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Electromagnetic fields generated by the human body
Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Medicine. Anything human!
Moderator: BioTeam
So long as you know how to run a controlled experiment, propose and eliminate potential problems, etc, you can do quite a lot without a lab.
Or why don't you design the methodology for a hypothetical experiment, and then post it here?
Speaking of which, I notice I never replied to you in the other thread - sorry about that. A few things:
First, charge is conserved. There no such thing as "generating" negative (or positive) charge - you can only collect it from somewhere, or send it somewhere. Any chemical reaction that creates negative ions will create an equal amount of positive ions.
Second: any charge, positive or negative, whether carried by ions or electrons, will cause a static shock. You will need to distinguish between these cases if you want to say that a static shock has a particular cause.
Third: unless there is actual movement of chemicals, the movement will only ever be of electrons - which is movement of charge, but not movement of ions. Ions are not a force - an ion is a chemical molecule that does not have an equal number of electrons and protons. If you say that ions are transferred, that is equivalent to saying that there is a particular chemical that is being transferred. Your skin is a very effective barrier for most chemicals, and especially for charged ones.
Fourth: I would want to know about the ioniser you say you used - namely, what precisely it is doing. A conventional water ioniser will have two containers, one of which becomes acidic and the other of which becomes basic (because of conservation of charge). If it claims to be "generating" ions, it is claiming to violate a basic principle of physics. Furthermore, you should be able to test its functioning using (for example) pH paper. If the water remains neutral, the machine is doing nothing.
Fifth: Suppose you want to test an ioniser using pH paper. What will you use for positive and negative controls to make sure you can trust the results of the experiment?
Electrics, biology and chemistry is not my forte, as you've sussed.
I wouldn't be able to design a methological experiment just yet, but I would need a crucial element I can't produce - volunteers who experience the phenomena occurring, notably on a regular enough basis. I would then spend time trying to deduce a pattern, then I would be able to devise an experiment to test the theory. I've heard plenty of people, and for all intents, I am willing to believe them, but being told something and seeing it happen so I can analyse it are two different things (people have a habit of leaving out details).
First: I can't tell if you're merely being pedantic with terminology or trying to make a point? You still need to generate a charge by means (an uneven charge does not come out of thin air - or you'd break the second law of thermodynamics). Footwear to floors generate a positive charge on one side, and a negative charge on the other.
Second: Easy, negative ion generator and positive ion generator would quickly eliminate this concern (I've read it's possible to have the same generator do the opposite charge by inverting/swapping diodes). But the only way you'll get any charge to interfere with positively charged equipment (EG a mouse) is by a negative charge - as negative is drawn to positive, so you can easily infer it as negative ions instead. I don't know anyone with a swappable (so people can't say the two different models work differently as a grounds for flawing it) ion generator.
Third: You're getting confused. The human body is basically an electro-chemical machine. In this thread, I'm suggesting an emotional outpouring (triggering a hormonal or other change) would alter the body chemisty (as it would do), thus altering the electrolytic content of the whole body, either causing any (or all?) of the following in either A) Reducing the amount of charge it can hold (removing ionic compounds like a layden jar), B) Increasing the amount of charge it can hold (adding ionic compounds, like a layden jar), or C) Generating an electrical charge (like an aptly named 'electrolytic battery').
Fourth: It's this one. It has what appears to be a 12 volt DC fan on the inside, two removable filters at the back, what I suspect to be a transformer at the base, and some sort of grey, intertwined string at the front (which I believe is wired to the transformer, and used to generate the negative ions and give me nasty electric shocks every time I put my hand near it). Budget (the one I got was £7.99), and a review speaking about 'getting electric shocks off plants' were the determining factors. I think you're getting pedantic over the generation phrase. I'll need you to clarify what your understanding of 'generation' is, and why you think it's not valid? As far as I understand it, it merely forces electric to a tip where the ion 'jumps off' and attaches to some air molecule.
Fifth: I am not sure what you are getting at here. I was under the impression pH paper was for testing acid/alkalines? I suppose it's figurative? What I plan to do, first, is get a vague idea how it works (by generating and testing sub-theories - heavy metal is one), then when I feel I have gotten a good idea how it works, formulate a test to validate that it does indeed work, and then open it up to the public.
The youtube video is not an official test - it's merely to give credence there is a possible mechanism that interferes with electronics. I'd really need people who do it naturally. My issue would be, what would the experiment's control for the electronic device to disable be? I can't afford a streetlamp and a computer mouse would leave too much room for criticism (faulty wire, mouse is being interfered with by a program or some such rubbish). I suppose lightbulbs? They're cheap, pretty standard and people absolutely hate energy saving ones...
And for the record, careful observers would notice I had my earphones in on the video - but aren't obviously causing me any electric shocks (despite the negative charge jumping to any metal surface in close contact with the skin). I only got shocks from the earphones (and laptop keyboard) whenever I was stressed. I've not really tested that yet (because it hurts), but might be an interesting lead nevertheless.
It's okay to make a plan without having all the resources – for example, you might find out that not all the resources are necessary. Or, as in this case, people might help you improve your experimental design. You need to be able to do this if you are planning to perform any experimental tests.
Also remember that the first experiment should be to convincingly demonstrate that the phenomenon in question exists. I don't think that you've done this yet.
1. The point is that you need to know where the opposite charges are going. Most importantly, you must always be able to say where charge is coming from or disappearing to in all circumstances. It also means that it is incorrect (or at least could be interpreted as misleading) to say that a single type of charge is ever being "generated" – you can call this pedantic if you wish though.
2. Not really - electrons are also negatively charged. (Electrons are not ions – just to make sure that you understand that.) Also, even if the initial source of a charge is ionic, the movement of charge that neutralizes it is generally electronic.
By the way, why do you think only negative charge will cause interference – have you tested it?
For switching – I would be satisfied by a generator that makes both positive and negative at the same time (as I mentioned above, a conventional water ionizer will do this).
3. I'm not confused. Again, if you say that ions are carrying the charge, that means there are chemical molecules travelling from the charge's starting place to its ending place. That's what ions are. And as I just mentioned, in almost all cases, charge is carried not by ions but by electrons.
The body is a chemical machine, but it is not an electrochemical machine (i.e. a battery). Certain parts of it could be viewed that way, but the body as a whole does not cause a net separation of charge. Or at least, it is not known to, and then this would be one of the things you would have to experimentally demonstrate.
Also, hormones (etc) do cause biochemical changes, but as far as I know the body contains no mechanisms that will turn an electrolyte (sodium, potassium, etc) into a non-electrolyte or vice versa – you have to consume or excrete them. This is also something you would need to demonstrate.
4. An air ionizer generally works by shooting extremely high voltage sparks through the air. Under these conditions, electrons get ripped off the air molecules, leaving them positively charged. Since O2+ is generally unstable (it reacts with nearby air molecules), the ions generated are mostly ozone (O3+). (Ozone is toxic, and it is what kills the bacteria etc in the air to purify it.) If you can feel static charge without touching it, that is because the air itself is ionized.
(I already discussed the word "generation" above.)
5. In water, positive charge is acidic and negative charge is basic (with certain exceptions). Given this information, you should be able to design a controlled experiment to test if the ionizer does what it is supposed to.
With regards to the video – the mechanism is well-known. Any strong charge or strong current will interfere with electronics. One control would be to test whether the mouse requires you to be in between – touch the mouse directly to the ionizer and see whether there is an effect. Another would be to touch it to a reasonably strong electromagnet (these are fairly easy to make, and it is also easy to measure their strength).
Most electric devices are far less delicate than computer electronics though. I don't think you could get very much visible interference on something like a lightbulb - though you could use a voltmeter or ammeter to get more sensitive measurements. I'm also not sure what kind of control you're referring to (whether it is a positive or negative control, what it would be controlling for, etc).
Designing plans when you have no realistic means of funding them is inefficient at best. I'd prefer to do groundwork research (which I have been doing, note other thread) which will give me a practical idea first - then the plan should follow naturally.
1. You've not explained what point you're getting at. You say 'disappearing' (since when does energy 'disappear' - I thought energy was only interchangeable between matter and didn't magically disappear), but cause concern with 'generator', which, under last definition fell under either "a device for producing a voltage electrostatically" (electrostatically being under a. "Of or relating to electric charges at rest"), or "any device that converts one form of energy into another form" - which would happen to include converting an AC current into negative ions (and I use negative ions as it doesn't produce the air molecules the negative ions attach themselves to, and I'm not going to say negative charge because this would fail to denote the charge airborne - so negative ions). I think your whole 'they would have issue with generator' is merely pedantic trickery. The terminology of 'generate' seems common enough.
2. And where do you propose the negatively charged electrons are coming from? But does it matter the means of origin? The negative ion generator is merely to artificially induce the effect to occur - pre-existing electrons being the cause for the event would merely demonstrate it as being naturally occurring. Besides, one could argue initial negative/positive levels could be tested with an ion counter ($99 for an inaccurate one, or $499 for a very precise one... neither of which I can obviously afford on my kind of budget). But you'd need a large number of negatively charged electrons just to have any level of interference (my hand has to near to the ioniser just to get an effect).
Why only a negative charge? A bit of electronic theory. A negatively built up charge grounds itself through the nearest positively charged source, correct? And is more drawn to a more powerful positive source, also correct? If that is so - then we see this in that the mouse is being interfered with - but my earphones are not sparking or causing me any harm (earphones take far less power than a 5v 0.1 amp mouse). If someone had a positive charge, it'd be attracted to a negative source (EG away from a positively charged mouse etc). But I'll consider testing with the positive ion generator anyway, both to see what happens and if it confirms what I'm saying (although a switchable negative/positive ion generator isn't safe for an electrically inexperienced person as myself - shocking - really). Although I can't find a pre-built unit that I can use safely.
3. Okay, I get what you're saying. In the case of the negative ion generator, the ions attach themselves to the air molecules, which then connect with my body (in this case, my hand), the charge then builds up in my body (with it acting as a pseudo-leydon jar), before discharging (once of a sufficient enough charge) into the mouse. Curiously, despite getting a shock off metal... I'm not getting an electric shock off the mouse (I wouldn't be able to hold it if it did) - curious, shouldn't it shock me when transferring to the mouse? Why isn't it?
As for the electro-chemical theory, it's a combination of two ideas (but I'm trying to find out which one it is), where either a negative net charge (to use your terms) is generated in the body, and then discharged (I'm theorising here, don't freak for the inaccuracies - I'm hoping to clarify the vague stuff when I investigate further) at point of emotional outpouring - triggering something similar to the mouse (but not on a long-term scale), the other being naturally occurring negative ions build up over time then discharge (again, via the emotional outpouring), which would explain why people watches stop (the backs are often made of metal - but it can still stop without the metal in contact, I have been told - the mouse I'm holding is plastic).
4. That's clarified a few points (electrons, notably), but I was aware of the rest. Same mechanism that apparently makes walls black with dirt as the negatively charged 'dirt' (crude term) is attracted to the positively charged walls.
5. I did not know this, and this might actually be extremely important... given the blood does deal with a specific pH level. And Lemons.
I mention lightbulbs as they are the most often reported for 'popping' or going out (and they are cheaper to replace than a mouse, and also produced en-mass to a specific standard). Too much sensitivity might allow room for claims other non-human interference. There's no controls as I have no test yet. I suppose... you could design an experiment to infer it. You take two control groups, one group of volunteers are the people who claim to cause it (who are then asked to cause it and are put under stress - with their consent, of course), and another group of volunteers who are non-stressed (the control group) who don't claim to have any such ability - who are started at the same time, in separate rooms (a good distance apart), with freshly installed energy saving lightbulbs in each, and something to measure the volts/amps used (preferably an independent supply of energy for each room so it would be possible to see if any discrepancies in energy usage occur).
In theory, same number of people, in the same rooms, with the same number of lightbulbs (which are the exact same model), supplied by the exact same energy source, who don't use any other electrical sources during their time here - should in theory, have very similar energy usages. If one was to blow a lightbulb or even interfere with the any part of the lightbulb circuit, it would show up as a discrepancy in the energy usage. It's measurable, statistical and theoretically repeatable.
You say that discharges interfering with electronics is a known occurance... is there any way to measure electric output of either the human brain or heart (or any other electrically significant part of the body)? If that's the case, then one would only need to demonstrate the body could produce sufficient quanities of energy to form a discharge sufficient to disrupt electronics (lot easier than the room experiment!).
1. - By "disappearing," I meant "leaving" – sorry about that.
- "Negative ions" are not a form of energy – they are a form of matter. Current is a form of energy, because it involves charges that are moving.
- Also, a current is not "converted into" negative ions – a current is used to do work, which either strips electrons from molecules (creating positive ions) or adds electrons to them (creating negative ions). I imagine you will also class that as "pedantics" though.
- The terminology is common mainly because of pseudoscience. You will note that there are no journal articles, Wikipedia articles, major scientific organizations, etc that are brought up by your search (well, except for one for Wikipedia, but it seems to be quite poor quality). The terms are not specifically important to what we're discussing, though, as long as you recognize that charge cannot come from nowhere, so I'll drop it for now.
2. This is materials science. In a conductor (like wires), electrons are only loosely held to their atoms. A voltage (technically called a potential difference) causes those electrons to move. And there are a large number of them!
For testing – another approach would be to make a Leyden jar (or any capacitor). One plate will be negative, and the other will be positive – however, a Leyden jar builds up electrons instead of ions. If your effects are still observed, then the causation is not limited solely to ions. Actually, I would find that demonstration quite convincing (that the effect has something to do with ions as opposed to electrons).
(Although of course, you would need to make sure that the charge that the capacitor can hold is not dangerous, etc. I am assuming that you know basic electrical safety, and I take no responsibility for anyone who may read this or other of my posts and later injure themselves in any way. )
Also, you seem to be assuming that your mouse is positively charged – why is that, and how can you test it?
3. Whether you get shocked depends on the voltage at the point of contact. The charge is initially very concentrated, because it is in a small volume. After you touch it, the same amount of charge is spread out over a much larger region (your body), so the voltage between you and anything in the environment (like the mouse) is much lower.
What I was actually saying about the molecules, though, is that if the effect is ionic, then you are saying that there is some chemical molecule that is entering your bloodstream, travelling through your body, and then entering or otherwise affecting the mouse. Electrons can do this easily (in fact, they can travel anywhere in your body), but ions cannot.
Also, what do you mean by "naturally occurring" negative ions?
5. Lemons would be a positive control – what about a negative one?
Also, the relevant ion for your blood is bicarbonate.
Your proposed experiment sounds reasonable, and the lightbulb method seems like a good measurement system now that I understand what you mean. Your experiment involves two variables, though – the person's claimed ability and whether they are put under stress. This means you would need four groups – claim/stress, claim/no stress, no claim/stress, and no claim/no stress. Otherwise you couldn't be sure of how the factors were related.
For human electrical output, definitely – EKG for the heart, and EEG for the brain (and in fact, it's also known what patterns they follow). However, don't forget that distance will also be important – like gravity, the electromagnetic force decreases with the square of the distance. You can calculate the exact force of attraction/repulsion that will be exerted at a given distance.
I strongly advise you not to experiment on that though. Because of Newton's Third Law, if you are able to use your cardiac or neural electricity to disrupt electronics, the electronics will also disrupt your own electricity to the same degree. (All electric charge disrupts all other electric charge – it's just that it's usually insignificant.)
Also, production of "sufficient quantities" wouldn't be very strong evidence if you couldn't demonstrate that it actually happened.
1. I'm fully aware of the second law of thermodynamics (I use it to argue an infinite universe theorem). If I had said 'creating' ions I could see where you're coming from, but generator is an often used term (Van De Graff generator, for example).
2. I'm probably not arguing ions or electrons per se, as I'm still trying to figure the precise mechanism behind it (like being in a pitch black room trying to find a phone that has it's numbers re-arranged and trying to dial a number when you suffer from memory failures and confusion). I know my ambiguity is annoying (think of it as trying to work out magnetism when it hadn't yet been discovered) but I don't want to make any false claims.
But talking about safe charges... what size would a leyden jar have to be to emulate human capacitance? Because I know even 2 litre bottles of water (suitably modified) are capable of holding dangerous charges... and the human body is substantially larger than that (according to this, anyway)... so what happens if a mock leyden jar is made to approximately the same size as a small human? (I wouldn't want to mess with that as I have no aptitude in electrics and I get the distinct impression that under the right circumstances I could theoretically be toast). What kind of potential charge could that hold?
I am indeed assuming that the mouse is positively charged (I have no way to test, so I have to work in the theoretical). My (understanding of the topic and) reasoning is thus:
The mouse is more strongly positively charged than the earphones, which must mean that the mouse is positively charged. We also know the mouse has to utilise a positive charge to power the light (because photons are positively charged) - the light isn't working correctly, ergo it's positive charge is being neutralised by the negative charge.
I could test to see if it's positively charged but if all the above line of reasoning is true, then logically we know it is positively charged - which would save the expenses and time for a test. We could test the groundwork of the reasoning later on to add further credibility after the main conclusion (humans affect electronics) is demonstrated. But if my reasoning is flawed, it saves a wasted expenditure.
3. Oh no, I'm not saying it's a chemical (to me, I understood an ion as a charge that is attached to a molecule - and when I say it travels through the body, I'm suggesting the ionisation in the air gets transferred to some material that can absorb an ionic charge - like electrolytes or heavy metals in the body). I suppose it might help if I explained what I was thinking.
Basically, I see it that:
Ions in air (or other similar source) -> Contact with body -> Body stores 'ionisation' (I suppose 'charge' is better? Although I want to be able to explain where the charge is going) in electrolytic water (like a leyden jar) -> Person triggers an emotional outburst, forming a hormonal release/stress reaction, affecting the body -> number of electrolytes in the bloodstream is modified (I'd imagine reduced by the electrolytes being converted/utilised during the stress reaction) -> charge on the electrolytes gets displaced (I wonder what happens if one were to 'remove' (change/convert) electrolytes in a charged leyden jar by converting them to some non-ion accepting form? What happens to the charge?) -> Person has an increased charge (fewer electrolytes but the same amount of charge resulting in the charge needing to find a way to balance itself back out) -> Charge jumps to the nearest positively charged source (I say positively charged because it would explain why only powered electronics get affected) -> Disables watch (by neutralising the positive charge) or similar.
I hope that makes sense but I haven't got the precise mechanics down for it, and I'm leaving that concept open to modification (in-case it's by some overlooked process). But it would explain why people could theoretically stop (excuse the pun) watches - if I could (artificially) disrupt a mouse, a very weakly powered watch could theoretically be disrupted with a sufficient enough bodily charge.
What do I mean by naturally occurring negative ions? This, for example (I would find other supporting studies that I had read previously, but unfortunately I only seem to pick up a lot of sites trying to sell negative ion generators).
Also, negative ion generators use 'corona discharge' - which is noted for the fact that 'corona' is derived from the solar corona. In a converse point, solar activity streams a lot of protons (and thus positive ions) - which is a natural source of positive ions. If solar activity can generate positive ions naturally, then it wouldn't be too absurd to suggest negative ions could occur naturally. Given lightning typically has a negative charge and is formed naturally, we can infer natural negative ions can occur (especially if the polarisation of charges in the atmosphere... excuse the pun... holds any water).
5. I am not aware of what you mean by positive and negative controls (you'll have to explain that one to me).
I'll take a look into bicarbonate (is there any chemical that makes the blood more acidic?).
Four groups could be useful. I suggested two as it uses an efficient 'binary tree search' (if the initial two groups showed no difference, there would be no need for more complicated controls). If the first group (claim/stress) showed a higher tendency to blow or affect lightbulbs - one could then divide the group into two (claim/no stress, stress/no claim) to see if it's merely people with a specific disposition for it, or hormal stress factors - or both. I know this style doesn't suit, but the two groups test would probably pique someone's interest to fund a proper four group test if the two group test succeeds.
...Surprised I didn't think of this. I don't suppose you happen to know what voltage/amperage differences are caused by different states of mind (delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma, etc)? Assuming one can alter their brain waves - and with it, how much electrical output the brain is generating... and somehow store it/build it up...
Your mention on the third law is an intriguing one, and I'm going to make a few inquiries to check something...
I'll worry about demonstration and supporting evidence when I have the theory working.
Sorry I haven't replied in a few days, I'm working on a coding project as well. I take on too many tasks.
Re: Electromagnetic fields generated by the human body
_at_ Miak. I can aslo feel that resistance thing with my hands. i even asked my family members to do that and they confirmed that they can feel too. I also feel like my hands are charged. hard to explain in words. I want to ask that can we somehow use this phenomenon?
Re: Electromagnetic fields generated by the human body
It would be good research if an University would compare the EM signature pattern of the Spirit and the psychological profile of both the consciousness and the Spirit.
A visual modality into the Spiritual and Divine Realm can determine if the Spirit is of the negative force - dark gray down to pure black aura and EM measures from -2 down to -30. Psychological profile is a destroyer of life and society.
There is a EM signature pattern for a mortal and Immortal Spirit. The Immortal Spirit Illuminates Energy from +10 to +50 to +100 in the Living Presence of either the Chryseis Daughter or Christ Son.
Why cannot society believe in the fact you have a Spirit. If you remove the Spirit from the biological body, it drops into a coma in 5 hours. If you use a Taser or ECT on the Brain you destroy the Spirit that in the next life, the Spirit's ability to work with that part of body is gone. I am finding that the young person whose heart stops playing basketball at the age of 19, was tasared in the chest in his past life. The Spirit is reborn 20 years after its last biological body's death.
Re: Electromagnetic fields generated by the human body
It would be interesting research if an University would compare the EM signature pattern of the Spirit and compare that reading with the psychological profile of both the consciousness and the Spirit.
A visual modality into the Spiritual and Divine Realm can determine if the Spirit is of the positive or negative force, which is dark gray down to pure black aura and EM measures from -2 down to -30. Negative force being's psychological profile is a destroyer of life and society.
There is a different EM signature pattern for a mortal and Immortal Spirit. The Immortal Spirit Illuminates Energy from +10 to +50 to +100 in the Living Presence of either the Chryseis Daughter or Christ Son.
I would prefer society believe in the fact that you have a Spirit, your true state of being and purpose of life itself. If you remove the Spirit from the biological body, it drops into a coma in 5 hours. If you use a Taser or ECT on the Brain you destroy the Spirit that in the next life, the Spirit's ability to work with that part of body is gone. I am finding that the young person whose heart stops playing basketball at the age of 19, was tasared in the chest in his past life. The Spirit is reborn 20 years after its last biological body's death.
Re: Electromagnetic fields generated by the human body
If a cancer cell takes from a healthy cell next to it, which makes the cell fall into a cancerous cell. Why not bombard with a high EM field to kill cancer cells. Also, use this same field to kill other virus.
I read this thread with interest. I'm surprised there is no mention of Leon Trotsky's work. For example his work with low frequencies and how the US military, some believe have used to develop weapons based on this. Search for trotskey on youtube and look for a 45 minute or greater documentary.
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UNILATERAL red-green color blindness
Genetics as it applies to evolution, molecular biology, and medical aspects.
Moderator: BioTeam
8 posts • Page 1 of 1
UNILATERAL red-green color blindness
I recently had my eyes checked and discovered that I have unilateral red-green color blindness in my left eye (I'm male). Using both my eyes, I can see colors perfectly, but when I close my right eye the reds and greens turn to burnt-orange. I never really noticed it because I'm always using both eyes. Here is my question... Being unilateral, is the inheritance pattern of my color blindness still X-linked recessive? If not, then what's its transmission pattern or etiology? I'm not sure, but I'm thinking that it is not X-linked recessive because my cells in my right eye are not expressing the trait. Please help.
i think there may have been some postfertilisation modification of your DNA during your development from zygote to individual. no idea what exactly thoguh... Sorry.
"As a biologist, I firmly believe that when you're dead, you're dead. Except for what you live behind in history. That's the only afterlife" - J. Craig Venter
Hmmm....I've just read one book about chromosome and it said that when forming a genetic pattern in the zygote (just take the male example), actually both genes in X and Y chromosome are in fight each other.
So, I can say that you inheritted that recessive X cromosome while that "fight" resulted a kind of thing that I can say as a "repairment" in that recessive gene in X chromosome...
That's only my opinion...
Q: Why are chemists great for solving problems?
A: They have all the solutions.
A response on unilateral deuteranopia...
First of all, by definition, you are not technically considered color blind. The only people who are able to refer to themselves as being color blind are monochromats. These individuals have no functioning cones in their eyes and see everything in shades of lightness (white, grey, and black). Acer you have a color deficiency, called unilateral deuteranopia, which means that the cones in your left eye don't see red and green properly. To answer your first question: Unilateral deuteranopia is always caused hereditarily by X-linked recessive genes.
To answer why your other eye is not expressing the trait, I need to explain normal vision. This will be a lengthy discussion, so bear with me. Normal sighted individuals (trichromats) see the world in three hues, which are blue, green, and red. There is monochromatic light, which is light of one wavelength, and natural light, which contains significant amounts of a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Objects appear colored because they reflect light from particular regions of the visual spectrum and the light that is reflected is picked up by photoreceptors in your retina. Cone shaped receptors are only found in the fovea (cones deal with color vision, detail vision and vision in high levels of light), while the peripheral retina contains both rods and cones (rods are responsible for vision in low levels of light). The intensity of the light wavelength in relation to how much light is absorbed, determines what color you see. The color white reflects all the colors in the spectrum and the color black absorbs all the colors in the spectrum. This is why monochromats only see white, black and shades of grey, because they can only see one wavelength. The different wavelengths correspond to the cone shaped photoreceptors in your fovea. The size of the cone indicates the size of the photoreceptor response. The color blue corresponds to short length receptors, green to medium length receptors, and red to long length receptors. Dichromats experience some colors, but through a lesser range than trichromats. Deuteranopes like you, see blue at short wavelengths, yellow at long wavelengths, and have a neutral point (which is viewed as white) at about 498nm. Because you are missing the cones in your left eye that pickup medium wavelengths (green) and long wavelengths (red), this is why you see those colors as orange with your left eye. Deuteranopes can usually only distinguish between 2 or 3 hues, while someone with normal vision can see 7 different hues. Your case is very rare, because you only have this problem in one eye (unilateral) versus both eyes (bilateral). This makes you of special interest to researchers involved in color perception study…hint, hint… The reason your right eye is not expressing the same trait is because you have normal vision in the right eye (all three kinds of cone receptors are working fine). You only notice the deficiency when you close your right eye and look through your left (the eye where only two kinds of cone receptors are working). When you view things with both of your eyes at the same time, your eyes are cross-linked into your visual cortex, so your brain compensates for your left eye deficiency. Also, humans see trichromatically in their peripheral vision (remember, the peripheral vision contains both rods and cones). Since your eyes are constantly moving in saccades, there is a possibility that your peripheral vision is also helping you compensate.
I hope this helps!
Re: UNILATERAL red-green color blindness
Unilateral colour vision defects are most commonly associated with retinal pathology or compressive lesions involving the optic nerve/optic tract/occipital lobe of the brain. If the unilateral colour vision defect was detected using Ishihara plates only (ie a series of coloured dots which together form a number) then I would highly recommend you request (at the very least) a (computerised)visual field test or get another opinion.
In my limited experience, Ishihara plates were used to detect two cases of unilateral colour vision defects, the first of which was due to an extremely large pituitary macroadenoma and the second was due to normotensive glaucoma. Please note that colour vision assessment is not usually used to detect these diseases. Both had Humphrey visual field assessments, cranial MRI's (to detect intracranial mass) and OCT (like an MRI of the retina). If both of these tests were within normal limits, I guess the next step would have been FFA (fluorescein angiogram of the retina) and if ALL of these tests were within normal limits AND there was no progressive change to these tests over time, then you might consider the benign alternatives, such as congenital unilateral colour vision defect, however I would have written a journal article about it because it is soooo rare.
It is extremely rare to have a congenital unilateral colour vision defect and this should be treated as pathological until proven otherwise by a systematic battery of retinal and neurological tests.
In 303 mothers of colour-blind sons, both eyes were tested with pseudoisochromatic plates and with the anomaloscope. Two hundred thirty healthy normal and 56 colour-blind males served as controls. In good agreement with the expected proportion of homozygotes in our sample, 17 colour-blind mothers were detected. Eight others had difficulty reading pseudoisochromatic plates and were conspicuous at the anomaloscope. In these, both eyes were affected to a very similar, moderate degree. Monocular disturbances of colour vision were not observed in the entire series. Our data suggest that (1) in most (if not all) of the carriers with colour vision impairment, there is no complete lack of normal retina cones, and (2) the proportion of defective retina cones is remarkably similar in both eyes of individual heterozygotes.
The latter observation may indicate that at the time of X-differentiation there is a common primordial cell pool for both retinas.
I can say that you inheritted that recessive X cromosome while that "fight" resulted a kind of thing that I can say as a "repairment" in that recessive gene in X chromosome... ..
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Junk King Atlanta North
Fast, eco-friendly junk removal in North Atlanta
Are you looking for a trusted junk pickup service in Buford, GA? Junk King's staff does the junk hauling for you. We operate locally in Buford, GA, and we can be at your home or business within minutes! We're also green: we recycle up to 60% of everything we collect to keep landfills down and communities clean.


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According to a new study done by Ponemon Institute, 60 percent of Canadian companies do not believe they are equipped to fight cyber attacks and data theft. After surveying 236 different IT security practitioners in Canada, the study, "Exposing the Cybersecurity Cracks: Canada," uncovers deficiencies and disconnects in these organization's security systems.
The problem is rooted in the deficient cybersecurity systems. Organizations simply lack the proper security to prevent online breaches and theft of confidential information. The study shows while 56 percent of Canadian respondents do not believe they can stop advanced online attacks, 59 percent do not think they can prevent the theft of confidential data. Meanwhile, cybersecurity professionals are struggling to keep up with fast pace of high profile-attacks and threats.
Furthermore, the problem is only exacerbated because companies feel uniformed, lacking adequate intelligence of the attempted attacks and their consequences. Thirty-nine percent of the companies reported that their security solutions do not inform them of the source of the attack.
As a result, the gap between the perception and reality of data breach is widened. The study shows that 77 percent of the organizations perceive that the loss of confidential data does not result in potential loss of revenue. In reality, each lost or stolen record costs on average $188 U.S. dollar (USD) while the average cost of an organizational data breach is $5.4 million USD.
Larry Ponemon, the chairman and founder of the Ponemon Institute, says, "The report's findings expose significant cracks in the cyber security defenses for Canadian businesses. This theme was consistent globally and is a wake-up call for the security industry to re-valuate their current security architecture and approach to employee education. Change is imminent if we are to stay a step ahead of today's sophisticated data stealing attacks."
Companies need to continue expanding their awareness of cybersecurity and technologies. The report offers the following recommendations to better manage and reduce cyber breaches:
- Investing in technologies that increase visibility of attempted attacks and their consequences
- Increasing access to better threat intelligence and real-time defenses
- Deploying an all-encompassing defense strategy incorporating web, email, and mobile channels
- Assessing security solution capabilities and deployments against a comprehensive kill-chain model
- Finding effective employee security education method to communicate the seriousness of cyber attacks and high risk behavior.
For further readings on cyber security:
Boards need to oversee cybersecurity risk says SEC official
Survey shows gap between awareness, preparation for cyber attacks on intellectual property
Data breach notification laws meet the rising tide of cybercrime


text:
2 Basic Questions
Discussion of everything related to the Theory of Evolution.
Moderator: BioTeam
2 Basic Questions
I used to breed and study some egg-laying fish, and some live-bearing fish.
I have listened to a variety of speakers dealing the topic of evolution and creation. However, I have found too much of it(on both sides) to be rooted in various methods of fallacious ratiocination, presumptions, invalid inference, a misunderstanding of each side; and a desire to prove that the other side is incorrect, rather than discovering the truth of the matter.
For the moment, I have only two questions:
1: What amount of evolution has not been observed?
2: What amount of evolution has been observed?]
Circumstances permitting, I hope to return soon.
Thank you.
Re: 2 Basic Questions
1. not observed - nearly 100%
2. observed - next to nothing
Last edited by JackBean on Thu Oct 20, 2011 6:31 am, edited 1 time in total.
Reason: quotes fixed
Re: 2 Basic Questions
Cat's response lacks scientific evidence.
1. Many experiments have been conducted that support that organisms, over several generations, are able to evolve in order to increase their fitness. Specific examples include the experiments conducted by the Grants at Princeton University on finches over a period of 30 years, experiments conducted on fruit flies by Diane Dodd at Yale University, and experiments by Cooper and Lentski on E. Coli at Michigan State University. Evidence supporting that evolution has occurred in the past exists extensively in the fossil record, and studies using artificial selection have shown an increase in fitness over several generations. Also, this page (http://www.gate.net/~rwms/EvoMutations.html) shows some interesting experiments that have been conducted. In addition, using data from experiments on abiogenesis, such as Urey-Miller, Fox, and Wachtershauser, several hypotheses have been proposed for the origin of life, with strong scientific evidence backing.
2. The reason why some are still arguing against evolution is because they haven't seen it occur with their own eyes. Obviously direct observation is not possible, as evolution occurs over a period of tens of thousands of years in nature to produce a significant degree of macroevolution. However, most of the evidence for past evolutionary change can be found in the fossil record. Also, the currently accepted phylogenetic tree of life is far from complete. There is much more evidence left to be discovered in order to correctly identify the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Re: 2 Basic Questions
Yes, Aptitude. Well said. But saying it differently does not change the facts...
1. "not observed - nearly 100%" = millions of years NOT observed (as evidence CAN be misinterpreted and wrong conclusions can be drawn even from the observed events)
2. "observed - next to nothing" - minute fraction compared to overall picture...
Lastly, I don't disagree with fact of evolution when it's defined as "change over time". But I disagree strongly with the underlying preconception that evolution is process of change toward something BETTER or more ADVANCED. As far as I know, there is no evidence of that at all...
but the evolution is not prograssing towards better or advanced. At least not on purpose. It's rather blind worker, who's trying to fix previous bugs. But since the more adapted survive, we say they evolve into higher level. But that doesn't mean that bacteria are less evolved. They were evolving for billions of years just as we did.
Cis or trans? That's what matters.
I agree with most of that assessment. However, there is a penchant to disregard the deterioration of the genome over time or to view it as something positive. As you do in a single sentence: "It's rather blind worker, who's trying to fix previous bugs". It is blind process, but it's NOT trying to fix anything. I will try to explain…
The way I see it:
1. Start with an organism at some point in time that is perfectly suited for the environment.
2. If environmental conditions remain fairly static there is no selective pressure.
3. Over time, organism accumulates errors, mutation, in its genome. This leads to diversity.
4. Natural selection takes care of the disastrous traits.
5. At some point, the amount of erroneous information made brings the organisms (variants of the original) to the edge of the extinction.
*That is the point at which the new is actually WORSE off than the original.
6. Now something happens to some of these organisms that create a new subset of "new originals" that cannot be called progeny of the old (something like genome duplication). And the process starts all over…
* At this point you cannot really compare the "new original" to the "old original". It might be better or worse off…
I know that environment did not remain static, so that is unknown factor. I am just trying to explain my reasoning. Considering that we, humans, are have not been under natural for quite some time I think we might be heading toward the extinction…
Cat, I think only persons who are not familiar with evolution say that evolution drives organisms towards something "better". I think what can be said is that organisms tend to evolve towards direction that suits their current environment optimally. And since environments can change quickly, this may lead to a poor outcome in the long run.
Evolution and speciation happen because there is always pressure towards some direction: the predator develops sharper teeth to bite through your thick skin. In turn, you can grow a thicker skin - or maybe a lighter one so that you can outrun the predator.
But what I disagree mostly with you is that you say humans are not under natural selection(?, a word seems to be missing from your sentence). We most certainly are! In our current environment things just are quite different from what it is in the nature. The pressure on us is eased on some traditional aspects, that would eliminate animals, such as: bad eyesight, bad back, bad knees, some autoimmune diseases etc etc. - these traits are quickly eliminated from wild animals, but not from the human gene pool. However, the essential question is whether we can create more offspring than there are deaths, and reaching the 7 billion mark right now I can assure you that we do just well - frighteningly well to be honest.
Now, all this, bad eyes and knees and such, can suddenly turn out to be very bad traits if our environment suddenly changes a lot and we end up living like cavemen. However, even then there are people with good eyes and knees who are likely to survive. And if the change in the environment is big enough, any species can go extinct. Think about dinosaurs as a famous example - they dominated the earth for millions of years after all.
Much of the mankind if bound with technology nowadays: bad eyes are fixed with glasses or laser, bad back with a surgeon's knife and diabetes with an insulin pen. We do well as long as we have these tools - just as hermit crabs do well only as long as they have their "technology" with them, the abandoned seashells. But neither of us, humans or hermit crabs, are likely to go extinct just because natural selection is not working. Trust me, it works (:
You cannot have it both ways. We rely on technology to avoid natural selection. In other words, we create artificial environment. If a significant part of our artificial environment was removed, a significant part of world population will die.
Consider several factors:
1. We live in societies that greatly depend on one another. With the exception of a very few people, most of us don't know how exist without being part of the structure. Individual survival skills are disappearing. How many city dwellers know anything about farming or hunting?
2. Female infertility increases. Male Y chromosome gets shorter.
3. Our reliance on technology increases constantly. It seems that a few hundred years from now people will have no idea what pens and paper are. How many people under 40 know how to use a logarithmic ruler today?
Now, for the sake of the argument, let's say tomorrow we permanently lose electricity (like in "The Day the Earth Stood Still"). Considering the factors above, could you describe what would happen? How about a few generations from now?
1. The idea of our superiority comes from the fact that our brain is larger than that of our ancestors and, thus, smarter.
2. Larger than normal brains have been linked to autism (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151044).
Considering evidence above, doesn't that make just as likely that all of us are autistic when compared to our ancestors?
I do not disagree with the points you made. That is why I compared us to hermit crabs: both rely heavily on "technology" and could even go extinct if we would lose the access to it. However, technology (or seashells for the hermit crab) are an integral part of our environment, and our fitness is always compared to our environment - as long as we have the technology available and it eases the evolutionary pressure on us, we do fine.
Infertility increases in both men and women, but still, as long as we can reproduce more than we lose our numbers, we do fine. The very moment we fail to procreate efficiently enough, our numbers start to get lower and either there will be mutations that help to fix the problem or we just perish. Natural selection works for us just as it works for any organism: it gets rid of the genes of the ones that fail to have offspring. That is it.
All the scenarios you list: loss of electricity, no knowledge of farming, reliance on technology, they simply show how well we have evolved to utilize technology. If we lose that suddenly, then millions, if not billions, would die - and that precisely would be a grand demonstration of natural selection in action: technology-dependent organisms would perish, and the ones that have other means to survive would flourish...
I do not quite get this autism example: we quite obviously are not autistic, because we fail to fulfill the very criteria of autism we have determined ourselves (diagnosis of autism requires much more than just big brains).
I'll try to explain:
We define our mental abilities as normal, brilliant, or dull, etc. in comparison to each other. "Normal" is description of mental abilities exhibited by majority of today's population. Others are comparative.
So, if our ancestors (in majority) were "brilliant" in comparison to our "normal", than, by definition, compared to their "normal", our mental abilities would be underdeveloped.
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Your Views: Janesville Knitting Grandmas seek stitched blankets for heroes on VetsRoll caravan
Last call for grateful, generous and talented donors. We have approximately 40 days to create and wrap blankets "stitched with love" around the guys and gals who served in World War II, Korea or are Rosie the Riveter veterans. It's our way of saying "thank you" for their service to our country.
The 2014 VetsRoll caravan will be departing on 10 Badger motor coaches to Washington, D.C., from Beloit's Eclipse Center at 5 a.m. May 18.
At present, we are 50 short of our goal to provide each of the 200 veterans a red, white and blue blanket (approximately 35 by 45 inches).
If you would like to experience a "bursting heart" of appreciation inside your chest, come and share the day of distribution on May 17, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., at the Eclipse Center. There is no greater joy than looking into the eyes of our humble heroes, shaking their hands or giving them hugs of gratitude.
Please call 608-752-6549 to drop off your "gift of love," or we will arrange for pick-up by May 12.
Janesville Knitting Grandmas


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MFAI still growing at 30
EAST TROY -- The Michael Fields Agricultural Institute is all about growing -- both plants and knowledge.
This year the nonprofit agricultural institute celebrates its 30th anniversary of research and education in sustainable agriculture.
"We're excited about the 30th anniversary," said Barbara Lucksinger, MFAI director of development. "We've had a lot of community support."
Read the current edition here: http://www.server-jbmultimedia.net/CSI-WalworthCountySunday
The institute hosts educational programs, garden tours and workshops each year.
"Basically, we're here for the farming community and for the local agricultural community," Lucksinger said. "We raise a lot of vegetables, and a lot of our produce is sold in grocery stores, It's organic.
She continued, "We have workshops throughout the year. We serve about 300 people a year with our workshops. We have various activities going on this (30th) year. We're involved with the farmers markets in East Troy. We have customer appreciation nights in August."
MFAI features about 11 acres of fruit trees, 3.5 acres of vegetable gardens, a greenhouse and expanding acreage for research that compares conventional, organic and biodynamic agricultural production.
An additional 40 acres will be used for research starting this year.
"The research we're doing shows the value of cover crops to farmers," Lucksinger said. "(Cover crops are) more sustainable. They preserve water. They reduce pests. They save farmers time by using less pesticides. They help add nutrients to the soil.
"Right now, we're in our third year of studying cover crops. That could be a significant change on how large agricultural systems operate."
Spring planting already has started in the greenhouse at MFAI.
Read the complete story HERE.�


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All About Beard
Beard is something with which an emotion of a man is associated. Beard styles have changed over the period of time, but the fascination of growing a beard has remained the same among men. If we see some famous men in the history, we will find those men with beards in their portraits or photographs. Beards have been said to be the pride of a man and it could be very well true. A man can spend more time on beard care than his hair care. Moustache styles have also changed over the centuries with different styles coming into fashion at different times.
Nowadays men like to keep their beard style a bit more complex than the free flowing beard style that was common earlier. Beard grooming has become more popular. Nowadays beard trimmer is easily available in the market for very affordable prices. Beard trimming is also available in the salons as a service. A beard style can depend on many things varying from moods to personalities. Nowadays separate beard comb is also available for grooming it. How to trim a beard is something which can be learned easily by watching someone else do it. For more complex trims, the help of a professional is recommended.
To save you time and effort, VBooky has come up with a platform which enlists different salons at the same place. You can choose your favorite salon from the list depending on your preference of price and service.


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Expelled Star
Feelings can get hurt when a student is expelled from his university, but when potential high-dollar earnings in a pro contract come into play, hurt feelings can quickly escalate into a lawsuit. That's certainly the case with University of Maryland basketball player Dez Wells, who is now suing his former school Xavier University for defamation of character centering on his expulsion from the school. The Baltimore Sun says Wells seeks unspecified damages and an apology from Xavier President Father Michael J. Graham.
New York attorney Peter Ginsberg, who represents Wells, claims the suit is "to help Dez relieve the anxiety and correct the damage that was done to him and it's the only thing left to do to make Xavier, and other higher institutions as well, recognize the obligations they have to protect those accused wrongly." Dez Wells, a potential NBA draft prospect, feels the expulsion may have hurt his potential professional basketball earning power. In response, President Graham said in a statement, "We have read the complaint and the allegations of wrongdoing are unfounded and cannot be supported."
Friend to Foe
Currently serving a 65-game suspension for taking performance-enhancing drugs, Milwaukee Brewers outfielder Ryan Braun owes some fans an apology. But one former friend thinks Braun owes him an apology well, and he's willing to go to court to get it. Ralph Sasson filed suit against Braun on July 31 in Milwaukee County Circuit Court, claiming defamation of character and unpaid services for helping Braun win the appeal of a drug test in 2011.
According to The Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, the suit claims Sasson's friendship with Braun deteriorated after Sasson demanded $5,000 for helping Braun beat a drug test appeal. Reportedly, Braun's agent contacted Sasson to conduct research that would help Braun win the appeal. Sasson claims in the suit he conducted 300 hours of research, but Braun's agent refused to pay for his services. In the suit, filed without a lawyer, Sasson submits 48 "requests for admission" from Braun, including that he "[u]sed steroids as far back as his playing days at Miami."
Camera Shy
Salon.com TV critic Matt Zoller Seitz once called NFL Films "the greatest in-house P.R. machine in pro sports history" for its masterful editing of live game footage and original musical scores into entertaining packages. But there remains one thing NFL Films has not been so great at: paying former NFL players for their likenesses in advertisements for these tapes. As examined on InsideCounsel this morning, 10 former NFL players have fought back and filed suit against the NFL, claiming the league violated their rights of publicity in using their images to sell NFL products.
The 10 plaintiffs, who include NFL Hall of Famers Curley Culp, John Riggins, Ron Yary, Dave Casper and Tom Mack, claim the NFL Films advertisements prevent "commercial opportunities that would otherwise flow to and belong to the former players." The NFL settled a similar suit in March, when it agreed to fund an account with $42 million that will help retired football players set up a licensing agency to manage their publicity rights. The NFL told Bloomberg the league is "disappointed that a few retired players believe that additional litigation will be productive" after the March ruling.
Stressful Encounters
If you're a Patriots fan, you may have felt this entire offseason was one long heart attack after Aaron Hernandez's legal troubles. For one woman, though, Patriots-induced heart attacks are a more serious matter, and she intends to have her day in court. Kimberley Chartier of Chicopee, Mass., has filed a wrongful death suit against the New England Patriots, NFL and other plaintiffs after her husband experienced a fatal heart attack at a September 2010 Patriots game.
According to The Providence Journal, the heart attack occurred after Jeffery Chartier engaged in a confrontation with stadium security guards. Patriots officials had invited Chartier's son, six-year-old Tedy, onto the field, but the suit claims security guards stopped him from accompanying Tedy onto the field. The suit claims "Jeff Chartier died as a result of cardiac arrest that was precipitated by agitation and stress" after the security guard confrontation. Kimberley Chartier seeks damages of at least $10 million in the suit.
Standard Safety
If my mom taught me three things, it's to look both ways before crossing the street, never chew with my mouth open and always wear a helmet when riding a bike. But what happens when a helmet actually hurts more than it helps? That's what cyclist Jeffery Sohn claimed in LA Superior Court, filing suit against Easton-Bell Sports that the company's Giro Pneumo helmet contributed to head injuries he suffered from a crash three years ago.
Earlier this week, however, Easton-Bell won the suit after attorneys were able to demonstrate that Sohn was wearing his helmet improperly. According to Bicycle Retailer and Industry News, Easton-Bell's attorneys argued Sohn wore his helmet too high on his head, despite instructions that came with the helmet. They also were able to show scratch marks on the helmet that contradicted Sohn's recreation of the wreck. Easton-Bell is framing the verdict as a "pivotal" victory for helmet advocates, and they believe the ruling may create precedent in upcoming football helmet concussion suits as well.


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Why do cells age?
Discussion of all aspects of cellular structure, physiology and communication.
Moderator: BioTeam
Why do cells age?
I was just wondering if someone has a legit explanation of why cells age?
Re: Why do cells age?
"Why" is a difficult question for science to tackle. How do cells age? That question can get you loads of information. When and where do the changes associated with aging occur? Again, there is plenty of literature addressing that. What happens to cells as they age? Sure, again that is a common research topic and plenty has been done. "Why", however, is more a question for philosophers than for science -- it's not very testable (technically, hypotheses about "why" are often not falsifiable).
Try some keywords using the term "senescence" in Wikipedia, PubMed, etc. and you'll find entries into the topic of aging. Generally though they won't answer the "why" question.
Re: Why do cells age?
Sorry, what I meant to ask is HOW cells age. I've read lots of articles online but none seem to give an answer that is globally excepted. I was just curious if there is a globally accepted theory?
Re: Why do cells age?
Other useful search terms include:
free radicals
somatic mutations
lamin A, progerin
There are various factors that contribute to aging of a cell. I don't think you'll find a single switch that explains it all. An interesting topic in aging is the disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, which ties in with the Lamin A topic I mentioned above.
Ooh, I can add to what plasmodesmata11 said about telomeres.
Telomeres are repeating (and I'm pretty sure, noncoding) sequences of DNA at the tips of chromosomes. As the cell repeatedly replicates itself, bits of the ends of the chromosome don't copy, so the telomere part is giving the chromosomes leeway. Eventually, the telomere shortenings accumulate and will cut into actual coding DNA, leading to signs of aging. (Though I looked it up to double-check myself, and websites said that the bits that don't copy don't cut into the coding DNA—once it reaches the coding DNA, it makes the cell stop dividing. That sounds strange; I like what I learned, better.. hah)
Wikipedia actually has a nice list of theories about aging here:
As everybody said, look up for Telomeres!
Telomeres are sequences of the DNA that are added at the tips of chromosomes, and as a cell is passing through its division cycle, the DNA is replicated and the ends are shortened as a result of the END REPLICATION PROBLEM (read about this one, it will be useful to understand it). As these parts are shortened, at some point the ends will be almost near the coding DNA leading the cell to undergo apoptosis before the coding ends are cut as well!
Telomerase is an enzyme that adds telomeres to the ends of chromosomes. The problem is that telomerase exists only in the cancerous cells (and I don't actually understand why) and germ cells. Therefore, because it doesn't exist in the normal somatic cells, these cells will die at some point, and well, as you know, not all body's tissues can regenerate, and so those which die will progress to show some aging symptoms. Take a skeletal muscle tissue for example, it doesn't regenerate and as its cells die by aging, muscle weakness will result!
And what about my precious E. coli! They do not contain telomers
They age because of damage by the environment, by dividing, DNA damage and that sort of things.
In Groningen University (The Netherlands) is some nice research going on about this topic (as I understood)
Look at this article, reliability theory of aging, it seems to be a little more fundamental than just causative theories like free radicals, etc.
Interesting thought, many years ago there were a few experiment about the regenerative abilities of bacteria cells. Basically they intentioned through heat, chemical, radiation etc etc induced damages to a few eColi colonies. examined them, and tagged a few cells/nucleotides, and cultured them for a few gens. Result, the later bacteria went on living normally. colonies grew.
Re: Why do cells age?
I contend it is the metabolism that resulted in the aging of cells
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Elkhorn woman killed in officer-involved shooting
EDEN PRAIRIE, Minnesota —An Elkhorn woman is dead and her family is searching for answers after she was shot to death by police officers Friday on a highway near Eden Prairie, Minn.
Dawn Marie Pfister, 34, and her boyfriend Matthew Vincent Serbus, 36, were killed Friday on Highway 212, according to an Associated Press report. Both died of multiple gunshot wounds after leading police on a chase that reached speeds of up to 90 mph during the morning rush hour.
Family members of Pfister say she was a mother of two, while court records show the man she was with had a lengthy police record, according to The Associated Press.
Few details have been released about the shooting or what prompted authorities to fire their weapons.
Bridget Johnson, Pfister's stepmother, said her children are 12 and 9. Johnson described Pfister as a "free spirit and an old soul," who loved music, dancing and her family," Associated Press reported.
Police records show Pfister was arrested in 2013 on drug-related charges in Walworth County. Arrest warrants in Olmsted County, Minn. were pending for both Pfister and Serbus. Officials would not say when or why the warrants were issued.
Serbus, who once lived in St. Paul, Minn., had a lengthy criminal record including theft, burglary and drug-related cases. In 2006, a third-degree murder charge against Serbus was dropped in connection with the death of a 29-year-old woman who died of an overdose after Serbus and the woman had bought and used heroin and crack cocaine, said The Associated Press.
The Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension said that just after 7:30 a.m. Friday officers of the Chaska Police Department , Carver County sheriff's deputies and Minnesota State Patrol troopers responded to reports of a vehicle driving erratically and at high speeds near Highway 212 and County Road 51 in Carver County.
The same vehicle was reported to have fled the scene of a rear-end crash on Highway 212 and County Road 43, said the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension. Responding officers located an eastbound red Saab on Highway 212 and a pursuit ensued which reached speeds of 80-90 miles an hour, said officials.
Just before 8 a.m. the vehicle crashed along the wall on Highway 212 near Dell Road in Eden Prairie. The driver and the passenger emerged from the vehicle. The circumstances of the shooting that followed remain under investigation at this hour, said Jill Oliveira, spokeswoman for the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension.
"We are continuing the investigation into this incident," Oliveira said. "It's still in the very early stages. We are conducting interviews with the officers involved and witnesses."
One Minnesota State Patrol trooper, two officers from the Chaska Police Department and one Carver County sheriff's deputy have been placed on administrative leave because of the incident, Oliveira said.


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Tim Cullen: State lawmakers could do more to help public schools help needy children
Too many children are uncared for, unattended, unfed, unhugged, unwatched and undisciplined at home. I coined the term "un-child" to identify those children who struggle at home and often enter their classrooms unprepared to learn.
They may not have someone at home who makes sure their homework is completed, much less someone who helps them with their assignments. Many of these children have dysfunctional home lives with little, if any, direction. Some are successful anyway, but many are unable to overcome these overwhelming odds.
At a local elementary school I visited last year, a student was asked why she did not return a permission slip signed by her parents to attend a field trip. She calmly explained that her father was in jail and her mom was passed out on the couch. It was heartbreaking to hear this child describe her home life in such a matter-of-fact way, as if that was a normal occurrence around her house.
Public school staff and teachers work hard to make sure the un-child has a place to turn to for attention and direction. However, we are seeing a growing movement to lay all of the blame on public schools for the performance of some students, while ignoring the 17 hours per day that children are not in school. Unfortunately, many opponents of public education are doing just that in an attempt to diminish the work of our public educators.
Given the most recent biennial budget passed by the state Legislature, the un-child is in danger of falling further behind. The budget established a statewide voucher school system, creating two unequal Wisconsin education systems, both competing for the same taxpayer dollars. The voucher system sends state taxpayer funding to private schools that have little, if any, accountability. There is no guarantee that the money will result in better educational opportunities for any children.
While voucher proponents seem willing to ignore the underlying issue that many public school students face—difficult home lives—I found it necessary to do my part to try to address the issue. I recently introduced a proposal that would have set aside $10 million for a special fund for public schools. Using the fund, the Legislature's budget-writing committee would award grants to school districts that apply for funding for programs designed to address issues facing students with dysfunctional home lives. These programs could be after-school classes, summer programs, family-involvement events, or any other ideas that districts have that would help address their specific needs.
As a former school board member, I know that local schools can find unique ways to address the needs of the "un-child." However, we need to make sure they have the resources to meet their goals.
I was disappointed to see this reasonable proposal voted down on a party-line vote. Despite this setback, I will continue to support our public schools and their efforts to help students with disruptive family situations overcome any obstacles to a successful education.
Sen. Tim Cullen, D-Janesville, serves Wisconsin's 15th Senate District, including most of Rock County and the Whitewater area. He can be reached at 1-800-334-1438 or 608-266-2253; at firstname.lastname@example.com; or at P.O. Box 7882, Madison, WI 53707.


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Former Janesville letter carrier admits stealing mail
MADISON--A former Janesville letter carrier pleaded guilty in federal court Wednesday to stealing mail.
Kristy Hollibush, 43, previously told postal inspectors she had been stealing items from the mail since about December 2011, said Assistant U.S. Attorney Robert Anderson.
That period coincided with multiple complaints postal authorities received from Hollibush's Rural Route 12 customers about not getting mail, Anderson said.
On Sept. 25, 2012, postal inspectors installed a surveillance camera in Hollibush's delivery vehicle and placed five pieces of first-class mail from cooperating customers along her route.
The camera's live image showed Hollibush open one of the test mail pieces, a greeting card, and remove $30 in cash, Anderson said.
The inspectors pulled over Hollibush, recovered the $30 Hollibush had put in a cigarette box and the other test mail pieces.
The camera did not show Hollibush removing $20 from another card but did show she had deposited the $20 bill in her bank, Anderson said.
Hollibush previously told inspectors she took the cards and cash because she "was in over her head and couldn't make ends meet," Anderson said.
Hollibush had been a postal employee since 1999, Anderson said.
Visiting District Judge Lynn Adelman set Hollibush's sentencing for Jan. 29, when she will face a maximum of five years in prison, a $250,000 fine, three years supervised released and restitution.
Her sentence will be fashioned from advisory guidelines, which call for less severe penalties and factor in any prior convictions, the amount of loss and her timely guilty plea.
Adelman continued Hollibush's release on standard conditions.


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The events of the last five years have reshaped companies' understanding of the risks they face when dealing with their banks. While concerns about bank counterparty risk have subsided from the levels seen in the immediate wake of the U.S. financial crisis and during the various flare-ups of Europe's sovereign debt crisis, the lessons have sunk in.
"Corporate treasurers certainly have wakened up to the fact that when it comes to the banks they've dealing with, things can happen," said Matthew Dunn, senior manager in Deloitte's treasury risk management practice. "Things can happen fairly quickly. As we saw in the crisis, even large banks could not exist anymore overnight. It really can happen that fast."
The crises resulted in many conversations between corporate treasurers and their banks, said Greg Kavanaugh, head of the global liquidity product team at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. "Whether it was the economic crisis in 2007-2009 or the sovereign debt crisis in Europe, we witnessed clients rechecking their policies, rechecking their counterparties and checking where they stand with them," Kavanaugh said.
"That reactive response, whether to the economic crisis or the sovereign debt crisis, has diminished as the economies that our clients conduct business in have stabilized," he added.
Global regulators' efforts to ensure that banks are properly capitalized have helped eased treasurers' concerns.
Dunn pointed out that in the United States, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. has pushed for a bank leverage ratio as high as 6%, double what is required under Basel III. "For corporates dealing with these large banks, it lowers the risk," he said. Dunn noted, though, that banks face additional costs to comply with new regulations and hold more capital, and those costs are likely to be passed on to their customers, including corporate buyers.
Kavanaugh said that it was not just the regulators' actions, but banks' responses to the new requirements that proved reassuring.
"I think the level at which banks have capitalized and discussed their healthier capital base has been very important," said Kavanaugh, pictured at left. "For example, some banks would appear to be ahead of some of the anticipated regulatory requirements, even though all of those regulatory requirements haven't been fully fleshed out."
Regulators' efforts have also given treasurers benchmarks to use when they're assessing the health of their financial institutions, said Michael Berkowitz, head of liquidity management services and corporate market management for Citi Treasury and Trade Solutions North America.
"Within Basel III, the Tier 1 capital ratio is one metric corporate treasurers can look at in terms of the financial strength of banks," Berkowitz said, noting that while Basel I included a Tier 1 capital ratio, the Basel III ratio is viewed as a much better indicator of banks' financial strength. "It provides reassurance to the extent that banks have adequate ratios within the capital ratio requirement. And certainly, to the extent that they're not meeting the minimum thresholds, it provides something that corporate treasurers need to look further into."
As corporate treasurers consider the possibility that one of their banks could run into problems, perhaps the biggest response has been an expansion in treasuries' monitoring of their banks.
Dennis Gannon, a senior director with CEB, an Arlington, Va.-based advisory company, said the focus on counterparty risk has created "a new normal of due diligence and monitoring that goes on—bank reviews, heat mapping, contingency planning—that simply was not there 10 years ago."
One practice Gannon sees emerging among treasury departments is the use of a counterparty risk dashboard to track the health of banks and assist in making decisions about which banks to use.
"Most of the analysis and dashboards are being done in-house, typically with some element of external automated data, whether it's from Bloomberg or somewhere else," he said. "Generally speaking, credit ratings, [credit default swap] levels and other indicators of bank health—Tier 1 capital ratios or things like that—will make up the bulk of the dashboard."
Corporations used to rely mostly on credit ratings to monitor their banks, said Citi's Berkowitz, pictured at left. "Today it's a much more nuanced view," he said. "While credit ratings have a role, they're essentially static instruments that are retrospective in the way they're put together. There are now a number of other metrics corporate treasurers would look at."
Some of things treasury teams look at can be evaluated every day, Berkowitz said, such as credit default swap spreads or stock and bond prices. "They're also looking at financial metrics that are reported on a quarterly basis—the capital ratios, a financial institution's equity base, liquidity, loan loss reserves, funding profile, and other business metrics, such as their geographic diversification," he said. "Earnings stability would be among the other metrics we see corporate treasurers looking at.
"It's become a lot more complex, but I think also a lot more balanced," Berkowitz said.
"We're seeing some of our clients using [Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council] data that's available," said Mark Webster, a partner at consultancy Treasury Alliance Group. "It's got all the operating ratios—you can pull the operating reports for any bank in the United States and compare them to peer groups."
The European sovereign debt crisis brought another change in treasurers' assessments of counterparty credit risk, Berkowitz said. "A lot of the counterparty risk work had been geared to institutions, and now you had to start thinking about sovereigns as well," he said. Corporate treasurers "are not only thinking about the counterparty risk of banks, they're thinking about sovereigns and about other instruments they're investing their short-term cash in as well, whether that's commercial paper, money market funds that would aggregate commercial paper and other instruments, and so on," Berkowitz added.
Edward Altman, a finance professor at New York University's Stern School of Business who devised a formula, the Z-score, for predicting corporate defaults, cautioned that coming up with a method for predicting which banks are going to run into problems has proven more difficult than building a model to identify which industrial companies are likely to default.
"It's my experience that failure prediction models have done fairly poorly when it comes to financial institutions," Altman said. "It always seem that the latest banking crisis is caused by something fairly unique to the current situation and not necessarily correlated with prior bank crises."
In terms of frequency, a CEB survey last year of more than 60 finance executives found that the biggest group, 32%, said they monitor their banks "as needed." Twenty-one percent said they monitor their banks weekly, 16% do so daily, another 16% monthly, and 10% quarterly. Just 6% of the executives said their company had no monitoring process.
CEB's Gannon emphasized that treasuries' efforts don't stop at monitoring. "On top of that is a mitigation strategy," he said. "In the last couple of years, treasury teams have gone to the next level—knowing what to do if somebody gets to level we're uncomfortable with, what's our actual exit strategy.
"It's monitoring for the sake of looking for triggers and thresholds that would make you take action to shore up your exposure or mitigate risk in other ways," Gannon added.
Deloitte's Dunn said the concerns about their banks also fueled companies' upgrades of their treasury technology in recent years. "They're leaving old systems and coming into systems that are robust, that allow them more flexibility to analyze the data and forecast their cash flows out into the future," he said.
Companies used to rely more on banks for such data, Dunn said. "Now they want the information themselves so they can proactively manage it without waiting for the bank to tell them what their position is."
Kavanaugh said he is seeing more companies using global liquidity structures, such as pooling, to better manage their cash positions. He said the trend was a response to risk, as companies work to gain increased visibility into their cash on a global basis, as well as an effort to improve their returns on that cash. "We're in a very low-interest-rate environment, and companies want to increase their interest without increasing their risk."
Mark Webster of Treasury Alliance Group noted that some companies, such as retailers, may end up dealing with banks that they view as somewhat risky because they need them in a certain region. "By doing pooling, you can use those banks but pull the money out.
"Pooling lets me move my balances, as long as I'm careful where I'm pooling them," he said. "But if I'm pooling with Bank A, then I'm increasing my counterparty risk with Bank A, even though I'm pulling it from Banks B and C and D."
Companies' interest in being able to change providers quickly is a factor when they consider SWIFT, Webster added. "If I'm working with Banks A, B, and C and using them all through SWIFT, and something happens to A, with SWIFT it's easier to switch."
If companies are worried about stresses affecting their banking partners, one approach would seem to be to do business with a larger number of banks. But it's not clear to what extent the concerns have influenced the longstanding trend of companies consolidating the number of banks they deal with.
Companies have been shrinking the number of banks they use, in order to improve efficiency and cut costs, said Treasury Alliance Group's Webster. The worries about additional bank casualties mean "most corporate treasurers are saying, 'We are not trying to get it down to one or even two, because we are concerned about counterparty risk,'" Webster said.
Companies are worried not only about their financial exposure to their banks, but about what a bank's problems could mean for their operations, Webster added. "Long term, I may not lose any money, but short term if there's a problem, there's an operational risk," he said. "I may have wires that don't get out, or checks that don't get paid or get held—problems that get cleared up but cause me some big operating problems in the meantime."
CEB's Gannon said he isn't seeing companies expand the number of banks they deal with. "Bank group consolidation is still more or less the norm among large treasury teams." Although companies are more aware of the value of a diversified bank group, "we still do see many treasury groups looking for one global bank or one regional bank," Gannon said.
"Our advice is to at least have some layer of redundancy in relationships that allows you to, say, have a [new] cash management bank up and running in relatively short order," he added. "It's too expensive to have multiple cash management banks in one region, we understand that, but we've seen companies be successful maintaining secondary relationships with banks in volatile regions—so if something happened, it's not a matter of having to get someone on the ground and opening accounts from scratch."
John Colon, a managing director at consultancy Greenwich Associates, noted that even if large corporates want to do business with more banks, they face practical constraints on which banks they can work with.
"When you look at a big company, especially a big multinational, it has a particular set of needs," Colon said. "Frankly, there aren't that many banks that can meet that set of needs when I'm looking for banks that can provide me with global cash management or help with global supply chain finance."
Read the September Special Report on Liquidity.
Getting a Handle on T&E
Should Companies Care About Bond Market Liquidity?
Rewriting the Rules: How New Financial Regulations are Expected to Impact Corporate Liquidity Management
The Next Evolution of the US Payments System


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Lyons man dies after Sunday motorcycle accident
TOWN OF LYONS—A town of Lyons man died Wednesday morning at a Milwaukee-area hospital after a motorcycle crash Sunday in Walworth County, according to a news release from the Walworth County Sheriff's Office.
According to the news release:
Josh Tauscher, 25, died at 2:15 a.m. Wednesday from his injuries.
The accident happened at 6:23 p.m. Sunday when Tauscher was attempting to enter Highway 50 eastbound from South Road, and he collided with a pickup truck and trailer in the southern lane.
Tauscher was ejected from his motorcycle and struck the trailer before coming to rest in the roadway. He was taken by ambulance to Burlington Memorial Hospital before being flown to a Milwaukee-area hospital.
Police said Tauscher was not wearing a helmet at the time of the crash, and neither alcohol nor drugs are believed to be contributing factors in the crash, which remains under investigation.


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It doesn't look like spring, but Brewer baseball starts next week
Are you ready for some baseball? I know I'm ready to put winter behind us. So let's ignore that light white coat outside today and consider the Milwaukee Brewers, who open their season Monday at Miller Park.
Given that Tim Thompson has stopped writing his "Peace and Glove" blog, why not join me in contemplating the Brewers and their hopes to contend for a pennant this season.
Are you optimistic? Will "Hank," that stray dog that wandered into the Brewers' Arizona spring training facility and was quickly adopted by the team, a club official's family and adoring fans, creating a media and marketing sensation, help you forget about that ugly Ryan Braun problem?
What do you see as the keys to success for the Brewers?
If you ask me, it again starts with good health. The Brewers, like every small-market team, have limited depth and must enjoy an injury-free season to stand a chance to compete. Can newly signed flame-throwing pitcher Matt Garza avoid the injury bug that has plagued him in recent years? Is Aramis Ramirez capable of playing all season without ailments?
Other key issues: Can Braun play like an all-star without steroids? Can second baseman Rickie Weeks rebound from a dreadful season, be productive and earn his pay? Will Jim Henderson shake off a shaky spring and become the steady closing pitcher the club needs, and if not, does Francisco Rodriguez have enough left in his tank to step in? Can Carlos Gomez be a strong leadoff batter in place of departed outfielder Norichika Aoki? Can Yovani Gallardo and the team get off to a fast start instead of stumbling out of the gate like last year?
Here's my take: Given good health, the Brewers might have enough players to contend for the division crown but probably not enough to come out on top given the talent of the Cards, the Reds and the Pirates. Even though the Brewers booted the ball repeatedly in some recent spring training games, they could be better defensively this year with Lyle Overbay and Mark Reynolds sharing duties at first base.
Whatever the team's fortunes, that first tailgate outing to Miller Park is going to feel pretty good and help erase the memories of the brutal winter we've endured.
Greg Peck can be reached at (608) 755-8278 or email@example.com. Or follow him on Twitter or Facebook.��
Last updated: 1:39 pm Wednesday, March 26, 2014
Greg Peck can be reached at (608) 755-8278 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Or follow him on Twitter or Facebook.


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ANTILL (A534) at ROOTSWEB
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Henry Storage Ottoman
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Gus* Modern design is a furniture design and industrial company based in Toronto, Canada. The Gus* Modern furniture collection is inspired by minimal forms and honorable materials, Gus* Modern compromises classic styles with modern details for everyday living. As a result, the Gus* Modern assortment includes upholstered seating, such as the Gus modern sofa, sectional, and chair with great options like the Atwood Sofa.
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