text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 8, 1998
|Filing date
|Sep 18, 1996
|Priority date
|Nov 14, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John S. Frichtel, Robert O. Canada, III, Kennard N. Gwin
|Original Assignee
|Ericsson Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (7), Classifications (11), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/340,345, filed Nov. 14, 1994, now Pat. No. 5,752,498.
This application is also related to related application entitled "Power Monitoring System For A Single Site, Split Location Trunked Radio Communications System" filed on Nov. 14, 1994, as Ser. No. 08/340,346, filed Nov. 14, 1994.
This invention is directed to trunked radio repeater systems, and more particularly describes a trunked radio communication system where trunked RF base station repeaters located at remote site locations are operated as a single site.
An example of a trunked radio repeater system is generally depicted in FIG. 1. Individual radio units are assigned to various groups. For example, all police officers could be assigned to one or more groups. Radio units of various groups communicate with each other within and outside of their own group using shared radio repeaters which are part of a trunked repeater system 100. A dispatch console 102 may be housed directly at the repeater system site 104 or may be remotely located via other communication facilities 106. In addition to groups including one particular type of personnel such as police officers, larger groups may establish efficient radio communications between individual radio units within many different agencies. For example, the police department may have a need to provide efficient communications between different units of its squad car force, different portable units assigned to foot patrolmen, different units of detectives or narcotics agents and the like. In accordance with trunking theory, a relatively small number of radio repeaters can efficiently service these types of needs within a given geographical area if they are shared on a "as needed" basis between all potential radio units, i.e. trunked.
The single site 100 is depicted in greater detail in FIG. 2. A common antenna 200 is utilized with conventional transmit combiner, receiver multicoupler, and duplexer circuitry 202 to transmit and receive RF communications using a plurality of duplex RF channel transmit/receive circuits included in a plurality of RF base station transceivers (BSTs) 204, 206 and 208. Each base station transceiver corresponds to a radio communications channel. Each base station transceiver is typically controlled by dedicated control shelf logic circuitry which is in turn controlled by microprocessor-based logic control circuits collectively referred to as trunking cards (TC) 210, 212, and 214.
All of the trunking cards 210, 212, and 214 communicate with a primary site controller 250 via control data buses 216(1), 216(2), and 216(3). Although the major intelligence and control capability for the trunking system resides within primary site controller 250, alternate backup and "failsoft" control functions are incorporated within the trunking cards 210-214 so as to provide continued trunked repeater service even in the event that the primary site controller 250 malfunctions or is otherwise taken out of service. The trunking card also receives hardwired inputs over from synchronization link (FSL) 226 and backup serial link (BSL) 228.
An optional telephone network interconnect may also be provided to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Typically, a system manager 220 is also provided for overall system management and control together with one or more dispatcher consoles 222.
A power monitor unit (PMU) 224 is co-located with the primary site controller 250 and the base station transceivers that PMU 224 monitors. The primary function of the power monitor unit 224 is to measure the RF power developed by active transmitters at each base station transceiver 204-208, and if the power from any transmitter is below a predetermined threshold, this fact is reported to the site controller. Typically, the power monitor unit 224 includes a microprocessor, a display unit, and analog to digital conversion circuitry. To measure transmitted RF power, a probe is placed in the wire cabling connecting each base station transmitter to the transmit/combiner circuitry 202. RF power from the probe is detected using a conventional diode detector where the voltage developed by the diode is proportional to the RF power generated by the base station transmitter. The A-to-D conversion circuitry is connected to each diode detector and converts the analog voltage into digital form for processing by the microprocessor.
Each time the primary site controller 250 makes a channel assignment, the power monitor unit 224 receives a "channel mask" indicating which RF channels are active along with one or more commands to measure the RF power developed by each active base station transmitter. In response to these commands, the power monitor unit microprocessor senses the analog to digitally converted voltage from the diode detector representing the RF power developed by each transmitter. The digitized power measurements are compared against the predetermined thresholds, and any active channel having an output power below the threshold is indicated to the site controller 250. Such low power transmissions are ended, and the site controller turns off the transmitter of the base station corresponding to the low power channel.
The trunking card architecture and operation with the site controller, being relevant to the present invention, are described in conjunction with FIG. 3. Each trunking card (TC) includes a TC microprocessor 256 and associated random access memory (RAM) 258, a multiplexer 260, and a modem 262. TC microprocessor 256 executes software stored in random access memory 258 (which is preferably nonvolatile) in order to implement various control functions including "failsoft" modes of operation. TC microprocessor 256 transceives digital control signals to/from its associated base station transceiver via modem 262 and dedicated serial control line 264. For example, the TC microprocessor keys and unkeys the associated base station transmitter, controls the base station transmitter and receiver to process audio or digital signals, and disconnects power from the base station transceiver in order to conserve energy.
Each trunking card TC has three serial ports A, B, and C. Typically, multiplexer 260 selects only one of the received ports A, B, C to be monitored by the trunking card at any time with the select input of the multiplexer being controlled by microprocessor 256. Port A is connected to primary site controller 250 via dedicated parallel control bus 216(1). Port B is connected to an alternate site controller via similar control bus. However, in the present invention, port B is not used because a data switch 520 (described in detail in the detailed description) connected to port A is used to select which site controller to use. Port C is connected to the backup serial link (BSL) 228 which interconnects all of the trunking cards in daisy chain fashion. When the multiplexer 260 selects port A during normal operation, the trunking card processor 256 receives control messages from primary site controller 250 and also sends status messages to the primary site controller as well as to any alternate site controller via port B. In this way, the alternate site controller is constantly updated with status change information and can immediately take over control of the system if the primary site controller fails.
All or most control functions are performed by the primary site controller 250 which executes multitasking, event-driven software to provide advanced control functions such as call logging, dynamic regrouping, as well as simple control functions such as receiving channel requests, making trunking channel assignments, recording confirmed and dropped calls, handling priority calls and the like. For a more detailed description of these functions, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 4,905,702 entitled "Trunked Radio Repeater System" assigned to the assignee of the present invention the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
During normal system operation, the trunking card microprocessor 256 generally simply passes received digital control signals onto the primary site controller 250, passes digital control signals to be transmitted from the primary site controller 250 to its base station transceivers, and performs various other operations (e.g. initiate transmissions, unkey its associated base station transmitters, and the like) directly in response to control signals sent by the primary site controller 250. During normal operations, TC microprocessor 256 devotes most of its processing resources to processing signals received by its base station repeater receiver and signals to be transmitted by its base station repeater transmitter.
Also during normal system operation, the backup serial link 228 is not used. Independent operations of various trunking cards are coordinated by the primary site controller 250, and signal processing operations performed by the various trunking cards are loosely synchronized by synchronization signals produced by one of the trunking cards currently assigned as the control channel. These synchronization signals, e.g., regular sync pulses generated every 30 msec, are communicated to the rest of the trunking cards via frame sync control link (FSL) 226. Frame sync control link 226 is a single line that connects all of the trunking cards together in daisy chain fashion. This control line is used by whichever trunking card is assigned to the control channel to notify all other trunking cards of the beginning of each control channel slot on the outbound (i.e. from base station to the radios) control channel.
Accordingly, one of the trunking cards and its associated base station transceiver operate on the predetermined full duplex control communications channel. This control channel is monitored by radio units whenever they are not actually engaged in communications performed on working channels assigned to the other trunking cards. The control channel is time division multiplexed into a sequence of frames. Outbound control channel signals are continuously transmitted by the control channel base station transmitter. Radio units monitoring the control channel synchronize with the frame synchronization signals transmitted continuously on the outbound control channel which reduces the time required by the radio units to synchronously receive and transmit control channel signals.
The trunking card assigned to supervise control channel operations originates the control channel frame synchronization timing signals and places those signals on frame sync control link 226 as well as passes them to its associated control channel base station transmitter for transmission on the outbound control channel. Each of the trunking cards continuously monitors the frame sync control link 226, and the microprocessors of each trunking cards synchronize signal processing functions with the regularly transmitted pulses on the frame sync control link 226. In this way, when a radio unit receives a command transmitted on the outgoing control channel to change frequency to a working channel, the radio unit is already synchronized with the control channel timing.
To ensure a very high state of reliability, the trunked communications system 100 can be operated in a "failsoft" mode of operation. For a detailed description of such failsoft operation, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,866 entitled "Fail-Soft Architecture For Public Trunking System," assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the disclosure of which is incorporated explicitly here by reference. Briefly, when the trunking system 100 begins operating in the failsoft mode, multiplexers 260 of all trunking cards select port C and the backup serial link 228 becomes active. The trunking cards cease passing signals to and receiving signals from the primary site controller 250, and instead, trunking and other functions are performed in a distributed fashion by the trunking cards with signals being communicated between the trunking cards via the BSL 228. The control channel trunking card performs the supervisory role and uses various polling techniques to respond to working channel request messages and to assign working channels if available. Accordingly, reliable trunked communications are ensured even if the site controller is inoperable or if no site controller is used.
Thus, the trunked radio communication system described above provides a very reliable trunked radio communications system for a single site where all of the base stations, trunking cards, console, and the site controller are located at a single location. However, there are situations where it is desirable to "split" the site so that there are base station repeaters at two or more remote locations but nonetheless operate all of those base station repeaters at those locations as a single site system. For example, a single site system having fourteen channels (corresponding to fourteen base station transceivers) might be divided into two locations physically separated for example by hundreds or thousands of feet with each location being referred to as a split site location. At one split site location, eight base station repeaters would provide eight radio channels, and at the other split site location, six base station repeaters would provide six radio channels. Ideally, even though the base station equipment is physically divided into two split locations, the trunked communication system would still operate as a single fourteen channel single site system under the supervising control of one site controller located at either one of the site locations.
This split location, single site trunked radio architecture, to the knowledge of the inventors, is an entirely new concept. For example, base stations in existing single site systems can currently only be separated by no more than 50 feet and therefore do not offer split site location capabilities. Nor have problems such as maintaining data integrity and system synchronization for single site trunking system equipment physically separated by significant distances been either addressed or resolved. There is also the problem of how to control and manage split site locations and implement a failsoft mode of trunked radio communications. For example, how will information be transmitted between each of the base station transceivers (via their respective trunking cards) and a remote site controller over corresponding control data buses? Similarly, how will information be sent over the frame sync link and, in the failsoft mode of operation, over the backup serial link? There is also the problem of how to monitor RF power for the split location, single site system. For example, how does a single power monitoring unit at one of the site locations monitor and test the RF output power of all base station transmitter channels for both split site locations?
The present invention provides a split site trunked communications system to permit trunked RF communications between plural portable radios located at those split sites. A first trunked RF communications site is located at a first site location and includes plural first base stations, each first base station including a transceiver corresponding to an RF communications channel. The first site also includes a first site controller for assigning base station transceivers to radios requesting an RF communications channel. A second trunked RF communications site is located at a second site remote from the first site and includes plural second base stations along with a second site controller. A communications link links the first and second trunked RF communication site so that they function as a single site trunked radio communications system with only one of the first and second site controllers assigning the first and second base station transceivers to radios requesting RF communications channels. The other of the first and second site controllers is a redundant, backup site controller that can assume operation of the first and second trunked RF communications sites as a single site system should the primary site controller for example be disabled. Thus, the single acting site controller controls base stations at both the local and remotely located sites using the communications link.
In one embodiment the communications link includes a fiber optical cable, with first and second fiber optic driver/receivers connected at respective ends of the fiber optic cable. First and second time division multiplexers, connected to the first and second fiber optic drivers, convert control and audio information from the first and second sites into a TDM serial data stream and transmitting the data stream over the fiber optic cable via the first and second fiber optic driver/receivers. The communications link may also include a separate control link that links particular control signals like synchronization signals to each of the first and second base stations.
The control link includes novel link extension circuitry that automatically senses which site is sending the control signals and reconfigures the control link to permit transmission by the transmitting site location on the communications link over considerable distance to the receiving site location. Such circuitry permits signal transmissions to be transmitted over the link from both sites without collision.
The architecture of the present invention is such that should both the first and second site controllers fail or otherwise be absent, the first and second remotely located base stations are operated as a single site in a failsoft mode of operation. In that instance, the base station operating as the control channel controls the RF trunking operations for all the base stations, both local and remote, utilizing the communications link.
This new architecture provides an unprecedented level of redundancy with only a marginal increase in actual equipment. The architecture of the present invention permits a split site location to be completely disabled through loss of power or intentional disruption with the remaining split site location(s) continuing to function with only a loss in system capacity. That loss is unnoticed by a system user because communications via the remaining split site locations continue without interruption. These features of course are highly desirable for strategic command centers or vital communication centers. The ability to operate with significant spacial separation between base stations using only one site controller provides excellent protection against both manmade and natural disasters that can disable a specific location which are significant concerns to both public safety and emergency management systems. The architecture of the present invention also permits easy and inexpensive expansion of an existing trunked radio communication system without being constrained by the same physical location of the existing system. In other words, additional capacity could be provided within a new location in the same building or an entirely different location, e.g. an entirely different building.
In a single site, split location trunked radio communication system of the present invention, all assets are fully utilized during normal operation. This contrasts with traditional redundant main and backup systems where the backup assets are not utilized during normal operation. Thus, to provide fourteen channel capacity with full backup, for example, the traditional redundant system requires at least twenty-eight base stations. The present base invention provides a highly reliable fourteen channel system using only fourteen base stations.
These as well as other features and advantages of this invention will be more completely understood and appreciated by carefully studying the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments taken on conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a general explanatory diagram of a trunked radio repeater system;
FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a centrally located single site in the trunked repeater system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of channel trunking cards used to control the base stations of the central site architecture shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of a single site, split location RF trunked communication system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram of a power monitoring unit used in conjunction with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of a mobile/portable radio unit that may be utilized for communication within the single-site split-location trunked repeater system in FIG. 4; and
FIG. 7 is a more detailed schematic drawing of the link extender used in conjunction with the present invention.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth, such as particular circuits, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well known methods, devices, and circuits are omitted so as not to obscure the invention with unnecessary details.
FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a single-site, split-location RF trunked communication system 500 in accordance with the present invention. The split site location (A) houses eight base stations each base station including a trunking card, transceiver, and the like similar to base stations and are configured as generally described above in conjunction with FIGS. 2 and 3 for a single site trunked radio repeater system and as described in further detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,905,302 and 5,175,866 previously incorporated by reference. To simplify the description, however, that description is not repeated here. These eight base stations at split site location (A) correspond to radio frequency channels (1-8). Split site location (B) houses six base stations (B) corresponding to RF channels (9-14). Obviously, any number of base stations could be located at each split site location to achieve any desired total number of RF channels. In addition, although two split site locations (A) and (B) are shown, more than two such locations could also be coordinated and operated in accordance with the present invention as a single site. To further simplify the description, only the function blocks in split site location (A) are described with the understanding that similar hardware is located used at split site location (B).
Dispatch console 519 is connected to an audio bridge 518 and to a time division multiplex (TDM) multiplexer 524. The audio bridge 518 is essentially a large resistive network that takes audio signals (analog or digital) to/from the console 519, impedance matches those signals and provides them to/from local base stations (A) as well as to the remote base stations (B) and to the remote console (B) through the multiplexer 524. In this way, the dispatch console at the local split site location may participate in audio communications on any of radio channels (1-14).
The TDM multiplexer 524 may be a T1 multiplexer, (T1 corresponding to 24 time division multiplexed, time slot type channels), which is conventional off-the-shelf equipment and in this example may be Model No. TDM-163 manufactured by Intraplex Inc. Of course, a larger TDM multiplexer or plural TDM multiplexers could be used to service a larger number of radio channels and/or control signals. The T1 multiplexer 524 takes multiple, full duplex digital and/or analog data streams including audio information and control information and, using time domain multiplexing, converts those streams into consecutive time slots in one high speed data stream as is well known in the art.
The T1 multiplexer 524 connects with a commercially available fiber optic driver/receiver 526, e.g., the T1 single fiber loop converter model number F1544-10 DS1 SFLC available from ADC Telecommunications Inc. Fiber optic driver/receiver 526 includes among other things an LED light source and a photodiode detector. To transmit, the fiber optic driver/receiver 526 converts the electrical, high speed data stream from the T1 multiplexer into corresponding light energy suitable for transmission over fiber optic links. The driver is full duplex and therefore can transmit and receive at the same time. The photodiode detects light energy received over the fiber optic link and converts that received light into corresponding electrical signals. If desired, redundant fiber optic links could be used with an optical switch at each split site location to route the information to/from the appropriate fiber link.
A data switch 520, connected by twisted pair lines between each of the local base stations 502, the T1 multiplexer 524, and the site controller 504, is essentially a large switch that permits data and control information over each of the lines to/from the base stations 502 to be passed to/from either the local site controller 504 or the T1 multiplexer 524. Referring back briefly to FIG. 3, control information from each base station trunking card is connected to the data switch 520 over bus lines 216. Thus, the data switch accommodates each of the base station channels 1-14 and provides additional lines or "channels" dedicated to control signals. In essence, the data switch is a multiple pole, double throw switch that is controlled by control switch 522. Such a data switch may be for example the SM-500 series ganged switch sold by Black Box Corporation.
In addition to being connected to the data switch 520, control switch 522 is connected to a local power monitor unit 530. Control switch 522 may be a simple, manually-operated switch that generates a signal that either selects the site controller A at site location A or the site controller B at site location B to function as the single site controller for both split sites. If the local site controller is selected, the control switch 522 is set to send a signal to the data switch at both split site locations to have each TC microprocessor select its A port (see again FIG. 3). The data switches 520, being set in accordance with the control switch signal, direct signals between the site controller and its local base stations via relatively short wire connection and between the site controller and remote base stations via relatively long fiber optic link 528. Of course, the function of control switch 522 could be automatically performed, e.g., by setting a select flag or bit.
Therefore, the control switch 522 and data switch 520 determine which site controller is to operate the base stations at the split site locations as a single site. The data switch 520 is set by the control switch 522 to route signals from local base stations either over the fiber optic link 528 to the remote site controller or directly to the local site controller.
Referring to FIG. 5, power monitor unit (PMU) 530 includes a computer 536 which may include an Intel 80486 microprocessor with suitable disk memory and analog-to-digital (A to D) conversion circuitry 534 and a display 538 connected to the computer 536. Conventional diode detection circuitry referred to generally at 532 detects RF power transmitted from each active local base station transmitter. An analog signal proportional to RF power is converted into a digital value by A to D conversion circuitry 534. The computer 536 compares the received digital values to a minimum threshold.
The computer 536 detects from a signal generated by the control switch 522 which site controller is operating the split site system. For any local base station transmitters transmitting at powers below the threshold, the computer 536 sends an alerting signal to the local site controller if it is in charge. However, if the remote site controller is in charge, the computer 536 transmits these alerting signals to remote site location PMU via the Ti multiplexers and communications link. Thus, the PMU at the split site location where the site controller currently in charge receives and stores all power monitoring information for all active base station transmitters in the system and sends low power alert messages to that site controller to permit the site controller to take any necessary action such as dropping the channel.
As described above in conjunction with FIGS. 2 and 3, the trunking card of each base station is connected to frame sync link (FSL) 510 and backup serial link (BSL) 512. In the embodiment of the present invention being described in conjunction with FIG. 4, each of these links is also connected to a link extender circuit 508 which transceives serial data from the frame sync link (FSL) 510 and backup serial link (BSL) 512 over twisted pair communication links 514 and 516 dedicated to the FSL and BSL, respectively, and connected to the remote split site location (B). Using twisted wires, the link extenders (A) and (B) at split site locations (A) and (B) may be separated by up to ten thousand feet and this limitation being primarily due to the bandwidth restrictions of a twisted wire pair communications path. Other communications media which have greater distance capabilities could also be used assuming bandwidth and data reliability requirements are met For example, the FSL and BSL data could be routed through the Ti multiplexers over the same fiber optic link 528 or separate fiber optic link. Fiber links do not have the limitations of twisted pair wires and therefore the link extenders could be separated by much greater distances. As will be described in further detail below in conjunction with FIG. 7, a significant feature of the link extension circuitry is that it automatically senses which split site location is currently transmitting control channel data and automatically configures itself to permit that transmission and block transmissions from the remote split site location.
The general architecture of a suitable mobile/portable radio unit for use with the present invention may be microprocessor based as depicted in FIG. 6. Here microprocessor 550 is provided with suitable memory 552 and input/output circuits 554 so as to interface with the radio unit display, keypad, push-to-talk (PTT) switch as well as audio circuits 556 which provide basic analog audio outputs to the speaker and accept analog audio inputs from the microphone. Auxiliary control over a modem 558 as a digital interface to voice encryption, vehicle location, or other types of digital communications subsystems may also be provided if desired. Of course, the I/O circuits 554 also permit suitable programmed control over RF receiver 560 and transmitter 562 which via conventional signal combiners 564, provide two way fully duplexed communication over a common antenna 566 as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
A more detailed description of the link extension circuitry 508 is now provided in conjunction with FIG. 7. Although only one link extension circuit is shown, both the FSL and BSL links include their own link extension circuitry. The link extender (A) at split site location (A) includes a transmit/receive port (A) 600 connected to the frame sync link (A) or the backup serial link (A). Port 600 is connected directly to the collector of transistor 602 and via a voltage divider to the input of a tristate buffer 618. The collector of transistor 602 is also connected via resistor to a positive power supply. The base of transistor 602 is connected to an enable port of the tristate buffer 618. When enabled, the tristate buffer 618 passes transmit data at port 600 to a differential driver and receiver amplifier pair 616 connected together by a shielded, twisted pair of communication lines. The differential data at the differential receiver amplifier is inverted in an inverter 614, the output of which is connected to the base of transistor 612. The collector of transistor 612 (connected to a power supply) provide an output signal at transmit/receive port (B) 610.
The transmission path from port (B) 610 to port (A) 600 is similar in that FSL(B) or BSL(B) signals to be transmitted from port (B) 610 are passed through a voltage divider to tristate buffer 608. The base of transistor 612 is also connected to an enable port of tristate buffer 608. When tristate buffer 608 is enabled, the serial information at port (B) is transmitted via differential driver/receiver amplifier pair 606 and communication lines, inverted at inverter 604, and amplified at transistor 602 which provides the received output at port (A) 600.
The operation of the link extension circuitry will now be described using the example of transmitting a frame sync pulse FSL(A) present at port (A) 600 over the communications link. In this example, the differential link 616 is the active transmissions path and differential link 606 is the inactive transmission path. When the frame sync pulse occurs with a high to low voltage level transition, it is passed through normally enabled tristate buffer 618, sent along differential link 616, and inverted to a high logic level at the output terminal of inverter 614. This high output level of inverter 614 disables the tristate buffer 608 which prevents any signals from being transmitted on the other differential link 606 going in the opposite direction. In this way, data collisions are automatically prevented at transmit/receive ports 600 and 610, i.e., a port receiving cannot simultaneously transmit. Transistors 612 and 602 are simply voltage level converters which take the logic high output from their respective inverters at a first voltage level, e.g. five volts, and raise it to the voltage level of the collector power supply, e.g. twelve volts, for use by the trunking cards of the remote base stations.
For a similar frame sync pulse transmitted at port 610, on the differential link 606 in the opposite direction (split site B to A), buffer 618 is disabled by a high logic level at inverter 604 and therefore blocks transmission of any input data at port 600. Thus, the link extension circuitry in accordance with the present invention automatically configures itself either to transmit or receive and automatically ensures that there are no data collisions in an attempt to simultaneously transmit and receive from at either terminal in split site locations A and B.
The overall operation of the single site split location trunked communication system will now be described. The control switches in both split site locations A and B are set to select which site controller is in charge. Assume for the sake of explanation that site controller A is in charge of the split site system. The base stations (A) corresponding to radio channels 1-8 are therefore controlled in the same fashion as described above and in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,905,302. The dispatch console at site location (A) participates in radio communications on channels 1-8 in the same fashion as in a conventional single site trunk repeater system except that these local communications are routed through audio bridge (A). Moreover, monitored RF power from local base station transmitters 1-8 is accomplished by the power monitor unit (A) with corresponding power signals being sent directly from the power monitor unit (A) to the site controller (A).
Dispatch console (A) can also participate in communications on remote channels 9-14 located at split site location (B). Audio signals are routed from base station channels 9-14 through the audio bridge (B) to the T1 multiplexer (B) and transmitted in time division multiplex format over the fiber optic link to the T1 multiplexer (A) via fiber optic driver/receivers (A) and (B). The T1 multiplexer (A) routes the audio through the audio bridge (A) to dispatch console (A). Communications from dispatch console (A) are routed in the opposite path for transmission over channels 9-14.
Control signals between site controller (A) and remote base stations (B) will now be described. Control channel information such as working channel requests from a base station to the site controller (A), working channel assignments from the site controller (A) to the control channel base station and an available working channel base station, working channel confirmation and drop messages from the working channel base station to the site controller A are handled in two different scenarios. Assume for the first scenario that one of the base stations (A) is designated as the control channel base station. Control messages such as those described above are sent from the site controller over line 506 through the data switch 520 to the control channel base station. That information is transmitted over the RF control channel via T1 multiplexer (A), fiber optic communications link 528, T1 multiplexer (B), and data switch (B) to base stations 9-14 at split site location (B). Working channel assignments are communicated directly to remote base station 9-14 from site controller (A) following a similar path. Status signals from the remote base stations (B) are routed to the site controller (A) through data switch (B), T1 multiplexer (B), communications link 528, T1 multiplexer (A), and hardwire link 505.
As described above, power monitor unit (A) also receives detected RF power signals from power monitor unit (B) through the fiber optic link and multiplexing circuitry and routes the necessary power monitor information for base stations and split site locations (A) and (B) to site controller (A). If there becomes a need to operate the single site split location trunked radio communication system using site controller B, the control switches at each split site location would be switched accordingly so that the appropriate signal routing occurs.
As described above, each of the base station trunking cards in the local and remote split site location are kept in loose synchronization via frame sync pulses sent out regularly by the control channel base station over the frame sync link (FSL) through the link extenders A and B over the frame sync link bus 514.
A significant advantage of the present invention is that the single site split location trunked radio communication system can operate as a single site in failsoft mode to continue trunking operations without a site controller in accordance with the procedures outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,866. Once the split location, single site trunking system enters a failsoft mode, the multiplexers in all of the trunking cards in base stations (A) and (B) automatically select port C, and the backup serial link (BSL) 512 is activated. Thinking and other functions are then performed in a distributed fashion by the trunking cards with signals being communicated between the trunking cards via the BSL communications links and link extenders A and B. The control channel base station trunking card at one of the split site locations performs the supervisory role using various polling techniques to respond to working channel request messages and to assign base station working channels if available. Accordingly, reliable single site split location trunked radio communications are ensured even if site controllers A and B are inoperable (or if the system is intentionally operated without a site controller).
Thus, the present invention provides a single site, split location trunked radio communication system that operates in a fashion which makes "transparent" the split nature of the system. Even though some of base stations are spaced a remote distance from the site controller, all of the base stations at both split sites can be accessed and assigned just as in the single site scenario. This architecture is transparent because the single site split location system can be achieved without changing the hardware of existing base station transceivers, trunking cards, control and data buses, site controllers, or the radio units. Moreover, the various control and working channel protocols which have been established for a single site can be used without modification.
Thus, even if a split site location is completely disabled through loss of power or intentional disruption, the remaining split site location(s) continues to function with only a loss in system capacity. The ability to operate spatially separated base stations using only one or the other site controller (or no site controller in failsoft mode) provides excellent protection against both manmade and natural disasters that can disable a specific split site location. Even if the local site completely failed and was nonoperational, the remote split site would continue to function to maintain trunked communications. The architecture of the present invention also permits easy and inexpensive expansion of an existing trunked radio communication system Moreover, in the single site, split location trunked radio communication system of the present invention, all assets are fully utilized during normal operation in contrast to traditional main and backup systems which include fully redundant assets where the backup assets are not utilized during normal operation.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 25, 1979
|May 5, 1981
|International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation
|Fault locating arrangement for a two-way repeatered transmission link
|May 30, 1980
|Apr 3, 1984
|Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh
|Service integrated communication transmission and interchange system
|Jun 9, 1983
|Jun 4, 1985
|General Electric Company
|Low power indicating circuit for a radio transmitter
|Mar 12, 1987
|Apr 18, 1989
|Decibel Products, Inc.
|Computer-controlled electronic system monitor
|Jun 3, 1987
|Feb 27, 1990
|General Electric Company
|Trunked radio repeater system
|Nov 28, 1989
|Feb 4, 1992
|General Electric Company
|Radio trunking fault detection system with power output monitoring and on-air monitoring
|Dec 21, 1989
|Jun 16, 1992
|Motorola, Inc.
|Channel assignment method for multi-site trunked radio system
|Jun 5, 1990
|Dec 29, 1992
|Ericcson Ge Mobile Communications Inc.
|Fail-soft architecture for public trunking system
|Dec 3, 1990
|Apr 19, 1994
|Ericsson Ge Mobile Communications Inc.
|Local area network for flexible digital communications within and between RF base stations
|Mar 25, 1992
|May 17, 1994
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for providing a communication path using common sites
|Jun 4, 1992
|May 23, 1995
|Gte Laboratories Incorporated
|Multiple-channel token ring network with single optical fiber utilizing subcarrier multiplexing with a dedicated control channel
|Jun 1, 1992
|Jun 6, 1995
|Motorola, Inc.
|Contention free local area network
|May 3, 1993
|Aug 29, 1995
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method for assuring data integrity during a repeater transition
|May 26, 1994
|Nov 28, 1995
|Motorola, Inc.
|Base station transceiver diagnostic equipment
|Feb 18, 1994
|Feb 13, 1996
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method for maintaining audience continuity of a communication group call
|Jul 7, 1994
|May 14, 1996
|Alcatel Sel Aktiengesellschaft
|Cable television distribution network with video-on-demand transmission
|Dec 13, 1993
|Jul 9, 1996
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for moving primary control of a call in a multiple site communication system
|Motorola Technical Developments , vol. 13, Jul. 1991, Schaumburg, Illinois, US, pp. 77 78, XP 000259229, G. Grube, Site Shared Wide Area Trunked Network .
|Motorola Technical Developments, vol. 13, Jul. 1991, Schaumburg, Illinois, US, pp. 77-78, XP 000259229, G. Grube, "Site Shared Wide Area Trunked Network".
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 17, 1999
|Oct 2, 2001
|Motorola, Inc.
|Methods for implementing a talkgroup call with competing sources in a multicast IP network
|Nov 17, 1998
|Jun 4, 2002
|Mitsubishi Materials Corporation
|Communication system and communication method with diversity features
|Nov 15, 2002
|May 16, 2006
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
|Optical fiber coupling configurations for a main-remote radio base station and a hybrid radio base station
|Mar 30, 2004
|Jan 30, 2007
|Nokia Corporation
|System and method for allowing subscribers to make internal calls while roaming to other networks
|Dec 18, 2008
|Mar 27, 2012
|Henry Bros. Electronics, Inc.
|Emergency communications controller and console
|Nov 15, 2002
|May 20, 2004
|Torbjorn Cagenius
|Optical fiber coupling configurations for a main-remote radio base station and a hybrid radio base station
|Dec 18, 2008
|Mar 18, 2010
|Henry Bros. Electronics. Inc.
|Emergency Communications Controller and Console
|U.S. Classification
|455/8, 455/509, 455/508, 455/520
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 1, 2000
Owner name: PNC BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:COM-NET ERICSSON CRITICAL RADIO SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:010557/0001
Effective date: 20000126
|Jun 6, 2000
Owner name: COM-NET ERICSSON CRITICAL RADIO SYSTEMS, INC., PEN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ERICSSON INC.;ERICSSON CANADA INC.;REEL/FRAME:010848/0940
Effective date: 20000126
Owner name: COM-NET ERICSSON CANADA CORP., PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ERICSSON INC.;ERICSSON CANADA INC.;REEL/FRAME:010848/0940
Effective date: 20000126
|Jan 7, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 8, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 31, 2009
Owner name: M/A-COM PRIVATE RADIO SYSTEMS, INC., VIRGINIA
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:COM-NET ERICSSON CRITICAL RADIO SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023032/0353
Effective date: 20010517
|Aug 3, 2009
Owner name: COM-NET ERICSSON CRITICAL RADIO SYSTEMS CANADA COR
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:COM-NET ERICSSON CANADA CORP.;REEL/FRAME:023044/0095
Effective date: 20000216
|Aug 4, 2009
Owner name: M/A-COM PRIVATE RADIO SYSTEMS CANADA CORP., VIRGIN
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:COM-NET ERICSSON CRITICAL RADIO SYSTEMS CANADA CORP.;REEL/FRAME:023044/0186
Effective date: 20010524
|Aug 5, 2009
Owner name: M/A-COM, INC., MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:M/A-COM PRIVATE RADIO SYSTEMS, INC.;TECH-CERAM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:023044/0798
Effective date: 20021223
Owner name: PINE VALLEY INVESTMENTS, INC., NEVADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TYCO ELECTRONICS GROUP S.A.;TYCO ELECTRONICS CORPORATION;THE WHITAKER CORPORATION;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:023065/0269
Effective date: 20090529
Owner name: PINE VALLEY INVESTMENTS, INC.,NEVADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TYCO ELECTRONICS GROUP S.A.;TYCO ELECTRONICS CORPORATION;THE WHITAKER CORPORATION;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:023065/0269
Effective date: 20090529
Owner name: M/A-COM, INC.,MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:M/A-COM PRIVATE RADIO SYSTEMS, INC.;TECH-CERAM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:023044/0798
Effective date: 20021223
|Mar 8, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
for Nov. 17
Note: "Wednesday" refers to Nov. 17
Clinical studies
AMCR Institute, with campuses in Escondido and Temecula, isrecruiting volunteers with Type 2 diabetes and a history of heartproblems to participate in a long-term clinical trial to test theeffectiveness of an insulin product on systolic blood pressure,weight loss and other cardiovascular risk factors. AMCR will acceptvolunteers who are either using or not using anti-diabeticmedications, but who are willing to inject insulin once a day. Theyalso must have experienced a heart attack, stroke, Class II orClass III heart failure, or have been diagnosed with hypertensionand left ventricular hypertrophy. Participants must be between 18and 50 years old and will receive all study-related medicalevaluations and treatment medications free. Call 877-567-2627.
FLU SHOTS: Vista Community Clinic will host seasonal flu shotclinics on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays throughOctober. Shots are $4 each. Dates are subject to change. Pneumoniavaccines are available for an additional fee. For confirmation ordetails, call the Vista Community Clinic flu hotline at760-631-5000, ext. 1010, or visit www.vistacommunityclinic.org:
-- 8 a.m.-noon Tuesdays at 818 Pier View Way, Oceanside
-- 8:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Wednesdays and Fridays at 134 Grapevine Road, Vista
-- 7:30-10:30 a.m. Thursdays, 4700 North River Road, Oceanside
Because of construction, no clinics are scheduled for the Vale Terrace Branch.
Lung cancer: A free Lung Cancer Patient Support Group meets at11 a.m. Wednesday in room 3106 of the Moores UCSD Cancer Center.Call 858-822-7902.
Gastrointestinal cancer: A free Gastrointestinal Cancer Education and Support Group meets at 11:30 p.m. Friday in Comer Commons on the second floor of the Moores UCSD Cancer Center. Call 858-822-7902.
Melanoma: A Melanoma Cancer Support Group meets at 2 p.m. Friday in room 2007 of the Moores UCSD Cancer Center. Call 858-822-7902.
HOLISTIC CLASS: "Self-Responsible Wellness with Heart Coherent Tai Chi Kung" is a free seminar offered at 10 a.m. Dec. 4 by Taking Wings Holistic Wellness Training and the San Marcos Senior Center. Class will be held in The Grandon Classroom of the Westside Senior Center at Grandon Village, 1605 Grandon Ave., San Marcos. Call 760-268-0623 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
AT PPH: Palomar Pomerado Health hosts free and low-cost health education classes and screenings. Register to 800-628-2880 (required) or visit www.pph.org and click on "Classes and Events" unless otherwise noted:
-- Could You Have Diabetes? 5 p.m. Wednesday, free blood glucose screening; 6 p.m., physician-led class, Pomerado Outpatient Pavilion, Education Classroom, 15611 Pomerado Road, Poway. Diabetes could go undiagnosed because many symptoms are common complaints of people who do not have diabetes. A simple blood glucose test provides the answer. Free.
-- Treatment for Shoulder and Neck Pain, 6 p.m. Thursday, Pomerado Outpatient Pavilion, Education Classroom, 15611 Pomerado Road, Poway. Acupuncture and massage are alternative approaches to healing chronic shoulder and neck pain. Free.
-- Basic Training for Dads, 9:30 a.m.-noon Saturday, Pomerado Outpatient Pavilion, Education Classroom, 15611 Pomerado Road, Poway. Learn what to expect during the last trimester of pregnancy, birth and the first few weeks at home. Special guests include veteran (BT graduates) dads and their babies. Fee is $40.
-- Preparation for Childbirth "In a Weekend," 9 a.m.-3:30 p.m. Saturday and 10 a.m.-3:30 p.m. Sunday, Palomar Medical Center, Birth Center Classroom, 555 E. Valley Parkway, Escondido. Prepare for a safe and satisfying birth experience in this small class. Fee is $70 / mom or couple (includes childbirth manual).
-- Wig Wednesday, 1 p.m. Nov. 25, Pomerado Outpatient Pavilion, Education Classroom, 15611 Pomerado Road, Poway. The Women's Health Connection Boutique provides this workshop including wig fittings and how you can look and feel your best. Register to Women's Health Connection Boutique at 858-613-6110. Free.
-- Free Your Knees, 6 p.m. Nov. 30, Palomar Medical Center, Graybill Auditorium, 555 E. Valley Parkway, Escondido. Orthopaedic Surgeon Thomas Knutson, M.D., will discuss the latest advances in knee pain treatment, including minimally invasive and partial knee replacement. Free.
AT ARCH HEALTH PARTNERS: These classes are offered free at the Arch Health Partners, formerly Centre for Health Care, Pomerado Hospital Campus, Pomerado Outpatient Pavilion, 15611 Pomerado Road, Poway, unless otherwise noted. Reserve to 858-673-2529:
-- Diabetes Mini Series: Overview and Intro, 10 a.m. Nov. 30. Learn about different types of diabetes, complications, and diabetes treatment goals. Free.
FREE COLON TESTS: Because of a donation from Beckman Coulter,underinsured and uninsured residents in North County will now havethe opportunity to receive a free colorectal cancer screening fromNorth County Health Services. The agency donated 500 tests to NCHSfor use at all locations that serve patients age 50 and over,enough for about six months. Patients with positive results willalso be eligible for free colonoscopies and surgeries through amore in-depth screening program coordinated by Project Access SanDiego and its partner organizations. The Beckman Coulter Foundationalso provided a grant to NCHS to train clinic health educatorsabout colon cancer screening and the importance of early detection.Visit www.nchs-health.org or call 760-736-6767.
FREE PLAY: A new play that explores how patients, families and doctors communicate about cancer ---- from diagnosis through death ---- will be offered free at 7:30 p.m. Friday and Saturday at Scripps Mercy Hospital in Hillcrest. "Conversations About Cancer: A Theatrical Production," is written by San Diego State University professor Wayne Beach. The production is based on Beach's book, "A Natural History of Family Cancer: Interactional Resources for Managing Illness," which examines 61 actual phone conversations of one family's journey through the serious cancer of a family member. The performances will be in the West Auditorium of Scripps Mercy Hospital, 4077 Fifth Ave., San Diego. Reserve to 858-401-0381.
ACUPUNCTURE FOR STRESS: Solana Beach licensed acupuncturist Barbara Seymour will offer community ear acupuncture clinics to reduce stress, anxiety and sleep problems at 6 p.m. Nov. 30 at 136 N. Acacia Ave., Solana Beach. Free, but donations will be accepted. Reserve to 858-342-1333 or visit www.seymouracupuncture.com.
FREE HIV TESTING: North County Health Services is offering free, anonymous, rapid HIV Testing (oral or finger stick) at three locations: San Marcos Health Center, 150 Valpreda Road, San Marcos, from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Thursday; Encinitas Health Center, 629 Second St., Encinitas, from 2-6 p.m. the last Tuesday of each month; and at the Ramona Health Center, 217 E. Earlham St., Ramona, call 760-736-6764 for dates and times.
HEAR FOR THE HOLIDAYS: To participate in Palomar Pomerado Health's sixth annual Hear for the Holidays program, submit an essay of 500 words or less, telling us why you or someone you know would benefit from receiving a pair of hearing devices. A panel of independent judges will read the essays. Essays will be accepted until Dec. 3, 2010. The recipient of the Phonak hearing device will be notified Dec. 6 and will be announced on Dec. 13. Winner will be selected based on: financial need and the inability to acquire quality hearing devices and care; degree of hearing loss; quality of essay. Submit essays via e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com, mail to Professional Hearing Associates, 1045 E. Valley Parkway, Escondido, CA 92025, or fax to 760-489-1694. Call 760-489-6901.
BLOOD DONATIONS: The San Diego Blood Bank is hosting these donation opportunities. Call 800-469-7322:
-- 8 a.m.-1 p.m. Wednesday, Northrop Grumman, 15120 Innovation Drive, Rancho Carmel
-- 10:30 a.m.-4 p.m. Thursday, Aurora Behavioral Health Care, 11878 Avenue of Industry, San Diego
-- 8 a.m.-1 p.m. Sunday, Church of the Resurrection, 1445 Conway Drive, Escondido
-- 10 a.m.-3 p.m. Nov. 23, Rancho Santa Fe Rotary, parked in front of The Inn at Rancho Santa Fe, 5951 Linea del Cielo, Rancho Santa Fe
-- 8-10:30 a.m. Dec. 1, Eastman Kodak, 16275 Technology Drive, San Diego
-- 10:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m. Dec. 2, Palomar Medical Center, 555 E. Valley Pkwy., Escondido
-- 7:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Dec. 3, GEICO parking lot, 14111 Danielson St. Poway
Send your health news to firstname.lastname@example.com, or mail to Laura Groch, Health Editor, North County Times, 207 E. Pennsylvania Ave., Escondido, CA 92025.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hi Jason:I am involved with this project and doing my best to make sure the work is completed and compatible. One thing that is at high risk is cspi, which is used heavily by GOK. We could use some help with this if anyone wants to jump in.
Will Orca lead and GNOME a11y lead Jason White wrote:
Mario Lang <email@example.com> wrote:As promised yesterday, the second source package of the big AT-SPI rewrite on top of DBus is now available in pkg-a11y:This is great news. Thank you for your valuable work. Is the API compatible with the Corba/Bonobo version? If not, developers of GOK, Orca and any other assistive technologies that rely on this will have to make changes to accommodate. It is my understanding that most (all?) applications and UI libraries use ATK rather than AT-SPI directly, so assuming that side of the interface hasn't changed, there should be no incompatibility with applications. I can't think of any exceptions to this other than Java, which is covered by the new library that is now also experimentally packaged for Debian.


text:
Australia's Leading Supplier of Integrated Data Collection Devices for All Your Needs
Whether your business is in Transport and Logistics, Health Care, Manufacturing or warehousing, Gamma Solutions has the products to help you do business smarter and faster. Gamma Solutions has the most comprehensive line of integrated data collection devices in the industry, from mobile computing systems, bar code scanners and barcode printers, to Wireless Infrastructure and radio frequency identification (RFID) solutions. Rather than taking our word for it, we invite you to see for yourself. Learn more by accessing the information below.
To find out more how we can help you, contact us or call us 1300 042 662 today!
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- We offer a wide range of mobile computers and handheld products for businesses of all sizes. Enterprise customers can now select from a variety of pocket size mobile computers, rugged PDAs and pistol grip terminals.
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- Gamma Solutions offers an extensive range of barcode printers for any environment or application. Whether you're seeking a fixed or desktop bar code printer, a mobile label or receipt printer, and RFID printers.
- Barcode Scanners »
- Our range of bar code scanners from Intermec, Datalogic, Honeywell and Motorola will virtually cater for all your needs. This includes rugged barcode scanners, Bluetooth wireless scanners or tethered bar code scanners.
- Memory Cards »
- Gamma Solutions has a range of flash memory cards that are used in a wide range of rugged, wide temperature applications including industrial embedded systems, test and measurement, medical equipment, point-of-sale and etc.
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- Gamma Solutions' RFID offering enable you to move your business to a new level of efficiency. RFID solutions from Intermec and Motorola provide businesses with a greater visibility into their inventory.
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- Gamma Solutions features a huge range of barcode software that suit your needs.
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- Tablet computers are a great productivity tool. They save time, reduce error and ensures that you are always using the most up to date information. Tablet computers from Motion Computing, Panasonic Toughpad and Honeywell.
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- Tailored for warehouse management, vehicle mounted computers are ideal for the mobile warehouse using material handling equipment and industrial vehicles such as forklifts.
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- Over the years, the implementation of voice in the warehouse has proven to optimize the workflow and increase both productivity and accuracy, resulting in interesting cost reductions.
- Wireless Infrastructure »
- Gamma Solutions offers an extensive range of wireless infrastructure products to keep your network up and running.


text:
Contact Info / Websites
All 3 game Reviews
Swap It Et 2
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Cool graphics and nice animations. Love it
Penguin Quest
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Awesome game!
Game concept is very nice. Graphics, Sounds, Fun... Thumbs up.
Jumb With Life
Rated 4 / 5 stars
Cool idea But have some errors
Cool idea But have some errors


text:
Save money and trees with cloud-based Internet faxing from RingByName. R! Fax gives you a separate fax number, unlimited inbound pages, and up to 500 outgoing pages per month stored and sent through the cloud. If you're a heavy faxer you'll be pleased to know that additional pages are just 2.5 cents each. Faxes are delivered directly to your email and you will need a scanner to input paper documents.
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text:
If an independent audit of Oglethorpe County High School's finances for the 2007-08 school year is as disconcerting as its seems, Principal Phil Todd and other administrators and staff, at the school and in the school system's central office, might be in for a failing grade in financial management.
A five-page report on the recent audit notes a number of areas in which high school officials apparently failed to adhere to either district policy or standard accounting procedures. More specifically, the audit report notes that "purchase orders, invoices ... and check request approval ... were commonly missing from school files." Additionally, the audit report notes that a file examined by auditors "contained no documentation for seeking competitive bids and cost quotation for large purchases."
The report also notes the apparent "use of purchasing gift cards as payment for services or as gifts to office staff and others," and cites the fact that the use of gift cards "provides no audit trail and is a severe limitation on the audit process."
Elsewhere, the audit report notes a "lack of control over incidental spending," specifically mentioning "payment of civic club dues not related to education or school administration and entry fees to a golf tournament for individuals not noted as being related to the school."
It is to his credit that Oglethorpe County Schools Superintendent Jeffery Welch ordered the audit, which was performed by a local accounting firm. It is less to Welch's credit that, according to a Wednesday story in this newspaper, he ordered the audit only "after a local resident reported some possible problems." While it appears that many of the fiscal irregularities involve two internal school accounts - one controlled by the principal to cover office supplies and the like, and another, funded in part with school vending machine revenue, that is supposed to be used for student activities - it's a bit disconcerting to consider that those irregularities apparently weren't noticed in the school system's central administrative offices.
Because the audit report - simply an overview of the audit's findings, and not intended as an exhaustive report - didn't include any information on the specific transactions that raised auditors' concerns, the scope of the apparent financial mismanagement, in terms of dollars, isn't readily apparent. Presumably, that information will become clearer in the weeks ahead, as Welch's office follows up on the audit.
While it will be important to present information on the specific dollar amounts involved to the public, Welch and other school district officials, including members of the Oglethorpe County Board of Education, also have an arguably more important responsibility.
The audit report includes a number of suggestions for tightening accounting procedures at the high school, from reviewing purchase orders, to requiring competitive bids and price quotations for goods and services above an amount to be established by the school board, to prohibiting the use of gift cards as payment for services.
Whatever else comes out of the audit and the follow-up by Welch's office, school system officials must take steps to ensure that money intended to benefit the high school and its students is unfailingly used to do just that, and nothing else.
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


text:
Dewey County District Attorney 200 Broadway Street Taloga OK 73667 13.9 miles from 73658 580-328-5541
Blaine County District Attorney 212 North Weigle Avenue Watonga OK 73772 19.8 miles from 73658 580-623-5949
Major District Attorney's Office 500 East Broadway Fairview OK 73737 26.6 miles from 73658 580-227-4665
Custer County District Atty 603 B Street Arapaho OK 73620 28.3 miles from 73658 580-323-3232
Kingfisher County District Attorney 101 South Main Street Kingfisher OK 73750 45.7 miles from 73658 405-375-3893
A district attorney prosecutes cases on behalf of the public. District attorneys manage the prosecutor's office and play a central role in investigating charges, deciding whether to charge someone with a crime, offering plea bargains, and litigating appeals. They also advise parole boards on inmate requests for early release.
District attorneys maintain records on current and former cases. Many of these records are available online and open to the public. This site can help you access the records you need from a district attorney.


text: Size 17 Mens Rubber Overshoes 1-2 of 2 results Sort by Popularity New Brand A-Z Brand Z-A Price Low-High Price High-Low Avg. Customer Rating Percent Off Display 12 per page 24 per page 36 per page All Quick View New! Sale Cleatskins Metal 6 colors available $34.95 Add to Cart Quick View New! Sale Sale LaCrosse 5" ATS Overshoe (Men's) 1 color available $74.95 $99.95 25% off Add to Cart Next Page 1-2 of 2 results


text:
- English
- français
Journal article
Measurement of the e+e-→D0D*-π+ cross section using initial-state radiation
We report measurements of the exclusive cross section for e(+)e(-)->(DD*-)-D-0 pi(+) as a function of center-of-mass energy from the (DD*-)-D-0 pi(+) threshold to 5.2 GeV with initial-state radiation. No evidence is found for Y(4260)->(DD*-)-D-0 pi(+) decays. The analysis is based on a data sample collected with the Belle detector at or near a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV with an integrated luminosity of 695 fb(-1) at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e(+)e(-) collider.
- doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.80.091101
- View record in Web of Science
Keywords: Charmonium ; Belle ; Y(4260)
Record created on 2010-11-05, modified on 2017-05-12


text:
One charge is nothing, say jubilant relatives
RELATIVES of Julius Malema danced with joy inside the Polokwane Regional Court room yesterday on hearing that the expelled ANC Youth League leader would only face one charge - money laundering.
Malema appeared with co-accused, businessman Selby Manthata, who faces charges of fraud, corruption and money laundering.
Malema and Manthata had earlier turned handed themselves in to the police in Polokwane before their court appearance.
Nurse Malema, who is the elder sister of Malema's late mother Mahlodi, was surrounded by other relatives and they all could not hide their excitement on hearing that he faced only one charge.
She vowed that the family would stand by Malema to the end.
"We had spent sleepless nights thinking there would be serious charges against him. One charge is nothing. It goes to prove the state has no case against Julius," she said.
When Malema and Manthata entered the dock, the crowd sang: Inzima lendlela, sizo zabalaza - which loosely translated means "even if the road is bumpy, we will soldier on".
Among those who came to support Malema was the league's acting leader, Ronald Lamola, league NEC member and former deputy president Andile Lungisa, suspended league secretary Sindiso Magaqa and Limpopo ANC provincial secretary SovietLekganyane.
Prosecutor Billy Moalosi said Malema was accused of receiving the proceeds of "unlawful" activities, which was classified as a Schedule 1 offence.
Manthata faces a Schedule 5 offence - which is fraud, corruption and money laundering. These carry a minimum sentence of 15 years in prison.
Both Malema, 30, and Manthata, 37, have pleaded not guilty to the charges. Malema and Manthata are out on R10000 and R40000 bail respectively.
Manthata is also alleged to have been a signatory of a Malema bank account and that he had bribed him.
Their case was postponed to November 30. They will appear with Lesiba Gwangwa, Kagisho Dichabe, Makgetse Manthata and Helen Moreroa, who were each granted R40 000 bail on Tuesday.
Malema's lawyer, Andre Bezuidenhout, said his client had not been given a charge sheet.
He demanded the charge sheet before Malema's next court appearance.
Magistrate Janine Ungerer ordered Malema and Manthata to inform the investigating officer when they travelled overseas. - firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
shoptheartstore.com was registered 1 decade 7 years ago. It has a alexa rank of #12,583,361 in the world. It is a domain having .com extension. This site has a Google PageRank of 4/10. It is estimated worth of $ 8.95 and have a daily income of around $ 0.15. As no active threats were reported recently, shoptheartstore.com is SAFE to browse.
|Daily Unique Visitors:
|Daily Pageviews:
|Income Per Day:
|$ 0.15
|Estimated Worth:
|$ 8.95
|Google Indexed Pages:
|Not Applicable
|Yahoo Indexed Pages:
|Not Applicable
|Bing Indexed Pages:
|Not Applicable
|Google Backlinks:
|Not Applicable
|Bing Backlinks:
|Not Applicable
|Alexa BackLinks:
|Google Safe Browsing:
|No Risk Issues
|Siteadvisor Rating:
|No Risk Issues
|WOT Trustworthiness:
|Very Poor
|WOT Privacy:
|Very Poor
|WOT Child Safety:
|Very Poor
|Facebook Shares:
|Not Applicable
|Facebook Likes:
|Not Applicable
|Facebook Comments:
|Not Applicable
|Twitter Count (Tweets):
|Linkedin Shares:
|Not Applicable
|Delicious Shares:
|Not Applicable
|Not Applicable
|H1 Headings:
|Not Applicable
|H2 Headings:
|Not Applicable
|H3 Headings:
|Not Applicable
|H4 Headings:
|Not Applicable
|H5 Headings:
|Not Applicable
|H6 Headings:
|Not Applicable
|Total IFRAMEs:
|Not Applicable
|Total Images:
|Not Applicable
|Google Adsense:
|Not Applicable
|Google Analytics:
|Not Applicable
Antique, Unique, and Handcrafted.
CDPE Short Sale Certification
Welcome to sweetFrog® — where our goal is to create the best frozen yogurt experience you have ever had! You create your own combination of delicious, soft-serve premium frozen...
Website of the International Fighting Championships - the original IFC MMA cage fighting organization - MMA fighting at its best
|Domain Registrar:
|Registration Date:
|2000-01-17 1 decade 7 years 10 months ago
|Last Modified:
|2013-04-19 4 years 7 months 22 hours ago
|Expiration Date:
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joiner Aberdeen, Cove Bay, Portlethen, Cults, Westhill, Bridge of Don, mirror doors, sliding doors wardrobes, kitchen fitter, fitted wardrobes, fitted kitchens, fitted bedroom...
AMS Online - Advanced Mining Solutions. Das Online Magazin für die Rohstoffwirtschaft im Tagebau. Steine und Erden. Industrieminerale. Metallrohstoffe. Energierohstoffe....
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For Sale
St. Osyth Road, Essex, CO15
A potential building plot which is situated in a non estate location, and within 3 miles of Clacton town centre, seafront, and Railway Station.
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Essex Avenue, Clacton-On-Sea, Essex, CO15
Guide price 10,000 to 15,000 Plot of land that is suitable for caravan storage only. No services currently connected. Situated within 0.1 miles of sea front.
3 Bedroom Mobile Home For Sale
Martello Beach, Clacton On Sea, Essex, CO15
Looking for a holiday home then this three bedroom caravan situated on park resorts in Jaywick is and ideal buy. The property features lounge, kitchen, shower room and separate W/C. The park resorts has on site facilities for you to enjoy from local shop, swimming pool
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Gerald Rodgers, 60, a chiropractor in Chicago for more than 25 years, was a former teacher and dean of students at National College of Chiropractic.
A memorial service for Mr. Rodgers, of the North Side, will be scheduled. He died at home on June 7.
``He was excellent with his hands,`` said Lawrence Levin, chairman of the board of the Illinois Chiropractic Society. ``I had him when I was a student. He taught technique. You have to be very skilled to do that. He was also personable and the students` best friend.``


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Our developers are working double tides to bring you a friendlier, more flexible and professional Reports section. Here's a sneak peek of how your form and survey statistics will look in a couple of days' time.
Not only will the form and survey charts and reports look cooler, but you will also be able to manipulate data in new ways. Stay tuned!
Easy, simple and understandable!
Hey, Ray, we're glad you like it. We were hoping to release the features for managing data very soon after we launched the Reports redesign. It's gonna take a couple of more weeks to make it perfect, but they're on their way. I'm sure you'll be impressed 🙂
It's strong


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Inside Politics Archive: August 2010
Murkowski concedes Alaska GOP Senate race
Lisa Murkowski concedes Alaska GOP Senate race to challenger Joe Miller. Published August 31 2010
History re-written for Wisconsin candidate's business
A central tenet of Wisconsin Republican Senate candidate Ron Johnson's campaign for Senate has been his business acumen. Another has been his abhorrence of government handouts for private firms. Published August 31 2010
Tea Party Express backing Delaware longshot
An underdog Republican vying for her party's nomination for Delaware's open Senate seat has received a big boost from the same group that helped bankroll another surprise candidate last week in Alaska. Published August 31 2010
Democrat up in Colorado governor's race
Democrat John Hickenlooper is leading the Colorado governor's race, and in other news, he's the mayor of Denver. Published August 31 2010
In Pennsylvania, more bad news for Democrats
GOP Senate candidate opens big lead over Sestak Published August 31 2010
Miller lead not tied to Palin, poll says
A new survey of Alaska voters from Tuesday's still undecided Republican Senate primary between Sen. Lisa Murkowski and upstart Joe Miller shows that, while the "tea party" was definitely a major factor, Sarah Palin may not have been Published August 31 2010
Kirk gets Caterpillar chief's backing
Republican Senate candidate Rep. Mark Kirk of Illinois got a big manufacturing industry boost Monday. Published August 31 2010
Senate GOP 'thanks' Crist for offer to return campaign contributions
GOP skeptical of Gov. Crist's refund offer Published August 31 2010
Alaska Senate candidate raises voter fraud concerns
Joe Miller, holding a slim lead in the Alaska Senate Republican primary with Sen. Lisa Murkowski that is still too-close-to-call, has asked state officials to investigate accusations of possible voter fraud. Published August 30 2010
Gen. Clark backs Giannoulias Senate bid
Former presidential candidate weighs in on Illinois race Published August 30 2010
Rick Scott 'probably' finished spending own money
Millionaire candidate mending bridges in GOP Published August 30 2010
Crist softens stance on gay mrriage
Crist does not support marriage amendment Published August 30 2010
Miller: NRSC needs to stay on sidelines
Alaskan wants national GOP to butt out Published August 30 2010
Palin rebukes Obama, Crist over abortion
Calls Obama most "pro-abortion" president ever. Published August 27 2010
Van Hollen puts on a brave face for midterms
Congressman says Democrats prepared Published August 27 2010
Wisconsin candidate wants congressional pay cut
Candidate: Cut pay until economy improves Published August 26 2010
GOP uses Biden stimulus announcement to knock N.H. Dems
Federal spending big issue in New Hampshire Published August 26 2010
Rubio takes early lead over Crist, Meek
Republican up by double digits Published August 26 2010
Sore feelings in the Sunshine State
Florida's McCollum not sure he can back Scott Published August 26 2010
Taking a bullet for the GOP
Maryland campaign office vandalized Published August 26 2010


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I am sure that each one of us has his dream job. By this, I not only mean your current job, but the job you have always dreamed about having. The problem with many people is that they give up on their dream job before they even have a chance to get it. Some people believe that their dream job is out of their hand's reach. They believe that this is one of those things in life they cannot have. This is far from being true. A little determination and faith can do wonders here. Only because you do not have your dream job right not does not mean that you are not going to be able to have it in the future.
Monthly Archives: November 2015
Technological Wonders
The world is filled with many fantastic technological wonders. There seems to be no limit to what technology can to. Medical science continually finds new ways to heal sick people and make their lives normal once again. Communication and travel are two other areas that have been benefited tremendously by recent advances in technology. Businesses around the world use the latest technology to help conduct their affairs and manufacture their goods. Business transactions can now be completed faster than they ever could have before. Here are some examples of amazing technology used in the business world.
1. Computer networking
The vast majority of companies out there use multiple computers to conduct their daily affairs. The creation of computer networking has enabled these companies to link all of their computers together. Once they are linked, the computers can then communicate with one another for the purpose of sharing information, applications and files. Computers operating together in a network are able to protect information much better than non-network computers. Computer networks also have increased the level of efficiency at countless businesses because of the speed with which information can be shared. It also helps employees to collaborate more effectively.
2. Mobile apps
There are a wide variety of mobile apps that have had a huge impact in the business community. They allow people to conduct a wide range of business activities while they are traveling or out of the office. This has helped projects to be competed ahead of schedule with costs being minimized in the process. One of the most exciting of these mobile apps is called Street Invoice. It enables the owners of small businesses to create invoices for their customers at any place and at any time. The invoices also look extremely professional. You can see for yourself by taking a look at https://www.streetinvoice.com/resources/what-is-street-invoice/invoice-app.html.
3. Wireless technology
Inexpensive wireless broadband networks have totally changed the game in a number of ways for businesses of all sizes. For example, they can easily keep track of where their employees are at all times. They can also communicate with them much easier to relay important information to agents who are in the field regarding projects that need to be completed at a specific time. Being able to monitor the activity of employees in this manner has allowed companies to discover which employees are not using their time wisely when they are not in the office.
Did the Internet Speed up the World?
One question I have been asking myself for some time now was whether the Internet sped up the world or not. It seems that the answer to this question is fairly simple. The Internet definitely sped up the world. Why do I believe so? Let me talk for example about shopping online. Every time I want to order something online, I am almost guaranteed to receive it the next working day. This is how Internet shopping works, especially in developed countries such as the country where I live. The infrastructure here is great and I can order anything and have it delivered to my doorstep in less than a day.
The Benefits of Using Banners for Your Company
So that you can strengthen your brand and give your company visual power you should use banners to help spread the word about your goods and services. Banners are an eye-catching way of grabbing the attention of possible clients and they are cost-effective as well. Banners to promote your business may be the first time someone sees a visual display of your brand, so you should partner with a reliable company that can design and produce professional, high-quality banners. Make sure that you choose a company that will listen to your ideas so that they can bring to life your brand in a creative and unique way. Let's review some benefits of using banners in your marketing campaigns.
A Valuable Investment
With proper care and storage, you'll be able to use your banners for a host of events from year to year. Ask the company that supplies the banners to provide storage tubes or boxes, so they are protected when not in use. Learn how to display the banners properly and ask for grommets to be strategically placed around the perimeter of the banners to avoid tearing or ripping when you hang them. Always clean banners after use so that they are ready to use next time they are required. Banners are a valuable investment, so working with a reputable banner printing company for all your needs will assure you of getting a quality product that you can use again and again.
Versatile Locations for Display
Once you have the banners that you want designed and printed you can use them in a variety of locations. If you are having a sale in a particular section of your store, use the banners to direct your customers to where the bargains are. If your business is located on a busy street, use banners outside to inform passers-by of an upcoming event, clearance sale, or a promotion that you may be offering for a limited time. Getting your business involved in community events is also an excellent way to advertise your goods and services. With an attractive banner placed near your booth, you can attract many possible clients who might need your product or service. You'll be doing your part to promote community activities as well as your company and the products or services that you offer.
Take Your Business above the Competition
If you're at a trade show or conference and you are hosting a booth, use a banner to add a touch of professionalism to your display. Have contact information on it as well as a few bullet points about what you are offering. Place the banner so that even those people who don't, or cannot, get close to your booth can see the information and perhaps contact you later for more information. Using an attractive and informative banner can help you soar above your competitors at any trade show.
Image courtesy of jscreationzs/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
The Importance of a Web Presence
The Internet has been around for some time and most successful business realized the importance of a Web Presence. More and more people are using the Web each year and it is difficult to find a person who has never surfed the Web at least once. Additionally, people spend more time on the Web than ever before. That is why it is important that businesses keep that in mind. If a business wants to stay competitive, then it will have to have a website. It does not mean that all businesses should start selling their products online, but it is important that they at least have a website that would provide some basic information to prospective customers or business partners.
How to Adjust Your Invoicing to Avoid Late Payments
In an ideal world, you should be able to receive all the payments that are due to your business on time. But, sadly, this is hardly the case, as all business owners know and are aware of. If sending out invoices is part of your responsibilities as an entrepreneur, then you should make sure that your invoices are done well – and correctly – so you can avoid those all-too-familiar late payments, and, perhaps, even do away with them once and for all.
Be prompt
The first thing you should keep in mind when you are creating your invoices is to be prompt. This means sending your invoices ahead of time so your customers will really have no excuse not to pay you on the due date. If you find yourself getting behind on your invoicing, set aside a specific time each week and dedicate this to creating your invoices. If the paperwork is too much for you, all you have to do is make use of online software applications, especially one which can provide you with features like automatic invoicing (via email) and the like.
Don't forget your bank account information
In order to avoid late payments from customers, you can make it easy for them to pay you. How? By providing the opportunity to send you their payments online. Rather than sending you a cheque (which you also have to take to the bank yourself, taking more time and effort), you can choose to offer online payments to your bank account. With this in mind, make sure to include your bank account information in your invoices – your account name and number as well as sort code. You can also give customers further options for payment, especially if you are using online software to send your invoices, by letting them settle their accounts via PayPal or any other reliable payment platform. Oh, and one other thing: perhaps you should consider disallowing cheque payments as they are not only tedious and time-consuming when it comes to paperwork – they have the risk of bouncing as well, which can leave your business 'in the red' in the end.
Make use of the proper technology
As mentioned earlier on, it would be a great idea if you could use some type of online software which has an automatic email reminder feature. The time you can save with an automatic reminder is priceless – and you no longer have to chase your clients for their payments, especially when it is already too late. Apart from an automatic reminder tool, you can also use another type of tool for invoicing which sends you a reminder email when a client's invoice has already reached its deadline.
Settle the currency
There is yet another thing you can do to encourage early or on-time payments from your customers. If you are dealing with customers who are based outside the United Kingdom, try to find out if it is easier for them to settle their payments in pounds sterling (GBP) or in their own currency. If they have to settle their payment in pounds sterling, they might have to pay extra charges to their bank. If possible, invoice any clients located outside the United Kingdom in their own local currency, and not in pounds sterling.
If you've done all you can to encourage your customers to pay on time but it still doesn't work, you might end up having issues with your cashflow. The good news, though, is that there are financing specialists such as Ultimate Finance (learn more about their financing services and other services such as asset finance, construction finance, and more at www.ultimatefinance.co.uk) which are more than willing to help you bridge the gap until such time that your customers settle their payments once and for all.
Image courtesy of Stuart Miles/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Customer Retention
When it comes to businesses, all of them want to have as many customers as possible. They have many methods of looking for and obtaining new customers, but unfortunately some of them forget about one thing. They forget about the importance of customer retention. I am sure that many of us encountered customer service that was not helpful at all or perhaps even rude. Companies like this forget that it takes ten times more money to obtain a new customer rather than to just keep a current customer happy. Consumers are not that demanding but they are not going to allow business to mistreat them. If you are a business owner, make sure you pay special care to customer service and make sure that you appreciate all of your customers.
Used Machinery at a Discount
Cost conscious manufacturing executives are always on the look out for reasonably priced used equipment. If the machinery is quality made, in good condition and fits a need, they understand that the cost savings allows them to allocate precious resources to other areas of the operation.
Companies sell used equipment on a regular basis and for a variety of reasons. The company may have discontinued a line of product and has no further need for it. It may be due to a company merger or a liquidation of assets. But a used piece of equipment does not equate with inferior quality.
In the past, a plant manager or factory executive would have to rely on items like trade journal classifieds or word of mouth to find a bargain piece of machinery. The internet has changed all of that. Now, someone in the market for new or used equipment can now search web pages for his or her needs. There are now companies available who offer all types of machinery available for purchase on either a fixed price or auction basis.
Sheet metal press brakes, fabrication equipment, grinders and computer controlled CNC machines are all available online. A reputable company will provide color photographs, a detailed description of the machine with specifications and a fair offering price. Many of these companies will stand by what they sell and offer a limited warranty.
For those who need to sell unused machinery, many of these same companies can act as a consignment agent, or in some cases, may offer to buy. In nearly every case, the machinery dealer will be able to reach more people, especially those in the market for the machinery offered.
Some of these companies also offer machinery appraisals services. Companies may require machinery appraisals for a number of reasons. First, they may wish to sell some or all of their extra machinery. Secondly, the company may be obtaining financing and will need an appraisal for their financial statements provided to the lender. Lastly, there may be tax or accounting reasons for the appraisal.
A machinery dealer can be a good first step in a quality appraisal. In terms of used machinery, the company may have little idea of what its current market value is. Because the dealer buys and sells similar equipment on a regular basis, the dealer is in a better position to judge the market. But for whatever reason, the manager with a desire to hold costs down is smart to review some of the machinery dealers who advertise their inventory online.


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I found a white pill that has watson on one side and 3202 on the other in my sons room, what is it?
- Asked
- 9 Jan 2012 by davenport0319
- Active
- 9 Jan 2012
Answers (1)
Pill imprint 3202 WATSON has been identified as Acetaminophen and hydrocodone bitartrate 325 mg / 5 mg.
Acetaminophen/hydrocodone is used in the treatment of pain; back pain; cough; rheumatoid arthritis and belongs to the drug class narcotic analgesic combinations. Risk cannot be ruled out during pregnancy.
Acetaminophen/hydrocodone 325 mg / 5 mg has a moderate potential for abuse. The drug has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Abuse of the drug may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.
Please see the pill on: https://www.drugs.com/imprints/3202-watson-6755.html
Take care, best wishes!
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On April 5, 2016, BANA Interim Executive Director, Luciana Rosu-Sieza was invited downtown to the MediaPlex News Now Studio to talk about our response to the dangerous A4 Wieght Challenge that has been spreading across social media platforms worldwide.
Our thanks to the MNN team of student journalists for talking the time to address current health risks and trends. To watch the video (aired live on TV Cogeco Windsor) Click the video link below.
In the story Luciana talked our BANA's response video. You can view BANA's Paper Thin video below on our YouTube channel through the link below.
For parents, teachers, counselors, coaches, medical professionals and any adult influencers of youth looking for guidance, support and advice we encourage you to visit BANA's newest service site, www.positiveinfluencer.ca


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it would be so cool to see lovely Lorhsa team up with Beautiful Wifey of Wifey's World. both of them love swallowing with and without food or drinks. also would like to see both these girls eat mr. peter north's power loads!
Lorhsa needs to suck two or three guys at once to get a full cup of cum to play with and swallow. She is my favorite cum eater.
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