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weight lifting, repetitions & evolution theory
Discussion of everything related to the Theory of Evolution.
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7 posts • Page 1 of 1
weight lifting, repetitions & evolution theory
I'd like to ask you folks a question - as I don't understand the concept/theory of evolution well enough:
A friend of mine is big on the idea, that lifting weights the way it is done around the world for muscle growth (choosing a weight that allows an individual 5-10 repetitions, not more) is highly dangerous, because it isn't in line with evolution theory (as in..the human body's muscles, joints, bones aren't made for it, because that kind of resistance was never lifted on a regular basis in the past).
However, people everywhere around the world work out that way. It is spread through gyms, personal trainers, sports coaches, literature on fitness/lifting weights/etc. that way. Actual injury rates from weight lifting, however, are very low (and things such as pectoralis tears from bench pressing are basically unheard of up to certain extreme weights (and steroid use..)).
In other words his perception of evolution theory doesnt apply in the real world - injuries from regular weight lifting only arise in bodybuilders/power lifters, etc. (those who many would say "exaggerate it"). The 5-10 repetitions thing doesn't seem to cause anyone problems, however.
Is his understanding of evolution theory wrong?
PS: It also made me think, that evolution shouldnt have prepared my eyes to have no issues when driving in a car, and hitting the breaks all of a sudden. It doesnt seem that the human body would be used to traveling in cars that go at 100-150 miles/hour,etc..
Re: weight lifting, repetitions & evolution theory
Popular-level books and news stories in areas like evolutionary psychology can sometimes leave the reader with a mistaken impression that all humans are "evolved for" X, where X is the specific environment in which our species arose.
I'm not an expert, but here's one of the things I understand to be wrong with that picture: because every organism experiences a slightly different environment, and every environment is constantly changing to some degree, it is far more advantageous to have a basic set of "modules" that can be applied to a wide array of situations, rather than simple "rules" of "X is good, Y is bad".
For example, consider pain. Chordates (like us) could have evolved such that pricks and pinches simply caused us to immediate retreat, without any of the complications of experiencing nociception (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception). Or consider sleep; we could have developed such that our sleeping patterns were involuntarily tied to the time of day or level of sunlight, a simple "light switch" system. One reason that those things are not that simple is the fluctuating nature of the environment. After all, it's not always the case that pain-causing things should be avoided, just usually so. (There can be situations in which it is necessary to bear pain to escape death, or to save a fellow creature's life). So pain acts as a persuasive "message" to guide us on the question of whether or not to withstand a bad stimulus — the more detrimental the stimulus, the worse the pain, until we reach the point of involuntary retreat from that hot stove. Likewise with sleep — our bodies "send us the message" that we need to sleep, with increasing strength as the hours pass, but it doesn't force us to until the situation is dire.
Evolution doesn't just cause adaptation to environments, but the adaptation to adapt — for example, the ability of some animals to change their coats in response to environment. Humans (of certain tones) can "change" our skin with the practice of tanning. By extension from this principle, human muscles can survive a fair amount of use, as well as a fair amount of disuse. You can be a body-builder or you can rest on the couch, and only at the extremes of those lifestyles are problems caused. In the reasonable medium between extremes, you simply develop whichever muscles you "practice" with. This allows for the flexibility of adapting to different environments — some environments call for stronger calf muscles, others for stronger biceps, etc. (Of course, I am also not an expert in the area of fitness, so I could just be spouting nonsense there. But I think I have the basic idea right.) Repetition is not, in itself, an issue.
The question about eyes and car speed seems similar to me. There's no particular reason for people to evolve to not tolerate moderately high speeds, so… we can! (Although the phenomenon of car sickness is a counterpoint to that — plus, when you hit those brakes at high speeds, you probably do experience a sense of "something's wrong"!) Driving is just one of those things we can do comfortably "despite" its extreme historical recentness, like listening to rock music, or wearing blue jeans, or staring at screens (although that last one can be problematic, for reasons indirectly tied to evolution). There still are environments too extreme for humans to survive in without special assistance and months/years of practice, of course, such as space travel. But cars/roller coasters/etc don't reach that extreme. (Unless, perhaps, you're going 500 mph with direct exposure to the air; but I could be wrong.)
In addition to all that, there is evidence that our evolution has itself been influenced by human activity; the brain indicates some adaptation specifically for the ability to speak and think linguistically, while our digestion (it has been argued) has adapted itself to the world of cooked food! Perhaps our distant descendants will carry instincts that specifically aid the act of safe driving… but I don't see that as likely for a number of reasons. (One is that the selection pressure for humans is much lower in the era of modern medicine, and another is that transportation technology is going to change plenty over long periods of time.)
I just read the Wikipedia article on the Golgi tendon reflex, mentioned in the reply above, and it looks like a very good example of one of those "overriding instinct" things I was talking about. (Maybe.) Just like a certain level of pain will cause you to move whether you want to or not, this reflex deals with the problem of too much weight.
Throughout our evolutionary history, humans have had to deal with a fair amount of weight-carrying, whether it's carrying babies (they're heavy!) to carrying a killed game animal. So we don't have or need some kind of "never repeatedly carry things" reflex, just this Golgi thing.
Re: weight lifting, repetitions & evolution theory
thanks for the ideas! am still trying to make sense of all that, though, admittedly!:-)
"The question about eyes and car speed seems similar to me. There's no particular reason for people to evolve to not tolerate moderately high speeds, so… we can"
Im still thinking about some of the stuff you said (havent understood it completely to be honest), but this (quote) is what I was thinking:
Evolution basically means that certain traits that are unfavorable in an environment are filtered out over time. Whereas favorable traits become common over time. However traits that are neutral might simply stay, right?
Thus if we evolve to lift normally heavy objects 100s of times...that doesnt necessarily mean that those muscles will lose the ability to lift objects they can only lift 5 times in a row (because theyre so heavy). B/c doing so is not an unfavorable trait; only a neutral/useless trait in the new environment....but individuals with that trait dont have any disadvnatage from it.
...THAT IS, they dont have any disadvantage from it, if they can still lift small objects hundreds of times not only heavy objects 5-10 times (and it seems that a muscle nowadays can do both).
Is this kind of what you meant?thx
Lifting weights for a purely esthetic reason is a very recent concept in our evolution.
Each race has a different evolution that has shaped their body shape. The first thought that came to my mind was the sumo wrestlers, and how they are actually breed to be so big, in their cultural evolution. Russians, Swedes, Danes, and Finnish are all big from being in the harsh frozen environment, and their cultural evolution that came from that. I can think of different reasons why they would lift heavy weights at certain times during the day (to represent the 6-8 rep set of today's heavy lifting) - for example the blacksmith, the ship builders, the farmers, the sailors, etc. There bodies adapted more of the heavy load building muscle fibers, than the lighter more endurance aerobic muscle fibers (which would be found on the people that had to perhaps run alot to stay alive - such as nomads that had to travel far). These traits were handed down thru the centuries, and it is only when interracial mingling of the DNA genomes, and today's culture has diversified the body types. When lifting weights, you should try and see what works with your body type, not come up with a general rule for everyone. And sometimes you will find that the lifting heavy 6-8 rep set is not for every body part also. I know of bodybuilders who have found out that they need to lift medium 12-15 rep set for shoulders to build, and/or for their legs. This is where the mingling of DNA has produced different muscle fibers for different body parts (like for me, I do not have to build my legs as just running makes them look like tree trunks, while my delts need to be fatigued to grow just centimeters).
Bodybuilders can be very stubborn in their training though. They can actually override the golgi tendon reflex and that is where the pec tears come into play. Physically stong body can also have a physically strong mind set (not always right in the thinking though, and that is where they get into trouble. need to listen to your body sometimes, and not always just tell it what you want it to do).
Re: weight lifting, repetitions & evolution theory
Yep. Creatures aren't boxes of "limited" abilities, where it can do X and nothing more. A dog with the ability to chase and catch a squirrel (directly benefiting it) also has the ability to chase and catch a frisbee (indirectly benefiting it).
I remember once riding in a car with my big old (late) Doberman, who had his head sticking out the window and panting — he loved car rides. My dad, "speaking for" the dog, suddenly said, "Hey, wow, look how fast I'm running!"
That illustrates one way in which organisms can be "tricked" — the dog's brain "rewards" it for running/exercising, but the same reward partially happens also when the dog is going really fast by other means. Likewise, it can be exciting for humans to drive really fast, because it partially simulates the beneficial activity of running. (Now that I think about it, it's actually kind of like how pornography "tricks" the human libido…)
When it comes to an ability's neutralness… that's actually a lot rarer than you might think. What I mean is that for every ability, there has to be some kind of tradeoff. In order to see things, you need a lot of energy constantly devoted to the eyes and brain, and your eyes themselves are susceptible to parasites and contaminants, so you need to spend additional energy on things like growing eyelashes and reflexively blinking. That's why a species' vision is only ever as good as it "needs" to be for its niche — we can't see as well as hawks, but we see much better than bats. And it's why if a group of, for example, fish spends all its time in caves, over the course of looong periods of time, it will lose vision, and eventually, its eyes. Caecilians ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caecilian ) are a great, somewhat creepy example of a creature with very-vestigial eyes (they can tell if there's light or not, but that's it).
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Army Aviation Hall of Fame 2012 Induction - Nashville, TN
Colonel Douglas E. Moore
Colonel Douglas E. Moore had a distinguished career spanning three decades as an aviator, commander, and senior staff officer. During two tours in Vietnam, he flew 1,874 combat missions, evacuated 2,782 patients and piloted the aircraft that recovered three American POWs from the North Vietnamese in a highly sensitive mission along the Cambodian Border.
While serving as the commander of the 159th Medical Detachment at Cu Chi, Vietnam during his second tour, he was awarded the nation's second highest award for valor, the Distinguished Service Cross, for his actions on 10 and 11 Dec. 1968. After having accomplished multiple sorties under heavy enemy fire to evacuate critically wounded infantrymen throughout the day and night, his aircraft came under a fierce enemy attack from both sides while departing the landing zone. One round tore through his helmet, knocking him from the controls and sending the aircraft into a steep bank. Despite being wounded and unable to see out of one eye, he righted the helicopter and assisted his pilot in reporting the enemy locations to the command and control ship and the ground elements.
Between Vietnam tours, he helped organize a unit in Japan that transported more than 63,000 casualties in a two-year period. Later, he commanded the 307th Medical Battalion in the 82nd Airborne Division, served as an Inspection Team Chief in the Department of the Army Inspector General Agency, and commanded the 62nd Medical Group at Ft. Lewis, Washington where he served as air mission commander for the massive rescue effort following the eruption of Mount Saint Helens. He was serving as Executive Officer for The Army Surgeon General when he retired after 30 years of service.
Among his awards and decorations in addition to the Distinguished Service Cross, are the Distinguished Service Medal, 2 awards of the Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star, Purple Heart, 4 awards of the Meritorious Service Medal, and 33 awards of the Air Medal. He was inducted into the DUSTOFF Hall of Fame in February 2004.


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Your Views: Janesville veterinary care differs greatly from health care for humans
Something needs to change in the way people are able to care for their pets. Getting health care for your pet can be a daunting task. There is Credit Care and the Friends of Noah programs, but not all families qualify. Vets are not willing to make payment arrangements.
I have never walked in, gotten care and just left without stopping to pay the bill. Two months ago, my 8-year-old dog got sick. We do not qualify for Credit Care or Friends of Noah. My vet, like other vets, is unwilling to work with me.
What started as a breathing problem turned into my dog coughing up blood and a complete losing of his vision and $500 in expenses without answers. If he were human rather than a dog, payment arrangements would already have been made on the bill, the tests would already have been done and real treatment would already have begun. If it were necessary, a room would already be on hold at the hospital, places would have been willing to hold fundraisers and his fundraiser would already have circulated worldwide all over Facebook and Twitter.
He lives and breathes, and he feels love and pain, but unfortunately for him he is just a dog. We humans have to be the voices for our pets.


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Death Notices for Sept. 26, 2013
Gazette staff
Wednesday, September 25, 2013
Allen R. Baskin, 63, Beloit, died Friday at Beloit Memorial Hospital, Beloit. Services will be at 11 a.m. Saturday at Hansen-Gravitt Funeral Home, Beloit.
Josephine J. Cacciatore, 87, Janesville, died Tuesday at Mercy Hospital and Trauma Center, Janesville. Services will be at 11 a.m. Monday at Our Lady of the Assumption Catholic Church, Beloit. Visitation will be from 10 a.m. until the time of services Monday at the church. Daley Murphy Wisch & Associates Funeral Home and Crematorium, Beloit, is assisting the family.
Walter W. Steinmetz, 82, Milton, died Wednesday at Mercy Hospital and Trauma Center, Janesville. Private services will be Friday in La Farge. Seland-Huston Funeral Home, La Farge, is assisting the family.


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This high quality, height adjustable wooden easel features a chalkboard on one side and a magnetic wipe-off board on the other. Its molded tray holds cups, paints, and brushes. On the other side is a bin-tray for holding chalk and other materials. The easel also includes two easel clips.
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The easel measures 48 in. tall at its maximum height and collapses for storage. Assembly is required.
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Freescale eyes ARM server play
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NUREMBERG, Germany Freescale Semiconductor Inc. could use its recently announced Cortex-A50 series processor license from ARM to extend its digital networking activity into server computing, CEO Gregg Lowe told EE Times at the Embedded World exhibition here.
When asked in an interview by EE Times whether Freescale could use the A50 series 64-bit ARM subscription license to expand into the server market Lowe said: "Yes, I think so." Lowe added: "There is a lot happening in that space."
The Cortex-A50 series, currently being developed by ARM and partners, includes the Cortex-A57 and Cortex-A53 as a big-little combination. Freescale announced that it had licensed the A50-series of microprocessors on a multiyear subscription basis for future versions of its i.MX applications processor and QorIQ communications processor product lines.
Freescale also has provides processors based on the PowerPC architecture licensed from IBM.
The server market has begun to fragment in recent years with the emergence of markets for microservers and more intelligence being pushed towards the network. At the same time there is a focus on energy efficiency in large data centers that expected to perform "cloud" services for consumers who are online for most of their professional and private lives.
Gregg Lowe, CEO of Freescale (left) and Steve Wainwright, general manager EMEA for Freescale, on the booth at Embedded World.


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Flood Insurance Program 'One Large Event' From Needing More Fed Bailout
The flood insurance program has the money to pay claims resulting from Superstorm Sandy, but is just "one large event" away from needing to ask Congress for permission to borrow more money, a state insurance regulator is warning.
Mike Chaney, Mississippi insurance commissioner and head of the NAIC Property Casualty Insurance Task Force, made the comment based on projections that the cost of Sandy to the National Flood Insurance Program will be approximately $7 billion.
Chaney's comments were amongst a flurry of developments regarding the deficit-ridden flood insurance program.
In comments at a Federal Advisory Committee on Insurance meeting Wednesday, Edward Connor, a FEMA official, said the agency was working on privatizing the agency.
Connor serves as deputy associate administrator, Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration, within the Department of Homeland Security.
He was responding to a question from Birny Birnbaum, a member of FACI and a consumer advocate, as to why the federal government is involved in a "non-explicit" subsidy program.
At the same time, legislation breezed through the House floor Wednesday calling for FEMA to study the advantages, and disadvantages, of providing community-based flood insurance through the NFIP.
The purpose of the study is the desire of members of Congress to see if such a program would reduce the cost of flood insurance to homeowners.
And, legislation has also been reduced that would extend the grace period for rate increases for those whose homes were flooded as a result of Sandy.
Chaney made his comments based on information provided him by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which manages the program, that once Sandy settlements are paid – approximately three months from now—the NFIP will have a $28 billion deficit.
That means that the NFIP will have a $28 billion deficit once Sandy claims are paid, Chaney said, even though Congress in early January approved a 50% increase in the NFIP borrowing authority, to $30.425 billion.
Given the projections on the cost of claims resulting from Sandy, the NFIP will have $2.425 billion in borrowing authority once all Sandy payments are made.
"This is probably enough for a couple of small events, of course, but they are only one large event away from needing additional money," Chaney said.
The debate over flood insurance and the government role in it at the FACI meeting was lengthy. The government and industry are discussing the issue because there is strong pressure in Congress, especially from Republicans on the House Financial Services Committee, to privatize the entire program.
At the meeting, Birnbaum said "stumbles" in addressing and closing claims, both by the NFIP and private insurers, as a result of Sandy points to the need for all-perils insurance policies. "The existence of the NFIP, even with reforms, is a non-explicit subsidy," he said.
"Why would you want the government to be involved in a subsidy that isn't explicit?" Birnbaum asked. "We don't ask insurance companies to subsidize auto insurance for poor."
Connor, responding to Birnbaum, said he
"totally agreed" with Birnbaum. He said the agency is moving toward privatization, "but that there will always be a small federal role in flood insurance."
Regarding the mandate for the study of community-based insurance as a means of reducing costs of the program to homeowners, it would be the 12th study FEMA is obligated to conduct through the July 2012 legislation that reauthorized the NFIP for five years. It took five years for Congress to complete action on the reauthorization.
It comes as members of Congress come under pressure from constituents because the 2012 bill increased the annual increase FEMA can make in flood insurance premiums from 10% to 20% annually.
Other pressures for increases are coming from provisions that raise rates based on remapping which determines that the risk of a flood is greater in a particular area.
During the floor debate, Rep. Blaine Luetkemeyer, R-Mo., said that FEMA has testified before Congress that voluntary community-based flood insurance could help NFIP better account for the full cost of flood risks.
It would also provide incentives to encourage communities to implement greater flood mitigation measures, Luetkemeyer said.
The bill was sponsored by Rep. Spencer Bachus (R-Ala.) and Gwen Moore (D-Wis.) It passed 397-17.
"We think that it is appropriate to commission this study of the community-based flood insurance concept so that FEMA can understand how it could be put to its greatest benefit," Luetkemeyer said.


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Journal Abstracts
Unlimited access to full-length articles is included with membership. Click memberships to become a member.
Presidential Address-IV International Congress on Pre- and Peri-Natal Psychology, Amherst, Massachusetts, August 3-6, 1989Abstract:
Presidential Address-IX International Congress on Pre-natal and Peri-natal Psychology and Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel, March, 1989Abstract:
The Evolution of Helplessness in the Human Infant and Its Significance for Pre- and Peri-Natal PsychologyAbstract:
As with most primates, optimal development in infancy proceeds with a high degree of intimacy and interaction between infants and caretakers. Human infants are less developed at birth than most primates because of selection for a greater percentage of brain growth to take place after birth than in utero.
Infant development among the Baganda of Uganda is discussed from a sociocultural perspective. Cross-cultural examples which illustrate cultural effects on infant behavior are presented. In particular, the area of sensorimotor development is examined by means of a social survey, direct observations and formal testing during the Muganda infant's first six or eight months of life. The pattern of advancement found supports the view that parental values and childcare behaviors influence rate of infant sensorimotor development.
Cross-culturally, birthing practices can be better understood by examining the central belief system of a given culture. Through a discussion of the ideology, symbol, and value inherent within the central belief system of the Canadian society, that of science and technology, as well as by examining the historical development of obstetrics, it is possible to explain how a system of maternity care which over-emphasizes technology and de-emphasizes the woman's role in birthing has gained dominance in this country.
The contribution of anthropology to the study of pre- and perinatal development will largely derive from the concept of culture, which is defined as the systems of meaning that members of society attribute to each other in their behavior. The concept is useful in the study of child language acquisition, since it necessitates a description of the ways that caretakers conceptualize their interactions with prelinguistic and language-acquiring children. Facilitative roles of parental speech are foregrounded, and meaning systems are made visible rather than overlooked or assumed.
This article provides an historical overview of the history of midwives in the United States from the seventeenth century to the present. Brief background information on the period prior to 1600 is included. The article shows how a profession that was traditionally considered to be "women's business" came to be dominated by a predominately male medical establishment.
Advances in modern medicine in recent years have resulted in a remarkable increase in the number of human infants who survive a premature birth. Many of these infants undergo stressful perinatal and prenatal experiences, and require special care and attention in order for their physical and mental development to be optimal. If that goal is to be met, care-givers need to receive feedback from the infants, indicating how they are affected by treatment and stimulation. In this study, preterm infants displayed behavioral differentiation of various tactile stimuli.


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Fall 2014 Class Descriptions
Law and Socioeconomics (Lynne L. Dallas)
2 credit(s), Standard Letter Graded
Requirement(s): Writing
Law and Socioeconomics studies the interrelationship between law and economic/social processes. It is interdisciplinary and draws on a variety of economic approaches (not only neoclassical economics) and other social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science. It offers students an interdisciplinary, values-based approach to public policy that is designed to take into account the power implications and distributional effects of laws and stresses the importance to effective regulation of attention to historical context, philosophical beliefs, culture, existing institutions, working rules, and sources of power. Students write a paper for this seminar.
Legal and Constitutional Challenges in the Middle East (Iddo Porat)
2 credit(s), Standard Letter Graded
Concentration(s): International Law (LLMC), International Law (JD), International Law (MSLS)
Prerequisite(s): Constitutional Law I
The Middle East is in turmoil. The course will focus on the ways the legal systems of countries in the Middle East face the challenges of the region with a special focus on constitutional law. The legal systems of the region face the following challenges - first is the tension between traditionalism and progress, which is reflected amongst others in the highly contentious relationship between state and religion in the countries of the region. Second is the issue of constitutional change, and constitutional revolution - the Arab Spring has saw the downfall of regimes and the rise of new ones, a process usually accompanied by constitutional conventions, and sometimes, as in Egypt, with multiple constitutional conventions. Iraq is another example of constitutional design and constitutional change. Third are issues relating to security threats and the fight against terrorism, and fourth are issues of multiculturalism and ethnic and cultural diversity. Israel, shares all these challenges but in different ways owing to its own special place in the Middle East. A special emphasis will be given in the course to Israeli law and Israeli constitutional law. Your final grade will be based on a final exam plus class presentations.
Legal Drafting (Elaine Edelman)
2 credit(s), Standard Letter Graded
Requirement(s): Skills
Concentration(s): Business and Corporate Law (LLMC), LLM in Business and Corporate Law (LLMB)
Transactional drafting is a skill used in most areas of law. It refers to the process of composing documents to formalize agreements and settlements between parties. This course will train students to be comfortable with the drafting process, which includes expressing agreements and settlements in language that will benefit clients, and composing documents that contain this language in a form that will maximize favorable interpretation in court. The course emphasizes both cooperative and individual drafting work. Each week in class, students will learn about selected components of the process, draft a document or exercise requiring the use of that component, and receive feedback on that day's drafting activity. Students will have weekly individual homework assignments that reinforce that week's skill. One or more attorneys whose practices include drafting work will appear in class to give students practical feedback on their work. Grades will be based on individual weekly written homework assignments and an end-of-semester individual drafting project, and are subject to the upper class curve requirements. Students may only enroll in two of the following during their law school career: Advanced Legal Writing OR LWR III: Lit & Judicial Drafting OR LWR III: Legal Writing OR Legal Drafting. Students desiring to add the second class in this series must receive a signature on their add/drop form from the Office for JD Student Affairs, and provide the form to the Registrar's office (that is, students cannot add the second class themselves online.)
Legal Writing & Research I (Staff)
2 credit(s), Standard Letter Graded
Legal Writing and Research (LWR) I is the first part of a two-semester program introducing students to the tools lawyers use to analyze, research, and frame legal positions and communicate them in predictive office memoranda. Students practice and actively learn legal writing and research skills by creating multiple drafts of office memoranda and conducting both print and computer-assisted legal research. The course is offered in small sections with very low student-faculty ratios so that faculty may provide individualized and frequent feedback on student work. Required for first-year students.
Legal Writing & Research, LLMC (Gail Greene)
2 credit(s), H/P/L/F Graded
This course, which is offered only to students in the LLM in Comparative Law program, focuses on providing students with: (1) a broad overview of the structure of the U.S. legal system; (2) techniques for successful research , writing and practice of law in the U.S. courts; (3) an introduction to the objective analytical skills that promote success in coursework and in the profession; (4) an introduction to persuasive writing techniques; and (5) techniques for success in class and examinations. The course has a very low student-faculty ratio and faculty carefully review each student's research and writing assignments. Students are provided opportunities to meet with their professor and revise their written work.
Legislation (Mila Sohoni)
3 credit(s), Standard Letter Graded
Concentration(s): Public Interest Law (JD), Children's Rights (JD)
The course examines the increasingly important role of statutes in the American legal system. A substantial part of the course will discuss statutory interpretation - an essential tool for lawyers that is not sufficiently covered elsewhere in the curriculum. The course will also address various aspects of the legislative process, such as campaign finance, lobbying, initiatives and other forms of direct democracy, and term limits.
Legislative Advocacy & the Law (Orde Kittrie)
3 credit(s), Standard Letter Graded
This course is designed to teach students legislative lawyering and advocacy skills. These skills include identifying and assessing issues susceptible to being addressed by legislation; analyzing and selecting legislative options for addressing such issues; drafting statutory and other legislative materials; and developing a coalition-building and media strategy for advocating adoption of the proposed legislative solution. Readings and guest speakers will focus on advanced and problem-focused discussion of such topics as Congressional powers, legislative process (including the functions of legislative committees), relevant ethics issues (including the regulation of lobbying), Presidential vetoes and signing statements, statutory interpretation, as well as case studies in successful legislative advocacy campaigns.
Students will be required to draft a set of written materials which will include a final paper containing analysis of a problem susceptible to being addressed by legislation, discussion of potential legislative options for addressing it, selection of a preferred option, and strategies for advocacy (including coalition-building and media). Students may also be require to draft and submit some or all of the following: proposed statutory language; draft legislative history (report language, colloquies, Congressional Record statements); talking points; fact sheets; and testimony. The final grade will consist of the following components: 1) written assignments - 80%, 2) class participation – 20% (to include assigned class presentations).
This class is required for students attending the Washington D.C. Externship Program.
Note: This class is restricted to students admitted to the Washington DC Externship Program


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Considering the fact that many Internet users have been dumping information about themselves onto the Web since the late 1990s, the recent stir about the way our private information is submitted, transmitted and stored has been a long time coming. The concern the average citizen had about this ongoing issue likely peaked when ex-NSA contractor Edward Snowden shined a light on the extent to which we're under surveillance. And though the fallout from the Snowden leaks will no doubt impact the public psyche for decades to come, this event has also prompted the legal departments of large corporations to reevaluate their policies and procedures regarding private information.
For those organizations, the challenges related to private information don't end with the threat of government surveillance. There are trade secrets to protect, transmission protocols like the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) to comply with, customer information to safeguard and no shortage of serious threats from both inside and outside breach vectors. But perhaps the most befuddling challenges that face these organizations are the complications that arise when they must conduct legal processes in multiple areas with disparate privacy laws.
Comparing USApples to EUranges
The most often cited disparity between privacy laws are those between the United States and the European Union.
The U.S. maintains a number of sectorial standards but does not have an overarching private information protection protocol. The nation is instead protected by a patchwork of laws designed to protect vulnerable citizens and industries from the improper management of private information. HIPAA, for example, enforces the proper transmission and handling of private health information, and the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) protects against the unwarranted collection of private information on kids under the age of 13.
"I think one advantage to that is that the laws are perhaps easier to follow, and by that I mean they are more specific as to what they are trying to address and what you need to comply with. You can read COPPA and understand that if you have a website geared toward children that you need to gain parental consent before you start collecting information, for example…While sectorial and divided amongst industries, the laws can be more specific in that sense," says Scott Boesel, chief privacy officer and senior counsel, Xerox Corp. The European Union, on the other hand, has adopted much broader private information protection laws. The 28 member states of the EU have each implemented a privacy policy based on the EU Commission's 1995 Data Protection Directive, which emphasized a respect for citizens' private and family lives.
"The definition of personal information (in the EU) is any information that alone or in combination can serve to identify a living person, and then the privacy laws cover collection, use, storage, transfer, international transfer, destruction and the entire life cycle of any information about any person," says Peter Lefkowitz, chief privacy officer and chief privacy and data protection counsel at General Electric Corp. "The European construct places significant burdens on private actors collecting information, and there's more of a notion of a standard data protection regulator from the government, which would act as the overseer."
From a corporate stand point, the less explicit EU regulations can pose an issue for multinational corporations trying to achieve compliance.
"Europe applies very broad statements about handling personal data, and there is a lot of interpretation involved that makes it difficult to understand exactly what you can and cannot do," Boesel says.
Challenges abroad
As a result of that interpretive responsibility, handling standard legal procedures from discovery to investigation can be tricky. Even routine information like salary reports, employee reviews and monitored conversations can be difficult to remove from nations with EU-like privacy standards.
"The biggest difference in terms of investigation is that in the U.S. there are no restrictions on cross-border transfers of personal data, but in the EU and other countries that have adopted EU-like privacy regimes there are restrictions on transfers," says Philip L. Gordon, shareholder, Littler Mendelson and chair of the firm's Privacy and Data Protection Practice Group. "The first inclination is often going to be to move as much information as possible to the U.S. for the analysis. While that makes sense from the U.S. perspective, from the perspective of non-U.S. data protection laws, that's exactly the opposite approach from what should be taken."
The overarching directive rules concerning the transmission of data over borders are not the only issues that exist in the litigation and investigation process. Disparity of laws between member states means that expertise on the rule of law in a region is essential to conducting business there as well.
Lefkowitz says, "Where we and other companies encounter our issues is not just with the notion of whether we can transfer data. There's also sensitivity of whether or not we're doing thing properly according to the law of the specific jurisdiction."
International diplomacy and boardroom strategy
There are countless examples that illustrate how differences between U.S. and EU-style privacy law could pose headaches for internationally operating organizations. As a general rule, private data compliance starts with having legal teams and privacy officers that not only have access to experts with a deep understanding of regional privacy issues but, increasingly, maintain a high level of technology literacy and policy knowledge themselves.
"The role of the privacy officer is changing; it's important for them to bridge the gap between regulators and legislators who are steeped in privacy talk and technologists and commercial people who are coming up with new technologies," Lefkowitz says. "Past that, it's important for companies to think of privacy not just in terms of data transfer and where data can be stored, but as a broader set of controls of collection, use and transfer of information."
"From a broad perspective, you need to become knowledgeable about the legal requirements and be reasonable in your expectations of how to address those requirements," adds Boesel. "Reading a few articles is not going to be sufficient to form and defend an opinion. You want to understand your legal requirements and be able to work with your client or team to appropriately incorporate those requirements into the contract or project."
Tactically, says Lefkowitz, systems involving the transfer of data should go through a regimented review process that involves not only legal, but also IT and security. Lefkowitz says that, where possible, review should be able to confirm three things: "a) you have a secure system, b) you're collecting the right kinds of information, c) that there are the proper controls around the use, storage, retention and transfer of information."


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The Georgia Department of Transportation began erecting new speed limit signs on U.S. Highway 27, during the morning hours on Friday, September 24th. The speed limit will change from 55 miles per hour to 65 miles per hour, for the entire roadway in Heard County. This change was part of the original plan when the roadway was built, but local officials were informed that it could be several years before this change would occur.
In addition to the speed limit change on U.S. Highway 27, the Georgia DOT changed the speed limit on Georgia Highway 34, near Newnan Street, to the city limit of Franklin. The change made this area a 45 mile per hour zone, instead of 35 miles per hour. This area was a 45 miles per hour zone before the construction of U.S. Highway 27, but was lowered due to the on/off ramp connecting the two roadways. Upon review of this area by Traffic Operations Engineer, Scott Parker, of Georgia DOT, he determined that it was safe to increase the speed limit back to its original maximum limit.
"There are numerous reasons why motorist should not exceed maximum speed limits and should obey traffic laws, but most importantly is safety. A traffic citation can be paid, driver's license can be reinstated, vehicles can be repaired/replaced, but motor vehicle crashes take human lives each day across our country. Although the speed limit on these roadways have increased, we would like to remind motorist to please drive safely", stated Chief Kevin Hannah of the Franklin Police Department.


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North Park Village Nature Center
5801 N. Pulaski Rd. Chicago, Illinois 60646
(312) 744-5472
Fee: Free
Age Range: 8 and older
Join a guided walk with Chicago Audubon to spot and learn about the different birds passing through the nature center on their way south for the winter. No registration required. Children must be accompanied by an adult. Bring binoculars and your favorite guide book, or borrow ours (supplies are limited). All levels of birding experience are welcome.


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Sochi Winter Olympics Recap — Canadian Women Top U.S. in OT for Hockey Gold
Canada's women's hockey team beat the United States in overtime in the gold medal game on Thursday. Here's a recap of all the day's action in Sochi:
Canada Wins Women's Hockey Gold, 3-2
Marie-Philip Poulin scored a power-play goal at 8:10 of overtime, and Canada beat the U.S., 3-2, to win the gold medal in women's hockey at the Winter Olympics in Sochi on Thursday. Down 2-0 with more than 3 minutes remaining in regulation, the Canadians rallied to tie on Poulin's goal with 54.6 seconds to play.
Up 2-1, the Americans nearly tallied an empty net goal that could have clinched the victory, but Kelli Stack's clearing shot missed by inches late in the third period.
Instead, the U.S. was forced to watch their rivals tie, win and celebrate their fourth consecutive Olympic gold. Shannon Szabados made 27 saves for Canada, allowing goals to Meghan Duggan and Alex Carpenter before her team rallied.
Switzerland beat Sweden, 4-3, to claim the bronze medal.
Maddie Bowman Claims Halfpipe Gold
American Maddie Bowman captured the first-ever gold medal in women's Olympic halfpipe skiing on Thursday at Sochi. The 20-year-old from South Lake Tahoe, Calif. used several spins to score an 89.00 and beat Marie Martinod of France, who claimed the silver medal. Ayana Onozuka of Japan took the bronze.
Russia's Adelina Sotnikova Wins Figure Skating Gold
Russian Adelina Sotnikova gave the host country its first-ever gold medal in women's Olympic figure skating with a dazzling free skate on Thursday. The 17-year-old outpointed the entire field including teammate Julia Lipnitskaia.
Defending Olympic champ Kim Yu-na of South Korea earned the silver medal with Italy's Carolina Kostner taking the bronze. Americans Gracie Gold and Ashley Wagner finished fourth and seventh respectively,
Canada Wins Women's Curling
Canada beat Sweden, 6-3, and captured the gold medal in women's curling at the Sochi Games on Thursday. The Canadian team went undefeated throughout the Olympic tournament. By beating the Swedes, the Canadians avenged their loss in the final at the Vancouver Games in 2010. Britain beat Switzerland, 6-5, to win the bronze medal.
Medal Count
Skier Maddie Bowman and the American women's hockey team helped the United States remain in first place in the overall medal count with 25. Norway led all countries with 10 gold medals.
United States (25)
8 gold; 6 silver; 11 bronze
Russia (23)
7 gold; 9 silver; 7 bronze
Netherlands (22)
6 gold; 7 silver; 9 bronze
Norway (21)
10 gold; 4 silver; 7 bronze
Canada (20)
7 gold; 9 silver; 4 bronze


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Community Involvement
Gymboree Group's commitment to our customers also extends to the communities in which they live, work and play. We support and encourage our employees to perform volunteer service in their neighborhoods.
We are particularly proud of our work with St. Jude Children�s Research Hospital. Gymboree Group has supported St. Jude since 2006. To date, we have raised more than $7 million to help St. Jude in its mission to find cures and save children everywhere who are fighting cancer and other catastrophic diseases.
Other community activities in the past have included participation with the March of Dimes, the Junior Achievement Organization, Grupo de la Comida, St. Anthony Foundation and the San Francisco Food Bank.
At Gymboree Group, we also support giving back to our communities through our unique sabbatical program. With paid time off, eligible team members volunteer to support local community organizations, schools or global philanthropic efforts.


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After four weeks of recruitment and open gym, league play for Windy City Hoops begins tonight with a simultaneous jump ball at 7:30 p.m. at all 10 sites. The season will conclude with playoffs and local park championships on Saturday, June 1. Click here to watch a video about the program.
"Thanks to the support of Mayor Rahm Emanuel, the Chicago Police Department and both private and corporate sponsors, the Chicago Park District is able to provide this program to encourage safe and active communities," said Chicago Park District General Superintendent and CEO Michael Kelly.
Mayor Emanuel announced the expansion of the program in February, which will give 3,200 at-risk youth opportunities to play basketball year round in a safe environment.
The mayor enlisted Chicagoans to donate $480,000 towards the program to cover uniforms, game referees, and other costs. Major sponsors included Sammons Financial Group and the Gardner Family Foundation. Additional support came from Integrys Energy Services and GEM Realty Capital, Inc.
"Windy City Hoops gives our kids a safe place to play and grow in Chicago," said Steve Palmitier, President and Chief Operating Officer of Sammons Financial Group. "Our children and families deserve an opportunity to choose safe, positive alternatives. Sammons Financial Group is proud to be a part of this successful campaign, and even more thrilled to see the program in action."
Gary Gardner of the Gardner Family Foundation added, "We are excited about the possibilities that this program will bring to the young men and women in our city. Channeling our youth's energy and competitive spirit on the court will go a long way in keeping them safe and feeling great about themselves. It is essential that the children in our community know that they are loved and cherished."
Boys and girls ages 13-18 can play basketball in the admission-free program, which now has extended hours. Youth can play Fridays from 7-10 p.m. and Saturdays from 5-10 p.m. Summer session will run June 14-Aug. 24.
Ron Cardwell, Vice President with Integrys Energy Services, said, "As the electric aggregation supplier for the City, Integrys is pleased to be able to demonstrate our commitment to Chicago by supporting this program to help reduce violence and provide a positive outlet to at-risk youth and young adults."
Windy City Hoops is at the following 10 parks:
Amundsen Park (Austin), 6200 W. Bloomingdale Ave., 312-746-5003
Columbus Park (Austin), 500 S. Central Ave., 773-287-7641
Fernwood Park (Roseland), 10436 S. Wallace St., 312-747-6132
Franklin Park (North Lawndale), 4320 W. 15th St., 312-747-7676
Garfield Park (East Garfield), 100 N. Central Park Ave., 312-746-5092
Hamilton Park (Englewood), 513 W. 72nd St., 312-747-6174
Jackson Park (Woodlawn), 6401 S. Stony Island Ave., 773-256-0903
Kennicott Park (Kenwood), 4434 S. Lake Park Ave., 312-747-7138
Loyola Park (Rogers Park), 1230 W. Greenleaf Ave., 773-262-8605
Ogden Park (Englewood), 6500 S. Racine Ave., 312-747-6572
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Governor honors Janesville businesswoman
JANESVILLE—The former owner of State Electrical Supply in Janesville is among 13 women who will be recognized next month as female business pioneers.
Ellen Ramberg was one of three founders in 1955 of State Electrical, which was sold last fall to Steiner Electric Supply.
Ramberg became the sole owner of the business on West Milwaukee Street in 1969. Over the years, she maintained membership and served on many boards of directors, as well as donated money and products to professional and fraternal organizations.
�"For 58 years, Ellen ran her business working six days a week," said Sue Conley, the executive director of the Community Foundation of Southern Wisconsin who nominated Ramberg.
"She loved her work and the people her business served."
Ramberg earned recognition for her history of entrepreneurship at a time when there were few resources and role models for women. She also was recognized for her company's history of business innovation and her personal commitment to the community.
The 2014 Governor's Trailblazer Awards for Women in Business are given to businesses to recognize the legacy of women's business ownership in Wisconsin. Recipients will be honored in a ceremony at the State Capitol on April 9, followed by a luncheon sponsored by BMO Harris Bank.
"Private sector businesses are key to our state's job creation strategies," Gov. Scott Walker said in a news release. "We are fortunate to have many women who have started a business and now employ their fellow Wisconsinites. I commend these nominees for serving as role models to other women who are considering opening a business and creating jobs."
This year's award recipients represent six counties and a wide range of industries.
Since establishment of the program in 2007, awards have been given to 57 Wisconsin woman-owned businesses across 23 counties.
"The value of these winners is not just in the past accomplishments we celebrate today—it is also in the women their trailblazing example will inform and inspire in the future to follow their own entrepreneurial passions and dreams," said Mary Jo Baas, chair of the Wisconsin Women's Council, one of the program's sponsors.


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Death Notices for Nov. 8, 2013
Marcia C. Cook, 80, Loves Park, Ill., died Monday at home. Services will be at 3 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 16, at First United Methodist Church, Belvidere, Ill. Visitation will be from 2 p.m. until the time of services Nov. 16 at the church.
Megan C. Garside, 17, Elkhorn, died Wednesday in Fox Lake, Ill. Services will be at 7 p.m. Monday at Steinke Funeral Home, Lake Geneva. Visitation will be from 5 p.m. until the time of services Monday at the funeral home.
Daniel W. Hart, 64, Rockton, Ill., died Wednesday at home. Services will be at 10:30 a.m. Tuesday at St. Jude Catholic Church, Beloit. Visitation will be from 5 to 8 p.m. Monday at Daley Murphy Wisch & Associates Funeral Home and Crematorium, Beloit.
Betty N. Molloy, 89, Lake Geneva, died Tuesday at the Village Glenn Memory Care Center, Lake Geneva. No services are scheduled. Steinke Funeral Home & Cremation Services, Lake Geneva, is assisting the family.
Elgin T. "Toby" Tschetter, 85, Janesville, died Tuesday at home. Services will be at 11 a.m. Thursday at Westside Baptist Church, Janesville. Visitation will be from 10 a.m. until the time of services Thursday at the church. Henke-Clarson Funeral Home, Janesville, is assisting the family.


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Fifty years later, do you think US is winning war on poverty?
Media—print and electronic—is filled with reviews and evaluations of the declaration of a "WAR ON POVERTY" by President Lyndon Baines Johnson in his first State of the Union Address on January 8, 1964. Just think: This address was made only seven weeks after President Kennedy had been assassinated.
Among the articles about this 50th anniversary of the declaration of the "WAR ON POVERTY," I think Susan Page has written an outstanding feature article published by USA TODAY, "50 years later, war on poverty has new battle lines: Issues of economic fairness and opportunity once again are fueling a more vocal populism."
I urge you to use the link and take time to watch the video from the LBJ Presidential Library which features President Johnson's declaration of the WAR ON POVERTY. I was INSPIRED to hear President Johnson's voice announcing the declaration of the WAR ON POVERTY. Various persons who knew President Johnson and some of his biographers are reminding us of the INTENSE PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Johnson had growing up in POVERTY in Texas. This is a KEY factor to understand Johnson's intensity on this issue. The truth is: Johnson HATED poverty!
Susan Page asserts, "Now, issues of economic fairness and opportunity once again are fueling a more vocal populism, setting a more liberal Democratic agenda and prompting alternative proposals from some leading Republicans. In his own State of the Union Address this month, President Obama is expected to call for raising the minimum wage, extending long-term unemployment benefits and addressing the dramatically widening gap between the rich and everybody else."
We gain perspective on the anniversary from Page's interview with Joseph Califano, LBJ's top White House domestic policy adviser who noted approvingly, "I think income inequality has really hit a nerve, a political nerve." She reports that Califano noted the populist priorities outlined last week in the inaugural address by New York Mayor Bill de Blasio, the most liberal mayor in at least two decades in the nation's largest city. Califano is quoted, "I think we're going to see a revival of programs really designed to give the poor a lift."
Page's review with commentary on NOW and THEN is a helpful reminder, "To be sure, there's little prospect Obama will be able to push through major legislation in short order the way Johnson did in the 1960s, utilizing big Democratic majorities in both houses of Congress, his legendary legislative skill and the nation's resolve in the wake of JFK's death. From the 1964 State of the Union Address until he left office five years later, Johnson would sign into law landmark measures that extended civil rights protections and established safety net programs. (His presidency also would become mired in the expanding Vietnam War.)"
Page's article has a heading, "Poverty won." That is a continuing issue. Did "poverty" really win? She argues, "The fact that poverty wasn't vanquished then and persists today has provided ammunition for those who say the goal was impossible or the wrong tools were chosen to reach it."
What about the statistics Page cites, "The official poverty rate in the United States, defined as lacking resources for life's basic needs, was 19% in 1964. It had fallen to 12.1% by 1969, the year Johnson left office. Last year, it stood at 15%, only a modest decline from the launch of his anti-poverty campaign. Today, about 50 million Americans, including 13 million children, live below the poverty line—in 2012 set at $23,492 for a family of four."
You will want to read the article so you benefit from Page's continuing analysis. I suggest you read Michael Tomasky's Daily Beast article, "Marco Rubio Is Wrong: The War on Poverty Worked."
Concluding his serious analysis of the WAR ON POVERTY, Tomasky asserts, "It will be Democrats' job to make sure Rubio and Ryan can't get away with their ideological sleight of hand. They will undoubtedly speak solemnly, for example, of teenage pregnancy and child-bearing, confident that most Americans don't know that the incidence of these behaviors, even in the African-American community, has decreased dramatically since 1990 according to The National Campaign's "Fast Facts: Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing Among Non-Hispanic Black Teens."
If we are entering a new phase of fighting a war on inequality, Americans need to know some facts about the last war that firmly support the view that the effort and resources have done far more good than harm. The Democrats just have to be willing—and proud—to say it and say it and say it."
Page makes a telling argument that President Obama must get involved as LBJ did, "LBJ devoted time, focus, horse-trading, cajoling and occasionally political threats to get legislation passed, at times over the fierce opposition of conservative Southern Democrats who controlled key committees. Now, Califano says he hopes Obama will follow that example to 'get his fingernails dirty' and exert stronger leadership than he has to date. He likened Obama's reluctance to engage with Congress with another former boss, Jimmy Carter."
She pursues the argument quoting Califano, "We are a presidential nation. The president is as much at fault as the Congress in Congress not doing anything. Congress will only work with a very strong president, whether it's Theodore Roosevelt or Franklin Roosevelt or Lyndon Johnson—three great eras of progressive programs."
There is meaningful discussion of the current situation in the American political dynamics which you will want to read to gain information and perspective.
Concluding her feature article Page, she quotes Califano, "My own hunch, I think we're seeing the seeds of another populist time coming. It's not only the 99% versus the 1%. It's the fear that the middle class has of slipping into poverty. There are a lot of people on the edge."
The New York Times posted the analysis of Jared Bernstein, Senior Fellow at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington and a former chief economist to Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr., "The War on Poverty at 50."
Which pursues the question as to whether we won the WAR ON POVERTY. He cites President Reagan's quip, "We fought a war on poverty, and poverty won." He analyzes the issue concluding, "The American safety net is actively helping millions of economically disadvantaged families, and we should protect and improve it. But the best way to help it—and more importantly, the poor themselves—is to strengthen the underlying economy in ways that will take some of the pressure off of what has, over the last 50 years, become an effective set of anti-poverty social policies."
I agree that LBJ's WAR ON POVERTY put into place very important set of anti-poverty social policies. I believe we MUST maintain these policies. What do YOU think?
John W. Eyster lives in the Edgerton area. He is an adjunct professor assigned with the online/distance education faculty of Viterbo University, LaCrosse. He continues his personal mission supporting democracy/civics education in Wisconsin K-12 schools through Project Citizen, We the People, Discovering Democracy (Milton HS). John is a community blogger and is not a part of The Gazette staff or management.


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British police travel to Portugal for Madeleine McCann 'arrests'
British detectives investigating the disappearance of Madeleine McCann have flown to Portugal amid claims they are planning to make arrests.
Police in both countries confirmed that a meeting had taken place in Faro after Scotland Yard sent an international letter of request linked to its own inquiry.
Both Portuguese and British police are running their own investigations into what happened to the little girl, who disappeared from a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz in May 2007 at the age of three.
It has been claimed that the UK officers are trying to trace three suspected burglars spotted in the area where Madeleine vanished.
There is speculation that the discussions yesterday centred on getting local officials to sanction the arrests and questioning of the suspects.
Mobile phone records reportedly revealed that the gang repeatedly called each other in the hours after Madeleine disappeared.
Scotland Yard said it has not yet made any arrests and that officers have visited Portugal a number of times in the past 18 months.
British detectives launched a fresh investigation into the youngster's disappearance last July - two years into a review of the case - and made renewed appeals on television in the UK, the Netherlands and Germany.
Then in October, Portuguese authorities - who shelved their inquiry into Madeleine's disappearance in 2008 - announced that a review had uncovered enough new information to justify reopening their investigation.
In a Christmas message, Kate McCann said she and her husband were relieved and buoyed by last year's developments, and urged people to "spare a thought and prayer" for families similar to hers.
In her message, Mrs McCann said: "This year seems to have passed particularly quickly - a sign undoubtedly of a very busy year.
"It would still be a comfort if we could slow time just a little.
"Thankfully, however, there have been some very positive aspects with regards to Madeleine.
"The Metropolitan Police review becoming an investigation and, more recently, the reopening of the case in Portugal.
"We are incredibly relieved and buoyed by these developments and continue to hope for further collaboration in the near future with the possibility of a JIT (joint investigation team) between Portugal and the UK to enhance the search for our dear daughter."


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According to state law, the actual Education That Is Multicultural (ETM) Regulations can not be published on this website. However, the Regulations are available at public libraries. Local school systems also have the Regulations. Since presentation here is forbidden, a brief summary of cogent points of the Regulations is provided below.
History of the Regulations
The administrative history of these Regulations dates back to 1970. Since then, the Regulations have been revised periodically. The Regulations were last amended in 1994.
Currently the Maryland State Board of Education is considering additional revisions to the language in the Regulations. These amendments are based on recommendations from the Maryland State Education That Is Multicultural Advisory Council. The recommended changes are listed in the report Minority Achievement in Maryland: the State of the State. Moreover, these revisions will serve to close the semantic gap and clarify the relationship between ETM and minority achievement.
Scope of the Regulations
The Regulations are intended to guarantee success for Maryland's students by pursuing equity and quality in education. The Regulations provide guidelines for education that is multicultural. These guidelines establish goals for that impact curriculum, instruction, professional development, and educational resources.
The Regulations refer to education that is multicultural as a "continuous, integrated, multiethnic, multidisciplinary process for educating all students about diversity and commonality." Diversity factors mentioned in the Regulations include race, ethnicity, gender, religion, language, socioeconomic status, region, disabilities, and age. By infusing curriculum and instruction with tenets and strategies related to education that is multicultural, the goal is to prepare students to lead successful lives and better participate in a globally oriented society.
Definitions in the Regulations
The ETM Regulations also include definitions of terms associated with education that is multicultural in Maryland. These definitions explain words and phrases used in the Regulations.
The terms defined are:
Guidelines and Goals of the Regulations
The Regulations direct schools throughout the state to implement programs and staff development that will enhance instruction pertinent to the above. In turn students should become involved not just by acquiring knowledge about diversity, but by participating in processes that require students to exhibit understanding and appreciation of other cultures as well an ability to participate in processes such as decision making related to social relations and interactions among diverse groups.
The Regulations further provide goals and guidelines to aid local school systems in devising, planning, implementing, and assessing their systemic efforts related to education that is multicultural. Areas addressed in the guidelines include curriculum, instruction, and staff development. The guidelines and goals explicitly state topics, strategies, and activities that should be addressed in incorporating ETM in students' education. In addition, the Regulation provides criteria for the selection and use of instructional materials and resources to appropriately reflect ETM.
ETM Planning and Evaluation
The Regulation asserts that local school systems should implement ETM based on five year planning cycles. Under this section of the Regulation, school systems are directed to develop and conduct needs assessments to obtain information on the status of aspects related to diversity and ETM from parents, business, community, students, and educational staff. School systems also have to prepare and submit annual progress reports on the implementation of ETM. The Maryland State Department of Education is responsible for evaluating progress of implementation of ETM in each school system. Additionally, MSDE has to provide appropriate technical assistance related to development and implementation of ETM to local school systems


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GNU Parted is a package for creating, destroying, resizing, checking, and copying partitions and the file systems on them. This is useful for creating space for new operating systems, reorganizing disk usage, copying data between hard disks, and disk imaging. It contains a library, libparted, and a command-line frontend, parted, which also serves as a sample implementation and script backend.
Star is a very fast, POSIX-compliant tar archiver, maintained for more than 30 years. It saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can restore individual files from the archive. It includes command line interfaces for the "tar", "Sun-Tar", "cpio", "pax", and "gnutar" command-line syntax. It includes a FIFO for speed, a pattern matcher, multi-volume support, the ability to archive sparse files and ACLs, the ability to archive extended file flags, automatic archive format detection, automatic byte order recognition, automatic archive compression/decompression, remote archives, and special features that allow star to be used for full and incremental backups. It includes the only known platform independent "rmt" server program.
Apache Toolbox provides a means to easily compile Apache (IPv4/6) SSL, PHP(v3/v4), MySQL, Jakarta, a large number of modules (61 3rd party modules and 36 default Apache modules, static or as DSOs), and GD libraries with PNG+JPEG+Freetype2+zlib support. It is fully customizable and menu-driven. Everything is compiled from source, and wget is used to download any missing modules. It can also check for RPMs that might cause problems and create an RPM with your selections.
The Linux From Scratch project is intended for Linux users who want to build their own custom Linux system. Reasons for wanting to build such a system are diverse. Perhaps you want to get into more detail as to what happens behind the scenes. Perhaps you are fed up with the bloated standard distributions. Or perhaps you don't want to rely on pre-compiled binaries out of concerns for security.
TrinityOS is a step-by-step, example-driven HOWTO on building a very functional Linux box with strong security in mind. TrinityOS is well known for its strong packet firewall ruleset, Chrooted and Split DNS (v9 and v8), secured Sendmail (8.x), Linux PPTP, Serial consoles and Reverse TELNET, DHCPd, SSHd, UPSes, system performance tuning, the automated TrinityOS-Security implementation scripts, and much more.
Super Grub Disk is a bootable floppy or CDROM that is oriented towards system rescue, specifically for repairing the booting process. Super Grub Disk is simply a Grub Disk with a lot of useful menus. It can activate partitions, boot partitions, boot MBRs, boot your former OS (Linux or another one) by loading menu.lst from your hard disk, automatically restore Grub on your MBR, swap hard disks in the BIOS, and boot from any available disk device. It has multi-language support, and allows you to change the keyboard layout of your shell.
Partition Logic is a partitioning and disk management tool for PC-compatible computers. It includes its own standalone operating system and GUI, and can fit on a single bootable floppy (or CD). It creates, modifies, resizes, deletes, formats, and moves partitions, and copies hard disks. It is based on the Visopsys operating system.
mkCDrec (Make CD-ROM Recovery) makes a bootable (El Torito) disaster recovery image, including backups of the Linux system to one or more CD-ROM(s) (multi-volume sets). Otherwise, the backups can be stored on another disk, NFS/CIFS disk, or (remote) tape. After a disk crash or system intrusion, the system can be booted from the CD-ROM and one can restore the complete system as it was. It also features disk cloning, which allows one to restore a disk to another disk (the destination disk does not have to be of the same size, as it calculates the partition layout itself). Currently, ext2, ext3, minix, MS-DOS, FAT, VFAT, Reiserfs, XFS, and JFS filesystems are supported. It can restore disks in Software RAID and LVM mode. It supports the One Button Disaster Recovery (OBDR) mode, which simulates a bootable CD-ROM on tape.
A VRML/X3D browser and a viewer/converter for other 3D model formats.
LETS and community currency software.


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Steven Walters: Three issues get no election-year fixes
Three major public policy decisions are unlikely to be made before the Nov. 4 election for governor:
-- The Menominee Tribe's plan for a Kenosha casino.
--Financing of a downtown Milwaukee arena for the Milwaukee Bucks.
--How to pay for future highway and other transportation programs statewide.
Each is worth considering separately.
Republican Gov. Scott Walker recently asked the federal government for a six-month extension, with the clock starting Aug. 23, before he makes an up-or-down decision on the Menominee's $800 million new casino and entertainment complex.
The federal government took several years before approving the casino, Walker told reporters, so what's the hurry?
But Walker's indecision is unusual for a governor who made quick, controversial decisions even before he took office—killing the federal government's offer to pay for high-speed passenger train service between Milwaukee and Madison, for example.
And he was in office only weeks before picking the Act 10 fight that all-but-eliminated collective bargaining for public employees, except firefighters and police officers.
He also quickly said no—and has never reconsidered—another federal offer to cover costs of expanding Medicaid health care coverage for more low-income Wisconsin adults.
Last year, however, Walker not only blew by his own deadlines to make a Kenosha casino decision but also waffled on what had been his three non-negotiable conditions before it could be built: Local support for it, unanimous backing from all Wisconsin tribes and no "net" increase in gaming.
Why would a governor who has prided himself on making tough decisions keep his finger in the air on the Kenosha casino?
Could it be the split in public opinion over that casino? The Jan. 27 Marquette University Law School poll found that 41.9 percent of respondents supported the casino, but 40.7 percent opposed it—results that fell within the poll's margin of error.
Maybe a governor in danger of not being re-elected doesn't want to anger a huge chunk of voters with whatever Kenosha decision he makes.
A second political landmine that won't be defused before Nov. 4 is how to pay for a new Milwaukee Bucks arena. The team's National Basketball Association contract requires a new venue when its lease expires in 2017.
In a WisconsinEye interview last week, Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett again said multicounty, regional support is the only fair way to pay for a new arena because suburban residents follow and support the team.
But, in a separate WisconsinEye interview, Milwaukee City Council President Michael Murphy said three border counties have passed resolutions saying their residents should not help pay for a new Bucks arena.
Some Racine County leaders even want to withdraw from the multicounty taxing district created in the 1990s that raised their sales tax slightly to help build Miller Park for the Brewers. Barrett said that won't happen, however.
One civic leader in the middle of preliminary talks on how to pay for a new arena, Tim Sheehy of the Metropolitan Milwaukee Association of Commerce, conceded that no funding plan will be made public before Nov. 4.
Nobody—Walker, Barrett, Murphy or Sheehy—wants to be on the list of leaders who failed to help Milwaukee keep the Bucks, despite their worst-in-the-league record.
Which brings us to the third puzzle that will go unsolved until 2015: How to pay for critical future highway and other transportation programs, including expanding Interstate 90 lanes between Beloit, Janesville and Madison.
Murphy estimated two projects in his Milwaukee aldermanic district alone—rebuilding the Zoo freeway and the east-west I-94 ffreeway that runs past Miller Park between cemeteries—are estimated to cost $2.5 billion. To avoid raising taxes and avoid construction delays in these and dozens of other transportation projects statewide, the current state budget borrows about $993 million.
That's more than the $880 million that would be raised if the state raised its 5 percent sales tax to 6 percent.
With the election only eight months away, Walker has finessed the transportation funding issue by telling state Transportation Secretary Mark Gottlieb to come up with recommendations by January, when the governor elected in November presents the 2015-17 budget.
But there may be one upside to the lack of leadership—for now—on these three problems: It gives voters a chance to demand that candidates say how they would solve them.
Steven Walters is a senior producer for the nonprofit public affairs channel WisconsinEye. Email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Strasburg pleased with improved spring mechanics
By Bill Ladson / MLB.com
VIERA, Fla. -- Nationals right-hander Stephen Strasburg was dominant on the mound during a 4-2 loss to the Astros at Space Coast Stadium on Saturday evening.
Strasburg lasted 5 1/3 innings, allowed one run on five hits, struck out eight batters and walked one. He threw a season-high 93 pitches, 64 for strikes.
"I don't know what my velocity is. I'm not really worried about that. I know it's going to come with time," Strasburg said. "I think the biggest thing is hitting my spots and executing pitches. I think I've been able to do that the last couple of times out. So I have to keep working on it. It's going to be a little better as time goes on."
Strasburg struck out five consecutive hitters before Astros outfielder Rick Ankiel hit a 2-2 pitch over the right-field wall in the fourth inning for his second home run of the spring.
"I thought Stras threw the ball great. ... He threw a lot of pitches for the innings he threw, but he still had a lot left in the tank," manager Davey Johnson said.
Strasburg was satisfied with his mechanics while pitching in the stretch, which was a problem against the Braves on Monday. He allowed four runs in that game.
In the first inning of Saturday's game, for example, the Astros had runners on first and second with no outs, but Strasburg prevented them from scoring. He was able to make adjustments on the rubber.
"I like putting [my leg] in front of the rubber a little bit," Strasburg said. "When I drive, I was pushing more out instead of down the mound. So I just kind of put it a little bit more on top of the rubber. That kind of helped me used the slope and get on top of it."
Zimmerman makes spring hot corner debut
VIERA, Fla. -- Nationals slugger Ryan Zimmerman played his first game of the spring at third base during a 4-2 loss to the Astros on Saturday evening.
Zimmerman acknowledged that he was nervous in the first inning, but he didn't have any problems on the field. His only action came in the top of the second inning, when Carlos Corporan hit a slow roller to third base. Zimmerman grabbed it and sidearmed a perfect throw to first baseman Adam LaRoche for the first out of the inning.
"Everything was good. I think the throws in between innings got better," Zimmerman said. "The first one was not as good as I have been throwing. As the innings went on, it got better. It was good to get in front of people and get back into a game [as a defender]."
Zimmerman wasn't able to play third base until now because he was strengthening his right shoulder, which was surgically repaired this past offseason. However, Zimmerman was able to serve as a designated hitter and was 11-for-22 (.500) in that role. During practice earlier this week, Zimmerman was fielding and throwing like he did when he won a Gold Glove Award in 2009.
"I usually like to take a pretty good amount of grounds balls every day -- keep it going good," Zimmerman said. "I'm not to the point I can take all the ground balls. It's a matter of getting some endurance and getting the volume up. As far as throwing and how it feels, it feels good.
"From here on out, we will see how each day goes and go from there. We have plenty of time. It's a matter of building strength and confidence and do what I do."
Detwiler back from Classic, ready to pitch for Nats
VIERA, Fla. -- With Team USA out of the World Baseball Classic, left-hander Ross Detwiler returned to Nationals camp Saturday, while left-hander Gio Gonzalez will report to camp Monday. Gonzalez remained in Miami to be with his family.
Detwiler will get to work right away, pitching against the Tigers on Sunday. As of now, he is slated to be the fifth starter in Washington's rotation, while Dan Haren will be the fourth starter, according to manager Davey Johnson. Haren is ahead of Detwiler because the righty has more experience.
Before getting back to work with the Nats, Detwiler talked about how much he enjoyed playing in the Classic, even though his squad was eliminated by Puerto Rico on Friday.
"There are a lot of competitors out there," Detwiler said. "It's kind of fun to break the monotony of Spring Training a little bit. We actually compete on the world's stage and see what everybody else had to offer."
One of Detwiler's biggest moments was being coached by pitching coach Greg Maddux and manager Joe Torre. Detwiler admired those future Hall of Famers as a kid while growing up in Missouri.
"You see all the big names on the coaching staff," Detwiler said. "They are people whose cards you collected when you were little. Now they are teaching you little things that they know about the game -- to help you out and put you in the right direction. It's kind of unspeakable how that goes. It's pretty incredible."
Obviously, Detwiler picked Maddux's brain about attacking hitters and what he would throw in different pitch counts.
"He would walk up and down the dugout and ask random questions -- what we would do in certain situations or why you thought something went wrong," Detwiler said about Maddux.
Haren shakes off toughest start of spring
VIERA, Fla. -- A day after experiencing a dead arm, Nationals right-hander Dan Haren said Saturday that he is feeling much better and is expected to make his scheduled start against the Braves on Thursday.
Haren had his worst outing of the spring Friday, allowing five runs in five innings against the Cardinals.
"I feel better than I did yesterday," Haren said Saturday. "I couldn't get it going yesterday. I'll take it easy, I'll take an extra day with the off-day [on Tuesday], which should be nice. Physically, I feel real good, better than I did yesterday. I'm not going to put any excuses on driving down [to Jupiter, Fla.] or anything like that. It was just one of those days yesterday."
Davey sees Storen think too much, overthrow
VIERA, Fla. -- Nationals reliever Drew Storen struggled for the second outing in a row. This time, he allowed three runs in one inning during a 4-2 loss to the Astros on Saturday evening at Space Coast Stadium.
The Nats had a 2-1 lead when the Astros went ahead in the eighth off Storen. With one out and runners on first and second, Carlos Correa, the No. 1 pick in the 2012 First-Year Player Draft, singled to left field, scoring Jose Martinez.
Correa and Trevor Crowe came around to score when Rene Garcia hit a two-run single to left field. Storen has now allowed four runs in his last two innings.
Nationals manager Davey Johnson believes Storen is thinking too much on the mound.
"When you try to be that precise [on the mound], it's kind of paralysis by analysis," Johnson said. "I want him to trust his stuff and pitch. He has great stuff. He knows how to pitch. Sometimes he goes out there and tries to overthrow the ball. Those are power pitchers."
Johnson said a power arm like Storen will start pitching every other day in order to be ready for the season. Storen is expected to be one of Washington's setup men.
Young scheduled to get two more starts for Nats
VIERA, Fla. -- With left-hander Ross Detwiler back in camp, right-hander Chris Young will make two more starts for the Nationals, although he has an opt-out clause on March 24, which is the day before the second start.
As of now, there is a no chance Young will be on the 25-man roster. Barring injury, Washington's rotation is set and Young is not going to be part of the bullpen.
"I like him. I think he is good pitcher," manager Davey Johnson said. "He throws the ball well. He is not a candidate to pitch in my 'pen. I think everybody looks at him as a starter."
Worth noting
• Mid-Atlantic Sports Network has decided to replace Kristina Akra, who was the sideline reporter for the Nationals. The replacement might not come until Opening Day.
•Catcher Wilson Ramos wanted to play nine innings on Saturday against the Astros, but manager Davey Johnson turned him down. Chris Snyder entered the game in the sixth. Johnson said the catchers will start going nine innings next week.
• The Nationals have released right-handers Francisco Samuel and Randy Consuerga from their Minor League camp.
• The Nats are expected to make their third round of cuts next week.
Bill Ladson is a reporter for MLB.com and writes an MLBlog, All Nats All the time. He also could be found on Twitter @WashingNats. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.