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Theories - Origin of Life
Discussion of everything related to the Theory of Evolution.
Moderator: BioTeam
How have emerged and have become sensible ones membrane-ids, which for many billions of years ago, have built a peptide-nucleic super-technology - is an open question. But how do these membranoidy appeared on Earth - we can explore ...
http://translate.google.com/translate?h ... .agro.name
And the dream! http://spacenoology.agro.name/?page_id=4904
Re: Theories - Origin of Life
Let me try and explain.
(1) There is the modern Standard Theory of Evolution which essentially states .. well
here is a good description from:-
Evolution and the Tree of Life
The modern theory of evolution is based on two primary tenets:
All living things are related to one another to varying degrees through common decent (share common ancestors), have developed from other species, and all life forms have a single common ancestor.
The origin of a new species results from random heritable genetic mutations (changes), some of which are more likely to spread and persist in a gene pool than others. Mutations that result in an advantage to survive and reproduce are more likely to be retained and propagated than mutations that do not result in a survival to reproduce advantage.
The great Tree of Life is real. It is a phylogenetic tree representing the unique ancestral history of each and every creature. Darwin believed that all creatures on Earth might have originated from a single common ancestor so that each species through geological history fit somewhere in an overarching metaphorical tree;
(2) From Wikipedia ( I am always cautious about using wiki but in this case they have it about right.)
Punctuated equilibrium is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that most sexually reproducing species will experience little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history, remaining in an extended state called stasis. Punctuated equilibrium also proposes that stasis is broken up by rare and rapid events of branching speciation called cladogenesis. Cladogenesis is the process by which species split into two distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another.
Punctuated equilibrium is commonly contrasted against the theory of phyletic gradualism, which states that evolution generally occurs uniformly and by the steady and gradual transformation of whole lineages (anagenesis). In this view, evolution is seen as generally smooth and continuous.
In 1972, paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould published a landmark paper developing this theory and called it punctuated equilibria.[2] Their paper built upon Ernst Mayr's theory of geographic speciation,[3] I. Michael Lerner's theories of developmental and genetic homeostasis,[4] as well as their own empirical research.[5][6] Eldredge and Gould proposed that the degree of gradualism commonly attributed to Charles Darwin is virtually nonexistent in the fossil record, and that stasis dominates the history of most fossil species.
Two opposing views on one of the fundamental pillars of of Darwinian theory.
Another fundamental pillar of Darwinian theory is the notion of Common decent. (Tree of life) as explained above.
(3) Carl Woese and others like Craig Venter disagree fundamentally with this concept.
He describes this as "the doctrine of common decent" and is wrong. There is no tree of life, if any such analogy is to be used then a bush or forest would be more appropriate.
Again on one of the fundamental pillars of the standard theory there is disagreement.
So here briefly are three different theories but there are more.
I could relate Jim Shipiro's Natural Genetic Engineering view which he states is the third way between Creationism and Darwinism.
Or Simon Conway Morris who argues against Gould and Darwin in that evolution far from being quirky and unpredictable is essentially front loaded in that the evolutionary routes are many but the destinations are few.
Or Lynn Margolis... ….I think I had better leave it there in case everyone starts dozing off.
The reason I use the term denominations is because each theory has it's own doctrinal fundamentals and the fact that the adherents of one disagree with another, often with a vitriol that smacks of a sort of religious fervour, paints a picture for me.
Does evolution happen? It most certainly does and we have the evidence all around us.
What does that evidence show, well quite simply that all this evolution occurs within species.
Does it produce new species. Well I am waiting for anyone to demonstrate that with evidence and not speculation.
If anyone believes that speciation occurs through evolution by whatever formal theory, I have no problem with that.
It becomes a problem when that belief system is presented a fact.
I hope this clears up some of my points.
btw my comment about birds having a keen sense of taste is actually a quote from the Orlando's sea world website, I gave the link in my response to canolan, here it is again
http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/inf ... senses.htm
Scroll down to Taste.
But other forum participants such translation is acceptable. "Polypeptide-nucleic nano-technology that underpins life on Earth - is ancient and efficient engineering. Multicellularity as an engineering design, just not as ancient."
I am a molecular geneticist, in addition, cytology in oncology. These conclusions are based on extensive experience in the Biological Institute.
Re: Theories - Origin of Life
Well I may be wrong, but you have chosen a rather curious way to try to demonstrate your point.
I assume that of the "countless ways" to make two systems communicate and do it more safely one way would be to take a lesson from the snake ie locate the olfactory system in the mouth and make the tongue more sensitive.
You are aware are you not that the snake requires two senses of smell. One which involves the olfactory system located in the nose (not in the mouth as you have stated) and the other, the vomeronasal system that is associated with the constantly flicking tongue, which incidentally has no taste buds.This system is used in conjunction with the standard sense of smell possibly because the their rate of breathing does not allow the air to enter the nostrils fast enough to collect and translate scent particles in the normal way.
I would suggest that just a cursory examination of the needs of the two (humans and snakes) explains the two different systems and in my subjective opinion as opposed to your subjective opinion there is nothing "clunky" about either system.
However a far more fundamental point is at issue here.
You contend that the human sense of taste and smell evolved from preexisting structures that constrained them so much that a better design was not possible.
This raises two questions which I would appreciate you clarify
(1)From what lineages were these preexisting structures inherited?
(2)Can you provide the evidence for this please.
Finally you are clearly using a designed piece of software to demonstrate how something can't be designed because of design flaws. Am I right in assuming that this is the logic you are using to support you point, or am I missing a trick somewhere?
I have read Stephen Gould quite extensively, I would be happy to discuss his book(s) later if you wish.
Re: Theories - Origin of Life
sorry canalon for spelling error
Not sure if posts can be edited for such mistakes
Where you see differences in doctrinal fundamentals I see differences in detail. The arguements you site are akin to whether ionic or doric collumns are better. They are both collumns.
As for the vitreol and furvor you see in science are simply explained by the fact that humans are involved. Science is not devoid of bias but we make an effort to understand and mitigate those biases.
If you espouse faith as a tool toward fact I would suggest it's a tool with a very poor record.
After all, If you have enough faith you can believe anything.
As for my current understanding ( I avoid having beliefs, they are too hard to abandon when better evidence is presented) I see the tree of life as being very likely. One or a small handful of projenitors.
Punctuated equalibrium vs gradualism? It depends on the situation(niche).
Some situations cause fast change, some, don't change and some change gradually.
If you want to get a feel for real time evolutionary change I would suggest you read "The Beak of The Finch" by Jonathan Weiner
about the Grants study of Finches in The Galopagos.
It's not overly technical so the main theme comes through well.
Re: Theories - Origin of Life
Sorry for the delay but I am a bit tied up on other matters and have not been able to get back to my computer.
I will get back and respond tomorrow just as soon as I am free.
I appreciate this discussion very much because a respectful exchange of ideas and thoughts is always refreshing.
I will try to explain my point of view in order not to be misunderstood.
To me science and faith are two different concepts.
Science is limited to natural laws and any explanation must be confined within the limits of known natural laws.
Now Darwin proposed a theory or model that explained the Origin of Species. Now because it could be tested within the confines of Natural laws it is a valid scientific theory simply because it can be falsified.
He introduced the concept of Natural selection acting on random variation on given species that over time gradually change into another and different species. So this process can be tested and indeed has and continues to be.
If I state that species arrived by an act(s) of a God i.e. by supernatural means then that statement cannot be tested in a scientific way and therefore cannot be regarded as a scientific theory,
That is a belief system that I would be adhering to.
Belief can and often is simply blind and doesn't require evidence.
Faith on the other hand is something more than belief.
Faith should be based on evidence which maybe directly observed or by strong circumstantial evidence.
In a court for example a person may be convicted of murder although no one actually witnessed the crime but other evidence allows the jury to conclude that the crime was committed by that person.
So faith and belief are in themselves two different concepts although they are very very often used as synonyms.
Now I don't argue from a point of belief, nor indeed in matters of science do I argue from a point of faith.
What I will try and explain tomorrow is why I argue the way I do, not from a standpoint of belief or faith but from the standpoint of corroborating evidence, because this is a science forum.
Re: Theories - Origin of Life
Now I prepare my self the popcorn and will settle in the seat and I am waiting impatiently to see the evidence for the existence for god and its implication in creation being presented. The trailer is good, I hope that the main feature will be up to the task.
Science has proof without any certainty. Creationists have certainty without
any proof. (Ashley Montague)
I think your definitions of faith and belief might be peculiar to you. In common usage faith refers to beliefs instilled by authority without evidence beyond the word of the authority. As a recovering catholic I can recount first hand the "because God said so" argument. Belief simply refers to ones understanding of reality regardless of how it came about.
To argue another point, I feel that theology is a fine topic for science.
The scientific process is the best tool we have to get to the truth. It isn't perfect but it's the best we have come up with yet.
Besides, it was the creationists who claimed that they were scientists.
Re: Theories - Origin of Life
Sorry for the delay but life is a bit hectic at the moment.
The theories of evolution attempt to describe the process by which species arrive.
Now because we are discussing process it is important to understand which process you are subscribing to, as there are various differing theories.
Hence my question as to which theory (process)you subscribe to.
Since you have refrained to address the question I will assume you subscribe to the
first of my descriptions I presented you with, i.e. the Darwinian concept of decent from a single common ancestor. This process of decent being by random mutations within the genetic mechanism and sifted by Natural selection. The whole process operates by the gradual accumulation of changes to produce new species.
(If I am wrong please correct me.)
Let me try and explain my understanding.
The cell is a highly regulated biological information processing system that produces function. By it's very nature this system is governed by the laws of information theory. Three essential ingredients are required.
A coding system using symbols --- the cell has that
A decoding system recognising those symbols ---- the cell has that
And a channel for communication--- the cell has that.
This system uses the physical laws (physics, chemistry etc) to provide this function.
Now you appear to have indicated that I concentrate on "doctrine" and you on detail.
I am at a loss to understand how you could draw that conclusion, however lets look at some detail of the cell.
In order for a eukaryotic organism to develop and form, cell division takes place.
There are various stages to this cell cycle.
The cell contains several control mechanisms that are referred to as checkpoints and these come into action at various stages of the cycle.
These control mechanisms by their very nature check and verify whether the processes that led up to the particular stage are accurately completed before allowing progression to the next stage.
An important function of many checkpoints is to assess DNA damage.
When damage is found, the checkpoint uses a signal mechanism either to stall the cell cycle until repairs are made or, if repairs cannot be made, to target the cell for destruction via another mechanism.
Now this is but a very small part of the control the cell exercises before it divides, but it is enough to reveal some fundamental points.
(1) DNA damage (which is at the heart of Darwinian theory for speciation) is identified at virtually every stage in cell division and it is either repaired or it is passed on for destruction, except in some special situations. This demonstrates that decisions are being made by the cell, by way of biological algorithms, to eliminate the damage. Damage in the cell is regarded as noise in an information processing system which of course the cell is. Now engineers devote great time and effort to eliminate or at least reduce noise in any system, simply because noise corrupts information. Is it not strange that the very thing that corrupts information is being regarded as one of the fundamental driving forces of evolutional theory, of whatever shade?
(2) Decision points or nodes like this, and there are several in the cell, where the process is directed one way or another cannot come about by chance because natural laws do not work this way. Laws are discovered because endless amounts of dynamic data can be reduced down into mathematical formula, and the reason this can be done is because the behaviour pattern being examined is highly ordered, fixed, and low in information. However degrees of freedom is exactly what is required by the cell systems in living organisms. So not even some yet undiscovered law can address this issue.
(3) This is simply why I recognise design in biology. It has nothing to do with doctrine or belief or faith. It is about science.
Now the argument has been put forward that bad design is evidence of randomness.
However bad design can only be an example of bad design.
Randomness cannot produce the prescriptive design we see in the cell. It is not scientifically possible.
The analogy of the Panda's Thumb sadly is the perpetuation of this myth.
In 1978 Stephen Gould proposed this as an example of bad design to support his view that bad design is evidence of randomness. However he did not fully understand what he was examining, because he did not have the technology available to examine thoroughly.
Some 20 years later however around 1998 and as technology had greatly advanced, his idea was put to the test and was found wanting.
You will find the paper in Nature (peer reviewed of course) here
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v3 ... 309a0.html
This is how the abstract reads
"The way in which the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, uses the radial sesamoid bone — its 'pseudo-thumb' — for grasping makes it one of the most extraordinary manipulation systems in mammalian evolution1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The bone has been reported to function as an active manipulator, enabling the panda to grasp bamboo stems between the bone and the opposing palm2,6, 7, 8. We have used computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and related techniques to analyse a panda hand. The three-dimensional images we obtained indicate that the radial sesamoid bone cannot move independently of its articulated bones, as has been suggested1, 2, 3, but rather acts as part of a functional unit of manipulation. The radial sesamoid bone and the accessory carpal bone form a double pincer-like apparatus in the medial and lateral sides of the hand, respectively, enabling the panda to manipulate objects with great dexterity. (my emphasis)"
The panda has specific needs (stripping bark off bamboo for some 12 hours a day is not an activity normally associated with other mammals)
This is good design and therefore hardly an icon of bad design.
Re: Theories - Origin of Life
By the way I am not trying to prove the existence of anything except design.
You should not presume to ascribe motives to me. Don't demonstrate fear of discussing science by trying to turn it towards some form of religion.
Now how much pop corn do you have?
Why not put it to good use and investigate evidences of Good design in Nature that science learns from.
As the Whale turns
http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/biomec ... hale-turns
Read the whole article you will learn something but here is a taster.
"The Humpback Whale….
And underwater, the animals move with such astonishing agility that they've caught the attention of naval engineers, who hope that some of the principles learned from the study of the humpback's flippers can be applied to designing submersible vehicles of unprecedented maneuverability."
How about Heat exchanger Design
Here is an acknowledgement from by Arthur P Fraas in his book "Heat Exchanger Design"
You will find some extracts here
http://books.google.com/books?id=rdtKXC ... &q&f=false
On page 2 he says
" It is interesting to note that nature presents us with one of the best examples of a highly efficient counterflow system in the blood vessel system in the legs of wading birds such as herons. The warm blood moving outward into the leg from the heart is passed through a system of tiny parallel blood vessels that are interspersed in checkerboard fashion with similar vessels returning from the extremity of the birds leg, giving one of the worlds most effective regenerative heat exchangers. The heat transfer performance of this blood vessel configuration is so good that the warm blood is cooled almost to the ambient temperature before reaching the region immersed in cold water, and thus the bird loses relatively little heat through the skin of it's leg."
These are but a couple of examples of design that scientists and engineers look to, when designing their machines. I could go on about the seagull's wings, the low drag design of the boxfish that the concept car imitates, the shock-absorbing properties of the abalone shells, or the sonar in dolphins etc etc.
So many good ideas have come from nature that researchers have established a database that already catalogs thousands of different biological systems so that scientists can search this database to find natural solutions to their design problems.
The June 9th 2005 edition of the Economist reports .. in part
"This process is entirely the wrong way round, says Dr Vincent. "To be effective, biomimetics should be providing examples of suitable technologies from biology which fulfil the requirements of a particular engineering problem," he explains. That is why he and his colleagues, with funding from Britain's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, have spent the past three years building a database of biological tricks which engineers will be able to access to find natural solutions to their design problems. A search of the database with the keyword "propulsion", for example, produces a range of propulsion mechanisms used by jellyfish, frogs and crustaceans."
Now if Bad design is evidence of randomness as you argue to then do tell
What is Good design evidence of?
I would say Non-randomness, wouldn't you or would your theology prevent that conclusion?
Got any pop corn left?
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John W. Eyster: Today is not President's Day in Wisconsin
TODAY is "Washington's Birthday" federal holiday. TODAY is not a state holiday.
I too was surprised to learn that our US Congress did NOT create the identity, "President's Day" for the 3rd Monday of February when it passed the "Uniform Monday Holiday Act" which was signed into law by President Johnson on June 28, 1968 and took effect on January 1, 1971. If you are interested in a full report on the law, I suggest reading Wikipedia's article, "Uniform Monday Holiday Act."
That article specifically reports, "The Act did not officially establish 'President's Day,' nor did it combine the observance of Lincoln's Birthday with Washington's Birthday. The perception stems from the fact that the act placed federal observance of Washington's 'birthday' in the week of February 15 to 21 and, since that week always falls between Lincoln's birthday (February 12) and Washington's (February 22), but never includes either date, popular references have given rise to the title, which recognizes both Presidents. As of 1998, a dozen U.S. states officially refer to the holiday as 'Presidents' Day.'"
WISCONSIN has NOT identified either Lincoln's or Washington's birthday as a state holiday. Both are, however, a required "school observance day" in WI state law.
What do YOU think? Should our US Congress change the identity of the 3rd Monday in February from "Washington's Birthday" to "Presidents' Day" to honor ALL US PRESIDENTS? Should our WI State Legislature identify the 3rd Monday in February as "Washington's Birthday" or "Presidents' Day"? I hope YOU will comment and explain your recommendation.
For more discussion about Washington's Birthday, I suggest you check out: Wikipedia's article, "Washington's Birthday" and/or the excellent summary about "Washington's Birthday" and "Presidents' Day" entitled "Public Holidays United States. Overview of STATE designations for February 17, 2014—WI absent."
I cited our WI State Law setting 21 school observance days in my WE THE PEOPLE post on Abraham Lincoln's Birthday last Tuesday, 2/12, "Happy 205th birthday, Abraham Lincoln!" If you want to review that list of days, use this link.
For "George Washington's Birthday" WI state law identifies February 22 to be the school observance day with the DPI notes, "George Washington is honored for his efforts to create a new nation dedicated to the rights of the people. He was commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. In 1789, he was inaugurated as the first president of the United States." WI state law did NOT move the school observance to the 3rd Monday of February when the federal government set up the Monday holiday.
What are YOU observing today? "Washington's Birthday"? "President's Day"? "Presidents' Day"?
I'm observing "Washington's Birthday"!
John W. Eyster lives in the Edgerton area. He is an adjunct professor assigned with the online/distance education faculty of Viterbo University, LaCrosse. He continues his personal mission supporting democracy/civics education in Wisconsin K-12 schools through Project Citizen, We the People, Discovering Democracy (Milton HS). John is a community blogger and is not a part of The Gazette staff or management.

subset: commoncrawl


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Bob Carver -- Mike Beam
There were a lot of guys at CarverFest building, but on day one I saw there was Bob Carver and Mike.. There was no way a guy like me could do that. My job became to encourage and carry water and beer to the guys. I did it 24/7, had fun and learned a lot. No one visiting Cabin 5 wanted for anything.
I gave Mike $1K in $20 bills to build mine the first day I met him. At the time it seemed like a fair deal.
Neither of us saw the problems ahead, so now I owe Mike more more $$. I am good for it.
The design was flawed and needed new thinking and the many upgrades that have come to light over the last year.
The amps Mike is building will be the best of the best. Anyone here doubt that?
From one Biker to another --> Thanks Mike


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For the Love of One
By Tom Lappas, Citizen Editor 05/06/04
It is 67 miles from Farmville, Va. to a quiet plot of land in eastern Henrico County. In between, stately pines stand at attention alongside rolling hills of green, and dusty gravel trails lead to nowhere in particular.
The trip along this lonely highway is not a difficult one, nor remarkable. But for a six-year-old girl more than 40 years ago, it was both.
Fate carried her across those 67 miles – or was it hate that pushed her? She came for reasons that she was too young to understand, and because of people who she did not know. It is only 67 miles, this trip, but were it 6,700 miles it could have seemed no farther.
Dozens contributed to her journey, and to the tale that would become hers. Their names are mostly forgotten now, though never known to more than a few. The story they helped create, however, has persevered quietly in the decades since.
It is a story of pain and of frustration, of opportunity and hope. Mostly, though, it is a story of love — one that no one has known in its entirety until now. The year was 1961. Sally Ann Harris was six years old.
A Painful Secret
The fertile farmland and wooded acres of Prince Edward County, Va., hid a secret in the 1950s that the rest of the nation – and indeed, the rest of the world – would learn soon enough.
Blacks and whites in the county greeted each other cordially on the streets and conversed as if they were content with their otherwise separate and unequal lives. Some, however, were not.
One April morning in 1951 at the town's all-black Robert R. Moton High School, 16-year-old student Barbara Johns decided she'd had enough.
She helped organized a phony assembly, then took the stage and ordered staff members from the building. They complied. One was a young home economics teacher named Hilda Johnson.
Johns and student government president John Stokes then led their classmates from the school and into the streets of Farmville, where they marched in protest of severe overcrowding – the school held more than 400 students but was meant for only 175 – and lack of government funding. Conditions at the town's all-white high school were infinitely better. The black students sought the equality they deserved.
Three years later, the U.S. Supreme Court heard their cry and issued its landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision, which required public schools to integrate.
The Brown decision was based on five cases nationally – including the one filed against Prince Edward County on behalf of the black students.
But during the next five years, little changed. Virginia's "massive resistance" efforts delayed integration in most localities, including Prince Edward, whose Board of Supervisors voted in 1955 to allocate no money for desegregated schools.
Many localities then adopted the so-called "Freedom of Choice" policy, whereby citizens could choose where to send their students. But the policy mostly encouraged white students to continue attending previously all-white schools and black students to continue attending all-black schools. It was an utter failure.
Finally in 1959, faced with another court mandate to integrate the county's schools, Prince Edward's Board of Supervisors voted instead to close them altogether. It would take a federal court order to pry open the doors some five years later. Prince Edward was the only county in the United States to close its schools for such a prolonged period in order to avoid integration.
"It was a time when a lot of things took place, and a lot of people were concerned," the former Hilda Johnson recalled recently. "It was not only a national concern but a worldly concern – to think that this is happening in the United States.
"Everybody moved on as best they knew how."
One Family's Dilemma
Having effectively banned black students from its schools, the Prince Edward supervisors quickly supplied funding for the "private" Prince Edward Academy for whites in Farmville, which opened in the fall of 1959. Many – but not all – of the county's white students continued their education there. The academy is today known as the Fuqua School.
Black families, meanwhile, scrambled first to comprehend what had happened, then attempt to overcome it. Solutions were not easy.
The effects of the closure reverberated from many angles through the Harris family of Farmville. Alexander and Emma Harris, natives of the county, were raising six of their eight children there at the time. (The oldest two, William and Raymond, already had completed school and were working.) Alexander – like many in the appropriately named community – was a farmer who grew crops and tended animals.
The family's oldest daughter, Carol, was a member of the last Moton High school class to graduate before the shutdown. Linwood Harris was in the first class whose graduation never occurred because of it. Emma Harris still can remember clearly when she heard the awful news.
"I got the message that first day that the schools were closing, and that the schoolchildren were coming down the highway," she recalled, in a hushed tone. "Can you imagine over 100 children walking down the highway into Farmville? And when they got down there, I was down there waiting for them. It was just terrible. A lot of the parents were upset, crying. I imagine I was too. But we just had to do the best we could."
Though heartbroken for their son whose graduation had vanished, Alexander and Emma had four younger children – Shirley, Alice, Milton and Sally – who were at critical developmental ages. They did not intend to see the youngsters suffer as a result of the county's decision. The youngest, Sally, was to start kindergarten that fall.
The family tried to enroll their children in the public school system of adjacent Cumberland County, but it was too late. The system, they were told, was full.
One Man's Motivation
With local options dwindling, a few Prince Edward families sent their children to live with relatives out of state. But for most black students – hundreds, in fact – there were no other options.
And 67 miles away, in Henrico County, that stirred something in a confident young black teacher named Richard Harris.
Perhaps it was the fact that he was only a handful of years removed from his own graduation (from Henrico's only black high school, Virginia Randolph, in 1953). Maybe it was that he still vividly remembered stepping into the one-room schoolhouse in Hanover County where he first began to learn. Or maybe it was because of the lessons he learned there, at Goodall Elementary School, where the only teacher was his own mother, and where he and the other students rejoiced on the day water pipes were installed, for it meant their daily trips to a nearby spring were over.
Whatever the reason, Harris (no relation to the Farmville Harrises) felt compelled to do something – anything. In his short time as a Henrico teacher, he already had demonstrated a willingness to take chances. Only a few years into his career, Harris had become an active member of the Henrico Teachers' Association. (The organization was the black teachers' equivalent to the Henrico Education Association, which only permitted white members).
"There were open elections, and I decided to run," he recalled, matter-of-factly, "and I won."
Now the young man was president, and he had a voice.
He used it to wonder aloud to Henrico School Superintendent George H. Moody what Henrico might do to help the students of Prince Edward County. Moody's response wasn't quite what Harris had hoped to hear.
The county would gladly accept as many students as it could, Moody said – provided each paid tuition.
Since most families in Prince Edward County lived modestly and couldn't afford such an expense – and since it would be difficult to locate strangers who might be willing to house and feed their children in Henrico – the idea seemed implausible.
But, Harris thought, there was still one other option.
A Fortunate Move
Several years after the 1951 student protest, Moton High School teacher Hilda Johnson took a teaching job in Cumberland County. Her chosen career placed her in the footsteps of her father, a prominent Farmville schoolteacher who was known to virtually all the community's black residents. (Emma Harris had been one of his pupils.)
But now the timing was right for Johnson to set out on her own, away from the town where her family had deep roots. After a year in Cumberland, she traveled east and ended up in Henrico. It would be a fortuitous decision – one that would impact several lives.
Here, she accepted a job as a home demonstration agent (the title given to blacks who worked as county extension agents). In her new capacity, Johnson helped organize 4-H clubs, worked with children and maintained her focus on homemaking trends.
It was through her job that Johnson met Priddy Jasper Cosby, a black woman whose own career in education made her an associate of famed Henrico educator Virginia Randolph. (Cosby and Randolph had first worked together years earlier to devise tuberculosis testing and treatment for local black students who couldn't afford either. They became fast friends.)
Cosby hosted regular meetings of the home demonstration agents in the area, meetings that Johnson regularly attended. One evening, her attention shifted from the topic of the meeting to the sight of an attractive young man in the house. It was Cosby's son, William, a Henrico teacher.
The two would marry several years later. In time, William Cosby became principal of an all-black elementary school in Henrico County.
'It Was Amazing'
If Prince Edward County parents could not pay for their children to attend school in Henrico, Richard Harris thought, then maybe Henrico's black teachers could pay for them.
"I brought the idea to the association, and they bought into it," he recalled. The HTA agreed that it would try to raise enough money to pay for the tuition of several Prince Edward students and bring them to Henrico. The organization had about 70 members at the time. Quickly, it turned into a fundraising operation.
"We sold candy, we had a popularity contest – we did all sorts of things to raise the money," Harris said.
Following weeks of events and donations – many from the teachers themselves – Harris counted the total collection. The HTA had raised enough money to support one child.
"It was amazing," William Cosby recalled during a 1987 interview with a Virginia Tech researcher.
One of the teachers in the organization, Juanita Brown, volunteered to house the child in the home she and her husband shared. The couple had no children of their own.
But the process was not quite complete. Harris needed Moody's permission to finalize the arrangement and authorize the place-ment of a Prince Edward child in the county. And according to Harris, Moody was less than anxious to provide it.
"He did everything he could to discourage me," Harris said. "So, being young and not afraid, I just kept insisting. Some of the older principals said, 'You better walk lightly.' But I felt that if I could get that job, I could get another one."
Despite several requests by Harris, Moody delayed a face-to-face meeting that would complete the arrangement. Finally, Harris called the superintendent again and asked to see him. This time, Moody agreed, and invited Harris to his house.
When Harris arrived, he showed Moody a piece of paper with dozens of signatures on it.
"I told him I had the support of all the black teachers in the county," Harris said. "We had raised enough money to do it."
Moody studied the document for a time, paused, then added his own name to it.
"He was just as mad as he could be," Harris said. "He signed it and kind of slung it back at me."
For one student in Prince Edward County, school had just reopened.
A Journey Begins
By the end of the school year in 1961, the youngest four members of the Harris family of Farmville were scattered. One was in Jetersville, one in Charlottesville, one in Lunenburg and one in New Jersey. Opportunities for education existed in these places, and they did not in Farmville. Though it tore at the Harris parents to split their family apart, they knew they were the fortunate ones. Most of their neighbors had nowhere to send their children for schooling.
Sally Harris had started her education in Atlantic City, N.J., where she lived with older sister Carol. But then Emma Harris, who had maintained occasional contact with Hilda Johnson (now Cosby) learned of the Henrico Teachers Association's efforts to fund one child's tuition. That one child could be Sally Harris, if her family approved.
Emma Harris had an aunt and a close friend living in the Richmond area at the time (in addition to Hilda Cosby, who knew Juanita Brown). The scenario gave her the peace of mind necessary to send her baby away.
That fall, Sally Harris made the 67-mile journey from her home in Farmville to a one-story brick schoolhouse on Buffin Road in eastern Henrico County for the first time. The principal waiting to greet her on that quietly historic first day was William Cosby.
The Racial Divide
Though racial tension was noticeable – and at times prominent – in Richmond during the 1950s and '60s, it was less discernable in Henrico at the time. Blacks and whites went about their daily lives in relative peace – often because their circles of movement did not overlap.
"I didn't really encounter a lot of whites," recalled Lloyd Jackson, a classmate of Richard Harris's at Virginia Randolph who retired in 1993 after a 34-year career as a Henrico teacher, principal and administrator and now serves as the Fairfield District representative on the Henrico School Board. "We didn't affiliate with one another."
During the heated period of integration and massive resistance, there were occasional difficulties, as William Cosby recalled during a 1987 interview.
"I remember coming to my school one morning and taking KKK signs from off the doors and light posts leading to the school," he told a Virginia Tech researcher.
Still, with scattered exceptions, whites and blacks in the county were respectful to each other, according to Jackson, Harris and others. Perhaps the most difficult aspect of it all was simply the recognition of the system that found it acceptable to teach blacks in one set of schools and whites in another.
"It was tough, but then it wasn't because we grew up in that kind of an environment," Harris said. "We just sort of expected it. We didn't expect anything else. We learned to survive and even in the midst of that, we found ways to overcome it.
"And I suppose it even made us stronger."
Said Jackson: "It was almost like two school systems. Even though it was not right – even though it was illegal – you sort of worked within the system and did as good a job as you could."
Though the "Freedom of Choice" option was as much a failure in Henrico as it was elsewhere, there were moments – however fleeting – of hope.
Harris recalled one such occasion, which occurred while he was the principal of all-black Fair Oaks Elementary School.
"I looked out of the window and saw this white family pull in with two kids. I was waiting for them to appear in the office and they never did," he said. "So I walked out into the hallway and asked a couple seventh-graders who were there did they see a white family with two kids come inside.
"And they said, 'Yeah Mr. Harris. We ran them off.'"
Harris laughs heartily at the memory today. That he can demonstrates, in his words, "how far we've come."
"I guess their thinking was, well, we're not welcome at the white schools, so they're not welcome at ours."
'All I Want is My Baby'
Sally Harris spent two years at Henrico Central Elementary School (today Mehfoud Elementary), two years living with Juanita Brown and her husband – two years making friends, practicing spelling, learning multiplication and being a regular child. But she did so away from her family – something that regular bus trips home for the holidays couldn't quite overcome.
"Just imagine sending your baby, six years old, away to school," Emma Harris said.
The most trying moment during that period stands out in Harris' memory with all the clarity of a fire alarm piercing a silent school auditorium.
Sally was returning to Farmville from Henrico for Christmas. She was traveling by bus.
"It was snowing. All of the children had gotten home but her," Emma Harris recalled, her voice slowing to paint a picture of the afternoon. "I went down to the bus station about three o'clock thinking that she was going to be on that bus. She wasn't. And I waited and waited, and by that time I was all to pieces.
"The bus came in about nine o'clock, and I asked the driver, 'Is there another bus behind you?' He said, 'There's one turned over on the side of the road, coming from Richmond. Well, can you imagine how I felt, thinking my baby was on that bus?
"Finally the bus station closed, and they told the people to go to the train station to wait. So I went to the train station. There was nobody there but me. And finally I saw this bus coming up the street. So I ran out in the snow – the snow came up over my knees. The bus driver opened the door, and he says, 'Lady are you looking for somebody? And I said, 'Yes, a six-year-old little girl. He said, 'Here she is sitting right here, is this her?
"She was sound asleep. And somebody had pinned a note on her coat and put some money in it. So he picked her up and handed her to me, and there was a cab driver sitting there waiting. He said, 'Come on, I'll take you home.' He said, 'Where's the suitcase?'
"And I said, 'Don't worry about the suitcase, all I want is my baby.'"
An 'Urge to Help People'
Though the story is hers, parts of it even today are foreign to the woman who many years ago was that little girl, alone and asleep on a bus one snowy night.
Today Sally Ann Harris is Sally Ann Beverly, the mother of three grown children and grandmother of 10. Twice married and once widowed, Beverly's life has taken her from Henrico back to Farmville (where she graduated high school in 1971), later to California (where she earned a bachelor's degree in health science) and then to Hampton Roads, where she now lives with her mother. (Her father died years ago.)
Upon returning to Farmville when the schools reopened, Harris was able to skip fourth grade and enter fifth grade. While most of her classmates were struggling to readjust to school, she was excelling. She credits her Henrico experience – and in particular the assistance of Juanita Brown – for that.
"I was very fortunate," Beverly said, recounting her story for a reporter recently. "We were very blessed to have the parents that we did. They went way out to find a way for us to get to school. I'm sure there are some that didn't have that ability.
"To be frankly honest, I really feel like it was a positive effect. It enabled me to reach out a little bit more and attain my goals. If that hadn't happened, I don't know where I may have ended up."
Instead, she ended up at Chesapeake General Hospital, where she has worked since 1987 and now serves as a lab manager, overseeing three analyzers who check the bloodwork of patients.
From an early age, she said, "I just had this certain urge to help people. I love helping people.
"It's heartbreaking when we lose somebody who we've been working on for awhile," she said, perhaps unaware of the special meaning in her words, "but the satisfaction is seeing a patient who we didn't think was going to walk out the door walk out the door. That's the satisfying part."
Prince Edward County lost hundreds of somebodies in 1959. Some persevered to achieve in spite of it. Some could not. Beverly was one of the few who walked out the door.
Through it all, her role model has been her older sister, Shirley Bolding, who was not able to finish school, but who still devoted herself to becoming a successful nurse.
"The way she came through it was really fantastic," Beverly said. Last year, Beverly and her five other living siblings gathered with their mother in Farmville to watch as Bolding walked across a stage to receive the high school diploma that she was denied so many years ago. The ceremony was a small piece in the healing process for many former Prince Edward students whose educations ended far too soon.
"Words can't describe that day," Beverly said. "It was wonderful."
'The Right Thing to Do'
Today, Richard Harris and William and Hilda Cosby still call Henrico home. Though they had lost touch with the child whose life they touched decades ago, she remained in their thoughts from time to time.
"It's been so long," Harris said recently, while surrounded by Henrico history during a visit to the Virginia Randolph Museum on Mountain Road. "I'd love to know where she is."
The museum is a home away from home for the Cosbys; 92-year-old William Cosby has served as curator for several decades and still greets visitors with a warm smile and firm handshake. The couple lives in the same Glen Allen home in which he was raised.
Pictures, paintings and documents outlining the life of the building's namesake fill the small museum, which the Cosbys have maintained as a labor of love.
It is important – critical, even – that the story of Virginia Randolph and her efforts to educate young black children in Henrico County not fade from memory. This a visitor can sense from even a short visit to this hallowed place and a brief conversation with the couple who keeps it.
But perhaps lost in a wonderful sort of irony is the story in which they themselves played a role. Of this tale, there are no pictures on the wall, no signed documents tucked away neatly in notebooks – not a trace of the little girl who passed through these parts on her way to the rest of her life.
Now her story, too, has been told. Those who helped create it, however, insist that they merely did what they should have done.
"At that time, it was just the right thing to do," Harris said. "That's the way we thought of it, and even today that's the way that I think of it. Those families in Prince Edward that couldn't afford to pay for their children's education needed help.
"And it was just the right thing to do."
There are some who would question the value of one life, or the impact that just one person might make. In this great sphere filled with billions, after all, what is one?
The wide-eyed grandchildren who bounce about Sally Ann Beverly's Portsmouth home, they know. So too do the patients whose lives she has improved, or helped save.
Forty-three years ago, one little girl traveled 67 miles to Henrico County because one teacher believed she should, because one principal believed she could, because one mother and one father knew she must.
She was just one small person, caught unwittingly in the swirl of a national controversy, and hers is just one story.
But, oh, what a story it is.
Va. State Police release opioid/heroin awareness videos
Citizen Staff Reports 11/06/2017 General NewsPublic Safety
Virginia State Police officials have released two opioid/heroin awareness videos.
One video – Broken Dreams, details the story of Sheriff Alleghany County Sheriff Kevin W. Hall's son, Ryan, and his battle with addiction. The video describes Ryan Hall's struggle to overcome addiction and persevere.
The second video, No Second Chance, debuted recently on the Eastern Shore and follows the tragic consequences of a 20-year-old Accomack County woman who died from a heroin overdose in July 2016. > Read more.
Business in brief
Citizen Staff Reports 11/06/2017 BusinessBusiness in BriefGeneral News
To mark the changing of the name of Cadence at the Glen to Verena at the Glen, the independent living rental retirement community in Glen Allen is hosting an open-to-the-public celebration Nov. 16. The Showcase of Homes will feature cuisine from the culinary team, refreshments and live jazz, along with tours of the community. The public will also have the opportunity to meet residents and staff. Verena at the Glen is owned by an affiliate of Chicago-based Green Courte Partners, LLC. With the name change to Verena (Latin for true) the community is bringing an updated wellness philosophy, along with enhanced dining, fitness programs, services and activities. The Showcase of Homes at Verena at the Glen will be held from 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. The community is located at 10286 Brook Road, Glen Allen. RSVP at http://VerenaAtTheGlen.com/RSVP. > Read more.
GRASP offers Spanish-speaking advisor for financial aid questions
Citizen Staff Reports 11/06/2017 EducationGeneral News
GRASP, a nonprofit, charitable, college-access organization that assists students and families in obtaining funding for post-secondary education, now has a Spanish-speaking advisor available to assist students and families with the financial aid process.
The advisor, Conchy Martinez, is bilingual and is available to assist with outreach to the Latino community. > Read more.
Henrico Schools to host 7 meetings for budget feedback
Citizen Staff Reports 11/06/2017 EducationGeneral News
Henrico Schools will host seven meetings prior to the release of Superintendent Pat Kinlaw's proposed Fiscal Year 2018-19 budget in January to solicit community input about the budget. A short presentation by HCPS budget staff members will be followed by opportunities to comment and ask questions. The school division will develop a budget proposal using feedback from stakeholders. > Read more.
Glen Allen dentist offering low-cost braces to qualified children
Citizen Staff Reports 11/03/2017 General NewsHealth
Glen Allen-based White Orthodontics will donate more than $300,000 in orthodontic care to children of families who cannot afford the full cost of braces. Dr. Paul White and his team will host an open house Saturday, Nov. 4, from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. at their office, 5237 Hickory Park Drive in Glen Allen, to meet with interested families.
The effort is part of the national Smiles Change Lives program, which counts some 800 orthodontists nationwide among its ranks. > Read more.
Glen Allen dentist offering low-cost braces to qualified children
Smoke and fire
Education guru to kick off HCPS strategic planning process
DMV announces license plate design contest for Virginia student
Fire officials encourage citizens to check smoke alarms this weekend
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Nov. 2, 2017Current edition | Archive
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CAT Theatre to hold auditions for two shows
Weekend Top 10
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Chopt Creative Salad Co. opens Oct. 17 at Willow Lawn
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Obituary – Joan Scharf Hart
Obituary – Betty Jane Nuckols Thurston
Obituary – John C. Fanis
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Saxon Shoes donates to Henrico Christmas Mother program
Halloween can be deadly for pedestrians
YWCA Richmond to host annual 'Remember My Name' memorial event Oct. 26
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Work ethics: born in the crib (well, almost)
Growing a grown-up: Part II
How to grow an adult
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SunTrust to sponsor raceways's military appreciation program
Code Lacrosse joins Richmond Strikers
5 Henrico student-athletes win scholarships at awards dinner
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CalendarThe Rink at West Broad Village will open at 3 p.m. and remain open, weather permitting, through Jan. 31. Regular hours are 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. Monday, 3 p.m. to 11 p.m. Tuesday through Friday, 11 a.m. to 11 p.m. Saturday and 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Sunday. For extended hours and daily updates, visit http://www.facebook.com/TheRinkWBV. Cost is $10 for adults and $8 for children 10 and under; skate rental and skate aid are $5 each. Beer, wine and snacks will be available on Friday and Saturday nights. Special events will also take place throughout the season, as well as lessons. For details, visit http://www.westbroadvillageicerink.com. Full text


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When the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was signed into law in July 2010, many corporate treasurers were satisfied that they had obtained an exemption from its derivatives provisions. Now, three years later, they have begun to reconcile with a different reality. They are engaging legal resources in evaluating their regulatory status, re-documenting their transactions, and working in new ways with their boards of directors. As they take these steps, treasurers are becoming increasingly aware that they are just beginning a journey that could extend for years.
Cross-border, margin, and Basel III regulations are not yet complete, which is creating uncertainty about their true regulatory impact. Additionally, it is becoming clear that navigating new regulations is not merely a compliance exercise. Corporate treasurers need to re-evaluate how regulations will impact their risk management strategies, operational processes, and systems. Rather than being outside of Dodd-Frank's reach, corporate treasurers are finding themselves in the splash zone of the act's enormous market changes.
Looming large among these uncertainties is cross-border regulation of swaps trading. Because of the global nature of the swaps market, end users in the United States regularly transact with European, Canadian, Asian, and Australian entities, just to name a few, and U.S. banks serve customers domiciled in every business center around the world. So far, neither Europe nor the United States has adopted final regulations governing the application of its rules to cross-border transactions. Early indications are creating concern about the potential for confusing, conflicting, and duplicative regulation.*
Crossing Borders
Rules proposed by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) hold that Dodd-Frank should apply whenever a "U.S. person" is party to a derivatives transaction. As of July 12, 2013, the CFTC's definition of a "U.S. person" may become expansive unless the agency extends an exemptive order from December 2012. The legal implications of the expiration of the exemptive order, without a final rule to replace it, are complex. But in the absence of the clarity and relief that the exemptive order provided, many more entities—particularly those that are majority owned, directly or indirectly, by U.S. entities—may need to comply as U.S. persons.
Companies' first order of business is to sort out which regulatory regimes apply to each of their various entities. Then they need to consider which regulations apply to each particular transaction, which involves determining the regulatory status of their counterparty in the transaction. There are a total of six different end-user statuses and eight different bank-entity status configurations that can alter which regulatory requirements apply to a transaction.
It's likely that many transactions could be subject to oversight by multiple rule-making bodies. If the European Union adopts an approach similar to that proposed by the CFTC, any transaction between a U.S. entity and a European bank, or between a European entity and a U.S. bank, will be subject simultaneously to two different regulatory regimes. And a transaction might be subject to different rules depending on which bank wins a competitive auction. For example, the documentation, reporting, and other requirements that a European subsidiary of a U.S. parent company must comply with will vary depending on whether it's working with a U.S. swaps dealer, a non-U.S. branch of a U.S. swaps dealer, or a non-U.S. affiliate of a U.S. swaps dealer.
This Rubik's Cube of complexity is the source of international discomfort with the CFTC's proposal, and it's the basis for ongoing international dialogue about a system of mutual recognition that could simplify regulatory analyses. In a mutual-recognition system, one country could recognize another country's regulatory regime as comparable to its own and so could deem any transaction that fully satisfies the regulatory requirements of the transaction's host country as satisfying all requirements of both regulatory regimes.
The CFTC contemplated such a system, but its proposed cross-border guidance only compounded concerns about complexity because it applies the regulatory regime at a requirement-by-requirement level, rather than at a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction level. If such an approach were finalized, a single transaction might be subject to the margin, reporting, and documentation rules of one country, while being subject to the clearing, recordkeeping, and portfolio reconciliation requirements of another country.
In a letter to U.S. Treasury Secretary Jack Lew on April 18, nine foreign finance ministers—including those from Germany, France, the U.K., and Japan—indicated that such an approach would challenge the efficient functioning of global derivatives markets. They noted: "An approach in which jurisdictions require that their own domestic regulatory rules be applied to their firms' derivatives transactions taking place in broadly equivalent regulatory regimes abroad is not sustainable. Marketplaces where firms from all our respective jurisdictions can come together and do business will not be able to function under such burdensome regulatory conditions." While taking umbrage to the letter before a Senate panel, Treasury Secretary Lew noted that U.S. regulators were "making real progress" on the issue. And indeed, a recent proposal by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) offers hints about the dimensions of that progress. While SEC rules will not apply to an end user's interest rate, currency, and commodity swaps, its approach could influence the CFTC's final rules.
The Worst of all Worlds
On May 1, the SEC offered a proposal on cross-border regulation that re-envisions how a mutual-recognition regime might work. Rather than evaluating whether each rule is equivalent between the U.S. and another regulatory regime, the new proposal focuses on the outcomes that the rules achieve. For example, if rules in one regime mandate that a given transaction be reported within one day, while comparable rules in another regime allow for three days, one could reasonably conclude that these rules achieve similar outcomes, even if they differ in the specifics. And rather than comparing regimes on a rule-by-rule basis, the SEC proposal groups regulations into four broad categories and evaluates whether those categories are broadly comparable between jurisdictions. In essence, it takes a half-step toward the jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction approach that foreign regulators have called for.
*Note that the CFTC and the EU have reached a tentative accord on the issue of cross-border swaps although, as the president of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association put it, "the devil's in the details."
As regulators labor toward harmonizing their approaches domestically and internationally, corporate treasurers must begin working through the practical implications of the current proposals. In the absence of clear and final guidance, many are assuming that their transactions will be subject to both U.S. and European laws, as well as rules in some other jurisdictions such as Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, and Australia, which are largely lagging behind the U.S. and Europe. Such an approach dictates understanding the requirements imposed by each regime and, for every derivatives transaction, comparing the requirements in each rule category for the jurisdictions the transaction falls under. When treasurers identify which regime's requirements have the highest standards and nearest-term compliance deadlines for each rule or rule category, they can prepare to comply with the most stringent demands in each category, a "worst of all worlds" scenario.
An inevitable conclusion when performing such an analysis is that life is simplest for companies that don't cross borders—and this conclusion makes clear just what's at stake with cross-border derivatives regulation. Some businesses will likely be overwhelmed by the complexity inherent in cross-border transactions, and few companies are going to subject themselves to a worst-of-all-worlds compliance regime without seriously considering the alternatives. Where possible, they're likely to choose to transact with banks in their own jurisdictions.
For their part, large banks will not be satisfied with losing transactions because of jurisdictional considerations. They may have incentives to create subsidiaries in many new jurisdictions so that they can transact on a regulatory playing field that is level with that of domestic competitors. This may cause a proliferation of financial services entities and transaction documents for corporate end users—an effect some have called the "balkanization" of the derivatives market. It may also diminish the extent to which a company can net all of its global transactions with a given bank counterparty. Ultimately, rather than simplifying the lives of treasury professionals, Dodd-Frank may vastly increase the complexity of managing financial risk, especially for multinational businesses that frequently engage in cross-border derivatives transactions.
Capital Considerations
Cross-border swaps regulation is not the only piece of unfinished business looming over the derivatives market; capital and margin rules may also reshape the industry. Capital rules in the U.S. and Europe are likely to be finalized this summer.
Basel III derivatives rules require banks to set additional capital aside to cushion against losses across their derivatives portfolios. The amount of capital—and the prices banks will need to charge in order to be compensated for having to set it aside—is significant and driven by complex formulas that rely on stressed market rate and credit assumptions. The European Union is poised to finalize legislation that includes an exemption for European banks when they transact with non-financial end users that are using the derivatives to hedge commercial risks. U.S. banking regulators are not expected to adopt a similar exemption, which sets the stage for a significant competitive difference between U.S. and European banks. European banks will be required to hold less capital against their swaps with corporate counterparties than U.S. banks have to hold, allowing European banks to charge lower transaction prices to end users.
This discrepancy will reinforce the determination of European companies to transact with domestic banks and will increase incentives for U.S. businesses to transact with their European bank partners for risk management purposes. Of course, a U.S.-based organization may have to weigh the economic benefits of transacting with a European bank against the compliance burden created vis-à-vis cross-border regulations. The larger an entity is, or the more frequently it trades, the more likely it will choose to incur the cross-border compliance burden.
Meanwhile, margin rules for uncleared swaps are currently in the hands of a G-20 commissioned group, the Working Group on Margining Requirements (WGMR), which is tasked with creating a globally applicable margin framework. The rules the WGMR generates will dictate the volume and form of cash and/or liquid securities that companies will be required to post against their derivatives positions. Estimates for the total magnitude of margin postings worldwide, as dictated by the various margin proposals on the table, range from hundreds of billions to the low trillions of U.S. dollars. These figures suggest that the margin rules will have a substantial impact on the global economy and on corporate risk management decisions.
In February 2013, the WGMR undertook a second, "near-final" consultation, which sets the stage for completion of a final recommendation sometime this summer. Once the global framework is complete, national regulators—including U.S. banking regulators—will translate the final recommendations into national law. Among the key questions for corporate treasurers is whether U.S. banking regulators will relent on a proposed requirement for banks to establish credit support arrangements with all their counterparties. Specifically, under the rule proposed by banking regulators, non-financial companies would need to collateralize some portion of the market exposure their positions create, if the exposure exceeded a threshold set by their bank counterparties. For banks and their corporate counterparties that are already engaged in credit support arrangements, the new rules would represent, at a minimum, an additional documentation burden. For others, including those that rely on securitization financing or pledge physical assets to secure their swaps, new credit-exposure thresholds could substantially alter the way they finance assets, increasing their costs or reducing their flexibility.
Consequently, companies working through the Coalition for Derivatives End-Users are encouraging the U.S. Congress to pass legislation that would preclude regulators from imposing margin requirements on derivatives transactions executed by non-financial end users. On June 12, the House of Representatives voted by a margin of 411-12 for a bill (H.R. 634) focused on the needs of non-financial end users. A significant question is whether the Senate will take up the same legislation in a body that has heretofore been highly resistant to Dodd-Frank legislative changes of any kind. A companion bill (S. 888) was introduced by a bipartisan group of Senators on May 7.
Motivated to Find Alternatives
Until these major elements of derivatives reform are finalized, corporate treasurers will have difficulty assessing the overall impact of Dodd-Frank on their risk management strategies. However, looking at the existing proposals may help treasurers predict how derivatives markets will be reshaped in the coming years.
For example, it is now widely understood that the cost of using uncleared over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives will increase, substantially in some cases. Factors driving this cost increase include Basel III, the administrative costs associated with Dodd-Frank, and funding charges associated with banks' posting initial margin on their hedge positions. How will companies respond to these higher costs? Will the cost increase cause them to look for alternative means of managing their risks? These questions cannot be answered monolithically because companies will respond in a variety of ways.
Almost all alternative hedging products, such as exchange traded futures and swap futures, require a company to fully margin its derivatives positions to obtain favorable transaction pricing. For many companies, including those that are highly leveraged, those with a high cost of capital, and those without access to liquid resources, collateral is a gateway issue. If these organizations were required to post collateral, many would usually opt not to hedge. For such companies, the question is not whether to use exchange-traded futures or swap futures, but rather whether their uncleared OTC swaps can be structured in a more efficient manner or whether they can manage their risks using a tool other than derivatives.
Companies that are willing and able to post cash or cash-equivalent collateral—a category of companies that we might refer to in shorthand as "cash-rich corporates"—may consider alternative hedging products. Their principal motivation for considering these products would be to lower transaction costs. Among these alternatives, a company might use CME swap futures to pre-hedge bond issuances and use Eris Flexes and Eurodollar futures to hedge LIBOR-based loans. Companies may also elect to bilaterally margin or clear their OTC transactions; some large, investment-grade companies are already choosing to use margin to gain more control over their counterparty risk in derivatives trades.
A key question for companies considering these alternatives is how they would affect hedge accounting. Public companies generally place a high priority on ensuring that their derivatives qualify for hedge accounting treatment, lest they jeopardize their ability to demonstrate consistent and stable earnings to investors. Many alternative hedging products allow for hedge accounting, but the "hedge ineffectiveness" that results from subtle differences between the hedged item and the hedging instrument may have a small impact on earnings. This may be tolerable for some companies, but for others, even a small degree of ineffectiveness might make these products unattractive.
Aside from the theoretical question about whether hedge accounting is possible with a particular instrument, companies considering alternative hedging products need to ensure they have the operational capability required to carry out the accounting treatment. For example, does their staff have the tools and expertise to perform regression testing on exchange-traded futures to demonstrate the hedge effectiveness relative to the hypothetically perfect derivative? These questions may lead some companies to invest in new systems and operational capabilities.
Has Regulation Gone Too Far?
Corporate treasurers are increasingly seeing themselves at the beginning of a long journey. Even as they prepare to move forward, they are asking themselves, their trade associations in Washington, and policy makers whether the pendulum has swung too far.
Thomas Deas Jr., vice president and treasurer of Philadelphia-based FMC Corporation and chairman of the National Association of Corporate Treasurers, expressed this sentiment succinctly in April, when he testified before the House Financial Services Committee: "[A]t this point, over two and a half years after passage of the Dodd‐Frank Act, there are several areas where continuing regulatory uncertainty compels end users to appeal for legislative relief from actions we believe will raise costs unnecessarily and hamper our ability to manage business risks with properly structured OTC derivatives."
This sentiment is animating companies to remain engaged with policy makers to ensure that derivatives regulation serves the interests of those that have long relied on these markets to promote certainty and predictability in their businesses.
Luke Zubrod is director of risk and regulatory advisory for public and private companies on OTC regulations at Chatham Financial. In this role, he provides policy and technical advice to businesses and organizations around the world, as well as to Congressional staff and many U.S. regulatory agencies. Zubrod has authored numerous comment letters, white papers, and articles; testified before Congress; and spoken to government and business groups on the impact of derivatives regulation on end users.


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Olympic halfpipe skier got his start in Lake Geneva
LAKE GENEVA--One of the toughest parts of getting into the 2014 Sochi Olympics for Peter Adam Crook was persuading the British Virgin Islands Olympic Committee to wrap their heads around the idea of a BVI ski association—in the middle of a Caribbean Island where snow falls out of the sky as often as mini chocolate doughnuts.
But Crook himself isn't a stranger to snow—though he was born in the British Virgin Islands, he and his two siblings grew up in his mom's hometown right here in Lake Geneva, where he skied at the Grand Geneva and Alpine Valley.
Crook's parents started TMM Yahct Charters in Lake Geneva, but eventually moved back to the British Virgin Islands
There Crook got the BVIOC to sanction the ski association, which allowed him to compete internationally. Now the 21-year-old—whose nickname, according to his Olympics bio is "Earl"--will be one of the Olympic athletes in the Feb. 18 men's ski halfpipe event.
Crook, who was the flag bearer for the British Virgin Islands in the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics, is the second athlete from the Virgin Islands to compete in a winter Olympics since 1984.
As Crook himself says, "Anything is possible if you put enough hard work and effort into it."
Follow Crook on Twitter at https://twitter.com/PAdamCrook


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what tickles your fancy
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Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Discussion of everything related to the Theory of Evolution.
Moderator: BioTeam
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Since you "research the debate" you might want to take a long look at http://www.talkorigins.org
Researching a debate means looking at both sides right? Not just stocking up on the best arguments for your side of it?
What did the parasitic Candiru fish say when it finally found a host? - - "Urethra!!"
King Cobra
King Cobra
Sometimes theres no quote function on my screen so I copied you king cobra. Yes I will look at that, thank you. Sincerely and respectfully, not to be sarcastic, but I like to study science and reach my own conclusions about the origin. I have been inundated all my life with evolution. The debate in the education system and media is one sided.
For instance we are told that chloroplasts (Berkley website--geologic timescale) are actually cyanobacteria which somehow incorporated themselves into green plants without being digested and evolved with the plants. I have seen the same thing in biology textbooks regarding mitochondria.
No one saw that happen nor is there any proof of such, but it is repeated dogmatically as fact. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are facts, but to speak of their origin takes speculation or faith.
And speaking of mitochondria, when I see the the electron transport chain I don't believe it is "close minded" to be rather amazed at the equivalent of pico-technology. This is a nothing less than a microscopic machine! I can not look at the perfect balance of this electron gradient pump which produces our ATP without seeing the mark of a all wise creator! Sorry if you don't agree. GREAT VIDEO http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/etc/index.htm
In all fairness, that's because there really isn't that much to debate.
If this is true, I suppose you'd better get ready to tell all the police detectives in the world that they're out of work. If no witness saw the crime happen, there'll be no way to prove who did it, will there?
Generally speaking, the more people talk about "being saved," the further away they actually are from true salvation.
#2 Total Post Count
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
My understanding of the chloroplast/mitochondria hypothesis is that it is supported by genetics. Mitochondria have their own sets of DNA (mitochondrial DNA) which replicate independently of the parent cell and retain to a large degree their ancestral configurations.
Furthermore the multiple membrane configuration of the mito or chloroplast is an indicator that these organelles might not have originated as part of the cell.
It's a pretty interesting topic. It would be nice if we knew more, but as it's been pointed out, we didn't see it happen so we can only speculate on what we've observed. Maybe someday we'll find a good example of early-stage endosymbiosis.
wikipedia does a good job of covering the basics: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiotic_theory
Interesting reading about secondary endosymbiosis.
What did the parasitic Candiru fish say when it finally found a host? - - "Urethra!!"
That has already been answered in another thread: http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/about15762.html
If you want other people to have respect for your statements and address your questions, I suggest you reciprocate by showing some respect for others by actually reading what we type.
Generally speaking, the more people talk about "being saved," the further away they actually are from true salvation.
#2 Total Post Count
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Good article; it links to this one which is also interesting: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont
This article addresses endysymbionts, which live inside the cells of other organisms. This is actually very common and important in understanding how an ancestral mitochondria can be engulfed and not digested by the host cell.
What it all comes down to, in my opinion, is if it looks like a bacteria, and it smells like a bacteria, and it has the same genome as a bacteria . . .
Generally speaking, the more people talk about "being saved," the further away they actually are from true salvation.
#2 Total Post Count
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Thank you Mr. Astus. Just a did a read on the mtDNA on wikipedia. Couple of comments.
Speaking of genetics, Mr. Astus, the nucleus of the cell is in control of the information for the mitochondria, not the mitochodria. As well, in cytokenesis the mitochondria divides in sync with the entire cell. One would be hard pressed to come up with a logistical explanation in this hypothesis. However from my standpoint, I see cell division as the glory of God!
"...are thought..." is the only evidence we have for this hypothesis, which amounts to opinion. Yet we are being told that these things are fact by people like Richard Dawkins. How do we arrive at a fact when this "fact" is built on hypotheses. This is a great wrong.
I am pretty sure the mitochondria are in charge of themselves, as far as DNA goes.
I have not read much detail about how this works in cell division, but just throwing some thoughts out there, it probably involves a chemical pathway between the nucleus and the mitochondria, telling the mitochondria when it is time to start dividing. This may even have been present in the ancestral inter-cellular endosymbiont; after all, there are obvious advantages to reproducing every time your host cell divides!
The word "fact" is not used very often by scientists because it is almost impossible for anything to ever be established as hard fact. The reason such theories are so widely presented are because they are the best we have yet been able to come up with. If you have a better theory, you are more than welcome to publish your findings in a peer-reviewed journal and share your discovery with the rest of us.
As for Richard Dawkins, I think the man has a very exaggerated opinion of himself.
Generally speaking, the more people talk about "being saved," the further away they actually are from true salvation.
#2 Total Post Count
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
That was quick my friend Alex. You did not read the quote I posted from wikipedia.
Unless wikipedia is wrong, you can be pretty sure the actual proteins that the mito. is built from are coded by nuclear DNA. I am going to bed, but this has given me more to study. Thanks buddy lol!!
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Alex you never answered my question about Adam and Eve, original sin, and evolution. How do you mix it?
Sorry. I have a habit of glancing through quoted bits, since those are usually re-reads of something that's already been said. My bad.
I am certain I did answer it by saying I do not believe that this forum is the appropriate place to discuss theological issues. Send me an e-mail.
Generally speaking, the more people talk about "being saved," the further away they actually are from true salvation.
#2 Total Post Count
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
a quick google search (All Hail Google) yielded this http://www.pnas.org/content/105/39/15202.full - among other articles.
I'm not offering this as "Proof" of current theory, just an example of the research that has gone into it and is going into it.
It could very well be that mitochondria and chloroplasts have a completely different evolutionary origin than we think - and that at some point research will show this. Currently this is the best scientific explanation we have.
While I agree that scientific theory shouldn't be accepted on blind faith; scientifically valid theories are backed up by a host of research and literature. These aren't just made-up things a bunch of conspirators have agreed to brainwash our children with.
It doesn't help that there are people out there (like Dawkins) who are blatantly trying to get rid of religion - and using evolution as a weapon in their war. Please recognize that the scientific study of evolution is not an attack on your religious beliefs.
The ETC is amazing, and if it speaks to your soul so be it. A quiet moment on a mountaintop does it for me. If someday scientists are able to definitively detail the exact process by which every microscopic function of our existence came to be - would that shatter your belief in a god, your sense of wonder and awe?
If you're a Christian, you believe in a personal relationship with God. My advice is - keep it personal. Why should you have to prove to yourself or anyone else that He exists? God speaks to the heart of man, right? So why appeal to logic?
Anyway, enough religious talk. like I said before, I think endosymbiotic theory is fascinating - though we obviously don't know a ton about it. We do know enough that the current theories seem to fit better than any other scientific alternative.
What did the parasitic Candiru fish say when it finally found a host? - - "Urethra!!"
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Dominica Condo at Cane Island Resort
- Pictures
- Floorplan
- Area Map
Select your arrival and departure dates by clicking on the calendar to the left. The dates you select will be placed below. Once dates are selected calculate your rental cost before proceeding to the booking process.
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- Overview
- Resort Information
- What's Nearby
- Extras
- Reviews
Guests staying in the Dominica vacation condo at Cane Island Resort enjoy views of the pool and community pond from the private fourth floor covered balcony. Access to this fourth floor condo is easy with the use of an elevator. Over 1,100 square feet of vacation living space is available to relax and unwind after day-long adventures at the nearby Disney Parks, Universal Studios Orlando, and SeaWorld.
Two bedrooms and additional sleeping space with a sleeper sofa in the living room will comfortably sleep up to 6 guests. The master bedroom features a king sized bed, 18" TV, and an attached master bathroom with dual sinks and a combination shower and bathtub. A second bedroom is furnished with twin beds and also has direct access to a second bathroom. Keep clothes and bath towels fresh and clean with use of the clothes washer and clothes dryer.
The Dominica condo supports an open floor plan, allowing guests to easily transition through the kitchen, living area, and private bedrooms. This layout is great for entertaining family and friends. Cooks of the family will make good use of the gourmet kitchen showcasing marble counters and fully equipped with dishes, glassware, and eating utensils. There is a 24" flat screened TV and DVD player in the living room perfect for family movies! It's easy to feel at home in this vacation condo, just minutes from the area's top attractions.
Property AssetsVacation Condo
Community Swimming Pool
Fourth Floor
2 Bedrooms
2 Bathrooms
1 Master Bedroom
1,174 Square Feet
Lake Views
Gated Community
Sleeps 6
DiningTable & Chairs
Carpet Floor
Bathroom 2Shower
Double Sink
Wash Cloths
Hair Dryer
BeddingMaster Bedroom 1 - King
Bedroom 2 - 2 Twins
Master BedroomKing Bed
Carpet Flooring
Alarm Clock
Laundry RoomWasher & Dryer
Laundry Basket
Family RoomSleeper Sofa
Love Seat
2 Reclining Chairs
Carpet Floor
DVD Player
Ceiling Fan
12' Vaulted Ceiling
Bedroom 22 Twin Beds
Carpet Flooring
Alarm Clock
KitchenElectric Stove
Full Size Refrigerator
Tile Flooring
Drinking Glasses
Pots & Pans
Wine Glasses
Wine Opener
Cutting Board
Coffee Pot
Tea Kettle
Cooking Utensils
Pot Holders
Fire Extinguisher
Master BathroomShower & Tub Combo
Double Sink
Wash Cloths
Hair Dryer
Exquisitely furnished condos are easily accessible by elevator. A choice of unit sizes accommodates individual or family needs. Each spacious unit has a private balcony, well-equipped kitchen and washer/dryer. In the 3700 sq. ft. clubhouse, an exercise room has state-of-the-art fitness equipment. A community pool overlooks a pond with a lighted fountain and has a generous deck area for sunbathers. The covered spa is a good place to invigorate tired muscles. Wireless high speed internet is available. Cane Island is in the popular tourist district of Kissimmee with entertainment for the whole family. Disneyworld's main entrance is less than 4 miles away and Sea World and Universal Studios can be reached in a matter of minutes. Restaurants and souvenir shops are within walking distance. There is never a dull moment with water sports, helicopter tours, historic sites, dinner shows and miniature golf close by.
ClubhouseGame Room
Fitness Center
Adult StuffSwimming
Fitness Center
Pool AreaCommunity Swimming Pool
Sun Deck
Outdoor ActivitiesSwimming
Sun Bathing
Kids StuffSwimming Pool
Game Room
AttractionsDisney World
Old Town
Sea World
The Holy Land Experience
Universal Studios Orlando
Wet n' Wild
Wal-Mart Super Center
Formal DiningColumbia
Fulton's Crab House
Kobe Japanese Steakhouse
Seasons 52
Wolfgang Puck
Retail ShoppingLake Buena Vista Factory Stores
Orlando Premium Outlets
The Florida Mall
The Loop
The Mall at Millenia
Casual DiningApplebee's
BB King's Blues Club
Bubba Gump Shrimp Company
Buca Di Beppo
Hard Rock Cafe
Rainforest Cafe
T-Rex Cafe
UNO Chicago Grill
Target Pharmacy
Wal-Mart Pharmacy
Fast FoodBurger King
Taco Bell
You may choose from the additional options below to add to your vacation rental experience.
All properties are self-catering, cleaned before your arrival and cleaned once you depart. You may choose to have a Mid Stay Clean for an additional fee during your stay to freshen the property back up.
Check-in begins at 4:00pm on the day of arrival. You may choose for an Early Check-in, which begins at 12:00pm on the day of arrival, for an additional fee. An early Check-in may not always be available, and may become unavailable after purchase.
Check-out ends at 10:00am on the day of departure. You may choose for a Late Check-out, which ends at 2:00pm on the day of departure, for an additional fee. A Late Check-out may not always be available, and may become unavailable after purchase.
Personal Chef Services are available at all of our vacation rentals. Meals are customized to your nutritional needs and can be ready any time of day. The cost is usually less than what you would spend for your family to eat at a nice restaurant. Return from a day of adventure to a hot meal prepared just the way you like it, or wake up and start the day with a great breakfast.
The Shilla Spa is a great place to get pampered while on vacation! Enjoy deep massages, skin wraps, pedicures and manicures, or get your hair styled for a night out on the town. Schedule a visit at the spa to add to your pleasurable stay in the Orlando area.
The Medical Concierge has Board-Certified, Florida-Licensed physicians available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Whether you are on vacation or business you can rest assured that their physicians will provide thorough, compassionate, and personalized care in the comfort of your home away from home. Specialty Care is easy to arrange, doctors carry a mobile pharmacy and basic lab tests, providing you with one-stop, convenient health care.
The Vacation Home Store can help you find the second home you have always dreamed about in Orlando, FL. Select their information request box during the reservations process to receive more information on purchasing real estate near Disney.
Please read our Reservations Terms during the online reservations process to confirm that you are aware of our policies.


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Ready to Deliver Next Day and Saturdays to the UK Mainland
Haynes Workshop Service Manual BSA Golden Flash (646cc) 1957 1958 1959
With a Haynes manual, you can do it yourself from simple maintenance to basic repairs. Haynes writes every book based on a complete tear-down of the motorcycle. We learn the best ways to do a job and that makes it quicker, easier and cheaper for you. Our books have clear instructions and hundreds of photographs that show each step. Whether you're a beginner or a pro, you can save big with Haynes!
**All parts and accessories are brand new and include VAT where applicable.
**Most parts are pattern or aftermarket although some will be genuine but are not always stated as being so.
**The use of motorcycle manufacturers' logos and brand names are for reference purposes only. We do not imply that the products we sell are made by or with the permission of the brands listed.


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Janesville to get Meijer grocery, retail store
JANESVILLE--It appears Janesville will get a new grocery store.
Meijer CEO Hank Meijer announced plans to add the chain's first stores in Wisconsin during a Friday morning event in Milwaukee, the Milwaukee Business Journal reported.
The retailer plans to open stores in Wauwatosa, Oak Creek, Kenosha and Grafton in 2015 and in Janesville, Sussex, Greenfield and Waukesha in 2016, the paper reported.
"We expect to concentrate a lot of our expansion the next few years in Wisconsin," Meijer was quoted as saying in the Business Journal. "As a company we'll probably be opening 10-12 stores a year, and a significant number of those will be in Wisconsin each year for the next several years. We'll be looking at a lot of other communities beyond Milwaukee."
Meijer is a family-owned company based in Grand Rapids, Mich., with more than 200 "supercenters" and grocery stores in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky.
Hendrik Meijer opened his first store out of his barber shop in Greenville, Mich., more than 75 years ago. Today, brothers and co-chairmen Hank and Doug Meijer lead the privately-held company.
Meijer touts itself as the pioneer of "one-stop shopping." Its stores have evolved through the years to include fresh produce and meat departments, pharmacies, electronics departments, garden centers and clothing, according to its website.


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Bay Street Activity Centre
Households with children
This topic has been updated with 2016 Census data for all areas. What's this?
There are 142 couples with young children in Bay Street Activity Centre in 2016, comprising 13% of households.
Households with Children require different services and facilities than other household types, and their needs change as both adults and children age. When many families in an area are at the same stage in their individual lifecycles, it creates a suburb lifecycle. Knowing where a suburb is in a cycle of change helps planners make evidence-based decisions about the demand for services both now and in the future.
For Households with Children in Bay Street Activity Centre, life stage is based on the age of children in the household. The age of the parent(s) is not taken into account.
- Young children: Children aged under 15 only
- Mixed age children: One or more children under 15 and one or more children over 15 (must have 2 or more children)
- Older children: Children aged 15 and over only
To continue building the story, Bay Street Activity Centre's Household data should be viewed in conjunction with Household Size, Age Structure and Dwelling Type.
Derived from the Census question:
'What is the person's relationship (to each other person in the household)?'
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing (opens a new window) 2011 and 2016. Compiled and presented by .id (opens a new window), the population experts.
(Enumerated data)
Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id, the population experts.
Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id, the population experts.
Dominant groups
Analysis of the families with children in Bay Street Activity Centre in 2016 compared to City of Bayside shows that there was a smaller proportion of couples with young children, as well as a smaller proportion of couples with older children.
Overall, 12.9% of total households with children were couple with young children, and 8.8% were couples with older children, compared with 19.2% and 12.6% respectively for City of Bayside.
There were a smaller proportion of single parent households with young children and a similar proportion of single parent households with older children. Overall, the proportion of single parent households with young children was 1.7% compared to 2.5% in City of Bayside while the proportion of single parent households with older children was 5.4% compared to 5.1% in City of Bayside.
Emerging groups
Between 2011 and 2016, the number of households with children increased by 59 households or 19.7%.
There were no major differences between 2011 and 2016 in Bay Street Activity Centre.


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Westboro Baptist Church Misspells Illiterate on Flyer Accusing Americans of Being Illiterate
We've all heard the saying about the pot calling the kettle black. Well, apparently the people at Westboro Baptist Church haven't. In a recent flyer promoting a WBC protest, the church gang accuse Americans of being illiterate. The problem is that they misspelled the word "illiterate".
Apparently, WBC hates spell check as well.
Further proof these people are idiots.
You can see the full flyer on the WBC site here…that is, until they realize the mistake and pull it down.


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Garfield Park
100 N. Central Park Ave. Chicago, Illinois 60624
(312) 746-5092
Fee: Free
Age Range: Any
RayBoth a national treasure and an international phenomenon Ray Charles humbly began life in a poor small town in Georgia. He went blind at the age of seven but, inspired by a fiercely independent single mother, he found his talent behind a piano keyboard. Ray became a sensation by incorporating gospel, country and jazz into his style all the while fighting the racism of the very clubs that launched his career. This unflinching portrait shows both Charles' musical genius as well as his addiction to drugs. This is a tour de force performance by Jaime Foxx that is not to be missed.
Rated PG-13 | 152 minutes | 2004
Presented by Charter One, with additional support from RCN.
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