text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 15, 2010
|Filing date
|Nov 18, 2003
|Priority date
|Apr 19, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mark E. Fauver, J. Richard Rahn, Eric J. Seibel, Alan C. Nelson
|Original Assignee
|University Of Washington, Visiongate, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (88), Non-Patent Citations (54), Referenced by (38), Classifications (31), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/126,026, filed Apr. 19, 2002, of Nelson entitled "Variable Motion Optical Tomography of Small Objects," which is incorporated herein by this reference.
The present invention is related to optical systems and, more particularly, to optical systems for extended depth-of-field imaging through a thick specimen (i.e. non-planar) to generate shadowgrams, wherein the apparatus permits the rapid acquisition of data necessary for tomographically reconstructing the three dimensional (3D) image of a specimen useful in applications such as high-resolution optical tomography of micron-scale objects.
For some imaging applications, it is desirable to generate information in three dimensions within a thick specimen. An optical tomographic device is intended to produce three-dimensional reconstructions of specimens by providing a multitude of 'shadowgrams', a shadowgram (a.k.a. projection) being a measure of light attenuation along a set of ray paths through the specimen. An ideal shadowgram contains only information about absorption of the specimen, and has an infinite depth-of-field, with no change in spatial frequency response along the axis of projection. Computed tomographic algorithms such as filtered backprojection, are used to convert the set of shadowgrams into a three-dimensional volume image.
The approach described above is effective for x-ray tomography, in which the photon wavelength is much smaller than the desired spatial resolution. However, in high-resolution optical tomography, the illumination photon wavelength(s) may be on the order of the desired spatial resolution and object feature size, a projection image obtained in a manner analogous to the methods of x-ray tomography will be obscured due to diffraction of the incident light by the specimen features. Thus, means for rejecting or reducing the effects of scattered light must be employed to obtain a useful shadowgram. It is critical in computational tomographic image reconstruction that the photon path from source, through the object and onto the array detector is known geometrically and that only photons along the single line path reach a single-detector element. Because photons are scattered or deflected from their straight-line paths, particularly in passing through the object, the detector elements may receive photons from unknown locations within the object. Such scattering can become a significant problem when the scattered photon intensity in any given detector element exceeds that of the signal-to-noise limit in the reconstruction process. Therefore, it is desirable to remove the scattered (non-ballistic) photons from the detected image. In addition, refraction must also be controlled to preserve the ideal straight ray paths from illumination source to detector.
The methods for controlling or rejecting scattered light can be divided into two functional categories: point-source-based projection and pseudoprojection. Point source based projection methods employ an illumination point source and detector in an analogous manner to that used for X-ray tomography. Shadowgram quality is improved (mainly by controlling or reducing scattered light) by minimizing the source-object-detector distance, by using virtual sources, by using wavelength-shifting cell-bound probes, by limiting the acceptance angle of the detector array, by polarization, by reducing wavelength, or by confocal-like rejection. Pseudoprojection methods employ imaging optics to provide a shadowgram such that the depth of field is at least as large as the region of interest of the specimen. One method for accomplishing this is through use of long depth-of-field imaging optics, preferably with a long working distance to accommodate as many source-detector pairs as possible, such that the large number of views obtained increases the three-dimensional reconstructed image resolution compared with the resolution of a single shadowgram. Another method involves extending the depth of field by mechanically scanning the focal plane in a continuous manner, and integrating the images onto a detector. This method provides better spatial frequency response along the optical axis (better 3D MTF) compared with using long depth-of-field imaging optics because of the greater rejection of out-of-focus light by a high-NA objective.
Shadowgram Formation
The latter pseudoprojection method is the one of primary interest in this patent. To obtain a three-dimensional representation of an object, a microscope objective is axially scanned such that its plane of focus scans through the specimen's thickness. The focal plane of the objective lens can be moved through the specimen while the detector is located in the microscope's image plane. Thus, a projection image can be compiled from a set of discrete focal planes within the specimen.
Some example descriptions of discrete focal-plane scanning are provided by N Ohyama et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,680,484 issued Oct. 21, 1997, entitled "Optical Image Reconstructing Apparatus Capable of Reconstructing Optical Three-Dimensional Image Having Excellent Resolution and S/N Ratio"; by E A Swanson et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,321,501 issued Jun. 14, 1994, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Optical Imaging with Means for Controlling the Longitudinal Range of the Sample"; by R E Grosskopf, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,653 issued Oct. 10, 1989, entitled "Microscope System for Providing Three Dimensional Resolution"; and by A D Edgar, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,360,885 issued Nov. 23, 1982, entitled "Micro-Optical Tomography." However, all these methods suffer from low throughput rates due to the stopping and restarting of the moving parts. Furthermore, the spacing between each focal plane places a limit on the spatial resolution that can be achieved, and storage of the separate images requires large amounts of computer memory. Since each pixel is measured only once, no reconstruction is done. These methods simply assemble discrete focal-plane scans into a 3D image with additional sampling errors from reconstructing from a set of projections. In addition, out-of-focus light from the other focal planes contributes to undesirable spurious signals (blurring) in the assembled image. The blurring can be reduced by using an objective lens with a short depth of field or by using confocal microscopy.
In contrast to the drawbacks of the background art, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for continuously scanning the focal plane of an optical imaging system along an axis perpendicular to said plane through the thickness of a specimen during a single detector exposure. This then generates a shadowgram (projection image), whose resolution can depend on the depth of focus of the moving focal plane, as well as on the lateral spatial resolution (i.e., the resolution within the focal plane). The light that exits the specimen region should therefore comprise a shadowgram of the specimen as seen from an individual perspective as viewed from a particular angle of rotation. The process is repeated from multiple perspectives, either in series using a single illumination/detection subsystem, or in parallel using several illumination/detection subsystems, or some combination of series and parallel acquisition. In this way, a set of pseudo-projections is generated, which can be input to a tomographic image reconstruction algorithm (such as filtered backprojection) to generate a three-dimensional image. The apparatus described has greater speed and higher signal-to-noise than the prior art described above while providing a means for 3D reconstruction by computer-aided tomographic techniques. The method disclosed may be useful in applications such as high-resolution optical tomography of small objects.
Application to Cell Imaging
In application, high resolution optical tomography is of primary interest for three-dimensional imaging cells and cell nuclei; these specimens are the primary motivation for imaging on the micron scale. The invention is described herein with respect to specific examples relating to biological cells; however, it will be understood that these examples are for the purpose of illustrating the principals of the invention, and that the invention is not so limited. In one example, constructing a three-dimensional distribution of point densities and emission intensities within a microscopic volume allows the measurement of density and fluorescence at any location within the microscopic volume and determines the location of structures, molecules or molecular probes of interest. By using tagged molecular probes, the quantity of probes that attach to specific structures in the microscopic object may be measured. For illustrative purposes, an object such as a biological cell may be labeled with at least one tagged molecular probe, and the measured amount and location of this probe may yield important information about the disease state of the cell, including, but not limited to, various cancers such as lung, colon, prostate, breast, cervical and ovarian cancers, or infectious agents.
Sample preparation has also been problematic for prior methods. For example, others have had problems with simple vacuum-based insertion of cells or relying on capillary action to wick-up the cell suspension. The present invention has overcome such drawbacks. Methods for using cells in micro-capillary tubes for optical tomography are also presented herein.
Image Reconstruction
After acquiring a series of two-dimensional projections (shadowgrams), image reconstruction is used to create the three dimensional image. The most common and easily implemented reconstruction algorithms, known as filtered backprojection methods, are derived from a similar algorithm in x-ray computed tomography (CT) using parallel-beam geometry. (See the following references, for example, Kak, A. C. and Slaney, M., Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging, IEEE Press, New York, 1988, and Herman, G., Image Reconstruction from Projections: The Fundamentals of Computerized Tomography, Academic Press, New York, 1980). These methods are based on theorems for Radon transforms with modifications that reflect the particular geometry of the source/detector configuration and the ray paths in the irradiating beam.
In the current invention, a variety of methods for generating optical shadowgrams for use in optical CT are presented. One such method is accomplished by moving an objective lens, thereby scanning the focal plane through the thickness of the specimen region, such that the entire specimen thickness is scanned continuously during a single detector exposure interval. The procedure is repeated from several perspectives over an arc of up to 180 degrees, using one or more pairs of light sources and detector arrays simultaneously. The specimen can be rotated and/or translated to acquire additional shadowgram viewpoints. The methods of (CT) image reconstruction can then be applied to obtain a high-quality three-dimensional reconstruction of the specimen region. Other methods presented herein involve reducing scattered light when generating a shadowgram using illumination point source-based projection.
Referring now to
It will be recognized that the curved surface of the capillary tube will act as a cylindrical lens and that this focusing effect may not be desirable in a projection system. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the bending of photons by the tube can be eliminated if the spaces between (a) the illumination source 11 and the tube and (b) between the tube surface and the detector 12 are filled with a material 10 whose index of refraction matches that of the capillary tube and that the tube can be optically coupled (with oil or a gel, for example) to the space filling material. When index of refraction differences are necessary, for instance due to material choices, then at minimum the index of refraction difference should only exist between flat surfaces in the optical path. Illumination source 11 and detector 12 form a source-detector pair 14. Note that one or more source-detector pairs may be employed.
Consider the present example of cells packed into a capillary tube. The cells may preferably be packed single file so that they do not overlap. The density of packing whole cells of about 100 microns in diameter into a capillary tube with diameter less than 100 microns can be roughly 100 cells per centimeter of tube length. For bare nuclei of about 20 microns in diameter, the packing can be roughly 500 nuclei per centimeter of tube length where the tube diameter is proportional to the object size, about 20 microns in this case. Thus, within several centimeters of capillary tube length, a few thousand non-overlapping bare nuclei can be packed. By translating the tube along its central axis 4, motion in the z-direction can be achieved. In an alternative arrangement, the cells can flow within the tube. Moving the tube in the x, y-directions allows objects within the tube to be centered, as necessary, in the reconstruction cylinder of the optical tomography system. By rotating the tube around its central axis 4, a multiplicity of radial projection views can be produced. Moving the tube in the z-direction with constant velocity and no rotation simulates the special case of flow optical tomography.
One advantage of moving a tube filled with cells that are otherwise stationary inside the tube is that objects of interest can be stopped, then rotated, at speeds that permit nearly optimal exposure for optical tomography on a cell-by-cell basis. That is, the signal to noise ratio of the projection images can be improved to produce better images than may be usually produced at constant speeds and direction typical of flow systems. Objects that are not of interest can be moved out of the imaging system swiftly, so as to gain overall speed in analyzing cells of interest in a sample consisting of a multitude of cells. Additionally, the ability to stop on an object of interest, and then rotate as needed for multiple projections, nearly eliminates motion artifacts. Still further, the motion system can be guided at submicron movements and can advantageously be applied in a manner that allows sampling of the cell at a resolution finer than that afforded by the pixel size of the detector. More particularly, the Nyquist sampling criterion could be achieved by moving the system in increments that fill half a pixel width, for example. Similarly, the motion system can compensate for the imperfect fill factor of the detector, such as may be the case if a charge-coupled device with interline-transfer architecture is used.
In another embodiment, the capillary tube 3 may be replaced with a solid medium in a cylindrical shape, and having cells embedded within. This solid medium comprises a polymer or UV-cure polymer, or cell mounting medium formed into a cylindrical shape, creating an optically clear cylinder, like that of a polymer optical fiber, with cells embedded. The embedding may be accomplished by extruding a liquid suspension or by other means.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
As an illustrative example, consider five such imaging systems, as depicted in
A projection image exhibits a two-fold rotational symmetry; thus a perspective acquired from angle θ>180� is equal to the projection image acquired from angle θ−180�. Therefore, the direction of the light path form source to detector may be flipped by 180� without affecting the resulting projection image. The configuration depicted in
In the example method depicted in
In another method, which may also be employed using the configuration depicted in
Angle of Acquired Projection
Step No.
Angle of Acquired Projection
Step No.
In the present example, the configuration that corresponds to Table 1 is expected to be faster, since the total angle of rotation is smaller (θtot=34 degrees) than the configuration associated with Table 2 (θtot=170 degrees). The time savings will be larger if the acceleration and deceleration times are not negligible. Thus a preferred method of data collection, according to this embodiment, is the one corresponding to Table 1. However, it is understood that other configurations, including but not limited to the one associated with Table 2, are included in this invention. Following the acquisition of one or more projection exposures from a single perspective, the specimen is rotated as best shown in
Referring now particularly to
Referring now to
In another embodiment, a micro-objective lens, solid immersion lens, or microlens array is used instead of a microscope objective 40. This enables the scan speed to increase due to the reduction in weight. In yet another embodiment, the condenser assembly (50,51,52,53) is replaced with an illumination point source, and objective lens 40 and actuator 57 may be removed, such that this embodiment is not restricted to pseudoprojection, but also includes point source-based projection.
Referring now to
Some examples of confocal scanning beam optical imaging or mapping systems for macroscopic samples are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,760,951 issued Jun. 2, 1998, and 6,072,624 to Dixon et al., issued Jun. 6, 2000, in which an expanded laser beam passes through a scan system and a telecentric laser scan lens focuses the beam to a moving spot in the sample. In addition, a virtual pinhole technique was disclosed by J. S. George in U.S. Pat. No. 6,038,067 issued Mar. 14, 2000, that alleviates the problem of maintaining an array of pinholes (spatial light filters) aligned during confocal scanning in either the transmission or reflection modes. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,760,951, 6,038,067 and 6,072,624 are all incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. Light reflected (or emitted) from the illuminated spot is collected by the laser scan lens, descanned by the scan system, and detected by a confocal detector. In one embodiment an array of point sources (e.g. created by a pinhole array, a spatial light modulator, or microlens array) are used to create an array of light beams for illuminating a specimen. A pixel-array detector, such as a camera, with virtual pinhole image post processing by computer software is made conjugate to the array of point sources. The array of point sources can be scanned directly or their resultant optical beams can be scanned as an array of illumination beams by one or more mirrors 303, while the descanning requirement is eliminated by having an array of confocal detectors with virtual pinhole filters of the collected light signals. In this case descanning mirrors 305 are replaced by the array of confocal detectors.
In the present invention, a plurality of two-dimensional image slices of the object of interest may be obtained by scanning both the illuminating light beams by one or two scanning mirrors 303 and the collecting light beams by one or two descanning mirrors 305 in synchrony so that the confocal arrangement stays in optical alignment. Since the objective lenses are typically larger in size, the two-dimensional image slice is scanned faster by having the illuminating beam of light be scanned by one or two mirrors before reaching the objective lens. Thus, after the collection lens the transmitted beam of light containing the signal will be scanned in the opposite manner (i.e. descanned) to insure confocality of the scanned and transmitted beam.
A three-dimensional image is assembled by capturing a series of these two-dimensional image slices along the optical axis that is perpendicular to the dotted vertical lines 304. A new image slice can be generated by changing the plane of focus of the two objective lenses in synchrony, stepping the axial position of the two objective lens assemblies with respect to the capillary tube, or adjusting the capillary tube position along the optical axis. The capillary tube can be rotated to generate a second three-dimensional view of the cell, which is used to compensate for the non-symmetric point spread function of the objective lens, producing lower axial resolution than lateral resolution.
A system having one pinhole at the illumination side and a conjugate pinhole at the collection side of a specimen in transmission confocality can be expanded by having a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array of pinholes, microlenses, or spatial light modulators (e.g. liquid crystal or micromirror array) thus increasing the speed of imaging and decreasing the scan range of the scanning and descanning mirrors or objective lenses. The detector for the scanned beams in parallel can be a camera instead of a single pixel fast detector such as a photomultiplier tube. The descanning mirrors are not necessary if the camera is made optically conjugate to the array of micro-light sources or pinhole apertures in transmission. By post processing the camera images (e.g. where the camera is a CCD device) so that only the central point of focus is acquired and the surrounding light is eliminated, a virtual pinhole spatial filter can be created in software. This method is most useful with an array of scanning point sources that are imaged onto the video camera so that physical alignment of multiple spatial filters is not necessary to maintain.
Using Color Information
In order to discriminate between image contrast due to absorption, and image contrast due to refraction, the use of color information is important. While the range of wavelengths absorbed by the dye or marker typically occupies a narrow band and/or has a peak absorption, the range of wavelengths refracted is typically much larger, or at least differs from the absorption band of the dye/marker. The image can be separated based on color to produce two or more images, with one image primarily consisting of features generated by absorption by the dye/marker used.
For cells which have significant texturing of the cytoplasmic boundary, refractive contrast may dominate at some angles of viewing, making it more difficult to obtain information about the stained portions of the cell (i.e. nucleus). Thus separating the image by color, with one image formed from wavelengths only due to absorption of the dye/marker, or possibly limited to a narrow range of absorption by the dye/marker. The image then contains primarily features whose contrast was generated due to absorption of the dye, and at least partially eliminates feature contrast due to refractions. This provides a more ideal projection for performing optical tomographic reconstruction (three dimensional). Another image consisting of part or all of the other wavelengths (excluding those of the first image) can be generated, the primary mechanism of contrast generation being refraction. This 'refraction image' may aid in detecting texturing of the cytoplasmic or nuclear boundary to determine a cell's condition.
A second use of separation of the image based on color is to reject image contrast generated by refraction, in order to form the best possible absorption image. This helps in the quantification of absorption for densitometric studies, or to improve optical density measurements.
Separation can be achieved by either using colored illumination to match the absorption peak of the dye, or post-acquisition with a color camera and performing the color separation of the image digitally.
Choice of dye/marker can greatly alter the effectiveness of this method. Dyes/Markers with narrower absorption band (a fluorophore or quantum dot can be used, as long as the emission light is separated out also) can provide greater rejection of image features generated by refracted light. For example, when using hematoxylin stain on cell nuclei, the range of illumination wavelengths might be chosen to be 585-615 nm.
Referring now to
The output from the camera 43 is stored in a computer memory 72. A specimen assembly 65 can be translated along the x or y axes of tube coordinate system 6. In addition, a micro-capillary tube 3 containing the specimen can be rotated about its "θ" axis 49, via a rotational stage 5 that can be computer-controlled. As used herein micro-capillary tube is defined as a capillary tube having a diameter where the field of view for microscopic imaging is comparable to the capillary tube diameter. In an example embodiment the rotational stage 5 is controlled by control signals 71 as provided by the computer 7. For high speed applications other controls may be added in order to reduce vibrations during an axial scan.
Referring now particularly to
The index matching material 15 is selected to allow the optical characteristics of the medium to remain substantially constant, even as the perspective presented to the objective 60 is varied. The index matching material 15 may advantageously be chosen to match the refractive index of the micro-capillary tube 3. Index matching materials are commercially available (e.g. commercial sources include Nye Optical Gels, Dymax Corp, and Cargille Labs) and include, for example optical gels, oils and fluids of varying indices of refraction for reducing light reflection at optical interfaces. Optical gels are particularly useful where higher viscosity is desired and may comprise a medium of oil, gel, polymer epoxy, or other optically transparent materials that matches refractive indices of the surroundings. Specimens can be held in index-matching epoxy, embedding media, or plastic polymer as well as index-matching gels and viscous fluids.
It should be noted that scanning focal plane methods are not limited to mechanical means. Non-mechanical means for scanning the focal plane includes the use of the chromatic aberration in lens 40 or objective lens 60 combined with shifting the center wavelength of the illumination. Non-mechanical means for scanning the focal plane also includes the use of birefringence of lenses 40 or 60 and shifting of polarization of the illumination source. Non-mechanical means for scanning the focal plane also may take advantage of spherical aberration in lenses 40 or 60 combined with annular scanning of the illumination source.
The present invention provides an improved method for sample preparation by injecting specimens within a viscous index-matched medium 15 into a micro-capillary tube using positive pressure. In one example, pressure of about 200 pounds per square inch (psi) is maintained for at least 30 minutes to accommodate the viscosity of an index matching gel. The specimen can also be stained with absorptive dyes, absorbing and light scattering dyes, antibody labels, antibodies conjugated with metal particles, quantum dots, plastic micro-spheres, fluorescent labels, and the like. Other microscopy modes may also be used, such as fluorescence, phase contrast, polarization, and dark field. A dark field mode in conjunction with a bright field mode may allow diffraction artifacts to be separated from the acquired image to improve the absorption image quality.
Now referring to
To increase speed and reduce multi-frame summation artifacts, a progressive scan video camera may be used instead of an interleave format. Since the specimen is scanned by relative movement of the focal plane through the specimen, alternate scanning methods include scanning the objective lens, or capillary tube, or for samples within a liquid media, scanning the specimen within capillary tube or microchannel. Mechanically scanning the objective lens (high numerical aperture) creates an extended depth of field. The condenser lens may also be scanned under Koehler illumination conditions for imaging. An infinity corrected objective is preferred to avoid magnification difference due to scanning objective but stationary camera (CCD, CMOS). The mass of objective lens may advantageously be minimized to maximize scan frequency for high speed.
In another embodiment, the system closely resembles the previous embodiment, except that the microscope system includes an aperture in the image plane to permit a confocal arrangement. In this embodiment, the depth of focus is reduced for each image plane in the integrated continuum. Doing so reduces the background level due to out-of-focus planes, which may be as large or larger than the signal level from the in focus plane. Thus a more accurate integration of the projection image can be generated when the confocal setup is used.
Because the field of view is reduced by the use of the aperture, this embodiment may also include a translational stage for moving the specimen or objective laterally in between each shadowgram. A system of rotating mirrors may also be used to scan the illumination. Each perspective will, therefore, be composed of several such shadowgrams, forming a mosaic of projections that includes the specimen's full lateral extents.
In another embodiment the system resembles the first embodiment, but the condenser lens has an aperture and field stop to alter the size and numerical aperture of the illumination. In the case where exceptionally high numerical aperture condenser is desired, the microscope slide of the assembly shown in
In another embodiment, multiphoton microscopic techniques may be applied to limit depth of focus of the static imaging system (independent of movement of the objective).
In another embodiment, the specimen region may comprise an artificially generated test phantom.
In yet another embodiment, coherent monochromatic light may be used in one or multiple discrete wavelengths.
In another embodiment, other imaging modalities available for optical microscopy may be used other than bright field, such as polarization, fluorescence, phosphorescence, phase contrast, dark field, and differential interference contrast. Beamsplitters and optical filters may be required as used routinely in the field of optical microscopy.
In another embodiment, a point source such as a fiber optic core or pinhole may be used in conjunction with a lens as a condenser.
In another embodiment, the specimen and the specimen holder may be translated rather than the objective.
For example, as shown in
Referring now to
Alternatively, non-linear velocity of the scanning focal plane may be employed to increase weighting from integration across areas of slower velocity and decrease the weighting of areas that are traversed more rapidly. Such differential weighting can be accomplished by varying the optical illumination levels, increasing optical illumination will increase the weighting and vice versa. For example, this may be useful for scanning the entire inner diameter of the capillary tube, however the region of interest (nucleus) may be in only one portion of the capillary of scan range of the objective lens. Therefore, the illumination may be strongest only when the focal plane is scanning the cell nuclear region. Two or more illumination sources can be applied simultaneously. For example, one is used for generation of the shadowgram, and the other source used to detect a molecular probe (i.e. fluorescent probe).
Following the acquisition of the specimen's shadowgram as seen from one perspective, the specimen may be rotated about the "θ" axis 49, and the shadowgram from a new perspective can be generated. The actuator 57 may, if desired, be driven continuously, and new images taken at a constant rate throughout the procedure; however, only those images taken at appropriate times need to be saved for inclusion in the reconstruction computation. A triggering mechanism, generated via a computer program using the actuator 57 position (or velocity) and the specimen rotation velocity as inputs, can accomplish this task. Additional embodiments may use alternative signals from the specimen or fiducials within the sample.
Referring now to
Each source may have the same general characteristics, preferably:
There are several options that can be employed to create micron-sized or submicron-sized optical point sources, such as:
As used herein, the point sources referred to above are of course not ideal point sources since they must be of a finite size in order to transmit light through an aperture. The finite size of the illumination light source gives rise to an angular error in which even straight line light rays overlap to reduce resolution and contrast in the shadowgram. Reducing the size of this source while maintaining high enough light intensity throughput for the detection system is desired to obtain a high quality shadowgram. Smaller sized apertures can be created using photonics crystal fiber, with its current core size as small as 1 micron, and due to different physical laws governing its means of light transmission, smaller core sizes can be expected in the future. Another recent photonics development, surface-plasmon enhanced transmission, can be employed not only to increase light throughput, but may also be used to control the exit angle of the light from the aperture. Typically these illumination systems use laser light sources, possibly destroying the optical coherence by passing the beam of light through a distribution of optical path differences of up to +/−λ, in parallel.
Minimization of Source-Object-Detector Distance
Minimizing the source-object-detector distance is critical, since the detector must in the near field (i.e., multiple Fresnel zones), roughly characterized as R<D2/λ, where R is the distance from the detector to the scattering plane and D is the desired lateral spatial resolution. Beyond this point, far-field diffraction (Fraunhofer diffraction) predominates.
The geometry is such that, the closer the point source to the object of interest (the cell), the higher the magnification due to the wider geometric angle that is subtended by an object closer to the source. Magnification in a simple point-source projection system is approximately M=(A+B)/A, where A is the distance between the point source and the object (cell) and B is the distance between the object and the detector. Conversely, if the required resolution is known in advance of the system design, then the geometry can be optimized for that particular resolution.
A second consideration involves close placement of the object ROI 100 to a high exit numerical aperture source so that the overall distance between source, object, and detector is minimized. Such close placement substantially reduces the contribution of non-ballistic light scattered through an off-axis angle because the light has less chance to spread out and obscure the ideal straight ray path shadowgram. Furthermore, the high exit angle of the light of the point source is advantageous because light is mostly scattered through a shallow off-axis angle centered around the incident ray vector, thereby potentially creating more spatial separation between straight ray path light and scattered off-axis light
Due to the typical sizes objects within the specimen ROI being on the scale of microns, and the wavelengths of light used for optical tomography being 0.3 to 1 micron, significant diffraction occurs when the light is projected through the light-attenuating ROI and its surroundings. Thus, the light signal detected, ideally being a geometrically determined densitometric image, is greatly obscured by the relatively high intensity of light that diffracts around the ROI, which in the case of cells may be roughly 100 microns in diameter. Thus, it is advantageous to reduce this diffraction and refraction by minimizing any mismatch of reflective index outside the ROI.
Using Virtual Point Sources
It would be beneficial to locate the point source 101 close to the object ROI 100, but because the object of interest is typically contained within a quartz micro-capillary tube 3 with outside diameter approximately 150 microns. In one example, a light source may advantageously be physically located no closer than 200 to 300 microns from the center of a cell within the flow micro-capillary tube. To overcome such physical constraints, an external set of optical components can be used to focus a virtual point inside the micro-capillary tube, closer to the cell. Virtual light source(s) can be used in an optical tomography system to maintain the requirement of possessing small (sub-micron) source size wherein all of the source photons pass through the ROI. Because the sample is typically an aqueous solution, a solid immersion lens can be used in place of the standard objective lens, with the illumination source embedded in the lens; this provides the higher index of refraction needed to decrease the focal spot size further, as the wavelength and angle of incidence are already at practical limits.
There is a further benefit of the close placement of a virtual point source near the ROI. If coherent light is used, then speckle patterns appear as a result of interference between the coherent diffracted light waves. By eliminating a majority of the diffracted light (around the edge of the ROI) from the transmittance image, a coherent source may be used with minimal speckle noise. Coherent sources include laser diodes and lasers, which are typically the highest energy density sources available, and allow more photons to be pumped into a small area. This allows the reduction of exposure time that may be necessary to obtain the transmittance image that is not motion blurred, (i.e., blurred using pulsed illumination of very short duration) and, in turn, allows higher specimen-throughput rates while potentially substantially improving resolution in the shadowgram.
Referring now jointly to
Using Cell Membrane-Embedded Probes
Now referring to
In another embodiment, element 140 is a dichroic beamsplitter, such that both emission and excitation light may be measured with two separate detector arrays 12.
By Limiting the Acceptance Angle of the Detector
Referring now to
In the example shown, an illumination source 101, such as listed in the previous section on types of illumination sources, projects a light beam 104 impinging on an object in a region of interest 100. A collimator array 154 including a plurality of collimator fibers wherein each fiber is mapped to a single pixel on a photosensor array 152 as schematically represented by arrow 160. The photosensor array 152 may advantageously comprise a CCD array or equivalent sensor array.
In one embodiment, a collimator may advantageously be mounted against, or in close proximity to, the detector surface wherein the collimator contains channels matched to the detector pixel size. This channel collimator is comprised of glass fibers or tubes that have been bundled and thinned and which may be coated and clad to create a matrix of channel elements that absorb photons with undesired trajectories. Further, the collimator front surface can be shaped so as to create a constant numerical aperture (NA) for a given arrangement of source/object/detector. Typically, this would be achieved by polishing a spherical concave surface into the front surface of the coherent fiberoptic bundle that is attached to the detector. By controlling the length of the collimator, the cladding, the absorbing coating between the fibers, the diameter of each channel and the distance from the object to the detector, the system may be substantially optimized for detector fill factor, contrast, resolution and signal-to-noise. Thus the collimator can be highly effective in increasing the effective MTF of the system for optimal 3D image reconstruction.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
By Polarization
Referring now to
Visible wavelengths (400-700 nm) require the use of a label or dye to visualize cellular structure. However, with ultraviolet wavelengths (10-400 nm), natural absorption occurs in the ultraviolet range, thus processing of the cells to label them may no longer necessary. Differences in absorbance of proteins compared with absorbance of nucleic acids as a function of wavelength may also be used to discern relative contributions of these two distinct cellular components. Because the wavelength is significantly shorter than the desired resolution or minimum feature size of interest, diffraction is less of a problem, and signal-to-noise in the shadowgram is improved.
By Confocal-Like Rejection
Referring now to
The invention has been described herein in considerable detail in order to comply with the Patent Statutes and to provide those skilled in the art with the information needed to apply the novel principles of the present invention, and to construct and use such exemplary and specialized components as are required. However, it is to be understood that the invention may be carried out by specifically different equipment, devices and algorithms, and that various modifications, both as to the equipment details and operating procedures, may be accomplished without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 18, 2003
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THE FIRST In 1934, Carl Rehnborg originated the concept of including whole plant concentrates in his formula for the first multivitamin/ multimineral product sold in the North America. THE ONLY...Read More

subset: commoncrawl


text: I saw one of the Des Moines Register Bloggers wrote a piece about how Pollard has said he won't sell the naming rights to Hilton or Jack Trice. How would you guys feel about this? Considering the fact that we have the smallest budget in the Big 12 I don't really think it would be a bad idea to do this. That being said, if we did rename Jack Trice Stadium... I think we should name the field "Jack Trice Field", display it prominently, and build a HUGE statue of Jack Trice. He really deserves to have his memory carried on forever. As far as Hilton, I didn't know who it was named after until I went to school at ISU since he's a former president. Did some great things to be sure, but it's not like he died on the field or anything. What do you guys think? http://blogs.dmregister.com/?cat=4


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Dream Host Shared Web Hosting is an ideal solution for WordPress blogger, website designers, e-commerce, stores and small businesses.
Dream Host Shared Web Hosting offers many customers' websites on a single server and the resources of the server are shared among every customer account on the server. Shared Webhosting is a user friendly and customers can easily manage their shared account from a web browser and also comes with limited a possibility that is you can get unlimited data transfer, bandwidth, website storage, email and hosted domain. You also get a one click software installer which will automatically install a new WordPress blog within minutes and you can now make your own web applications with a variety of code languages. This Shared Web hosting packages will assure customer satisfaction and amazing support for all your queries. Shared Web Hosting has also established e-commerce with the help of which allows you to create customize online store which can be expanded without limitations. E-commerce makes the customization process spontaneous and also allows you to sell many products in your store and also display unlimited number of images per product. E-commerce is easy to use and is affordable for all as you can even get unlimited number of transactions. Shared Web Hosting also supports wordpress hosting which is a main source of web publishing which is used on million sites. WordPress has also evolved what was primarily a blogging platform into full-features content management system. Dream Host Shared Web Hosting also maintains a close relationship with Word Press team and WordPress helps you in providing all web services. Dream Host proudly hosts more than 500,000 sites running WordPress at their core and offers great reliability and support.
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Rexite 'Alexa' stackable dining chair with bordeaux polypropylene seat and back and polished aluminium frame
Original price: £221.50
Now: £110.00
Geoffrey Drayton was established in 1962 with the aim of supplying quality modern furniture and lighting from Europe's leading designers and manufacturers. Over 50 years later, the aim remains the same.
Geoffrey Drayton


text:
For more information about this week's Human Performance Minute, check out the links listed below.
The Coaching Academy also provides and promotes existing and innovative educational opportunities for future coaches and those already in the profession. Through association with the Huffines Institute, the Academy has released podcasts that contain conversations with experts in the field of coaching, sports, athletic administration, and youth development. Our guests have been local, regional, national, and international in scope, with a wide array of interests. We were honored to have many distinguished podcast guests including:
To listen to these and more podcasts use the link below or view the "Recent Podcasts" feed on the left side of the page:
Phone: 979-845-3475 Fax: 979-845-6505


text:
Holden Home Ground Advantage - Grant Opportunity
Clubs are invited to apply for a grant for a project of $100,000 or up to $100,000.
You can apply for money through Home Ground Advantage for projects, or equipment, that make life easier for the members and supporters of your club. For example, you might want to make improvements to your clubrooms, install new hot showers, get a new scoreboard, or purchase new sporting equipment that will help your team perform on the field.
How to apply
Click on Apply Now and complete the fields. Provide as much information as you can. While video uploads are optional, they would love to see how your club runs and why you need a Holden Home Ground Advantage grant!
Applications close on 28th February 2016 at 5pm.
For more information please contact: email@example.com
Comment Guidelines: The SportsTG Network is made up of players, families and passionate sports followers like you who have a strong opinion about sport. That's great - we want you to have your say and share your thoughts with the world. However, we have a few rules that you must follow to keep it fun for all. Please don't be rude, abusive, swear or vilify others. Apart from some pretty serious sport sanctions, we also can ban you and report you if things get out of hand. So play fair and have fun, and thanks for your contribution.


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We will help you find a local french tutor in Moelfre and anywhere in the UK. Local french tuition is an excellent way to improve confidence as well as increasing grades and doesn't have to be dull! Please use our service to find Moelfre french tutors and select the one who best suits your requirements.
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Zac Build Guide by poofefer
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Thank You!
Your votes and comments encourage our guide authors to continue
creating helpful guides for the League of Legends community.
Zac Build
Starting Items
These Boots always
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Threats to Zac with this build
|Swain is a problem without lockdown from other teammates. never get hit by his w pls
Why AP Zac Mid?
Zac, contrary to popular belief, has a ton of burst damage. His Q and R have 50% scaling and his E has 70%, his W also scales surprisingly well. Roaming to other lanes will almost always result in a kill.
As for me, I have level 5 Mastery with Zac, and it's mostly because of playing AP Mid Zac all the time. It's insanely fun and he's honestly the most fun mid laner I've ever played.
Why Zac Top?
Again, Zac is a very strong solo laner, and giving him ap only makes him better. Since you are going top however, you will be going less damage and more tanky. But don't worry, you still do a butt-ton of damage.
There honestly aren't very many problems for Zac, champs with hard cc lockdown are obviously a problem, but as long as you dodge their initial abilities, you can all in them or E away.
Why aren't you playing this right now?
The only reason you might have tried it is because recently /all chat featured a video of an AP Zac dominateing a game. This is AP Zac every game. Make it happen


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Getting Here is Easy
We are just 20 minutes north of Dallas and our two major airports, DFW International and Dallas Love Field, have 2,000 flights daily. We are also on the DART light rail line; you can hop aboard at one of three Plano stations and travel throughout the area. Plano has been consistently named a safe and clean city in national publications, so your meeting participants will have an enjoyable experience. And our moderate climate makes it easy to get here and get around while you are here, no matter the season.
Plano has Amenities that Attendees Love
We are known for being a "walkable" city. For example, the beautiful Legacy Town Center includes a full service hotel (with two more under construction), plus dozens of shops, restaurants, spas, a lake and beautiful town square. The Marriott at Legacy Town Center boasts the largest hotel amphitheater in the region. It seats up to 115 people — perfect for classroom-style presentations. We have 39 hotels and more than 4,900 guest rooms in our city, with 5 recently added hotels (with nearly 800 new rooms) which opened in 2014. Looking for local atmosphere for your meeting? Our Western venues are the real deal. Especially at nearby Southfork Ranch, home of the TV series "Dallas." They offer 63,000 square feet of meeting space, plus the unique Texas atmosphere of the Ewing Mansion. For a more traditional meeting space, The Plano Centre has 122,500 square feet of meeting space plus FREE parking and wifi. When your meeting day is over, your attendees will have more than 700 restaurants and 70 shopping areas to choose from — everything from great antique stores, to outlet malls or high end shopping like Neiman-Marcus.
We Support Meeting Planners and Meetings
Service to meeting planners is our priority at Visit Plano. Many events are eligible for special assistance through our sponsorship program which gives financial assistance based on number of room nights generated by your event. If you choose the Plano Centre for your meeting AND have attendees who need hotel rooms in Plano, we have a grant program to help underwrite some of your program fees. This makes your meeting in Plano more affordable. We support your group in many ways, which can save you time and money. We can provide everything from name tags and VIP welcome bags, to assistance with registration, speakers and marketing. We're your local experts and can help you plan those extras like city tours, hot air balloon rides, scavenger hunts, cowboy country tours, art and shopping events. Ready to book your next meeting? Call us at 800-81-PLANO or email email@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com to request more information on meeting in Plano. We can't wait to connect with you.
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Institute for Supply Management


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SLØTFACE by name, Slutface by nature. Norway's favourite fresh-faced feminists return with a new name and single in tow. What's in a name? Perhaps not as much as what's in a cause, with latest cut 'Sponge State' echoing the band's signature screed with rallying force.
"Sponge State is our term for the feeling that something needs to change," explains vocalist Haley Shea. "The song is a reaction to the apathy and lack of action that is symptomatic of our generation. It is about the fact that making the world a better place isn't about sharing a post or tweeting. Social media is a powerful tool for social change, but real change comes about by doing things and being an active participant.
"Specifically, it is meant as an encouragement to our peers. Lots of them say that they wish they could get more engaged, or protest, or that they wish things were more like they were in the 60s and 70s, and I thought a lot of those same things when I was younger. But there are real causes to get engaged in, in the real world, and it is our job, as the generation coming of age, to change things," she says.


text:
Upcoming Events at IEM
New York University School of Medicine
Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine
Sterling Forest Auditorium
Friday, April 8, 2016
Friday, April 8, 2016
11:00 am
Dr. Jer-Tsong Hsieh
Dr. John McConnell Distinguished Chair Professor
Director, Jean H. and John T. Walter, Jr.
Center for Research in Urologic Oncology
UT Southwestern Medical Center
"New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Kidney Cancer with Targeting Strategy"
Host: Dr. Wei Dai
Sterling Forest Auditorium
Friday, April 15, 2016
Friday, April 15, 2016
11:00 am
Bernardo Lemos, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Environmental Epigenetics
Dept. of Environmental Health
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
"The Ups and Downs of Environmental Epigenetics: Ribosomal DNA Stability"
Host: Dr. Max Costa


text:
Lots of Lacrosse in Missoula This Weekend!
It is gaining fans across the country everyday.
It is gaining fans across the country everyday.
BILLINGS, Mont. (AP) — A wildfire driven by strong weekend winds has burned 4.5-square miles in south-central Montana and forced the evacuation of more than 50 homes in a subdivision where at least two structures have been lost.
Missoula will be experiencing some heavy rain this weekend. Meteorologist Corby Dickerson said there will be little to no rain on Saturday...
Memorial Day Weekend means it''s time to dust off the grill and prepare some delicious burgers, steaks and ribs. Here are a few recipes to get you started.
The servicemen and women of our country make huge sacrifices to fight battles on our behalf and keep the freedoms we hold dear. One of those sacrifices is being away from their families and loved ones for long periods of time.


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|10 Jan 2013
Correct DOS commands might help
I am, at the moment, in DOS as Administrator: X:\windows\system32\cmd.exe
trying to resolve these problems:
1. No operating system
2. I have no Recovery disks because Viao does not supply them. I only have a a repair disk which does not solve the problem.
3. I formatted the entire disk without knowing what the hell I was doing - but it was fun trying to be a geek and now I have no partitions
4. Diskpart does not tell me how to partition - or if it does I do not understand it because it asks for volumes and I have no idea where to find an answer to that.
Is my problem too big to solve without a Recovery disk which I am not at all sure is available for sale. The laptop is about 3 years old
|My System Specs
|10 Jan 2013
We always assume you have made your Recovery Disks using the OEM manufacturer's Recovery Media Creator app the first day you had your new PC.
& made the Startup Repair CD.
startup repair disc-create
Did you make the OEM manufacturer's Recovery Disks?
How to make Sony Recovery Disks:
View Document
How to use Sony Recovery:
View Document
How to use Sony Hardware Diagostics:
View Document
How to order Sony Recovery disks:
1.Go to http://servicesales.sel.sony.com.
2.Enter your computer's model number (for example, PCV-XXXX), and click List Parts and accessories.
3.Follow the online instructions to order the Recovery Media Kit.
If you are not able to access the Sony Direct Accessories and Parts Center Web site, contact a customer service representative at 1-800-488-7669.
Clean Install : Factory COA Activation Key
|My System Specs
|10 Jan 2013
Thank you for your quick reply.
1. No - I did not make recovery disks - I made what was called a Repair disk Win7 64 bit.
2. I went to Sony UK to order the recovery disks which they would not supply because I ordered the laptop from the USA, because I am unable to get one here in Switzerland with an english keyboard but when I go to the US website it says it will not ship outside the States! I have sent an email asking the what I am supposed to do.
3. theog - even if I manage to get the recovery disks , have I ruined the partitions by fiddling with the dos commands? It says the disk has nothing on it - that much I can determine!
4. I have not been able to scan the disk because it says "there is a system repair pending which requires reboot to complete. Restart Windows and run sfc again." But this doesn't seem to work as I keep getting the same message. What I would like to know is if I can give a DOS command to repair the disk without havng the nuisance of going through the System Recovery Option panel again. Thank you for your interest.
|My System Specs
|10 Jan 2013
I would Check the hard drive with the manufacturer's diagnostic tools first.
Hard Drive Diagnostics Tools and Utilities (Storage) - TACKtech Corp.
Hard Drive Diagnostic Procedure
If HDD Drive OK,
follow this tutorial:
Clean Install : Factory COA Activation Key
|My System Specs
|10 Jan 2013
Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bits 7601 Multiprocessor Free Service Pack 1
did you format the partitions? Or did you just delete them?
|My System Specs
|10 Jan 2013
This is what Diskpart says
Disk ### Status Size Free Dyb Gpt
__________________ ______ ____ ___ ___
Disk 0 online 298GB 0 B
But then I can find no logical (to me!) command that would tell me how to partition, how to find the volume and how to designate a letter to the partition.
Why would the Hardrive show the System Recovery Options or the Command Prompt if it was damaged?
I have obviously deleted everything including the Operating System which was not smart but I don't think anything is damaged.
I wanted to try and fix things with DOS but it doesn't look as though I can manage it myself which is such a pity because I enjoy trying various things.
Oh well! I shall just have to give up after two solid days of trying by myself
|My System Specs
|10 Jan 2013
Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bits 7601 Multiprocessor Free Service Pack 1
sel disk 0
list part
What do you see?
|My System Specs
|10 Jan 2013
My previous post described what I saw and what I still see now.
Most of the time DISKPART writes this:
There is no disk selected to create a partition. Select a disk and try again.
|My System Specs
|10 Jan 2013
OKAY I finally worked out what your post meant me to do!
So I did it and here is the result - I finally got a partition! and this is how it looks but now I do not know what to do next.............
Partition### Type Size Offset
Partition 1 PRIMARY 298 GB 1024 KB
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
|Similar help and support threads
Shortcut with 2 commands
Is it possible to run more than one batch file command in a shortcut? I have tried a couple of thins and they did not work. Example: cmd /c start program cmd /c start another program
|General Discussion
Bat commands..
Okay im trying to make a mini-fool for my friend :D And i want to my friend donot see the bat file Is this the code to he cant see it? attrib +h %0 Thanks. - kuchiyo
|General Discussion
Windows Run Commands
I certainly hope someone here can help me. It used to be that the commands I typed in the RUN window where there when I returned. Not so now, the window's completely blank, and I have to retype where I want to go or open every time. :cry: What must I do to make the programs hold? Duchess
|General Discussion
Run Commands - Create
How to Create Custom Run Commands Using the Run / Start Search command in Windows you can use certain pre-defined commands to open up applications like we open MSCONFIG etc. Here are the Steps 1. Go to Start under Start Search type in Regedit and Hit Enter
Commands in Windows 7
Commands in Windows 7 If you like to work with Command Prompt commands here some new or Modified commands uses in Windows 7. For a more detailed explanation of all commands in Windows below, see: Command-Line Reference Windows Command Reference
Cmd line commands
Hi there First post on this forum :) I have an issue with the command line of Windows 7. Whenever I type in the shutdown command in an elevated console, I simply get a list of available arguments. Similar to typing shutdown /? Any advice would be much appreciated
|General Discussion
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Results 1 to 1 of 1
05-01-09, 19:48 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Feb 2009
- Posts
- 29
Unanswered: Nested subqueries from subform controls
I have a query that searches for product information based on data entered into a subform. I have used nested subqueries to specify the order I want to search the product table, but am having trouble getting the data from the subform. When I run the query from SQL view, the parameters pop up in the correct order. However, the query doesn't generate any information. When I use the button on the subform to run the query, parameter boxes pop up, even though the controls on the subform have the data entered.
SELECT tblProducts.ProductName, tblProducts.Purpose, , tblProductDetails.Units, tblProductDetails.Availability, tblProductDetails.Cost, tblProductDetails.Rating, tblProductDetails.Quantity
FROM tblProducts INNER JOIN tblProductDetails ON tblProducts.ProductID=tblProductDetails.ProductID
WHERE ((((SELECT Availability FROM tblProductDetails WHERE Availability=[Forms]![frmOrderEntry]![subDetail]!Forms![ctrAvailability] IN (SELECT Quantity FROM tblProductDetails WHERE Quantity <=[Forms]![frmOrderEntry]![subDetail]!Forms![ctrQuantity] IN (SELECT Purpose FROM tblProductDetails WHERE Purpose=[Forms]![frmOrderEntry]![subDetail]!Forms![ctrPurpose]))))<>False));
Am I referencing the controls incorrectly?
Any suggestions to make this work?


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JYP Entertainment releases short videos for Suzy's solo debut
JYP Entertainment shared some interesting details about Suzy's solo debut!
Suzy had started showing short videos for her solo debut just 2 days ago. However, there's not much information has been shared about her upcoming release so far other than the title "Yes? No?" and the dates, January 17 and 24.
JYP Entertainment announced on January 10, "It's confirmed that Suzy's solo title track will be a dance song produced by J.Y. Park."
It really makes us eager and in so much anticipation for Suzy's solo debut!! Do you feel excited too?


text:
Hotel Accommodation near Patar Beach
Search 2 hotels in Patar Beach
Get Secret Prices on selected hotels
These prices aren't available to everyone.
Where to stay in Patar Beach
Philippines   accommodation in Patar Beach - Hotels.com offers great last-minute Patar Beach hotels deals and discount room rates. Our hotels in Patar Beach can easily be booked online. Our fast online search facility allows you to:
- - Find and compare different hotels in Patar Beach by star rating, amenities, theme, or brand
- - Choose the perfect Patar Beach hotel and view room rates, hotel details, guest reviews and photos
- - Securely book your hotel room online today!
- - Receive email and text confirmations with reservation details of your online hotel booking


text:
All the Way (2016)
Movie Title: All the Way (2016)
Director: Jay Roach
Stars: Bryan Cranston, Anthony Mackie, Bradley Whitford
Release Date: TV Movie 21 May 2016
Genres: Biography, Drama, History
Format: MatRoska (Mkv)
File Size: 1.15GB
Resolution: 1280×720
Runtime: 02:12:00
Language: English
Subtitles: English [Softcoded] – Muxed
November 22, 1963. President John F. Kennedy has just been assassinated and Vice President Lyndon Johnson is now President. One of his first acts as President is to reaffirm the US government's intention to pass the Civil Rights Act. This Act was drafted while JFK was in office and gives people of all races the same rights, including voting rights, access to education and access to public facilities. However, he faces strong opposition to the bill, especially from within his own party. He will have to use all his political will and cunning to get it through.


text:
|Free Stuff
|Savings Center
|f Share
|f Like
Mars® Chocolate Candy has a new deal out now. This deal is linked below. Do not miss out on your chance to save $1.75 cash back!
Mars® Chocolate Candy November 2017 Coupon RebateSponsored Links
If you would like to make a comment, please fill out the form below.


text:
This artisan fragrance is masculine, fresh and clean, with signature notes from Jack Black's grooming line. The parfum contains over 18% essential oils which allows it to wear better on the skin and present an elegant, complex aroma with top notes of Tangerine, Black Pepper and Peppermint. This higher concentration of oils allows the scent to last longer on the skin then cologne or eau de toilette.
- Top Notes: Vibrant Tangerine combines with the spiciness of Black Pepper to create a sparkling, energetic top note.
- Mid Notes: The signature heart fuses clean Eucalyptus and exotic Tiger Orchid with clear notes of Elemi Coeur and blooming Geranium.
- Base Notes: A warm base of smoky Papyrus, Black Amber and Blonde Woods provide lingering, sensual comfort.
**Winner! Best Men's Brand 2017 as voted for by SkinStore customers.**


text:
Topics in this article include:
Operating System Support
myLesley (Blackboard) has been tested and is supported on the following operating systems:
Windows 8, Windows 10
Mac OS 10.8, Mac OS 10.9, Mac OS 10.10
Please note that at this time, Mac OS 10.11 (el Capitan) is not supported.
Browser Support
In order to use myLesley (Blackboard), you will need a current, updated browser. Run the browser checker to see whether Blackboard Learn supports your browser and operating system. For more information on supported browsers, please see Browser Support.
While Blackboard supports many different browsers and operating systems, we have noticed that Firefox tends to be most compatible with all of the features in myLesley. Therefore, we strongly recommend accessing myLesley using the latest version of Firefox, which may be downloaded here: Firefox Download.
Players and PluginsIn addition to a compatible browser, you will also need the updated versions of the following players and plugins:
Adobe Flash Player
Adobe Flash Player will allow you to view animated and interactive content on the web, including Kaltura Media and VoiceThread.
Click here to download the free player
Quicktime Player
The Quicktime Player will allow you to listen to audio and view video on the web, including embedded audio and video content in myLesley.
Click here to download the free player
Java is required for several programs, including Collaborate and the Voice Tools.
Click here to download the free plugin
Adobe Acrobat Reader Plugin
The Adobe Reader Plugin will allow you to download and read PDFs.
Click here to download the free plugin