text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 10, 1992
|Filing date
|Sep 28, 1989
|Priority date
|Jan 20, 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Julia G. Levy, David Dolphin, Jack K. Chow, Ethan Sternberg
|Original Assignee
|University Of British Columbia
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (35), Referenced by (93), Classifications (12), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation-in-part U.S. Ser. No. 221,161, filed July 19, 1988,now U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,143, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 041,680, filed Apr. 23, 1987 no U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,790, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 005,204, filed Jan 20, 1987, now abandoned.
The invention relates to the use of light absorbing compounds to mediate the destruction of unwanted cells or tissues or, other undesirable materials by irradiation. Specifically, the invention relates to the use of hydro-monobenzoporphyrin derivatives having absorption maxima in the range 670-780 nanometers to mediate the irradiation of materials to be destroyed, and to the use of these compounds conjugated to target-specific ligands, such receptor-specific ligands, or immunoglobulins or their immunospecific fragments, to focus the effects of the irradiation on particular targets.
The use of hematoporphyrin and its acetylated derivative mixture hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) systemically, combined with irradiation, for the detection and treatment of malignant cells has, by this time, some considerable history. HPD is a mixture of porphyrins including hematoporphyrin itself, hyiroxyethyl vinyl deuteroporphyrin, protoporphyrin, and dihematoporphyrin ethers. (See, e.g., "Porphyrin Photosensitization", Kessel, D., et al, eds. (1983) Plenum Press.)
HPD seems "naturally" capable of localizing in malignant cells. When irradiated, it has two properties which make it useful. First, when irradiated with ultraviolet or visible light, it is capable of fluorescence, and thus is useful in diagnostic methods related to detection of malignancy (see, for example, Kessel, et al (supra); Gregory, H.B. Jr., et al, Ann Surq(1968) 167:827-829). More pertinent to the present invention is the capacity of HPD, when irradiated with visible light, to exhibit a cytotoxic effect on the cells in which it is localized (see, for example, Diamond, I., et al, Lancet(1972) 2:1175-1177; Dougherty, T.J., et al, Cancer Research(1978) 38:2628-2635; Dougherty, T.J., et al, "The Science of Photo Medicine": (1982) J.D. Regan & J.A. Parrish, eds., pp. 625-638; Dougherty, T.J., et al, "Cancer: Priniciples and Practice of Oncology" (1982) V.T. DeVita Jr., et al, eds., pp. 1836-1844). Although it has not been definitively established, the effect of HPD in killing cells seems to be due to the formation of singlet oxygen upon irradiation (Weishaupt, K.R., et al, Cancer Research(1976) 36:2326-2329). Several mechanisms for this effect have been proposed, and it has recently been shown that the active ingredient in HPD which mediates the cytotoxic effect of visible light irradiation is the mixture of dihematoporphyrin ethers (DHE) (Dougherty, T.J., et al, "Porphyrin Localization and Treatment of Tumors" (1984) pp. 301-314; Dougherty, T.J. CRC Critical Reviews in Oncolocy/Hematolocy(1984) 2:83-116).
A purified form of the active component(s) of HPD is obtained by adjustment of pH to cause aggregation and recovery of the aggregate, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. 4,649,151. The purified form called DHE in the patent, is marketed under the trademark Photofrin� II and has been used in a manner completely analogous to HPD.
In addition to in vivo therapeutic and diagnostic protocols for tumors as described in the above-cited patent, the porphyrins, including HPD and its more purified derivatives, can be used in other in vivo and in vitro applications. For example, photosensitizers are useful in the detection and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,512,762 and 4,577,636. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,500,507 and 4,485,806 describe the use of radiolabeled porphyrin compounds, including HPD, for tumor imaging. U.S. Pat. No. 4,753,958 to the University of California describes the use of topical application of porphyrin sensitizers for diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases. U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,120 describes the use of photosensitizers in the treatment of whole blood or blood components. Photochemical decontamination treatment of blood and components is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,027 where the photosensitizer is furocumarin and its derivatives. In addition, viruses are inactivated in therapeutic protein compositions in vitro as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,947.
While the treatment of tumors and other undesirable targets with HPD relies on the intrinsic ability of HPD to localize in malignant cells, a considerable improvement and refinement in specificity has been achieved by conjugating the hematoporphyrin to tumor-specific antibodies. For example, when hematoporphyrin was coupled to monoclonal antibodies directed to a murine myosarcoma cell line Ml, administration of anti-Ml hematoporphyrin-conjugates to tumor-bearing animals followed by exposure to incandescent light resulted in the suppression of Ml growth (Mew, D., et al, J Immunol(1983) 130:1473-1477). In additional work, hematoporphyrin was conjugated to a monoclonal antibody specific to an antigen associated with a human leukemia (CAMAL) and the conjugates were shown to mediate the irradiation-induced killing of leukemic cells specifically, in vitro (Mew, D., et al, Cancer Research (1985) 45:4380-4386). Conjugation of the related compound chlorine 6 to anti-T cell Mab has also been reported (Oseroff, A.R., et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (I986) 8]:8744-8748).
While the conjugation of hematoporphyrin to immunoglobulins specific for targeted cells refines the ability of the hematoporphyrin to home to the desired cells or tissue, this still does not solve another problem ancillary to this general therapeutic approach, namely that the wavelength for irradiation required to activate the hematoporphyrin or HPD, which is in the range of 630 nanometers, is also an energy which is readily absorbed by the porphyrins and other natural chromophores in the blood and other tissues. Therefore, relatively large amounts of the hematoporphyrin or HPD must be administered, often resulting in oversensitization of the patient to light in general. It would be desirable to administer compounds to mediate the effects of irradiation in a lower amount, thus avoiding the problems of hypersensitivity exhibited nonspecifically throughout the subject organism. The activity of certain of these compounds was described in a paper by Richter, A.M., et al, in J Natl Cancer Inst (1987) 79:1327-1332, mailed to subscribers on Jan. 19, 1988. The invention is directed to the use of such compounds.
The invention provides light absorbing compounds capable of exhibiting light-mediated cytotoxic and diagnostic effects. In addition to their in vitro use, these compounds may be administered in in vivo relatively low dosage due to their capability to absorb radiation whose energy range is outside of that normally absorbed by the components present in high concentration in the blood or other tissues, in particular, the porphyrin residues normally associated with hemoglobin and myoglobin. Therefore, by providing these modified porphyrins for in vivo treatment at lower concentration, hypersensitivity of nontarget tissues is reduced, and the irradiation treatment can be conducted at a wavelength at which the native chromophores do not compete for photons with the active compounds, resulting in greater depth of penetration of the light. Similar advantages accrue in in vitro treatment of colored materials, such as blood samples.
These photoactive compounds are modified porphyrins which, by virtue of their derivatization, undergo a shift in absorption maxima so that they appear green rather than red, indicating their absorption of wavelengths in the red-orange range. This collection of derivatives has therefore been nicknamed "green porphyrin" (Gp) and has been shown to confer sensitivity on target cells at concentrations greater than 10-fold lower than those required for hematoporphyrin (Hp) or HPD.
The Gp is selected from a group of porphyrin derivatives obtained using Diels-Alder reactions of acetylene derivatives with protoporphyrin under conditions which effect a reaction at only one of the two available conjugated, nonaromatic diene structures present in the protoporphyrin-IX ring system (rings A and B). The formulas shown in FIG. 1 represent the green porphyrins of the invention. Also, for convenience, an abbreviation of the term hydro-monobenzoporphyrin derivative--"BPD"--is generally used to refer to compounds of formulas 3 and 4 of FIG. 1, as these are the preferred forms of Gp.
Furthermore, dimeric forms of the Gp can be provided, thus amplifying the ability of the Gp compound to absorb light on a per mole basis. Dimeric and multimeric forms of Gp/porphyrin combinations can also be employed, providing additional absorption wavelengths.
In addition, the modified porphryins (referred to as "green porphyrin" or "Gp" herein) of the invention can be conjugated to specific ligands reactive with a target, such as receptor-specific ligands or immunoglobulins or immunospecific portions of immunoglobulins, permitting them to be more concentrated in a desired target tissue or substances. This conjugation permits further lowering of the required dose levels since the material is not wasted in distribution into other tissues whose destruction, far from being desired, must be avoided.
Thus, in one aspect, the invention relates to methods of locating or effecting cytotoxicity, i.e. photosensitizing, with respect to target materials using the hydro-monobenzoporphyrins of the invention either alone or as conjugates. The hydro-monobenzoporphyrins are green porphyrins (Gp) as shown in FIG. 1, and are localized specifically in vivo to certain target tissues, where their presence can be detected by fluorescence, or by other means when the Gp is provided with additional or alternate labeling. As indicated above, the specificity of the Gp can be further enhanced by conjugation to ligands specific for the target. In addition, when the Gp is irradiated in situ using light in the range of 670-780 nm, photoactivation results in cytotoxicity to the surrounding tissue. Cells to which the Gp is normally attracted include tumor cells, and neoplastic cells in general, as well as bacteria and other diseased tissues. The method can be applied either in vivo or in vivo, and, when applied in vivo, can be topical or systemic.
In another aspect, the invention relates to certain specific Gp compounds including those of formulas 3 and 4 designated herein "BPD", that are partially hydrolyzed forms containing free (non-esterified) carboxylic acid moieties or their salts in the R3 substituents. The invention also relates to labeled forms of these compounds.
In other aspects, the invention relates to conjugates of the formulas Re*-L-Gp and Ig-L-Gp wherein Re* represents a ligand which is specific to, and capable of, binding a receptor at a cell surface, Ig represents an immunoglobulin or an immunologically reactive portion thereof, Gp represents a hydro-monobenzoporphyrin having an absorption maximum in the range of 670-780 nanometers, and L represents either a covalent bond linking these components or a linking moiety covalently linked to each of the Re* or Ig and Gp.
The invention is also directed to tripartite complexes which include Re*-L-Gp or Ig-L-Gp further conjugated to or associated with a label. The label may be bound either to the targeting component or to the Gp or both.
In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing these active ingredients.
FIGS. 1-2 to 1-6 show the structure of green porphyrin (Gp) compounds used in the methods and conjugates of the invention.
FIGS. 2-2 to 2-4 show the structure of four preferred forms of the hydro-monobenzoporphyrin derivative of formulas 3 and 4 (BPD).
FIG. 3 shows a comparative absorption spectrum of a BPD compound and prior art compositions.
FIG. 4 shows the results of skin sensitivity assay using a BPD compound.
All of the compositions of the invention employ as the light absorbing compound, a derivative of the protoporphyrin ring system which has a light absorption maximum in the range of 670-780 nanometers. FIG. 3 shows the absorption spectrum of one of the compounds of the invention shown in FIG. 2, BPD-DA, wherein R1 and R2 are carbomethoxy, in comparison to HPD and Photofrin� II compositions. Only BPD-DA has a major absorption peak at about 685 nm.
In general, this shift is achieved by effectively saturating one of the two π-bonds in one, but not two, of the four pyrrole rings which constitute the typical porphyrin system. In protoporphyrin-IX two of the pyrroles contain vinyl substitutions such that the exocyclic π-bond is conjugated to one of the two π-bonds in the ring. A Diels-Alder reaction involving one of these conjugated systems with an acetylene derivative dienophile results in a fused cyclohexadiene--referred to herein as "hydrobenzo"--fused to the A or B ring, as shown in formulas 1 and 2. Rearrangement of the π system in the hexadiene ring results in the compounds of FIGS. 3 and 4; reduction provides the compounds of formulas 5 and 6. All of these compounds provide the desired shift in absorption maximum.
Specific preparation of some compounds useful in the invention or their precursors is described by Morgan, A.R., et al, J Chem Soc Chem Commun (1984) pp. 1047-1048; and by Pangka, B.S. et al, J Organic Chem (1986) 51:1094. As described in these publications, it had earlier been reported that protoporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester, when reacted with strong Diels-Alder dienophile reagents such as tetracyanoethylene, is derivatized to the hydro-dibenzo derivatives. However, it is clear that, as shown by these references, when acetylene is derivatized with more weakly electron withdrawing groups and used as a Diels-Alder reagent, hydro-monobenzo derivatives are formed. Thus, there are obtained directly from reaction of protoporphyrin with, for example dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate (DMAD), compounds shown as formulas 1 and 2 of FIG. 1, wherein R1 and R2 represent the substituents on the original acetylene-derived Diels-Alder reagent, R1 C═CR2 --in this case, carbomethoxy. R1 and R2 are, generally, specifically carbalkoxy groups such as carbomethoxy or carboethoxy. R3 represents substituents present on the porphyrin used in the reaction or substituents derived therefrom. In the Morgan reference, the reaction substrate was protoporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester; thus the ligand R3 was, in all cases, 2-carbomethoxyethyl.
The disclosed substituents in the Morgan and Pangka references for the acetylene-derived dienophile include phenylsulfonyl--i.e., SO2 Ph, either as a single substituent, as described in the foregoing references (β-phenylsulfonylpropiate) or, putatively, wherein both R1 and R2 are sulfonyl derivatives. In general, R1 and R2 are each, independently, moderate electron-withdrawing substituents, and are, most commonly, carbalkoxy, or alkyl or aryl sulfonyl, or any other activating substituents, which are not sufficiently electron-withdrawing to result in reaction with both A and B rings rather than reaction with only one, such as cyano or --CONR5 CO--wherein R5 is aryl or alkyl. One of R1 and R2 may optionally be H while the other is an electron withdrawing substituent of sufficient strength to facilitate the Diels-Alder reaction.
As used herein, carboxy is, as conventionally defined, --COOH and carbalkoxy is --COOR, wherein R is alkyl; carboxyalkyl refers to the substituent --R'--COOH wherein R6 40 is alkylene; carbalkoxyalkyl refers to --R'--COOR wherein R' and R are alkylene and alkyl respectively. Alkyl is a saturated straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl of 1-6 carbon atoms such as methyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, t-butyl, n-propyl, and so forth. Alkylene is as alkyl except that the group is divalent. Aryl or alkyl sulfonyl moieties have the formula SO2 R wherein R is alkyl as above-defined, or is aryl, wherein aryl is phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), lower alkyl (1-4C) or lower alkoxy (1-4C). In addition, one or both R1 of R2 can itself be aryl --i.e., phenyl optionally subsituted as above-defined.
As shown in FIG. 1, the adduct formed by the reaction of R1 --C.tbd.C --R2 with the protoporphyrin-IX ring system (R3 is a protected form of 2-carboxyethyl such as 2-carbomethoxyethyl or 2-carboethoxyethyl; R4 is CH═CH2) are compounds of the formulas 1 and 2 wherein the compound in formula 1 results from addition to the A ring and formula 2 results from addition to the B ring. In these resulting products of formulas 1 and 2, R4 remains CH═CH2, however this vinyl group is readily 7 derivatized to other embodiments of R4 by addition to or oxidation of the vinyl ring substituent of ring B in formula 1 or ring A in formula 2. The addition or oxidation products can be further substituted if the added substituents are functional leaving groups--for example --Br may be substituted by --OH, --OR (R is alkyl 1-6C as above), or --NH2, --NHR, --NR2, etc. In preferred embodiments, one of the added substituents is hydrogen, and the other is selected from the group consisting of halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), hydroxy, lower alkoxy, amino or an amide, sulfhydryl or an organo-sulfide or can be, itself, hydrogen. Addition to the vinyl group does not appreciably change the absorption spectrum of the resulting compound. The product of the Markovnikov addition of water provides a substituent structure analogous to the hematoporphyrin ring system at the relevant ring. Thus, the compounds of the invention include various groups as R4, including substituents which provide additional prophyrin or prophyrin-related ring systems, as will be further described below.
R3 in protoporphyrin-IX is 2-carboxyethyl (--CH2 CH2 COOH). However, the nature of R3 (unless it contains a π-bond conjugated to ring π-bond), is ordinarily not relevant to the progress of the Diels-Alder reaction or to the effectiveness and absorption spectrum of the resulting product. R3 can thus be, for example, lower alkyl (1-4C), or ω-carboxyalkyl (2-6C) or the esters or amides thereof. The R3 substituent may also be substituted with halogen as above-defined, or with other nonreactive substituents. However, as the convenient starting materials for the Gp compounds of the invention are the naturally occurring porphyrins, the preferred substituents for R3 are CH2 CH2 COOH or --CH2 CHR2 COOR, whereing R is alkyl (1-6C).
It should be noted that while the nature of the R3 substituent does not ordinarily influence the course of the Diels-Alder reaction by altering the nature of the diene substrate, derivatization may be necessary to promote the reaction by providing suitable solubility characteristics or to prevent interference with the reaction. Thus, the Diels-Alder reactions described by Morgan et al and by Pangka et al utilized the dimethylester of protoporphyrin-IX as a substrate in order to prevent interference with the reaction by the free carboxyl group and to provide suitable solubility characteristics.
In the BPD compounds of the invention, it has been found advantageous to hydrolyze or partially hydrolyze the esterified carboxy group in --CH2 CH2 COOR. The hydrolysis occurs at a much faster rate than that of the ester groups of R1, R2, and the solubility characteristics of the resulting compounds are more desirable than those of the unhydrolyzed form. Hydrolysis results in the diacid or monoacid products (or their salts).
The hydro-monobenzoporphyrins which directly result from the Diels-Alder reaction described in the cited references can also be isomerized as therein described (see Morgan et al and Pangka et al (sucra)) to compounds of formulas shown as 3 and 4 of FIG. 1 by treatment with suitable reagents such as triethylamine (TEA) in methylene chloride or 1,5-diaza bicyclo [5.4.0]undec-5-ene (DBU). The stereochemistry of the product is determined by the choice of reagent.
The depictions of compounds 3 and 4 in FIG. 1 do not show the relative position of the exocyclic methyl group (ring A of formula 3 and ring B of formula 4) with respect to the R2 substituent. It has been found by these authors that rearrangement using TEA gives cis geometry for the angular methyl group and R2, while treatment with DBU results in the trans product. This cis product is evidently kinetically controlled since treatment of the cis product with DBU results in a further rearrangment to trans stereochemistry. Thus, formulas 3 and 4 of FIG. 1 show the rearranged products generically, from either TEA or DBU catalyzed rearrangement in rings A and B respectively.
In addition, the Diels-Alder products can be selectively reduced by treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium on charcoal to give the saturated ring analogs, shown as formulas 5 and 6 in FIG. 1, corresponding to the respective Diels-Alder products of rings A and B. These reduced products are less preferred embodiments, and are less useful in the method of the invention than the compounds of formulas 1-4.
The description set forth above with respect to the compounds of formulas 1 and 2 concerning derivatization by conversion of the remaining vinyl substituent (R4) and with respect to variability of -R3 applies as well to the compounds of formulas 3, 4, 5 and 6.
The compounds of formulas 3 and 4 (BPD), and especially those which have hydrolyzed and partially hydrolyzed carbalkoxy groups in R3, are most preferred. Compounds of the invention which contain --COOH may be prepared as the free acid or in the form of salts with organic or inorganic bases.
It will be noted that many of the compounds of FIG. 1 contain at least one chiral center and therefore exist as optical isomers. The conjugates and methods of the invention include compounds having both configurations of the chiral carbons, whether the compounds are supplied as isolates of a single stereoisomer or are mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers. Separation of mixtures of diastereomers may be effected by any conventional means; mixtures of enantiomers may be separated by usual techniques of reacting them with optically active preparations and separating the resulting diastereomers.
It should further be noted that the reaction products may be unseparated mixtures of A and B ring additions, e.g., mixtures of formulas 1 and 2 or 3 and 4 or 5 and 6. Either the separated forms--i.e., formula 3 alone or 4 alone, or mixtures in any ratio may be employed in the methods of therapy and diagnosis set forth herein.
The name "dihydro"-monobenzoporphyrin describes the direct and rearrangement products of the Diels-Alder reaction of the porphyrin ring system with R1 C═C--R2 ; "tetrahydro"-monobenzoporphyrin describes the foregoing reduced products of formulas 5 and 6, and "hexahydro"-monobenzoporphyrin describes the analogs containing the exocyclic "benzo" ring completely reduced. Hydro-monobenzoporphyrin is used generically to include all three classes of oxidation state. The monobenzoporphyrins per se are outside the scope of the invention as their absorption maxima do not fall within the required range.
FIG. 2 shows four particularly preferred compounds of the invention which have not been previously described in the art. These compounds are collectively designated benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) as they are forms of Gp having the formula 3 or 4. These are hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed forms of the rearranged products of formula 3 and 4, wherein one or both of the protected carboxyl groups of R3 are hydrolyzed. The ester groups at R1 and R2 hydrolyze relatively so slowly that conversion to the forms shown in FIG. 2 is easily effected.
For purposes of this description, R3 is --CH2 CH2 COOR3'. As shown in FIG. 2, each R3' is H in preferred compound BPD-DA, R1 and R2 are carbalkoxy, and derivatization is at ring A; BPD-DB is the corresponding compound wherein derivatization is at ring B. BPD-MA represents the partially hydrolyzed form of BPD-DA, and BPD-MB, the partially hydrolyzed form of BPD-DB. Thus, in these latter compounds, R1 and R2 are carbalkoxy, one R3+ is H and the other R3' is alkyl (1-6C). The compounds of formulas BPD-MA and BPD-MB may be homogeneous wherein only the C ring carbalkoxyethyl or only the D ring carbalkoxyethyl is hydrolyzed, or may be mixtures of the C and D ring substituent hydrolyzates. In addition, mixtures of any two or more of BPD-MA, -MB, -DA and -DB may be employed in the method of the invention.
As these hydrolyzed forms of the Diels-Alder product are previously undisclosed, the invention is also directed to these compounds. Thus, in another aspect, the invention is directed to compounds of the formulas shown in FIG. 2 wherein R1 and R2 are as above defined, and R is alkyl (1-6C). Preferred are embodiments wherein R1 and R2 are carbalkoxy, especially carbomethoxy or carboethoxy.
Certain other embodiments wherein R4 is other than vinyl or wherein R3 is a non-native substituent are also not disclosed in the art and the invention is directed to them, i.e., the invention is directed to the compounds shown in FIG. 1 wherein
each R1 and R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of carbalkoxy (2-6C), alkyl (1-6C) sulfonyl, aryl (6-10C) sulfonyl, aryl (6-10C); cyano; and --CONR5 CO-- wherein R5 is aryl (6-10C) or alkyl (1-6C);
each R3 is independently carboxyalkyl (2-6C) or a salt, amide, ester or acylhydrazone thereof, or is alkyl (1-6C); and
R4 is CHCH2, CHOR4', --CHO, --COOR4', CH(OR4')CH3, CH(OR4')CH2 OR4', --CH(SR4')CH3, --CH(NR4' 2)CH3, --CH(CN)CH3, --CH(COOR4')CH3, --CH((OOCR4')CH3,--CH(halo)CH3, or --CH(halo)CH2 (halo),
wherein R4' is H, alkyl (1-6C) optionally substituted with a hydrophilic substituent, or
wherein R4 is an organic group of <12C resulting from direct or indirect derivatization of vinyl, or
wherein R4 is a group containing 1-3 tetrapyrrole-type nuclei of the formula -L-P as herein defined;
wherein when R4 is CHCH2, both R3 cannot be 2-carbalkoxyethyl.
Compounds of the formulas 3 and 4 and mixtures thereof are particularly preferred. Also preferred are those wherein R1 and R2 are the same and are carbalkoxy, especially carboethoxy; also preferred are those wherein R4 is --CHCH2, CH(OH)CH3 or --CH(halo) CH3, or is a group containing 1-3 tetrapyrrole-type nuclei of the formula -L-P (defined below).
As used herein, "tetrapyrrole-type nucleus" represents a four-ring system of the skeleton: ##STR1## and a salt, ester, amide or acylhydrazone thereof, which is highly conjugated. It includes the porphyrin system, which is, in effect, a completely conjugated system, the chlorin system, which is, in effect, a dihydro form of the porphyrin, and the reduced chlorin system, which is a tetrahydro form of the completely conjugated system. When "porphyrin" is specified, the completely conjugated system is indicated; Gp is effectively a dihydro form of the porphyrin system.
One group of compounds of the invention is that wherein the substituent R4 includes at least one additional tetrapyrrole-type nucleus. The resulting compounds of the invention are dimers or oligomers in which at least one of the tetrapyrrole-type ring systems is Gp. Linkage between the Gp moiety through the position of R4 to an additional tetrapyrrole-type ring system may be through an ether, amine or vinyl linkage. Additional derivatization in the case of porphyrin ring systems which have two available substituent positions (in both A and B rings) corresponding to R4 can also be formed, as further described below.
As stated above, the compounds of formulas shown in FIG. 1 include those wherein the embodiment of R4 is formed by addition to the vinyl groups of initial Gp products. Thus, R4 can be any substitutent consistent with that formed by a facile addition reaction. Thus, both added substituents can be, for example, OH or halo, and these substituents can be further substituted, or the addition reagent may be of the form HX wherein H is added to the ring-adjacent carbon to provide R4 of the form ##STR2##
The vinyl group can also be oxidized to obtain R4 as CH2 OH, --CHO, or COOH and its salts and esters.
Thus, in general R4 represents any substituents to which the vinyl group --CH═CH2 is readily converted by cleavage or addition, and further resultants of reaction of leaving groups with additional moieties. Typical R4 substituents include: ##STR3## CH(OH)Me, --CHBrMe, --CH(OMe)Me, --CH(pyridinum bromide)Me, --CH(SH)Me and the disulfide thereof, --CHOHCH2 OH, --CHO, and --COOH or --COOMe.
When R4 is -L-P, the substituent formula "-L-P" represents a substituent wherein -L- is selected the group consisting of ##STR4## and P is selected from the group consisting of Gp wherein Gp is of the formula 1-6 shown in FIG. 1, but lacking R4 and conjugated through the position shown in FIG. 1 as occupied by R4 to L, and a porphyrin of the formula ##STR5## wherein R3 and R4 are as above-defined, and the unoccupied bond is then conjugated to L. It is understood that the abbreviation ##STR6## represents a porphyrin of the formula: ##STR7##
(It is also understood that when -L- is of the formula (e) or (f), the ring system to which the double bond is attached will have a resonance system corresponding to ##STR8## in the ring to which the double bond is attached, as shown.) ##STR9## wherein R4 is as above defined. Thus, compounds of the invention include: ##STR10## and the like.
The dimers and oligomeric compounds of the invention can be prepared using reactions analogous to those for dimerization and oligomerization of porphyrins per se.
For formation of compounds of the invention where -L- is of the formula ##STR11## i.e., an ether linkage, the Gp vinyl group is converted to the halide, preferably the chloride, by treating the Gp in a solution of, for example, methylene chloride with HBr to recover the addition product. The resulting product is harvested by evaporation in vacuo. redissolved in methylene chloride and added to an insoluble base such as solid potassium carbonate. To this is added an equivalent of the tetrapyrrole-type nucleus "P" to be linked wherein the reactive R4 moiety of "P" is 1-hydroxyethyl. The mixture is stirred for the appropriate amount of time, around 12 hours, generally, and the resulting diastereomeric pair of dimers (the enantiomeric paired form and a meso form) can be separated from the mixture chromatographically. The tetrapyrrole-type nucleus represented by "P" in this procedure can be either another Gp or a porphyrin.
If the "P" substitutent is a porphyrin, an additional vinyl group may be made available for further halogenation and further reaction to form higher order oligomers.
For embodiments wherein -L- contains a vinyl 15 group, the dimers are obtained by treating Gp wherein R4 is 1-hydroxyethyl with an equivalent amount of the linking tetrapyrrole-type nucleus also having the linking R4 as 1-hydroxyethyl with a strong, nonnucleophilic acid, such as trifluoromethyl sulfonic acid. This treatment results in precipitation of the resulting methylpropenyl linked dimer. (The ether-linked dimer can be formed as a side product in this reaction by substituting alternative acids such as sulfuric acid.)
The amino-linked compounds can be formed by treatment of the vinyl group with HBr followed by treatment with the appropriate amine to obtain the desired linkage.
The target-specific component can be, for example, an immunoglobulin or portion thereof or a ligand specific for receptor.
The immunoglobulin component can be any of a variety of materials. It may be derived from polyclonal or monoclonal antibody preparations and may contain whole antibodies or immunologically reactive fragments of these antibodies such as F(ab')2, Fab, or Fab' fragments. Use of such immunologically reactive fragments as substitutes for whole antibodies is well known in the art. See, for example Spiegelberg, H.L., in "Immunoassays in the Clinical Laboratory" (1978) 3:1-23.
Polyclonal anti-sera are prepared in conventional ways by injecting a suitable mammal with antigen to which antibody is desired, assaying the antibody level in serum against the antigen, and preparing anti-sera when the titers are high. Monoclonal antibody preparations may also be prepared conventionally such as by the method of Koehler and Milstein using peripheral blood lymphocytes or spleen cells from immunized animals and immortalizing these cells either by viral infection, by fusion with myelomas, or by other conventional procedures, and screening for production of the desired antibodies by isolated colonies. Formation of the fragments from either monoclonal or polyclonal preparations is effected by conventional means as described by Spiegelberg, H.L., supra.
Particularly useful antibodies exemplified herein include the monoclonal antibody preparation CAMAL-1 which can be prepared as described by Malcolm, A., et al, Ex Hematol (1984) 12:539-547; polyclonal or monoclonal preparations of anti-Ml antibody as described by Mew, D., et al, J Immunol (1983) 130:1473-1477 (supra) and B16G antibody which is prepared as described by Maier, T., et al, J Immunol (1983) 131:1843; Steele, J.K., et al, Cell Immunol (1984) 90:303.
The foregoing list is exemplary and certainly not limiting; once the target tissue is known, antibody specific for this tissue may be prepared by conventional means. Therefore the invention is applicable to effecting toxicity against any desired target.
The ligand specific for receptor, Re*, refers to a moiety which binds a receptor at cell surfaces, and thus contains contours and charge patterns which are complementary to those of the receptor. The ligand specific for receptor is symbolized in the formulas of the compounds of the invention as Re*, wherein the asterisk indicates that the moiety bound in the compound of the invention is not the receptor itself, but a substance complementary to it. It is well understood that a wide variety of cell types have specific receptors designed to bind hormones, growth factors, or neurotransmitters. However, while these embodiments of ligands specific for receptor are know and understood, the phrase "ligand specific for receptor" , as used herein, refers to any substance, natural or synthetic, which binds specifically to a receptor.
Examples of such ligands include the steroid hormones, such as progesterone, estrogens, androgens, and the adrenal cortical hormones; growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and so forth; other protein hormones, such as human growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, and so forth; and neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, serotonin, and dopamine. Any analog of these substance which succeeds in binding to the receptor is also included.
The conjugation of the target-cell-specific component to the hydro-monobenzoporphyrin can be effected by any convenient means. For proteins, such as Ig and certain Re*, a direct covalent bond between these moieties may be effected, for example, using a dehydrating agent such as a carbodiimide, in which case L represents a covalent bond. A particularly preferred method of covalently binding hydro-monobenzoporphyrins ,) to the immunoglobulin moiety is treatment with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide (EDCI) in the presence of a reaction medium consisting essentially of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A preparation using this preferred procedure is illustrated in Example 3 below.
Of course, other dehydrating agents such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or diethylcarbodiimide could also be used as well as conventional aqueous and partially aqueous media.
Nonprotein receptor ligands can be conjugated to the Gp according to their relevant functional groups by means known in the art.
The active moieties of the conjugate may also be conjugated through linker compounds which are bifunctional, and are capable of covalently binding each of the two active components. A large variety of these linkers is commercially available, and a typical list would include those found, for example, in the catalog of the Pierce Chemical Co. These linkers are either homo or heterbifunctional moieties and include functionalities capable of forming disulfides, amides, hydrazones, and a wide variety of other linkages.
Other linkers include polymers such as polyamines, polyethers, polyamine alcohols, derivatized to the components by means of ketones, acids, aldehydes, isocyanates, or a variety of other groups.
The techniques employed in conjugating the active moieties of the conjugate include any standard means and the method for conjugation does not form part of the invention. Therefore, any effective technique known in the art to produce such conjugates falls within the scope of the invention, and the linker moiety is accordingly broadly defined only as being either a covalent bond or any linker moiety available in the art or derivable therefrom using standard techniques.
For use in the method of the invention either the green porphyrin compounds per se or the conjugates may be further derivatized to a compound or ion which labels the drug. A wide variety of labeling moieties can be used, including radiosotopes, chromophores, and fluorescent labels. Radioisotope labeling is preferred, as it can be readily detected in vivo.
The compounds which are Gp alone or are conjugates of Gp with a specific binding substance can be labeled with radioiostopes by coordination of a suitable radioactive cation in the porphyrin system. Useful cations include technetium, gallium, and indium. In the conjugates, either or both the specific binding substances can be linked to or associated with label, or the label can be conjugated or coordinated with the Gp moiety itself.
The compounds of the invention can be administered or used in in vitro methods as shown above or when complexed to appropriate metal ions. As is generally understood in the art, the tetrapyrrole-type nucleus can be treated with an appropriate ion such as magnesium ion, zinc ion, stannous ion, and the like to obtain the metal complex. As stated above, the metal ion may also be a radiolabel. The nature and desirability of the inclusion of a metal ion in the tetrapyrrole-type nucleus depends on the specific application for which the compound is intended. When the inclusion of a metal ion is desired, the desired metal ion can be inserted using the appropriate metal salts under known conditions. For example, zinc ion can be introduced by treating the compound with zinc acetate in 1:1 methylene chloride:methanol.
The improved photosensitizing compounds of the invention are thus useful in general, in the manner known in the art for hematoporphyrin derivative and for DHE. These materials are useful in sensitizing neoplastic cells or other abnormal tissue to destruction by irradiation using visible light--upon photoactivation, the compounds have no direct effect, nor are they entered into any biological event; however the energy of photoactivation is believed to be transferred to endogenous oxygen to convert it to singlet oxygen. This singlet oxygen is thought to be responsible for the cytotoxic effect. In addition, the photoactivated forms of porphyrin fluorescence which fluoresce can aid in localizing the tumor.
Typical indications, known in the art, include destruction of tumor tissue in solid tumors, dissolution of plaques in blood vessels (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,762); treatment of topical conditions such as acne, atheletes foot, warts, papilloma, and psoriasis and treatment of biological products (such as blood for transfusion) for infectious agents, since the presence of a membrane in such agents promotes the accumulation of the drug.
The conjugate of the invention, of the hydro-monobenzoporphyrins when employed alone are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for administration to the subject or applied to an in vitro target using techniques known in the art generally. A summary of such pharmaceutical compositions may be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, latest edition.
The conjugates or compounds of the invention taken alone can be used in the systemic treatment of tumors and neoplastics made as bronchial, cervical, esophageal or colon cancer and for the diagnosis of same.
The conjugates and hydro-monobenzoporphyrins of the present invention, labeled or unlabeled, can be administered systemically, in particular by injection, or can be used topically. The Gp or conjugates can be used singly or as components of mixtures.
Injection may be intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or even intraperitoneal. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid form suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol and the like. 0f course, these compositions may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic, auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and so forth.
Systemic administration can also be implemented through implantation of a slow release or sustained release system, by suppository, or, if properly formulated, orally. Formulations for these modes of administration are well known in the art, and a summary of such methods may be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (supra).
For diagnosis, the compounds may be used along or may be labeled with a radiosotope or other detecting means.
If treatment is to be localized, such as for the treatment of superficial tumors or skin disorders, the active conjugates or hydro-monobenzoporphyrins may be topically administered using standard topical compositions involving lotions, suspension, or pastes.
The quantity of conjugates or green porphyrin derivative to be administered depends on the choice of active ingredient, the condition to be treated, the mode of administration, the individual subject, and the judgment of the practitioner. Depending on the specificity of the preparation, smaller or larger doses may be needed. For compositions which are highly specific to target tissues, such as those which comprise conjugates of the green porphyrin with a highly specific monoclonal immunoglobulin preparation or specific receptor ligand, dosages in the range of 0.05-1 mg/kg are suggested. For compositions which are less specific to the target tissue, larger doses, up to 1-10 mg/kg may be needed. The foregoing ranges are merely suggestive, as the number of variables in regard to an individual treatment regime is large and considerable excursions from these recommended values are expected.
In addition to in vivo use, the compounds of the invention can be used in the treatment of materials vitro to destroy harmful viruses or infectious agents. For example, blood plasma or blood which is to be used for transfusion or banked for future transfusion can be treated with the compounds of the invention and irradiated to effect sterilization. In addition, biological products such as Factor VIII which are prepared from biological fluids can be irradiated in the presence of the compounds of the invention to destroy contaminants.
The following example are intended to illustrate the invention but not to limit its scope.
Target cells were washed three times in serum-free medium (DME), counted and made up to a concentration of 107 cells per ml.
For the "affinity" assay, in the dark, 100 μl of the target cell suspension and 100 μl of the test or control compound were mixed. "Labeling" was allowed to continue for one hour at 4� C, and labeled cells were washed in the dark three times with 3 ml medium each time and resuspended in fresh medium. The resuspended cells were then subjected to light exposure at 300-750 nanometers for 30 minutes.
In a "direct" assay the target cells were irradiated immediately upon addition of the test or control compound.
The effect of irradiation was estimated using methods appropriate to the target cells.
When human erythrocytes (RBCs) were used as target cells, the hemolysis caused by irradiation of control (hematoporphyrin, Hp) labeled and green porphyrin (Gp) labeled cells were estimated visually. The Gp used in this Example was the BPD-DB of FIG. 2 wherein R1 and R2 are carboethoxy. Repeated tests showed this green porphyrin to be 20-30 times more active than Hp in this assay. Thus, a concentration of 250 ng/ml Hp was required under the above conditions to obtain 50% hemolysis while only 10 ng/ml of green porphyrin was required to hemolyze 50% of the RBCs.
When the murine mastocytoma cell line P815 was used, the results were determined as follows:
The cells were labeled as above using concentration of 10-50 ng/ml of Hp as control and the BPD-DB as the test substance. The resuspended cells were treated with 300-750 nm light for 30 minutes and the viability resulting was estimated by direct counting using eosin-Y exclusion, a standard procedure for differentiating living from dead cells.
In other determinations conducted as above, the cells recovered from light exposure were assayed for L viability by incubating them for 18 hours in 10 μCi/ml tritium-labeled thymidine according to the standard procedure whereby thymidine incorporation is equated with viability. The cells were harvested and radioactivity uptake was measured by a scintillation counter.
Fifty percent of the P815 cells were killed at 580 ng/ml Hp, but at only 32 ng/ml green porphyrin (BPD-DB).
The results of each determination on a variety of cells is shown in Table 1 (LD50 in the concentration of compound required to kill 50% of the cell population.)
TABLE 1______________________________________ LD50 (ng/ml) Direct test Affinity testCell line Gp Hp Gp Hp______________________________________Normal lymphocytes 4.2 31 11 100HL-60 3.5 64 7.2 145K562 70 770 33 2,500KG-1 163 960 80 2,350P815 32 580 26 1,300______________________________________
P815 cells were incubated as described in Example 1 using 1-200 ng/ml Hp or Gp. The Gp was BPD-DB of FIG. 2 wherein R1 and R2 are carboethoxy. The cells were labeled in the dark for 30 minutes, washed free of unabsorbed porphyrins, resuspended, and then exposed to 300-750 nm light for another 30 minutes. Viability of the cells was established by tritiated thymidine incorporation after labeling with 20 μCi/ml tritiated thymidine and incubating at 37� C. for 18 hours.
The results showed that 50% of the P815 cells were destroyed at 6-20 ng/ml BPD-DB or at 200 ng/ml hematoporphyrin.
This example describes methods of preparation for immunoconjugates of four different anitibody preparations with either hematoporphyrin (Hp) or green prophyrin (Gp); in this example, Gp is BPD-DB of FIG. wherein R1 and R2 are carboethoxy. The antibodies employed were CAMAL-1, anti-Ml antibody, and B16G antibody, all prepared as described hereinabove, and affinity purified rabbit/anti-mouse Ig (RαMIg). In addition, a purified irrelevant monclonal preparation (C-MAb) was used where a control was desired.
One preparation of the conjugates is basically as described in Mew, D., et al, J Immunol (1983) 130:1473 (supra). Briefly, to 220 mg pH 0.2 HCl (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in 25 ml water and 0.8 ml N,N-dimethylformamide was added 20 mg 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide HCl (EDCI) in 0.6 ml water. After 30 minutes, this solution was mixed with 15 mg of the antibody protein dissolved in 5 ml distilled water and incubated for 5 hours. During this period, the pH of the solution was monitored and adjusted to between 6 and 7. Then 50 μl of monoethanolamine were added, and the solution was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. The solution was dialyzed against 0.001 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for four days with three changes per day and overnight against PBS. The conjugate of green porphyrin is analogously prepared.
In a preferred method, the conjugation is conducted in an entirely nonaqueous solvent.
In a typical protocol, 2 ml of a dispersion in DMSO containing 5 mg each of the Hp or Gp and the dehydrating agent is prepared and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature under nitrogen. To this is added a dispersion containing 2 mg of the appropriate immunoglobulin in 2 ml of DMSO, and the resulting mixture stirred for another 10 minutes. This mixture is then worked up by dilution in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS) by adding 5 times the volume of PBS containing 50 μl monoethanolamine, and is then dialyzed against PBS using three changes of wash.
Alternatively, 2 ml of a dispersion containing 5 mg each of Hp or Gp, a linking agent, and a dehydrating agent is prepared and stirred for approximately 15 minutes at room temperature under nitrogen. To this is then added a dispersion containing about 2 mg of the immunospecific protein in 2 ml of tetrahydrofuran and the resulting mixture stirred for another 10 minutes. The mixture is then worked up as described above.
The foregoing procedures are appropriate for CAMAL-1 and for the remaining antibody preparations above listed.
In addition, the following preparations were made specifically with B16G and RαMIg:
11 mg of hematoporphyrin plus 11 mg EDCI in 4 ml spectral grade DMSO was stirred for 30 minutes under nitrogen at room temperature before the addition of 20 mg lyophilized B16G antibodies, prepared as described by Maier, T., et al, J Immunol (1983) 131:1843, in 2 ml DMSO. The resulting mixture was stirred for 40 seconds at room temperature and worked up as described above. The resulting product contained 375 μg Hp/mg B16G. A similar procedure is used substituting Gp for Hp.
400 μg of EDCI and 400 μg hematoporphyrin in 1 ml DMSO were stirred for 30 minutes under nitrogen at room temperature as above before the addition of 800 μg lyophilized RαMIg antibodies, prepared as described by Mew, D., et al, J Immunol (1983) 1473-1477, in 1 ml DMSO. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 seconds and worked up as described above to obtain a product containing 200 μg Hp/mg RαMIg. A similar procedure is used substituting Gp for Hp.
In the following determinations, the levels of antibody conjugation were as follows, expressed as μg Hp or green porphyrin (Gp) per mg immunoglobulin:
RαMIg-Hp: 110 μg/mg;
B16G-p, 156 μg/mg;
CAMAL-1-Hp, 260 μg/mg;
Anti-Ml-Hp, 170 μg/mg;
C-MAb-Hp, 95 μg/mg;
RαMIg-Gp, 120 μg/mg;
B16G-Gp, 165 μg/mg;
CAMAL-1-Gp, 75 μg/mg;
C-MAb-Gp 90 μg/mg.
The Ig-Hp and Ig-Gp conjugates are tested against cells in vivo by mixing the conjugates with the appropriate cell types, along with suitable controls, and then exposing the labeled cells to irradiation. Procedures for carrying out this assay were described in detail in Mew, D., et al, Cancer Research (1985) for CAMAL-1, and by Mew, D., et al, J Immunol (1983) for Anti-Ml, both references cited hereinabove and incorporated herein by reference.
Briefly, for CAMAL-1, three cell lines, WC4, WC6 and WC2 (WC4 and WC6 produces the CAMAL antigen, but WC2 does not), are labeled with the appropriate Ig-Hp or Ig-Gp preparation as described above in Example 1. The labeled cell preparations containing 106 cells each are introduced to Rose chambers and exposed to light activation with a laser at 630 nm. The results for various preparations are then compiled.
For the anti-Ml conjugate, Ml tumor cells are used as target cells and treated with the Ig-Hp, Ig-Gp conjugates or drug or antibody alone or the combination of antibody and drug, but uncoupled, by incubating them in 6% CO2 humidified incubator at 37� for two hours. The cells are washed three times in PBS and then plated and exposed to fluorescent light overnight. The cells are assessed for viability by tritiated thymidine uptake as above.
For the B16G conjugates, A10, P815, and L1210 cells are used as target cells. (A10 cells are a T-cell hybridoma which secretes a B16G-reactive T suppressor factor; P815 cells are also reactive with B16G.) The in vitro study is done using a direct method employing the B16G-Hp or B16G-Gp conjugate or indirectly using unlabeled B16G antibodies and labeled RαMIg-Hp or RαMIg-Gp.
In a direct method, 5�105 cells are suspended in 1 ml DME/Hepes containing the appropriate Ig-drug conjugate as test or control at Hp or Gp concentrations of 320, 160, 80, 40 and 20 ng drug/ml. The cells are incubated in the dark at 37� for one hour, then washed three times in 5 ml DME/Hepes and then resuspended in 1 ml of the same buffer. Three 100 μl test portions of the labeled preparations are dispensed into flat bottom microtiter wells and the remainder of the cell suspensions (700 μl ) are exposed to incandescent light (22.5 mW/cm2) at a distance of 20 cm for one hour. Then three additional 100 μl aliquots are removed to microtiter wells. Tritium-labeled thymidine diluted in DME/Hepes containing 20% FCS is then added to all microtiter wells in 100 μl aliquots so that 2 μCi of labeled thymidine is added to each well. Cultures are incubated for 18 hours at 37� C. and humidified 10% CO2 and then harvested on a MASH harvester. Thymidine incorporation was measured with an Hp scintillation counter (Tri-Carb Model 4550). The results of this study for Ig-Hp are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________ % killing of cell lines(ng Hp/ml) A10 P815 L1210______________________________________B16G Hp320 100 70 55160 100 50 1080 100 20 040 65 10 020 20 0 0C-Mab-Hp320 63 75 50160 35 48 1580 0 25 040 0 12 020 0 0 0______________________________________
In an indirect assay, the A10 suspended cells, prepared as described above, are exposed to 50 μg/ml of either B16G or a control antibody C-Mab at 4� C. for 30 minutes, washed in DME/Hepes, and then exposed for an additional 30 minutes at 4� C. in the dark to varying concentrations of RαMIg-Hp or RαMIg-Gp between 2 μg/ml and 15 ng/ml of Hp or Gp. The cells are assessed for viability using labeled thymidine uptake as described above. These results for Ig-Hp are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________RαMIg-Hp Primary antibody(ng/ml) B16G C-MAb______________________________________500 100 30250 85 22125 75 552.5 60 231.2 47 315.6 18 1.5______________________________________
Similar results are obtained using corresponding conjugates with Gp.
The efficacy of the conjugates and of the Gp compounds of the invention in vivo is also assessed. For the CAMAL-1 and anti-Ml conjugates, the procedures are as described in the two Mew, et al, papers referenced above in Example 4. The Gp compound alone shows superior results at appropriate wavelengths as compared to the Hp labeled conjugates.
For the B16G-Hp or B16G-Gp conjugates and for the Gp (BPD-DB) alone, the in vivo studies are conducted as follows:
The in vivo test relies on the indirect effect of a population of T-suppressor cells on tumors, which then serve as means to assess the effectiveness of the irradiation treatment. P815 mastocytoma cells grown in syngeneic DBA/2 mice stimulate T-suppressor cells specific for the tumor. These T-suppressor cells impede the development of specific T-killer cells which would otherwise aid in the regression of the tumor. The T-cell hybridoma designated A10 above secretes a T-suppressor factor which is associated with these T-suppressor cells. Thus, selective killing of these T-suppressor cell populations through reaction with conjugates in which the Ig is an antibody specific for the T-suppressor factor on the surface of the cells (namely B16G) should result in tumor regression in mice bearing the P815 tumors.
Therefore, in this assay, DBA/2 mice are injected in the right flank subcutaneously with 104 P815 cells to incorporate the tumor. On day eight, when the tumors are palpable approx. 25-42 sq mm) the mice are randomly sorted into groups of eight and injected IV with 150 μl PBS containing nothing, Hp or Gp, B16G-Hp or B16G-Gp, B16G plus either drug, B16G alone or C-MAbHp or C-MAb-Gp. The levels of Hp are 50 μg per animal in all cases and B16G 310 μg in all cases (where appropriate).
The animals are maintained in the dark for two hours and then exposed to strong light at 300-750 nm and 2.5 mW/cm2 The animals were then treated normally and monitored on a daily basis.
Animals treated with B16G Hp survived and were tumor free after 100 days. Results obtained are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________ Mean sur- % tumor-freeExperiment vival time No. of after 100Treatment (days) cures days______________________________________1 PBS 25.0 0/7 0B16G-Hp 41.3 3/9 332 PBS 23.5 0/6 0Hp 21.0 0/8 0B16G-Hp 24.2 3/8 37.53 PBS 24.1 0/7 0Hp 23.4 0/7 0B16G + Hp 23.5 0/6 0B16G-Hp 29.2 2/7 294 PBS 25.2 0/8 0B16G 28.3 0/8 0Hp 24.2 0/8 0B16G + Hp 24.6 0/7 0B16G-Hp 36.7 3/7 435 PBS 23.8 0/8 0Hp 27.0 0/8 0C-MAb-Hp 20.3 0/8 0B16G-Hp 34.0 1/8 12.5______________________________________
Similar results are obtained for Gp alone or Gp conjugates.
The four compounds shown in FIG. 2, wherein R1 and R2 are carbomethoxy, were tested in vitro as described in Example 1. All four compounds were photosensitive; the monoacid forms BPD-MA and BPD-MB were somewhat more active.
Biodistribution studies have been conducted using tritiated BPD-MA and BPD-MB. Table 5 shows the ratios between 3 H-BPD-MA concentration in the tumor and in normal tissues determined at various times post-injection in mice bearing P815 tumor as the average for 3 mice.
TABLE 5______________________________________ Time Post InjectionTissue 3 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h 168 h______________________________________Blood 0.52 1.45 1.37 1.66 2.77 3.65Brain 3.76 3.06 2.92 2.69 4.18 6.91Heart 1.09 1.71 1.63 1.46 2.24 2.51Intestine 2.42 1.85 1.88 1.48 3.29 2.23Lung 0.79 1.55 1.47 1.16 1.63 1.79Muscle 2.68 2.98 2.77 2.16 3.45 4.23Skin 2.57 1.64 1.95 1.57 2.03 3.51Stomach 1.57 1.89 2.08 2.04 2.23 2.98______________________________________
Tumor skin ratios are most favorable 3 hours after IV administration of the drug.
To determine biodegradability, tritiated BPD-MA was injected IV into P815 tumor-bearing mice. The mice were sacrificed at either 3 or 24 hours following injection and tumors, livers and kidneys were removed. The BPD-MA in these tissues was extracted and photoactivity was assessed in P815 target cells as described above in Example 1 under standard in vitro conditions. While 100% of BPD-MA in tumor was active at hours, only 39% was active at 24 hours; both the liver and kidney degraded BPD more rapidly than did tumor tissue. Administration of tritiated BPD-MB in the same system gave similar results.
Similar studies using BPD-MA conjugated to an anti-keratin Mab in a model murine system carrying the KLN squamous tumor cell line showed improved concentration of the drug in the target tissue.
Studies of potential photosensitizers were performed using the M-1 rhabdomycoscercoma system in DBA/J2 mice. The compositions to be tested were diluted to a concentration of 800 μg/ml in PBS from a stock 25 solution in DMSO at 8 mg/ml (except Photofrin� II, which was diluted directly from the clinical vial). Animals (8 per group) received 0.1 ml (80 μg) of material IV 24 h prior to exposure to light, provided by a 150W tungsten bulb, red filter (transmits light >600 nm), hot mirror (reflects light >720 nm) and 2 fiber optics, at 567 Jo/cm2.
The results, shown in Table 6, indicate all BPD compounds tested gave positive results. The superior results shown by Photofrin� II compositions are explainable by the observation that initial tumor sizes were smaller (a result of chance).
TABLE 6______________________________________ Tumor Volume at Days Tumor Number of Time of LightPhotosensitizer Free (PR) Cures* Treatment (mm3)______________________________________None 0.5 2 22.4 � 7.8Photofrin � II 21.3 5 11.9 � 6.9compositionBPD-MA 9.2 4 19.0 � 13.0BPD-MB 10.6 3 18.2 � 11.0BPD-DA 10.7 4 18.7 � 9.9BPD-DB 10.6 3 25.4 � 16.4______________________________________ *Animals whose tumors regressed and who remained tumorfree for 30 days.
Similar studies, except using a light dose of 378 To/cm3 resulted in the outcome shown in Table 7.
TABLE 7______________________________________ Number of Number ofPhotosensitizer Animals Days Tumour-free Cures______________________________________None 11 0.1 2Photofrin II 10 9.5 4BPD-MA 10 13.2 4BPD-MB 9 8.7 6BPD-DA 15 2.5 4BPD-DB 13 13.0 8______________________________________
The foregoing results are preliminary, and the assay protocols have not yet been optimized.
Mice bearing small tumors were injected IV with drug to be tested. Three hours later the animals were sacrificed and their tumors removed. The tumor cells were teased apart to form a single cell suspension, and the cells were plated at 105 /well and exposed to light at a prescribed dose. The plates were incubated overnight and assayed for viability by MTT assay.
The results of one study are shown in Table 8.
TABLE 8______________________________________ Dose Light DosePhotosensitizer (μg/mouse) (Jo) % Kill______________________________________BPD-MA 33 5.7 22.0 40 3.8 32.5 80 3.8 63.5 � 2.1 80 3.8 53.7 � 6.2BPD-MB 33 5.7 25.2BPD-DA 80 3.8 11.0 80 7.6 26.0______________________________________
Thus, the BPD forms tested were active in this assay; it appears light intensity and drug levels are subject to optimization and correlation.
Mice bearing P815 tumors were shaved and injected with equivalent amounts of photosensitzer, and exposed to 72 Jo/cm2 (80 mw/cm2 -15 min-full spectrum) at various time intervals. Skin biopsies were taken at 24 and 48 hours after light irradiation and visual evaluations were made blind. The results of these evaluations are shown in FIG. 4. BPD-MA and, to a lesser extent, BPD-MB had major photosensitizing activity, under these conditions; this was only present when light treatment was given 3 hours post drug administration, consistent with the biodegradability of these compounds.
The following compounds have been prepared using the above-described Diels-Alder reaction of MeOOC--C═C--COOMe with the dimethyl ester of protophorphyrin IX, followed by rearrangement to the forms shown as formulas 3 and 4 of FIG. 1 and by subsequent treatment to hydrolyze or modify the propionic ester on rings C and D and/or to modify the unreacted vinyl group on the A or B ring remaining after the Diels-Alder reaction with the B or A ring, as the case may be. The products are compounds of the following formulas, wherein R3" is OR* or NR* wherein R* is alkyl, alkylene, or H (or an organic or unorganic cation): ##STR12## wherein R1 and R2 are, in all cases, COOMe.
The compounds prepared are as follows:
__________________________________________________________________________R3" (C) R3" (D) R4__________________________________________________________________________A-Ring 1. OMe OMe CHCH2 2. OH OMe CHCH2 (BPD-MA) 3. OMe OH CHCH2 (BPD-MA) 4. OH OH CHCH2 (BPD-DA) 5. OMe OMe CH(NH2)Me 6. OMe OMe ##STR13## 7. OH OH ##STR14##B-Ring 1. OMe OMe CHCH2 2. OH OMe CHCH2 3. OMe OH CHCH2 4. OH OH CHCH2 5. OMe OMe CH(NH2)Me 6. OH OH CH(NH2)Me 7. OMe OMe CH(NH(CH2)6 NH2)CH3 8. OH OH CH(NH(CH2)6 NH2)CH3 9. OCD3 OCD3 CH(NH(CH2)6 NH2)CH310. OMe OMe CH(imidazolyl)CH3 OMe OMe ##STR15## OMe OMe ##STR16## OMe OMe CH(OH)Me OMe OMe CHBrMe OMe OMe CH(OMe)Me OMe OMe CH(pyridinium Br)Me NH(CH2)6 NH2 OMe CHCH2 R3" R3" NH(CH2)6 NH CHCH2 OMe OMe CH(SH)CH320. OMe OMe disulfide of above OMe OMe CHO OMe OMe CHOHCH2 OH__________________________________________________________________________
To a stirring solution of BPD-DB (wherein R1 ═R2 ═carbomethoxy and which is esterified so that both R3 are carbomethoxyethyl) (35 mg, 48 μmol) in 5 ml of dichloromethane cooled to dry ice/acetone temperature was added trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (34 μl, 380 μmol). An oil separated out upon the addition of the acid. The reaction was brought up to 0� C. Then 5 ml of 5% sodium bicarbonate was added to the reaction to neutralize the acid. The product distributed into the organic layer which was washed three times with water. The solvent was removed and the product was dried via azeotrope with acetonitrile.
Preparative thin layer chromatography on silica gel eluting with 10% ethylacetate/dichloromethane gave a single fraction (28 mg, 80% yield). Parent ion in mass spectrum was 1464. The complex proton NMR due to the number of isomeric compounds had the characteristic single vinyl hydrogen associated with a C-linkage at about 8.1 ppm.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 16, 1958
|Sep 6, 1960
|Dempster Brothers Inc
|Compaction bodies
|Dec 14, 1978
|May 26, 1981
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|Oct 26, 1989
Owner name: BRITISH COLUMBIA, THE UNIVERSITY OF, CANADA
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text:
|Cutting into the Conan Board Game. I could hardly contain my excitement to get into the box.
|The Front Cover of Conan the Board Game by Monolith and Distributed by Asmodee. The Art Work is Fantastic!
|Upon taking off the lid, this is what greets the owner.
I haven't read the rules yet, so at this point I can't comment on them. Now let's continue on and see what else is in the box.
|The pile of cards spread out. On the left are items cards and on the right are spell cards.
|This is the first miniature that one sees while unpacking the product. It simply looks awesome!
Inside of the Brown box are some well packaged miniatures, an overlord tray and some coloured rings to go on the bottoms of your game bases.
|The top tray of Miniatures. Underneath this first set of miniatures are coloured rings to go on bases, an overlord tray and then a second tray of miniatures.
|A picture of the next tray of Miniatures in the Conan Board Game.
|Above is a picture of the cut-out boards for the game. Lots of tokens and game tiles here.
|What a beautiful board. The Village. I was very impressed with how large these boards are.
|These two ships boarding each other is my favourite board!
|The Inn.
|A Fort. Please forgive that this photo is a little washed out. My photography area is not really set up for larger items like this game board.
All of the components in this game are beautiful. During the Kickstarter Campaign, it was the miniatures that really got my eye on this product and captured my interest in Conan. Now that I have my hands on the retail box, I want to share with my readers a closer look at those minis. I will start with Conan's opponents.
|This is Zaporavo.
|The details on all of these hard plastic miniatures are nice and crisp.
|A Pirate.
|The Captain. These models are going to paint up really well, even with just a base coat and wash.
|Bossonian Guard.
|Bossonian Archer.
|Zogar Sag.
|A Pict Hunter.
|A Dark Demon.
|A Hyena.
|Another look at the Heyena. Nice details in the fur. This model should dry-brush up well.
|Outer Dark Demon.
|They even molded in veins for this Demon's Wings. Cool!
|Khosatral Khel.
All of these next models are made out of a different plastic than the ones above. Why this decision was made, I do not know. I have heard some accounts on the web that the softer plastic of the miniatures below is of lesser quality. If that is true, I do not know. What I do know is that I found two imperfections in the softer plastic models while all of the hard plastic models seemed to be in perfect condition.
|This model counts as either a Princess or Thalis depending on the scenario. This model is made from a different plastic than the others above. This plastic is softer. It holds the detail well enough, but notice the hole on the left side of her cloak.
|There is a hole straight through this model. Because I am a miniature enthusiast, I will just seal that hole up with some "green stuff," but if I wasn't I would probably be writing the company to ask for a replacement figure if possible.
|A Guard of Belit.
|I am very happy with the excellent definition and detail in these miniatures.
The miniatures in this game are absolutely fantastic. Detail wise, they are great even though I found blemishes on two of the models. The male characters match up with 32mm Miniatures of other companies perfectly while the female characters match up better with 28mm Miniatures. Below is a scale comparison of the models.
|On the left, a 32mm Reaper Miniature. In the middle, Conan. And on the right, a 28mm Frostgrave Miniature by North Star.
|On the left, a 32mm Reaper Miniature. In the middle, Shevatas. And on the right, a 28mm Frostgrave Miniature by North Star.
|On the left, a 32mm Reaper Miniature. In the middle, Hadrathus. And on the right, a 28mm Frostgrave Miniature by North Star.
|Above is a picture of two 28mm Frostgrave miniatures in comparison to the Giant Snake in Conan
Overall, the components of this game are very good. They look fantastic and I am excited about giving the game a try. The miniatures are not even painted up yet, and they photograph up lovely. This is the type of game that will look absolutely superb once all of the figures are painted.
|Conan vs a Giant Snake. Who do you think will win?
Until next time, Happy Gaming Everyone!!!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Weight Lifting Poster: Kung Fu, Heavy Weight Training. This stone weight training is a traditional Kung Fu training, very little practiced today. Although not a video of my authorship, I wanted poster for all of you. Today kettlebells are used to perform most of the movements described.
Eat me Kettle Bells
You people are amazing! If I were to try that stuff I'd have to wear steel toe shoes. :)
I could see how it builds strength and focus. Thanks.
This is very cool. Straight out of 72 shaolin arts….Great training displayed.
thats cool stuff, we use a similar peice of equipment in okinawan karate, called ishi sashi litterally stone padlock, it was brought over by the okinawan masters from china, we arent as acrobatic as these men but it really works you all over
Totally impressed with these training methods!


text:
2. Pics Gallery
Cole Sprouse pics, Dylan Sprouse pics, Sprouse Bros Pics Gallery
Check out this brand new photoshoot of Dylan Sprouse looking absolutely great by photographer Nuru Dorsey all credit goes to her and to our friend Maria Spain (@am_Chach from Twitter)
Cole Sprouse, Kj Apa, Lili Reinhart, Camila Mendes, Casey Cott & Ross Butler #Riverdale with fans at #Coachella on April 14 and 15, 2017.
-Source: https://twitter.com/am_Chach thank you girl!!
The Riverdale Squad Cole Sprouse, Kj Apa, Lili Reinhart, Camila Mendes and Ashleigh Murray) "Our Little Secret" pics by: Roberto Sanchez
Hey there Sprousers!! Lets take a look of what our talented Cole Sprouse and the rest of the Riverdale cast are into these days all these pics are provided by our wonderful friend María Spain (@am_Chach from Twitter)
Hey people first off I'd like to apologize with all of you for not updating Sprouseland as much as I used to but there's way to many things happening at the same time right now in my life that it's really hard for me to keep up.
But i'll come back here eventually to post all the Sprouse info you love and when all this madness is over i will dedicate a proper amount of time to my site which by the way i still love.
So…once I said all that…here comes the info 🙂
Our awesome Cole Sprouse has been attending to different events lately, he and the whole Riverdale cast were part of the WonderCon event panel, held at The Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, CA here's some of the info I've found about it and a few pics too enjoy!
Fans packed the Arena at the Anaheim Convention Center, where the "Riverdale" cast and executive producers were on hand to talk about the arrival of Archie's mom (played by Molly Ringwald), whether Sabrina (the teenage witch) will make an appearance in Season 2 and if there are plans for any episodes inspired by the "Afterlife with Archie" comics.
The cast members participating in the presentation included KJ Apa (Archie Andrews), Lili Reinhart (Betty Cooper), Camila Mendes (Veronica Lodge), Cole Sprouse (Jughead Jones), Ashleigh Murray (Josie McCoy), Marisol Nichols (Hermione Lodge), Mädchen Amick (Alice Cooper) and Luke Perry (Fred Andrews). Also present were "Riverdale" executive producers Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, Sarah Schechter and Jon Goldwater.
Before diving into any discussions, attendees were treated to a "Riverdale" sizzle reel to relive some of the highlights of the series so far. And yes, there was plenty of kissing, plenty of hitting and plenty of dark and broody Jughead. The clip ended with Archie's reunion with his mother, Mary Andrews.
While the audience cheered at the reveal, it turns out that a certain cast member was not completely convinced that Ringwald was the right fit for the character.
"At first I wasn't so sure about it," Perry said. But he admitted it only took two minutes of seeing Ringwald and Apa work together to realize he was completely wrong.
Nichols and Amick assured fans that there are definitely some "juicy and fun" scenes between their characters and Mary on the way.
Other early topics of discussion included the relationships between the younger stars Apa, Reinhart and Mendes and their respective onscreen parents (with Reinhart revealing that she and Amick discovered they had matching tattoos by the same artist) as well as fans' social media reactions to the happenings on the show.
After donning a pair of Pussycat ears, Murray, who plays the confident and driven Josie, explained how making the music for the show has been great.
"I suffer from a self-diagnosed form of audio-dysmorphia," she said. "I didn't like the sound of my voice growing up."
"I was presented with this opportunity and I thought what better way to get over that and also enjoy it [than] by playing such an iconic character? Especially somebody I grew up watching and reading in the comic books," Murray said.
Of course, Murray is not the only cast member with musical chops. "Riverdale" viewers have already seen (and heard) Apa and Mendes sing, and an upcoming episode will feature Reinhart lending her singing voice to a certain scene. But one cast member said he wasn't as enthusiastic about all of the singing that was happening around him while they were shooting.
"I survived a Disney career without having to sing," Sprouse explained.
Speaking of Sprouse's Disney career, at least one fan was keen to know if there was any chance that his twin Dylan Sprouse would ever make an appearance on the show as Jughead's cousin, Souphead.
"It would take a lot of convincing," he said.
Aguirre-Sacasa played coy when asked about the possibility of Sabrina making an appearance in Season 2, but he did admit that there was interest in featuring some sort of "Afterlife with Archie"-inspired episode, perhaps for Halloween.
In addition to being Archie Comics chief creative officer, Aguirre-Sacasa is, of course, the writer of the "Afterlife with Archie" comic series.
Other takeaways from the panel? Apa and Sprouse's friendship isn't just a bromance, Betty and Veronica are a package deal and Reinhart first thought Archie was a superhero. Also, an upcoming episode will feature a house party celebrating Jughead's birthday.
For more "Riverdale" at WonderCon, fans can check out a special screening of a brand new episode on Saturday at 3:15 p.m. at the Arena.
-Sources: http:
www.twitter.com/am_Chach ( thanks María for the pics)
Hey there guys! hmmm yeah I know, i'm very late posting this pics again, but even if i don't update Sprouseland as much as I used too (because I'm veeeeery busy lately) I'm not going to abandon my site i'll come back here eventually, to post all the Sprouse news, videos and pics you guys like to see 🙂 So here's a few pics of our handsome Cole Sprouse and his Riverdale co-star Kj Apa with a fan, posted by my friend María Spain (@am_Chach on Twitter ) so all credits goes to her.
Heeeey Sprousers!! lets start 2017 with the right foot, and let me tell your that there's only 20 days left until "Riverdale" premieres on CW how exciting is that?? Here's a few promotional pics and a new trailer from the upcoming show enjoy everybody and Cole Sprouse WELCOME BACK!!
Thanks to Maria Spain (am_Chach from Twitter) for the pics


text:
Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh UK [HSS UK] has been instilling the ethos of hard work, good morals and selfless working for over 50 years and it's effects are being felt in the UK through our integration and affection for the country.
HSS UK has not traditionally been an organization that has projected its manifold achievements, preferring to work silently to develop persons of great character. The need of the hour, however, is for this work to be recognized and projected, to allow the organization to build upon these exceptional achievements and reach ever-greater heights.
We were enthused to hear about how the first shakhas [Activity Centres] were started by inspired swayamsevaks [volunteers]pretty much as soon as they stepped off the plane from East Africa or Bharat (India). They started meeting with great enthusiasm in their front rooms, back gardens and public parks to get the organization off the ground as a meeting of hearts and minds above everything else.
As the organization grew organically, the need for structure and uniformity was met with the modification of our Sangh Padhiti (style of working) to meet the unique demands of the UK. Our veterans admirably managed the task of establishing themselves and their families in a new country whilst at the same time ensuring that HSS UK was also established on a secure footing in this country.
As HSS UK grew, so did its positive interactions with the society, reaching out to all parts of the UK community. Visits by many dignitaries, all the way up to the then serving Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1990, were instrumental in introducing not just the organization, but positive Hindu values to the wider society. Large scale events such as the annual Hindu Marathon, the Virat Hindu Sammelan in 1989 (remaining until today the largest gathering of Hindus outside of Bharat), and the Hindu Sangam in Bradford in 1984 served to provide a positive vision of the Hindu society to both those within the Hindu community and the wider mainstream society.
The organization inspired its members to start service projects in the community in different spheres. These include temple management, elderly centres, language classes in Gujarati, Hindi and Sanskrit, Yoga and Hinduism classes around the country and fundraising for natural disasters and charitable causes. Youth leadership development through the annual Sangh and Samiti Shiksha Vargs [Training Seminars] has been an important contribution to the organization of the society, training dedicated workers who successfully balance working for the society with the family and career life.
As Sangh has grown, it has inspired its members to form organizations to work in different areas according to the needs of the times. These include the development of National Hindu Students Forum (organizing Hindu students activities in University and beyond), Sewa UK (supporting charitable activities around the world), Sewa Day (encouraging volunteering) and Friends of India Society International (worked to restore democracy in India during the period of Emergency rule in India in the late 1970s).
As well as this exposure to Hindu values at a mass level, there has been the influence of equally (if not greater) importance at the individual level. We have been fortunate to hear from Swayamsevaks and Sevikas working in important positions in their professional life, who have told us about the life changing influence Sangh has had on their lives. There are boundless such examples, and we are able to publish only a small sample of these moving illustrations. Their inspiration has come from the close association of many great characters, and they themselves continue to inspire future generations.
HSS UK has worked through the guiding principles of Sanskar (life values), Sewa (selfless service) and Sangathan (community spirit) for the last 5 decades and will continue to do so. It has provided the necessary impetus to work towards its vision as stated in the Sangh Prarthana (prayer):


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Cain's 9-9-9 Tax Plan: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly
October 17, 2011
As Herman Cain's 9-9-9 plan continues to draw attention, a key component of it remains misunderstood. Cain's plan would replace the individual and corporate income taxes, estate and gift tax, and payroll and self-employment taxes with three new levies. As is well-known, one levy is a 9 percent retail sales tax and another is a 9 percent income tax, says Alan Viard, a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute.
The misunderstanding concerns the third component.
- Most media reports, taking the lead from Cain's own terminology, continue to describe it as a business or corporate tax or even as a tax on corporate profits.
- Yet, the tax is actually a value added tax (VAT), a fact confirmed by the economic analysis circulated by Cain's campaign.
A VAT and a retail sales tax are conceptually equivalent consumption taxes, apart from administrative and compliance issues. The plan is therefore better described as featuring a 9 percent income tax and an 18 percent consumption tax, with half of the latter collected using the VAT methodology and the other half collected using the retail sales tax methodology.
One concern about the Cain plan has been overstated.
- Analysts who thought that the third tax was a tax on business profits or cash flow (in other words, a tax that allowed firms to deduct wage payments) complained that the plan would raise revenue far short of current levels.
- The fact that the tax is actually imposed on value added (so that firms cannot deduct wage payments) means that it would raise considerably more revenue than those analyses had indicated.
- Although the 9 percent rate is not quite revenue neutral, a rate around 10 to 11 percent might work, if no deductions or tax preferences are added to the plan.
If the plan was adopted at a revenue-neutral tax rate, it would increase long-run economic growth by largely eliminating the tax penalties on saving and investment. But, it would also cause a massive shift in tax liabilities toward moderate-income households, a disturbing outcome that is likely to make the plan politically unviable.
Source: Alan Viard, "Cain's 9-9-9 Tax Plan: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly," Enterprise Blog, October 13, 2011.
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Thread: Beginner needing help!
01-23-13, 12:34 #1Registered User
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Unanswered: Beginner needing help!
Ok, so I am very new to this. I am just creating a simple database to add books (title, author, etc) and view them. I have done the add form and it is saving them into a table. However, I am stuck when it comes to wanting to view all the books i have entered, in a form. I want it to come up with all the titles of the books i have entered, and then a place where i can select a certain book and it will take me to another form that I can view all the details that have been entered into the database for that particualr book.
01-23-13, 18:10 #2Registered User
Provided Answers: 6
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This should help:
Open a second form to the recordPaul