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Bali is sometimes called 'the island of a thousand temples.' Without counting the number of household temples, there are between ten and twenty in every village. These temples are places for the Hindu Balinese to worship many important Brahman or Hyang Widhi manifestations. It was with great pride that Maguna and his brother Nyoman escorted the five of us to their place of worship- the Brahman temple of Ubud.
The customs and etiquette when visiting Hindu temples have a long history and are filled with symbolism. Maguna and his family have held many small ceremonies at this temple before. For worship and prayer, Maguna's custom is to bring with him an offering of flowers. These flowers symbolize a gift from the natural world. Visitors and worshipers to Hindu temples are required to remove shoes and cover up in a sarong before entering them. Since many of us (except for me!) were sarong-less, we had to purchase the proper attire outside of the gates.
Upon entering the temple grounds, we noticed several stray dogs wandering around all over the place. It turns out that it is actually quite common for strays, sacred cows and various species of birds to congregate inside temples. The Hindu religion teaches that all life-forms are created by Brahma and that humankind needs to share the world with the animal kingdom.
Temples of this kind are often so picturesque and beautiful. It was instantly clear to me why they are the object of interests to tourists and photographers that come to Bali from all over the world. The moment we stepped out of the temple we became an immediate target to many of the locals. I was overwhelmed and frightened as we were engulfed into a circle of children holding their hands out and young women waving around post cards, bracelets and sarongs. Tourists have become few and far between in this town, particularly due to the sudden economical changes we are facing. I was able to see first hand how much the lack of tourism in Bali has affected many of these people. Their desperation and unnaturally aggressive behavior was slightly unnerving.
I began to understand how the Hindu religion teaches compassion and tolerance towards the poor and weak. At the exit areas of the temples worshipers or visitors often distribute Prasad and give out spare change to beggars, mentally or physically challenged individuals, and destitute women and children. In the end the visitor exits the temple experience with "Prasad" in their hands and a changed mental state. Maguna urged us to contribute what we could to these people, and we happily did so. This experience certainly did teach me the rewards of compassion.


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RepairPal is your advocate for car care advice and guidance
Q: Door Lock & Accessory Problems When Turning Off on 2004 Chevrolet Colorado
When I turn off my truck & open the driver's side door the accessories, i.e. radio, wiper, etc. do not turn off all the time. I have to open & close the passenger side door to correct. In addition the door locks do not always unlock when I stop my truck, put it in park and turn it off.
Hopefully you didnt spend a bunch of money fixing this. we had the same prob with our 05 colorado and all it turned out to be was the switch at the bottom of the driver and rear doors were stuck. easy cheap fix, thank goodness!
how did u fix it i am having the same problem
take the sleeve off of the button at the bottom of the driver door and spray WD-40 in it, if it is stuck it should pop back out. That fixed ours and hopefully that is all that is wrong with yours. Good Luck!!!
Sounds like you need to have your auto-locking/unlocking system scanned and diagnosed. There are several components so the best way is to have the system properly inspected by a sharp auto electrical/computer person.
Didn't find what you were looking for?

subset: commoncrawl


text: Human Rights Observatory Astronomers Capture Image of Newborn Planet Astronomers say they've captured the first photo of a planet being born. Writing in the journal Nature, researchers from the University of Arizona and Sydney University in Australia say they've captured the new planet being formed around the young star LkCa15, some 450 light-years away. The researchers were curious about an "inner clearing, or gap" in the protoplanetary disk circling the star. These disks contain debris left over from the formation of the star, and astronomers think...Read complete article© Voice of America - Thursday, November 19, 2015


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Contact us in Grafton, Massachusetts, for college financial planning, aptitude tests, and career assessment tools.
Be the first MassLive.com user to add photos or videos of Blackstone Valley College Funding


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I would recommend that you find another lawyer. She has poor interpersonal skills and lack of understanding of clients' needs. Deceptive and lacks high moral standards.
Will's, Trusts, Tax & Business Planning, Estates & Trusts, Estates, Estate Administration


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The Baby Shoes Visa Gift Card reminds us how soon that new baby will outgrow those adorable little shoes, and they will need to be replaced with a new pair. No way around it, babies are expensive, with no end to the needs and nice-to-haves. New parents can always use a little help adjusting to that new addition to the family. You can show them you understand and give them your support with Baby Shoes Visa Gift Cards.
The Visa Gift Card can be used wherever Visa debit cards are accepted. Please visit our FAQ section if you have additional questions.
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I need ideas for how to eat the most earth-friendly way today ... which, of course means eating local.
The best way is to eat at home, but the SO is working on the kitchen so can't cook and must eat out.
Quite honestly, I can't think of anything to do but head for Chez Panisse or some other upscale joint that uses organic ingrediants.
I mean, it sort of cuts out my beloved dives because that mom and pop breakfast joint, Mexican taqueria, Chinese restaurant most likely ain't using organic or local stuff. They are buying the least expensive food or Sysco type of stuff trucked from who knows where.
Or are they such bad choices?
I know at least at Mexican joints, though they don't use the word 'artisan', the tortillas and pan dulce is made locally and not trucked from some place. The corn, sugar and flour might not be local, but the assembly is.
My understanding is a lot of Chinese restaurants will use maybe local chickens? It is likely that the veggies, while not organic are grown locally. And being California, the rice might be local, right?
Even in the upscale places it kind of eliminates a lot of food ... no coffee or tea ... no desserts using sugar... no bread because the wheat probably wasn't grown locally. Fortunately I live in California so I can spend the day drinking wine.
For breakfast this morning it wasn't the usual coffee and bowl of oatmeal because none of those is local. It was milk and an orange. I'm cranky withouth my coffee, but I'd be even crankier if it would no longer be available due to climate changes.
On the good side, no HFCS products today.
One of the things I never hear mentioned in global warming is how food growing regions could change. Will someday the sunny lush French countryside move up to Iceland? Will Alaska be growing our oranges? Already producing maple syrup is starting to move northward to Canada out of Vermont. Nobody mentions the "F" word either ... famine.
So I figure eating low-carb today, for me, might make me think about global warming in terms of food.
Ideas ... for eating today? What to eat? What not to eat? Yeah, no French cheese for me today.


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|After botching Ebola, WHO to pick new Africa boss
|News - St Augustine Area & St Johns County
LONDON — After acknowledging that it bungled the response to the biggest Ebola outbreak in history, the World Health Organization is electing a new regional director for its Africa office this week. Critics say it's about time.
read more
Read entire article: After botching Ebola, WHO to pick new Africa boss
Tags: %0alondon+%c3%a2%c2%80%c2%94+after+acknowledging+that+it+bungled+the+response+to+the+biggest+ebola+outbreak+in+history%2c+the+world+health+organization+is+electing+a+new+regional+director+for+its+africa+office+this+week+critics+say+it%c3%a2%c2%80%c2%99s+about+time%0aread+more


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Ugh maybe TMI but how many of you are still
View Single Post
February 7th, 2010, 09:26 AM
Amanda C
Platinum Supermommy
Join Date: Oct 2005
Location: East Texas
Posts: 17,724
having sex? Or should I say enjoying it?
I'm about ready to give up until after the baby comes. I feel absolutely fine until I lay down at night then I get horrible indigestion and I'm so uncomfortable that I can't enjoy anything after that. Not to mention *TMI* I'm terribly dry down there.
Amanda C
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Hotels in Captain Cook, Hawaii
Search & Compare Captain Cook Hotels
Get Secret Prices on select hotels
These prices aren't available to everyone.
Best hotels in Captain Cook
Captain Cook overviewYou can learn about the local heritage of Captain Cook at top landmarks like Captain Cook Monument. And while you're here, be sure to stop by King's Pond and Manuka State Park. Whatever your interests are, Captain Cook has something for you.
Where to stay in Captain CookWhether you're planning to stay for a night or for the week, the area around Captain Cook has accommodations to fit every need. Search for hotels in Captain Cook with Hotels.com by checking our online map. Our maps display the areas and neighborhoods around all Captain Cook hotels so you can see how close you are from landmarks and attractions, and then refine your search within the larger area. The best Captain Cook hotel deals are here with our lowest price guarantee.
How to get to Captain CookFly in to Kailua-Kona, HI (KOA-Kona Intl.), 37.4 mi (60.1 km) from downtown Captain Cook.
What to see around Captain CookKnown for its attractions including:
- • Bay View Farm
- • Kona Pacific Farmers Cooperative
- • Kona Coffee Living History Farm
- • King's Pond
- • Manuka State Park
- • Kula Kai Caverns
- • Paleaku Gardens Peace Sanctuary
- • Kapahukapu Manini Beach
- • Captain Cook Monument
- • Painted Church
- • Amy B.H. Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden
When to visit Captain CookWondering what time of year to travel, or what clothes to pack? Here are seasonal norms to help you with your planning:
Seasonal temperature averages
- • January-March: 83°F day, 66°F night
- • April-June: 86°F day, 68°F night
- • July-September: 87°F day, 72°F night
- • October-December: 87°F day, 67°F night
- • January-March: 4.57 inches
- • April-June: 1.73 inches
- • July-September: 2.01 inches
- • October-December: 3.66 inches


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T-Slot Bulb seal
A home owner from GA says:
June 9, 2016
I have recently replaced my windows and am in need of replacement bulb seal. I was told that you guys carried this product so I am enclosing a sample to match up. If you do handle this item, please respond to me at the following email address so that I might place and order.
Paul from SWISCO responded:
June 14, 2016
Hello! We have received your sample and believe that our 58-183, 3/16" T-Slot offset foam seal should work for you.
A quick learner from Flowery Branch, Georgia 30542 says:
June 15, 2016
Sounds great Paul. I will submit an order today for that item 58-183, 3/16" T-Slot!! You are the man! Thanks for your assistance..


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Diamante Heart Earring and Pendant set
For sale: clothes, fashion and beauty in Nigeria
Diamante Heart Earring and Pendant set
Price in Naira: NGN 4,000
Location: All Nigeria
Last update:
Last update:
0 comments like this listing
Ad description
Beautiful Earrings and Pendant for simple accessorizingâ.â These fantastic earrings set from derojustore feature filigree designs on hook findingsâ.â Crafted of stainless steelâ,â these dangle earrings are completed with a high polished gold
This item is new.
We deliver for free anywhere in Lagos on orders over N15,000.
Please contact directly through phone, email or BBM, not via comments or private message. It will ensure quick response.
ATTENTION! Do not make any advance payments to any seller on Mobofree, not even for delivery! You may get scammed by unfair seller. Please report abuse to help us stop scam! To keep yourself safe, make sure to follow our Safety tips!


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Visit the Handbag department on the ground floor for some serious retail therapy.
New designs from DKNY featuring the Cross Body large and small Chelsea Vintage styles in Absinth or the DKNY Quilted Shopper in Black.
The classic Mulbery large and small Bayswater's in Oxblood.
Ted Baker Cross Hatch Shopper in Grape or the Double Pocket Top Handle Tote in Black, finish off the look with a Citrus Bloom purse.


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Okay so what's with the new Instagram changes? Anyways, apparently if you want to see more of my face and collaborations with awesome people, turn on the notifications so you can get notified whenever I post something so you don't miss out 😂 I'll try not to spam as much 😉 Photo by @daryllynchphotography
🎉🐬 Yo guys!! It's my birthday today 🎉🐬 To celebrate I've added x4 Aquaman Prints in my Store Envy. The large prints are only $10 (Added an exclusive to the store too) ! Being a Pisces baby I've always loved the ocean! My mom used to call me a fish cause I used to swim nearly everyday in Summer during my childhood! All the profit will be going towards Sea Shepherd ocean conservation org. Let's all contribute and save the ocean together! 🐋🐟🌊 LINK IN BIO ❤🐬
Here's a full length shot by @snaphappyian ❤💚 I'm thinking of adding Aquaman's shots to my print store! The money will be donated to a sea life preservation organisation :) I know of a few, give me some ideas too guys! #Aquaman#Cosplay#DawnOfJustice#BatmanvsSuperman#DCComics#Comictoonsbabe#Nerdydozen
Here's my genberbend @prideofgypsies #Aquaman! I had the most incredible experience at this stunning beach! Can't wait to wear this #cosplay at Supanova :) Photo by @snaphappyian | Assistance by @daryllynchphotography | @benwarden (thanks for the tattoos ❤❤) #DawnOfJustice#BatmanvsSuperman#Comictoonsbabe#Nerdydozen#DC


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Dulux Trade Diamond Glaze Diamond Glaze from Dulux Trade is a water-based maximum durability interior clear wood varnish. It is a simple one pack system and is ideal for use on wooden floors and other high wear interior wood surfaces. *It is up to ten times tougher than conventional varnish and is resistant to common chemicals, alcohol and water. Suitable for use over materials such as cork tiles, hardwood and chipboards.View product
Dulux Trade Yacht Varnish Dulux Trade Yacht Varnish is a highly durable and flexible solvent-based coating for the decoration and protection of exterior woodwork. It contains UV filters which protect against strong sunlight and its high build full gloss finish lasts for up to 3 years if used in accordance with instructions. Suitable for hardwoods and softwoods.View product
Dulux Trade Polyurethane Varnish Dulux Trade Polyurethane Varnish is a solvent-based interior varnish which gives a tough and durable finish. It can be used over bare wood and previously stained or varnished surfaces. It withstands knocks, scuffs and spills and is suitable for interior wood, veneer, cork and chipboard.View product
Blackfriar Polyurethane Varnish Clear Satin 5L Transform interior woodwork with this tough and durable varnish. Blackfriar Polyurethane Varnish gives wooden surfaces new life and enhances the natural shades of wooden floors and furniture.View product
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Hello you are currently unable to place orders against your account. However you can still browse the site and access all your account management tools . If you have a Dulux Decorator Centre Account please contact 0207 098 7941, If you have a Contract Direct account please contact 0207 098 7942


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The file itself is fine since it runs properly in my media player. Using DirectShowSource in AVISynth to load the file into VirtualDub seems to break the audio though. GSpot says it's AAC audio in the MP4 file which I know already works properly. Hell, GSpot even shows the filters it uses and can play the file itself. VirtualDub does use Haali Media Splitter to load the file. I'm assuming the problem lies there, but I don't know for sure. Won't even load without Haali Media Splitter so I'm not quite sure what to do.
Any ideas?
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If you are loading it through avisynth then virtualdub will be seeing uncompressed audio. What do you get if you load the avisynth script into MPC ?
In MPC it plays perfectly fine. Yes, in VirtualDub it should be uncompressed audio. When I preview and/or convert the file, however, it doesn't have any sound despite it seemingly converting audio.
It seems to be a VirtualDub problem, though I don't know why. MPC, GSpot, and GraphEdit can play it, but it just doesn't work in VirtualDub. I can't see a reason for this, but that's all I can come up with. Looks like I'm just going to have to do this some other way unless you got any ideas.
It thinks there is.
For audio, I've tried DirectStreamCopy (but only for testing purposes), but I usually use Lame MP3 32000 Hz 96-kbps CBR, with the proper conversion to 32000 Hz of course. Doesn't really matter about the settings since when I preview the input it doesn't have sound.
The AVS file of course. No need to load the MP4 file since I know the file is already working properly. The AVS files play just fine.
Last edited by Alexstarfire; 17th Aug 2010 at 22:17.
Figured out that the AVS files were playing properly due to some internal filters. Turned them off and I either get nothing or some squeaky ass fast playing audio. It's kinda weird though. Tried uninstalling all my audio codecs to start fresh, but I was always able to play AAC files. Pretty sure that's not supposed to happen. I'm running Win 7 Pro 64-bit if that makes any difference. Anyway, what makes this weird is that the MP4 and MKV files that use AAC play fine. AVS files that load videos that don't use AAC run fine, ie using AVS files to load video files using AC3, MP3, Vorbis, etc play fine. And the final oddity is that if I uninstall Haali Media Splittter the "broken" AVS files play the sound perfectly fine but no video, for the obvious reason.
So I'm now royally confused since I don't know how this broke to begin with.
EDIT: Does it matter if I can't load GraphEdit anymore? The program loads, but the window doesn't show up. I only see it in the taskbar.
Last edited by Alexstarfire; 18th Aug 2010 at 06:25.
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95% of Introductory Statistics students will never take another Statistics course. What do you want to learn?
Discover the Power of Real Data
Mario Triola remains the market-leading statistics author by engaging readers of each edition with an abundance of real data in the examples, applications, and exercises. Statistics is all around us, and Triola helps readers understand how this course will impact their lives beyond the classroom–as consumers, citizens, and professionals.
Elementary Statistics Using the TI-83/84 Plus Calculator, Third Edition provides extensive instruction for using the TI-83 and TI-84 Plus (and Silver Edition) calculators for statistics, with information on calculator functions, images of screen displays, and projects designed exclusively for the graphing calculator. Drawn from Triola's Elementary Statistics, Eleventh Edition, this text provides the same student-friendly approach with material presented in a real-world context.
The Third Edition contains more than 2,000 exercises, 87% are new, and 82% use real data. It also contains hundreds of examples; 86% are new and 94% use real data. By analyzing real data, readers are able to connect abstract concepts to the world at large, learning to think statistically and apply conceptual understanding using the same methods that professional statisticians employ.
Datasets and other resources (where applicable) for this book are available here.
New edition of an introduction to elementary statistics for students majoring in any field except mathematics. Examples and exercises are from a wide variety of fields. Only high school algebra is prerequisite. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)


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Iowa State (7-3) at Kansas (5-5)
Time: 9:30 a.m. Turf: Artificial. Line: Iowa State by 2-½.
Analysis: Iowa State might be playing as well as any Big 12 Conference team not named Texas. The Cyclones got a big break when Colorado, which could have wrapped up the Big 12 North Division title with a victory, lost Friday to Nebraska. If Iowa State beats the Jayhawks, it will win the division and face unbeaten Texas in the Big 12 championship game. If Kansas wins, Colorado wins the division. The Cyclones have outscored their last four opponents 154-57 and are allowing a mere 82.9 yards per game rushing. Quarterback Bret Meyer has gone 19 quarters and 132 attempts without an interception. Kansas, a 66-14 loser to Texas in its most recent game, can go to a bowl with a win.
No. 23 Florida State (7-3)
at No. 19 Florida (7-3)
Time: 12:30 p.m. Turf: Grass. Line: Florida by 4.
Analysis: That strange beeping noise you have heard for more than a month was Florida State backing into the Atlantic Coast Conference title game. The Seminoles have lost three of their last five games. Florida State quarterback Drew Weatherford has looked every bit a freshman, with eight interceptions in the three losses. Florida could drop to the Independence Bowl. The stakes usually are considerably higher when these teams meet. At least one of the teams was ranked at least fifth in the country during an 11-year stretch starting in 1991, and both of them were in the top 10 in nine of those meetings. Florida is seeking to beat perhaps its three biggest rivals — Tennessee, Georgia and Florida State — in the same season for the first time since 1996, and the third time since 1984. The Gators have lost six of the last nine in the series, but won last year in Tallahassee for the first time since 1986.
North Carolina (5-5)
at No. 5 Virginia Tech (9-1)
Time: 4:45 p.m. Turf: Grass. Line: Virginia Tech by 23-½.
Analysis: Each desperately wants a win. Virginia Tech can reach the ACC title game against Florida State with a victory. The Hokies, who lost 27-7 at home to Miami, ran for 333 yards in a 52-14 bounce-back win over Virginia. When Miami lost at home to Georgia Tech, Virginia Tech was alone in first place in the ACC Coastal Division at 6-1 in conference play. Coach John Bunting has done a solid job at North Carolina, which needs one more win to be eligible for a bowl game. The Tar Heels have won their final regular-season game in 14 of the past 15 seasons. Last year, Virginia Tech's Mike Imoh rushed for 243 yards as the visiting Hokies beat North Carolina 27-24.
No. 6 Notre Dame (8-2) at Stanford (5-5)
Time: 5 p.m. Turf: Grass. Line: Notre Dame by 16.
Analysis: This game has become must-see TV for everyone who owns a Fiesta Bowl blazer. The Tostitos folks would love to have the Fighting Irish and their spectacular television ratings for the Jan. 2 game in Tempe, Ariz. All they need is a win by Notre Dame, which has averaged 41.5 points in four wins since a 34-31 loss at home to No. 1 USC. Irish quarterback Brady Quinn has thrown a school-record 29 touchdown passes this season — the first season Notre Dame has been coached by Charlie Weis. Stanford bowed to rival California 27-3 last week. The Cardinal is seeking its first bowl berth since losing 24-14 to Georgia Tech in the 2001 Seattle Bowl.
No. 13 Georgia (8-2)
at No. 20 Georgia Tech (7-3)
Time: 5 p.m. Turf: Grass. Line: Georgia by 4.
Analysis: A lukewarm intrastate rivalry surged in interest when Georgia Tech upset No. 3 Miami. Suddenly, Tech coach Chan Gailey's contract extension seemed like a good thing and Reggie Ball looked like a big-game quarterback. Georgia is led by quarterback D.J. Shockley, who has six touchdowns and no interceptions in two games since returning from a sprained knee. "This is the one game on the schedule we have to win," Bulldogs safety Greg Blue said. "You can lose every other game, but you better beat Tech." Georgia has dominated the series lately, winning 30 of the last 41 meetings — including four in a row. Yellow Jackets linebacker Gerris Wilkinson, a fifth-year senior, said, "We have a lot of built-up emotions for this game because we haven't beaten Georgia since we've been here. It has eaten at us a lot."
The Dallas Morning News and The Associated Press
|Today's televised games
|9 a.m.
|Maryland at North Carolina State
|9 a.m.
|Colgate at New Hampshire
|11 a.m.
|Grambling State vs. Southern
|Ch. 5
|12:30 p.m.
|Virginia at Miami
|Ch. 4
|12:30 p.m.
|Florida State at Florida
|Ch. 7
|12:30 p.m.
|Georgia Southern at Texas State
|4:15 p.m.
|Fresno State at Nevada
|4:45 p.m.
|North Carolina at Virginia Tech
|5 p.m.
|Notre Dame at Stanford
|Ch. 4
|***Must see **Worth watching *Only if you're bored


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BMW ConnectedDrive Driver Assistance systems in the BMW X4.
Self-confidence can be enhanced even more when you know that you can rely on your partner. And you can most definitely rely on the Driver Assistance systems in the BMW X4, which guarantee top-level safety and comfort. The best example is the full-colour BMW Head-Up Display: By projecting all driver-relevant information directly into your line of sight, it allows you to concentrate on what's really important – carefree driving pleasure.
Everything at a glance.
The full-colour BMW Head-Up Display projects relevant driving information directly into the driver's line of vision (not fully visible with polarised sunglasses), allowing him or her to fully concentrate on driving. Depending on the vehicle's equipment, the display can also show the Speed Limit Info, ECO PRO tips, Check Control messages as well as information and warnings from the driver assistance systems. Frequently used functions such as telephone and entertainment services can also be displayed and operated.
The icons projected onto the windshield are displayed in a particularly high resolution and full colour, with traffic symbols realistically reproduced. The image's projection appears as if it were 2.3 m in front of the vehicle. This in combination with optimal positioning allow the information to be read quickly, conveniently and with minimal distraction.
Night - and Day view.
The brightness of the projection automatically adjusts to suit the external light conditions, while the height of the projection changes depending on whether it is day or night. The driver can also select which information to display in addition to current speed and the warnings from the driver assistance systems.
The Driving Assistant feature combines the camera-based Lane Departure Warning and Approach and Pedestrian Warning systems with City Brake Activation. The Lane Departure Warning detects lane markings and alerts the driver to an unintentional lane change at speeds above approx. 70 km/h by means of vibrations in the steering wheel. The warning is not activated if the lane change is deliberate, that is, when the turn indicator has been activated. Whereas the Approach Warning with City Brake Activation detects vehicles, the Pedestrian Warning with City Brake Activation reacts to pedestrians. When there is a risk of collision, the Approach Warning triggers a two-stage warning – a symbol in the instrument cluster lights up, followed by an acoustic alarm. The Pedestrian Warning operates at speeds between 10 and 60 km/h and emits a single-level warning in the event of acute danger. If the system warns of a potential collision, the brakes are simultaneously preconditioned for a faster response. In the event of an emergency, the system applies the brakes. This function can be limited by darkness and fog.
Driving Assistant Plus
The Driving Assistant Plus feature (only available with Steptronic transmission) includes not only Approach Warning and Lane Departure Warning, but also Active Cruise Control with Stop&Go function. This provides assistance when driving on motorways in both critical and stable traffic situations. This option is only available in conjunction with the Navigation System Professional.
The Approach Warning responds in stages. Depending on whether a vehicle ahead brakes suddenly or a stationary object is detected, the reaction ranges from a visual signal to active braking and even a complete standstill. Should the car begin to change lanes unintentionally, the Lane Departure Warning quickly provides a warning by means of vibrations in the steering wheel.
The Active Cruise Control maintains a constant selected speed between 30 km/h and 210 km/h or automatically adjusts to conform with the cars driving in front if the distance control is activated. The Stop&Go function even controls speed down to a standstill, accelerating again easily when the gas pedal is pressed, for example in dense moving traffic.
The Navigation System Professional features a sleek design and a superior range of services: It delivers a simple, easy-to-use and seamlessly integrated navigation system with iDrive design and iDrive Touch Controller.
The system comprises the hands-free kit with USB interface and voice control and the Radio BMW Professional with DVD drive, as well as 20 GB memory for audio files. It also facilitates the use of Advanced Real Time Traffic Information (only in conjunction with ConnectedDrive Services Professional). The built-in 8.8"" LCD colour display with split screen function (main and supplementary screen) is designed for optimal readability and overview.
iDrive Touch Controller
It is operated intuitively via the iDrive Touch Controller, whose touch-sensitive surface allows the driver to easily enter destination addresses for the navigation system using their handwriting. Alternatively, the system can also be operated via direct menu control buttons, the eight functional bookmarks or voice control. Thanks to the three-dimensional map display that makes use of satellite images as a map background – with photo-realistic depictions of selected sights – navigation becomes an exciting visual experience.
The Surround View system makes provides a 360° panorama view around the vehicle with help from cameras in the exterior mirrors, a wide-angle camera in front and the Rear View camera. The system assists the driver during parking or manoeuvring in tight situations or when navigating in areas with limited visibility.
Surround View includes the Rear View camera with Top View and Side View. Top View displays the areas on the side of the car for more convenient manoeuvring. Side View's wide-angle camera between the double kidney grilles on the front and the Rear View camera allow for a panorama view of the front and back of the vehicle. The Cross Traffic Assistant assists the driver by first displaying yellow beams on the side edges of the image as well as a yellow warning triangle in the presence of crossing traffic. The Side View function is automatically deactivated when the car reaches 15 km/h. The driver can then choose to activate the Rear View camera, Top View or Panorama Side View. The system is activated when the car is put into reverse or at other predetermined activation points. The image is shown on the Control Display.


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Archive for the 'PhaseSpace' Category
Kal dances with PhaseSpace
The Economist and Second City partnered again for another successful stage event in San Francisco on June 25. "The Art of Satire" received a rapturous response from the sold out crowd at the Yerba Buena Arts center. The show, which is touring to several US cities later in 2008, is an exciting mixture of sketch comedy, satiric video, interviews and "Stand-up Cartooning".
The newest addition to the show was a unique collaboration between myself and Bay Area motion Capture company PhaseSpace. I had the good fortune to have worked with PhaseSpace in the Spring on an earlier animation "Debate 2008". We conspired at the time to produce a cutting edge presentation to feature in the "Art of Satire" show in June.
Our plan was to employ PhaseSpace's Realtime Motion Capture system to bring alive my animated versions of Barack Obama and John McCain. We understood this would be technological challenge and an entertainment treat.
First I created a script that would both show off PhaseSpace's technology and my digital puppets. The theme was a "Dancing with The Stars" parody. We announced to the audience at The Yerba Buena Center that the two candidates had agreed to have a live special debate that evening.  The format was to be a "Dance-off" where the audience would suggest dance styles and the candidates would have to compete for the audiences' favor with some slick moves. The audience was then to be introduced the contestants who were fully animated real-time animated caricatures of Obama and McCain. The audience would then pick a winner who was awarded electoral votes as a prize.
On PhaseSpaces' part, they erected a 16×20x8 framework out of aluminum poles backstage. They added 20¬†digital cameras for capturing data. They teamed up with Digital Steamworks (my great crew from Baltimore) to add further facial animation enhancements.
Finally there was the actor. I was to act the role of both Obama and McCain. I was to wear a leotard festooned with PhaseSpace's lit digital markers. I would be wearing a wireless microphone filtered through voice recognition software to create mouth movements for my digital characters. Simultaneously, a puppeteer from Digital Steamworks, Martin DeRiso, would be manipulating the facial expressions of Obama and McCain while I moved and talked. We had programmed a selection of camera angles to toggle through for added interest.
This new, innovative experiment was an enormous hit. First, technically everything went off without a hitch. PhaseSpaces' professional team of Kan, Ketrina and Milton were completely prepared for all eventualities. Even with minimum rehearsal time the routine was a technical success.
My John McCain character made his world premier with howls of approval from the audience. However, despite his best Fred Astaire steps, McCain was out-Boogied in the audiences' opinion by Barack's disco moves. The finishing touch to the piece was when I was called out onstage to take a bow in my leotard with lights attached. Quite a sight.
PhaseSpace's real-time Mocap system worked amazingly in a demanding environment. I was whirling around the 16×20 virtual dance floor doing ballet, the moonwalk, even the Macarena. All my movements were captured without a problem. I can highly recommend them for their quality goods and professional manner.
You can see here some shots taken of me backstage during the performance by the gifted photogragher Maggie Hallahan. If more images of the performance appear I will share them with you. Stay tuned for more news on ""Art of Satire" shows with cutting edge animation slated for 2008-2009.
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text:
Latest StatsCan report confirms rich getting richer, majority getting shafted
The top one per cent did very well. Their median annual income rose from $191,600 in 1982 to $283,400 in 2010. The median income of the other 99 per cent of Canadians went from $28,000 to $28,400.
Finance Minister Jim Flaherty has led the government's fiscal austerity efforts.


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Ezreal Build Guide by Willard
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Ezreal Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Okay folks, this is my first Guide here. I decided to make a Guide for AP Ezreal since I don't see much of those around, most people apparently think AP Ezreal is not as good as AD Ezreal or Hybrid Ezreal. Well, in this guide you will find that Ezreal can decently play as AP and kick the enemy team's arse quite easily, as long as you are -ahem- "Careful!".
Keep in mind I haven't gotten the hang of the whole inserting the images of spells with description and stuff so I'll try to explain all of it with text until I find it somewhere online and edit this guide to make it better.
UPDATE 25/9/2011 Now with more colors and linked images, slight edits informing players more about the actual gameplay and the way to handle Ezreal as AP.
Pros / Cons
This is a very important part, you need to know what you can do and you can't do as AP Ezreal.
Fun to play with.
Great Burst damage.
Has a flash-like skill that doesn't require anything other than mana as long as its CD is not up.
His Ultimate can literally fly across the map, aim it carefully and win.
Shift+3 or /d, if you have no idea what it is, GTFO
His W bypasses minions, that doesn't help with farming, but can be turned into a great weapon mid and late game if you are doing good.
One of the squishiest chars in LoL
Difficult to learn
Purely Skillshot based
Does not farm well due to his W skill bypassing minons and his auto-attacks being weak.
Can not do much once CDs are up, and has to back away and wait until they are up again in order to help the team
Requires decent map awareness
Does not support the team with Auto attack spam like hybrid Ezreal and AD Ezreal do
My personal choice of runes for AP Ezreal as you can see, are flat Magic Penetration Marks, Mana Regeneration Seals per level, Cooldown reduction Glyphs per level and flat Magic Penetration Quintessences.
Well, putting the fact that Magic Penetration runes act as "hidden" since the opponent sees no boost in your ability power, I prefer those over AP runes since they pierce the enemy's magic resistance, and can even turn your spells into true damage dealing ones to champions with little of it. Not to mention that they can turn the opponent's magic resistance to a negative one if they exceed it, helping you deal even greater damage.
The mana regeneration seals are something you could replace with health ones if you are feeling squishy, really up to choice. You can even replace them for flat mana regenaration seals if you are finding yourself spamming your spells often and running out of mana and just need that mana regen to pull one more off.
Same goes for the CD reduction ones, the difference is quite small, so if you are patient, get something else, otherwise keep them, they might help in crucial situations when you will be cursing for that Arcane Shift which was 1 second off and that Essence Flux for not being up in time so you could pop some damage and slow.
Obviously, 9 0 21, Ultility focused, the key to Ezreal's skills are not only their power, but the frequency which you can use them, you need to reduce the time of the intervals between each spell so you will be able to help your team more often, those talents are often picked for a lot of casters, so you probably get the point of the cooldown reduction.
The Magic Penetration masteries are also good, when combined with your runes, don't forget about them.
Okay, this is a very important chapter, because you NEED to know what you are buying and what you are building.
AP Ezreal plays Burst damage, don't get him any Attack speed, any AD, DON'T try Hybrid items like Hextech Gunblade or troll AD items like Manamune, stick to what I'm giving you and listen up.
A must have for almost all AP bursters out there, great starting item, good bonuses, Ability power and Mana regen, I definetely recommend this as a starting item.
Just pick those up whenever you can, everyone does.
Your Next purchase depends on whether or not you feel fast or not, I suggest you go for the Sorcerer's Shoes first, but if you don't go B often, you could probably save enough money to get the Amplifying Tome and the boots. Otherwise, get the tome first if you are being pushed back, then the boots.
Now here is a part which you might not like, if you think that you will not be able to avoid a lot of dangerous situation and not die much, don't buy this item, however, since I suggested you to play Ezreal with Ghost/ Flash as summoner spells, as long as you keep your distance and use them properly, you'll rarely die, unless someone CC's you out of nowhere, if there are any stealthers that could get you into trouble, keep in mind you could use an Oracle's Elixir, or a ward, to improve your lane survivability as well.
Great item, which few people use unless they pick OP characters like Akali and Katarina. Why I think Mejai's Soulstealer is good on Ezreal? First of all, he is a champion whose "blink" aka Arcane Shift requires no allied unit - enemy unit - something to jump to in order to work, it's a pure use of mana and CD, so it can be used to save you from a lot of scary situations.
Once Mejai's Soulstealer has been stacked, not only you have gained 20+160 freaking ability power, but a CD reduction as well, which is pretty helpful due to your Essence Flux, Arcane Shift and Trueshot Barrage having big cooldowns.
Okay, seriously, this is a key item, you want that slow. I don't care what you are up against, go get it and use it with your W or E, or even your Ulti, seriously, those guys will rage about not being able to run away/catch up to you
A Staple item for most AP champions, a lot of AP, good stuff.
I suggest you start building this by buyig either Blasting Wand or the Magic resistance cloak, you don't really need Sheen, its passive doesn't help AP Ezreal.
Lich Bane is a great item, see that Unique Passive. I choose not to buy it early since it's expensive compared to Mejai's Soulstealer, albeit it being riskier, it can help you more early game if you are doing your job decently as I said.
Alternate Items:
is a good choice, it gives you mana regen and ability power, you can replace Doran's Ring with this if you have enough gold.
is also good if you are having trouble against opponents with Mres, just buy this and troll right back at them.
... Karthus?
instead of Rabadon's, living is more important since you are basing this mostly on your Mejai's soulstealer.
could also help against teams with a lot of CC and annoying abilities if you are feeling quite squishy. But once again remember that you are NOT an AD Carry, you should ALWAYS sit on the back row and attack row and damage from there. Remember that Essence Flux bypasses minions, and it also increases the attack speed of your allies, so being behind of them is a must.
Well, rememember that there is no actual standard build and you have to buy and use items depending on the situation you are in and the team you face, but the items I put up for you work decently around 90% of the time you'll play as AP Ezreal.
If you are feeling unsafe, and if you are not experienced at playing Ezreal, buy Lich Bane instead of Mejai's Soulstealer, when you finally feel ready and safe enough (sure not to die much in-game), then follow this build as is.
Skill Sequence
Max your Essence Flux out first. It gains a great deal of your AP and can reach over 800 damage per hit late-game with a nearly full build. It also increases the attack speed of allied champions and reduces the attack speed of enemy champions, so make sure you allign yourself properly in order to make it work. It can also help when it comes to bringing down turrets, Baron, etc.
Arcane Shift fhould be maxed second, it's a core skill for any Ezreal. Don't use it to chase people if there are champions of the enemy team missing, you need a map awareness to do it properly, if you mess up to chase and get ambushed on your way, there is no way to escape unless you have flash up, but don't try that often, flash is only an ace up your sleeve.
Remember that Arcane Shift will always hit the nearest enemy unit, which means that even if it's Akali popping up her stealth trying to get away, use that, even if you can't see her, the spell and all of its damage will go for her, and you will get that kill.
Mystic Shot won't be needed much when it comes to damaging, HOWEVER, just level it up once at level 4 so it will help you last hit a few creeps, since it require less mana than W, you can spam it a bit more often when your CDs are up. Each time you hit something with that, all of your skills' cooldowns are reduced by 1 second, which is great.
"Oh boy, I got away with 300 HP... time to get back to the base... *presses B*"
"You have slain an enemy!"
Yes, this is one of the best ultimate skills in game, it can be used from any distance, to kill or damage any enemy. You can use it to initiate if a lot of enemies are bulked up. You can use it to farm minion waves, you can use it to slow enemies as long as you have Rylai's purchased. Just make sure you don't upset your team much by going for enemy champions who would be slain by someone else who could catch up to them (unless he didn't damage the other guy).
Your ultimate can deal even over 1.3k damage late game with a full build.
Ezreal's Passive:
Rising Spell Force is something AP Ezreal doesn't make great use of, even if you have bought Lich Bane due to its passive's cooldown, so don't try to waste mana on stacking it. Your Essence Flux covers up for the corresponding AD Ezreal's Mystic Shot and auto-attacking power.
Summoner Spells
I usually pick Ghost and Flash as my summoner spells. You need to LIVE ON for your Mejai's, you don't really need Ignite. It being a cheap summoner spell aside, you are a burster, you don't need DoTs to ensure a kill, it's stupid, and it's a stupid way of killing people as well. If you still think you can live without either of them and replace it with ignite, go ahead, just make sure you won't die.
Teleport is another great spell which could replace Ghost, as long as you switch that mastery point to the teleport benefitting one. You could fill up lanes with it, but well, I really don't think Ezreal is someone who should teleport from one place to another which is being pushed to save it, you are squishy and will pretty much teleport there to give away a free kill.
Clairvoyance has been used by some people, but I think you should leave that up to the support. Or just get wards. It works well with your ultimate, but other than that, you don't really need it.
So yes, pretty much that's about the summoner spells, Ghost/ Flash are the best choice, aside people believing Flash on Ezreal is a bad idea since he already has his Arcane Shift, I believe it's a trump card to be used when you need to get away with those stupid slows-stuns, or champions with them running up to you to use them. For that you might need to use ghost occasionally since your total movement speed is not good compared to the one of say, an assassin's.
You could also use an arcane shift - flash combo to get a troll kill if you are feeling confident. Just dive to that turret with arcane shift and use it to damage the enemy champion, then pop your flux and get away with flash if needed.
Team Work
AP Ezreal is useful to the team as long as he is able to use his spells, once you've used them, back away so enemies won't be nearby or after you, since you are pretty squishy and will pretty much die instantly. Wait until they are up again and return to the action once ready.
If your Q is up, you can return for a bit to use it to hit something and have all of your skills' CDs be reduced by 1 second, very helpful.
Your Ultimate can be used to either Initiate, finish an enemy off, steal a kill, farm creeps, slow enemies.
Don't try to steal kills someone else could get, only shoot it if you are almost certain no-one who participated in the killing will be able to finish the guy who is getting away off.
Farm with your ultimate when needed, use your Mystic Shot in order to reduce its Cooldown.
Closing up, I'd like to remind you that this is my first guide so it's a bit disorganised. I have no idea how to link spells/runes/abilities, so if someone could send me a message of how to do so in order to edit this Guide, please do. Don't judge badly due to it being pure text, try to judge its contents.
Anyway, this build is based on Ezreal's potential as AP Burst. Give it a try at a few matches, don't attempt this guide if you are not experienced with skillshot-based champions. Don't attempt it if you are going to be careless either, you have to be very careful in order for this guide to work, however it will be very rewarding once you get the hang of it, and will be able to pull of a lot of nice damage from a distance and get scores like 23 3 23, 24 0 8, 19 4 11
Now with icons, more colors, links, descriptions and extra cheese.
UPDATE 25/9/2011, evening update.:
Added some Rune icons to make it more pleasant to the eye, included slight information about the runes as well. Elaboration on masteries to be next, and some more description on Early-Mid-Late game if needed. Tune in for more.


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Alexander von Humboldt.]
1848 - Berlin: Alexander Duncker, c.1848. Tinted lithograph with facsimile autograph, finished by hand. Printed area 315 x 360mm. Marginal tear repaired. A scene of Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) at work in his study, taken from a watercolour by fellow Prussian Eduard Hildebrandt (1818-68), executed when the famed explorer was nearly eighty. The facsimile hand writing states that it is a true representation of his study while he was writing his treatise 'Kosmos' (a term he reintroduced from ancient Greek). The explorer and painter had become friends, and Humboldt had been able to introduce Hildebrandt to some important clients: Hildebrandt's first trip to America was to paint Rio de Janeiro for Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia. This led to a world tour, 1860 - 1862, which included stops in the Middle East, India, Singapore, Thailand, Macao, Hong Kong, China, The Philippines, Japan and the United States. A folio of his works from his round-the-world voyage were published as chromolithographs in 1864 in Berlin under the title of 'Reise Um Die Erde' (Journey around the Earth).
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11/11 Tattenham Street Caulfield East 3145 VIC
This newly renovated 2 bedroom apartment is situated on the first floor in a full security block.
Comprises: entry into a bright living room, seperate modern kitchen with European gas stainless steel appliances including dishwasher
adjoining casual meals area, huge size master bedroom with double BIR's, second double sized bedroom with BIR'S, central sparkling bathroom with shower over bath, vanity & laundry facilities & WC Features:
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A public transport campaigner has raised the concerns of some in the community about an infrequent bus which serves South Oxhey.
The number 8 bus, which links South Oxhey and Watford, has been singled out by Roy Telfer, a resident of the area for more than 60 years.
Mr Telfer, 88, said: "The service is only half-hourly during off-peak times and if one bus is cancelled there is a long wait for the next bus which will of course be standing room only, and the majority of passengers on the number 8 service are elderly or handicapped.
"More important is the concern over the problem that residents will suffer once the demolition of the Charter Place redevelopment begins. Many more residents will want to shop elsewhere, which will put a burden on those residents who wish to travel to Watford, our nearest shopping facility."
Mr Telfer added: "The problem is that the county council will not supply Arriva with enough subsidy. You get the impression the county council don't think it's their problem."
A spokesman for Arriva Southern Counties, which runs the bus service, said: "Arriva takes its service responsibilities extremely seriously. We recognise the inconvenience and apologise for the service issue experienced by the passenger on the number 8 service. Arriva has reviewed the reasons behind the service delay and implemented remedial action.
"Arriva has a new management team in place and is implementing a significant investment programme in new buses and coaches – this is cascading out right across our network, now and throughout the summer months, and will enhance and improve our services, delivering improved punctuality and reliability to all of Arriva's passengers."
Hertfordshire county council was contacted for comment.


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I kind of have been checked out lately. From writing, social media, blogging... well, from life really. Not to worry. This is my own bizarre way of writer's block. Writing is definitely the key to my soul. If I am unmotivated to put words together then I am listless in my actual life. I am… Continue reading Off the Grid…
Nominate Me in the 2017 Top Female Authors Awards!
Hello!! I have the opportunity to take part in 2017's Top Female Authors Awards presented by The Authors Show! Back in 2010, I was voted as one of The Authors Show's 50 Writers You Should Be Reading and I would love to be considered for this year's female writers. BUT I can't nominate myself - that wouldn't be any fun anyway 😉 So, if you think I am deserving, please submit your nomination. It's fast and easy! Click this link: http://www.questionpro.com/a/TakeSurvey?id=5583030 and fill-in all the required info. For my e-mail address, you can use email@example.com. Thank you!! Hugs, Kisses & Stars, Sandy Lo
Forget the Chocolates… Eat Dates! Seriously.
I've been trying to get back into a healthier routine. Emotional eating got the best of me...again, and I fell into bad habits. And what happens when you eat out of boredom, or in my case, out of stress? Then you stress about eating badly and you feel badly, so you eat more to feel… Continue reading Forget the Chocolates… Eat Dates! Seriously.
Saying Goodbye to Mystic Falls
I discuss my initial reluctance to be a fan of "The Vampire Diaries" + share photos of my visit to Mystic Falls (Covington, GA) as we say goodbye to the show + look forward to season 4 of "The Originals".
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|04 Jun 2012
How to make a window/list with shortcuts on the desktop?
Just got "upgraded" to Win7 from XP at work and have been trying to recreate/replace functionality from the old system. One item I haven't been able to figure out is a panel or window of shortcuts that is always there, just an alt-tab away.
Under XP, I opened the folder containing the shortcuts in explorer, set it to just list the names, and made it as small as possible. I added it to the startup menu and voila -- there's my little list all the time (it's shortcuts to various config files for a terminal pgm to connect to different servers and such.)
So, I tried setting it up in Explorer, but it doesn't remember the settings or location or anything, and nothing else I've tried works. What I want is just a little list of shortcuts so that I can click on the one I want have have it run the program with the appropriate config file -- something like this:
Server 01 -- Test
Server 01 -- Support
Client 01
Client 02
Any suggestions on how to accomplish this? Perhaps a gadget? Or some freeware utility? What I don't want is for it to take up a lot of space and I don't really want icons and I'd like to be able to get to it using the keyboard... I'm open to any ideas. Thanks!
|My System Specs
|04 Jun 2012
Because a picture's worth a thousand words... Here's a screen shot from my old machine (upper right corner of the screen) showing what I'm looking for:
|My System Specs
|04 Jun 2012
Vista, Windows7, Mint Mate, Zorin, Windows 8
Not sure that this is the same thing. But I put my shortcuts into folders and make a toolbar of the folders. Then I can always access them from the taskbar. Toolbars - How to Use in Windows 7 and Vista
|My System Specs
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|Similar help and support threads
IE 8 opens desktop website shortcuts in a small window...Help??
I have tried all the common fixes with no success, I have tried opening one window then another and draging the second window to the full screen size and then closing the first and second windows while holding the ctrl key I have tried to reset IE settings, all that has done is NOTHING...
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How do I make partitions in running window or save window
I have windows 7 home premium genuine. When I purchased ,there was only one drive 'C' but now I want to make partitions , pls inform how can I do that as I also want to install again same window ? It may increase the system performance. My laptop specs are ; Dell inspiron n5110 , core i7...
|Installation & Setup
make window explorer transparent like gadget window.
hello i have a problem with my eyes and white things..:huh: for that i installed windowblinds 7.3 it's awesome but expired:cry: i just wanna make my explorer like gadget window(little bit transparent):) any other way to customize my explorer.........please help.
|Themes and Styles
E-Book : Complete list of Windows 7 Keyboard Shortcuts
Hi all, Would like to share an e-book with you all.Thought it might be useful to new users. It contains a list of useful keyboard shortcuts for Windows 7.;) Source - eBook : The Complete List of Keyboard Shortcuts in Windows 7 & its default programs | The Windows Club
|General Discussion
how to make list not move the window?
When I am looking at a folder with lots of items in it, I prefer to view using list mode. the problem I am having is that when I click on an item on the very right side column it zooms the window over so that item is now on the left. so when I try to double click something on the right side I end...
a list of shell: shortcuts
Is there a list of shell: shortcuts somewhere? Like when you do shell:gadgets in the startmenu search it takes you to where the gadgets are installed.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|19 Dec 2000
|Filing date
|23 Oct 1995
|Priority date
|23 Oct 1995
|Fee status
|Publication number
|James Lansford, Stephen M. Ernst
|Original Assignee
|Simtek Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (14), Classifications (6), Legal Events (13)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates in general to a transceiver for a wireless communications interface that is used in exchanging information between computers, between computers and peripheral equipments, and between peripheral equipments, and more particularly to an FM/FSK transceiver having a feedforward design for extending the bandwidth of an offset phase locked loop to accommodate broadband transmission with reduced power consumption in a wireless communications interface.
In a wireless communications interface as may be used in Desktop Area Networks, where communication is desired with a computer or a peripheral device, between computers, or between a computer and a peripheral device located in an office or between adjacent offices, broadband transceivers are needed to achieve high data transmission rates. As such wireless communications interfaces are battery powered for maximum transportability, it is desirable to prolong the life of the battery to ensure a reasonable duration of use. This may be accomplished through reduced power consumption.
It further is commercially desirable to avoid the necessity of obtaining a license from the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) in order to operate a wireless communications interface. One way to achieve this goal is to design the transceiver to operate within exempted frequency bands without exceeding the power limits designated by the FCC. The exempted frequency bands include the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) frequency bands nominally at 27 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.7 GHz.
A still further constraint on the design of a transceiver for wireless communications interfaces is manufacturing cost. It is a well known historical fact that the lower the frequency of operation, the lower the cost of the hardware comprising the transceiver.
Prior systems attempting to satisfy the above constraints have failed because they have not been able to achieve in combination both an acceptable level of frequency stability in a reasonably short time, and a broad enough bandwidth to achieve desired data rates without exceeding FCC power limits within the exempted frequency bands described above. One reason for such failure is the use of either programmable phase lock loops or phase lock loops that require frequency dividers as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,052,672; 4,602,225; 4,679,005; 5,027,429; 5,079,526; and 5, 374,903. Dividers consume excessive amounts of power. Another reason for such failure is that even when a phase lock loop without dividers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,673 is used, there has been an inability to achieve either a phase lock that is fast enough to avoid data degredation at the 900 MHz data rates of the present invention, or an extension of transceiver bandwidth down to DC for FSK modulated carrier signals.
While DC frequency modulation as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,602,225 and 5,079,526 has been achieved, upper frequency limitations have prevented the bandwidths necessary for desired data rates of the order of 100 Kilobits per second and higher.
In accordance with the invention, a transceiver is provided with an offset phase locked loop which has no power consuming frequency dividers, and which is sweeped into a fast lock by varying bias levels in transistors that comprise a phase detecting component of the loop. In addition, components within the phase lock loop which have functionalities that are required for both transmitting and receiving are shared to avoid unnecessary power consumption. Further, a feed forward compensation method is used to achieve bandwidths from DC to above 10 MHz, and to provide additional aid in achieving a fast phase lock.
The invention is a broadband, low power transceiver for a wireless communications system, which supports 906 MHz +/-50 KHz transmission and reception, and which controls power consumption through the use of a dual tripler effect (instead of a conventional synthesizer circuit with frequency dividers) to create a crystal controlled reference frequency that is used in both the transmit and receive modes. The reference frequency is mixed with the transmit or receive signal to form an Intermediate Frequency (IF) which is compared by a phase detector with the output frequency of a primary voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The primary VCO output has a nominal center frequency which is equal to the IF output of the mixer, and which is frequency shift keyed (FSK) to convey the information to be transmitted. The phase detector output is an error voltage which is applied to a transmitter VCO. The transmitter VCO responds to the error signal to provide an FSK modulated transmission signal which causes the mixer output to lock in phase with the primary VCO. The net effect is to lock the transmitter VCO to a stable local oscillator (the primary VCO) that can be FSK modulated.
In one aspect of the invention, the phase lock loop is an offset phase lock loop with a feed forward compensation that accommodates a broadband response from D.C. to above 10 MHz
In another aspect of the invention, a sweep signal is applied to vary bias levels in the transistors comprising the phase detector of the phase lock loop to speed the loop into a lock mode.
In still another aspect of the invention, a number of functional devices comprising the offset phase lock loop are shared between transmit and receive modes, and high-gain-bandwidth transistors requiring low bias currents are used in the crystal oscillator, tripler, mixer, preamp/filter and power amplifier of the loop to further reduce power consumption.
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a wireless communications interface which is plugged into a parallel port of a host system;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a broadband FM/FSK transceiver in accordance with the invention which is used in the wireless communications interface of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of the application of feedforward compensation to the VCO 7c of FIG. 2.
Referring to FIG. 1, a wireless communications interface is illustrated which is comprised of an RF antenna system 1 for receiving and transmitting signals in a frequency range of 906 MHz +/-50 KHz, a PIN TIR switch 2, a preamp/filter 3, a mixer 4, a frequency tripler 5, a 101.856 MHz crystal oscillator system 6, a transmitter system 7, a receiver system 8, a microcontroller 9, a parallel port 10, and a host system 11 which may be either a computer or a peripheral device such as a printer. The antenna system 1, switch 2, preamp/filter 3, mixer 4, tripler 5, oscillator system 6, transmitter system 7 and receiver system 8 comprise a transceiver in which the present invention is embodied. Oscillator system 6 is a standard Colpitts crystal oscillator that generates a 101.856 MHz frequency at -27 dBm as measured by a 50Ω shunt probe. The tripler 5 is of a well known design in the art that employs a Class A amplifier that provides approximately 8 dB of gain. The input of the amplifier is an LC tank circuit (L=33 nH, C=20 pF) which filters the 305.568 MHz harmonic of the oscillator 6 output. The amplifier is operated in the non-linear region to generate third order harmonics at 916.7 MHz, which is filtered by a pi network consisting of a quarter wave stub and two 22 pF capacitors. The preamp/filter 3 is of a well-known single transistor Class A type design that consists of an RF preamplifier providing approximately 6 dB of gain over a 40 MHz bandwidth centered at 906 MHz, and a 2 MHz bandwidth output filter centered at 906.5 MHz.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, in order to reeduce power consumption, the crystal oscillator system 6, tripler 5, mixer 4, preamp/filter 3, and an output power amplifier (to be further described in connection with the description of FIG. 2) in the transmitter system 7 are comprised of high-gain bandwidth transistors requiring low bias currents.
In operation, the crystal oscillator system 6 supplies a third harmonic (305.568 MHz) of the fundamental 101.856 MHz frequency to the tripler 5, which in turn generates a third harmonic of the 305.568 MHz signal to yield a crystal controlled reference frequency of 916.7 MHz. The reference frequency is common to both the receiver system 8 and the transmitter system 7.
For a transmission to occur, the host system 11 issues a transmit request to the controller 9. In response, the controller 9 issues a transmit enable signal on line 12 to energize the transmitter system 7, and a deactivation signal on line 13 to turn the receiver system off. In addition, the controller 9 issues a control signal on line 14 to switch 2 to place the antenna system 1 in transmit mode.
PIN switch 2 is a DC controlled PIN RF switch consisting of two HSMP3820 pin diodes (commercially available from Hewlett Packard in Palo Alto, Calif.) and a 10 KΩ bias resistor, with the diodes being separated by a quarter wave PC board trace stub to form an SPDT RF switch.
The antenna system 1, which is of a conventional design well known in the art, is a printed circuit board trace of copper foil on an FR4 (epoxy fiberglass) substrate that has been tuned to resonate at approximately 906 MHz. The active copper foil element used in the antenna is about 2.5 inches long with a rectangle of copper foil at one end that acts as a load. The loading allows the antenna to radiate efficiently as a loaded quarter wave element at 906 MHz. The feed end of the antenna is connected to the printed circuit board ground plane, and the load end of the antenna is placed about 0.50 inches from the ground plane. So constructed, the antenna exhibits a 3 dB bandwidth of at least 40 MHz, and an impedance of approximately 34 ohms.
Transmission data is received by the microcontroller 9 from the host system 11 by way of parallel port 10. The controller in turn supplies the transmission data along line 15 to the transmitter system 7, where the data is encoded on a carrier by means of frequency shift keying modulation. The FM/FSK modulated carrier is locked to a stable local oscillator by means of the phase lock loop 16, which is comprised of the transmitter system 7, switch 2, preamp/filter 3 and mixer 4. The modulated carrier is sent by the transmitter system 7 through the switch 2 to the antenna system 1, where it is broadcast to a receiving system of another wireless communications interface.
The mixer 4 is a single transistor, single ended, unbalanced mixer which is biased to provide 3 dB of gain. The mixer produces an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal which is the difference between the output of the transmitter system 7 (906 MHz +/-50 KHz) and the reference frequency provided at the output of the tripler 5 (916.7 MHz). This 10.7 MHz IF signal is applied through an LC filter (L=5.6 μH, C=0.027 μF) internal to the mixer 4 to remove harmonics and other spurious signals, and along line 18a to one input of the transmitter system 7. The IF signal is compared with the output of a local oscillator in the transmitter system 7 to produce a signal to drive the 906 MHz transmitter output, as shall be further explained in connection with the description of FIG. 2. In order to increase the speed at which a frequency lock will occur between the local oscillator and the transmitter system output, the microcontroller 9 issues a sweep signal on line 17 to the transmitter system 7 as also will be explained in more detail below.
When the wireless communications interface is not in transmit mode as requested by the host system 11, it is in the receive mode where switch 2 isolates the output of the transmitter system 7 from the antenna system 1 in response to a control signal issued by the microcontroller 9 on line 14. In addition, the line 12 becomes inactive and line 13 is activated by the controller to energize the receiver system
The antenna system 1 will receive a signal with a nominal center frequency of 906 Mhz, which is applied to the mixer 4 to create an IF frequency equal to the difference between the 916.7 MHz reference frequency supplied by the tripler 5 and the received signal. The 10.7 MHz IF frequency is applied along line 18b to the receiver system 8, which is a commercially available superheterodyne frequency modulation (FM) receiver IC chip, order number MC13158, from Motorola Semiconductor in Phoenix, Ariz. The IF frequency is demodulated by the receiver to produce a baseband analog signal, which in turn is applied by the receiver to an adaptive threshold detector (not shown) to determine whether a valid transmission has been received. Upon a valid transmission signal being detected, a signal detect flag is issued by the receiver system on line 19 to microcontroller 9. In response to the signal detect signal, the microcontroller 9 reads the demodulated transmission data on line 20, and supplies such information to the host system 11 by way of parallel port 10.
FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of the system of FIG. 1 which more dramatically illustrates the innovations in the transceiver invention. In the description which follows, like reference numbers will refer to like devices as illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3.
As before described, when the transmission of a signal is requested by the host system 11, the microcontroller 9 enables the transmitter system 7, disables the receiver system 8, and causes the switch 2 to couple the output of the transmitter system 7 to the antenna 1. In FIG. 2, the transmitter system is comprised of a 10.7 MHz voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 7a, a phase detector 7b, a 906 MHz VCO 7c, a power amplifier 7d which boosts the output of the VCO 7c to approximately 0 dBm, and a final transmit bandpass filter 7e which removes harmonics and other spurious signals from the output of the power amplifier. The final effective radiated power is -1.25 dBm.
VCO 7a is a 10.7 MHz voltage-controlled Colpitts oscillator with a varactor to allow frequency modulation. The free running frequency of the VCO is determined by an LC tank circuit with an inductance of 2.2 μH, and a capacitance determined by the parallel combination of a 3-10 pF variable capacitor and a varactor diode with a nominal capacitance of 10 pF (order no. 1200-04 from Alpha Semiconductor of Santa Clara, Calif.). VCO 7c is a 906 MHz, single transistor, Colpitts oscillator that can be phase locked to the crystal controlled reference frequency of 916.7 MHz at the output of tripler 5. The free running frequency of the oscillator is determined by a tank circuit consisting of a 10 pF nominal varactor diode (as identified above) and a 1-3 pF variable capacitor, each in parallel with a quarter wave stub. The output power of VCO 7c is nominally -16.5 dBm, measured incircuit with a 50Ω probe.
Phase detector 7b is a four transistor (two 2N3906 and two 2N918 transistors), double balanced mixer with a separate transistor (2N918) in the emitter stage in accordance with conventional design well known in the art. The phase detector has two balanced inputs and an input to the emitter stage transistor. The sweep signal on line 17 is applied to an RC low pass filter (R=560 KΩ, C=100 pF) at one of the balanced inputs, and the 10.7 MHz IF output of mixer 4 is applied by way of line 18a to the other balanced input. The 10.7 MHz output of VCO 7a is applied to the emitter stage transistor to cause the two 10.7 Mhz signals to be multiplied together when the sweep input is set at a fixed amplitude. Power amplifier 7d provides about 10 dB of power gain into a 50 ohm load. Filter 7e is a standard pi network with two quarter wave stubs and a 22 pF capacitor, with a measured power output of -3.7 dBm across a 50 ohm shunt load.
Upon the transmitter system 7 being enabled, the information to be transmitted is applied on line 15 to the VCO 7a to cause an FSK modulation of the VCO output. More particularly, a 10.7 MHz calibrated nominal output of VCO 7a is pulled by microcontroller 9 to approximately 50 KHz higher or lower than the nominal frequency to effect an FSK modulation. The FSK modulated signal then is applied to phase detector 7b, where it is compared to the 10.7 MHz output of the mixer 4 to develop an error voltage to drive the VCO 7c. As the FSK modulated output of VCO 7a is applied to the phase detector, a sweep signal from the microcontroller 9 is issued to the phase detector to speed the phase lock loop 16 into a frequency lock by varying the bias levels in the high-gain bandwidth transistors used in the phase detector.
The sweep signal is controlled by the microcontroller 9 to cause the VCO 7c output to start at the upper limit of the phase lock range at approximately 907 MHz, and thereafter be frequency modulated downward from 907 MHz to 905 MHz. Due to the design of the phase lock loop 16, the loop quickly falls into lock with the 916.7 Mhz crystal controlled reference frequency of tripler 5. The speed of the phase lock is important because no transmission data can be clocked into the transmitter system 7 until a phase lock occurs.
The transmission data on line 15 also is applied by way of line 7f as a feedforward compensation input to the VCO 7c, where the feedforward signal is added with the error signal output of the phase detector 7b to quickly extend the bandwidth response of the phase lock loop. More particularly, a phase locked loop is ordinarily a closed loop system that depends on the characteristics of the loop filter and tramsmit VCO for its transient response. When the open loop signal on line 7f is applied in sum with the closed loop output of phase detector 7b to drive the VCO 7c during a phase lock process, the VCO 7c output can be pushed and pulled to its final value more quickly since the loop has a shorter frequency range to span. The combination of the open loop and closed loop signals allows the phase lock loop 16 to operate approximately twice as fast as the same loop without feedforwared compensation, and to extend the bandwidth of the phase lock loop above 10 MHz.
The maximum data rate that can be transmitted is a function of the bandwidth of the 906 MHz phase locked loop 16. Without feedforward compensation, the phase locked loop is adequate to transmit data at speeds of up to 200 Kilobits per second. When feedforward compensation is added to the phase locked loop, the bandwidth may be extended above 10 MHz.
FIG. 3 illustrates the application of feedforward compensation in more detail. Referring to FIG. 3, the output of phase detector 7b is applied by way of line 22 to the input of an LC lowpass filter 23 (a pi network of a 33 μH inductor and two 27 pF capacitors), the output of which is applied to the input of a summing circuit 24 (two 1000Ω resistors feeding a 1000 pF capacitor). Circuit 24 also receives the output of an RC lowpass filter 25 (R=1000Ω, C=0.027 μF), which has as an input the transmission data signal of line 7f. The ouput of the circuit 24 is applied to the input of a voltage-controlled LC oscillator 26, which is identical to VCO 7c and whose 906 MHz +/-50 KHz output is applied by way of line 27 to the input of power amplifier 7d.
Referring again to FIG. 2, the phase lock loop 16 is comprised of phase detector 7b, the VCO 7c, the power amplifier 7d, filter 7e, PIN T/R switch 2, preamp/filter 3, and mixer 4. The 10.7 MHz output of mixer 4 is applied through a loop filter internal to the mixer, which is an IF image bandpass filter implemented as an LC tank filter (L=5.6 μH, C=0.027 μF) in the collector of the single transistor comprising the mixer. The output of the filter is supplied by way of line 18a to the phase detector 7b. which compares the 10.7 MHz IF signal on line 18a to the 10.7 MHz output of VCO 7a to generate an error voltage that drives the VCO 7c . In response to the error voltage, the VCO 7c causes the output of mixer 4 to lock in frequency to the 10.7 MHz output of VCO 7a.
The 906 MHz output of VCO 7c is boosted to approximately 0 dBm by the power amplifier 7d, and is filtered by the bandpass filter 7e to remove harmonics and other spurious signals. The output of the filter 7e is an FM/FSK modulated signal with a frequency of 906 MHz +/-50 Khz, which is applied through the PIN switch 2 to the antenna system 1 for transmission.
The transmission signal output of filter 7e also is applied by way of the PIN switch 2 to the preamp/filter 3, where it is attenuated by approximately 20 dB. The output of the preamp/filter in turn is applied to the mixer 4, which as before described produces a 10.7 MHz IF signal that is the difference between the 916.7 MHz reference signal at the output of the tripler 5 and the nominal 906 MHz transmission signal. The IF output of the mixer is filtered and applied to the phase detector 7b to close the phase lock loop 16, and to cause the transmission signal to be radiated at 906 MHz +/-50 KHz. The net effect of the phase lock loop is to lock the VCO 7c to a stable local oscillator (VCO 7a ) which can be varied by the microcontroller 9 by +/-50 KHz.
The above described transmission mode circuit can support a 906 MHz +/-50 KHz FM/FSK transmission and exhibit a broadband response that extends from the D.C. level to above 10 MHz.
In the receive mode, the microcontroller 9 activates the receiver IC chip 8a, and deactivates the transmitter system 7 including VCO 7a, phase detector 7b, VCO 7c, power amplifier 7d, and filter 7e. In addition, the microcontroller causes the PIN switch 2 to isolate the transmitter system 7 from the antenna system 1 and the preamp/filter 3.
When a signal with a nominal frequency of 906 MHz is received by the antenna system, the signal is amplified and filtered by the preamp/filter 3 to remove out-of-band image frequencies. The signal thereafter is applied to the mixer 4 to produce a 10.7 MHz IF frequency, which is the difference between the reference frequency of 916.7 MHz and the 906 MHz transmission signal received from the antenna system. The IF frequency so produced is applied to the receiver IC chip 8a, where it is demodulated to produce an analog baseband signal that is supplied by way of an internal shaping network to line 8b leading to an adaptive threshold circuit 8c.
The threshold circuit employs an adaptive threshold technique described as a Neyman-Pearson detector in "Principles of Communications", by R. E. Ziemer and W. H. Tranter, 3rd. edition, Houghton Mifflin, 1990. In accordance with the technique, the microcontroller 9 searches for a threshold value that causes a specified number of false packets per second, the "false alarm rate" threshold. The microcontroller then increases the threshold until the threshold crossing rate drops to a specified level, typically ten spurious packets per second. At this threshold, the transceiver's sensitivity to a desired signal is maximized for a given noise level. As the noise level changes, the microcontroller adapts the threshold to maintain the level of sensitivity.
The threshold circuit compares the analog signal on line 8b with a threshold level supplied by microcontroller 9 on line 8d to determine whether a valid transmission signal has been received. If so, line 8e is energized by the threshold circuit, and the receiver IC chip 8a in response thereto issues a signal detect signal on line 19. The microcontroller 9 upon receiving the signal detect signal reads the demodulated transmission signal on line 20.
From the above descriptions, it is clear that the transceiver system illustrated in FIG. 2 avoids excessive power consumption by: (1) sharing the crystal oscillator 6, tripler 5, mixer 4, and preamp/filter 3 with both the transmitter system 7 and the receiver system 8; (2) deactivating the receiver system during a transmission mode, and deactivating the transmitter system during a receive mode operation; (3) using high-gain, broadband, low bias current transistors in the crystal oscillator 6, tripler 5, mixer 4, preamp/filter 3 and power amplifier 7d to reduce power consumption; and (4) using a non-programmable, off-set phase lock loop which locks the output of the VCO 7c to the local oscillator VCO 7a output without any need for frequency dividers.
The transceiver of FIG. 2 further overcomes the problem of data degradation occurring as a result of the phase lock loop acting too slowly, by applying a sweep signal to the bias levels in the phase detector transistors to cause the loop to lock more quickly. The transmit VCO oscillator 7c thereby is quickly and efficiently locked to the stable local oscillator 7a, which the microcontroller 9 can vary by +/-50 KHz to cause a transmission to occur at 906 MHz +/-50 KHz.
Further, by modulating the 10.7 MHz offset frequency rather than the 906 MHz carrier frequency, a broadband response from the DC level may be provided. In addition, by using the transmission data signal to feedforward compensate the transmit VCO 7c in the phase lock loop 17, the broadband response may be extended above 10 Mhz. That is, the 906 Mhz VCO 7c will switch between +/-50 KHz much faster to accommodate high frequency data rates without degredation.
While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated by way of example only, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|375/219, 375/272, 455/78
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|12 Apr 1996
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The government is taking the Stafford Hospital scandal very seriously and is responding with more NHS reforms to remedy the reputation of British healthcare. Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt is set announce that the government will force the hospitals to publish the number of staff working their wards each month to ensure that Mid Staffordshire scandal will not happen again.
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When times are tough, my favorite "go to" bible verse is Jeremiah 29:11.
It's important to understand that God has a bigger plan for you. You may not agree with it at first, but be patient and with time you will realize that He has bigger and better things in store for you. I am firm believer that everything happens for a reason. Every event that occurs leads to another. I may not see the whole picture right now, but with time I will. And I will patiently wait to His plan to pan out.
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