text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 1, 1993
|Filing date
|Feb 27, 1991
|Priority date
|Feb 27, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ashok N. Prabhu, Edward J. Conlon, Barry J. Thaler
|Original Assignee
|David Sarnoff Research Center, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (55), Classifications (19), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to novel ceramic green tape compositions based upon a combination of a devitrifying glass, two vitreous glasses and a ceramic filler, and to low temperature co-fired multilayer circuit boards with silver conductors made therefrom.
Co-fired multilayer circuit boards comprise two or more patterned conductor layers separated by a dielectric layer. The patterned conductor layers are connected by metallic conductors deposited in vias in the dielectric layer. The multiple layers are finally fired together to produce very dense circuit patterns.
Modern circuit boards must be able to accommodate complex integrated circuits requiring many input/output connections, and must be able to operate at fast switching speeds and high power levels. Circuit boards having alumina substrates have been developed for these purposes, but alumina requires high sintering temperatures which restrict the choice of conductors to refractory metals, such as tungsten, molybdenum and manganese, which have high electrical resistivities compared to other metals such as silver, copper or gold. Further, refractory metals such as molybdenum and tungsten require gold plating prior to soldering, adding to the cost of these circuit boards. Alumina also has a relatively high dielectric constant, which limits the signal speed. Moreover, alumina substrates have a high thermal coefficient of expansion which is incompatible with that of silicon, so that individual silicon chips or devices cannot form an integral part of the circuit.
Low temperature co-fired multilayer circuit boards made of either devitrifying or vitreous glasses are able to be fired at lower temperatures than alumina, so that other conductive metals can be used, for example silver conductors. Such circuit boards have many advantages for microelectronic packaging applications for the computer, telecommunications and military markets. They have lower shrinkages, low dielectric constants and the ability for direct attachment of silicon devices directly to the co-fired substrate.
However, for certain critical applications, rather stringent requirements are defined for low temperature co-fired circuit boards using silver conductors. They must have a thermal coefficient of expansion of 40-45�10-7 /� C. from RT-400� C.; a low dielectric constant at 1 MHz of about 6; resistance to silver migration; a dissipation factor at 1 MHz of less than 0.3%; be laser trimmable without chipping; have a breakdown voltage of more than 40 KV/mm; a specific resistivity of over 1014 ohm-cm; a flexure strength of about 2000 kg/cm-2 ; a high thermal conductivity of about 0.005 cal/cm-s-� C. and be resistant to chemicals, particularly to acids used as etchants.
In addition, the low temperature co-fired circuit boards must have a firing temperature below about 900� C.; a firing shrinkage of about 13-15% to ensure the production of dense, non-porous substrates; they must be able to be fired in air or nitrogen; and they must be able to form in excess of 15 laminate layers without blistering, delaminating or warping of the layers. Buried silver conductors in the substrates must have a conductivity of less than 6 milliohms/sq. Further, the use of silver conductors requires glasses in the dielectric layers resistant to silver diffusion, to avoid discoloration and staining. These circuit boards must also be low in cost, which is achieved by using silver conductors.
Present day glasses and ceramic circuit boards cannot meet all of these requirements.
We have formulated certain ceramic green tape formulations for fabricating low temperature, co-fired multilayer ceramic circuit boards with silver conductors using a combination of a novel devitrifying glass, two vitreous glasses and a ceramic filler in an organic vehicle. These green tape compositions are used to form ceramic printed circuit boards having low thermal expansion and dielectric constant characteristics and excellent mechanical and electrical properties by using the laminated co-firing process. The combination of glasses and fillers of the invention can also be used to form buried and via-fill conductor thick film inks compatible with the substrates, that do not form cracks in the multilayer circuit boards during firing.
FIGS. 1 and 2 are differential thermal analysis (hereinafter DTA) plots showing the devitrification temperature of glasses of the invention.
FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6 are thermal coefficient of expansion plots at various temperatures of glasses and green tape compositions of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of a portion of a multilayered printed circuit board of the invention.
The novel green tape formulations of the invention comprise a novel calcium-zinc-aluminum-borosilicate devitrifying glass; two vitreous glasses, a lead-zinc-aluminosilicate glass and a low alkali borosilicate glass, to impart lower expansion and dielectric constant properties to the co-fired substrates and to reduce silver staining; a ceramic filler to improve mechanical and thermal conductivity properties to the co-fired substrate; and an organic vehicle.
The devitrifying glasses of the invention are used to make low temperature co-fired ceramic substrates with silver conductors, using the green tape approach. The devitrifying glass compositions of the invention contain from about 10-30% by weight of zinc oxide (ZnO); from about 10-20% by weight of calcium oxide (CaO); can contain up to about 15% by weight of boron oxide (B2 O3); from about 15-20% by weight of aluminum oxide(Al2 O3); and from about 25-55% by weight of silicon dioxide (SiO2). The glasses optionally can also contain small amounts, i.e., up to about 3% by weight, of phosphorus pentoxide and zirconium silicate.
These glasses, when heated to 1000� C., form gahnite (ZnAl2 O4), willemite (Zn2 SiO4) and anorthite (CaAl2 Si2 O8) crystal phases, which have low thermal expansion coefficients. The glasses are also characterized by high softening points and good chemical durability.
The lead-zinc-aluminosilicate vitreous glass compositions contain from about 30-40% (PbO) by weight of lead oxide, from about 6-12% by weight of zinc oxide (ZnO), from about 6-10% by weight of aluminum oxide (Al2 O3) and from about 40-55% by weight of silicon oxide (SiO). These glasses have low thermal expansion coefficients. The devitrifying glass, mixed with two vitreous glasses, a lead-zinc-aluminosilicate glass and a low alkali borosilicate glass, and with a suitable ceramic filler, are admixed with a resin binder, one or more solvents, a plasticizer and a surfactant to form a ceramic slip or green tape composition that can be fired to form a ceramic substrate.
The properties of the ceramic substrates of the invention can be varied depending on the composition and quantities of the various additives. The devitrifying glasses have a number of attractive properties including relatively high vitreous softening temperatures, varied devitrification kinetics, and low thermal expansion coefficients. However, some of the other properties such as flexure strength, dielectric constant, resistance to silver diffusion and laser trimmability are less than satisfactory or marginal.
Since a single vitreous glass cannot overcome all of the deficiencies of the devitrifying glass, the green tape formulations must use a combination of two or more high softening point, low thermal expansion vitreous glasses. One of these glasses helps to lower the dielectric constant and silver staining, whereas the second glass helps to improve flexure strength and laser trimmability. Thus the green tape formulations of the invention combine the devitrifying glass of the invention with various devitrifying and vitreous glasses to vary the properties of the ceramic substrates of the invention. The vitreous glasses, which have high softening points, low dielectric constants, low dissipation factor, low thermal expansion coefficients and good electrical characteristics are added to modify these properties. They are also advantageously added to reduce the staining problem of silver conductors. However, too high an amount of the vitreous glass will reduce the flexure strength of the ceramic. Suitable vitreous glasses include lead-zinc aluminosilicate glasses, and low alkali borosilicate glasses. Additions of ceramic fillers will improve the flexure strength, laser trimmability, dimensional control and thermal conductivity of the co-fired ceramic. Suitable ceramic fillers include alumina (Al2 O3), betaeucryptite (Li2 Al2 SiO6), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), zirconium silicate (zircon ZrSiO4), zinc silicate (Zn2 SiO4), and calcium aluminosilicate (CaAl2 Si2 O8) powders.
Additionally, particularly when conductive silver thick film inks are to be deposited on the ceramic substrate, a coloring agent such as cobalt oxide (Co3 O4) or chromic oxide (Cr2 O3) can also be included in the green tape composition.
In addition to the devitrifying glasses of the invention, other devitrifying glasses can be added advantageously to the present compositions, including cordierite and willemite-forming glasses.
The organic binder provides strength to the green tape and flexibility and formability to the glass slurry. Suitable binders should have low viscosity, and burn completely at temperatures below about 550� C. Suitable binders are well known and include resins such as polyvinyl butyral, commercially available as Butvar B-98, a trademark of Monsanto Company, and acrylate resins such as the Elvacite resins, a trademark of duPont de Nemours and Company.
The solvent should be compatible with ceramic powders. It acts to solubilize the binder and controls the viscosity of the ceramic suspension. Suitable solvents include one or more of methyl ethyl ketone (hereinafter MEK), ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, toluene, acetone and ethyl acetate.
The plasticizer acts to provide flexibility and compressibility to the green slurry. Suitable plasticizers include a mixture of alkyl benzyl phthalates and alkyl esters and derivatives commercially available as Santicizer 261, a trademark of Monsanto Company.
The surfactant provides surface tension and particle surface charge control of the green slurry and improves dispersability of the binder solution and ceramic suspension. Suitable surfactants include fish oil, such as Kellox-3-Z, a product of Kellog Company, oleylamine, available as Armeen O, or a high molecular weight N-alkyl-1,3-diaminopropane dioleate, available as Duomeen TDO, products of Akzo Chemie America.
The preferred green tape compositions of the invention comprise from about 8-35% by weight of a devitrifying glass, from about 10-35% by weight of a low alkali borosilicate vitreous glass, from about 10-35% by weight of a lead-zinc-aluminosilicate vitreous glass, from about 10-35% by weight of a ceramic filler, up to about 0.5% by weight of a coloring agent and from about 20-45% by weight of an organic binder.
The substrates of the invention are made by first mixing together the inorganic powders, e.g. glasses, filler and coloring agent components, solvent and surfactant, and ball milling for from about 15-60 hours. A premixed batch of solvent, plasticizer and resin binder is then added, and ball milling continued for an additional 1-4 hours. The resultant slurry, or green ceramic, is formed either in a mold, or, when ceramic tape is to be made, by doctor blading onto a polymer tape, such as a polyethylene terephthalate tape, and drying for about one hour. The tape is then ready for screen printing.
Thick film conductor and via fill pastes or inks are known. They must be screen printable to provide conductor lines or pads for the printed circuit and are generally made from a conductive powder in an organic vehicle. The conductive powders of interest herein can be silver, gold, palladium, platinum, copper and mixtures thereof. The conductive powder is mixed with a devitrifying glass of the invention and vitreous glasses to maintain compatibility with the substrates, and optionally with a ceramic filler. The glasses of the invention do not soften below the temperature at which carbonaceous materials such as solvents and binder are pyrolyzed however. The carbonaceous materials burn off first, the devitrifying glass softens and helps densification of the conductor film.
The conductor inks are made by mixing 45-95% by weight of a conductive powder and 5-55% by weight of one or more glasses or a glass and ceramic filler mixture, dispersed in a suitable organic vehicle.
Suitable organic vehicles include a resin binder, a solvent and a surfactant. Suitable resin binders include ethyl cellulose T-100, a product of Hercules Company, hereinafter ECT-100. Other known resin binders include synthetic resins such as polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyesters, polyolefins and the like. Suitable solvents are chosen from one or more of pine oil, terpineol, alpha-terpineol, butyl carbitol acetate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, available from Texas Eastman Company under the trademark Texanol, and the like. The vehicles generally contain from about 2 to about 25% by weight of the resin binder. Suitable ink surfactants include Armeen O and Duomeen TDO. The surfactant generally comprises from about 0.2 to about 10% by weight of the organic vehicle.
The conductor inks are made by mixing the conductive metal powder and the glasses and combining with the organic vehicle on a three roll mill that combines mixing and high shearing, to ensure homogeneity of the conductor ink. By controlling the amount of glass, the densification characteristics of the conductors can be matched to the shrinkage characteristics of the substrates.
Via fill conductor inks are made from powdered conductive metal and relatively larger amounts of a glass of the invention which can be mixed with a filler, and with the vitreous glasses and an organic vehicle as described above for the conductor inks. The via fill conductor inks of the invention, when incorporated into co-fired circuit boards of the invention having upwards of six layers, do not show any dielectric cracking around via holes, indicating a good thermal expansion match of the via fill conductor films and the dielectric layers.
Co-fired multilayer printed substrates are formed by uniformly cutting the green tapes, blanking the tapes to form registration holes, punching to form via holes, screen printing to form conductor lines and to connect the various circuit patterns together, and laminating a stack, e.g., 2 or more screen printed tape substrates, by heating under compression. The resultant laminated stack is prefired to remove the organics and fired at temperatures of about 850� C. when the devitrifying and vitreous glasses will flow and the devitrifying glasses will crystallize, forming a monolithic multilayered ceramic circuit board. The circuit boards of the invention undergo a significant amount of shrinkage during the firing step to achieve a substrate free of excessive porosity, reducing or eliminating the silver staining problem.
FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of a portion of a multilayer printed circuit board 70. A ceramic dielectric layer 72 of the invention has a first patterned conductive layer 74 on one side thereof and a second patterned conductive layer 76 on the opposite side thereof. Vias 78 and 80 filled with conductive material connect the conductive layers 74 and 76.
The silver conductor based multilayer co-fired ceramic substrates of the invention are blister free, pinhole free and warp free and do not present delamination problems. Silver staining is minimized by adjusting the glass content of a mixture of devitrifying and vitreous glasses. Similarly, the dielectric constant, laser trimmability and flexure strength are also optimized by using a combination of a devitrifying glass, two vitreous glasses and a ceramic filler. The fired substrates of the invention meet or exceed the requirements for shrinkage, resistivity, thermal coefficient of expansion, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, breakdown voltage, specific resistivity, flexure strength, hermeticity, acid resistance, laser trimmability and resistance to silver migration.
The invention will be further illustrated in the following Examples. In the Examples, parts and percentages are by weight. Various tests were made to characterize the various glasses and fired layers.
Devitrification temperature, DT, was determined by DTA and is taken as the peak temperature.
Thermal coefficient of expansion, TCE, was determined by pressing the glass powders into bars, firing to 900� C., and determining the coefficient of expansion�10-7 /� C. versus temperature.
Flexure strength was measured using co-fired substrates about 1.5-3 inches long, 0.3-0.5 inch wide and 0.04-0.08 inch thick by a three point bend test on an Instron Universal tester.
The co-fired substrates were also laser trimmed using a YAG laser, 2.5 KW, 5 mm/sec and examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy for detecting dielectric chipping or other irregularities. The designation "very good" (VG) means no chipping was detected and "good" means a small degree of chipping was observed. A larger degree of chipping would be designated as "difficult to trim". Other results are presented on a scale of 1-5 where "5" is very good.
Shrinkage is determined by measuring sample dimensions after laminating and firing at a peak temperature of 850� C. in a belt furnace.
Dielectric constant and dissipation factor in percent was measured at 1 MHz and 10 KHz on co-fired substrates using silver electrodes. Capacitance was measured as 10-12 farad.
Resistance to silver migration was determined by printing silver electrodes on the top dielectric layer which is connected to an electrode on the second layer, inserting co-fired substrates in a humidity chamber at 60� C., 90% RH while maintaining a 48 v DC bias on the electrodes. After 60-80 hours the substrate is removed, the bulk resistance measured using an electrometer, and the sequence repeated up to 1000 hours. The tapes measured had a resistance of >1010 ohms after 1000 hours, well above the requirement of 109 ohms.
Hermeticity of co-fired substrates was measured using a lead attached to a silver electrode and monitoring the leakage current (1M NaCl solution, 10 V DC bias).
Dielectric bulk resistance of co-fired substrates was measured using an electrometer. The resistance values were taken after 5 minutes.
Visual examination and optical microscopy were used to evaluate dielectric-silver compatibility. A poor silver-dielectric compatibility can lead to either warping of the co-fired circuit boards and/or an adverse interaction at the silver-dielectric interface leading to opens in the silver conductors.
The following oxides were mixed on a two roll mill for 3-4 hours, melted at 1600�-1620� C., quenched on a two roll mill and ground to pass through a 105 mesh sieve. The glass particles were milled in isopropanol for 23 hours, the solvent removed over boiling water and the glass baked by heating in oxygen to 550� C. for about 7 hours to remove the organics. The compositions are summarized below in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________Constituent Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4______________________________________ZnO 14.22 14.22 26.67 26.67CaO 14.22 14.22 13.33 13.33Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 17.98 17.98 17.78 17.78B.sub.2 O.sub.3 -- 4.44 13.33 6.67SiO.sub.2 53.58 49.14 28.89 35.55DT, �C. 950 871.3* 857.5**TCE, ppm/�C. @400� 5.2*** 3.2****______________________________________ *See FIG. 1 **See FIG. 2 ***See FIG. 3 ****See FIG. 4
The glasses, when fired at 1000� C., have crystal phases of the gahnite (ZnAl2 O4), willemite (Zn2 SiO4) and anorthite (CaAl2 Si2 O8) type.
The following vitreous lead and zinc-containing borosilicate glasses were prepared, as summarized below in Table II. Glass D was purchased as glass 7070 from Corning Glass Works. It is a low alkali borosilicate glass.
______________________________________Constituent Glass A Glass B Glass C Glass D______________________________________PbO 35.55 33.33 35.55ZnO 8.00 8.00 10.22Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 8.00 8.00 8.00SiO.sub.2 48.45 50.67 6.23TCE, ppm/�C. @400� 22.00** 32.00*Dielectric Constant 7.8 4.1(10 KHz)______________________________________ *@300� C. **See FIG. 5
Green tape compositions were prepared from the glasses of Examples 1-4 by mixing together with a solvent (MEK) and surfactant (fish oil) and ball milling for 10-60 hours. A premixed resin, plasticizer and solvent formulation (consisting of 15% by weight of polyvinyl butyral, B-98, 10% by weight of benzyl alkyl phthalate, S-261 and 75% by weight of ethanol) was added and ball milling continued for two to four more hours. The compositions and test data are summarized in Table III below:
TABLE III______________________________________ % by weightConstituent Example 5 Example 6______________________________________Glass of Example 1 62.32Glass of Example 3 62.31MEK 15.58 15.58fish oil 0.68 0.68resin binder 21.42 21.42Flexure Strength (kg/cm2) 1461 299Hermeticity (amp) 10.sup.-9 10.sup.-8Dissipation Factor, 10 KHz 0.3 0.1Dielectric Constant, 10 KHz -- 7.3______________________________________
The dielectric breakdown strength of the tape of Example 5 was measured by increasing the voltage on the sample at 500 V increments up to a maximum of 5 KV. No failure was noted up to 5 KV on 0.005 inch thick layers, indicating a dense microstructure of the co-fired substrate. However, high dielectric constant, silver staining and laser trimmability are still problems with these compositions.
The following green tape compositions were made according to Example 5 but mixing the glasses of the invention with a low alkali borosilicate glass and a ceramic filler, optionally with a coloring agent. The compositions and test data are summarized below in Table IV.
TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________Constituent Ex. 7 Ex. 8 Ex. 9 Ex. 10 Ex. 11 Ex. 12__________________________________________________________________________Glass of Example 1 19.86 11.90 14.42 9.43Glass of Example 2 23.14Glass of Example 3 14.29Glass D 31.78 23.14 34.03 24.04 23.58 19.05zircon 11.92 16.88alumina 15.43zirconium oxide 22.60 26.89 27.14Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 -- -- 0.5 0.48 0.47 0.47MEK 13.90 16.39 6.94 16.34 17.92 17.14fish oil 0.70 0.68 0.79 0.96 0.94 0.95resin binder 21.84 21.22 21.83 21.16 20.77 20.96isopropanol 7.13TCE @400� C. 70 38 38 -- 46 --Flexure Strength 1824 1611 1723 2181 1706 2012(kg/cm2)High speed Laser 1.0 4 5 4trimmabilitySilver-dielectric poor poor poorcompatibility__________________________________________________________________________
Thus the above compositions still do not meet all of the requirements for co-fired multilayer circuit boards.
The following green tape compositions were made following the procedure of Examples 5-6 but combining the glasses of Examples 1-4 with a lead-zinc-aluminosilicate glass and optionally a filler. The compositions and the test data are summarized below in Table V.
TABLE V__________________________________________________________________________Constituent Ex. 13 Ex. 14 Ex. 15 Ex. 16 Ex. 17 Ex. 18__________________________________________________________________________Glass of Example 1Glass of Example 3 24.29 28.00 21.50 19.70Glass of Example 4 32.99 27.69Glass A 24.29 24.00 16.50 8.37Glass B 32.99 27.69alumina 16.19 11.50 25.50 9.74zirconium ozide 34.48Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 -- 0.5 0.5 0.49 0.51MEK 7.08 16.49 15.00 12.00 15.78 16.43fish oil 0.81 1.04 1.00 2.00 1.48 1.02resin binder 18.22 16.49 20.00 22.00 19.70 16.92isopropanol 9.12TCE @400� C. 51 37Flexure strength 1750(kg/cm2)Silver-dielectric -- -- -- good verycompatibility goodDielectric constant 7.6 8.8__________________________________________________________________________
These formulations, containing the lead-zinc-aluminosilicate glass, have high dielectric constants.
Green tape compositions were prepared following the procedure of Example 5 using the glass of Example 3 mixed with two vitreous glasses and a ceramic filler. The compositions and test data are summarized below in Table VI.
TABLE VI__________________________________________________________________________Constituents Ex. 19 Ex. 20 Ex. 21 Ex. 22 Ex. 23 Ex. 24__________________________________________________________________________Glass of Example 3 11.32 15.15 12.31 12.31 14.15Glass of Example 4 12.18Glass D 18.87 20.30 16.16 16.41 16.41 18.87Glass A 12.26 9.43Glass B 32.49Glass C 11.11 14.36 13.33alumina 17.45 22.02 22.36 23.38 17.45Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 0.47 0.2 0.21 0.21 0.47MEK 19.81 16.75 17.17 16.92 16.92 19.81fish oil 1.88 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.88resin binder 17.94 17.26 17.17 16.41 16.42 17.94TCE @400� C. 42* 43 47 49Flexure Strength -- 2022 2472 2216(kg/cm2)Laser trimmability VG VG VG VGHermeticity (amp). <10.sup.-9 >10.sup.-9Acid Resistance** <10.sup.-9 <10.sup.-9(amp)Dielectric Constant 6.33 5.4 6.93 7.12 7.07 5.8@1 MHzDissipation Factor 0.36 0.16 0.27 0.30 0.29 0.4@1 MHz, %Dielectric Break- nodown Strength @ 5KV failDielectric specific >2 � 10.sup.14 >1014resistivity, ohm-cmSilver-dielectric good good good goodcompatibility__________________________________________________________________________ *See FIG. 6 **Acid resistance was measured by treating the test sample after hermeticity testing in 2% HF solution at 35-40� C. for onehalf minute three times, when the hermeticity test was repeated.
The thermal conductivity of Example 24 was measured by electroding a co-fired substrate with silver ink, tinning with lead-tin solder and attaching to a copper block. Thermal conductivity was determined using a thin film silicon heater by measuring temperature difference. The thermal conductivity was 0.005 cal/sec-cm-�C. and is higher than most glasses.
Silver powder, glass powder and an organic vehicle were combined on a three roll mill. The compositions are summarized below in Table VII, wherein Examples 28 and 29 are intended primarily as via fill inks.
TABLE VII______________________________________Constituent Ex. 25 Ex. 26 Ex. 27 Ex. 28 Ex. 29______________________________________Glass of Example 3 3.69 7.38 11.07 7.38 3.69Silver powder 70.11 66.42 62.73 44.28 59.04Alumina 7.38 3.695% T-100 in terpineol 11.07 11.07 11.07 11.07 11.07Terpineol 14.76 14.76 14.76 14.76 14.76Duomeen TDO 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37Glass D 7.38 3.69Glass C 7.38 3.69______________________________________
The conductor inks as prepared in Examples 25-27 were screen printed onto ceramic tape as prepared in Examples 19-24 which had been separated from the polymer tape backing, blanked for registration holes and vias punched. Several screen printed tapes were dried and then stacked and laminated in a lamination die by preheating at 100� C. for 15-30 minutes, and compressed at 3000 psi for 5-30 minutes. The stack was cooled and prebaked at 525� C. and fired at 850� C. in a belt furnace, employing a two hour cycle holding the peak temperature for from 20-40 minutes. No delamination, dielectric cracking or silver staining was noted.
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|Cabot Corporation
|Optimized multi-layer printing of electronics and displays
|Jun 15, 2010
|Feb 26, 2013
|Cabot Corporation
|Metal nanoparticle compositions
|Oct 25, 2007
|Oct 8, 2013
|Second Sight Medical Products, Inc.
|Method for providing hermetic electrical feedthrough
|Jul 2, 2010
|Dec 3, 2013
|Cabot Corporation
|Production of metal nanoparticles
|Dec 4, 2012
|Mar 11, 2014
|Cabot Corporation
|Metal nanoparticle compositions for reflective features
|Jan 3, 2007
|Dec 27, 2016
|Epcos Ag
|Monolithic ceramic component and production method
|Nov 1, 2002
|Aug 28, 2003
|Kodas Toivo T.
|Precursor compositions for the deposition of passive electronic features
|Oct 4, 2002
|Sep 18, 2003
|Kodas Toivo T.
|Precursor compositions and methods for the deposition of passive electrical components on a substrate
|Mar 10, 2005
|Sep 29, 2005
|Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
|Multi-layer ceramic substrate and manufacturing method thereof
|Jun 3, 2005
|Dec 8, 2005
|Beom-Wook Lee
|Photosensitive paste composition, PDP electrode prepared therefrom, and PDP comprising the PDP electrode
|Jan 13, 2006
|Aug 24, 2006
|Cabot Corporation
|Metal nanoparticle compositions
|Jan 29, 2004
|Oct 19, 2006
|Cambridge Display Technology Limited
|Organic optoelectronic device
|Jul 5, 2007
|Jan 10, 2008
|Cabot Corporation
|Controlling ink migration during the formation of printable electronic features
|Oct 19, 2007
|Dec 25, 2008
|Jerry Ok
|Method for providing hermetic electrical feedthrough
|Oct 25, 2007
|Dec 25, 2008
|Jerry Ok
|Method for Providing Hermetic Electrical Feedthrough
|Jan 3, 2007
|Feb 5, 2009
|Christian Block
|Monolithic Ceramic Component and Production Method
|Oct 18, 2002
|May 6, 2010
|Kodas Toivo T
|Method for the fabrication of conductive electronic features
|Sep 7, 2011
|Mar 15, 2012
|Vincotech Holdings S.A.R.L.
|Power semiconductor module having sintered metal connections, preferably sintered silver connections, and production method
|Apr 9, 2015
|Aug 20, 2015
|Hitachi Maxell, Ltd.
|Slurry for forming insulating layer, separator for electrochemical device, method for producing the same, and electrochemical device
|Jul 2, 2010
|Jan 5, 2012
|Schott Ag
|Interposer und Verfahren zum Herstellen von L�chern in einem Interposer
|Jul 2, 2010
|Mar 8, 2012
|Schott Ag
|Interposer und Verfahren zum Herstellen von L�chern in einem Interposer
|Jun 3, 1999
|Dec 16, 1999
|Dsm N.V.
|Curved ceramic moulded part
|Jun 3, 1999
|Feb 22, 2001
|Dsm Nv
|Curved ceramic moulded part
|Jul 4, 2011
|Jan 5, 2012
|Schott Ag
|Interposer and method for producing holes in an interposer
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 27, 1991
Owner name: DAVID SARNOFF RESEARCH CENTER, INC., A CORP. OF DE
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:PRABHU, ASHOK N.;CONLON, EDWARD J.;THALER, BARRY J.;REEL/FRAME:005647/0432
Effective date: 19910226
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Owner name: SARNOFF CORPORATION, NEW JERSEY
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:DAVID SARNOFF RESEARCH CENTER, INC.;REEL/FRAME:009773/0420
Effective date: 19970404
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|Jun 1, 2005
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 26, 2005
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Effective date: 20050601


text:
Today on O&A, We start the show talking about Valentine's Day, and we discuss the SNL 40th Anniversary special.
Comedian Nikki Glaser joins the show, we talk to Jenny Hutt on the phone about the Cindy Crawford leaked photo, we watch Eddie Murphy's SNL appearance, Colin Quinn calls in, we talk about Rolling Stone's SNL cast ranking, and we watch Joe Piscopo's appearance on the SNL anniversary show.
Larry King stops by to talk about his career, current events, and what happened with Anthony. We talk more about Anthony, we talk about Amy Schumer and Trainwreck, and we discuss AMSR videos. [Broadcast Date: February 17, 2015]
Explicit Language Warning: You must be 18 years or older to purchase this program.
Want more Opie & Anthony?
(P) and ©2015 Sirius XM Satellite Radio
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
SedgeHammer Herbicide
Buy Now
Richard writes,
Will Sedgehammer help control wild bermuda in a zoysia empire lawn?
We just started carrying herbicides due to customer request, but they are not our specialty. We would like to refer you to the manufacturer since they are the experts on their Sedgehammer product. The manufacturer is Gowan and you can reach them at (800) 883-1844 .
Answer last updated on: 06/19/2010
4 of 7 people found this answer helpful. Was it helpful to you? Yes No


text:
The world is now plagued with different kinds of ailments which humans acquire from food intake, from the harsh effects of environmental pollution, genetics, or from everyday stress.
People always resort to medical doctors when they feel ill or are troubled by some physical symptoms but there's another alternative healing method aside from Oriental Medicine and the like- distant healing.
Distant healing is described as a kind of energy healing done remotely. It is when energy is controlled and sent by utilizing the power of the mind. In distant healing sessions, there are no barriers like space or even time. Distant healing originated from Quantum Physics discoveries believing that there is no restriction when it comes to time and place when energy is being transmitted.


text:
We have about 20 standard emails we are using for clients to send to subscribers. The design of these emails will be slightly different to retain the branding of the client. And some of the content will be different like the name of the company when it appears within the email. But a majority of the email content will be the same.
How can we implement this with CM. Ideally, we create a template for the client to use - that handles the branding. And perhaps we create 20 of those templates - one for each of the emails we intend to use. The bulk of the content is included within the template and we could use a tag where we want to allow the client to enter customized text.
Is something like this possible?
Hi again lsilver, we have another customer who is doing something very similar to this for their clients, using editable templates in our editor. Take a look at our gallery entry for Duzz Marketing - it may provide you with some inspiration.
In essence, it sounds like you have this worked out. Yes, you will need to create separate email templates to reflect your individual clients' branding. Using our template tags, you can set editable regions in each of the templates. Once the templates are ready, import them into your clients' Campaign Monitor accounts and using the template editor, they should be able to customize text and images as desired.
Let us know if you have any questions about this - we're always happy to help out :)
Hello Both,
I think I'm trying to do something similar, we have circ 140 clients. each month we produce a customisable newsletter for them, this includes content that we upload but allow them to edit, images that we upload but they can change etc.
Currently we build tthis as a campaign in a demo account and then manually upload a new campaign for each of the clients (this can be a little time consuming as you can imagine)
I really want to find a way to automate the process, whilst maintaining the content that we have created for them, is this possible?
Thanks in advance for any help as to how to do this...
Hi gtnash, you could potentially look at using our API to automate the template upload process. The good folks at Artesano have created an app for doing something similar - you may be interested in their approach :)
I just took over a company which has a Campaign Monitor account with a few customised templates.
The guy I bought the company from wants to retain the campaign monitor site, but Ive tried exporting and importing templates to a new CM account, but as well as the zipped file, it seems to be insisting on an html file as well, but only allows me to access the local drive.
Whatever I do, I get various error messages and it just doesnt work.
Hi selectiveprints, welcome to the forums! First up, after you have exported the templates as a zip file to your local drive, you only need to reimport the following two items in 'Add a new template':
The HTML page -> the template HTML file (eg. index.html)
All other files in zip format (optional) -> the zip file included in the export (eg. images.zip)
You can safely ignore all other files in the export. If you zip up any of the other files (including the existing images .zip file) and try to import, there's a good chance you may get an error.
If the above doesn't work out, feel free to get in touch with our support team with a few more details in regards to the errors you're seeing - we'll be able to determine what's going on here. Thanks again!
From Australia to Zimbabwe, and everywhere in between, companies count on Campaign Monitor for email campaigns that boost the bottom line.Get started for free


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services When taking a trip to Shelbyville, booking a room at RED ROOF INN SHELBYVILLE Shelbyville may be a great decision. The hotel is welcoming all guests in Shelbyville with 62 comfortable rooms to stay in. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by RED ROOF INN SHELBYVILLE Shelbyville (including those available for an extra fee) or about the equipment of the rooms, you can find the complete list on the information sheet below.
Payment Credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment may be required for the reservation, depending on the chosen room, date and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest check-in time to your room is 13:00, the latest check-out time from your room is 11:00. English is spoken by the personnel.
RED ROOF INN SHELBYVILLE Shelbyville rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!


text:
Thursday, December 8, 2011
Young at Heart
As I get older, I'm faced with the common aches and pains, the infamous sagging concerns, and the annoying senior moments. Rather than focus on what I can no longer do - I've decided to look at the brighter side of life. Afterall, I have a great role model.
My biggest inspiration in life is my 82 year old mother and I truly hope I follow in her youthful footsteps. It has always been her dream to fly a plane but, being deaf in her right ear made it impossible for her to take to the sky.
Did I really say, 'impossible?' Let me rephrase that - other people thought it was impossible, but not my mother. At the age of 82, she learned to fly a plane despite her disability and got her wings. Yep - you're never too old to chase a dream and succeed.
What a blessing to have a mother so young at heart!
Just look at her fly!
Oh, by the way - did I mention that my elderly mother also rides a motorcycle and snowmobile? :))
"If wrinkles must be written upon our brow, let them not be written upon the heart; the spirit should not grow old."
Have an uplifting day, my friends!
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text:
Welcome to Baptist Board, a friendly forum to discuss the Baptist Faith in a friendly surrounding.
Your voice is missing! You will need to register to get access to all the features that our community has to offer.
We hope to see you as a part of our community soon and God Bless!
Islamist Vandals Wage War on Free Speech
Discussion in 'Political Debate & Discussion' started by OldRegular, Sep 1, 2012.


text: Hey everyone, im new here. Im zaris, (thats my vmk name if anyone knows me there) ive been reading things on micechat for a long time, but never bothered to sign up. Whens the next micechat vmk meeting? I missed the last one and want to talk to you guys. Especially those who have helped me get through some quests. Let me know. Otherwise hey guys, glad to finally be here.


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For over 50 years MassWildlife has sponsored the Freshwater Sportfishing Awards Program, which recognizes anglers who catch exceptional freshwater fish from water bodies of the Commonwealth that are open to the public. Over the years, the program has evolved. Beginning in 2005, a youth category was added to recognize anglers 17 years and younger for their accomplishments. In 2015, the Bowfin category was added to the program (The Bowfin pin replaced the Broodstock Salmon pin). Also added last year was a Catch and Release component.
Anglers who catch the largest fish in the state in each category receive a gold pin and plaque which commemorates their accomplishments. If they keep the fish, they must have their catch weighed at a certified weigh station and submit an affidavit and photo to the Sportfishing Awards Coordinator. If they wish to release their fish alive, there are certain procedures which must be followed. (Check the MassWildlife web page for those instructions).
Last year, 6 gold pin fish were caught in our waters. They are as follows: Adult Catch & Keep Category – 13 lbs 10 oz Tiger Muskie caught out of Pontoosuc Lake by Mark Mohan, Jr. from Pembrook, MA. Youth Catch & Keep Category – 3 lbs 10 oz brown trout caught out of Onota Lake by Casen Kendal from Pittsfield; 2 lbs 5 oz crappie caught out of Onota Lake by Jaxon Wallace of Pittsfield; 22 lbs 15 oz Northern Pike caught out of Lake Buel by Mason Colli of Glendale and a 17 lbs 3 oz Tiger Muskie caught out of Pontoosuc Lake by Andrew Mucci of Pittsfield. Catch & Release Category – A 43 inch Northern Pike caught out of Onota Lake by Jeffrey Klammer of Adams.
Anglers also receive bronze pins for catching fish of certain minimum weight requirements for 22 species. If one is lucky enough to catch a lot of pin fish, the angler qualifies for the title of Massachusetts Freshwater Angler of the Year. There are three categories Adult Catch & Keep, Youth Catch & Keep and Catch & Release (adult or youth).
The 2015 Adult Catch & Keep Angler of the Year was Mark Mohan, Jr. of Pembrook. This is his 3rd consecutive year that he has received that award. He received pins for the following categories: Brook Trout, 2 Brown Trout, 3 Carp, 3 Chain Pickerel, Channel Catfish, 2 Crappie, Largemouth Bass, Rainbow Trout, 3 Shad, including the gold pin, Smallmouth Bass, (out of Onota Lake), Sunfish, gold pin Tiger Muskie (out of Pontoosuc Lake), Tiger Trout, a gold pin Walleye, White Perch and 4 Yellow Perch.
The 2015 Youth Catch & Keep Angler of the Year was Tauri Adamczyk of Taunton, MA. He received pins for the following: A gold pin Bowfin, Brook Trout, 2 Brown Trout, Bullhead, 2 Carp (one out of the Housatonic River in Lee), Chain Pickerel, Crappie, Landlocked Salmon, Largemouth Bass, Rainbow Trout, Smallmouth Bass, 2 Sunfish of which one was a gold pin, Tiger Trout, White Perch and a Yellow Perch.
The 2015 Catch & Release Angler of the Year was Michael Nee of Northborough. He received pins for the following: 2 Brook Trout of which one was a gold pin, Brown Trout, 2 Bullhead, Chain Pickerel, Crappie, Landlocked Salmon, 3 Largemouth Bass, Northern Pike, Rainbow Trout, 2 Smallmouth Bass of which one was a gold pin, 2 Sunfish of which one was a gold pin, 2 Tiger Trout, White Catfish, White Perch and 2 Yellow Perch.
Wow! These are tremendous fishermen. I was fortunate enough to get a picture of Andrew Mucci's 17 lbs 3 oz Tiger Muskie, pictured above.
The Angler of the Year recipients and gold pin winners are honored each year at a ceremony (date and location to be announced in the spring). To see a list of all of the gold pin fish and where they were caught, click onto the MassWildlife website. *****
Twenty one hunters participated in the Berkshire Beagle Club's annual bunny hunt on January 16. Two snowshoe hares and three cottontails were checked in. The largest hare weighing 3.48 lbs was taken by Pat McGrath of Adams in front of his dog Buck. The largest cottontail weighing 3.25 lbs was taken by Dave Morris of Lee in front of Tom King's (of Cheshire) dog Bomber. Following check-in, a meal of venison stew, venison chili and venison pasta was enjoyed by all. *****
The Lee Sportsmen's Association is having a Turkey Shoot today from 12:30 to 3:00 PM and a dinner from 4:00 to 6:30 PM. The menu is venison stew and polenta and spaghetti and meatballs. The cost is $15.00 for adults and $7.00 children 12 and under. The dinner is to benefit its pheasant program.


text: Bears! by Vlad Khr published on 2013-06-17T03:13:18Z FREE DL FOR THIS TRACK IS BACK! Don't Feed Bears! There's really no question: People should NOT feed bears. "Nothing good ever happens when people with food invite bears to approach their houses." - Ben Kilham in Among the Bears The irresistible connection between Man and nature can sometimes lead to people attempting to befriend wild animals. But in the careful balance of coexistence, human contact, and particularly feeding, can lead to brash and bold bear behaviour. Bears learn to take liberties that most wild animals never would, engaging openly with people and often crossing a dangerous line. Close contact with bears all too often leads to trouble. Bears that are intentionally or unintentionally fed by people become accustomed to being around people and are more likely to cause property damage or inadvertently injure a person. Unfortunately, bears that are fed and come into frequent contact with people are often destroyed, not for what they have done, but for what people are afraid they might do. "Some people love their bears to death." - Bryan Peterson, Durango Bear Smart as quoted in Living with Bears, by Linda Masterson It is not possible for a community to coexist with bears unless BOTH people and bears respect each other's boundaries. Baiting bears with a food reward teaches bears to cross the boundary of acceptable behaviour and increases the potential for conflict situations. It changes the bear's attitude and alters its position in the hierarchy of the community. Bears that become comfortable near people and built-up areas are also more likely to be involved in a vehicle accident, possibly causing injury or death to both the people in the vehicle and the bear. Communities can be porous to bear activity, allowing bears to pass through but avoid human-bear conflict situations. But it takes a concerted effort by everyone to keep garbage and other bear attractants away from bears. Bears and People can Live in Harmony. It's up to YOU! http://www.bearsmart.com/becoming-bear-smart/feeding-bears Genre Funkstep Comment by Dj Becksgo leider unauflegbar für mich sozusagen leider geil :) 2017/09/25 15:23:32 +0000 Comment by Robert Gaudet This is quite awesome! 2015/05/10 23:44:22 +0000 Comment by Rose Syl oommgg 2015/01/21 07:46:37 +0000 Comment by Mike Klykylo Sick Vlad! 2014/10/24 00:09:51 +0000 Comment by Hargrow I'm a hip hop head and still new to house and edm but this shit is dope as fuck yall give me inspiration 2014/09/22 04:14:36 +0000 Comment by user928381005 yo i like this,dope. i got a producer you can collaborate with,let him know or let me know > @ProducedByFreemind 2014/09/21 04:27:09 +0000 Comment by Golden Lips Of Silence Super dooper 2014/07/31 04:35:58 +0000 Comment by MettāKin nicely done 2014/02/22 23:36:11 +0000 Comment by DivineUnderBass fun key! 2014/02/14 14:18:37 +0000 Comment by 8BlackButterfly8 love funky 2013/10/09 20:29:48 +0000 Comment by DJCBZBEATZ dope track very creative! check mine out to dj brother! Salute! 2013/10/06 20:37:42 +0000 Comment by inertia18 greatness 2013/10/02 03:22:50 +0000 Comment by Calvius Kin drop it! 2013/10/01 14:34:02 +0000 Comment by SECTION ewww Nice >_< 2013/09/29 01:49:23 +0000 Comment by MrWitZ sick! 2013/09/28 08:28:14 +0000 Comment by Hannahbis @dex-xx: nawww. 2013/09/27 17:14:37 +0000 Comment by Valuchi Case Territories i agree, thats some sick intro right there! 2013/09/26 07:11:30 +0000 Comment by Escapade Beats Oh man this is fun! 2013/09/19 22:51:52 +0000 Comment by Jvhaze :o 2013/09/14 12:07:56 +0000 Comment by MusicIsMySoulAndLife woi 2013/09/14 10:29:20 +0000 Comment by JohnDonJuan Dope! 2013/09/11 00:07:39 +0000 Comment by wolfinthevalley fresh 2013/09/09 18:51:15 +0000 Comment by Mr. Ours +1 for the track name !!! 2013/09/08 09:58:33 +0000 Comment by Eddie Ferrier NICE!!!!! 2013/09/07 06:43:26 +0000 Comment by Rayzr oh shit! 2013/09/06 16:53:29 +0000 Comment by The Odd Chaps that lead is very catchy :) 2013/09/05 05:34:10 +0000 Comment by tamara.music even more crazy O.O awesome 2013/09/04 14:49:31 +0000 Comment by tamara.music damn this is crazy O.o 2013/09/04 14:46:52 +0000 Comment by OLd gRiFF GOT DAMN 2013/09/03 22:27:28 +0000 Comment by Zhank nice 2013/09/02 15:51:39 +0000


text:
This product is no longer available.
You can try these similar gifts instead.
Birthday Sunshine French Chocolates Gift Box
Put her sweet tooth on deliciousness overload when you give her this amazing assortment of chocolates. This decadent collection of enticing chocolates is contained in a basswood box that can be personalized.


text:
Forum Snowboards - Vacation Trailer (2011)
28 September 2011 Factual 43 mins
Crack open a cold one, or kick-start the blender and fire up that Piña Colada. It's time to celebrate! Forum is proud to announce the newest installment in their vast library of team-inspired videos. After winning back-to-back awards for Forever and Fuck It, a little team Vacation was long overdue. This last season was all about taking advantage of traveling on someone else's dime, and focusing more on good times than hard work. Ironically, when the pressure went down, the progression of snowboarding went up ... WAY UP.
Watch the official Forum Snowboards - Vacation 2011 trailer in HD below or find more Forum Snowboards - Vacation videos on Vidimovie.


text:
Stuck for Christmas partywear ideas? Why not take a new approach!
Christmas is without a doubt my favourite time of year, not least because of the gorgeous clothes in the shops and an excuse to wear a silly amount of glitter and/or sequins. It's always about hunting for the dream Christmas LBD...but there are so many other options to choose from for party outfits, so I'm embracing a new idea this year.
In the past, I've always religiously gone for a sparkly dress when I've had to pick a party outfit. So when I teamed up with Debenhams for their Partywear campaign, and I spied this beautiful jacket, I knew it would be one incredible addition to my wardrobe - who needs a dress when you've got a sequin jacket like this??
This is the kind of jacket you could team with anything and it will add that instant glam! This party look isn't overly formal, but you could easily pop this over a black jumpsuit (or dress) and get an amazing effect. I love the jacket so much that I'll probably style it up again soon!
I've definitely #FoundIt - even if it is for myself!
Outfit: Jacket - Debenhams, Jeans - Missguided, Heels - Office (similar here), Bag - Debenhams, Top - Misguided


text:
C.C. Colbert on "Booth"
Only days after Robert E. Lee's army surrendered, effectively ending the War Between the States, a young actor threw the country once again into turmoil by assassinating the president, shouting "Sic Semper Tyrannis" as he fled Ford's Theatre. But while John Wilkes Booth's assassination of President Lincoln is perhaps one of the most well-known facts of U.S. history and many students may even recall that Booth was a famous actor prior to attaining the role for which he is best remembered, the details of his life leading to the plot may be unfamiliar to most Americans. Historian Catherine Clinton – writing under the pseudonym C.C. Colbert – and French artist Tanitoc hope to shed light on the unlikely assassin's path to infamy in "Booth," an original graphic novel published by First Second in late March. CBR News caught up with Colbert to discuss the book.
"John Wilkes Booth was a twenty-six year old who changed the course of history – and so I think that his story is compelling on its own," Colbert told CBR. " Whether he was a 'lone gunman' or whether he represented a significant conspiracy and larger political forces, his actions represent one of the most tumultuous times in our history: how and why he became ensnared in these events is fascinating. How he single-handedly engineered the assassination in that sweet moment of peace, when the country was struggling toward reconciliation makes for very dramatic reading.
"Several recent history books, particularly Michael W. Kaufman's 'American Brutus'Â and James L. Swanson's 'Manhunt' (and a forthcoming study by Terry Alford) provide us with enormous historical data, and I am enormously grateful for this scholarship. But I wanted to have readers see and feel other aspects of this watershed event," she continued. "So my book tries to bring to life characters associated with Booth – fictionalizing and imagining events built on the foundation of facts: for example, he was in political conflict with his brother Edwin and he did become involved with both Lucy Hale and Emma Turner, but we have no evidence about key aspects of these relationships – so that is where history leaves off and storytelling comes in."
As Colbert suggests, Booth's relationships with his brother Edwin and paramour Lucy Hale, the daughter of a prominent senator, take center stage in your book. But there's even more backstory adding layers to the conflicts between them, including the fact that John and Edwin's father was also a great actor and, further, had a second family – and they were it. "The powerful shadow of Junius Brutus Booth – that their father was the greatest actor of his generation and they both were trying to fill his footsteps – kept Edwin and John pitted against one another from childhood onward. In a war that has been characterized as 'a Brother's War,' here was a competing conflict of gigantic proportions, with significant consequences," Colbert said. "We know that these two brothers battled throughout the war, not unlike many families torn apart by conflicting loyalties. I am not suggesting that we can reduce Booth's motives to sibling rivalry, but surely Booth's psyche was shaped by the tangled roots of his father's legacy: Junius Booth's bigamy meant his second family were embroiled in scandal and unmasked as 'bastards.' Southern honor, fiery temperament and codes of conduct all came into play.
"Lucy Hale, the beautiful daughter of an abolitionist senator, created even more complexities. We have no evidence that she knew Edwin; this was just my imagination running wild," Colbert said."But the way in which Edwin would have wanted her protected is authentic. Also we know Edwin berated his brother for his scandalous dalliances and dragging the family name into the papers through his misbehavior, like having it reported in the press that one of Johnnie's lovers had stabbed him in the face. Considering his politics, Booth's involvement with Lucy was a particularly fascinating aspect, and I brought in his brother to provide a verbal foil for this relationship."
An actor, particular one who has enjoyed considerable success, may be an unusual candidate for the role of assassin, but Colbert suggested that Booth's radicalization had as much to do with his fiery demeanor than his flair for theatricality. "Booth was a passionate young man who wanted to achieve great things in the world," Colbert said. "He had just entered his twenties when the war propelled him into a dangerous place for a man with his temperament – to the sidelines. He did not enlist in the army, but he waged a war by becoming involved in smuggling, espionage and other activities. I took seriously this idea that he saw himself as playing the part as the 'savior' of the Confederacy after others had deserted the stage – because Booth really did believe Lincoln was a tyrant and that his death would cause fellow Confederates to rise up and renew the battle for independence. As a writer, it was my job to try to figure out how he became so firmly convinced by his delusions, which is how the story develops…not the story of the assassination, but the story of becoming an assassin.
"Booth was so deeply involved in his machinations that he could not see that the curtain had already rung down on war – and the fireworks and speeches and applause drove him into a frenzy. Booth had already been robbed of the role he desired when his brother Edwin returned to the stage following a long absence after his wife's death," the writer continued. "Edwin Booth's acclaimed run as Hamlet caused him to eclipse his brother John. And from that seed, I tried to imagine how he might respond emotionally and redouble his efforts to take on a more spectacular role in the clandestine, political arena – that of assassin. He was a fanatic who lost his grip on reality during the war's final days.
"Again, there are so many fascinating aspects that not everything could make it into the graphic novel, like the fact that when the Booth brothers were united for a benefit – playing Shakespeare's 'Julius Caesar' in Manhattan (to benefit a statue of Shakespeare for Central Park, not for the Sanitary Commission as I suggest) – that there was a fire set in the theater (allegedly by disgruntled Confederates), and the play was disrupted and nearly had to be stopped, but it was Edwin's cool head which prevailed and the show went on. Again and again, there are so many incredible dramas – the woman in New York who claimed to have Booth's baby – someone who I could have introduced as a dramatic challenge for Lucy – but I found Ella a more compelling rival, once I read the story about her trying to kill herself, and then tried to imagine what led her to that awful, lonely desperation."
Given his fame even before the assassination, and of course the combination of the crime itself and the culture of the country immediately after the Civil War, Booth presented a unique challenge to the authorities. "Booth's notoriety meant that the American government had to be especially careful with him once he was caught. And when he was killed, Secretary of War [Edwin McMasters] Stanton knew he might become a martyr and made sure the body was hidden away for years, not returned for burial in the family plot in Maryland until 1869 – so there could be no cult grow up around his grave," Colbert said. "To this day, he is buried with no marker of his own. Yet his legendary role persisted.
"The government's caution and secrecy led to a conspiracy theory that Booth was not killed at Garrett's farm in 1865. During the early 20th century, Americans were fascinated with the idea that he had escaped – and had been living in Texas or Japan. One enterprising author even published a book on Booth's escape and his life under an assumed name, and exhibited a mummified body at carnival sideshows that he claimed was the 'real' John Wilkes Booth.Â
"So what 'really' happened to Booth after the assassination became a popular underground folklore."
"Booth" is not only Colbert's first graphic novel, but also her first work of fiction. CBR asked the author what made her choose to delve into fiction at this point in your career and what made the graphic novel medium the best venue to tell this story. "In the past, I have written dialogue for my historical children's books, as story and character are important to books for younger readers. In my biographies I have tried to imagine the worlds my protagonists inhabited, and produced what I hope are engaging stories, but the economy and style of the graphic novel is unique and compelling," she said. "But bande dessine [French comic albums] and manga have a more powerful tradition in their countries, and lessons for English readers. And they have taught us, like cinema, that stories can be transcendent and increasingly universal – if not global.
"In this era of competing media, we all want stories to be compelling, and to that end, I was excited by a medium which would allow me to explore ideas and characters through a much wider canvas, with a format which conjures more direct engagement, and with an artist and other collaborators dedicated to this same purpose.
"I will continue to try to explore forms which enhance our appreciation of the past, and bring more readers into engagement with history – which is not dead and boring but a part of our present and futures."
Though some prose authors struggle to find their footing when writing comics, Colbert had additional experience to draw from in laying out her story. "For my first time out, I tried to use the techniques I had previously employed with screenwriting – trying to see the action and to write dialogue with descriptive inserts – so I could stimulate the artist to see the story unfold on the page. I am afraid I overwrote, but this gave Tanitoc more to work with in order to create what I think is a gorgeous and compelling pictorial re-imagining of the period. The drawings are gorgeous, the color is beautiful and in this way layers of meanings come to life on the page."
Colbert – as Catherine Clinton – also recently released a book on President Lincoln's wife, Mary, titled "Mrs. Lincoln." "I completed the script for 'Booth' when I was in the middle of my research for 'Mrs. Lincoln,' not yet writing. But I have been writing and teaching American history for decades, with more than twenty books to my credit," Colbert said. "Since I published my first book in 1982, I have always been working on more than one project at a time, especially when you collaborate with artists, who have their own timetables, its important as a writer to be flexible and keep moving forward. This practical technique allows me to explore new genres, new horizons, and to always find new and compelling projects.
"Looking around today, I think it's even more important that I start moving ahead on my next graphic project, which will plunge me back in time to another dramatic period when America was on the brink of disaster – the period before the ratification of our Constitution," Colbert added. "We forget we were a confederation before we were united by our Constitution! We forget how narrow the margins were, how fractious the debate was, how courage and competition between leaders finally wrestled a compromise…that leaders from different backgrounds, different states banded together to create a means of governing for the people, by the people. Again, the graphic novel is a really vivid and bold way to convey important lessons from our past."
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"I've had a harvest done and I think I've got trouble" is a call I never like to get from a landowner. Unfortunately, the reality is these calls happen. Tom Doak of Maine Woodland Owners has done many presentations on his list of "The Ten Biggest Mistakes Woodland Owners Make." Here is a new list to think about: "The Ten Biggest Mistakes Woodland Owners Make When Having a Harvest." The two lists overlap some. I'll share the story of one of those calls I don't like to get, as a reminder of certain things to think about when planning to have your woodlot harvested. This is a true story, though without some of the identifying details.
I had walked with this landowner on his property about two years ago. This is what we district foresters commonly do: provide landowners with information for good decision-making. Among the things we usually discuss is encouraging landowners to hire a forester when harvesting, and to do some checking about the contractor/logger and forester they choose to work with, to make sure they have a good fit with the professionals they hire. With this landowner, we covered much of the usual topics as we explored a portion of his 300 acre-plus woodlot, and discussed various options, as well as how to go about a harvest. This landowner loves his land deeply and feels very fortunate to have his own piece of Maine.
He didn't seriously consider a harvest until this year, when he noticed that trees are now blocking one of his favorite views. He met with a logger whom the landowner described as being very personable. "We sat on the porch and talked like we were friends," the landowner said. The logger was not local. The landowner then showed him the five-acre area he wanted harvested, and also looked at a harvest the logger showed him that had been completed in 2015. He liked what he saw.
Based on these preliminaries, the landowner felt sure the logger really understood his objectives for the harvest, and felt comfortable going ahead. He did not ask for references. He had explained to the logger already that financial return was not the main objective, instead emphasizing aesthetics and a healthy forest. The harvest was planned as a whole-tree operation.
Now, the landowner is an older gentleman who's a retired vice president for a large corporation. He's traveled the world, and dealt with many contractors and contracts himself. He said afterward, "I couldn't do anything without a contract" – yet, in this case, he did not pursue a contract. When I asked him why, he just said, "I don't know, I really don't; I guess I just trusted the guy. I just messed up."
As the harvest began, all seemed to go well. The logger stopped by and spoke with the landowner and asked him if he wanted his field edges cleared back while they were there. The landowner said that would be great. A week or two into the harvest, the landowner's wife had a serious medical problem. The landowner called the logger and told him he wouldn't be around or available for a couple of weeks.
When the landowner finally got home, he noticed the sound of equipment behind his house, which was not anywhere near the original agreed-upon harvest area or the fields, which are in front of the house. At some point, the logger had moved his equipment to the acreage behind the house, using one of the landowners' established ATV trails. The landowner immediately told the logger to stop and leave immediately; the harvest was over. The logger complied.
Very large piles of wood to be chipped remain on the yard. The landowner said "I was horrified with what had been done, I felt very violated. I really trusted him; he seemed like such a nice guy." The landowner has not been paid in full, and the required notification to the state was never sent, after the logger told the landowner not to worry about it.
In writing this, I'm not trying to disparage anyone in any way. I'm just trying to use this as a case study for others to learn from. So here is my list of "The Ten Biggest Mistakes Woodland Owners Make When Having a Harvest."


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Courtesy of Fritz's Adventure
Fritz's Adventure
By Debra Pamplin
Later this year, visitors to Missouri's vacation destination will have a new adventure to take—Fritz's Adventure on Highway 76, next to Dolly Parton's Dixie Stampede. And it promises to be a sliding, climbing, and swinging good time.
Inside, Fritz's Adventure will be home to three stories and eighty thousand square feet of suspended bridges, zip lines, rock-climbing walls, tunnels, and ropes courses. There will also be realistic utility poles to climb and a life-size water tower that houses multiple slides. The fun doesn't end inside, either. The outside of the building will be a climbing wall.
Open year-round, Fritz's Adventure will certainly become a destination for tourists, and with a dining room and multiple party rooms, it might become the next hot birthday spot for local kids.
Fritz's Adventure
425 W Highway 76, Branson, Missouri


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Private Residence - Mariani Landscape. Spring Lake Business Park - Landscape Concepts Management, Inc. Caravetti's Outdoor Eatery - Bernhard & Son Landscaping, Inc. The Gardens of Ball - Clauss Brothers, Inc. Children's Garden - Mariani Landscape. The City Garden - Clauss Brothers, Inc.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.


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If your mortgage balance is greater than your home's current value, a HARP loan program may be right for you.
If you're not behind on your mortgage payments but have been unable to get traditional refinancing because the value of your home has declined, you may be eligible to refinance through the Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP). HARP is designed to help you get a new, more affordable, more stable mortgage.
Contact American Financing at (866)-750-6551 or complete the online application and let our expert team guide you through the loan process.


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All of the stories within The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes are told in a first-person narrative from the point of view of Dr. Watson, as is the case for all but four of the Sherlock Holmes stories.[6] The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry for Doyle suggests that the short stories contained in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes tend to point out social injustices, such as "a king's betrayal of an opera singer, a stepfather's deception of his ward as a fictitious lover, an aristocratic crook's exploitation of a failing pawnbroker, a beggar's extensive estate in Kent."[1] It suggests that, in contrast, Holmes is portrayed as offering a fresh and fair approach in an unjust world of "official incompetence and aristocratic privilege".[1] The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes contains many of Doyle's favourite Sherlock Holmes stories. In 1927, he submitted a list of what he believed were his twelve best Sherlock Holmes stories to The Strand Magazine. Among those he listed were "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" (as his favourite), "The Red-Headed League" (second), "A Scandal in Bohemia" (fifth) and "The Five Orange Pips" (seventh).[7] The book was banned in the Soviet Union in 1929 because of its alleged "occultism",[8] but the book gained popularity in a black market of similarly banned books, and the restriction was lifted in 1940.[9]
Publication sequence
|"A Scandal in Bohemia"
|000000001891-07-01-0000July 1891
|The King of Bohemia engages Holmes to recover an indiscreet photograph showing him with the renowned beauty, adventuress and opera singer Irene Adler—the revelation of which would derail his marriage to a daughter of the King of Scandinavia. In disguise, Holmes witnesses Adler marry the man she truly loves, then by means of an elaborate stratagem discovers the photograph's hiding place. But when Holmes and the king return to retrieve the photo, they find Adler has fled the country with it, leaving behind a letter for Holmes and a portrait of herself for the King. The king allows Holmes to retain the portrait as a souvenir.
|"The Adventure of the Red-Headed League"
|000000001891-08-01-0000August 1891
|Jabez Wilson, a pawnbroker, consults Holmes about a job he gained only because of his red hair. The job took him away from his shop for a short period each afternoon, and involved him copying the Encyclopaedia Britannica. After eight weeks, he was informed that the job had suddenly finished. Holmes visits the pawnbroker's shop, and after some investigation contacts a police inspector and the manager of a nearby bank. Along with Watson, they hide in the bank vault, and catch two thieves, who had dug a tunnel from the shop during the hours that Wilson was out each afternoon.
|"A Case of Identity"
|000000001891-09-01-0000September 1891
|Against the wishes of her stepfather, Miss Mary Sutherland has become engaged to Hosmer Angel. On the morning of their wedding Hosmer elicits a promise that Mary will remain faithful to him "even if something quite unforeseen" occurs, then mysteriously disappears on the way to the church. Holmes deduces that Hosmer was Mary's stepfather in disguise, the charade a bid to condemn his stepdaughter to spinsterhood and ensure his continued access to her inheritance. Holmes does not reveal the truth to Mary because "There is danger for him who taketh the tiger cub, and danger also for whoso snatches a delusion from a woman"; he had already advised her to put the matter behind her, though she responded that Hosmer "shall find me ready when he comes back."
|"The Boscombe Valley Mystery"
|000000001891-10-01-0000October 1891
|Inspector Lestrade asks for Holmes's help after Charles McCarthy is murdered, and his son, James, is implicated. McCarthy, and another local landowner, John Turner, are both Australian expatriates, and Lestrade was originally engaged by Turner's daughter, Alice, who believes James is innocent. Holmes interviews James, and then inspects the scene of the murder, deducing a third man was present. Realising Holmes has solved the case, Turner confesses to the crime, revealing that McCarthy was blackmailing him due to Turner's criminal past. Holmes does not reveal the crime, but secures James's release because of the presence of a third person at the crime scene.
|"The Five Orange Pips"
|000000001891-11-01-0000November 1891
|John Openshaw tells Holmes about two strange deaths in his family. In 1883, his uncle died two months after receiving a letter from India, inscribed "K.K.K." with five orange pips enclosed. In 1885, Openshaw's father received a similar letter, and died three days afterwards. Openshaw recently received a similar letter and asks for advice. Holmes tells Openshaw to do as the letter asks and leave a diary page, which Holmes deduces is connected to the Ku Klux Klan, on the garden sundial. Openshaw is killed before he can do so, but Holmes discovers the killers have been travelling on a sailing ship, and sends the captain a letter with five orange pips. The ship is lost at sea.
|"The Man with the Twisted Lip"
|000000001891-12-01-0000December 1891
|Neville St. Clair, a respectable businessman, has disappeared and his wife claims she saw him at the upper window of an opium den. When she entered the room, she only found a beggar. St. Clair's clothes are later found in the room, and his coat, laden with coins, in the River Thames outside the window. The beggar is arrested for murder, but a few days later St. Clair's wife receives a letter from her husband. Holmes considers, and washes the beggar to discover that is actually St. Clair, who confesses that he has been leading a double life as a beggar as the income is so large, but promises to stop begging if Holmes will keep his secret from his wife.
|"The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle"
|000000001892-01-01-0000January 1892
|A "Blue Carbuncle" is stolen from a hotel suite, and a former felon is soon arrested. However, an acquaintance of Holmes discovers the carbuncle in the throat of a Christmas goose. Holmes traces the owner of the goose, but soon determines that he was not the thief by offering him a replacement goose. The detective continues his search, first to an inn and then a dealer in Covent Garden. The dealer refuses to provide Holmes with information about the source of the goose, but Holmes observes another man trying to find the same information, and confronts him. The man, the head attendant at the hotel, confesses to his crime. Holmes allows him to remain free, arguing that prison could make him a hardened criminal later.
|"The Adventure of the Speckled Band"
|000000001892-02-01-0000February 1892
|Helen Stoner worries her stepfather may be trying to kill her after he contrives to move her to the bedroom where her sister had died two years earlier, shortly before her wedding. Stoner is herself now engaged, and Holmes learns that her stepfather's annuity (from the estate of his wife—Stoner's mother) would be greatly reduced if either sister married. During a late-night investigation of the bedroom, Holmes and Watson discover a dummy bell-pull near a ventilator. As they lie in wait a whistle sounds, then a snake appears through the ventilator. Holmes attacks the snake with his riding crop; it retreats to the next room, where it attacks and kills Stoner's stepfather.
|"The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb"
|000000001892-03-01-0000March 1892
|An engineer, Victor Hatherley, attends Dr Watson's surgery after his thumb is chopped off, and recounts his tale to Watson and Holmes. Hatherley had been hired for 50 guineas to repair a machine he was told compressed Fuller's earth into bricks. Hatherley was told to keep the job confidential, and was transported to the job in a carriage with frosted glass, to keep the location secret. He was shown the press, but on closer inspection discovered a "crust of metallic deposit" on the press, and he suspected it was not being used for compressing earth. He confronted his employer, who attacked him, and during his escape his thumb is chopped off. Holmes deduces that the press is being used to produce counterfeit coins, and works out its location. However when they arrive, the house is on fire, and the criminals have escaped.
|"The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor"
|000000001892-04-01-0000April 1892
|Lord Robert St. Simon's new American bride, Hatty Doran, has disappeared almost immediately after the wedding. The servants had prevented an old love interest of his from forcing her way into the wedding breakfast, Hatty had been seen in whispered conversation with her maid, and Inspector Lestrade arrives with the news that Hatty's wedding dress and ring have been found floating in the Serpentine. Holmes quickly solves the mystery, locating Hatty at a hotel with a mysterious, "common-looking" man who had picked up her dropped bouquet after the ceremony. The man turns out to be Hatty's husband Frank, whom she had thought dead in America, and who had managed to locate her only moments before she was to marry Lord St. Simon. Frank and Hatty had just determined to go to Lord St. Simon in order to explain the situation when Holmes found them.
|"The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet"
|000000001892-05-01-0000May 1892
|A banker asks Holmes to investigate after a "Beryl Coronet" entrusted to him is damaged at his home. Awakened by noise, he had found his son, Arthur, holding the damaged coronet. Arthur refuses to speak, neither admitting guilt nor explaining himself. Footprints in the snow outside the house tell Holmes that the banker's niece had conspired with a blackguard to steal the coronet; Arthur had discovered the crime in progress and the coronet had been damaged during his struggle to prevent it. He had refused to tell his father the truth of the crime because of his love for his cousin.
|"The Adventure of the Copper Beeches"
|000000001892-06-01-0000June 1892
|Violet Hunter consults Holmes after being offered a governess job subject to a number of unusual conditions, including cutting her hair short. The wage is extremely high, £120, and she decides to accept the job, though Holmes tells her to contact him if she needs to. After a number of strange occurrences, including the discovery of a sealed-off wing of the house, she does so. Holmes discovers that someone had been kept prisoner in the wing, but when Holmes, Watson and Hunter enter, it is empty. They are accused of freeing the prisoner, who was the daughter of Hunter's employer, who sets his dog on them, though it attacks him instead. It is revealed that Hunter had been hired to impersonate her employer's daughter so that her fiancé would believe she was no longer interested in seeing him, but the daughter had escaped and the pair later married.


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Somerset Village Board: Trustees approve long range financial management plan
Ehlers Inc. municipal advisor Sean Lentz walked Somerset Village trustees through a proposed financial management plan which would guide village finances for the next five to 10 years.
"We've been working on this for the greater part of a year. In its simplest terms, what we're trying to do is assemble a list of capital improvement projects and other activities that the village is anticipating happening over the next couple of years and forecast out what the financial impact will be of putting those projects in place. If debt is issued, then what impact will having to pay that back over a period of years have on the village's financial capacity? What we're trying to look at is, are the projects affordable within the context of village finances and are the tools you have available to do the projects, rates, charges and tax levy, available in enough quantity," explained Lentz.
Lentz noted that in discussions over the past year with members of the finance committee, the list of potential capital improvement projects had been whittled down to a more practical number, making a financial plan more realistic given projected revenues.
The Ehlers plan reported that despite the declining value of property in recent history, TID values, both in and out, took a positive jump in 2015. The plan assumes a conservative growth rate of 2 percent going forward. The prioritized list of capital projects from 2017 through 2020 is divided into three categories: general, water and sewer. The plan calls for tax levy funds to pay for general projects and utility rates and charges to pay for water and sewer projects. New projects will be financed over periods of between 10 and 20 years, depending on the type of project and the tools available to finance them. Those tools include a combination of general obligation debt and water and sewer utility revenue bonds.
According to Lentz, the current annual debt payment carried by the general fund is about $210,000 for the next five years, after which it begins to decrease. The plan calls for adding the new capital improvement projects gradually over a period from 2017 to 2020, eventually increasing the debt payment to $360,000 in 2021-22. The mill rate for the current tax levy is $1.25 per $1,000 of value in a home. The plan calls for, with the addition of the cost for the new capital improvement projects, the projected mill rate to increase steadily to a rate of $2.09 per $1,000 by 2021.
Lentz noted that that the village "savings account" has gotten tighter over the past couple of years, falling below the recommended 25 percent of the village's annual expenditures. Not having adequate funds in reserve affects the village's bond rating adversely. It also limits cash available for emergency situations and cash available to pay bills between tax collection at the beginning of the year and mid year. The financial plan predicts that the sewer utility's continued ability to pay back loans made to it from the general fund should steadily improve that savings account along with continued growth.
Trustees unanimously approved the proposed financial management plan.
Marty Hobble, spokesperson for the newly-formed Somerset ATV Club, presented trustees with a plan for opening up specific roads within the village's jurisdiction to ATV traffic.
"We approached Somerset township to get township roads opened up, and with the forming of the club and proposals to the township, the township agreed to open the trails up. This excludes county, state and federal highways," explained Hobble.
According to Hobble, all of St. Croix County is now open to trails except for Hudson township.
Hobble explained the purpose of establishing these routes through the village is primarily to link up with trails outside of the village limits and to provide access to food and fuel.
Trustees agreed to review Hobble's proposal in consultation with Police Chief Sirovotka.
Other business
• Trustees approved Refuse Collection and Recycling Ordinance A-636.
• Trustees approved Ordinance A-637Z — Rezoning parcel 181-1004-30-000, 403 Schachtner Street, from a Two Family District to a Twin Home District.
• Trustees approved 2017 Special Fund budgets, 610 (Water), 620 (Sewer), TIF District 2.
• Trustees approved a 2016 Levy Resolution Amendment.
• Trustees agreed to renew the village's General Liability and Workers Compensation insurance policy with a premium increase of $1,000.


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The Ice Cream Temptation
These ads for Antonio Federici ice cream ("Ice Cream Is Our Religion") were banned in Italy by the advertising standards authority for being "likely to be seen as mocking the beliefs of Roman Catholics." The company responded to the charges by saying that that was essentially the whole fucking point in the first place.
"Immaculately Conceived"
"We Believe in Salivation"
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Accidental ingestion of medications (pet or human drugs), rodenticide and methylaxanthine toxicity (chocolate, caffeine) were the top three sources of pet poisoning between 2005 and 2009, according to Veterinary Pet Insurance, which recently analyzed its database of more than 485,000 insured pets to find the sources behind the hundreds of poisoning claims submitted to the Brea, Calif.-based company every month.
Policyholders spent more than $6.6 million during that four year period treating their pets for poisoning, VPI noted. Accidental ingestion of pet or human medications cost policyholders an average of $791 per claim. Heavy-metal poisoning came out costing the most at an average of $952 per claim.
"Not only can a poisoning incident be life-threatening for the pet, it's traumatic for the pet owner as well," said Carol McConnell, DVM, vice president and chief veterinary medical officer for VPI. "Depending on what substance the pet has ingested and the amount, the reaction can be sudden with the animal exhibiting alarming symptoms such as staggering, vomiting, drooling, seizures and even loss of consciousness.
"We recommend that pet owners be aware of which items around their homes can be harmful to their pets—medications, insect poisons, chocolate and certain nuts—and keep these items safely out of reach.
"Also, they shouldn't assume that their pets will ignore that bottle of bleach in the laundry room or the Philodendron plant by the window. Our data shows this just isn't so."
VPI recommends that pet owners be prepared for such emergencies. For example, owners should keep the phone number of their pets' regular veterinarian and a phone number for an emergency veterinary hospital handy at all times, according to VPI.
For details on pet-poisoning prevention and poisoning first-aid, visit the Pet Poison Helpline at www.petpoisonhelpline.com.


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National Conference on Undergraduate Research
National Art Education Association Conference
Texas Art Education Association Conference
West Texas STEM Conference for Undergraduate Research
North Texas Undergraduate Research Symposium
Texas Tech Annual Biological Sciences Symposium (TTABSS)
Research projects and presentations completed as an undergraduate make impressive additions to graduate school applications and resumes. If you are currently involved in a research project that you would like to share, here is an opportunity to do so. We are interested in research in academic topics across disciplines, including science, English, history, Bible, mathematics, criminal justice, psychology, business, etc.
Each year, the LCU students submit abstracts of their work for consideration to present at a national conference.


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After 40 years of rapid industrialization, Penang is well positioned to become an equal partner in the world of high technology.
The existing multinational companies have already initiated aggressive plans to move local activities up the value chain by including their company's value added continual value innovation activities into their local portfolios.
These actions will drive local industries to keep pace, resulting in severe, but welcomed, challenges to the quality of our human resources, now and in the future.
The Penang Science Cluster Bhd (PSC) is set up to respond to this challenge.
Our vision is to help inspire great interest in science and technology, that will result in an environment that generates great passion for excellence through technical innovations.
The PSC is an industry-led initiative in collaboration with the State Government to help lay the foundation to realize this vision.
To be effective, the Penang Science Cluster is made up of industry captains, entrepreneurs, experienced professionals and technically talented teachers. We are very fortunate that these individuals have volunteered their valuable time to help Penang to harness this aggressive growth opportunity.
This team has identified 6 pillars to be developed and become the core foundations that will fuel the necessary passion to innovate and excel in the high value technologically driven industry.
To generate great interest in science and technology, especially amongst the young through inquiry-based, hands-on workshops, holding science competitions, and holding scientific exhibitions in Penang.
Led by Dato' TT Yew, Managing Director, Motorola Solutions Malaysia.
To cultivate interest in the field of life sciences, by leveraging on existing biotechnology companies to showcase the application of the interesting and rewarding applications resulting from innovations from the physical, chemical and biological sciences.
This initiative is focused around creating an experiential awareness, especially among students, about how they can also contribute to these "sunrise" industries in Penang.
Led by Mdm Yenni Lim, Senior VP, Operations/Supply Chain Asia Pacific, B Braun Medical Industries.
To cultivate interest in the field of life sciences, by leveraging on existing biotechnology companies to showcase the application of the interesting and rewarding applications resulting from innovations from the physical, chemical and biological sciences.
This initiative is focused around creating an experiential awareness, especially among students, about how they can also contribute to these "sunrise" industries in Penang.
Led by Mr Choo Wai Heng, , DreamCatcher Consulting Sdn. Bhd.
To cultivate passion in technology and research in the local community and industry, by organizing high energy innovation events and conferences that will be designed around sharing of ideas and achievements in an environment of friendly competition and learning.
The two-fold objective is to inspire a new generation of local technology entrepreneurs to take action and create a technically talented workforce that will satisfy the human resource demands of a high technology industry.
Co- Led by Mr Robin Martin Managing Director, Intel Technologies Malaysia and Mr Chan Kee Siak, CEO and Founder, Exabytes Network
To accomplish PSC's objectives, we need to create a thriving ecosystem where all walks of life in our community understand the importance of science and technology and supportive of our efforts.
This may range from getting parents involved in learning with their children in learning science and encouraging them in the pursuit of science careers, volunteers helping to mentor students, philanthropist providing sponsorships to companies and individuals helping to mentor entrepreneurs.
Led by Mdm Shidah Ahmad, General Manager, Keysight Technologies Malaysia.
Led by our sister company, Penang Tech Centre Bhd, the objective is to establish a visitor center to showcase and inspire passion for science and technology, by leveraging on Penang's rich history of inventions and innovations from the 40 years of industrialization in the high-tech electronics sector.
A key feature of this center will be the experiential learning center that is made real by actual products, produced by the local companies.
Led by Dato' SH Wong, Chairman, Malaysian American Electronics Industry.
PSC is a non-profit organization with a mission to spark interest in science and technology, create a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship among our young in Penang and Malaysia.
In this program, sponsored Primary and Secondary schools will be provided a mentor over 6 months, and the loan of hardware and software for the students as they go through a hands-on, inquiry based course curriculum culminating in a project.
PSC recruits volunteer engineers from industries, parents and undergraduates to be trained as mentors. Mentors will then go to schools to mentor students over a multi month period in science and technology programs.
In 2014, PSC is sponsoring 50 schools in Lego Robotics program and 18 schools in Embedded System program. All PSC programs are free-of-charge to schools and students.
A premier science and technology exhibition held annually.
Many events happen during PISF:
Science Cafes are in essence, local science community centers where members of public are welcome to come and use the facilities available.
Penang Science Cluster plan to open many Science Cafes in different locations in Penang to serve the local communities.
Activities in our Science Cafes include:


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Dream Names
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January 9th, 2008, 05:40 AM
Katherine Sarah
Mega Super Mommy
Join Date: Oct 2006
Location: Liverpool, England
Posts: 1,550
I had a pretty freaky experience about a month ago - far from a dream. Ive been sick for about 2 months now and when this occured it was during its "climax". I woke up at around 4am, couldnt move, my skin was really sensative, couldnt lift my head and was having shooting pains down my neck and arms and a really high burning fever, crying hysterically, hallucinating and all i could hear was someone screaming the name Dylan at me. NO idea why. Its always been a favourite of mine and still is but i have no idea why i was hearing this name. V. freaky and scary and thankfully i havent had one since. Whats also weird is during this i had a slight suspicion that i might be pregnant as i had been experience unusual pregnancy symptoms, but came on later that week.
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