultures of Translation: Adaptation in Film and Performance, ATRiUM, Cardiff, June 2008.
'Post-Dramatic Chekhov: The Seagull in Close-up', Theatre Materials/Material Theatres, Centre for Excellence in Training for Theatre at the Central School of Speech and Drama, University of London, April 2008.
'Neither Sun nor Death can be looked at without blinking': The Aesthetics of Eroticism in the drama of Howard Barker and The Wrestling School, International Conference At the Sharp End, University of Portsmouth, September 2007.
'They Shoot Actors – don't they? Screen Acting and Film Production: exploring pedagogy for media performance', How To Act conference, Centre for Excellence in Training for Theatre at the Central School of Speech and Drama, University of London, February 2007 [Co-presented with Nigel Orrillard and Roger Wooster].
'You take it up with Frankie Valli when you talk to him': How Ethnicity became a public issue in HBO's The Sopranos, International Conference on Contemporary American Quality Television, Trinity College Dublin, April 2004.
'This is where you get off': The problem of Ambivalence in early episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, International Gothic Association Conference, Liverpool Hope, July 2003. [Co-presented with Lucy Nevitt].
'Sarah Kane and Howard Barker: Hypersimulation and the Politics of Rape', In Yer Face Theatre – British Theatre of the 1990s, University of West of England, September 2002.
Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy
Fellow of the University of Wales (2011)
Theatre and Performance Research Association
Visiting Scholar, New York University, 2010.
External Moderator for AKMI Metropolitan College, Athens/Thessaloniki, 2010-14.
External Panel Examiner for European Union Academy of Theatre and Cinema, Rome, 2010.
External Validator for Liverpool Hope University, February/October 2009.
Research Expertise & Interests:
The Theatre of Howard Barker; Film Genre and Style; The Gothic in Popular Culture; Post-War British Theatre; Contemporary American Television Drama; American Theatre and Cinema; Directing Actors for Theatre and Film; Screen Acting in Theory and Practice; Multi-media and Site-Specific Performance Practice.
Areas of Expertise
Phd Research Supervision:
Director of Studies (completed June 2016):
Sarah Crews: Howard Barker and Theatre Directing
Supervisor (completed May 2015):
Emma Westecott: Gender and Performance in Games
Examiner for University of Wales PhD:
Emily Flynn Jones: "Death Smiles: A study of the function, nature and player experience of in-game death". September 2012
If you are a journalist on deadline and you need to speak with a member of university staff with particular expertise, please contact the Press Office.


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- Search CSN:
- Members: Login to search all areas
- Not a member? Click here to search public areas
Sep 20, 2011 - 4:13 pm
I am in the preparation stage for RAI at the end of the month. I am now off all thyroid medicine and on a low iodine diet for three days. I feel pretty good and have not had any of the withdrawal symptoms that I read about. I know it sounds funny but I am wondering why. Has everyone that went off the meds had withdrawal? I have been off Levothyroxine for 13 days and off cytomel for 3, is that not long enough to experience withdrawal. I just want to be prepared for what might be to come. Any help will be appreciated.
Sep 20, 2011 - 9:53 pm
some people notice being off meds for 1 day... others go longer
for the first few days off cytomel (round 1) i didn't notice much... by the 8th or 9th day I was defiantly feeling them but i didn't have problems driving.
i hear some people feel just fine all the way through it it also depends how much thyroid tissue you have left as well as how much thyroid hormone you have left in your body still.
hopefully you do not have many but only time will tell
Sep 20, 2011 - 10:04 pm
Thanks for the reply - so I should just go with it and see what happens.
Sep 21, 2011 - 1:25 am
I felt it after the first week, but am really dragging now. Hopefully my test scan will be next week as this is not fun. I do think that everyone has a different reactions and time frames as to coming off the medicines. I would just take it a day at a time and look up symptoms of hypothyroidism. It will give you a range of POSSIBLE side effects. That helps me so that I can assure myself that what I am feeling is part of the process and not something that should be sending me to the ER. Take care~Cheryl


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FunSlides - Make HD video from photos
By Entappie
This app is only available on the App Store for iOS devices.
50% OFF! LIMITED TIME SALE! With FunSlides you can create fantastic REALTIME, HD video slideshows from your favorite photos. You can import photos from your iPhone's camera roll or take new photos with your iPhone camera. After adding photos to your project you can add text to each one of them. Once your photos are arranged in order and your text has been added, insert the transitions you would like between photos. Finally, before publishing your project add a sound track from FunSlides built-in music library, iPod music library or record a custom narration, with voice over feature. When everything looks in order, share your video via email, Facebook, or YouTube. The app includes 13 built-in music themes, multiple text options with various fonts, colors,sizes and seven transitions to choose from.
FunSlides help you to organise and save your precious memories in form of video. You can instantly share your creative videos with family and friends. It is also a perfect app for classroom and business needs. You can quickly create video presentations along with customised text and background narration. FunSlides is a compelling tool that capitalises on the creative talents of the students.
See what people say about us
* appoLearning :Project-type apps generate great interest with "digital generation" students.
We believe in continuous improvement of our applications on basis of your feedback.
• Twitter: @funslidesapp
• Twitter: @entappie
• Facebook: EntappieCorpo
• YouTube: Entappie
• Email: email@example.com
Please send email to support and we respond.
You may convert your photo collections to videos for
•Farewell parties
•New born
•Your random photos on iPhone
•Gather on spot photo memories from your iPhone camera
Funslides also offers following features
•HD resolution of 720p is supported
•320p,480p, portrait and landscape resolutions are supported •Unlimited photos can be taken from camera
•Unlimited photos can be selected from photo library
•Adjust display time for video frames from 0.1 seconds to 30 seconds
•13 built-in music themes along with option to import from your iPod library
•Play background music prior to selection
•Add text on your photos with different fonts, colors and sizes
•By default each photo will be displayed for 3 seconds.
• Feature to preview video once video creation is completed.
• Feature to edit video after preview.
• Feature to select photos in desired order.
• By default photos will be arranged in order of selection
•View added photos in filmstrip by scrolling through thumbnails
•Tap and drag a thumbnail in filmstrip to rearrange photos
• Updated help format and comprehensive help.
• Single picture can also be selected to create video.
•Quick video creation on your iPhone
•Delete photos and add new ones
•Edit video after creating it
•Save video in Photo Album
•Share your best videos via Email, Facebook & YouTube
What's New in Version 5.2.0
-All reported bugs are fixed.
iPhone Screenshots
Customer Reviews
Works great
It's really easy and amazing to use. I put all the pictures I took and make it inti a fantastic slideshow for my girlfriend. The best part is it lets you use your own songs for the background. Great app for sharing moving pictures than the boring individual pictures. You should put in a painting tool, so if we want to draw something in the pictures, it wouls allow us to that
Quick and easy
I was looking for some good apps to make personalized videos and I got this. It allows to make videos from your photos and you can set background music from your library itself. So many different ways to create beautiful videos, even if you aren't video talented. So far I'm very pleased
The best i have tried!!
Excellent price and amazingly easy to use and very forgiving in errors so your tedious work is never lost! Compared to many with a higher price and rating...I find this one to be at the top, from all angles. Thank you. Gaile
Customers Also Bought
- $0.99
- Category: Photo & Video
- Updated: Sep 15, 2015
- Version: 5.2.0
- Size: 7.5 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Saba Sarah
- © Entappie
Compatibility: Requires iOS 7.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


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Advocating for defendants and subpoena targets in torrent copyright infringement and intellectual property litigation since 2009.
Headquartered in Chicago's fantastic Wicker Park neighborhood, The Russell Firm LLC represents copyright infringement defendants and downloader subpoena targets in Chicago and across the country. The firm specializes in representing defendants in BitTorrent copyright infringement cases relating to file sharing. We bring extensive experience and professionalism to every case and customize our support to your individual needs and concerns.
Attorney Erin Russell has been practicing for over 12 years. She is always on top of modern technology and media, particularly as they relate to file sharing and copyright trolling litigation, and has monitored their evolution to inform her legal approaches—all to give you exceptional advice that will last for years to come.
Get in touch with us to set up a consultation, or use the contact form at the bottom of this page to enquire whether our services are right for you.
1519 W. Haddon Avenue, Suite D
Chicago, IL 60642
(312) 994-2424
Areas of Practice
The way people consume entertainment is constantly in flux. Some content creators have entered the fray by pursuing infringement cases against downloaders. The Russell Firm strives to anticipate these changes and defending the rights of individuals accused of misusing online entertainment access tools. BitTorrent downloading cases have become the most frequently filed copyright infringement cases in the country. Targets who receive ISP subpoena notifications deserve quick, accurate, and comprehensive legal advice so they can take steps to protect their assets and identities.
The way people consume entertainment is constantly in flux, so the laws must adapt quickly. The Russell Firm strives to anticipate these changes and defending the rights of individuals accused of misusing online entertainment access tools.
Distribution of intimate images without consent is an increasing risk of online life. Victims of "revenge porn" are increasingly protected by the law, and require experienced legal counsel to advocate for their rights. The Russell Firm takes the privacy rights of our clients very seriously and has the means to litigate revenge porn cases and assist in having the offending images removed from the internet.
Let's Chat.
Use the form below to contact us regarding your legal enquiry. Please be as detailed as possible. Include your industry along with any specific document requests. To help us best service your enquiry, we recommend that you first describe the issue you're having before telling us what you want to achieve. You may also email or call us to make an appointment.
For job opportunities, please email us your resume. We're always looking for new and exceptional talent to lead the firm into uncharted fields of practice.


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Figures reveal Sun Coast mortgage arrears
Figures show the Sunshine Coast is Australia's 10th worst region for mortgage defaults.
Fitch Ratings has compiled a list of Australian mortgage performance.
In March this year, 2.25 per cent of mortgage holders on the Sunshine Coast were in arrears on their loan repayments by more than 30 days.
That is up from 1.87 per cent in September last year but down slightly compared to March last year.
The worst performing suburbs were Marcoola, Mudjimba, Pacific Paradise and Twin Waters, where almost 4 per cent of mortgages are in arrears by more than 30 days.
The four suburbs are the fourth worst performing area by postcode in Queensland.
The worst performing region in Queensland is Ipswich City followed by Gold Coast West.
Topics: housing-industry, economic-trends, marcoola-4564, maroochydore-4558, mudjimba-4564


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Pottery camp
Artists Guild of Columbia County presents Pottery Camp with Angelika Bondar for ages 6-12, 10 a.m.-noon Wednesday, June 21, at Church of Our Savior at 4227 Columbia Road. Will include return at a later date to glaze and fire finished pottery pieces. Cost is $75 plus $15 supply fee; artistsguildcc.org.
Aaronson, Farron I.
Abdelhaq, Raghad Z.
Acosta, Alyssa N.
Alapatt, Vinaya Ann S.
Aldrich, Michael S.
Alonzo, Debra A.
Anderson, Jenicia
Andrews, Jeremie E.
Aniezue, Loretta O.
Ansley, Savanna B.
Ayala, Juan D.
Bair, Lauren N.
Baker, Caitlyn A.
Banker, Lauren N.
Barinowski, Mark C.
Barnes, Thomas L.
Barrera Perez, Mario R.
Barrett, Caleb A.
Barrios, Megan A.
Bates, Myranda A.
Beane, Justin R.
Beasley, Katherine D.
Bell, Laura J.
Bennett, Amber M.
Civil War event
The Civil War Roundtable of Augusta monthly meeting, 6 p.m. June 19, Goodwill's Snelling Center, 3165 Washington Road, Augusta, features Gerald Prokopowicz, chair of the history department, East Carolina University in Greenville, N.C., who presents on his book, Did Lincoln Own Slaves and Other Frequently Asked Questions About Abraham Lincoln. Cost is $15 and includes dinner, civilwar roundtableaugustaga.com.
VBSMacedonia Missionary Baptist Church Vacation Bible School is 6 to 8 p.m., Monday, June 19-23.
A Honor Roll
Matthew Gerald Klein and Brianne Catherine Jenkins applied for a marriage license July 14, 2016 and were married July 16, 2017 in Millen
Furman Edward Parton and Leigh Anne Alexis Shy applied for a marriage license April 12 and were married May 26 in Evans
Jerry Lynn May and Virginia Leigh Canington applied for a marriage license April 13 and were married June 10 in Harlem
Brian Scott Shepherd and Katherine Bennett Moseley applied for a marriage license April 20 and were married June 3
3rd Grade
Mallory Amerson, Bryce Anderson, Shawn Bales, Jack Benton, Peyton Biggam, Palmer Bloodworth, Nick Brady, Tucker Bruyninckx, Alice Bullard, Daniel Crowe, Arrione Grimes, Wesley Hinton, Iris Holberton, Dane Hoyos, Karlee Kersey, Abbigail McIntire, Abigail Roberson, Molly Sterner, Alyssa Tankersley, Vallerie Taylor, Carson Towler, Dylan Vanhouse, Georgia Walden, Keira Wallace, Mikey Walls
4th Grade
All A Honor Roll
Columbia County News-Times ©2017. All Rights Reserved.


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WIP Storage
I may have mentioned before that my WIPs are a sad state of affairs when I'm not working on them. Generally I keep everything in a pile on the couch, shoved into the cushions so that I don't lose odds and ends. I've been known to sit on three or four skeins of yarn while I work.
Here's the gist:
That's four skeins of yarn, three swatches, a sleeve, and a cross stitch all on one couch cushion.
That was before the move. Since we're in our fancy new apartment, I promised that I would keep things here under control. I don't need to grow a crazy yarn monster. So I plan on getting some type of container for my needlework. But what shall I use?
Right now, I have my faire isle sweater in a tote bag that lives on the floor next to the couch. I can keep all of the yarn and the pattern in there. It's a pretty slick deal. I've also been focused on accomplishing one pattern at a time which helps tame the mess.
It's also handy that I have my stash nearby. In the old place, my stash was kept above our closets in this little storage nook where we kept boxes and things that we generally didn't need to get into very often. It was about 6 or 7 feet high which meant that Jon would have to get on a ladder every time we needed something from up there. Needless to say, he wasn't thrilled about dragging out boxes of yarn so they stayed put. I started filling my nightstand and bedside table with bags of yarn. It was an unruly mess. Worst of all, it didn't really encourage me to put excess yarn away after I was finished with it. Now all of my yarn is in a closet about five feet from my favorite knitting spot so I can put things away and (get this!) use yarn I already have in my stash with ease! It's kind of changing my whole life.
I've been searching for a great vessel to keep my WIPs in. I have a yarn bowl but it isn't really conducive for transportation or colorwork. I'm hoping for something big enough to hold a sweater but not too big as to condone couch-side yarn hoarding. Things that aren't going to be worked on need to stay in the closet! I do plan on sewing some project bags but I want a box of some sort to live near the couch.
I think I've found my new WIP bin. It wasn't what I was expecting (I was really looking for something with a lid) but I was browsing the Fringe Supply Co site and I kind of fell in love with these gorgeous baskets.
What do you think? Perfect, right? A good size and really handsome. Our apartment has some nice wood pieces so the color will be great. And Jared Flood has them. I'm sold. I can't wait to buy them and put them next to my spot and fill them with yarny things!
But this all gets me thinking: How do you lovely people store your WIPs from day to day? Do you have a couch full of yarn or are you super organized? (No judgements!) Baskets, bins, or bags?
ps. I made a playlist to craft by for Kollabora. Check it out here.
Continue Reading | 13 Comments
Tags: Basket, Fringe Supply Co, storage, wip, yarn
Sweater Storage
Last night I was putting all of my laundry away and I started wondering about storing my hand knits. I may not have mentioned it here but you may have guessed that I live in a tiny Manhattan apartment (location, location, location, right?) which means that storage space is hard to come by. Now, I won't pretend that the closets in this place are tiny. I have to admit that they are larger than the regulation New York City closet size so all is not lost. (We also have overhead storage which is where my stash lives.Which is great because there's plenty of room for it to grow but not so great because I'd rather go to my LYS than climb a ladder to sort through yarns I might have.)
Somehow Jon has more clothes hanging in the closet than I do. Maybe because he has a more extensive work wardrobe and I wear comfy sweatshirts seven days a week (though I like to pretend I only wear them at work). As I was shoving my gigantic fisherman sweater onto my half of the shelf, I wondered to myself, What the crap am I going to do when I make more clothing?!
Knitted clothing is bulky. My Maxfield cardigan is at least two if not three times thicker than the cabled Polo sweater I bought in a pinch at TJ Maxx. So what do I do with all of it? I just fold them up as neatly as I can, maybe roll them into a ball, and I scrunch them into the little pile on the shelf, usually wedging them between the ones that I don't really wear but can't bear to part with and the ceiling of the closet. Or I hang them off of the chair that's in front of the sewing machine. It's not really a good system because it's not a system.
I've also got all of these things that I made when I was a novice that I don't want to get rid of. There is a bright turquoise Ysolda Teague Snow White sweater that I knit with 100% wool Lamb's Pride worsted in a sad pile at the bottom of the closet. It's a big itchy, ribbed mess but I can't frog it. (PS I can't believe those awful photos of that are still on my Ravelry. I'm so embarrassed!) It was my first sweater!
So that leads me to this post. How do you store your knits? Do you keep them in the closet or in a special drawer? How many hand knit sweaters are in your wardorbe? Do you have any pieces that you just can't get rid of? Any tips for the spatially deprived?
Tags: bulky, closet, clothing, folding, hand knit, Snow White, space, sweater storage, wardrobe, Ysolda Teague
What are your stash-collecting rules? I've been really good recently! To be honest, I read Yarn Harlot and I got a little nervous about my stashing tendancies! I've been very careful to only buy yarn that I actually need for projects. So I'm proud of myself.
But when Susie of Juniper Moon Farm tweeted that her friend was having a sale, I couldn't pass up the Aslan Trends Invernal (50% Angora, 25% Merino Wool) that was $6/skein. I bought 3 skeins of Rouge and Raspberry each. I figured that it was enough yardage to make a striped sweater and the colors go quite well together. I hate stash of an awkward-weight single skein I can't do anything with. But I might just break down and make six pairs of socks using it..
How much stash do you have? Where do you keep it?
Tags: angora, Aslan Trends Invernal, Juniper Moon Farm, knit, merino, stash, Stone Threads, yarn, yarn stash
How I Spent My Allowance: Oxo Pop Containers
When we started working on our apartment, we made a few rules. No more dirty dishes lingering in the sink. Chairs are not closets, put your clothes away. And tupperware without lids are garbage.
Because, really everyone, what is the point of having an unpaired piece?! There is no leftover storage in just a lid. You cannot carry just the bottom to work in your bag. They are lies and I cannot stand for it any longer! So I threw it all out. Everything that once held lo mein or burritos went into the trash. And it was time for an upgrade.
Look at these beautiful containers. I fell in love with them. We invested in some Oxo Pop Containers and I love them. It made so much more sense to use some well-made and design-friendly containers instead of beaten up, discolored ones that came with cheap take out.
I love that they are air tight. I've started using them to store flour, sugar, and other baking essentials in the pantry. It is so nice to have soft brown sugar!
Do yourself a favor and toss your old tupperware! It's time to get your tupperware under control!
Tags: air tight, baking, brown sugar, food storage, home, kitchen, new rules!, oxo pop containers, tupperware
Trash and Treasure
Who didn't have a teenage girl collage in their room?
A cool Rocky and Bullwinkle poster I'll admit to keeping and an unfinished cardigan of ugly design and unfortunate sizing.
Could hardly bear to part with my Pog collection.
In the end, we must have collected 10 bags that went straight into the garbage. It was quite liberating, I have to say. Vacuuming a floor that hadn't seen the light of day felt long overdue. But I couldn't believe I'd collected so many useless things. How had I held onto cards from my Bat Mitzvah? Why did I have fabric paint? Did I think that I would need all of those French notebooks from high school? I'm sharing this with you as a warning to myself. I can't let things get out of control again. And you are my witness. I hope that you still love me and keep reading. I hope you do not cower and stop making eye contact with me. It was time for a purge. And it's done.
It took hours but I'm so proud of myself for letting so many things go. After hours of work, Jon built the bed and now it feels like a real room again.
Happily ever after.
Tags: declutter, mess, sorry mom, spring cleaning


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Words that end in ellschreiber
Found 1 words that end in ellschreiber. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that end with ellschreiber. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words containing ellschreiber
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Rapper-turned-reality Tv star Ahmad Givens is fighting for his life after he was diagnosed with stage four colon cancer.
Givens, also known as Real from Vh1 show Real Chance of Love, was dealt another blow recently when doctors discovered the disease had also spread to his lungs and liver.
News of his condition spread online this week (begs18Mar13) after a series of photos were posted on the Internet, depicting Givens in a hospital gown at an undisclosed medical centre.
His family, including his Tv co-star and brother Kamal 'Chance' Givens, has set up a fundraising effort to help cover the ailing rapper's soaring medical bills.
Real Chance of Love aired for two seasons from 2008 and followed the brothers' appearances on another Vh1 dating show, I Love New York.
All I Want For Christmas is widely regarded as one of the best festive tunes every year
Pearl Jam announced 14 dates in the UK and Europe in June and July 2018.