text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|14 Feb 1989
|Filing date
|30 Nov 1987
|Priority date
|30 Nov 1987
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Neil C. Griffen
|Original Assignee
|Toledo Scale Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (90), Classifications (11), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to weighing apparatus and more particularly to weighing apparatus utilizing multiple load cells.
Many weighing applications require the use of multiple load cells in a single scale or in a number of associated scales. For example, a heavy capacity scale for weighing truck or railroad cars requires multiple load cells. Each load cell provides an analog signal proportional to the portion of the load borne by that load cell. Strain gages connected in a wheatstone bridge configuration often provide the analog signal. In heavy capacity applications the load is distributed over usually at least four load cells and some applications may require sixteen or more load cells. The sum of the load cell output signals must be obtained to provide a signal representative of the total load. The usual technique for summing the signals from the analog cells has been to connect the outputs in parallel to provide a single analog output signal representative of the total weight applied to the scale.
The weighing accuracy of multiple load cell scales depends not only on the accuracy of the individual cells but also on the mechanical and electrical interaction among them. Since the load cells usually have different sensitivities to applied loads the total scale output is usually dependent upon the position of the weight on the scale. The outputs of the individual cells must, therefore, be compensated or adjusted so that the total scale output remains substantially the same for a given load no matter where on the scale it is positioned. Such load position compensation has usually been accomplished by connecting sensitivity reducing resistors in the wheatstone bridge circuit of the individual load cells, usually across the output of the bridge circuit. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,261,195, to Lockery, 4,574,899 to Griffen and 4,556,115 to Lockery address the problem of load position compensation in multi-load cell scales.
Despite the solutions to the load position problem proposed in the above-identified patents, there remain problems associated with the connection of multiple analog load cells in parallel. The load cells when electrically connected together are interactive, so that a load cell will perform differently when tested alone than when tested with other load cells in a scale. The interactivity of the load cells connected together substantially complicates the problem of load position compensation by connection of resistors to individual load cells. A large number of iterations or repetitions may be required to arrive at the proper value of compensating resistor because a value initially determined to be appropriate for a particular load cell must be adjusted when compensating resistors are connected to other load cells. That adjustment can then require adjustment of the other compensating resistors, and so on.
When the analog circuits of load cells are connected together they are essentially impossible to monitor individually. Thus, "trouble shooting" or repair of a scale can require disassembly of the electrical circuits in order to test the load cells individually and find the defective one. Further, when a load cell is replaced for any reason the scale often requires recompensation for load position. A known test weight is required to accomplish this recompensation. For large scales in particular this is a time consuming procedure and the known weight often inconvenient to obtain.
Recently there has appeared the so-called "digital load cell" in which an analog-to-digital converter and microprocessor are dedicated to a single load cell. The electronic circuits are mounted on a printed circuit board connected directly to the load responsive spring element, or counterforce, of the load cell. Temperature, creep and linearity errors of the individual load cell have been compensated by digital techniques.
It is a general object of the present invention to substantially eliminate the problems described above associated with connecting together the analog electrical portions of multiple load cells. A more particular object is to provide compensation for load position and other errors in multiple load cell scales in which the analog portions of the load cells remain isolated.
According to the present invention, multiple load cells associated so as to form one or more scales are connected to one or more analog-to-digital (A/D) converters to obtain a digital representation of the load on each load cell. The digital weight representations are provided to a common master controller. The master controller applies predetermined corrections to the data to produce weight readings corrected for load position. The corrections to be applied are determined by placing a load at different positions on the scale, determining the responses of the load cells to the load and positions and utilizing the responses to determine the corrections.
Preferably, each load cell is a digital load cell which includes a dedicated A/D converter and microcomputer and is connected in a local area network with the other load cells and the master controller. Each associated load cell under control of its own microcomputer and the master controller obtains digital weight readings of the load on the individual load cell and stores the data in memory associated with its own microcomputer. The master controller polls the associated load cells, and receives weight data from them.
The connection of the load cell to provide digital weight data eliminates the problems enountered when connecting together the analog electrical portions of load cells. Because the load cells are not interactive, load position compensation can be achieved in a single, rather than iterative procedure. Also, compensation can be achieved without the need for a test weight of known value.
Data can be obtained from individual load cells, so that each can be diagnosed and replaced if necessary without the need for disconnecting and reconnecting the entire scale or multi-load cell assembly. The diagnosis can be handled from a remote location by connection of a computer to the master controller through telephone lines and modems. Further, when one or more (up to all but one) load cells are replaced the scale can be recompensated for load position by compensating only the replacement load cells and without the need for a test weight of known value.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system of multiple digital load cells embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of a digital load cell suitable for employment in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the digital load cell of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the electronic circuit of the digital load cell of FIGS. 2 and 3;
FIG. 5 is a plan view of a vehicle scale embodying the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the connection of the major components of the vehicle scale of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a preferred form of master controller used in the scale of FIGS. 5 and 6;
FIGS. 8A to 8M are a flow chart illustrating the operation of each digital load cell in the present invention;
FIGS. 9A and 9B are a flow chart illustrating a linearity compensation procedure employed in the digital load cell;
FIGS. 10A to 10L are a flow chart illustrating the operation of the master controller of FIG. 7;
FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure for determining the values of load position correction constants for the digital load cells in the flow chart of FIGS. 10A to 10L;
FIGS. 12A and 12B are a flow chart illustrating the procedure for assigning an address to a replacement load cell in a multi-load cell system; and
FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating the procedure for determining a load position correction constant for a replacement load cell in the flow chart of FIGS. 10A and 10L.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a system of multiple load cells embodying the present invention includes a number of groups of digital load cells 20, four groups being shown and identified by the numerals 11 to 14. The load cells 20 within each group 11 to 14 are connected together through junction boxes 22, 23, 24 and 25 by a multi-wire bus 30. The bus also connects the junction boxes together and to a master controller 34. Each group 11 to 14 is shown as comprising three load cells 20 but may include from one to a large number of load cells depending upon the particular application. The junction boxes 22 to 25 serve as wire termination points and one may be assigned to any number of load cells that is convenient in a particular application. The junction boxes could also contain, if desired, a common A/D converter and analog switch to permit sharing rather than each load cell having a dedicated A/D converter. Four groups 11 to 14 of load cells are shown but, as indicated by the dashed portion of bus 30, a greater or lesser number of groups may be employed in a given application.
The connection of the digital load cells 20 to each other and to master controller 34 through bus 30 provides the basis for a LAN, or local area network, in which communication can occur between the individual load cells 20 and master controller 34. Alternatively, each digital load cell 20 or the junction boxes 22-25 could be connected individually to master controller 34. The LAN, however, is preferred.
In the LAN, master controller 34 acts as the master and the individual load cells 20 as slaves incapable of initiating communication with the master controller. Preferably, the LAN utilizes the Intel BITBUS communication system. Master controller 34 polls the load cells 20 (slaves) or selected load cells as required. The load cells respond by transmitting data or requesting information from the master controller.
In the arrangement of FIG. 1, each group 11 to 14 of one or more digital load cells may constitute an individual scale so that the combined output of all load cells in the group represents relevant weight data to be gathered and operated on by master controller 34. An example of such an application would be the assignment of each group to weigh one particular tank or storage bin of many receiving and discharging material. The status and amount of material delivered by each tank or bin could then be monitored and controlled through master controller 34. In another application, all of the load cells 20 in groups 22 to 25 could be in the same scale, for example distributed at selected points beneath the platform of a vehicle scale or other scale utilizing a platform for weighing.
In the case of a single scale, master controller 34 polls all load cells periodically and sums the weight data to obtain the weight of the object on the platform. In the case of multiple scales, the system deals with only one scale at a time, as during a transfer of material into or out of the tank or bin or periodically to inventory the material remaining in the tank or bin. Master controller 34 need poll only the load cells of the particular scale and only when required.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, each digital load cell 20 includes a counterforce generally designated 50 to which is mechanically fastened a printed circuit board 52. The electronic circuits mounted on board 52 enable the load cells to provide weight information in digital form to master controller 34. The particular counterforce 50 illustrated is known as a "rocker pin" which is preferred and has certain advantages in multiple digital load cell applications. Essentially any other type of counterforce, however, could be employed. Electrical transducers in the form of strain gages 54 to 57 are mounted on counterform 50 in a conventional manner and are connected in an electrical bridge circuit to provide an analog signal indicating the load applied to counterforce 50. Other types of transducers could also be employed, in conjunction with the rocker pin illustrated or with other types of counterforce as will be appreciated by those skilled in this art. A nickel resistor 59 is also mounted on counterforce 50 for sensing temperature changes and enabling compensation for the effects of such changes. Strain gages 54 to 57 and nickel resistor 59 are connected by suitable wiring (not shown) to the circuitry mounted on board 52.
As shown in FIG. 4, strain gages 54 to 57 are connected in the electrical bridge circuit 60 which provides a weight signal to a preamplifier 63. The weight signal from preamplifier 63 is coupled through an analog filter 65 to one input of an analog switch 68. The output of analog switch 68 is connected to the input of a multiple slope analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 70. Nickel resistor 59 is connected in series with bridge circuit 60 and provides a signal through a preamplifier 75 to another input of analog switch 68. Excitation is provided to bridge circuit 60 by a power supply 77 which also provides a known reference voltage through analog switch 68 to multiple slope A/D 70. The output of A/D converter 70 is connected to a microprocessor 80, preferably an Intel 8344. Microprocessor 80 controls the operation of analog switch 68 to cause analog weight signals from bridge 60 and temperature indicating signals from nickel resistor 59 to be converted to digital form by A/D converter 70 and transmitted to microprocessor 80.
Microprocessor 80 is provided with memory 80a including ROM, EEPROM and RAM for storge of programs and of data received from A/D converter 70 and from master controller 34. Microprocessor 80 is also equipped with a serial interface unit 80b connected through a driver 85 and a receiver 86 to bus 30 for communication with master controller 34.
Each of the digital load cells illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 is programmed to operate as a slave to the master controller and to respond to commands directed to it. Each load cell has a unique address stored in local memory which allows the master controller to send commands to it only. All load cells are provided during manufacture with the same address which is replaced with a unique address during set up of the scale.
Each digital load cell is also programmed to compensate its weight readings for temperature effects on zero and span, for span trim and for linearity and creep. The compensation algorithms employed includng the values of the constants are stored in the load cell memory. The values of the constants are determined during manufacture of the load cell. The constants are determined by connecting the load cell to a host computer during manufacture, subjecting the load cell to the varying weights and temperature conditions required to provide data for use in the corrective algorithms and using the data to solve for the respective constants. The constants are then transmitted by the host computer to the load cell and stored in memory.
Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, there is shown a system similar to the general application system of FIG. 1 but configured as a single scale for weighing vehicles. The system includes eight digital load cells 20 as described above supporting a platform 125 suitable for holding a vehicle such as a truck. The load cells 20 are connected together through a junction box 127 and through a bus 128 to a master controller 130. The master controller may be connected to one or more peripheral devices 132 such as a printer or host computer. The digital load cells 20 and master controller 130 are arranged and programmed to constitute a LAN with master controller 130 performing as the master and the load cells 20 as slaves. As in the system of FIG. 1, preferably the LAN utilizes the Intel BITBUS communication system.
As shown in FIG. 7, master controller 130 includes a microprocessor 140, preferably an Intel 8344, provided with internal RAM memory 140a and a serial interface unit 140b. Microprocessor 140 is connected to bus 128 for communication with the digital load cells 20 through driver 142 and receiver 143 connected to serial interface unit 140b. Microprocessor 140 also communicates with an address/data bus 150 to which is connected a program memory 152, RAM 153, real time clock 154 and a pair of dual transmitters 156, 157. Transmitters 156 and 157 connect bus 150 to various peripheral devices such as a printer 160, host computer 161, bar code encoder 163 and a serial input/output line 164. A parallel input/output line 166 is also connected to bus 150 through a latch 167.
Microprocessor 140 provides weight data to a seven digit vacuum fluorescent display 172 through a display control 174. A keyboard 180 is connected to microprocessor 140 through a keyboard drive 182 for manual selection and inputting of various modes and options during calibration and set up of the system and for making slight changes in operation of the system. A non-volatile programmable memory 183 is also connected to microprocessor 140 for the storage of various calibration constants and similar information determined during calibration and set up of the system.
The master controller shown in FIG. 7 is manufactured and sold by Toledo Scale Corporation, assignee of the present application, as a Model 8530 Digital Indicator.
In operation of the system of FIG. 1 or FIGS. 5 and 6, the master controller, acting as a LAN master, polls the load cells, LAN satellites or slaves, at a desired rate to receive weight data from each load cell. The data from each load cell may be operated on in certain respects, summed with the data from other load cells of the scale and the result further operated on to produce the final displayed weight. In the case of the multiple scale system of FIG. 1, the master controller polls only the load cells of a particular scale and operates on the information received in the same manner as described above. In each system, single scale and multiscale, each scale involved would require calibration and set up prior to operation.
Although connection and operation as a LAN is preferred, the digital output of each load cell, or group of load cells sharing an A/D converter, could be connected individually to the master controller rather than through a common bus. The essential feature is that the master controller receive and operate on digital information from each of the multiple load cells.
According to an aspect of the present invention, a multiple load cell scale is corrected digitally for load position errors. In the scale of FIGS. 5 and 6, when the same weight is placed at the same spot on platform 125 at different times the weight signals from the individual digital load cells 20 will be the same. When, however, the weight is placed in a different position on the platform the digital signals from the load cells (and their sum) may increase, decrease or remain the same according to the new position of the weight. In accordance with the present invention, these digital signals are modified so that the sum of the modified signals representing the weight on platform 125 remains substantially the same for different positions of the same weight on the platform.
The total weight, B, on platform 125 can be represented as:
B=A.sub.1 +A.sub.2 +A.sub.3 + - - - +A.sub.N
N is the number of load cells in the scale, and
Aj are the digital weight readings from the individual load cells.
The total weight on platform 125 corrected for load position can be represented by:
B.sub.c =A.sub.1 X.sub.1 +A.sub.2 X.sub.2 +A.sub.3 X.sub.3 + - - - +A.sub.N X.sub.N (1)
Bc is the total weight corrected for load position,
Xj are constant load position correction factors for the individual load cells.
When the values of the load position correction factors, Xj, are known for the individual load cells they can be stored at the master controller 130 and used during operation to correct the load cell weight readings for load position.
The values of the coefficients Xj for the individual load cells may be determined during calibration and set-up of the scale. The values of the coefficients may be determined utilizing equation (1) above and weight readings taken from each of the load cells with the same test weight placed at various positions on platform 125. For a scale having N load cells the same weight is placed sequentially at each of N positions on platform 125 (FIGS. 5, 6) and weight readings taken from each load cell at each position. The resulting data can be utilized to construct N equations of the form of equation (1) above in N unknowns, one equation for each position of the weight on platform 125. In each of the equations, Aj are the weight readings from the N load cells with the test weight at the same position and Xj are the unknown values of the constant coefficients. Bc could be set equal to the value of the test weight. According to the present invention, however, the value of the test weight used need not be known. This is an advantage since test weights of known value are often very difficult to obtain, particularly for large vehicle scales. With the value of the test weight unknown, Bc is set equal to the same number in each of the N equations of the form of equation (1). For example, Bc in each equation could be set equal to the average of the N sums of the readings from the N load cells.
Solving for the values of the N unknown coefficients in the N equations can be accomplished by any of many generally known methods for the solution of simultaneous equations. A preferred method is known as "Gaussian Elimination Without Interchange". This method is described in many textbooks including "Linear Algebra With Applications" (2nd Edition) by S. J. Leon, published by McMillan Publishing Company, 1986. To ensure accurate solutions this technique requires that each load cell have one weight position reading in which it has the highest output of any of the N load cells. In cases where the test weight can be placed over essentially only one load cell at a time this condition is easily met. In usual practice, the weight is shared by many load cells but in the great majority of these cases the positions of the known weight can be chosen to ensure that a different one of the load cells bears most of the load for each of the positions.
In certain scales, it may not be possible to place the test weight over or sufficiently close to each individual load cell to meet the requirement. Such a problem would be encountered, for example, in a truck scale that is only slightly wider than the truck employed as the weight. In this case, the load cells could be loaded in pairs. That is, a pair of load cells is considered as one and the scale is loaded so that a different pair at each weighing position has the highest output of the load cells. In operation, the scale would be adequately load position compensated so long as substantially narrower loads are not used on the scale.
The correction equation for such a scale having N load cells is of the form:
B.sub.c =(A.sub.1 +A.sub.2)X.sub.1 +(A.sub.3 +A.sub.4)X.sub.2 +(A.sub.5 +A.sub.6)X.sub.3 + - - - +(A.sub.N-1 +A.sub.N)X.sub.(N/2)
where Bc, Xj and Aj are as defined in equation (1) above.
When the test weight cannot be placed so that each load cell has one weight position reading in which it has the highest output of any of the N load cells then the method of "Gaussian Elimination Without Interchange" may not provide satisfactory solutions. In that case, more conventional but time and computer memory consuming methods can be employed, for example, the method of matrices or any other standard method for solving N simultaneous equations in N unknowns. It remains a requirement that the equations be independent.
Prior to operation of the scale system of FIGS. 5 and 6 it must be set up and calibrated. This occurs after the load cells have been positioned beneath the weighing platform but prior to connection of the individual load cells to the master controller in the local area network. The set up mode is selected through the keyboard of the master controller and the number of load cells in the scale system is entered by the same means. Addresses are then assigned to the load cells in sequence beginning with number 1. Only the first load cell is connected to the bus and address number 1 transmitted to it and stored in the load cell memory. The second load cell in the system is then connected to the bus and address number 2 assigned to it in the same way. The process continues until all of the load cells have been connected to the bus and assigned different addresses. The master controller is then able to communicate with each of the load cells in the local area network for continued calibration and set up.
Another step in the set up procedure is determination of the load positon correction constants in equation (1) above. In this procedure, a test weight, which can be of unknown value, is placed over the first load cell of the scale and weight readings taken from each of the load cells and stored in the master controller memory. The same weight is then positioned over the second load cell and weight readings taken and stored. This process is continued until weight readings have been taken for all of the N load cells with the same weight at each of the N positions. The data is used to construct and solve N equations in N unknowns by the technique described above to obtain the values of the load position correction constants. The constants are stored in memory at the master controller along with equation (1) for use in correcting the weight readings for load position during operation. In some cases, one or more of the load cells outputs might not require correction for load position. In that case, the correction constant would simply be equal to 1 and the corrected and uncorrected readings from that load cell or cells would be equal.
During set up the system is also calibrated for zero and span and calibration values obtained in the process are stored in memory at the master controller for use in weighing operations.
The flow chart of FIGS. 8A to 8M illustrates the operation of the digital load cell, whether connected in the system of FIGS. 5 and 6 or connected to a host computer for calibration and calculation of correction constants during manufacture. After START at block 250 operation is begun in the "silent" mode at block 251. This is essentially a local mode in that the master controller or host computer has not yet initiated communication with the load cell. At blocks 252 and 253 the load cell address is taken from memory and checked for validity. If the stored address was invalid an address of arbitrary value, for example, 1 or 240, is loaded at block 255. After the stored address has been determined to be valid or a new one assigned, operation proceeds directly or through point 254 to block 257 where a check is made for ROM errors and a flag is set if any such errors are found. Then, at block 259 a temperature reading is obtained from nickel resistor 59 in FIG. 4 and stored for compensation use. At block 260 a digital weight reading is taken and a negative out-of-range flag cleared. The weight reading is checked at block 262 to determine whether or not it is out of range. If not, operation proceeds through point 264 to block 268 (FIG. 8B) where a determination is made as to whether the data should be compensated or presented in its raw form. If, at block 262, the weight reading is determined to be out-of-range a flag is set at block 269 and operation proceeds through point 270 to block 272 (FIG. 8B). Likewise, if the weight reading is not to be compensated as determined at block 268 operation jumps through points 270 to block 272.
If the weight reading is to be compensated a subroutine is performed at block 275 to temperature compensate the zero and span coefficients. At block 276 a subroutine "LINCOR" is utilized to correct the weight reading for nonlinearity as will be described below. Subroutines are performed at blocks 277 and 278, respectively, to modify the weight reading according to a span trim coefficient and to correct the weight reading for creep in the load cell.
At blocks 272, 280, 281 and 282 memory errors and out-of-range data are investigated and an appropriate error code loaded if any of the conditions are found. Operation then proceeds through point 284 to block 286 (FIG. 8C) where it is determined whether or not the load cell is in the silent mode. If not, the weight and temperature readings are loaded at block 288 into a serial buffer for transmission and operation proceeds to block 290. If the load cell is in silent mode block 288 is bypassed through point 291 to block 290 where a check is made for any messages received from a host computer or master controller. If there are no messages and the cell is in silent mode as determined at block 292, operation returns through point 293 to the main loop at block 252 and the operation described above is repeated. If the load cell is not in the silent mode operation proceeds from block 292 to block 295 and cycles through point 296 until the serial buffer is empty, indicating that the weight and temperature readings have been transmitted to the master controller or host computer. At that time operation returns through point 293 to the main loop at block 252 (FIG. 8A).
When a message has been received as determined at block 290 operation proceeds through point 298 to block 300 (FIG. 8D) where the validity of the message is determined. If the message is not valid a response to that effect is sent at block 301 and operation returns through point 296 to block 295. If the message is valid as determined at block 300 operation proceeds through point 303 to block 305 (FIG. 8E) to determine the content of the message. A message command to reset causes operation to return to START point 250. If the message is a command to activate data output as determined at block 307, silent mode is disabled at block 308 in favor of an active data mode. Operation then proceeds through point 310 to block 311 (FIG. 8M) to respond to the master controller or host computer that the order is implemented. The cycle then proceeds through point 296 to block 295 (FIG. 8C) to transmit the data and return to the beginning of operation at block 252.
If the message was determined at block 307 (FIG. 8E) to be other than a command to activate data output, operation proceeds through point 315 to block 316 (FIG. 8F) to determine if the message is a command for data in raw or compensated form. If so, the ordered data mode is set at block 317, a response is made through point 310 and block 311 that the command has been implemented and operation returns through point 296 to block 295.
If the message was not a data form command as determined at block 316, operation proceeds through point 319 to a series of inquiries to determine whether or not the message is one containing compensation data, such as algorithm compensation constants, to be stored in memory. At block 322 (FIG. 8G), a determination is made as to whether or not the message includes temperature compensation data. If not, operation proceeds through point 323 to, in sequence, block 326 (FIG. 8H) to determine if the data is creep compensation data, point 327 and block 329 (FIG. 8J) to determine if the data is linearity compensation data, and point 330 and block 331 (FIG. 8K) to determine if the data is span trim calibration data. If the message is determined to contain one of the types of compensation data, operation proceeds through point 333 to block 335 (FIG. 8G) where the data is stored in memory. A check is then made at block 336 to determine if the data load was successful. If so, operation proceeds through point 310 to block 311 to respond that the message command has been implemented and then through point 296 to block 295. If the data load was not successful, a response to that effect is sent at block 338 and operation proceeds through point 296 to block 295.
It should be noted that compensation constants for correcting for temperature, creep, linearity, and span trim calibration are transmitted to the digital load cell only during set up as part of the manufacturing process. Accordingly, results of the tests described above for the presence of such data in a received message would be negative when the load cell is operating as a part of the scale system of FIGS. 5 and 6.
Referring again to FIGS. 8A to 8M, when the received message has undergone the last test for containing of data constants at block 331 (FIG. 8K), operation proceeds through point 340 to block 341 (FIG. 8L) for a determination as to whether the message includes an address assignment for the load cell. If not, operation proceeds through point 296 to block 295. If the message is an address assignment the address is stored in memory at block 343 and a check made at block 344 to determine if loading of the address was accomplished satisfactorily. When the address load was not satisfactory a response to that effect is sent at block 345 and operation proceeds through point 296 to block 295. If the address was loaded successfully as determined at block 344, operation proceeds through point 310 to block 311 (FIG. 8M) for transmission of a response that the command has been implemented. Operation then proceeds through point 296 to block 295.
FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate the steps in subroutine LINCOR performed at block 276 (FIG. 8B) for providing a linearity correction to the weight reading. The subroutine is entered at point 350 (FIG. 9A) and proceeds to block 351 where the linearity compensation constants D and E are loaded. Operation then proceeds to block 353 where a check is made to determine if the constants were loaded correctly. If not, operation proceeds through point 354 to block 355 (FIG. 9B) where an error flag is set and operation returns through point 357 to the main program at block 277. If the linearity compensation constants were loaded satisfactorily as determined at block 353, operation proceeds to block 358 where a linearity-corrected weight reading is calculated and stored. Operation then returns through point 357 to block 277 in the main program.
It will be apparent from the foregoing description that the operation of each digital load cell in the system of FIGS. 5 and 6, once the load cell has been assigned an address and transferred from a silent to an active data mode, consists primarily of taking weight and temperature readings, compensating the weight reading for various factors mentioned above and providing it to the master controller.
The flow chart of FIGS. 10A to 10L illustrates the operation of the master controller 130 in the scale of FIGS. 5 and 6. After power up at block 400 and some initializing steps at block 401 the number of load cells in the system is extracted from memory at block 403 and the information checked at block 405. If the number of load cells has not been entered and the cells identified set up mode will be selected at block 406 and operation will jump through point 407 to decision block 410 (FIG. 10B) to check for keyboard activity. If there is keyboard activity and the system is in set up mode as determined at block 412 operation jumps through point 413 to decision block 415 (FIG. 10C) to determine if the number of load cells and their addresses are known. Since they are not, operation proceeds to decision point 417 to determine if the keyboard indicates single/total key activity. If so, operation jumps through point 418 to blocks 420 and 421 (FIG. 10D) where an appropriate display is ordered and a single cell flag set or cleared according to whether one or more load cells are in the system. Operation then jumps back through point 423 to blocks 425 and 426 (FIG. 10C) where the number of load cells is entered and addresses assigned to them. The load cell addresses are assigned by connecting only the first load cell to the bus, addressing it as number 240 which is assigned to all load cells at manufacture and then instructing it to change that address to the newly assigned address. The second load cell in the system is then connected to the bus and the procedure repeated. This continues until all load cells have been connected to the bus and assigned addresses.
From block 426 operation proceeds through point 430 to blocks 432 and 433 (FIG. 10E) where a reset command is sent to all load cells followed by an order to supply data when polled. If any cell does not respond positively as determined at block 435 the address of the highest ranking non-responsive cell is displayed at block 436 to enable operator intervention, if necessary. Operation then jumps through point 423 to blocks 425 and 426 (FIG. 10C) where load cell addresses are again assigned and then returns through point 430 to blocks 432, 433 and 435. Operation proceeds around this loop until all load cells in the system have responded positively as determined at decision block 435.
From decision point 435, operation proceeds through point 440 to decision block 442 (FIG. 10F) to determine if the system has exited set up mode. If not operation jumps through point 445 to block 446 (FIG. 10G) to begin checking for the activation of one or more of a series of keys which command various set up functions. If a key command is detected at decision block 446 to reassign a load cell address, operation jumps through point 448 to the procedure illustrated in FIGS. 12A and 12B which will be described below. Reassignment of a load cell address may become necessary when, for example, a single load cell in the system of FIGS. 5 and 6 has been determined to be defective and must be replaced. In that case, a new load cell must be assigned the same address as that of the load cell replaced.
At the end of the load cell address reassignment procedure operation returns through point 440 (FIG. 10F) to decision block 442 to determine whether or not the set up mode has yet been exited. If not, operation proceeds through point 445 to resume scanning for key commands. If, at decision block 453 (FIG. 10G), a key command has been received to calibrate the scale operation jumps through point 455 to that procedure. When the calibration operation is completed operation returns through point 440 to decision block 442 (FIG. 10F) and through point 445 to resume scanning for key commands. Operation continues in this manner through decision blocks 457, 459 and 461. A shift adjust key command at block 457 initiates through point 463 a procedure illustrated in FIG. 11 described below. A key command detected at block 459 initiates a calibration trim procedure through point 465. A key command at block 461 causes operation to jump through point 467 to the procedure illustrated in FIG. 13 and described below.
When all key commands have been satisfied operation proceeds through point 440 to block 442 (FIG. 10F). When set up mode has been exited operation proceeds through pooint 470 to decision block 472 (FIG. 10H). If no load cell error flag has been set, readings are taken from all of the load cells at block 475 and a check made at block 476 to determine if data was received from all cells. If not, the addresses of the load cells in error are displayed at block 478 and a cell error flag set at block 480. Operation then jumps through point 407 to decision block 410 (FIG. 10B) and if there is no keyboard activity returns through point 470 to decision block 472. Since the cell error flag has been set, operation proceeds through point 430 to blocks 432 and 433 (FIG. 10E) where the load cells are reset and reordered to supply data. If all cells do not respond positively as determined at block 435, operation proceeds through block 436 and point 423 to blocks 425 and 426 (FIG. 10C) to again assign load cell addresses and then returns through point 430 until, as determined at block 435 (FIG. 10E), all cells respond positively. Operation then proceeds through point 440 and decision block 442 (FIG. 10F) and through point 470 and block 472 (FIG. 10H) to again read all cells at block 475.
When, as determined at block 476, data is obtained from all load cells operation proceeds through point 485 to decision block 487 (FIG. 10J) to check for any error messages received with the load cell data. If any such error messages are received the fact is displayed at block 489 and operation proceeds through point 407 to block 410 (FIG. 10B). If there is no keyboard activity operation returns through point 470 to again read data at block 475 (FIG. 10H) from all the load cells. When a determination is made at block 487 (FIG. 10J) that no error messages have been received with the data, operation proceeds through point 492 to decision block 494 (FIG. 10K). If, as determined at block 494, the single cell flag is set operation jumps through point 496 to block 497 (FIG. 10B) where the single load cell data is displayed. Operation then returns to point 470 (FIG. 10H) through block 410 alone or through blocks 412 and 498.
If, as determined at block 494 (FIG. 10K), the single cell flag is not set operation is begun at block 500 to adjust the weight readings from the load cells for load position and to sum the readings to obtain the total weight on the scale. At block 500 the total weight register is cleared and at block 501 a register is set to N, the number of load cells in the system. The load position correction constant X for the highest numbered load cell in the system is fetched from memory at block 503 and loaded into register M. If the fetching of the load position constant X for load cell N was not successful as determined at block 505, the numeral 1 is loaded into register M at block 506 and operation continues. If the load position constant was successfully fetched from memory as determined at block 505 operation jumps through point 508 to block 510 where the weight reading from load cell N is multiplied by load position constant XN stored in register M and the result added to the total weight register. Then, at block 512, N is decremented and tested at block 514 to determine if it is equal to zero. If not, operation returns through point 515 to block 503 where the shift adjust constant X for the next highest numbered load cell in the system is fetched from memory and loaded into register M.
Operation proceeds in the same manner as described above until the weight readings from all of the load cells have been multiplied by the respective load position correction constants and summed in the total weight register. At that point, block 514 will determine that the readings from all load cells have been summed. The zero and span calibration constants will then be fetched from memory at block 517. If the memory fetch was not successful as determined at block 519 an error display will be made at block 520 and operation will return through point 407 to block 410 (FIG. 10B). If the memory fetch was successful operation proceeds through point 522 to block 525 (FIG. 10L) where the zero and span constants are applied to the weight reading. Then, at block 527, other operations are performed relating to auto-zero and tare. At block 528 the weight reading is rounded and truncated for display and at block 530 the final weight is displayed. Operation then returns through point 407 to block 410 (FIG. 10B) to check for keyboard activity and poll the load cells for weight readings.
Returning to FIG. 10A and decision block 405, the above description assumed that addresses had not yet been assigned to the load cells in the system. If, however, addresses had previously been assigned as determined at block 405 operation would proceed through point 535 to block 540 where preparations would be made for polling the load cells. Operation would then proceed as described above with reset commands being sent to all load cells at block 432.
FIG. 11 illustrates the procedure for determining the values of the load position correction constants Xj. The procedure is initiated by detection of a key command at block 457 (FIG. 10G) during set up of the scale. The procedure is entered through point 463 and at block 550 the no load output of each load cell is read and stored. At blocks 551 and 552 a weight position counter is cleared and then incremented. A test weight of unknown value is then placed over the first load cell at block 554 and the output of all load cells read at block 555. Then, at block 557 the readings are normalized by subtracting the no load readings and the results are stored. At block 560, a check is made to see whether the weight position count I is equal to N, the number of load cells in the system. If not, operation returns to block 552 where the weight position counter is incremented and block 554 where the test weight is placed over the next load cell. Operation continues in this manner until normalized weight readings have been obtained from each of the N load cells at each of N positions of the test weight.
Then, at block 563 the N values of Bc in Equation 2 are all set equal to the average of the N sums of the readings from the N load cells. This establishes the value of Bc for each equation. Then, at block 565, the N equations in N unknowns are solved by the method of Gaussian Elimination identified above to obtain the values of the constants Xj. The values of the constants are then stored at block 566 and a determination made at block 568 as to whether the memory load was successful. If so, operation returns through point 440 to block 442 (FIG. 10F). If the data load was not successful an error display is ordered at block 570 and operation returns through point 440 to block 442.
An important aspect of the present invention is the ability to replace one or more defective load cells in a multiple load cell scale and to retain the ability to correct for load position of the newly constituted scale with a minimum of difficulty. Since each load cell in the scale can be monitored and diagnosed individually a defective load cell can be easily found. When that happens, a new load cell is inserted into the system to replace the defective one, an address is assigned to the new load cell and a new load position correction constant is determined for the new load cell.
FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate the procedure for assigning the address to the new load cell. The procedure is entered through point 448 when a key command to reassign a load cell address has been detected at block 446 (FIG. 10G). Initially, all of the other load cells in the scale system must be disconnected from the bus so that only the new load cell is connected thereto. Referring to FIG. 12A, the new load cell address, which in this case would be the same as that of the removed defective load cell, is entered through the keyboard at block 575 in response to a prompting message from the display. At block 578 an address of 240 is loaded into an address register and operation proceeds through point 579 to block 580. There, a load cell address change command and the new address are transmitted to the load cell address, in this case 240, in the address register. Then, at block 581 a determination is made as to whether or not a positive response was obtained from the addressed load cell. If so, the new address has been satisfactorily assigned and operation returns through point 445 to scanning the keyboard at block 446 (FIG. 10G). This wold normally be the result when the replacement load cell is a new load cell since address 240 is loaded into all load cells at manufacture.
In some cases, however, the replacement load cell would not be a new load cell and could have a stored address other than 240. In that case, operation would proceed from decision block 581 to block 583 where the contents of the address register are decremented and then, at block 585, compared to zero. If the contents of the address register are not equal to zero operation returns through point 579 to transmit the address change command and new address to the decremented load cell address and then check at block 581 for a positive response. Operation proceeds in this manner until a positive response is obtained from the replacement load cell or until the contents of the address register have been determined to be equal to zero at block 585. In that case the display is caused at block 587 to indicate that no functioning load cell is attached to the system and operation returns through point 440 to block 442 (FIG. 10F).
With the replacement load cell installed the scale must now be recompensated for load position. Assuming that load position correction constants have previously been determined for each load cell in the scale, that only one load cell is replaced and that the change of load cells does not affect the correction constants of the unchanged load cells, a correction constant for the new load cell may be obtained using an unknown weight and only two weight readings. The load position corrected output of a scale having a load positioned at any weight position i on a scale of N load cells is given by:
B.sub.i =(A.sub.i,1)X.sub.1 +(A.sub.i,2)X.sub.2 + . . . +(A.sub.i,N)X.sub.N (2)
Ai,j is the output reading of the jth load cell with the weight at position i, and
Xj is the correction constant for the jth load cell.
Under the assumptions given above values of Xj for all load cells except the one added are known. If, for example, the sixth load cell were to be replaced then a new X6 would have to be calculated. In equation (2) above there are two unknowns, X6 and the test weight B. Since there are two unknowns only two equations are required to determine the values of the unknowns. To obtain the required data, a test weight of unknown value is first placed over the new load cell, No. 6, and readings taken for each load cell in the scale. The unknown weight is then positioned at a different position (preferably, so that the load on the replacement load cell is minimized) and weight readings taken from each of the load cells. Equation (2) with the data from the first set of readings with the weight on new load cell No. 6 is:
B.sub.6 =(A.sub.6,1)X.sub.1 +(A.sub.6,2)X.sub.2 + . . . +(A.sub.6,N)X.sub.N.
The equation for the second set of data where the same unknown weight is positioned over, for example, load cell No. 3, is:
B.sub.3 =(A.sub.3,1)X.sub.1 +(A.sub.3,2)X.sub.2 + . . . +(A.sub.3,N)X.sub.N.
If the same weight is used for both measurements then:
The above equations can be simplified to:
B.sub.6 =(A.sub.6,6)X.sub.6 +Z.sub.6
B.sub.3 =(A.sub.3,6)X.sub.6 +Z.sub.3
where Z6 is the sum of the products of the load cell outputs and position correction constants for all but the sixth load cell, and Z3 is the sum of the products of the load cell outputs and the load position correction constants for all but the third load cell.
The two unknowns are B6 or B3, the unknown weight, and X6.
Since B6 =B3, the two equations can be combined into one equation with one unknown, X6,
(A.sub.6,6)X.sub.6 +Z.sub.6 =(A.sub.3,6)X.sub.6 +Z.sub.3
rearranging, ##EQU1## The new value of X6 is stored in memory for use in load position correction in the same manner as was the correction constant for the replaced load cell. In equation (3) above load cell No. 6 was used as an example of the replaced load cell and load cell No. 3 as the second position placement for the unknown weight. Any other positions and load cells would, of course, be handled in the same manner.
It should be noted that substantially similar procedures could be employed to replace two or more load cells at the same time and obtain the values of their load position correction constants. In the case of replacing two cells at the same time three weight readings would be needed and the solution to three simultaneous equations. In the case of three, four or up to all but one of the load cells being replaced, extensions of the technique described above could be employed.
Referring now to FIG. 13, the procedure for computing the load position correction constant for a new load cell added to the scale is entered through point 467 when a key command is detected at block 461 (FIG. 10G). After entry at point 467, the unknown weight is placed over the new load cell at block 600 and the output of all load cells is read at block 601. Then, at block 603 the same unknown weight is moved to a new position and the output of all load cells again read at block 605. The load position correction constant, X, for the new load cell is calculated at block 607 from equation (3) in the manner described above and the constant is loaded into memory at block 608. If the memory load was successful as determined at block 609 operation returns through point 440 to block 442 (FIG. 10F). If the memory load was not successful operation jumps through point 610 to block 570 (FIG. 11) to cause the display the indicate a memory storage error and then proceeds through point 440 to block 442 (FIG. 10F).
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|5 May 1976
|20 Sep 1977
|Yamato Scale Company, Limited
|Device for weighing running vehicle
|21 Feb 1979
|14 Apr 1981
|Hottinger Baldwin Measurements, Inc.
|Transducer bridge circuit arrangement and method
|10 Jul 1981
|18 Jan 1983
|The Alliance Machine Company
|Weighing system
|29 Dec 1981
|30 Aug 1983
|Electronic balance with load placement deviation correction
|4 Jan 1982
|22 Nov 1983
|Snead Edwin D
|Apparatus and method for weighing rolling railcars
|17 Jun 1983
|3 Dec 1985
|Hottinger Baldwin Measurement, Inc.
|Method and means for equalizing the measuring sensitivity of a plurality of strain gage transducers
|10 Oct 1984
|11 Mar 1986
|Reliance Electric Company
|Compensated multi-load cell scale
|24 Feb 1987
|19 Apr 1988
|Borchard John S
|Self-adjusting weighing system
|"Smart" Pressure Transducer Simplifies, Upgrades Control Systems-Design News, 11/3/86 pp. 86-89.
|Smart Pressure Transducer Simplifies, Upgrades Control Systems Design News, 11/3/86 pp. 86 89.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|14 Mar 1988
|30 Oct 1990
|General Electrodynamics Corporation
|Highly accurate weighing system
|8 Dec 1989
|26 Mar 1991
|Toledo Scale Corporation
|Vehicle weighing in motion apparatus and method
|27 Mar 1990
|2 Apr 1991
|Cardinal Scale Manufacturing Company
|Weigh scale using multiple digital load cells
|28 Dec 1989
|21 Jul 1992
|General Electrodynamics
|Self-contained weighing system and method
|22 Jul 1991
|29 Dec 1992
|Ishida Scales Mfg. Co., Ltd.
|Weighing apparatus which automatically switches between multiple weighing units based on an instability in a weighing signal
|4 Nov 1991
|21 Feb 1995
|Detek Security Systems, Inc.
|Full bridge strain gage deflection sensor
|7 Aug 1995
|25 Feb 1997
|Fairbanks Scales Inc.
|Digitally compensated hydraulic scale system
|1 Mar 1994
|22 Apr 1997
|Mettler-Toledo, Inc.
|Load cell with modular calibration components
|2 Jul 1996
|3 Mar 1998
|Richards; James L.
|Weight measuring apparatus using a plurality of sensors
|7 Mar 1996
|12 May 1998
|Weigh-Tronix, Inc.
|Multi-load cell force sensing apparatus
|13 Apr 1995
|26 May 1998
|Ishida Scales Mfg. Co., Ltd.
|Weight measuring apparatus
|11 Jul 1997
|8 Sep 1998
|Richards; James L.
|Weight measuring method using a plurality of sensors
|22 Aug 1997
|9 Nov 1999
|Yamato Scale Co., Ltd.
|Weighing system
|3 Sep 1997
|11 Jan 2000
|Ishida Co., Ltd.
|Multi-point cell type weighing machines
|12 Apr 1995
|7 Mar 2000
|Ishida Co. Ltd.
|Method of and means for correcting effects of floor vibrations on weight signals from a weighing machine
|22 Aug 1997
|4 Apr 2000
|Yamato Scales Co., Ltd.
|Weighing and packing system
|3 Sep 1998
|29 Aug 2000
|Richards; James L.
|Weight measuring apparatus using a plurality of sensors
|11 Dec 1998
|10 Jul 2001
|Cardinal Scale Manufacturing Company
|Statistical compensation of load position on a platform scale
|8 Feb 2000
|15 Apr 2003
|Takata Corporation
|Diagnostic method for a seat load measuring apparatus
|3 Nov 2000
|20 May 2003
|Enzo Gesuita
|Control system for multihead weigher
|29 Mar 2001
|30 Sep 2003
|Hee Chul Han
|Apparatus and method for measuring a weight load exerted by a leg of a lab animal
|20 Feb 2002
|21 Oct 2003
|Becs Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for measuring weight using uncalibrated load cells
|28 Dec 2000
|28 Oct 2003
|Tom J. Luke
|Method and device for monitoring inventory
|17 May 2001
|25 Nov 2003
|Yazaki Corporation
|Sensor unit and control system of the same
|10 May 2002
|17 Aug 2004
|Shimadzu Corporation
|Electronic balance with a remote error reporting via the internet and a display for informing a user of corrective measures from a remote service center
|26 Jul 2001
|26 Oct 2004
|Balance and a method for operating a balance
|16 Aug 2002
|16 Nov 2004
|Takata Corporation
|Diagnostic method for a seat load
|21 Aug 2003
|5 Jul 2005
|Hee Chul Han
|Apparatus and method for measuring a weight load exerted by a leg of a lab animal or a human being
|8 Jan 2002
|19 Jul 2005
|RF multiple load cell scale
|13 May 2003
|10 Jan 2006
|Bae Systems Controls, Inc.
|Energy storage modules and management system
|13 May 2003
|7 Mar 2006
|Dynamic Datum Llc
|Vehicle load weighing system and load cells for such systems
|13 Dec 2004
|7 Mar 2006
|Bizerba Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Method for replacing digital load cells
|4 Sep 2003
|25 Apr 2006
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Dual damascene process
|9 Feb 2004
|19 Dec 2006
|Societa Cooperativa Bilanciai Campogalliano A Responsabilita Limitata Of Modena
|Weighing system
|14 Nov 2005
|2 Jan 2007
|Yarian John C
|Method for analyzing net weights of packaged goods
|12 May 2006
|9 Oct 2007
|Mettler-Toledo, Inc.
|Multiple conveyor and scale weighing apparatus
|18 Dec 2006
|22 Apr 2008
|Societa Cooperativa Bilanciai Campogalliano A Responsabilita Limitata Of Campogalliano
|Weighing apparatus and system
|18 Oct 2006
|20 May 2008
|Ut-Battelle, Llc
|System and method for weighing and characterizing moving or stationary vehicles and cargo
|9 Nov 2005
|9 Sep 2008
|Intercomp Company
|Weigh in motion technology
|19 Apr 2007
|13 Jan 2009
|Hi-Tech Transport Electronics, Inc.
|Systems and methods for temperature-compensated measuring of a load
|4 Oct 2004
|12 Oct 2010
|Inventrol Llc
|Inventory monitoring system
|7 Dec 2009
|20 Sep 2011
|Mettler-Toledo Ag
|Method for determining a condition of a weighing device by monitoring the voltage of a communications line
|12 Jun 2006
|3 Jan 2012
|Hill-Rom Services, Inc.
|Control for pressurized bladder in a patient support apparatus
|30 Dec 2009
|7 Aug 2012
|Mettler-Toledo, LLC
|Weighing apparatus employing load cells of different capacity
|9 Jul 2010
|29 Jan 2013
|Raytheon Company
|System and method for detection of concealed cargo in a vehicle by center of mass measurement
|22 Dec 2011
|31 Dec 2013
|Hill-Rom Services, Inc.
|Control for pressurized bladder in a patient support apparatus
|7 Jun 2010
|18 Mar 2014
|Sartorius Weighing Technology Gmbh
|Weighing device having a plurality of digital weighing cells providing digital measurement values and associated time values to a central control unit, weighing cell, and method
|31 Jan 2011
|6 May 2014
|Hill-Rom Services, Inc.
|Bed exit alert silence with automatic re-enable
|18 Dec 2013
|18 Aug 2015
|Hill-Rom Services, Inc.
|Control for pressurized bladder in a patient support apparatus
|18 Sep 2012
|1 Sep 2015
|International Electronic Machines Corp.
|Object evaluation accounting for motion-related dynamic forces
|20 Dec 2013
|24 Nov 2015
|Mettler-Toledo, LLC
|Method of determining vehicle scale health and suitability for use via weight transfer pattern analysis
|21 Jul 2014
|7 Mar 2017
|Mettler-Toledo, LLC
|Weighing scale diagnostics method
|10 May 2002
|5 Dec 2002
|Shimadzu Corporation
|Electronic balance and method of evaluating the same
|16 Aug 2002
|20 Mar 2003
|Takata Corporation
|Diagnostic method for a seat load
|21 Aug 2003
|26 Feb 2004
|Han Hee Chul
|Apparatus and method for measuring a weight load exerted by a leg of a lab animal or a human being
|4 Sep 2003
|25 Mar 2004
|Samsung Electronics Co., Inc.
|Dual damamscene process
|13 May 2003
|18 Nov 2004
|Pottebaum James R.
|Vehicle load weighing system and load cells for such systems
|13 May 2003
|18 Nov 2004
|Bae Systems Controls Inc.
|Energy storage modules and management system
|9 Feb 2004
|9 Dec 2004
|Franco Brighenti
|Weighing system
|4 Oct 2004
|14 Apr 2005
|Inventrol, Llc
|Inventory monitoring system
|8 Jan 2004
|21 Apr 2005
|Scherer William H.
|System and method for sensing and analyzing inventory levels and consumer buying habits
|13 Dec 2004
|14 Jul 2005
|Bizerba Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Method for replacing digital load cells
|10 Dec 2004
|9 Feb 2006
|Bhai Aziz A
|Apparatus and method for monitoring a patient in a hospital bed
|18 Oct 2006
|22 Mar 2007
|Ut-Battelle, Llc
|System and method for weighing and characterizing moving or stationary vehicles and cargo
|18 Dec 2006
|5 Jul 2007
|Franco Brighenti
|Weighing system
|3 Aug 2007
|22 Nov 2007
|Hill-Rom Services, Inc.
|Load-cell based hospital bed control
|19 Apr 2007
|23 Oct 2008
|Hi-Tech Transport Electronics, Inc.
|Systems and methods for temperature-compensated measuring of a load
|6 Jun 2006
|5 Mar 2009
|Tetsuro Kusumoto
|Load cell-type electronic balance
|30 Jun 2009
|7 Jan 2010
|Kuk-Ki Im
|Passenger detection device of automobile
|7 Dec 2009
|1 Apr 2010
|Mettler-Toledo Ag
|Method of monitoring the condition of a force-measuring device, force-measuring device and force-measuring module
|28 May 2008
|22 Jul 2010
|Loadsense Technologies Corporation
|Portable modular scale system
|29 May 2008
|29 Jul 2010
|Fathi Saigh
|Pallet with scale
|7 Jun 2010
|21 Oct 2010
|Sartorius Ag
|Weighing device having a plurality of digital weighing cells, weighing cell, and method
|30 Dec 2009
|30 Jun 2011
|Mettler-Toledo, Inc.
|Weighing apparatus employing load cells of different capacity
|18 Sep 2012
|10 Jul 2014
|International Electronic Machines Corporation
|Object Evaluation Accounting for Motion-Related Dynamic Forces
|9 Oct 2013
|9 Apr 2015
|Mehran Safdar
|Automatic vehicle monitoring system and navigation monitoring system
|20 Dec 2013
|25 Jun 2015
|Mettler-Toledo, LLC
|Method of determining vehicle scale health and suitability for use via weight transfer pattern analysis
|3 Jun 2015
|24 Sep 2015
|Mettler Toledo (Changzhou) Precision Instrument Lt
|Weighing system and weighing method having weighing uninterrupted functions
|21 Jul 2015
|21 Jan 2016
|Encompass Technologies, LLP
|Case By Case Picking Weight Audit System
|21 Jul 2014
|21 Jan 2016
|Mettler-Toledo, LLC
|Weighing scale diagnostics method
|27 Mar 2008
|14 Nov 2012
|Method for monitoring the state of a force measuring device, force measuring device and force measuring module
|25 Jan 1991
|8 Jan 1992
|ISHIDA CO., Ltd.
|Weight measuring apparatus
|25 Jan 1991
|20 Oct 1993
|Ishida Scales Mfg. Co. Ltd.
|Weight measuring apparatus
|19 Feb 2007
|2 Jul 2008
|Schenck Process GmbH
|Method for exchanging load cells
|23 Jul 2009
|26 Jan 2011
|Mettler-Toledo AG
|Method for determining process volumes for a load measuring device and load measuring device
|13 May 2004
|25 Nov 2004
|Ais Group/Dynamic Datum, Llc
|Vehicle load weighing system and load cells for such systems
|13 May 2004
|28 Apr 2005
|Ais Group Dynamic Datum Llc
|Vehicle load weighing system and load cells for such systems
|23 Jul 2010
|27 Jan 2011
|Mettler-Toledo Ag
|Method for determining process variables for a dynamometer, and dynamometer
|29 Dec 2010
|7 Jul 2011
|Mettler-Toledo, Inc.
|Weighing apparatus employing load cells of different capacity
|21 Jun 2016
|5 Jan 2017
|Stryker Corporation
|Person support apparatuses with load cells
|U.S. Classification
|177/25.14, 177/50, 73/1.13
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|30 Nov 1987
Owner name: TOLEDO SCALE CORPORATION, WORTHINGTON, OHIO, A DE.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GRIFFEN, NEIL C.;REEL/FRAME:004814/0834
Effective date: 19871125
|14 Feb 1991
Owner name: METTLER-TOLEDO, INC.
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNORS:METTLER-TOLEDO USA, INC., A CORP. OF DE (MERGED INTO);TOELDO SCALE CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:005600/0465
Effective date: 19901115
|25 Mar 1991
Owner name: METTLER-TOLEDO, INC., 350 WEST WILSON BRIDGE ROAD,
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:METTLER-TOLEDO USA, INC., A CORP. OF DE (MERGED INTO);TOLEDO SCALE CORPORATION A CORP. OF DE (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:005650/0151
Effective date: 19901115
|31 Jul 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|29 Jul 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|4 Nov 1996
Owner name: BANK OF NOVA SCOTIA, THE, NEW YORK
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MT ACQUISITION CORP.;REEL/FRAME:008113/0147
Effective date: 19961015
|7 Aug 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|17 Sep 2002
Owner name: MT ACQUISITION CORP. (MERGED INTO METTLER-TOLEDO,
Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BANK OF NOVA SCOTIA, THE;REEL/FRAME:013295/0588
Effective date: 20010518


text:
Financial Literacy:
Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Federal Government's Role
GAO-12-636T: Published: Apr 26, 2012. Publicly Released: Apr 26, 2012.
Additional Materials:
- Highlights Page:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(202) 512-8678
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
What GAO Found
The federal government plays a wide-ranging role in promoting financial literacy. Efforts to improve financial literacy in the United States involve an array of public, nonprofit, and private participants, but among those participants, the federal government is distinctive for its size and reach and for the diversity of its components, which address a wide range of issues and populations. At forums of financial literacy experts that GAO held in 2004 and 2011, participants noted that the federal government can use its bully pulpit, convening power, and other tools to draw attention to the issue, and serve as an objective and unbiased source of information about the selection of financial products and services. In prior work, GAO cited a 2009 report by the RAND Corporation in which 20 federal agencies self-identified as having 56 federal financial literacy programs, but GAOs subsequent analysis found substantial inconsistency in how different agencies defined and counted financial literacy programs. Based on a more consistent set of criteria, GAO identified 16 significant financial literacy programs or activities among 14 federal agencies, as well as 4 housing counseling programs among 3 federally supported entities, in fiscal year 2010. The Comptroller General has initiated a multi-pronged strategy to address financial literacy issues. First, GAO will continue to evaluate federal efforts that directly promote financial literacy. Second, it will encourage research of the various financial literacy initiatives to evaluate the relative effectiveness of different approaches. Third, GAO will look for opportunities to enhance financial literacy as an integral component of certain regular federal interactions with the public. Finally, GAO has recently instituted a program to empower its own employees, which includes an internal website with information on personal financial matters and links to information on pay and benefits and referral services through its counseling services office and a distinguished speaker series.
Having multiple federal agencies involved in financial literacy offers advantages as well as risks. Some agencies have long-standing expertise and experience addressing specific issue areas or populations, and providing information from multiple sources can increase consumer access and the likelihood of educating more people. However, the participation of multiple agencies also highlights the risk of inefficiency and the need for strong coordination of their activities. GAO has found that the coordination and collaboration among federal agencies with regard to financial literacy has improved in recent years, in large part as a result of the Financial Literacy and Education Commission. At the same time, GAO has found instances of overlap, in which multiple agencies or programs, including the new Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, share similar goals and activities, underscoring the need for careful monitoring of the bureaus efforts.
In prior work GAO has noted the importance of program evaluation and the need to focus federal financial literacy efforts on initiatives that work. Federal agencies could potentially make the most of scarce resources by consolidating financial literacy efforts into the activities and agencies that are most effective. In addition, the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection offers potential for enhancing the federal governments role in financial literacy, but avoiding duplication will require that it continue its efforts to delineate its financial literacy roles and responsibilities vis-à-vis those of other federal agencies with overlapping responsibilities.
Why GAO Did This Study
Financial literacy plays an important role in helping to promote the financial health and stability of individuals and families. Economic changes in recent years have further highlighted the need to empower all Americans to make informed financial decisions. In addition to the important roles played by states, nonprofits, the private sector, and academia, federal agencies promote financial literacy through activities including print and online materials, broadcast media, individual counseling, and classroom instruction.
This testimony discusses (1) the federal governments role in promoting financial literacy, including GAOs role; (2) the advantages and risks of financial literacy efforts being spread across multiple federal agencies; and (3) opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of federal financial literacy education efforts going forward. This testimony is based on prior and ongoing work, for which GAO reviewed agency budget documents, strategic plans, performance reports, websites, and other materials; convened forums of financial literacy experts; and interviewed representatives of federal agencies and selected private and nonprofit organizations.
While this statement includes no new recommendations, in the past GAO has made a number of recommendations aimed at improving financial literacy efforts.
For more information, contact Alicia Puente Cackley at (202) 512-8678 or email@example.com.
Sep 29, 2017
Financial Regulation:Perspectives on the Swaps Push-Out RuleGAO-17-607: Published: Sep 1, 2017. Publicly Released: Sep 29, 2017.
Sep 12, 2017
Financial Technology:Information on Subsectors and Regulatory OversightGAO-17-806T: Published: Sep 12, 2017. Publicly Released: Sep 12, 2017.
Sep 7, 2017
Anti-Money Laundering:U.S. Efforts to Combat Narcotics-Related Money Laundering in the Western HemisphereGAO-17-684: Published: Aug 22, 2017. Publicly Released: Sep 7, 2017.
Apr 19, 2017
Financial Technology:Information on Subsectors and Regulatory OversightGAO-17-361: Published: Apr 19, 2017. Publicly Released: Apr 19, 2017.
Mar 29, 2017
Troubled Asset Relief Program:Few Participants Remain as Treasury Continues to Wind Down Capital Purchase ProgramGAO-17-422: Published: Mar 29, 2017. Publicly Released: Mar 29, 2017.
Feb 24, 2017
Federal Reserve System:Potential Implications of Modifying the Capital Surplus Account and Stock Ownership RequirementGAO-17-243: Published: Feb 24, 2017. Publicly Released: Feb 24, 2017.
Revenue Collections and Payments:Treasury Has Used Financial Agents in Evolving Ways but Could Improve TransparencyGAO-17-176: Published: Jan 25, 2017. Publicly Released: Feb 24, 2017.
Dec 29, 2016
Dodd-Frank Regulations:Agencies' Efforts to Analyze and Coordinate Their Recent Final RulesGAO-17-188: Published: Dec 29, 2016. Publicly Released: Dec 29, 2016.
Dec 15, 2016
Mortgage-Related Assets:Capital Requirements Vary Depending on Type of AssetGAO-17-93: Published: Dec 15, 2016. Publicly Released: Dec 15, 2016.
Nov 15, 2016
Corporate Shareholder Meetings:Proxy Advisory Firms' Role in Voting and Corporate Governance PracticesGAO-17-47: Published: Nov 15, 2016. Publicly Released: Nov 15, 2016.
Looking for more? Browse all our products here

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The popular actress known for her radiant smile was not in a smiling mood as it was obvious she was in pain.
A nurse checked her blood pressure and sought to know what was amiss. The actress, who was not her usual bubbly self, said she was having a throbbing headache especially at her frontal lobe and neck ache too. The nurse asked if Jennifer was hypertensive and she said she wasn't.
The actress was advised to cut down on thinking and generally take things easy. She later entered the consulting room to see a doctor.
We wish the actress speedy recovery.
Source: Entertainment.naija.ng


text:
Riding on Thalys
Riding on Thalys Reviews
64 reviews
Beware of where you buy your tickets and where you have to pick them up Sep 09, 2009
"Different Right Down The Line" is the slogan on the front of the ticket jacket for Thalys, the high-speed train company I used to get both from Paris to Brussels and later Brussels to Amsterdam. I was annoyed with both experiences. I probably pushed things a little bit too closely to begin with in Paris, but I had probably 40-45 minutes at the station before my trip left. But, when I stopped by the machine to collect my ticket that I had booked it didn't work. I had to go stand in line and I watched the minutes tick by. Finally, with 5 minutes until my train was set to leave I finally got my chance at the booth. I had intended to pick up both of my tickets while I was there, but as I was really rushed it slipped my mind as I retrieved the ticket and had to run to the train. The train ride itself was fine. Smooth, fast, relaxing, and short.
My inability to collect both of my tickets while in Gare du Nord in Paris would cost me both in sanity and in money. I had purchased both of my tickets online at the same time. Evidently what this means is that they were issued by a ticketing agency in France. Both were on Thalys, so I figured it'd be no big deal to just pick up my 2nd ticket when I was at Brussels Midi. Big mistake. I don't know whether I'm the stupid one for assuming that I'd be able to pick up my train ticket at the train station I was departing from, or if Thalys is horribly stupid for requiring me to pick up both of my tickets in France. I lean toward Thalys being stupid, because I'm a pretty intelligent and think somewhat rationally. I was given 2 options: buy a new ticket for the morning train at €51 or wait until a ticket office opened up at 10. This ticket office, however, was not at Brussels Midi. I'd have had to get on the subway and take a train across town, find this location and hope that they'd be able to help me out with claiming my ticket. So I just bought the extra ticket. That pisses me off and hopefully I'll be able to get a refund on the original ticket but I don't have high hopes.
To anyone taking a train on various journeys be sure you know where you bought your ticket and where you're supposed to pick it up. It might not be as obvious and rational a system as you'd expect.
Part of the United Kingdom, Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam 2009 travel blog
Join TravBuddy to leave comments, meet new friends and share travel tips!


text: Today Rob and Noa discuss the exciting northern migration of the North Atlantic Right Whale that is occurring right now. Rob and his son Ryan were lucky enough to spot a few just off their boat in the eastern part of Cape Cod Bay, where the creatures have been tending to spend their time. Noa then talks about the status of the fish stocks for the country: changes in the number of stocks on the overfishing, overfished, and rebuilt lists. We finish up the program on Rob's petition to Governor Baker for increased public access to transportation, clean water, and clean air.


text:
Hey Carlos
Shreveport Travel Blog› entry 1 of 1 › view all entries
Walking along the Boardwalk in the high heat was made a little more bearable when you are doing it with Carlos, Montecarlostar. I really enjoyed meeting up with him. We started out by eating dinner at the Salt Grass restaurant along the Boardwalk in
There was so much to see and so much to do along the Boardwalk. The entire place had speakers blaring the words of all those Michael Jackson songs. I am sorry that he met death at such an early age, but I am already tired of all the media frenzy surrounding him. The death was being celebrated at a venue along the boardwalk with hundreds of people, many not even old enough to really know who Michael was, and others, like me, there observing all of this and trying to make sense of it all. .
Carlos wrote some really great reviews about the evening, so I will not double up. He hit it right. The boardwalk, the restaurant and the evening were all just right. I am sure we will meet up again and create some more memories. I am looking forward to that.


text:
Opting for a whole house water filter system gives you the possibility to provide healthier and cleaner water for each member of your family. There are many potential risks that you can avoid by choosing to protect your family from the effects of drinking unfiltered tap water. So, why not try to eliminate all the dangers that threaten your well being, and improve the quality of your water?
The chlorine and the variety of toxins that exist in tap water can affect your health in a negative way. Furthermore, drinking unfiltered water is not the only thing that can have bad consequences, but also showering in impure water can cause many negative reactions. Irritations and rashes can represent serious problems for people with sensitive skin, so it's best to avoid all these inconveniences by creating a safer environment for your needs.
- How can unfiltered water affect your health?
What most of the people don't know is that when the chlorine that is used to disinfect water interacts with organic materials, certain byproducts appear. They are more harmful than the chlorine itself, and they can cause asthma and fatigue. Still, the most important thing is that they can weaken your immune system, which means that you are more exposed to all sorts of illnesses and diseases. Moreover, the contaminants that exist in water can be released into the air, and they can affect its quality. That can lead to a sore throat, and difficulties in trying to get a good sleep.
- The benefits that you can get by using a whole house water filter system
The most important advantage that a whole house water filter can get you is that it can provide you purified and healthy water. Therefore, you won't have to worry about health problems caused by drinking contaminated water anymore, while inhaling volatile organic chemicals will no longer represent an issue. Furthermore, pollutants of any type will stop being a problem, as you won't be able to absorb contaminants through your skin pores either.
Another benefit is offered by the fact that you won't have to continue spending money on bottled water, so buying an entire house water purifier represents a great investment as it can help you reduce some costs. This cost-effectively system can also help you increase the value of your home, so if you ever decide to sell your property, you can be confident that you will get a better price on it.


text:
Results 1 to 1 of 1
02-02-06, 11:18 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Mar 2005
- Posts
- 6
Oracle Data Warehouse Developer opening - Fairfield Co., CT
Title: Data Warehouse Developer
Location: Fairfield, CT
Salary: $90-95K
NOTE: To be considered for this position, you must be authorized to work for any company in the US. Preference for candidates already residing within reasonable commuting distance from Fairfield, CT. Excellent benefits will be offered to the right candidate.
Our client, a business solutions provider, is seeking an experienced Data Warehouse Developer.
Required Skills:
At least 5 years of Oracle PL/SQL development experience, including Oracle 9i (9.2) or higher, Perl 5.x (including objects).
Advanced knowledge of SQL, ability to apply SQL creatively to a wide variety of business requirements.
Considerable prior experience with Oracle data warehouse projects.
Knowledge of data warehouse architectures, project lifecycles and dimensional modeling.
Prior experience with software development and deployment in a Unix or Linux environment.
Excellent verbal and written communication skills.
Interested in solving business problems; can expand on business requirements as needed to develop technical designs.
Knowledge and experience working with ETL architectures and data staging schemas.
Strong attention to data quality and warehouse quality assurance.
Team player, takes initiative to identify project or technical obstacles and resolve them.
Comfortable working with a rapid, iterative development approach.
Some exposure to UML, particularly state diagrams and state transition concepts, is a plus.
Joy Naui
Sr. Technical Recruiter
ITech Consulting Partners
Newtown, CT 06470
203-270-0051 ext. 309


text:
Find More Canon Sites
Compact Digital Cameras
Compact Digital Cameras
Find the perfect compact for you.
DSLR Cameras
DSLR Cameras
Explore your creativity with our Digital SLR range.
Mirrorless Cameras
Mirrorless Cameras
The power of DSLR in the body of a compact.
Speedlite Flashes
Speedlite Flashes
Control lighting on and off camera.
Explore our latest range of cameras.
View All Cameras
View All Camera Bags
Find The Perfect Camera
LEGRIA HD Camcorders
LEGRIA HD Camcorders
Create and share beautiful HD movies.
Professional Camcorders
Professional Camcorders
Experience the ultimate in image quality.
Multi-Purpose Camcorders
Multi-Purpose Camcorders
Discover the power of flexible filming.
Cinema EOS Cameras
Cinema EOS Cameras
The freedom to tell your story.
Explore our latest range of video cameras.
View All Video Cameras
Find the perfect lens
Find the perfect lens
Capture what you love with help from our selector
Expand your photography
Expand your photography
Learn how lens choice can influences your results
Browse by Lens Types
Browse by Lens Types
Search through our EF, EF-S and EF-M lenses
Advanced Lens Search
Advanced Lens Search
Enter your requirements and find the lens for you
Explore Technology
Explore Technology
Learn how we ensure your memories last a lifetime
View All Lenses
Find The Perfect Lens
Home & Photo Printers
Home & Photo Printers
Devices for photo and home.
Pro Photo Printers
Pro Photo Printers
Inkjet for A2 and A3 photo prints.
Home & Small Office Printers
Home & Small Office Printers
Discover our versatile and reliable printers.
Refillable Ink Tank Printers
Refillable Ink Tank Printers
More prints for less without compromise
Ink, Toner & Paper
Ink, Toner & Paper
Find consumables for your Canon printer.
View All Printers
Need An Office Printer?
Find The Perfect Printer
Cloud-based image storage and management.
Create beautiful video and photo timelines.
Connect Station CS100
Connect Station CS100
Easy home storage for images and videos.
View All Services
With Image Stabilizer for nature, travel and sport.
Stylish and practical hand held, desktop, scientific and printing ranges.
Photo, document and large format for business and home.
Red laser pointers with presentation functions.
Photo Books
Photo Books
High-quality spreads with lay-flat technology.
View All Products
Printers & Faxes
Printers & Faxes
High quality printers and faxes for your business.
Scanners for digitalisation and storage.
Digital projectors that deliver visual impact.
Network Cameras
Network Cameras
Powerful and discrete security and CCTV cameras.
Canon Ink, Toner & Paper
Canon Ink, Toner & Paper
Find consumables for your business printer.
View All Business Products
All your memories together in one place.
Relive your best moments in one beautiful timeline.
Canon Photo Print Shop
Canon Photo Print Shop
Easy to use app for a great range of photo prints, gifts and more.
High quality spreads with lay-flat technology.
Camera Connect
Camera Connect
Shoot, share and sync with your smartphone.
EOS Remote
EOS Remote
Expand the capabilities of your EOS.
Canon Photo Companion
Canon Photo Companion
Download now and get that perfect shot.
Canon PRINT Inkjet/SELPHY App
Canon PRINT Inkjet/SELPHY App
Print from your smartphone or tablet to PIXMA and SELPHY printers
hdbook EZ
hdbook EZ
Create a Personalised Photo Book in minutes with hdbook EZ
View All Apps
Managed Print Services
Managed Print Services
Let us take the hassle out of printing.
Bringing people and technology together.
Information Management
Information Management
Get greater control of business documentation.
For Print Service Providers
For Print Service Providers
Advice and guidance from print industry experts.
View All Business Services
Live for the story
Explore unique photography stories.
Explore the latest tips and techniques.
Canon Connectivity
Canon Connectivity
Stay connected for easier storage and sharing.
Inspirational work from amateurs and pros.
Grab your camera and take on our challenge.
Get Inspired
Photography Enthusiasts
Photography Enthusiasts
Photographers share their creative secrets.
Professional Tips
Professional Tips
Get weekly tips straight from the experts.
Professional Info Bank
Professional Info Bank
Keep up with the latest digital developments.
View All Tips & Tutorials
Explore the latest photo tips and techniques.
Photography adventures to inspire your creativity.
Find out about our upcoming photography events.
My Profile
My Profile
My Profile
Download drivers for your Canon product.
Download software for your Canon product.
Download a user manual for your Canon product.
Product Registration
Discover the benefits of support, inspiration and your Canon ID.
Browse our frequently asked questions.
View All Downloads
Contact Support
Contact Support
Find contact numbers or product support.
Send your Canon product for repair.
Find drivers, manuals, firmware and software.
Self-service Portal
Self-service Portal
Register a Canon product or view service info.
LONDON, 10 June 2015 – Canon Europe, world leader in imaging solutions, is introducing a revamped version of its Business and Innovation Scan for the graphic arts market, which now features up-to-the-minute market trend analysis in an extended range of application areas.
Launched in 2012, the Business and Innovation Scan comprises a confidential business audit designed to help Print Service Providers (PSPs) review and adapt their business strategies. Following the scan, the PSP is provided with a tailored action plan and strategy for enhancing commercial performance, whether that be by identifying areas for business improvement, maximising the return on current investments or exploring potential new revenue streams.
The application areas covered within the revised audit for graphic arts customers will now extend beyond marketing collateral, technical documentation, document publishing and photo merchandising to include large format printing. All areas are evaluated in detail with customers during an initial face-to-face consultation with a Canon consultant.
In addition, the 'Trend Watch' presentation shared with customers during the audit – detailing the latest market trends in the application areas they are operating in – has been updated. This provides a vital source of market data for PSPs, helping them to better understand the current commercial landscape based on data compiled from across the industry.
"Markets are continually changing and we need to make sure that the questions that are asked, the information that is shared and, consequently, the results that are delivered from the scan all remain relevant," said Andy Harris, European & UK Marketing Manager, Professional Print Solutions, Canon Europe.
"One particular area of focus in this iteration of the scan is to look closely at how customers market their business and plan for the future. This is something that was highlighted in our most recent Insight Report¹, which revealed that a large percentage of commercial and in-house printers do not have a formal or informal marketing or business development plan in place. This is something we hope to help customers with going forward, giving them greater visibility of what may lie ahead and enabling them to plan accordingly with their business objectives front of mind."
To date, the Business and Innovation Scan has been delivered to more than 200 customers across Europe and has been extended in recent years to support CRD customers as well as those operating in the transactional and direct mail markets.
Copyright 2017. All Rights Reserved.


text:
University of Hong Kong recently do a survey, about 10% of the people of Hong Kong have a monthly esophageal acid reflux cases where researchers to investigate projections, it is estimated that there are about 600,000 people suffering from acid reflux.
"Acid reflux" is gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) commonly known as the English abbreviation for GERD. Past the medical profession believe that this is the Western European countries generally only visible gastrointestinal diseases, it is estimated that there are approximately 44% of Americans have the disease. However, with the life of Westernization, obesity population in the past 20 years, this disease in the Asian region has been the incidence of rising trend.
Leslie Cheung, recently committed suicide in Hong Kong artist, had his injuries because acid reflux and throat, the throat due to the acidity of the gastric acid serious burns, affecting singing career, and has therefore recuperating for some time.
Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong survey of acid reflux, in November last year in the telephone interview to the 3,605 people of Hong Kong survey results showed that 8.9 percent of Hong Kong people at least once a month gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms.
The trap door is not cause normal operation
When we eat when food first mouth, moved down the esophagus, stomach and then enter. Food and go all the way through the esophagus, stomach to enter, will be a single through the trap door, called the esophageal sphincter bottom, which is a muscle between the stomach and esophagus a one-way trap door (see left).
Under normal circumstances, when we swallow, this will open the door live. In the food into the stomach, this muscle will be close to the trap door. When the trap door muscle is not working, then they will have acid reflux symptoms. The trap door is not open for normal, making the stomach of food and eating Road Weisuanniliu go.
Acid reflux symptoms of the early stages of "vomit Stomach Qi", but is easily overlooked. Other typical symptoms include a burning sensation Xinwo and acid reflux to the oral or throat, the patient was due to a feeling of pain when swallowing food or chest Chitong often thought it was sore throat or heart disease, Onsite treatment often found after the esophagus acid corrosion has been to ulcer bleeding.
Don't eat two hours before sleep
Responsible for acid reflux survey of the Hong Kong University scholar Wang Weimin pointed out that, if people often sleep in the two hours before eating, this will result in Gastroptosia so sphincter relaxation, resulting in acid into the esophagus inverted to happen.
The medical profession that, in recent years suffering from acid reflux case is growing, the reasons for that: people's lives more and more tense busy eating regularly, eat dinner ends too late or eating habits, and then eat on the stomach Overturn big sleep, supine in bed because of the results so that acid reflux more easily.
For example, some form of professional work time because of the relationship between the often return home after 22:00 after the evening meal, less than two hours after a meal to go to bed, resulting in acid reflux.
The other acid reflux symptoms including chest pain heartburn, acid thermal properties by the throat and chest influx feel uncomfortable. Complications of this disease have esophageal ulcer, sometimes causing bleeding, stricture formation of the bottom of the esophagus, causing dysphagia, or cause was esophageal gastric epithelial columnar epithelium replaced easily carcinogenesis. Some cause coughing, hoarseness or asthma attack.
High risk of suffering from esophageal adenocarcinoma
Sweden past studies have shown that medical personnel, who often stomach or acid reflux, suffering from risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma is higher than those of ordinary people, while taking acid reduction of the incidence of cancer is not effective.
The researchers say, acid reflux symptoms can not be overlooked. According to research found that once a week stomach pain, heartburn (heartburn), or acid reflux symptoms, the risk of suffering from esophageal adenocarcinoma than those of ordinary people nearly eight times higher.
The researchers said that esophageal adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in a serious, long suspected to be acid stimulated, making esophageal lesions produced by the cells.
Improve sleep habits
Acid reflux disease can be passed to change to improve the living habits, such as sleeping two hours before not to eat, sleep, boosted his head.
One responsible for the investigation of the University of Hong Kong scholars Lijinquan on reminding patients, we must reduce the consumption of esophageal mucosa to stimulate food such as alcohol, coffee and fatty food.
Acid reflux can sometimes through drug control nausea symptoms, such as to patients taking acid reducers, but if the symptoms persist, they need surgery method can effectively relieve symptoms.
Acid reflux disease of modern civilization is one, this awareness of the most important is how to correct diagnosis and appropriate medications, it may be in some sequelae such as esophageal ulcers, tumors or esophageal stenosis distal to closely track.


text:
- Your Shopping Cart is empty.
Swanstone Bathroom Vanities
Choose Subcategory
Swanstone UC-1913 (010)Swanstone Vanity Bowl, 6.5" Deep Contour Undermount - White
Swanstone WB-2218 (010)Swanstone Bathroom Sink, 3.5" Deep Palladio Above-Counter Bathroom Washbasin - White
Swanstone CH1B2243 (010)Swanstone Vanity Top, 43" Wide Chesapeake Single-Bowl - White
Same day shipping available on this item. Daily cut-off is at 1pm PST Mon-Fri.
Swanstone CH1B2231 (010)Swanstone Vanity Top, 31" Wide Chesapeake Single-Bowl - White
Swanstone TRI-1815IS (010)Swanstone Bathroom Sink, 6.5" Deep Islandia Bathroom Vanity Bowl - White
Swanstone CV-2225 (010)Swanstone Vanity Top, 25" Wide Contour Single-Bowl - White
Same day shipping available on this item. Daily cut-off is at 1pm PST Mon-Fri.
Swanstone CH1B2225 (010)Swanstone Vanity Top, 25" Wide Chesapeake Single-Bowl - White
Same day shipping available on this item. Daily cut-off is at 1pm PST Mon-Fri.
Swanstone CH1B2237 (010)Swanstone Vanity Top, 37" Wide Chesapeake Single-Bowl - White
How to Select
About Swanstone Bathroom Vanities
Factory-certified Swanstone fabricators whose works are represented by Westside Wholesale, have years of experience in design, fabrication and installation of countertop surfaces. Create an estimate one starting with your measurements or schematics and basic selections. And let us work with you in choosing final patterns, styles and features like with Swanstone, the world's best known leader in manufacturing plumbing.
Their custom fabricated vanity tops give the ultimate in flexibility to create the bathroom you've always dreamed of. You are not just choosing colors or shapes. You choose options like matching or contrasting sink colors, a variety of decorative edge treatments, a rugged durability of the patented solid surface, all of which adds up to a beautiful vanity. That sinks should be guaranteed easy to clean and resists stains, scratches and even extreme heat. We even back it up to you with our long life limited warranty.
The renewable surface Wide Chesapeake series made in 49 inches (Swanstone CH1B2249 (010) or cozy 31 inches (Swanstone CH1B2231 (040) diameter will never crack or wear away. It will not be harmed with acetone or other chemicals, make-up and hot curling irons. For great needs use a double-bowl Swanstone CH2B2261 (010). Made of authentic solid surface color and texture run these vanity tops can coordinate with any reliable shower and bath systems. They are coming in a wide variety of styles and colors, from pure white to pebble and Bermuda sand. This series will easily accommodate all interior styles.
Little but sporty Deep Islandia series embodied in 6,5 inches Swanstone TRI-1815IS (010) comes to be a sale hit. Energy efficient, it uses only the water flow you need to maintain comfort. All you need else is to choose aright faucet for save temperature control. Small, space saving design installs in 3 easy steps with instructions and all needed fixtures in a complex.
Whether you like above-counter mounting for luxury design (Deep Palladio Above-Counter Swanstone WB-2218 (010) or under mount convenience (Deep Contour Undermount Swanstone UC-1913 (010), you still prefer the stylish quality approved by years of experience. That is what Westside Wholesale can offer to you in a widest collection of Swanstone bathroom vanities.