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Our beach week is over. Part of me is happy to be home and the other part if still swimming in the ocean.
MAN I love the beach! I think I was a beach bum in a former life. Nothing makes me happier then diving in waves and building sand castles with my kids. It's better than facing this mess.
This morning I decided to leave the mess and hit the pavement in my new running clothes.
How cute is that outfit?! My Sister-in-law bought it for me for my birthday. I love it! Normally I'm running in random clothes because I refuse to splurge on workout attire. It's just too darn expensive!
Anyway, I did 4 miles listening to my audio book. It was a nice way to start the day.
After the run I continued the laundry we started last night, prepped some food for the week and started to make breakfast all while blasting the iPod. Little Guy danced while Little Bean laughed.
It was hysterical!
Breakfast for the boys was banana pancakes and berries.
After breakfast it was time to take care of the 2 newest members of our family.
May I introduce Trooper and Sport, our new Hermit Crabs.
My breakfast was a little later. After a week of indulging in beach food I decided to wait until I actually felt hunger before eating. When I did I made myself a Spinach Omelet Roll Up and had some berries on the side.
It totally hit the spot.
The rest of the morning was spent finishing the laundry and putting everything away. We camped out upstairs for a bit reading books, watching TV and just hanging out.
Lunch started with some melon…
and (for me) ended with this amazing salad!
Click here to see how I made a Marinated Portobello Mushroom Spinach Salad. SO YUMMY!
After lunch Ryan and I went to the pond behind our house and tried out the fishing pole.
I honestly haven't held a fishing pole in 20 years. I forgot how fun it was! We are preparing for a possible trip to Grandpa's cabin. :)
The rest of my afternoon was pure heaven. Yesterday the husband asked if I wanted to go to the spa for my birthday which is Tuesday.
He didn't have to ask me twice.
I splurged on a massage AND a facial. Totally worth it. I was so relaxed and happy afterwards.
I may have to start a spa savings account so I can go more regularly.
Dinner was a grill-fest!
That's BBQ chicken, peas & carrots and roasted beets in the aluminum foil.
While all that was cooking I made a fun salad with fresh tomatoes, cucumbers and basil from the my herb garden.
We ate outside. It was gorgeous.
The meal and the day. :)
We had more melon for dessert.
After dinner we cleaned.
Came up with a new chore schedule.
Ate some Banana Soft-Serve.
And played Pokeman.
The Boy's NEW obsession. :)
Now I'm watching Newsroom and then it's bed. Back to my training schedule tomorrow morning, I have 7 weeks until my next Tough Mudder and the messiest inbox ever. ugh.


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Selecting the Right Processor for Multi-Port Layer 7 Testers
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The advent of intelligent switching and routing in enterprise, access, and metro box designs is forcing test equipment to dramatically evolve. Test vendors can no longer build boxes that perform evaluations up to Layer 3 on the OSI stack. On the contrary, they need to build boxes that test at the link layer while simultaneously letting engineers evaluate the performance of applications at Layer 7.
To meet the demands of intelligent switching/routing, designers must develop multi-port tests systems that allow their customers to simulate high amounts of traffic from many different sources and measure tensand perhaps hundredsof metrics within a single port. Therefore, test designers must employ a microprocessor at each port in the test system.
But what processor is best to choose? That's the big question for today's Layer 7 test equipment designers. This article provides a real-life look at the choices/tradeoffs one design team made when choosing a processor for a multi-port Layer 7 test system. Processors evaluated for the application included PowerPC processors from IBM and Motorola and Pentium-0class processors from Intel.
Selection Criteria
Prior to creating the processor-based multi-port Layer 7 test system, the design team highlighted here has developed many data and networking test sets using high-speed FPGA devices, which allowed test and analysis at wire speed. For the most part, these designs did not feature a processor per port; the only exception involved the use of a relatively weak processor for running PPP-over-Sonet.
To leverage off the existing customer base with its purchased equipment, the engineering team decided to build the multi-port test system using the same form factor as previously developed products. Further, the engineers wanted to maintain backward compatibility with the existing design base, so certain FPGA logic had to be included. Finally, customers had come to rely on highly compact designs, so the engineers tried to squeeze in as many ports as possible in a confined space.
A typical 16-blade chassis with several line cards appears in Figure 1. Each line card in the shown chassis conforms to a historical form-factor. Each slot also has a limited amount of available power as well as thermal cooling ability. The challenge was to create a design such that up to 128 10/100/1000 copper ports, each with a dedicated processor, could fit in a single chassis. To maintain scalability, each port would act independently.
Stacking the Application Deck
From a Layer 4 perspective, the embedded processors had to be capable of running many simultaneous TCP and UDP stacks. Further, each stack needed to run over a different network address on a different subnet. In fact, this spirit of independence ran as low as the Layer 2 level, where each stack could be associated with a different Ethernet MAC address.
The design also had to allow for each processor to step aside in situations where the FPGAs would transmit a raw packet without processor intervention. All this independence at the lower layers was designed to support a high amount of activity at Layer 7, where numerous applications had to run independently as the overall test simulated real-world traffic conditions.
The objective was to create an environment where the processors, coordinated through a sophisticated software interface, would create traffic patterns that emulated the real world. With this "real-world" traffic, realistic tests could be performed on networks and network elements, where realistic performance measurements could be ascertained.
So at Layer 7, it was necessary to run third-party software like NetIQ's Chariot or Radview's WebLOAD, as these test applications have been designed and deployed to simulate real world traffic conditions on a wide number of processors. To support this effort, the engineers realized that their selection of an OS was perhaps the most critical decision in their design. The OS became central to the selection of a processor, and it influenced the range of processors under consideration.
The OS had to support the following criteria:
- Multi-tasking: Each application might require the processor to "fork" a new process to support it.
- Multi-threading: Application test software like Radview's WebLOAD typically creates multiple threads within a single forked processor task.
- Popular Support: Support for popular third party applications like FTP, Telnet and HTTP.
- Wide Array of Supporting Processors: Must be supported on many processors so as to not limit the choice of processors for this design.
- Access to Source: Allows modification to optimize the Layer 1 stacks (TCP/UDP) for the specific hardware configuration.
Based on the above criteria, the engineers chose to go with an open-source implementation, of which Linux or FreeBSD were the leading contenders. In the end, Linux was chosen as the OS for this project. Linux features a fairly efficient implementation of various protocol standards, most notably TCP/IP. It also has a wealth of Layer 7 applications that have stood the test of time, including FTP, Telnet, SSH, VPN, HTTP and so on.
Note that the requirement for a real-time OS was eliminated by the creative use of FPGA logic. All latency-sensitive signals were queued in the FPGA logic, thus unshackling the OS from the burden of maintaining low-latency interrupt response times. Without the FPGA logic, the currently available Linux OS would not have been capable of handling all the requirements of this design.
Marching Orders
Having chosen the Linux OS, the design team had an opportunity to study a wide range of possible processors and determine which one had the most efficient implementation. They were also very interested in any on-chip functions that would accelerate the processor's network performance. On-chip functions, like DMA or MMU, would reduce the minimum amount of peripheral hardware.
The engineers started out by sketching a diagram of the embedded processor environment, as shown in Figure 2. They then proceeded to evaluate processors based on the design.
Having a white-board design in hand, the engineers combed through a number of benchmarks and hardware specifications looking for the ultimate implementation. Published benchmarks were used to rank each processor, but not all benchmarks were given equal weight.
For instance, some processors scored high in arithmetic benchmarks because they contained one or more internal double-precision floating-point units. It was anticipated that double-precision floating-point arithmetic was not necessary for the proposed embedded design, so this particular benchmark was not weighted very heavily. The results of well-established benchmarks, such as Dhrystone 2.1, were given a lot of weight in the selection process, so long as the objectives of the benchmark were well aligned with the design team's requirements.
Related to benchmarks was a processor's ability to efficiently execute compiled code, especially those processors that featured simultaneous execution units. Efficiency of compiled code, as well as the availability of good cross-compilers, was considered, though there wasn't a lot of good objective material to choose from. Engineers had to draw on their own experiences in this area. As it turned out, all the engineers that worked on this project already had personal experience with other types of processors, and this pool of experience contributed significantly to the selection decision.
Code Execution Criteria
The criteria of "efficiently executed code" include a processor's ability to execute those functions that are central to handling IP packets. At first glance, this may seem a bit amorphous. However, things such as internal cache size, task-switching speed, pipelined architectures and simultaneous execution units can contribute significantly to a processor's ability to handle IP packets efficiently. With this in mind, the engineers closely analyzed the internal architecture of each processor, often collaborating in groups to discuss and weigh the benefits and drawbacks of the various different architectures among the processors under consideration.
Since the design was to be incorporated into a very compact form factor, the design team scoped out the minimum required external components. The goal was to provide eight processors per slot, so every square millimeter represented precious real estate. Since everything, including the OS itself, was "soft", there was no need to include external non-volatile memory, such as flash. The chassis OS, on start-up, would keep each embedded processor in a hold state while uploading its OS. This eliminated the need for external non-volatile memory, essentially by replacing it with RAM.
Power dissipation became a highly limiting factor. A major requirement was to support eight processors on each line card, and each slot had a power budget of 100 W. Related to the power budget was the thermal cooling ability of the fans coupled with temperature limitations of many components, including the processors themselves as well as the surrounding FPGAs.
A fully loaded chassis would host 16 line cards, each of which would use eight processors. Thus to get a "ballpark" figure of the contribution to the overall power dissipation from the selected processors, the individual power dissipation had to be multiplied by 128. As it turned out, this simple formula immediately eliminated many processors.
Finally, the engineers were very sensitive to cost. It was important to maintain a final pricing structure that would be competitive with racks of individual 1U-high servers.
Choosing the Processor
Several processors were considered during the development of the multi-port Layer 7 test box. These included Intel's Pentium architectures, the Motorola MPC74XX series, and the PowerPC from IBM. After weighing all factors, the engineers decided that the PPC750 from IBM was the clear winner. Its efficiency in CPU processing power per Watt and per cubic area put it into the winning category. The Linux implementation is particularly efficient, which further qualified the selection of the IBM PowerPC processor.
The design team initially chose the PPC750CXe on an earlier design, and then migrated to the PPC750FX as it became available. The latter processor is an upgrade. The main reasons cited for this choice are: 1) the MIPS/watt is low, 2) an integrated 256K L2 cache, and 3) an instruction execution rate of 1392 Dhrystone MIPS, which exceeded the anticipated 1200 Dhrystone MIPS requirement. The FX increased cache to 512K, allowed higher clock rates at lower power, and doubled the usable bus speed.
Having selected the PPC750 processor, the engineering team faced the next challenge of implementing the hardware into a board design. Several reference designs were studied along with a number of design application notes. Also, application engineers from IBM were available to give advice on the layout and help understand some overall design concepts. Further, IBM maintained a "PPC Support Line", which is a dedicated phone number that acted as a "hotline" for immediate support.
The end result is that the design went from "kick-off" to a functional card in less than six months. For the engineering team, this was a relatively long development cycle. However, considering the compactness of the design and its resulting layout challenges, this was an impressive development cycle.
Firmware/Software Development
Fortunately, the firmware and software engineers didn't have to wait for the hardware design to be completed. Existing processor boards were available to write and debug code while the new hardware design coalesced. Because the specific addresses and resources of the test board designs were different than the newly designed boards, the firmware development engineers simply "stubbed out" specific code where necessary.
In addition, they used compiler directives to control the compilation of code and determine its target. By the time the new hardware was ready for power-up, the software team was ready with the code. As a result, the design was up and running on the first hardware production cycle.
About the Author
Dan Schaefer is systems engineering manager at Ixia Communications. He holds a BSEE degree from the University of Missouri, Columbia and has over 15 years experience in the design of hardware, software and FPGA logic design. Dan can be reached at email@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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Browsing International Studies » Study Abroad » Countries
F-1 Student Visa is an informational website dedicated to providing essential information about F-1 Foreign Student Visas.
StudyLink makes it easier to study abroad
Want to go to university in USA in a safe and beautiful location? Prefer to get a degree at a great value public university?


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Manufacturing sites
Constellium relies on premium facilities in Europe and the United States to manufacture our leading aluminium products.
World-class products from state-of-the-art plants
Constellium's leading range of plate, sheet, extrusions and precision casting are manufactured at outstanding plant facilities located around the globe.
Our six plants operate to the highest quality standards, share expertise, and are configured to meet the huge range of specifications required by our customers.
Discover more about our world-class manufacturing facilities, located mainly in France, Switzerland and the United States.
Constellium's leading ranges of plate, sheet, extrusions and precision castings are manufactured at eight facilities located around the globe.


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Official destination marketing organization for Carbon, Monroe, Pike, and Wayne Counties, PA – collectively known as the Pocono Mountains
1004 W. Main St. Stroudsburg, PA 18360 | 1-800-POCONOS (1-800-762-6667) | 570-421-5791 | firstname.lastname@example.com | PoconoMountains.com
« Back
Bar Louis at the Hotel Fauchere
Bar Louis is a sleek ,minimalist bar and bistro offering a sophisticated menu of innovative dishes for lunch and dinner, including the famous signature Sushi Pizza.Its stylish, ultra-modern environment offers casual dining and great cocktails seven days a week. This contemporary atmosphere is accented with striking photography by Christopher Makos, a project of Andy Warhol, and additional images by the Hilton Brothers.
- 401 Broad Street
- Milford, PA 18337
- Phone: (570) 409-1212
- Fax: (570) 409-1251
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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We will help you find a private mandarin teacher in Morden and across the UK. Local mandarin tuition is an excellent way to improve confidence while increasing grades and doesn't have to be dull! Please use our service to search for Morden mandarin tutors and select the one who best suits your needs.
First Tutors is the only place to find the most suitable Morden mandarin tutors for your needs, helping you find a private Morden mandarin teacher for any subject, for example, GCSE English, A-Level Maths or even university Physics. We also help with language tuition, so if you want to learn Italian, take a Greek course or prepare yourself for German life, we can help - and all in Morden! Our search will order mandarin Morden teachers in your area by mandarin tuition charges and proximity to you.
If you are a Morden mandarin teacher wanting to offer your local mandarin tuition services in Morden or anywhere else across the UK, please register with First Tutors or find out more about what we do here. Private mandarin tuition is a great way to re-affirm your own mandarin knowledge while helping someone else, all in your local Morden area!


text:
Quiz - How Much You Know About Istanbul Quizzes
Find out how much you know about this magnificent city?Подробнее
Quiz - Which Istanbul Neighbourhood You Need To Stay? Quizzes
Find the best neighbourhood that reflects your personality...Подробнее
Quiz - Which Ottoman Palace You Should Have Lived? Quizzes
Let's take a journey in the past and find which Istanbul palace your soul is in ?Подробнее
Quiz - Which Ottoman Queen Are You? Quizzes
Find out which Ottoman queen are you!Подробнее


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What is itunes? And how itunes gift card works
Music is one of the wonderful craze which give a most memorable moment which includes happy, sad and funny moments. Even though in the modern world most of the people like the old songs, middle age songs not only the modern songs. It plays a major role in the human life and many people hear the songs when they are sleeping, happy moments and enjoyment time also. Based on the mindset of the person they can hear the songs which are closely connected with the human feelings. The music is not only in the audio format and it also available in the video format which is called as multimedia content. Generally the people like to watch the songs because of the visualization, actors, and dancing styles. Hence the software field wants to satisfy the user needs and create one software application like itunes which is nothing but a media player that can handle the both audio and video content with the high quality.
It is also act as media library which contains the information of the audio and video files with size, name, and location of the item were it is stored. It acts as an index to provide details about the files with the help of that the user can retrieve the multimedia files very quickly.
Working mechanism of itunes
The itune can be support in any devices such as mobile phones, laptop, desktop and tablets and it can play also the downloaded files from the internet. It is one of the software applications which have been developed by writing the many other programming languages hence the itunes also developed by one of the language called as itune code which is made available to the user. If anyone creates the itune account then they can accesses the itunes code but it has one condition which nothing but age limit.
One has age above 13 they have the legal rights to use the itunes and it is not for cost which provides the services like free itunes code. It has 16 digit code which is not understand by the unauthorized person hence it gives a high security for the user content. Each and every itune code was generated with the x symbol and remaining code is not mentioned. The itune code is mainly used by the people who like songs, videos, and it also supports the live tv broadcast and webcasting that is continuous live telecast is also available in that.
The important things is creating of the free itunes code is the difficult task and it will be performed by the software called as itune gift card generator. That assigns a code randomly for the users but it needs basic information about the person like name, age, gender and location. It will also works in the online also hence the user can receive the itune code through online which does not need more cost and reduces the time of the user which is easy and simple way to that. All the itunes codes are unique and it does not repeated for others and there is no duplications are occurs because it is not a manual process, it was done by the machine with the application software to generate the itunes code.


text: Is there a way to trace and find out where a DSL connection is going wrong? Im downloading at ~10kb/s. I tracert to sbcglobal.net and my pings are consistently 700+ ms. WTF. Tell me what to do to narrow the problem down, and Ill do it. EDIT: Also, I dont know if it makes a difference, but im using two wired connections and two wireless connections in my home network. I can remote into my other computers no problem.


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Storage and File Structure. Outline. Overview of Physical Storage Media Magnetic Disks RAID Tertiary Storage Storage Access File Organization Organization of Records in Files Data-Dictionary Storage. Classification of Physical Storage Media. Classify storage based on
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
This case is easiest to implement; will consider variable length records
Relation-metadata = (relation-name, number-of-attributes, storage-organization, location)Attribute-metadata = (attribute-name, relation-name, domain-type, position, length)
User-metadata = (user-name, encrypted-password, group)
Index-metadata = (index-name, relation-name, index-type, index-attributes)
View-metadata = (view-name, definition)


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Published: Wednesday 29th April 2015 by The News Editor
A "fatally flawed" decision to release a mental patient into the community against his and his parents' wishes led to him killing an elderly neighbour, a court heard today.
Daniel Atkins, 31, of Bromley, south London, killed 71-year-old Ronald Parsons on March 2 last year – just two days after leaving secure accommodation.
Afterwards, he rang police and told them he had killed a man downstairs "for Her Majesty the Queen", the court heard.
Atkins, who suffers from schizo affective disorder, was deemed unfit to plead to the charge of murdering Mr Parsons after the Old Bailey heard from his treating psychiatrist from Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust today.
Dr Rachel Daly also confirmed to the court that at the time of his release she was not consulted on the decision, which was taken by an unnamed "member of the treating team".
She said after a hearing in January that his condition had worsened and he was being transferred to Broadmoor secure hospital because of incidents of violence towards staff and self-harm at the Bracton Centre where he was being treated.
Before adjourning the case for a trial of facts on a date to be fixed, Judge Paul Worsley told the court: "This case concerns the violent death of Mr Ronald Parsons who died when he was attacked by the defendant, Mr Atkins.
"Mr Atkins was a neighbour of Mr Parsons. He had been discharged from hospital where he was undergoing psychiatric treatment on February 28 2014.
"Tragically, that decision has proved to be fatally flawed because, within two days, he had gone on to kill Mr Parsons."
The judge said Mr Parsons was a slightly-built "well-respected and peace-loving man" who had suffered ill health and needed daily help.
When he was assessed in December 2013, Mr Atkins was found to have signs of hyper-mania, stating he was a judge with "exceptional powers and was in charge with everybody".
But, the judge said, over the next two months it was felt he had sufficiently improved to be prepared for discharge.
Atkins had said he was not ready to be discharged and his parents agreed, saying he was "not quite right".
And the day before his release from the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Woolwich, his mother said she was "concerned" it was a premature move and he was, in her view, still too ill, the court heard.
When he was sent home, the court heard, he was "crying and emotional", and his father complained again.
On March 2 last year, Atkins phoned emergency services and reported that he had "killed someone" for "Her Majesty the Queen" and that he had a gun.
After Mr Parsons was pronounced dead, Atkins said: "I'm sorry for what I have done. I lost it."
Judge Worsley said: "The history is someone who has suffered mental illness in recent times. He is given medication. Despite all that and despite hope his condition had improved, tragically all that is misplaced optimism."
Three years before Mr Parsons' death, another Oxleas patient, schizophrenic Nicola Edgington, murdered Sally Hodkin, 58, and attempted to murder Kerry Clark, 22.
Both women had been strangers on their way to work when Edgington attacked them with a knife in Bexleyheath, south east London, in October 2011.
Edgington, who was released back into the community in 2009 after being convicted of the manslaughter of her mother, walked out of a mental health unit where she had been taken by police.
Hours earlier, she made five 999 calls asking to be sectioned under the Mental Health Act because she believed herself to be a danger. She was jailed for life with a minimum term of 37 years.
Daniel Rubenstein, solicitor for Sally Hodkin's family, said they made a claim for negligence and a breach of human rights against Oxleas, which was settled with a payment of substantial compensation.
Following today's hearing, the charity Hundred families expressed concern that Oxleas had not learned lessons from the Edgington case.
Atkins is thought to be the 13th patient under the care of Oxleas health services to go on to kill after being released into the community.
Julian Hendy, who is director of the charity that supports the families of those killed by people with serious mental illness, said: "This is yet another shocking case of an Oxleas patient who has gone on to kill, despite concerns about their mental health being raised beforehand.
"We're aware of 13 cases over the last 10 years where seriously-unwell Oxleas patients have committed homicides in the community. This is far too many.
"Can the Trust actually demonstrate they are actually learning any lessons from these appalling tragedies, to keep patients, their families and the public safe, because the evidence so far suggests they can't."
A spokeswoman for Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust said: "We would like to express our sympathy to the family and friends of Mr Parsons.
"We can confirm that we undertook an internal inquiry involving an elected governor from Bromley and the report and action plan have been approved by our board of directors and council of governors.
"Our inquiry identified that this incident could not have been predicted and that reasonable decisions were made about the treatment Daniel Atkins was receiving from us.
"However, our inquiry did highlight changes to practice that could be made that would reduce the risk of a similar incident happening again. We have implemented these changes."
A photograph of Atkins appeared in a local newspaper which showed him being used as a "poster boy" by the Trust at a promotion event.
Published: Wednesday 29th April 2015 by The News Editor


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What to Do If You Are Physically Attacked
It can arguably be said that the chances of being physically attacked are much more common than some may think. Whether it is perpetrated by a stranger or loved one, physical attacks happen more often that people expect. The best way to adequately prepare yourself against any possible attacks is to be vigilant and prepared. It is important to know exactly what to do if one should find themselves in this position someday.
Make a Scene
If an individual is being physically attacked the first thing to do in order to prevent further injuries is to make a scene. The individual being attacked should scream as loud as possible and try to gain the attention of others around them so that they can get help. The more noise one makes, the more likely it will be that someone will help.
Fight Your Attacker if Safe to Do So
People may be amazed to find the strength that they possess in the midst of being physically attacked. Some may find that they will kick, punch, scratch or do whatever is necessary to break free from the grasp of the attacker. It is also crucial that the attacked individual does not allow their attacker to drag them off anywhere. This will make it more likely that the attack will continue and perhaps intensify as well as making it less likely that others will hear them. However, each situation is different and the individual being attacked may feel that it is best to cooperate so as to prevent possible serious injury or death. One must analyze their individual situation to determine what the best way to proceed may be.
Try All Possible Ways to Get to Safety
The victim should always be thinking of the best way to free themselves from their attacker. Whether they divert the attention of the attacker or strike out at them to throw them off guard, it is important to get to safety as soon as possible so that the attack will stop.
Call the Police and Obtain Medical Attention
Once the individual has freed themselves from the attacker, they should go directly to the nearest police station and file a report. The sooner they get to the police station, the fresher the information will be in their minds and the more likely it will be that the police officers can locate and arrest the attacker. The police will also be able to take pictures to have as evidence relating to the attack. If injuries have been sustained in the attack, it is important to have them treated at the nearest hospital emergency room.
Consider Counseling
Being the victim of a physical attack can leave an individual feeling scared, vulnerable and uneasy. Counseling is something which may help to alleviate these problems caused by the physical attack. There are many counseling options which one can look into in order to help them face the attack such as phone sessions, personal sessions or group counseling. If one feels that counseling will help, it is important to look into these options once they have recuperated from the incident.
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European Union policy on climate makes a decisive impact on the further development of Polish chemical and energy sectors. One of the results of the changes in EU legislation is raising the prices of CO2 emission quotas, which shall pose a tremendous challenge to the domestic energy sector, which is based on a high-emissions resource, namely coal.
The Polish stance
Poland's main postulate in negotiations on climate policy is our want to gain an opportunity to develop the national economy in a constant manner, and continue to create favorable conditions for making domestic enterprises more competitive
Our country believes that planting new trees is more effective than concentrating on purchasing technology for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and generating the cost of storing it in earth deposits. Using emissions trading is another solution, as well as participation in enterprises aimed at "clean" development, by supporting tree planting in China, an activity which can help reduce CO2 level in the atmosphere.
EU regulations on climate and Grupa Azoty
Investment plans of Grupa Azoty have been taking into consideration the necessity to adjust to new EU regulations on climate change. The money shall be devoted to projects aimed at reducing the emissions of greenhouses gases, mainly sulfur hexafluoride and nitrogen compounds, in line with EU policy on climate change.
"Clean" technologies
Based on an agreement with AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, we took up cooperation concerning the development of "clean" coal technologies. The project involves research on the choice and preparation of coal for gasification, using coal in chemical processes and developing technology for using waste generated by coal gasification.
A combined cycle plant of 400 MW capacity is being planned in Puławy. The implementation of this important investment will enable Grupa Azoty to prepare in an efficient manner for emissions reduction (including CO2), and making use of energy and technological vapor efficiently.
Possible negative repercussions
It is feared that the speed of changes imposed by the European Union with regard to energy and climate policy is too quick, necessitating adjustments of long-term investment plans with a view to comply with EU regulations on emissions. What is more, European chemical companies are at a disadvantage competing with manufacturers from outside the EU, since in other countries the emissions regulations are less strict.


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wikiHow to Put a SIM Card in the Samsung Galaxy S3
If your Samsung Galaxy S3 has wireless service through a GSM provider such as T-Mobile or AT&T, your phone will require a SIM card to be able to run on the network. The SIM card can be inserted into your phone through a slot located underneath the battery.
1Verify that your phone is powered off.[1]
2Insert your fingernail into the slot located at the very top of your Samsung Galaxy S3.
3Use your fingernail to gently pry and lift the back cover up and away from the device.
4Place your fingernail into the slot at the top left corner of the battery, and remove the battery from the device.
5Insert the SIM card into the SIM card socket with the gold contacts facing down until the card locks into place. The angled side must be facing down into the device.
6Insert the battery into your device, making sure the gold connectors are aligned with one another.
7Place the battery cover onto the back of your device, and gently press down until it clicks fully into place. Your Samsung Galaxy S3 will now be ready for use with your GSM wireless provider.[2]
Community Q&A
How do I insert a SIM card into a Galaxy Tab 4?wikiHow ContributorOn the left side of the phone are two slots with covers on them: a memory card slot and your SIM card slot. You'll have to pull it out a tiny bit, then rotate it. Insert the SIM card into the bottom slot and rotate it back into place.
How do I put a SIM card into the back of a Samsung S3?wikiHow ContributorYou need to open up the back cover and remove the battery. There should be a spot for you to insert the chip. Re-insert the battery and put the cover back on.
How can I insert the new SIM card if there is not a slot?wikiHow Contributorif you don't have a slot, you can't insert a SIM card. Make sure that you have the correctly sized SIM card, and that you have checked the side and back of the phone for a slot. If you can't find the slot, try researching where the slot is on your phone online.
I have put a SIM card in to my Samsung j3 as pictured on the web site 3 times and its still showing insert SIM. What is wrong?
When I put a SIM card in my phone, it says that I am not registered on the network. How can I fix this?
- If your Samsung Galaxy S3 does not recognize the SIM card when powered on, remove and reinsert the SIM card. Your phone will not recognize the SIM card if it has been inserted incorrectly or is not locked into place.
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i am currently working with an app which uses lists dependent on another list. once an option in the first list has been chosen, then the second list uses this variable to get the data for the next list. but when retrieving the second lists data, the server takes a few seconds to respond with the new data. i am currently doing this by setting the proxy with a newly set url with the corrent information.
now when you click on the second list the first time, it can take the value and send it to the server, retrieve it, and show it in the list properly, but the second time around, it tends to have the previously retrieved data. i have tried to do a list.refresh() on the list on the 'load' event on the store, but it still doesnt seem to take the newly retrieved data and refresh it. is this a bug, and if not, what possibilities are there to fix this?
thanks in advance!


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Milind Deora's critique is vox pop in Congress circles
Having lost Mumbai (South) in the recent elections, Deora had many heads nodding when he said Rahul Gandhi's advisors didn't have their ear to the ground; that people calling the shots in Delhi lacked electoral experience.india Updated: May 23, 2014 07:30 IST
Milind Deora's measured critique of the Congress's massive electoral failure isn't entirely his own. Much of what he said had resonated through the poll campaign, finding sharper in-house articulation after the results were out.
Having lost Mumbai (South) in the recent elections, Deora had many heads nodding when he said Rahul Gandhi's advisors didn't have their ear to the ground; that people calling the shots in Delhi lacked electoral experience. He had the house clapping, albeit in silence, when he suggested that those who heeded such advice must also bear responsibility.
Well, Sonia Gandhi and Rahul did take the onus; their offer to resign rejected by the Congress Working Committee. But the CWC's stock-taking looked per forma and was less than salutary for party persons who contested and lost elections.
A leader who was hopeful of winning but lost eventually had told this writer during the campaign in Uttar Pradesh that top party managers were oblivious to the testing ground situation. He stopped communicating with them as they were either unavailable or unwilling to listen.
Read: Congress leader calls for introspection after Lok Sabha poll debacle
He wistfully said he was in the battle on his own — and not as a Congress nominee — against the BJP's well-oiled machine. If narratives that are now pouring out are any guide, the story was the same across states where the Congress failed to open its account or had its tally shrink to a single digit.
The apparatchiks in control practised unilateralism, behaving as if they held the high command's power of attorney, remarked another defeated candidate. Rather than collating inputs from multiple sources, they placed "all eggs in one basket".
Their non-inclusive approach caused a communication crisis that gravely hurt the Congress's prospects at places where it could have done better.
In instances more than one in Odisha and Telangana, candidates for parliamentary elections were denied a say in the selection of candidates for polls held simultaneously to assemblies.
"Our rivals didn't waste a bullet on us. We were in a self-destructive mode," bemoaned another leader. He said Deora's was the commonly-shared angst. The sole way forward was to revert to the old system of younger leaders working in tandem with the experienced till they learnt the ropes.
The general view is that technocrats and theoreticians who took control of the party and ran it aground must be disabused of their superiority complex.
Remarked a veteran of many a poll battle: "Paper qualifications have limited use in politics. Putting up a well-drafted note to party bosses is no substitute for putting up a fight on the hustings."


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BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF DENTAL MATERIALS AND CAVITY PREPARATION INTRODUCTION Because of the increasing concern of the ADA in the early 1960's for the safety of biocompatibility of dental materials and devices, a committee was established in 1963 to develop testing procedures generalized use. The document for these tests, "Recommended Standard Practices for Biological Evaluation of Dental Materials" was published in 1972. This was later revised and republished in 1979 as document no. 41. A similar document was produced and published by the FDI (Federation Dentaire Internationale) in 1984. Currently, a new document is being developed to meet international needs. The draft document is entitled – "Pre-clinical evaluation of biocompatibility of Medical services used in dentistry – Test methods". The term biocompatibility is defined in Dorlands Illustrated Medical Dictionary as "being harmonious with life and not having toxic or injurious effects on biologic function. In general, biocompatibility is measured on the basis of localized cytotoxicity (such as pulp and mucosal response) •
Systemic responses.
Based on these criteria, the requirements for dental materials biocompatibility include the following:
It should not be harmful to the pulp and soft tissues.
It should not contain toxic diffusible substances that can be released and absorbed into the circulatory system to cause a systemic toxic response.
The service of dental biomaterials must be based on a broad information base of certain biologic considerations that are associated with the use of materials designed for the oral cavity. In a broad sense, a biomaterial can be defined as "any substance, other than a drug, that can be used for any period as a part of a system that treats, augments or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body". Dental materials are used in humans for short or long periods. Most dental materials are triangular to other specialized materials used in orthopedics, cardiovascular prosthesis, plastic surgery and opthalomology, that is, they function in close contact with various human tissues. Collectively, these materials must meet the requirements give in the definitions of the terms biomaterials, biocompatibility and bioacceptance.
When dentists purchase a material, they should know if it is safe and if it is safe, how it is relative to other materials. Dental students should known the most likely side effects of materials, whether they affect dental patients or dental auxiliary personnel and laboratory techniques. Tests for Evaluation of Biocompatibility The purpose of biocompatibility test is to eliminate any potential product or component of a product that can cause harm or damage to oral or maxillofacial tissues. Biocompatibility tests are classified on three levels (tiers): Group I
Group II
Group III
Primary tests
Secondary tests
Pre-clinical usage tests
Genotoxicity test
Systemic toxicity test
Pulp and dentin usage tests
Dermal toxicity test
Pulp capping and pulpotomy usage tests
Inhalation toxicity test Implantation tests
Endodontic usage test.
Group I – Primary Tests
Consists of cytotoxic evaluations.
Here, dental materials in a fresh / a cured state are placed directly on tissue culture cells OR on membrane (barriers such as dentin disks) overlying tissue culture cells that react to the effects of products or components that leach through the barriers.
Many products that are judged initially to be quite cytotoxic can be modified or their use can be controlled by the manufacturer to prevent cytoxicity.
Genotoxicity Test : Here, Mammalian / Non-mammalian cells, bacteria, yeasts, or fungi are used to determine whether gene mutations, changes in chromosomal structure, or other genetic changes are caused by the test materials, devices and extracts from materials. Group II Secondary Tests : In these tests, the product is evaluated, for its potential to create: •
Systemic toxicity.
Inhalation toxicity
Skin irritation and sensitization
Implantation responses
Systemic toxicity test – E.g., oral median lethal dose (LD 50) test, the test sample is administered to daily to rats for 14 days either by oral gauge or by dietary inclusion. If 50% of the animals survive, the product has passed the test.
Efforts are being made to develop other systemic toxicity tests that require for fewer animals. Dermal toxicity tests: These tests are important because of the great number of chemical substances, not only dental products, that we contact daily. A primary irritant is capable of producing an inflammatory response in most susceptible people after the 1st exposure. Once, a toxic material, product or component is identified, it can be replaced, diluted, neutralized, and chelated to reduce the risk for toxicity. In addition, irritation and sensitization must be differentiated. Irritation – is defined as an inflammation brought about without the intervention of an antibody / immune system. Sensitization – is an inflammatory response requiring the participation of an antibody system specific for material allergies in question. To simulate dermal toxicity, the test material is held in contact with the shared skin of albino rats for periods ranging from 24 (one exposure) to 90 days (with repeated exposure). The animal must receive an occlusive covering to prevent mechanical loss of the contacting agent, even by evaporation. The guinea pig is the lab animal used to establish allergic contact sensitization. Allergen – is defined as a substance that is not primarily irritating on the 1 st exposure but produces reactions more rapidly in animals of appropriate genetic constitution on subsequent exposure to similar concentrations. The test material is introduced interdermally on the shared intrascapular region. After 24 hours, the resulting dermal reaction is assessed. For the main test, the highest concentration of the test material, that causes no more than slight erythema and edema is selected.
After an interval of 7 days, the test material of the same concentration is placed on gauze patches and applied to cover the previously injected sites.
14 days later, the test material is applied to the shared flank of the animals.
After removal of the dressings at 24, 48 and 72 hours, the skin reactions at the challenged skin sites are evaluated and graded.
*Inhalation toxicity tests The inhalation toxicity tests are performed on rats, rabbits, or guinea pigs on exposure chamber with aerosol preparations by releasing the spray material around the head and upper trunk of the animals.
The animals are subjected to 30 seconds of continuous spray released at 30 minutes interval.
After 10 consecutive exposures, the animals are observed over a 4-day period. If any animal dies within 2-3 minutes, the agent is considered very toxic.
If none of the animals die, the agent is not likely to be hazardous to humans (Stanley 1985). *Implantation tests: The use of in vivo implantation techniques also takes into consideration the physical characteristics of the product such as form, density, hardness and surface finish, that can influence the character of the tissue response. The animal species is elected according to the size of the implant test specimen and the intended duration of the test in relation to the life span of the animal. For short-term tests (≤ 12 weeks) in subcutaneous tissue or muscle, animals such as mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits are commonly used. For long-term tests (≥ 12 weeks) in muscle or bone, animals such as rabbits, dogs, sheep, goats and subhuman primates with a relatively long life expectancy are used. For subcutaneous and muscle implanttion, the test implant material is packed into various types of plastic tubes (variations of polyethylene or Teflon).
For bone implantation, the lateral cortex of a femur or a tibia or both are exposed, and holes are drilled using low speed, intermittent cutting under profuse irrigation with physiologic saline solution to prvent over-heating of the bone.
Cylinders of test implant material are inserted into the drilled holes by finger pressure to allow a tight press fit.
The diameter of the implant and the implant bed in the bone must match well enough to avoid the ingrowth of fibrous connective tissue and mobility of the implant.
Histopathologicaly, one evaluated the formation of new bone onto the surface of the test implant material without intervening connective tissue.
*Group III : Pre-Clinical Usage Tests: A product can be approved by the U.S. food and Drug Administration (FDA) after it successfully passes the primary and secondary tests on the bases that the product should not be harmful to humans. In regard to dental materials, the manufacture has as long as 7 years to prove efficacy after the product has reached the open market with FDA approval. *Pulp and Dentin Usage Test: This test is designed to assess the biocompatibility of dental materials placed in dentin adjacents to dental pulp. Non-rodent mammals (subhuman primates, dogs, furrets, and miniature pigs) are selected to ensure that their dentition contains recently erupted, intact permanent teeth.
Class V cavity preparation are cut on the buccal / labial surfaces or both using sharp burs with an adequate air –water spray to leave 1mm or less of tubular dentin between the floor of the cavity preparation and the pulp.
The appropriate number of cavities are restored.
As a negative control, some form of zinc-oxide (ZOE) is used.
For a positive control, a restorative material is selected that consistently induces a moderate to severe pulp response.
If a product is to be used as a luting agent, a Class V cavity preparation is cut to receive suitable inlays. These are then heated under pressure for the length of time necessary to the initial set of the luting agent to simulate the hydraulic forces produced during cementation of full crowns, inlays or onlays. The animals are sacrificed after 7 days, 28±3 days, 70±5 days. After routine histopathologic processing, the specimens are grinded for degree of inflammatory response, the prevalence of reparative dentin formation in the pulp and the number of microorganisms (microleakage) entrapped in the surrounding cavity walls and cut dentinal tubules. Promising test materials induce the least inflammatory response in the pulp. If a response is produced, the time required to disappear is also measured. The less reparative dentin that is subsequently formed the bitter, because more bulk vital pulp tissue is available to dent with future episodes of caries and dental treatment.
*Pulp capping and pulpotomy usage tests Here, the testing produces are same as those which were just described, except that the pulp is merely exposed for the pulp capping evaluation and is partially removed for the pulpotomy assessment.
A Ca(OH)2 product is used on negative control. The animals are sacrificed after 7±2 days and 70±5 days observations are made of dentinal bridge formation adjacent to or subjacent to the applied capping material. The quality or structure of the covering dentinal bridge is determined. It is preferred to find a bridge directly against the capping material, implying minimal destruction of pulp tissue at the same time the pulp capping agent was applied.
*Endodontic Usage Test For this test the same types of animals are used but the pulp is completely / almost completely removed from the pulp chamber and root canals replaced by the obturating test material and control material.
ZOE / ZOE combined with a sealer (usually Grossman's sealer) is used as a control material. The animals are sacrificed after 28±3days and 13±1 weeks. The teeth are removed together with their surrounding apical periodontal tissues (soft and hard) in a single block. The degree of inflammation is evaluated in the periapical tissues.
For a compatible material, one should observe minimal or no response and the shortest resolution time if a response is detected. This time is affected by the resistance of the test material to degradation and dissolution.
When the latter occurs, tissue fluid accumulates in the porous areas of the obturation material, and it may contribute to the growth of microorganisms, recurrent infection and clinical failure. ALLERGIC RESPONSES TO DENTAL MATERIALS
*Allergic Contact Dermatitis as the most common occupational disease.
The interval between exposure to the causative agent and the occurrence of clinical manifestations usually varies between 12 and 48 hours, although it may be as short as 4 hours or as long as 72 hours.
The incubation period may be as short as 2 days (poisoning) or as long as several years (for a weak sensitizer such as chromate).
Dermatitis usually occurs where the body surface makes direct contact with the allergen.
A skin condition that is frequently confused with allergic contact dermatitis is "primary irritant dermatitis". Caused by a simple chemical insult to the skin E.g., "Dishpan hands".
A prior sensitizing exposure is not necessary
Primary irritant dermatitis is dose dependent.
Allergic reactions are virtually dose dependent.
Personnel and patients involved in orthodontics and pediatric dentistry have the highest incidence of side effects. (50% of the personnel 1% of the patients).
An allergic contact dermatitis associated with the monomers of bonding agents frequently involves the distal parts of the fingers and the palmar aspects of the fingertips.
Similar conditions can develop from acrylic components of dental cements.
*Allergy to Latex Products On March 29, 1991, the FDA issued a bulletin (US, FDA, 1991) in response to the increasing number of later related allergic reactions. In our modern environment there are many sources of daily latex exposure egs like gloves, hot water bottles, rubber heating, rubber bulk eye droppers etc. *Hypersensitivity to latex-containing products may represent a true latex allergy or a reaction on to the accelerators and antioxidants used in latex processing. Processing brings the allergens to the surface and places the highest concentration of allergens next to the skin of the wearer (Snyder and Settle, 1994). The FDA (1991) has estimated about 6-7% of surgical personnel may be allergic to latex.
A survey of periodontists, hygienists, and dental assistants revealed that 42% of these professionals reported adverse reactions to occupational materials, most of which were related to dermatoses of the hands and fingers.
Adverse reactions in 3.7% of 323 patients were associated with latex gloves.
Reactions may vary from localized rashes and swelling to more serious like to wheezing and anaphylaxis.
*Dermatitis of the hands (Eczema) is the most common adverse reaction (Rankin et al 1993). Repeated exposure and duration of exposure play a role in the degree of response, which explains the high incidence of latex allergy among surgical personnel. The most serious systemic allergic reactions occur when latex-containing products, such as gloves and rubber dam contact the mucous membrane.
*In 1984 Blinkhorn and Leggate described general angioneurotic edema, chest pains and a rash on the neck and chest of a 15 year old boy as a reaction to rubber dam. (The reported incidence of hypersensitivity reactions were almost equal to those associated with gloves). To avoid these adverse responses to latex products, vinyl gloves or gloves made from other synthetic polymers may be used. *Allergic Contact Stomatitis – is by for the most common adverse reaction to dental materials. Reactions may be local/contact type lesions, but reactions distant from the material site (e.g., itching on palms and feet and sole of feet) are also reported. *The most definitive diagnostic test for allergic contact dermatitis / stomatitis is the patch test. The suspected allergen is applied to the skin with the intent to produce a small area of allergic contact dermatitis.
The test generally takes 48-96 hours, although a reaction may appear after 24 hours.
The reaction may cause hyperemia, edema vesicle formation and itching (Slivin and Ducomb 1989).
Dental materials contain many components known to be common allergens such as chromium, cobalt, mercury, eugenol components of resin based materials, colophonium and formaldehyde.
Minute amounts of formaldehyde may be released as a degradation product of unreacted monomers in dentures made from resin based composite materials. People who are sensitive to formaldehyde may develop enhanced tissue responses under this condition.
Baker and co-workers (1998) demonstrated that the free residual methyl methacrylate monomer in autopolymerized acrylic dentures can also cause allergic reactions. The allergic reactions associated with resin-based materials affect not only patients but also dental personnel working such materials.
Resin based composite materials consists of inorganic fillers usually quartz / glass and an organic matrix composed of polymeric dimethyacrylates (also initiators e.g., benzol peroxide or comphorquinone, accelerators, toludine, anilines, inhibitor dibutyl pthalate.
The polymerization of composite materials is never complete i.e. a percentage of reactive groups do not participate in polymerization this incomplete polymerization may predispose to material degradation – this degradation and wear of the materials release components of the resin based materials and these may cause reactions both locally and systemically.
Although a few gingival reactions have been reported following contact with composite materials, the permeability of the gingival epithelium enhances the penetration of leachable components and thus the potential for toxic and allergenic reactions. Under extremely rare conditions (1.1 million), patients who have been sensitized to gold may react to gold restorations with burning sensation and lichenoid lesions of the oral mucosa in contact with gold alloy as well as generalized systemic reaction. Such lichenoid reactions can also be seem with amalgam.
Chemicals that may produce allergic contact stomatitis on a short term basis can also be found in mouthwashes, dentifrices and topical medications. E.g., Lozenges and cough drops These can cause burning, swelling and ulcerations of the oral tissues. *The Mercury Controversy: For many years a contranged over the biocompatibility of amalgam restorations because of elemental mercury. When the most recent wave of antiamalgam sentiment the claim was made that a few patients can react to extreme amounts of mercury with signs and symptoms of mercury poisoning.
It was alleged that these patients had a condition that prompted some dentists to diagnose this "micromercuralism hypersens through the use of cutaneous patch test.
In spite of attempts to demonstrate a direct relationship between the presence of dental amalgams and deviated blood levels of mercury, nothing has been found.
The average mercury level in the blood of subjects with amalgam was 0.7mg/ml whereas the level in subjects without amalgams was 0.3mg/ml.
In comparison, other investigators reported that ingestion of one salt water seafood meal per week raised the average blood level from 2.3 to 5.1mg/ml.
Thus, 1 salt water seafood meal / week can be expected to contribute 7 times more mercury to blood levels than the presence of multiple dental amalgam restorations.
The lowest level of total blood mercury at which the earliest nonspecific symptoms occur is 35 mg/ml (after long-term exposure).
Thus, the widespread removal of amalgam is unwarranted.
Spray, a cavity preparation 2mm for the pulp elicits a minimal pulp lesion despite restorations with ZOE.
As the cavity preparations approaches within 1mm of the pulp, the intensity of the responses increases.
The inflammatory response is significant in the first 24 hours:
Neutrophic migrates to deeper tissues of the pulp.
Odontoblasts are displaced into the dentinal tubules.
Local hemorrhages occur throughout the affected region.
But after a few days the initial lesion begins to reduce in a few days (acute inflammatory cells are replaced by mononucleated cells).
By around 30 days, reparative dentin will begin to form and reach its maximum thickness after 60 days.
When a tooth preparation is cut at high speed (≥50,000rpm) with adequate lowpressure air-water spray and resotred with ZOE, the pulp response is greatly reduced as compared with low-speed techniques for preparations of comparable depth. Pulp Responses to Specific Agents and Techniques Amalgam: conventional amalgam restorations have generally been considered to be either inert or mildly irritating to the pulp.
A common histopathologic feature of amalgam-restored teeth is a dense accumulation of neutrophilic leukocytes between the pre-dentin and the odontoblast layer.
Pulp response to amalgam placement is related mainly to condensation pressure.
If a practitioner places a conventional amalgam restoration after cutting a cavity at high speed, the pressure of condensation will intensify the initial minimal inflammatory response and it will subsequently increase the formation of reparative dentin.
Soremark and associates (1968) showed that radioactive mercury reached the pulp in humans after 6 days if no cavity liner was used.
They also found that the rate of diffusion of mercury into enamel and dentin was inversely related to the degree of mineralization.
This implies that in old patients, the penetration of mercury ions is less, owing to the formation of sclerotic dentin.
*Chemically Cured Resin Composites
These filled resin composites, if not properly lined cause chronic pulpitis that persists for an indefinite time even in cavities of ordinary depth (dentin thickness of approximate 1mm).
The responses to composite restorations may take several days to 3 weeks to develop a massive pulp lesion.
*Visible Light-cured Resin Composites
Complete polymerization of the entire composite restoration is important to minimize pulp responses.
When a composite resin is incompletely cured in a deep cavity preparation then the level of pulpal response is intensified.
Because incomplete curing of the resins permit high concentration of residual unpolymerized monomer to reach the pulp.
The visible / ultraviolet lamps that are used for curing do not have sufficient energy to cure a large volume or thickness in one application, it must be cured in incremental layers.
Generally, an increase in the size of a tooth preparation and the mass of the restoration are associated with greater shrinkage of the restoration.
Volumetric shrinkage accompanying the polymerization reaction is still the overwhelming obstacle in maintaining adhesion and minimizing microleakage.
Hence, a more conservative cavity preparation with incremental placement of the resin composite is highly recommended for posterior restorations. *Zinc Phosphate Cement
When used as a base, zinc phosphate cement is not a highly toxic substance.
However, with cementation procedures, a different situation occurs when a thin mix of zinc phosphate cement is used to cement a crown or inlay, a strikingly different response occurs.
When the patient bites down on a tongue blade to seat the restoration, the phosphoric acid within the mix of zinc phosphate cement is forced into dentinal tubules.
After 3 / 4 days, a widespread 3-dimensional lesion involving all the coronal pulp occurs.
A young tooth with wide open dentinal tubules is more susceptible to such an inflammatory response than is an older tooth, which has produced a considerable amount of sclerotic and reparative dentin that blocks the tubules and prevents acids from reaching the pulp.
The best protection against phosphoric acid penetration is provided by cooling the dentin with 2 coats of an appropriate varnish, dentin bonding agent, liner, or a thin wash of CH. CH cements mechanically plug dentinal tubules and neutralize acids.
Hydrophilic resin primers may be used to set tubules and infiltrate the collagen mesh produced by acid etching the dentin. *Glass Ionomer Cement When GIC was first introduced as a restorative material the pulp responses were classified as bland, moderate and less irritating than silicate cement and zinc phosphate cement.
The blandness of the GIC was attributed to the absence of strong acids and toxic monomer.
Polyacrylic acids and related polyacids are much weaker than phosphoric acid.
As polymers, they possess higher molecular weight that may limit their diffusion through the dentinal tubules to the pulp.
Some water-hardening (water setting) formulations, like ketac-fil consists of dried polymaleic acid produce instead of polyacrylic acid, with an aqueous solution of tartaric acid that supposedly leaves little or no unreacted anhydrons polymaliec acid. Smith and Ruse (1986) compared the initial acidity of GIC with zinc polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements and found a general rise in pH for all cements during the first 15 minutes.
The liquids in zinc polycarboxylate and phosphate cements reacted rapidly with the powder, causing the pH to rise above 2.0 after 1minute of mixing.
The initial reactions of GIC were slower, exhibiting a pH of 2.0 at 5 minutes and pH of 3.0 after 10 minutes.
GICs when used as luting agents appear to be pulp irritants because it was recommended to apply a small dab of CH only to areas of extensive crown preparations whenever any site of preparation was believed to be within 1mm of the pulp before the cementation procedure was carried out. This provided the required pulp protection without decreasing the overall adhesion benefits of the GIC. *Resin Based Composite Cements (Dual-Cure) When dealing with dual cure types of resin cement, it is important to use an adequate light curing time. If the time is adequate, the self-cure mechanism may not be effective complete polymerization of the remaining uncured resin that was light cured. Excessive pulp responses may then occur. The increase in exposure time to visible light is not harmful to pulp
The same physiologic laws that explain the toxicity of zinc phosphate cement also apply to GICs.
More acid solution and less powder in the mixture increases the probability of acid diffusion within dentin.
In addition, an increase in conditioning time and hydraulic pressure increases the severity of pulp responses.
*Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement
These cements are least injurious to the dental pulp. Not only there is no irritation produced by the material but actually is exerts a mild palliative and sedative effect on the pulp.
It is such a bland material, that it may even lack necessary irritating products to stimulate the formation of 2° dentin.
*Conditioning (Etching) Agents Conditioning agents are used with both resin composite systems and
When etching agents were first introduced high concentrations of enamel etching acids (37% and 50% phosphoric acid) were used.
However, these high acid concentrations, when applied for extended intervals, remove the smear unit (the smear layer and dentinal tubule plugs) thereby increasing the potential for severe pulp responses to restorative materials placed subsequently.
Brännstorm (1981) showed that conditioning of dentin and removal of smear layer unit allows the ingress of bacteria and the outward flow of dentinal fluid within tooth material interfacial region and possibly contributes to formation of a biofilm that interfere with adhesion.
Consequently, some scientists recommend that the smear layer should remain, but in a modified form.
But others propose that the smear layer be completely removed to optimize the bonding of restorative materials for dentin.
Mount (1990) reported that the agent that removes the smear layer in 5 seconds can cause considerable demineralization if left in place for 30 seconds. If left for 60 seconds can cause pulp damage.
Removal of the smear layer was accomplished in 5-10 seconds of exposure for a weak acid and in 5 seconds for a strong acid such as 37% phosphoric acid.
Bowmen and colleagues (1982) introduced a mordanting study (acidified ferric oxalate, subsequently replaced by aluminium oxalate) that appeared to dissolve the original smear layer and replace it with a more uniform "artificial" (altered smear layer).
Very little pulp responses were detected because of the dentinal tubule closure produced by the creation of the new artificial smear layer.
Thus, studies suggest that only the surface of the dentin (10µm depth) needs to be modified and not its deeper layers. *Conditioning techniques that are associated with weaker acids, shorter periods of application and the elimination of rubbing and scrubbing procedure produce a minimal pulp response and satisfactory bonding. *Bonding Agents Bonding agents do not appear to be toxic. Betroy 1975 and 1992 some studies demonstrated that bonding agents helped reduce the expected pulp responses induced by the subsequent placement of more toxic resin-based composite materials.
To enhance bonding to a resin-based composite, fast setting VLC, low viscosity (unfilled) resin primer is applied that infiltrates the demineralized dentin
surface (smear layer and tubules) and the exposed collagen mesh to form a hybrid layer. On this layer, a bonding resin is placed and cured.
The plugging of the dentinal tubules prevents the penetration of toxic components to the pulp from subsequently placed resin-based composite restorations. In 1991, Pameijer and Stanley evaluated Prisma Universal Bond – 2 (PUB-2) a 2 component, system composed of a dentin primer and an adhesive.
Primer contained 30% by wt HEMA, 64wt% Ethanol and PENTA (adhesive promotor) 6wt% (Dispent- acerythriotol Penta-acrylate phosphoric).
The primer promotes wettability of the surface, it did not remove the smear layer, but modified it by increasing its permeability, thus providing micromechanical bonding.
The adhesive co-polymerized chemically with the primer. Then the primer was placed into Class V cavity preparations after having etched the external border of the cavities.
The adhesive was then placed and allowed to dry for 10 seconds.
Prismafil composite was then placed in the cavity and light cured for 40 seconds.
Specimens from subhuman primates revealed low-to-average inflammatory cellular response values for all time intervals, despite small to average RDT values.
*Microleakage *Brännstrom and colleagues (1971, 1974) have proposed that infection caused by penetration of microorganisms from marginal leakage around the restoration and especially beneath it, is a greater threat to the pulp than is the toxicity of the restoration material.
Studies have shown that if leakage is more , bacterial growth occurs between the restoration and the cavity wall and extends up to the dentinal tubules.
It has been concluded that the toxic products liberated by such microorganisms might produce continuing irritation to the pulp.
*Nordenvall and colleagues (1979) predicted that if one microorganism was left in the smear layer, more than 100 billion organisms could develop within 24 hours if the conditions were favourable. *Bergonholtz (1982) pointed out that although micro-organisms may contribute to the pulp responses beneath restorations, they appear to be unable to sustain a longstanding irritation to the pulp. *Unless recurrent caries develops under a clinically defective restorations the dentin permeability to noxious bacterial agents decreases over time even under continual bacterial provocation, allowing the pulp to heal.
This may explain why pulps remain vital in most restored teeth. Although it is doubtful that marginal leakage will ever be completely eliminated, it certainly can be controlled. When extensive leakage is associated with a clinically defective restoration, recurrent caries can occur. However, further research is need to identify the specific effects of microbial activity associated with microleakage. *The Occurrence of Dentin Hypersensitivity: Several factors may be responsible for dentin hypersensitivity: 1. Age and sex of the patient. 2. The age of the tooth. 3. The amount of sclerosis present. 4. The proximity to the pulp (RDT). 5. The presence or absence of CH liners. 6. The depth of the carious lesions versus the thickness of reparative dentin formed. If no post-operative symptoms occur initially, one might assume that the bonding and the micromechanical bond are intact and that there is no active leakage.
However, the absence of symptoms may be attributed to sclerosis, reparative dentin and sufficient RDT present to prevent symptoms although the micromechanical bond may be degrading and microleakage may be occurring.
If the nerve endings in the superficial pulp tissues are injured by a restorative procedure, the healing process induces an enormous outgrowth of dendrites that temporarily contributes to increased dentin hypersensitivity.
Approximate 21 days are required for complete regeneration of the nerve endings and return to a normal level of dentin sensitivity.
If the symptoms develop over a longer period and persist, then it is reasonable to consider factors such as: 1. Degradation of micromechanical bond. 2. Shrinkage of resin during polymerization and failure of liner / base. 3. Exposure of patent dentinal tubules. 4. Cusp deformation. 5. Excessive occlusal loading. 6. Flexing during chewing (because of low elastic modulus). 7. Thermal stimulation. The potential for post-operative sensitivity is reduced or avoided by using bonding systems that seal dentinal tubules.
*Pulp capping Calcium hydroxide : Calcium hydroxide in the pure state actually kills a certain amount of tissue when placed in direct contact with the pulp rather than functioning as a bridge dressing.
Numerous studies have also shown that CH is extremely toxic to cells in tissue culture.
This destructive characteristic has spurred on a great effort to find a formula that stimulates reparative dentin bridging without sacrificing any of the remaining pulp tissue by chemical cauterization, as occurs with many CH products.
The exact mesh by which CH generates a dentinal bridge is not clear.
Its caustic action associated with high pH and its induction of superficial necrosis are assumed to be the factors involved in the stimulation of 2° dentin formation. *Histologic of Healing After Pulp Capping 2 different modes of healing have been proposed. a) Dentin bridge formation resulting from original CH production of high pH (11-13)
b) Heal leading to dentin bridge formation from a less alkaline CH products.
With a cement like pulpdent (CH and H 2O), bridge formation occurs at the junction of the firm, necrotic non-vital layer created by the caustic (high alkaline pH) CH agent that destroys 1mm or more of pulp tissue.
This bridge can be readily visualized with the radiolucent pulpdent paste because the degenerated, necrotic zone separate the CH layer from the bridge.
With the Dycal material, the calcified dentinal bridge forms directly against the CH (the pulp capping agents) and is more difficult to observe radiographically.
*Stanley and Lundy (1972) found that Dycal produced the zone of coagulated necrosis similar to that produced by CH and water / pulpdent but that it was rapidly removed by phagocytes and replaced with granulation tissue that quickly organized differentiated odontoblasts to produce dentin bridge adjacent to the Dycal.
With some new hard setting formulations, bridging at the pulp inteface occurs without the formation of a visible coagulated necrotic layer ( indicates a less extensive chemical injury than that produced by capping agents of high pH).
Healing and regeneration occur directly against the CH dressing.
*A capping agent should never be placed on a bleeding pulp. It is also important to control any excessive oozing of serum or plasma because it creates a space by lifting the pulp capping agent from the pulp tissue.
This can lend to the formation of a clot which can get infected (2° infection) leads to complete loss of pulp vitality.
*Endodontic Procedures
As a consequence of pathologic changes in the dental pulp, root canal system can harbor numerous irritants.
Removal of irritants from the root canal system and its total obturation result in repair of periradicular tissue to its normal architecture.
*Sealer Efficacy All currently available sealers leak, and they are not impermeable.
This leakage may occur at the interface of the dentin and sealer, at the interface of the solid core and sealer, through the sealer itself or by dissolution of the sealer.
If the leakage is more, it can lead to endodontic failure.
Some cements leak more than others, mostly through dissolution.
The border the sealer-periradicular tissue interface, the faster the dissolution well take place.
Fortunately, most of the root canal sealers currently used, as well as the solid-core filling materials, are eventually tolerated by the periradicular tissue once the cements have set.
If the apical orifice can be blocked principally by a solid-core material, success is immeasurably improved over time. On the other hand, in most studies in which obturation without sealers was attempted, the leakage results were enormously greater. Thus, sealers are essential for endodontic therapy to be successful. *Apical filling with Dentin chips Dentin chips may produce an apical plug against which other materials are then compacted. Instead of the routinely obtained mechanical-chemical seal, an apical plug can be achieved as a "biologic seal". Such a "plug" can prevent overfilling and can restrict the irrigating solutions and obturating materials to the canal spaces. After the canals is totally debrided and shaped, a drill or file is used to produce dentin powder in the central position of the canal. These dentin chips may then be pushed apically and packed into place. Conclusion To conclude, it is imperative for a dentist purchasing a material to know if the material is safe and if it is safe, how safe it is relative to other material. Dentists, dental students should know the most likely side effects of materials, whether they affect dental patients or the auxiliary personnel and lab technicians. They should also invariably recognize mechanisms through which these effects are produced and efforts should be made to minimize it.
Published on Apr 30, 2014
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide r...


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Death's Glamour Trailer (2007)
20 June 2007 75 mins
Whilst seeking out locations in the South of France for his next film, director Luc Moullet comes across a male corpse. He immediately decides to use this to his advantage. By swapping his passport with that of the dead man, Moullet hopes that the world will believe he is dead, thereby ensuring a renewed interest in his work. Unfortunately, the scheme backfires, since the dead man was someone rather important...
Watch the official Death's Glamour 2007 trailer in HD below or find more Death's Glamour videos on Vidimovie.


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McGurk's memorial vandals condemned
Vandals who attacked a memorial for the victims of Belfast's deadliest bomb attack have been branded mindless.
Paint was thrown over the plaque remembering 15 innocent civilians who were killed when the blast ripped through McGurk's Bar in December 1971.
Police are treating the incident as a hate crime.
The bombing at North Queen Street was carried out by the paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), but had initially been presented by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) as an accidental ''own goal'' by the IRA.
Robert McClenaghan, whose 73-year-old grandfather Phillip Garry was the oldest person killed, said: "I am almost in tears to hear that our memorial has been desecrated.
"It is something that is symbolic of our campaign.
"Our loved ones lost their lives and within hours they lost their reputation after being falsely accused of making the bomb. That's an injustice we are trying to rectify through the media, through the courts and through the public imagery such as the memorial.
"We are just trying to get the truth for them and part of that is the memorial.
"I just don't understand the politics of throwing paint on it. It is just mindless and senseless that somebody would do that."
Ciaran MacAirt whose grandmother Kathleen Irvine also died in the bomb attack used Twitter to express his disgust at the attack.
He said: "If word that the #McGurks Bar memorial has been attacked is true, it is a despicable act and the hoods who did it have shamed their families."
Sinn Fein councillor JJ Magee also condemned the vandalism.
He said: "This is an insult to all those who were killed and injured in the in McGurk's Bar bombing.
" All memorials should be treated with dignity and respect and should not be targeted in this way."
The PSNI said the incident was being treated as a hate crime.
Inspector Roy Watton said: "Police received a report that paint had been thrown on a memorial in the area. Enquiries are continuing.
"Police are treating this as a hate crime and I would ask anyone with information about the incident to contact Tennent Street Police Station on the non-emergency number 101."


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Recent Posts
Tag Archives: cultural appropriacy
Māori and Pasifika learners: To make change it has to be a tide rather than a wave
ASB Polyfest 2008 Avondale College Samoan Group (Photo credit: Richard Sihamau) Today (22nd August 2012) I was privileged to be a part of a webinar "brought to us by the VPLD project", discussing some thoughts around working with Maori and … Continue reading
How are we engaging all learners? Ideas and examples
Tody's webinar (25 July 2012) was facilitated by Karen Melhuish (Enbling eLearning), and focussed on ways that we are engaging learners. The first thing the group did was reflected on a time when participants felt there were learning effectively. Some … Continue reading
Culturally responsive design: Pacific peoples
I would like to thank Diana Ayling who put together these suggestions and links to resources (the original from which the below has been adapted can be accessed here), which are a great start to thinking about the enhancement of existing courses, or … Continue reading
Engaging reluctant learners
This was a session facilitated by Clarrie Yates on 23 May 2012. I live blogged as we went along, but Blogger seems to have removed the automatic save function – or maybe something else happened! Needless to say, I lost … Continue reading
Posted in All, Engagement, How to..., Research, Resources Tagged cultural appropriacy, cultural responsiveness, E-learning, elearning, empowerment, Learning, student engagement Leave a comment
What does culturally responsive facilitation look like? A reflection
I have been delaying writing up this reflection for a long time…more than a couple of months in fact – the notes I took during the session have sat in draft format and I have 'mulled' over what happened and … Continue reading


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Clearview Federal Credit Union
- Employees in region:
- 323
- Sector:
- Financial Services & Insurance
- HQ location:
- Moon Township,, PA
Top Workplaces
'13, '14, '17
'13, '14, '17
Clearview FCU provides individuals with a wide range of reasonably priced, high quality financial products. The products and organization are service driven and promote member education while maintaining a high standard of integrity and stability. Clearview offers accounts to individuals who live, work, worship, volunteer or attend school in the 10 county Southwestern Pennsylvania community. Clearview aims to provide outstanding member service and exceptional products and services to fit every stage of our members' lives. We have built relationships with our members by remaining trustworthy and professional, yet personal and genuine.
We are focused on our members and their financial needs.


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Spring has come to England – finally! And with spring comes lighter clothes and shoes.
How I've been waiting to get rid of those big knee-high winter boots!
I've got myself a few fresh additions to my Spring wardrobe; This dress is from Hybrid and is a two coloured pencil dress of cream and navy. Not my usual style, and too fancy for everyday use, but it would be perfect for a special occasion, or if you're going to an important business meeting.
When I first tried the dress on my first thought was "oh oh!". The material is quite stiff and I was sure I wasn't going to be able to zip it up in the back. I was surprised though how stretchy the material was, and once I got it on (this is a 2 man job by the way – there's no way I can bend my arms backwards that way!) it sits as if it's moulded to your body! It's actually really comfortable, and I must say I really like the sophisticated look it gives you.
Seeing as I'm not very sophisticated in my style I chose to match the dress with a pair of playful shoes. These stiletto ankle boots of leopard print are from So You Shoes and are perfect for spicing up an outfit. These too aren't really my usual style, but I fell in love with them at first sight!
I'm finishing this style off with a new pair of oversized sunglasses from New Look, and blood red lips.
Kinda old school Hollywood, don't you think? ;)


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Day 16- The Last Day
Posted: Sat, Aug 13, 2016
Location: West End, Tortola
Today we started off the day with a big race. It started on Norman Island in a bay called the Bight. When the race started, we unfurled the job and got going at once. The race went from The Bight to Road Town and then Great Harbor on Peter Island. The winners were Sailing Curls, in first place, Bella Vita in second and then Sambamba in third. After the race, we cleaned Sambamba until it looked brand new. After cleaning, we will be on our way to West End for shore time and to stay the night. After shore time we will have a BBQ and dock talk with Mike. After that, we will go to bed and tomorrow we will leave.


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Your Balance Sheet LLC-Tax Prepration For Small Businesses Mukilteo, United StatesCategory: business
On this website you can find the address details, opening times, contact details and reviews for Your Balance Sheet LLC-Tax Prepration For Small Businesses Mukilteo in United States.
Your Balance Sheet, LLC has been providing services in the Greater Puget Sound area since 1997. Whether your business is just starting out or is established, we have the staff, experience and knowledge to smooth out the financial side of your business so you can focus on what's important the growth of your business. We offer affordable CFO, Accounting and Bookkeeping services and can assist your company when it is not economical to hire full-time staff.
We have developed a reputation for professional excellence through our integrity, honesty and the high quality of services we perform for our clients. We concentrate on maintaining a close and constructive relationship with you at all times and are continuously responsive to your needs. We truly enjoy giving our clients personal attention.
Phone Number: 4253535100
Website URL: http://YourBalanceSheetLLC.com
Business hours:
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|24 Oct 2010
Irql_not_less_than_or_equal bsod
Greetings, Windows 7 Forums!
Recently (Well, that's a lie; i just haven't been bothered to fix it 'till now) I have been having a problem with my laptop. On shutdown, it gives a BSOD with the "IRQL_NOT_LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL" message.
I've done my research and can guess at what the problem is. It should be a error with a driver. Here are the dump files:
BSOD.rar file here
I'm running an x86 Home Premium system on a laptop, upgraded from Vista. The problem did not occur on upgrade, but randomly sometime recent(ish)
Can someone inform me of what driver to reinstall?
EDIT: In the Performance report, the printer is supposed to be off. I think.
|My System Specs
|24 Oct 2010
Windows 10 Pro x64, Arch Linux
Al dumps blame nipalk.sys, part of Labview software by National Instruments Corporation
This program is known to cause BSODs, so remove or update it
This was likely caused by the following module: nipalk.sys
Bugcheck code: 0xA (0x8B039BF0, 0x2, 0x1, 0x830A51B9)
Error: IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL
|My System Specs
|24 Oct 2010
Thanks for the help, much appreciated. Would have looked at the dumps myself, but DumpChk doesn't like me
|My System Specs
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Benjamin Franklin was the most respected and most famous person in Colonial America. Most American school children know Ben was the first Postmaster General and publisher of Poor Richard's Almanak, as well as the discoverer of electricity and inventor of bifocals.
But few Americans realize Ben was the founder of the Masonic Lodge in the colonies and he used the Mason organization to help build support for the American Revolution (Nine signers of the Declaration of Independence are known to have been Masons. George Washington was a Mason and 35 of his generals were also members of the Masons. Washington even took his presidential oath of office with his hand on a bible borrowed from the New York Masonic Lodge.)
Benjamin Franklin and just about every single other Colonial Mason believed in God ("Providence") and astrology. Ben Franklin was Colonial America's greatest astrologer (click here for proof Benjamin Franklin was an astrologer).
But Ben's astrology was very different from the Traditional or Uranian Astrology being pushed these days by the Horoscope columnists and the likes of ISAR, IFAN and the NCGR. Ben Franklin did not use houses. Ben never used any House system. Instead, Ben used the alignment of the planets, the declinations and even heliocentric astrology. In other words, Ben Franklin would have loved Magi Astrology because it also uses what Ben did.
Let us call Benjamin Franklin's form of astrology "Ben Franklin Astrology."
The principles of Benjamin Franklin Astrology were very similar to the principles being used by the Magi Society. The most important principle of Benjamin Franklin Astrology is:
When two planets form a "planetary eclipse" it is a significant sign that anything born at that time is powerful.
What is a Planetary Eclipse?
A Planetary Eclipse occurs when two planets in the sky look like they are on right on top of each other (or very close to being so). This means the two planets are both conjunct in the longitudes and parallel in the declinations, like a solar eclipse where the Moon is on top of the Sun.
When Traditional Astrologers now say two planets are in conjunction, it only means that the two planets are in the same degree of longitude (like both planets are at 15 degrees of Capricorn.) However, if we look at the actual sky, the two planets may not be "on top of each other" because the declinations of the planets may be off by dozens of degrees.
All astrologers understand that a conjunction of two planets is meaningful. But intuitively, we all know that a Planetary Eclipse of two planets is much more meaningful than a mere conjunction of two planets.
Therefore, not surprisingly, according to the principles of Benjamin Franklin Astrology, the most powerful astrological event is when two planets are so close together in the sky they form a Planetary Eclipse.
When Benjamin Franklin picked a date for America's Founding Fathers to sign the Declaration of Independence, he made sure the day was a fabulous astrological day. He was not going to settle for a day when only two planets were going to form a planetary eclipse. He chose July 4, 1776, because on that day, FIVE planets came together in the sky to form a FIVE PLANET PLANETARY ECLIPSE.
Below is full view of this remarkable 5-planet Planetary Eclipse that occurred on July 4, 1776. (This is a full view of the sky for that date. The homepage of this website has a truncated version of this image that shows only a small section of the sky.)
[Magi StarScope of July 4, 1776, above is a view of the actual sky and shows multiple Planetary Eclipses – the white dots are stars of magnitude stronger than 3.2. The horizontal green line represents the ecliptic and the two horizontal blue lines represent 23.44 degrees north and south declinations, which are the positions of the Sun on the two solstices.]
From the time Ben could first write, he was drawing maps of the sky when the planets and stars were visible and he quickly realized that when Jupiter (the brightest planet in the sky) and the Sun made a Planetary Eclipse, the planets were giving us folks on Earth a sign that something remarkably good was happening. This is called a Sun-Jupiter Planetary Eclipse.
There was a Sun-Jupiter Planetary Eclipse when America's Founders signed the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776), and also when the US Constitution became effective (June 21, 1788) on the day New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the US Constitution.
There are no coincidences in life.
Benjamin Franklin also paid a lot of attention to another kind of eclipse – STAR ECLIPSES.
A Star Eclipse is formed when a planet is on top of a star. This was the most basic principle of ancient astrologers. (Rob Hand seems to have missed this altogether in his decade long study of ancient astrology.)
A Star Eclipse is significant and has power but is not nearly as powerful as a Planetary Eclipse – unless the Star Eclipse occurs at the same time as a Planetary Eclipse.
That is exactly what happened on July 4, 1776.
Mars was eclipsing Alhecke, Venus eclipsed Tejat Posterior and Jupiter was top of Nepsula.
The great Benjamin Franklin really knew what he was doing.
With Eclipse Viewer and StarScope
The Magi Society has just introduced MagiAstroSoft_Pro version 8.222 that offers an optional feature (View Eclipses for $90) – with this feature, you may view both Planetary Eclipses and Star Eclipses and of course the program identifies the stars (over 100 of the brightest and most important stars of Benjamin Franklin Astrology). The most unique capability of this feature is that it allows you to look at CACs for Planetary Eclipses formed between two persons, and for transiting Planetary Eclipses.
If you are already a member, please contact your membership director for information on how to upgrade.
If you are not a member and would like information on how to join the Magi Society, the benefits of membership, and how to obtain our software, please click here and send us an email.
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