text:
Johannesburg - ANC stalwart Winnie Madikizela-Mandela finished testifying in ANC youth league leader Julius Malema's disciplinary hearing on Wednesday afternoon.
The former first lady was the final witness to testify in Malema's favour, said ANC national executive committee (NEC) member and disciplinary committee chair Derek Hanekom.
"This brings us to the end of the proceedings in terms of the giving of evidence," he said.
"Closing arguments will be heard on November 3, followed by the drafting of the disciplinary committee's ruling on all cases."
Hanekom said the committee had already started drafting a ruling on three of the cases.
"We will have final deliberations as the NEC, make final findings, and decide on penalties if any. The ruling will be announced not too long after the closing arguments," he said.
"We have to deliberate properly and write up the ruling."
For and against
Malema's disciplinary hearing took place at the FNB Stadium in Nasrec, Johannesburg on Wednesday morning.
Madikizela-Mandela's role was to clarify the position of the youth dating back to the 1950s.
ANC NEC member Tony Yengeni did not testify in favour of Malema, as has been speculated.
Human Settlements Minister and ANC NEC member Tokyo Sexwale reportedly testified in Malema's defence at the last hearing on October 15.
The hearing was postponed from October 6 to 15 after Malema was hospitalised with "flu symptoms" in Polokwane earlier this month.
Former youth league leaders Fikile Mbalula and Rapu Molekane have also reportedly testified on Malema's behalf.
He faces charges of bringing the ANC into disrepute and sowing division within party ranks.
Malema said the ANCYL would send a team to Botswana to consolidate local opposition parties and help bring about regime change.
Charged with him are ANCYL spokesperson Floyd Shivambu, deputy president Ronald Lamola, treasurer general Pule Mabe, secretary general Sindiso Magaqa, and deputy secretary general Kenetswe Mosenogi.
ANC spokesperson Keith Khoza said ANC secretary general Gwede Mantashe had previously testified against Malema.
Mantashe was reportedly joined by ANC chair Baleka Mbete and ANC spokesperson Jackson Mthembu.
"We will have final deliberations as the NEC, make final findings, and decide on penalties if any. The ruling will be announced not too long after the closing arguments," he said.
Penalties if any? I hope there are penalties and lots of them!
Good luck Juju
support from winnieeeee must be like a reference from hitler--
fortunatly most decent minded people who are not criminals and are morale and upstanding [around the world ] know that this support does not even equal a reference if it was written on toilet tissue
sad for nelson ---but after all he divorced her quickly --as you know she is on record as saying he [nelson] sold out his people and did not demand and extract more concessions and payments from whites in retribution--
the devil himself must feel threatened when jub jub and wineeee are in the same room
Let us grow economically - the ANC needs to help the country do business - no need for any of this nationalisation. Let us add to what is already in the economy, not tear down what makes money and rebuild it badly.
I am an economically free black woman. I am under 30, hvave set up a successful small manufacturing business, I have a small-holding and a few shares in JSE companies.
Don't let Malema degrade you by telling you you cannot achieve what you want to economically - we are free to participate and succeed - start your small business today. He wants to get richer -that is all he is interested in - if he wanted to help the poor he would talk about education and support job creating, investment boosting, confidence boosting economic policies!
winnie how can they take the testimony of a lieing, murdering, thieving, corrupt, crack whore seriously? oh wait thats pretty much describes the whole of the ANC.
@Thandiwe I read your comments often and they make me feel good. When i read them i have a hope for S.A just knowing that not all black people want handouts and are willing to work for what you want. Keep up the good work. You are a star :)
chaanning.froom, I don't think it's fair to claim the ANC supports Malema. First of all, Malema has publicly humiliated and degraded the President of the ANC, so, I honestly would not believe that Zuma himself would be in support of Malema. A lot of other ANC members are not in agreement with his way of doing things. The ANC itself is divided on the Malema issue.
Let's wait and see what comes out of this. Look at what happened a few days ago with Sicelo Shiceka and Bheki Cele. Many did not believe the President would take that position but he did. Let's give this process a chance and make our statements based on facts.
Because the comment still applies and I did not initially mean to comment on the ANC vets article due to it not being as significant as other articles such as this one. I apologise if this has caused you any offence!
You just getting boring, not offensive
as are you levet but everyone else has had the good grace not to point it out
November 3? Happy Birthday Pablo! Celebrate the legend with us as we relive some of his most memorable works and quotations. http://bit.ly/qcX0Ys
No penalties
I wonder if her testament was something like "He is a good boy, not like that Stompie"...
How come everyone who know ANC policies testify on Malema's behalf. Only the power hungry ones and the ones who don't the role of the ANC YL are testifying against him. Something is wrong with this pic...
Isn't Winnie a convicted criminal as well ?.
Convicted criminal AND Member of Parliament. The mind boggles at how these processes can be rationalized and then allowed.
Yep. Fraud and kidnapping.
you are just speaking rubbish,what is that?
Yip - no one in the struggle (apart from Madiba) has had the opportunities to take the "high road" that Winnie has(i.e by showing leadership, integrity and good judgement). Yet she never fails to choose the "low road".
its strange hw all the people testimonys are criminals. wankers.
Winnie was at some point convicted,right? and now we have to listen to her saying(good things..lol) about who? mxm, let me have my drink please..
This man is a true leader of our people and I am very proud of him. Not only can he distinguish between Goodyear, Bridgestone, Yokohama, Firestone and a range of Chinese tyres in the dark of night, but with his woodworking skills he can make matches as well. His first match, which he started making in 2007, is due to be completed soon.
Since when is Winnie a former first-lady?????
I hope Stompie's spirit haunts her.
Hands off Juju
Oh, don't be so superstitious. It is perfectly safe as long as you sterilize the gloves afterwards.
Winnie and Yengeni should be on trial for bringing tha name of the great ANC into disrepute as they BOTH are convicted fraudsters ..WHAT ARE THEY DOING BEING IN CHARGE OF ANYTHING? HOW CAN YOU TRUST WHAT THEY SAY OR DO ANYMORE....wher are the morals and standards?
"Malema said the ANCYL would send a team to Botswana to consolidate local opposition parties and help bring about regime change"
News 24 copy and paste for the umpteenth time.
Winnie's testament for Mal Emmer shouldn't be taken seriously. After all she is a criminal.. remember the murder of "Stompie" If I remember correctly she was sentenced to 6 years for that. She was such an embarrassment to Madiba that he got rid of her. Dont know what happened to the prison sentence.. don't think she served one day!
Do you know Voter Bason? how many years did he serve again?
@sam, i agree wouter basson could have been punished more for his racist crimes. But Stompie was an african little boy, tortured to death by Winnies gangsters....I still dont know why she was let off -was she a paedophile maybe? winnie was also involved in alot of 'necklacing'...you like this woman?
Wouter Basson. I remember him. He should be in jail too, along with most of the ANC "leadership". Winnie is still a convicted criminal though, because she'd been found guilty of a criminal act by a South African court of law.
Thats what Chris Hani and Biko have always been against. If it is an African he deserves to be punished. If your white you can even kill a cop on duty people will understand whatever reason you give. Bason killing thousands and Winnie killing one they are both murderous. HYPOCRITES!!!! u guys make me sick
@Sam: "Bason killing thousands"???? Bason is an innocent man as proved in court. You talk way too much for someone that don't know their facts.
Wouter Basson is not a politician in the public eye last time I checked !
Maybe I'm wrong but if you want to be a ( leader / politician / public figure )you can't be morally bankrupt.
The ANC must be brave and get rid of Malema. Of all the young people in ZAR, the biggest fool of all is ANCYL president. What a joke! Take him down! People are sick of his BS!
looks like winnie has found herself a new stompie to play with, pasop julius. she will stub you when done with you.
er dik stompie or cigar ???
@thandewe. I have found that black Africans in general, even those with a slight education (I mean not the Malema clowns)and under 30 have the right outlook. They look at what they have instead of what they don't have. They have a great sense of pride and achievement, and will be the new leaders of SA once the ANC falls apart. Nice to see Thandewe - lead the way.
Its fine to go back and talk about the youth league back in the 1950's, but the problem is we are not living in the 1950's anymore are we.
Apartheid was abolished and the ANC is charged withe responsibility of not just running its own people but the entire country.
Things have changed its time to stop this toi toi nonsense and causing millions in damage simply to prove a point , freedom was obtained now its time to actually do the work, stop spending millions on private jets , home renovations , 5 star hotel stays (due to mosquito's) and actually focus on creating good candidates for jobs.
Acting like the only wealth this country has is its natural resources, have you ever asked yourselves that if and when you nationalize the mines and finally pulled the last bit of gold out of the soil , what then ?
South Africa has so much more potential , start spending that corruption money into actual sustainable industry and growth.
And those kids that's throwing rocks at police cars in the middle of Johannesburg in so called protests, you bring shame to your family and to your country. You know why white people are ahead ? its because my parents actually cared enough and would have beat me half to death if i did such a thing.
Evil personified!
When I 'grow up',I'd love to understand ANC internal politics!!
One criminal being a character witness for another criminal!! What bull.
Call Madikizela-Mandela anything but please don't refer to her as "The former first lady".
A women she may be, but a 'lady', she never was.
Winnie M Mandela is a convicted criminal herself - how is she a credible witness - but then look who she is tesitfying for! The whole thing is a huge farce.
Zuma growing a Spine and the ANC NEC growing some b@lls... hmmm... methinks 1 out of two is plausible... but we shall see... !!!
n 1993 3 top South African communists went to Russia ( not USSR anymore ) and were told that the central control economy of Stalin did not work.
The "national democratic revolution" (NDR) central control of the economy of Julius Malema DOES NOT WORK.
JM really is scrapping the bottom of the barrel with Winnie as a spokesperson on his behalf..Another new low..
In Animal Farm all the animals worked together to outcast Mr. Jones. But at the end the animals did not realize that they were helping the pigs to enrich themselves. Malema's objectives are unrealistic. He seems to act like an opposition government nor party. The people who seem to support his dream are very questionable role models. One of them 'Ghaddafi' is already dead. Home and away he is flanked by wrong advisers who have fast tracked he political dream to downfall.
Winnie the only one I trust to never give into the agenda of the oppressors, we live in the era where the people who have oppressed us for many years now pretend to be the people who know what is best for us! how crazy is that? The struggle continues!! Maybe we still have to go back to exile!
The struggle is in your head and with your ANC leaders not white civilians !
You are not oppressed, if you feel you are its by the current cANCer government .
Take it up with them.....


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|29 May 2007
|Filing date
|21 Nov 2003
|Priority date
|21 Nov 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John R. Hind, Marcia L. Stockton
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (14), Classifications (20), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to automated computing, and deals more particularly with techniques for encoding ownership transfer transactions directly onto a product (such as by using radio-frequency identification, or "RFID", technology) in a secure manner.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electronic article surveillance ("EAS") technologies have been used for many years to protect assets and merchandise from theft. The basic principle behind most prior-art EAS systems includes using a transmitter to create an electromagnetic field across a store's exit area and a receiver than can detect variations in the field. Small tuned circuits or magnetic material inside security tags that pass through the exit modify the field enough for the receiver to detect the change and activate an alarm. A retailer typically attaches the security tags to high-risk items, and the EAS notifies him or her when a tag passes through the exit field. The security tag must be removed or deactivated at the point of sale to prevent the alarm from sounding.
More recently, a new technology called Radio Frequency Identification, or "RFID", has been introduced for labeling items of merchandise and tracking their physical location, and may be used from manufacturing through distribution and retail sale. RFID differs from passive EAS technologies in several important ways. An RFID tag includes both passive elements (an antenna) and active elements (typically a read-write data memory, control circuitry, and a radio frequency transponder). RFID tags are typically not self-powered, but may receive their power via capacitative coupling from an external radio frequency source. When brought into proximity with an RFID reader at a typical effective distance of about 1 centimeter to 5 meters (depending on the type of tag), the RFID tag receives sufficient power for clocking the semiconductor and analog portions comprising its transponder, control circuits, and data memory through enough clock cycles that the tag can return the data bits from its memory as a digitally-encoded radio frequency signal. This is advantageous because the tag can be read (or written) from a distance without the necessity of line-of-sight, as had been required to read a bar code with a laser scanner.
A representative RFID tag 100 of the prior art is illustrated in
The capacity of an RFID tag's data memory today is typically 5 to 256 bytes. The memory typically stores an Electronic Product Code or "EPC" that assigns a searchable number to each object that bears an RFID tag. Whereas the Universal Product Code or "UPC" commonly used in bar-coding applications identifies a product only by product type, an EPC goes farther and identifies a consumer product individually. Present versions of the EPC use 96 bits of information: an 8-bit header, two sets of 24 bits identifying the manufacturer and product type, and a 40-bit serial number. Ninety-six bits encode enough information to uniquely identify trillions of objects. (See "Beyond the Bar Code" and companion article "What's My Number" by Charlie Schmidt, Technology Review Magazine, March 2001, p. 80–85.)
Rather than an EPC, an RFID tag of the prior art may bear an item SKU ("stock-keeping unit") and a unique item serial number. An SKU is an identifier used for categorizing products, for example by item type. The serial number may be globally unique, or unique within the SKU number. A combination of SKU and serial number may therefore be used to uniquely identify a particular item of that particular type. References herein to using an EPC on an RFID tag are therefore by way of illustration and not of limitation. Whether using an EPC or an SKU with serial number with an RFID tag, this identifying information is stored in the small memory area on the RFID tag.
RFID technology has generally been utilized for inventory control (e.g., in a warehouse, manufacturing, or distribution facility) and for item identification at the point of sale as an improvement over today's nearly-ubiquitous laser-scanned bar codes. The use of RFID to deter theft has been suggested in several contexts. Notably, early RFID literature suggested that RFID could prevent employees from stealing items from a store's inventory by improving inventory control. The literature also suggested that RFID could deter theft in the distribution chain between the manufacturer and retailer by actively monitoring inventory in trucks and shipping containers to ensure that merchandise was not diverted to unintended destinations.
The passive transponder in an RFID chip can return a series of bits, such as the EPC, on command. Some kinds of RFID tags are also updateable, providing a small amount of read/write storage. With reference to
Commonly-assigned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No 09/790,104 (filed on Feb. 21, 2001; now U.S. Pat. No. 7,000,834), titled "Method To Address Security And Privacy Issues of the Use of RFID Systems to Track Consumer Products" (hereinafter referred to as "the first related invention" and hereby incorporated herein by reference) discloses overwriting an RFID tag's memory with new data, such as a shortened version of the product's serial number, at a point of sale to signify that the tagged item has been paid for. This patent application also discloses formatting the data memory on an RFID tag with control bits, thereby providing a type field to dictate access control such as whether a field can be overwritten. According to preferred embodiments of this first related invention, logic invoked when an update of the data memory is requested checks the associated control field, and if updating is not allowed, the logic exits rather than performing the update. Using the disclosed techniques, an unscrupulous store employee can be prevented from reprogramming the RFID tag of an expensive item with data representing an inexpensive item in order to pay a lower price for the expensive item.
RFID tags can be created using very inexpensive manufacturing techniques; the antenna portion can be printed on packaging material with conductive carbon ink, and the semiconductor portion—as small as 3 millimeters square—can be mounted to the antenna with glue. The cost of RFID tags is expected to decline to the point of being cost-effective even on small-value retail items. Thus one can assume that in the near future, RFID tags on merchandise will become nearly ubiquitous. One can also assume that the capacities of the non-volatile memories in RFID tags will grow far beyond today's typical 256 bytes. It is also likely that advances in data storage technologies will make large, inexpensive write-once read-many ("WORM") non-volatile memories, which are designed to prevent erasure or overwriting of data, feasible and ubiquitous.
An object of the present invention is to provide an auditable trail of product ownership transfers.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a merchandise-integral record of product ownership transfers.
A further object of the present invention is to establish a secure electronic transaction receipt for a product.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide techniques whereby information securely stored on a product identifies its current owner.
Another object of the present invention is to provide techniques for registering product ownership transfers.
Yet another object of the present invention is to leverage RFID technology in novel ways.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in part in the description and in the drawings which follow and, in part, will be obvious from the description or may be learned by practice of the invention.
To achieve the foregoing objects, and in accordance with the purpose of the invention as broadly described herein, the present invention may be provided as methods, systems, and/or computer program products. In one aspect, the present invention provides techniques for registering ownership transfers, comprising: receiving information describing an ownership transfer of an identified product; assigning a unique identifier to represent the ownership transfer; computing a cryptographic signature over the assigned unique identifier and at least a portion of the received information; and registering the ownership transfer by storing the received information, the computed signature, and the assigned unique identifier in a repository.
The received information may also describe prior ownership transfers of the identified product. The registration of the transfer preferably uses the assigned unique identifier as an index when storing the received information, the computed signature, and the assigned unique identifier in the repository. The assigned unique identifier is preferably provided to the identified product for recording thereupon.
This aspect may further comprise operations, responsive to receiving the information, of: locating information describing a most-recent ownership transfer of the identified product; and continuing with the assigning, computing, and registering only upon determining that a previously-computed cryptographic signature of the located information is valid.
Preferably, the received information is transmitted from product-integral storage of the identified product. This product-integral storage may be, for example, a memory of a radio frequency identification device or a memory of a machine-readable identification device.
In this aspect, the identified product's current owner may be determined by consulting the registered ownership transfer. This aspect may further comprise registering a subsequent ownership transfer of the identified product. Preferably, registration of the subsequent ownership transfer further comprises: receiving, information describing the subsequent ownership transfer; locating information describing the registered ownership transfer; and continuing with the registration of the subsequent ownership transfer if the cryptographic signature of the located information is valid. Continuing with the registration preferably further comprises: assigning a new unique identifier to represent the subsequent ownership transfer; computing a new cryptographic signature over the assigned new unique identifier and at least a portion of the received information describing the subsequent ownership transfer; and registering the subsequent ownership transfer by storing the received information describing the subsequent ownership transfer, the new computed signature, and the new assigned unique identifier in the repository.
In another aspect, the present invention provides techniques for providing a product-integral transaction receipt, comprising: computing, for each transfer of the product, a cryptographic signature over fields describing the transfer; permanently recording the cryptographic signature, along with at least a portion of the fields, on the product; and recording the cryptographic signature and the fields in a separate repository. The permanent recording may use, by way of example, a bar code representation; a matrix code representation; an indelible text representation; or a radio frequency identification device.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides techniques for establishing a secure electronic transaction receipt for a product, comprising: accessing a product-integral ownership record to determine a current owner of the product; and securely revising the product-integral ownership record to reflect a new owner of the product, pursuant to a transfer of the product, only upon ensuring that a purported transferor in the transfer is the current owner. The securely revising preferably further comprises: computing a cryptographic signature over data pertaining to the transfer; and recording the cryptographic signature, along with at least a portion of the data pertaining to the transfer, in the product-integral ownership record.
This aspect may further comprise logging a record of the transfer in an audit repository. This record may further comprise the cryptographic signature and the data pertaining to the transfer. The data pertaining to the transfer preferably includes a globally-unique identifier associated with the transfer, and this globally-unique identifier is preferably used as an index for logging the record (and is also preferably recorded in the product-integral ownership record).
In still another aspect, the present invention comprises techniques for providing an auditable trail of product transfers, comprising: computing, for each transfer of a particular product, a globally-unique identifier associated with the transfer; computing a cryptographic signature over one or more values describing the transfer; recording the cryptographic signature, the globally-unique identifier, and zero or more of the values in a product-integral ownership repository on the particular product; recording an audit record for the transfer in an audit repository, wherein the audit record comprises the cryptographic signature, the globally-unique identifier, and the values; and tracing transfers of the particular product using each of the audit records that pertains to the particular product. In this aspect, each audit record that pertains to the particular product may further comprise a second globally-unique identifier which is associated with a next-previous transfer of the particular product, in which case the tracing preferably further comprises iteratively using the second globally-unique identifier, when processing the audit record, to locate the audit record which records the next-previous transfer.
The present invention may also be used advantageously in methods of doing business, for example by providing an ownership transfer agent service. In one aspect, this comprises: receiving transfer information for an ownership transfer; creating a unique identifier to represent the transfer; registering the transfer, which preferably includes computing a digital signature over the transfer information and its unique identifier and then logging this transfer record; and (optionally) charging a fee. The fee may be collected under various revenue models, such as subscriptions, pay-per-use billing, monthly or other periodic billing, and so forth. In one approach, the received transfer information preferably comprises a transfer history of the product and values pertaining to the transfer, and the portion over which the digital signature is computed for registering the transfer preferably comprises the transfer history of the product and the values pertaining to the transfer. The transfer agent service may further comprise transmitting, from the transfer agent for recording in a product-integral repository on the product, the globally-unique identifier, the portion of the received transfer information, and the digital signature. In addition or instead, the service may further comprise computing a second digital signature over the values pertaining to the transfer, in which case the digital signature, the second digital signature, and the values pertaining to the transfer are preferably logged during the registration of the transfer.
The present invention will now be described with reference to the following drawings, in which like reference numbers denote the same element throughout.
The present invention provides techniques for writing data directly onto a product to record each ownership transfer. As a result, the product itself now carries a traceable, auditable, non-forgeable, non-repudiable proof of ownership (and, optionally, ownership history) that can be used in a variety of ways. Examples include warranty service, returns, repairs, subsequent ownership transfer, legal proof of ownership, product liability claims, theft deterrence, surveillance, e-business transactions related to just-in-time inventory management, barter, auction, and so forth. Preferably, the information is written onto the product at the time of the ownership transfer (or shortly preceding or following the transfer transaction). This recorded ownership transfer information provides an electronic receipt, which may be used by the present owner to prove his or her ownership. The disclosed techniques enable eventually obsoleting the need for a separate receipt or ownership document.
Preferred embodiments write the ownership data, secured with public key encryption techniques, onto a non-volatile memory on the RFID tag of a product using a read/write RFID transponder, although traditional indelible marking techniques such as engraving, bar codes, 2-dimensional or matrix codes could also be used advantageously for writing this secured ownership data. Alternative embodiments write the secured ownership data on existing products that already contain data memories and input/output capabilities, such as computers and peripherals, pervasive computing devices, consumer electronics, and appliances. (Commonly-assigned and co-pending U.S. Pat. No. 7,069,452, entitled "Methods, Systems and Computer Program Products for Secure Firmware Updates", and U.S. Pat. No. 6,976,163, entitled "Methods, Systems and Computer Program Products for Rule Based Firmware Updates Utilizing Certificate Extensions and Certificates for Use Therein", disclose techniques for creating a secure memory within the flash memory of computing devices, consumer electronics, and appliances. The teachings in these commonly-assigned inventions, which were filed on Jul. 12, 2000 and have Ser. Nos. 09/614,982 and 09/614,983, respectively, may be leveraged by alternative embodiments which write ownership data into products containing data memory.)
As a side effect, the disclosed techniques provide an auditable product serial number which can deter counterfeiting.
Each party in the chain of ownership for a product has incentives to keep accurate records concerning that party's acquisition and disposition of the product. Some of these incentives arise because of the possibility of a product liability lawsuit. A consumer would like to be able to prove everyone who has previously owned the product, for example, and anyone who once owned the product would like to be able to prove that ownership was transferred, to whom, and when.
To provide such verifiable records, the present invention uses transaction audit registrars and an expanded-memory RFID chip implementing field-control features of the type described in the first related invention to provide a practical means of implementing a non-repudiable product ownership history. In preferred embodiments, each time product ownership is transferred, a non-changeable GUID representing the transfer is added to the RFID chip on the product, and overwriteable fields representing the details of the last transaction and the signature of an overseeing transaction audit registrar are updated to the RFID chip as well. (The overwriteable fields in the product-integral record, discussed below with reference to
The GUID is a value that uniquely identifies an audit record (i.e., an auditable record of an ownership transfer), and is preferably constructed by a registrar. The audit record is preferably logged on a WORM device (i.e., a device that is distinct from the product-integral record) and may be retrieved as needed by an appropriate authority, such as a court hearing a product liability case, a law enforcement agency investigating a theft, or a trade authority engaged in stopping a gray-market activity. As illustrated by the sample GUID format 200 in
A number of alternative formats may be used for recording product-integral ownership information and also for recording audit records, without deviating from the scope of the present invention. Choice of the record format used for product-integral information, in particular, may depend on the type of device on which the information will be recorded. For example, the format used with a space-constrained RFID chip may be more compact than the format used with a pervasive computing device, which in turn may be more compact that the format used with a laptop or desktop computer. Several alternative formats will now be described with reference to
Preferably, fields 310 and 320 are created as read-only fields, whereas fields 330 and 340 are registrar-updateable (i.e., read-write) fields. Last transaction field 330 is logically structured as a registrar-updateable field that comprises a number of sub-fields. A GUID 331 provides a unique identifier for this most-recent transaction. As discussed with reference to
Last transaction field 330 also preferably specifies an ID 332 of the seller and an ID 333 of the buyer. It may be desirable to repeat the date and time 334 of the transaction as a sub-field (or as separate sub-fields), even though this information forms a portion of the GUID in preferred embodiments. Optionally, the price and/or other terms of the transaction may also be recorded, as shown at 335.
Preferably, the digital signature value 340 is computed over fields 310 through 330 (i.e., the entire contents of record 300). As is well known in the art, use of digital signatures generally comprises computing a hash value over a set of fields (such as fields 310 through 330), and then encrypting this hash value using a private key value (in this case, the private key of the registrar) with public key encryption techniques. The resulting digital signature stored in field 340 can then be decrypted only with the registrar's associated public key from the public/private key pair which is represented by the registrar's security certificate (which in preferred embodiments is identified by the short ID within the GUID 331, as has been discussed). If a newly-computed hash over the same set of fields is identical to the decrypted hash value, then the values of those fields were not changed from the values used by the registrar when originally computing the digital signature. In this manner, the digital signature field 340 can be used to determine whether the recorded ownership transfer transaction is legitimate.
In a second sample format 350, illustrated in
In a third sample record format 360, shown in
In a fourth sample record format 370, shown in
In an embodiment where the product-integral ownership information is recorded indelibly using bar codes, matrix codes, indelible ink or other physical markings (rather than an RFID chip or similar technology), the ownership information preferably comprises an engraved or embossed representation of the digitally-signed GUID of each transfer. Each ownership transfer, including the transfer to the current owner, thereby remains permanently on the product as a product-integral ownership transfer log. In this embodiment, a format of the type shown in
According to preferred embodiments, any of the transaction-specific GUID values from an ownership record (such as GUIDs 321–325 and 331 in sample record format 300 of
Details of the associated transaction are recorded in the record 380, as shown in this first sample format at reference numbers 382–385. In addition, the GUID of the previous transaction is preferably recorded, as shown at 386. This previous GUID was discussed with reference to 336 of
This record format 380 may be used with any of the product-integral record formats illustrated in
A second sample format 390 for audit records is illustrated in
Turning now to
As an alternative to the product transferring the entire contents of its on-product ownership information at Block 410, an implementation of the present invention may be adapted for a different approach, where the processing at Block 410 comprises transmitting (for example) only the most-recent transfer information recorded in the RFID chip (illustrated by reference number 330 in
Referring now to
In Block 510, the registrar proceeds to validate the received data. In preferred embodiments, this validation comprises checking the registrar's signature on the transmitted data (i.e., the signature computed for the transfer of ownership to the current owner, which is shown at reference number 340 in
If the digital signature is valid (i.e., a "Yes" response to the test in Block 520) and the credentials are authenticated, the registrar carries out the operations of Blocks 540–580; otherwise, this is an error situation, and error handling is preferably performed (as indicated at Block 530).
The operations of Blocks 540–580 begin with the registrar generating a new GUID for the new transaction that is to be registered (Block 540). At Block 550, a new ownership record is created by the registrar in preferred embodiments, using data from the previous (on-product) ownership record plus data pertaining to the pending transfer. The ownership history portion of the new ownership record preferably includes all previously-existing ownership history data (e.g., field 320 in
The last-transaction subfield of the new ownership record comprises the new GUID created at Block 540 for the current transaction and the values for the seller ID and buyer ID fields for the current transaction. Preferably, the date and time of the new transaction form part of this new ownership record as well, and other transaction-related information such as the price and/or other transaction terms may also be stored in the new ownership record, as has been discussed with reference to fields 334, 335 of
After the new ownership record has been created, the registrar preferably creates a digital signature (Block 560) over the entire record (with the exception of the digital signature field itself). As has been described, this digital signature is preferably a hash of all the other fields which is then encrypted by the registrar's private key. Computing the digital signature over the entire record, and then storing that digital signature on the product, makes it infeasible to counterfeit or falsify a product-integral ownership record (for example, by copying information from another product or selectively omitting or altering fields on the product-integral record). In addition to, or instead of, computing a digital signature over the entire contents of the new ownership record, a digital signature may be computed over another portion thereof (such as only the last-transaction field, as depicted at 387 in
The data for this transaction is then logged in an audit repository (Block 570), using the newly-generated GUID as an index (as has been discussed with reference to sample formats 380 in
When the information logged at Block 570 includes the entire contents of the ownership history record, as illustrated in
The newly-created ownership record (including its corresponding signature) are returned to the product (Block 580).
Returning again to the discussion of
Preferably, techniques disclosed in the first related invention are leveraged for updating the RFID chip in a secure manner. In particular, control bits are preferably associated with each field in the on-product ownership record, where these control bits indicate what types of operations (such as "read-only" or "read-write") are allowable on each field. Accordingly, each GUID within the product's ownership transfer history, including the product serial number, is marked as a read-only value in preferred embodiments. In addition, the optional product description field 310 is preferably marked as a read-only value as well. When the registrar creates values for the sub-fields of a new transaction (to be stored within field 330 of
Techniques other than those disclosed in the first related invention may be used to securely store information on the product, without deviating from the scope of the present invention.
In an embodiment where the product-integral ownership record is permanently recorded on the product using engraving, embossing, or similar techniques, the previously-recorded information is typically write-only by definition.
The processing for the current ownership transfer then ends, in preferred embodiments.
When the product code sent at Block 600 is received by the registrar (Block 700), the registrar preferably evaluates this data to determine whether it contains a digital signature (Block 710). If a signature is found, then this is not initialization data, and processing for a new transfer transaction is preferably performed (as shown at Block 720). Otherwise, failing to find a signature, control reaches Block 730, where in preferred embodiments a verification procedure is performed (through procedures which are outside the scope of the novel subject matter of preferred embodiments) to determine whether the requester is allowed to create unique identifiers for the product code (i.e., whether the requester is allowed to request initialization of a product ownership transfer record). If this test has a negative result, this is an error situation, and error handling is preferably invoked (as shown at Block 740). Otherwise, the registrar creates a GUID (Block 750) to be used as the product's serial number. The registrar then creates initial versions of the sub-fields of the last transaction field (Block 760), and computes a signature over these initial GUID and sub-field values (Block 770).
Preferably, the initial versions of the sub-fields of the last transaction field are set at Block 760 as follows: the seller ID is set to the requester's ID; the buyer ID is set to a null value; the date and time are set to the date and time of the request; and the price is set to a null value. Alternatively, initial values for these fields may be transmitted from the product to the registrar, in an analogous manner to which details of subsequent transfers are transmitted. In this alternative situation, Block 760 uses the transmitted information. As yet another alternative, predetermined values which denote the initialization of the ownership transfer record may be used to initialize one or more of the sub-fields of the last transaction field.
At Block 780, the product creation event is logged to the audit repository. As described above with reference to
According to preferred embodiments, this first GUID becomes the auditable serial number for the product, and in addition to writing the GUID into the ownership transfer record on the RFID chip (as shown at 321 in
While the logic for initialization (
Note that some control over the details of an ownership transfer transaction may, in some cases, be imposed by legal restrictions on the registrar that registers transfers and/or on a registrar (or other entity) that subsequently accesses the registered information during an audit. These restrictions may arise in various ways, such as through the contractual arrangement between the selling party and the chosen registrar and may require additional protections such as encryption of the transaction data deposited in the audit record. For example, the unit price of a transfer may be an extremely sensitive piece of information to the seller, or a driver's license number or similar identifying information used for authentication of the buyer might be quite sensitive from the buyer's perspective. Preferably, the novel techniques disclosed in several commonly-assigned and co-pending related U.S. patent applications are leveraged to provide this type of control. These related applications (filed on Oct. 21, 1999), which are referred to herein as "the selective XML encryption patent applications" and are hereby incorporated herein by reference, comprise the following: "Selective Data Encryption Using Style Sheet Processing" (Ser. No. 09/422,430; now U.S. Pat. No. 6,931,532); "Selective Data Encryption Using Style Sheet Processing For Decryption By A Client Proxy" (Ser. No. 09/422,537; now U.S. Pat. No. 6,961,849), "Selective Data Encryption Using Style Sheet Processing for Decryption by a Group Clerk" (Ser. No. 09/422,492; now U.S. Pat. No. 6,978,267); and "Selective Data Encryption Using Style Sheet Processing For Decryption By A Key Recovery Agent" (Ser. No. 09/422,431; now U.S. Pat. No. 6,941,459). Techniques disclosed in the selective XML encryption patent applications enable restricting access to portions of a document to one or more "communities" through use of community-specific encryption (where a "community" is a collection of authorized viewers of information, including humans as well as programmatic entities or processes). The selective XML patent applications also disclose techniques for enabling a key recovery agent to decrypt portions of a document on behalf of a community member that is properly authenticated to the key recovery agent Embodiments of the present invention preferably leverage techniques disclosed in these related applications to represent transaction data in a way that restricts access to contained field data to selective sets of viewers, and also to enable decryption by a key recovery agent (which could be used, for example, to allow access by governmental agencies under legally-required situations).
Several alternative embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to
For individuals conducting private transactions, a third party transfer agent may be used. The transfer agent may provide the service for a small fee, perhaps at a local post office, bank, check-cashing outlet, convenience store, government agency, or notary public. This would be a novel business method. For example, if Ann buys a piece of jewelry from a retailer and later sells it to Barb, Ann and Barb can go to the local transfer agent Charles who has a scanner/writer, and register the sale. This is somewhat similar to registering the transfer of a car title by providing information to the Department of Motor Vehicles (with notable differences as have been described herein, including creation of a product-integral record of transactions, securing the transfer records using digital signatures, and so forth).
The transfer agent functions could be provided in person. This is illustrated in
In a degenerate case, the registrar functions are performed directly by the transfer agent and the registry is storage local to the transfer agent. In this embodiment, the secure data transfers may occur locally rather than over a network.
It should be noted that each registrar may maintain an independent registry (i.e., audit repository) for the transactions it registers. Alternatively, registrars may submit registration data to a central repository. In the latter case, the short ID field of the product serial number within the submitted information may be used to identify the registrar. Or, a separate field within each logged record may be used for this purpose.
Optionally, prior to generating the GUID and digital signature, the transfer agent may validate the digital signature on the ownership data provided at Block 1120 to ensure that it is valid (not shown in
As an alternative to in-person presentation of a product to a transfer agent the transfer agent function may be provided by a web service by proxy. For example, an online web site specializing in barter and auction transactions (such as the well-known eBay� online auction service) or a financial services provider (such as the well-known PayPal� online payment service) might be a logical place for providing this type of transfer service. ("eBay" and "PayPal" are registered trademarks of eBay Inc. and PayPal, Inc., respectively.) When using a proxy, proof of identity is preferably provided to the online proxy using conventional means. This is illustrated in
As yet another alternative approach to registering an ownership transfer, an item to be sold could be placed into the custody of a third party until a buyer is found. This is represented in
As a further alternative, a transaction transferring ownership according to the present invention could finalized when the item is delivered to the post office or shipper for mailing to the new owner, where the post office or shipper provides the transfer agent service.
Turning now to
Each of the three pieces of information in this prior art RFID tag organization is represented as a triplet 1410 comprising a type 1412, a length 1414, and a value 1416. The type field 1412 indicates to what extent the information stored on the tag may be changed. For instance, the UPC 1402 is stored on the tag in
The length field 1414 denotes how long the information stored in the value field 1416 may be. For instance, in
This type, length, value triplet organization may be used with embodiments of the present invention to dictate which fields in the ownership transfer record 300, 350, etc., are registrar-updateable and which are not. For example, the product serial number field (reference number 321, in the examples in
The discussion of
As has been demonstrated, the present invention provides novel techniques for recording an auditable, non-repudiable and non-forgeable trail of product ownership transfers. A particular ownership transfer transaction may be used as an electronic receipt, and the current owner of a product may be established by consulting the last transaction recorded in its product-integral ownership transfer record.
A number of variations may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein without deviating from the scope of the present invention. Several such variations will now be described, by way of illustration but not of limitation.
While preferred embodiments have been described with reference to using radio-frequency signals, other forms of electromagnetic radiation, including visible and invisible light, could be used as a communications medium. In addition, sound waves (at an ultrasonic frequency, for instance) could also be used as a communications medium.
It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to transfers by way of sale. Barters and other types of exchanges may also be documented and registered with a transfer record of the type described herein, and the price sub-field 335 that appears in the sample format of
The physical embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the use of electronic circuitry. For instance, research is currently being conducted in the area of optical computing components as a speedier alternative to electronic components. The present invention may be used with such technology or with as-yet-undeveloped physical data processing technology.
Physical embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the use of monolithic semiconductor chip technology. Research is being conducted in the area of chipless RFID devices. The present invention may be used with such chipless RFID technology as well as with RFID devices utilizing a semiconductor chip. In addition, the present invention is not limited specifically to RFID devices. Other types of machine-readable identification devices, for example, may be used for storing product-integral ownership information as disclosed herein.
Optionally, embodiments of the present invention may include an ability for specially-authorized users to modify the type and/or length information on an RFID tag. This would allow an entity with sufficient authority, like a privileged registrar, the ability to reset a tag to a prior state, for example (perhaps in response to erroneously registering a transaction or when some other aberrant occurrence happens).
Embodiments of the present invention may be advantageously provided wherein the current ownership of a product is recorded thereupon, but the ownership trail recording previous transfers has been omitted from the product-integral storage.
A set of commonly-owned and co-pending U.S. patent applications provides several techniques to detect shoplifting at a store exit, using a combination of RFID tags on merchandise, data written to RFID tags at the point of sale, and other identifiers. See the U.S. patent applications titled "Using RFID to Detect and/or Prevent Theft and Shoplifting" (Ser. No. 10/665,282; now U.S. Pat. No. 7,005,988), "Using Radio Frequency Identification with Customer Loyalty Cards to Detect and/or Prevent Theft and Shoplifting" (Ser. No. 10/666,483), "Using Radio Frequency Identification with Transaction-Specific Correlator Values Written on Transaction Receipts to Detect and/or Prevent Theft and Shoplifting" (Ser. No. 10/666,703; now U.S. Pat. No. 7,012,528), "Using Radio Frequency Identification with Transaction-Specific Correlator Values to Detect and/or Prevent Theft and Shoplifting" (Ser. No. 10/666,287), and "Using Radio Frequency Identification with Transaction Receipts to Detect and/or Prevent Theft and Shoplifting" (Ser. No. 10/666,700). In some embodiments, techniques disclosed in these patent applications write data, which may be a correlator containing a transaction ID, date/timestamp, sequence number, customer number, etc., to an RFID tag on merchandise at the point of sale. This is quite distinct from the present invention, which writes a non-repudiable ownership transfer log directly onto the merchandise using a variety of techniques which include, but are not limited to, RFID.
A commonly-assigned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. titled "Electronic Receipt Management" (filed Sep. 16, 2003, Ser. No. 10/663,509) replaces a traditional paper receipt with an electronic receipt that is loaded into the purchaser's pervasive computing device, making it easier for a consumer to find the relevant receipt. This patent application, however, does not teach recording ownership transfers in RFID tags as disclosed herein, nor does it teach other techniques of the present invention such as creation of auditable trails of ownership transfers.
Commonly-assigned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/847,889 (filed May 3, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,076,441), titled "Identification and Tracking of Persons Using RFID-Tagged Items", discloses techniques for using RFID technology to identify or characterize people, based on the RFID tags present in items being carried by that person at a point in time. Commonly-assigned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/612,251 (filed Jul. 2, 2003; now U.S. Pat. No. 6,992,574), titled "Object Matching via RFID", discloses techniques for using RFID technology to track and match objects, when the RFID tags of these objects have been programmed with data suitable for indicating that the items are in association with one another. Neither of these patent applications teach registering product ownership transactions or recording such information in an RFID tag.
Prior art ownership registration techniques include marking livestock to signify ownership using include brands and tattoos (which are more or less indelible) and/or ear tags (which can be removed and replaced). Ownership of a car or similar vehicle is signified by a number plate on the vehicle, issued by a government motor vehicle agency, that correlates to paper and/or electronic records of the ownership transfer. In addition, the motor vehicle agency typically issues a legal document of title which bears the vehicle's unique serial number and the name of the person currently registered with that agency as being the vehicle owner. These techniques are distinct from the teachings disclosed herein.
Recent-model cars carry their lifetime operational and service history in a non-volatile memory that can be read by a technician performing repairs. These logs do not include ownership transfers.
The disclosed techniques may be used advantageously in methods of doing business, for example by providing ownership transfer agent services. As an example of how this may be provided, a service may be offered that (1) receives transfer information for an ownership transfer, (2) creates a GUID to represent the transfer, (3) registers the transfer, which preferably includes computing a digital signature over the transfer information and its GUID and logging the transfer record, and (4) charges a fee. The fee might be a flat per-transaction fee, or it might be computed based on the price of the transaction. Or, the fee might be assessed using a subscription model whereby sellers pay a fixed fee for a periodic interval.
As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, embodiments of the present invention may be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Embodiments of the present invention may be provided using hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product which is embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and so forth) having computer-readable program code or instructions embodied therein.
The present invention has been described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams usable in methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions, which may be stored on one or more computer-readable media, may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create computer-readable program code means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
While several preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional embodiments as well as variations and modifications in the disclosed embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims shall be construed to include preferred embodiments and all such variations and modifications as fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|4 Jan 1989
|16 Apr 1991
|Raj Phani K
|Electronic remote chemical identification system
|29 Jul 1994
|13 May 1997
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Information management and security system
|11 Nov 1999
|8 Jul 2003
|Steven R. Young
|Method and apparatus for authenticating unique items
|20 Feb 2001
|22 Nov 2001
|Storage Technology Corporation
|System and method for data storage management
|13 Mar 2001
|20 Dec 2001
|Robotic Vision Systems, Inc.
|Secure tracking of articles
|2 May 2001
|14 Mar 2002
|Dewolf Frederik M.
|Global asset information registry
|23 May 2001
|20 Jun 2002
|Grading system, server computer, card case, and card
|15 Dec 2000
|20 Jun 2002
|Dante Pellegrini
|System that transfers asset ownership using a probabilistic model
|28 Jun 2001
|22 Aug 2002
|Masayuki Chatani
|System and method for transfer of disc ownership based on disc and user identification
|5 Apr 2002
|28 Nov 2002
|Ambrogio F. Carl
|System and method for authentication of items
|29 Jun 2001
|2 Jan 2003
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Digital rights management
|24 Apr 2000
|6 Feb 2003
|David Stanard
|System for providing evidence of payment
|21 Jan 2003
|10 Jul 2003
|Jones William Neil
|Method of individually tracking and identifying a drug delivery device
|13 Jun 2002
|22 Jan 2004
|Miki Abe
|Data transfer system, data transfer apparatus, data-recording apparatus, data management method, identifier generation method
|28 Mar 2001
|1 Jul 2004
|Okamoto Steve Atsushi
|Method and apparatus for verifying bearing instruments
|12 Feb 1998
|18 Aug 1999
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Document transfer systems
|"How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work", printed Aug. 27, 2003, <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/anti-shoplifting-device.htm/printable> (p. 1-10).
|Webb, Warren, "Stop! Thief", EDN, Jun. 21, 2001 (p. 52, 54, 56).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|3 May 2005
|30 Sep 2008
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Radio frequency identification (RFID) system for dynamically and automatically establishing communication between a mobile wireless communicating device and a data processing system
|8 Apr 2012
|30 Apr 2013
|Toshiba Global Commerce Solutions Holdings Corporation
|Merchandise-integral transaction receipt and auditable product ownership trail
|14 Feb 2011
|19 Aug 2014
|Sap Ag
|Secure sharing of item level data in the cloud
|28 Mar 2016
|29 Nov 2016
|Bank Of America Corporation
|Resource tag generation and deployment for resource valuation and distribution
|18 Oct 2016
|7 Feb 2017
|Bank Of America Corporation
|Resource tag generation and deployment for resource valuation and distribution
|28 Mar 2016
|22 Aug 2017
|Bank Of America Corporation
|Security implementation for resource distribution
|7 Dec 2004
|8 Jun 2006
|Ncr Corporation
|Radio frequency identification (RFID) system
|3 May 2005
|9 Nov 2006
|Ban Oliver K
|Radio frequency identification (RFID) system for dynamically and automatically establishing communication between a mobile wireless communicating device and a data processing system
|31 Mar 2006
|14 Jun 2007
|Fujitsu Limited
|Method and device for verifying owner of article
|12 Dec 2006
|8 May 2008
|Wei Chang
|Authentication method during product transactions
|18 Jan 2008
|23 Jul 2009
|Maritz Inc.
|Item-based seller sales incentive method
|4 Feb 2009
|13 Aug 2009
|Toshiba Tec Kabushiki Kaisha
|Merchandise sales data processing apparatus
|21 May 2008
|22 Jul 2010
|Deutsche Post Ag
|Shipping system for a consignment, and method for processing the consignment
|14 Feb 2011
|16 Aug 2012
|Sap Ag
|Secure sharing of item level data in the cloud
|U.S. Classification
|705/64, 705/65, 380/201, 380/202, 705/51, 726/26, 380/200, 705/59, 705/57, 380/203
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|21 Nov 2003
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HIND, JOHN R.;STOCKTON, MARCIA L.;REEL/FRAME:014747/0152;SIGNING DATES FROM 20031110 TO 20031118
|28 Jun 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|4 Sep 2012
Owner name: TOSHIBA GLOBAL COMMERCE SOLUTIONS HOLDINGS CORPORA
Free format text: PATENT ASSIGNMENT AND RESERVATION;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:028895/0935
Effective date: 20120731
|29 Oct 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Feels like you've been invited over to a friend's for dinner. All the dishes we had were excellent. The modus operandi is you choose dishes as a group and you share them, which is quite perfect to have a taste of many dishes in one...More
"Small, cozy, excellent, I recommend !"


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
42.50 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Messa Wladyslawowo is offering 19 nicely furnished rooms to stay in to those seeking accommodation in Władysławowo. You may taste delicious, fresh meals in the restaurant of the hotel every day. Car parking possibility is available nearby. The café or the bar can be an ideal place for a pleasant evening talk or a meeting. The exact equipment and the exact list of available services of Messa Wladyslawowo can be read on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance bank card payment or credit card guarantee may be required for the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest check-in time to your room is 15:00, the latest check-out time from your room is 12:00. English and Polish languages are spoken by the personnel.
Messa Wladyslawowo rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Parking (10 €/night)
- Finnish sauna
Bar, Cafe, Elevator
Own restaurant
Hairdryer, Desk in the room


text:
Pembroke Pines, Florida (PressExposure) December 31, 2009 -- Audi which has revolutionized the automotive sector with its engineering marvel has many "moving wonders" in its stable. Renowned for the power, efficiency, fuel-economy and luxury, Audi vehicles also exhibit their commitment to environment with low emissions. All thse virtues can be attributed to the technological advancements Audi makes with every new model.
In short, Truth in engineering is what is driving Audi forward. Audi of Pembroke Pines, the premier dealer for new Audi models, used cars and certified used Audi cars [http://www.audipembrokepines.com/inventory/certified-listing.jsp] in Pembroke Pines near Miami brings the customers an exciting opportunity to get the best lease deals on new Audi models. The Miami Audi dealer proudly offers Lease Specials and New Car Specials that provide the customers great finance offers on 2009-2010 new Audi models.
Through the Lease Specials and New Car Specials, Audi of Pembroke Pines presents amazing lease deals on a wide range of new Audi models that include 2010 Audi A4, 2010 Audi A5, 2010 Audi Q5, 2010 Audi A3, 2009 Audi A6, and 2010 Audi Audi Q7 among other models. Customers can get take home a new 2010 Audi A4 2.0 T FWD Premium at a lease offer of only $329 for 36 months with only $3,500 down. Many more exciting lease offers await Audi enthusiasts at Audi of Pembroke Pines.
Hurry! Customers need to take delivery of their dream Audi model before January 5, 2010 to enjoy the benefits of the offer. Visit Audi of Pembroke Pines to learn more about the lease special offers or to schedule a test drive.


text:
Note: We accept Mastercard and Visa credit cards, but regret that we are not able to accept Visa Debit cards as payment for on-line orders at this time. Sorry for the inconvenience.
Looking for an access code or eBook? Try our Direct Download Access Code page first! Click HERE to see if your code (or eBook) is available for purchase and direct download.


text: Hey guys, I ordered an SConei card off of Deal Extreme and i'm expecting it to arrive by Wednesday at the latest. I was wondering if anybody has a list of apps and things i should go ahead and download to put on the card once it gets here (i already have the moonshell autoboot update). I'm only new to the Supercard flashcard. The last card i owned was an R4 about a year and a half ago (and a MMD a loong time ago), so i know how apps work and everything. It's just that i've been away from the DS scene for so long, i don't know what kind of updates have been made to the apps and emulator i used to use. Anyways, if anyone can recommend me some apps or emulators, please do so.


text:
Picks allows you to make great lists of movies, restaurants, books, games, and other things you enjoy. You can share your list of favorite things with your friends. Discover the best lists that others have created have follow users with the same taste in film, music, literature and more.
Picks is a great way to find, share, and discover lists of things you like doing. Check out Picks HERE


text:
Tips For Georgetown, Tennessee 37336
# 1: Rise healthy and balanced fat consumption
Complying with a low-fat diet is an extremely effective method to ruin testosterone manufacturing. Healthy and balanced sources of dietary fat provide the building blocks to support optimal testosterone production. At least 30% of overall nutritional intake need to be originated from healthy fats such as: olive oil, coconut oil, coconut butter, nuts, seeds and so on. Some do even better with greater intakes of fat such as myself so don't buy into the long standing misconception that consumption of nutritional fat is harmful.
# 2: Get deep rest every night, Georgetown, TN
It is rarely a secret that deep sleep every night is crucial for optimal health so it must not be unexpected that it is necessary for ample testosterone manufacturing. Yet, few value the importance of sleep and rather lose time enjoying 4 hrs of TELEVISION every evening. Even worse, many waste a lot more time on facebook, twitter, and message boards suggesting with individuals that they will certainly never ever satisfy in person.
Have you ever before saw how much various people are in reality than their on-line avatars? The web is a breeding place for estrogen dominant cowards that would certainly never have the stones to say half the things they state online but I swerve.
# 3: Make certain you have ample consumption of nutrients.
There are numerous vitamins as well as minerals that are essential for ideal testosterone production. A great diet as well as multivitamin (Yard of life and also Life expansion make fantastic ones) will cover numerous of the bases.
# 4 Avoid high sugar consumption, Georgetown, Tennessee
High sugar consumption goes to the source of several disorders consisting of reduced testosterone degrees. When you over take in sugar which is really simple, you surge insulin degrees which drives all the sugar out of your bloodstream. The extreme reduced blood glucose state will certainly prompt you to eat much more sugar as well as the dangerous cycle never ends.
The excess sugar intake will increased kept body fat faster than anything else. The even more body fat you have, the greater the degree of aromatase enzymes, as well as the better the conversion of testosterone into estrogen.
High sugar intake additionally boosts levels of anxiety hormonal agents which further inhibit optimal testosterone manufacturing.
# 5 Lift heavy weights with a focus on substance workouts
Taking part in a weight training program focused on substance workouts such as: deadlifts, bows, weighted dips, overhanging presses, kettlebell swings, curved over rows, heavy pull-ups etc will go a lengthy means to enhance both testosterone as well as development hormonal agent. The secret is not too overdo it which will certainly thwart all the advantages by increasing anxiety hormonal agents and swelling.
Do not waste time on isolation exercises such as: curls, lateral raises, and leg extensions. Focus on substance exercises (especially deadlifts and crouches) and get the workouts carried out in forty-five mins and move on with your life. Look into: The Aggressive Strength Remedy For Dimension And Toughness!
# 6 Quit being a chump, Georgetown, Tennessee!
Much too several guys live life like total chumps rather of living life boldy! (Check out Live Life Strongly) Take cost of your life as well as stop being a pinball at the grace of circumstances and also others. Quit looking at barriers as barriers and rather see them as opportunties to live life fully and also get to a greater potential.
Why would certainly you anticipate to have optimum testosterone manufacturing when you're not from another location delighted regarding your life? Take it from me, when you have great individuals in your life and also enjoy exactly what you provide for a living it goes a long means to enhance testosterone degrees.
# 7 Avoid alcohol as well as especially beer
You're not doing on your own any supports by drinking also much alcohol if you have low testosterone degrees. Alcohol enhances the conversion of testosterone right into estrogen as well as maybe this is why lots of individuals obtain extremely emotional after several drinks. Even worse is beer which is filled with hops which is extremely estrogenic. Perhaps this is why a lot of beer drinkers have bitch tits and look six months expecting.
I wouldn't stress over a few drinks per week, yet if you're having a few drinks per evening, do not be amazed that you have low testosterone levels and also stubborn bodyfat.
# 8 Take supplements to sustain testosterone manufacturing
The majority of supplements promoted as testosterone boosters are worthless such as tribulus as well as horny goat weed. Tribulus has actually never ever been displayed in any type of study in males to boost testosterone. Yet a few studies reveal that it does not boost testosterone in all.


text:
First Urban 'Agrihood' In America Feeds 2,000 Households For Free
Have you ever contemplated the fact that humans are the only species on Earth that pays to live on the planet? This continues, despite the fact that there is presently more than enough resources to care for every citizen.
As a matter of fact, enough food is produced around the world to feed 10 billion people. However, because 70% of the mono crops which are grown are feed livestock intended for slaughter, a distribution problem exists. In effect, 795 million people go to bed hungry each evening.
Solving the conundrum of world hunger has been many peoples' dream. Hopefully, it will be remedied within the next century or two. Perhaps one of the ways inspired activists will make this ambition a reality is to install more community gardens which can offer nutrient-dense food to local civilians for free!
If it sounds too good to be true, look no further than what has developed in Michigan. Inhabitat reports that in the city of Detroit – which is recognized as a location where many families are affected by economic imbalance, America's first urban 'Agrihood' exists and it feeds approximately 2,000 households.


text:
"Not only did the sessions improve my fitness, but they also helped my technique, mental resilience, pacing and fuelling. You prepared me really well" Saif Hassan, Ironman Frankfurt 2016.
• Email access to the author
• PDF guides on "How To Use Your Training Plan" and "Strength & Conditioning"
• Monthly email training advice newsletter
• Training zones using feel, heart rate, power or pace
• Advice on how to incorporate other races into your plan
You can start this plan any Monday or set it to end on your race day. There are 9 to 11 workouts per week, consisting of 3 swims, 3 cycles, 3 or 4 runs and a strength session. There's a semi-rest day each week and every fourth week has a lower training volume to help your body recover. There is a longer run in mid-week and two longer rides at weekends. To be successful with this plan, you should have raced half Ironmans and preferably a full Ironman before.
• Screenshot of the first 2 weeks (JPG)
• Screenshot of the harder 2 weeks (JPG)
Please visit myprocoach.net or email email@example.com
- All our Advanced IRONMAN plans
- All our Intermediate IRONMAN plans
- All our Novice IRONMAN plans
- Browse our 130+ plans for all triathlon distances.
A run session with short sharp efforts and a focus on technique.
Warm Up:
10mins in Zone 2.
5mins as (10secs at Zone 5, 50secs in Zone 2).
10x400m. Aim for Zone 5 (3k to 5k race pace). +400m jog recoveries.
Warm Down:
5mins in Zone 2.
These sessions will be done at lower intensities, but will progress in duration. We'll also include technique work.
Warm Up:
All in Zone 2.
2x (100FC, 50DRILL, 100FC, 50DRILL) +10secs rest.
8x50FC in Zone 3 +5secs rests,
4x100PULL in Zone 2 +10secs rests,
2x200FC in Zone 3 +15secs rests,
4x100PULL in Zone 2 +10secs rests,
8x50FC in Zone 3 +5secs rests.
Warm Down:
2x (100FC, 50DRILL, 100FC, 50DRILL) +15secs rest.
These short sharp bike workouts can be fitted in mid-week. They are high-intensity, so do not need to be longer.
Warm Up:
8mins easy in Zone 2,
4mins as (10secs in Zone 5, 50secs in Zone 2),
60secs in Zone 1.
1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3 mins all in Zone 4 to 5 +60secs rests
Warm Down
5mins easy spin down in Zone 1 to 2
These swims will build your speed for Ironman race day. See attached instructions for the Key to abbreviations used.
Warm Up:
All in Zone 2 with 10secs rests between sets.
4x(50FC, 50DRILL, 50FC)
5x200FC as (50 in Zone 2, 50 in Zone 3, 50 in Zone 4, 50 in Zone 5) +45secs rests.
4x50FC in Zone 4 +5secs rests,
4x50FC in Zone 4 +10secs rests,
4x50FC in Zone 4 +15secs rests,
4x50FC in Zone 4 +20secs rests.
Warm Down:
All in Zone 2.
200 choice, 100KICK, 100BACK/BREAST.
A nice steady run, mainly in Zone 2. Consume around 30 to 40g of carbohydrate per hour on all runs of 90-mins or longer. That's 1.5 to 2 gels per hour.
Use this swim to help recover from yesterday's run. All in Zone 2.
200 as (100FC/100FC FISTS) +15secs rests,
200 as (150FC/50FC FISTS) +15secs rests,
200 as (150FC FISTS/50FC) +15secs rests,
500FC +30secs rest,
400PULL +30secs rest,
300FC Breathe every 5 strokes +15secs rest,
200 alternating (50BACK/50BREAST) +10secs rest.
Easy/steady run in Zone 2. Your legs will be tired from yesterdays long run, so don't expect to feel super fresh today.


text:
December 21, 2014 | by Dalia Hosny
Christmas-ready Feet with Oysho Duo Slippers
Isn't this Christmas duo slipper from Oysho the cutest thing ever? Treat your feet and keep them warm with Oysho's duo slippers. Christmas is always a great time to stock up on some cute lounge wear, and this holiday season, I'm opting for this unique pair of Christmas duo slippers from Oysho. Getting in the festive spirit and pampering yourself is super easy with this cute pair of slippers. It can also work as a nice Christmas gift for a friend or a family member.
Available at Oysho.


text:
Stylish Geometric and Chains Design Crossbody Bag For Women
Unfortunately this product is out of stock!
Style: Fashion
Gender: For Women
Embellishment: Chains
Pattern Type: Geometric
Handbag Size: Small(20-30cm)
Closure Type: Cover
Occasion: Versatile
Main Material: PU
Weight: 0.850kg
Size(CM)(L*W*H): 25*6*14.5
Strap Length: 120CM
Package Contents: 1 x Crossbody Bag
Do you own this item?
Be the first to get double RG points
Write a Review, Post Images, Post Videos, and get RG Points
There are no questions yet.


text:
'First steps in archives', Pusey House, St Giles, Oxford, Tuesday 12 July 2016
This is an elementary archives training workshop for those with responsibility for records and archives within a religious context but who are without archives or records management training or background.
The workshop, provided by the Religious Archives Group in association with The National Archives, will offer basic guidance on collecting policies, retention, arranging and cataloguing, and storage and packaging.
It will be held on Tuesday 12 July 2016 at Pusey House in Oxford, from 10.30am to 4.15pm. Tea and coffee will be available (at a small charge) but lunch is not provided.
There is a charge of £5 for the day. Payment should be made to the 'Religious Archives Group' electronically by BACS (bank name: Santander; account: 98499814 ; sort code: 09 01 27).
Payment may also be made by cheque, please ask for details.
Places are limited and preference will be given to those whose working alone.
For further information and to book a place please contact Dr Tim Powell (email@example.com)


text:
Cost Effective and Time Saving Data Entry Services
If you have actually a business than data-entry is unquestionably the component with which you will need to cope. The main problem for virtually any business which utilizes data entry services is usefulness and cost for money. People need solutions which source quickly accurate entry of any type of hand-written details.
Data entry is very direct ahead work but requires sufficient man energy. As a result, plenty of businesses choose to assign data entry services to international countries. Companies just have really to get a hold of reliable data-entry friend from international countries which provides accurate data-entry services at numerous affordable prices.
As rivals develops, many data-entry firms from international countries offers the numerous competitive prices for data-entry solutions. Outsourcing is possibly maybe not a brand-new concept and attaining vast market doing outsourcing work. If you are searching for outsourcing data-entry work than Asia is the best outsourcing location.
Many businesses in Asia perform adequate knowledge with details entry jobs which offers the best possible data-entry solutions from advanced data-entry tools. Constant, number of companies would like to get their specific report documents into electronic construction. A few of these organizations in international countries offer data entry services from skilled and well trained info-entry specialists. Their specific competent and expert employees of data-entry are really trained in maneuvering and having huge quantities of information inside the minimal time possible. Outsourcing data entry and document control work will save your valuable time and money. Generating usage of this a while money it is possible to pay attention to your very own way more vital places of the business leads one to huge profits in best time.
Effective tips lead company to continue development and withstand all of these in today's really competitive market. Like in plenty of circumstances, non-middle jobs are producing issues into the span of development; it's additionally a required to finish all of these exactly as they provide assistance to focus organization.
For that reason with picking outsourcing less vital data-entry work as a business technique, help you to undoubtedly develop also even more interest on your very own middle business tasks.


text:
If you are due for a New York State Inspection on your vehicle, motorcycle, trailer, or motorhome please feel free to bring it in to us here at Lee Myles Transmissions & AutoCare of Bohemia to get your sticker.
We can be reached at our phone or schedule online. Don't forget to print out our online auto repair coupons for additional savings!


text: News Honda Recalls 886,815 Odyssey Minivans for Fuel Pump Cover Erick Ayapana writerMarch 17, 2014 Erick Ayapana writerMarch 17, 2014 Share this article in: Facebook Twitter Google Plus Email Free Price Quote From a Local Dealer View Special Offers No Obligation, Fast & Simple Free New Car Quote Change Car Select Make Acura Alfa Romeo Aston Martin Audi Bentley BMW Buick Cadillac Chevrolet Chrysler Dodge Ferrari FIAT Ford Genesis GMC Honda Hyundai Infiniti Jaguar Jeep Karma Kia Lamborghini Land Rover Lexus Lincoln Lotus Maserati Mazda McLaren Mercedes-Benz MINI Mitsubishi Nissan Porsche Ram Rolls-Royce Scion smart Subaru Tesla Toyota Volkswagen Volvo Select Model GO 1. Vehicle Option Trim Exterior Color No Preference Black Blue Brown Gold Green Orange Red Silver White Yellow Interior Color No Preference Beige Black Blue Gray Green Other Red White Buying Time Frame Within 48 hours Within a week Within two weeks Within a month More than a month Payment Method Undecided Loan Lease Cash Trade In? Yes No 2. Contact Info First Name Last Name Address City State -- AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Zip Code Phone Email 3. Dealer Selection Receive your free dealer pricing information by completing your contact information! Honda is recalling 886,815 model year 2005 to 2010 Odyssey minivans due to a possible issue with the fuel pump strainer cover.The Problem: Affected vehicles may have a fuel pump cover that could deteriorate, causing fuel to leak out. The leaked fuel could cause a fire.The Fix: Honda will replace the cover, though the part needed to make the repair won't be available until this summer. Honda will replace any leaking covers with current parts and will swap out that cover when the new one arrives. The automaker will begin notifying owners next month, and has numbered this recall as JD9 and JE0. Owners can contact Honda at 1-800-999-1009.Number of Vehicles Potentially Affected: Honda is recalling 886,815 model year 2005 to 2010 Odyssey minivans produced June 23, 2004 to September 4, 2010.Source: NHTSA Share this article in: Facebook Twitter Google Plus Email Honda Recalls 886,815 Odyssey Minivans for Fuel Pump Cover /6 Advertisement to Skip 1 | 6 2 | 6 3 | 6 4 | 6 5 | 6 6 | 6


text:
5 Recommended Indie Mobile Games for iOS Platform
Euclidean Lands
A Game that may blow your mind, it consists of moving a single character on a Rubix Cube of sorts, that as you progress, it gets progressively harder and harder. As each cube spins around, your character is tasked with getting the upper hand on enemies in oder to complete the levels.
I've added some gameplay above. Please check it out in order to get an idea of how this amazing game plays.
Ticket To Earth
Imagine a Match Three Puzzler but done in a way that is a real time battle system where you have to take control of the level by matching the colored tiles, and using those buffs to combat against your enemies. Long story short, this is a new take on the Match Three genre and i urge you to play it. It's truely a lovely game.
I've uploaded some gameplay here just to show you how amazing yet hard this game is.
Imagine A game where you don't control the main character. You instead, control the environment, spuring the the main character onward toward his goal. It's a great concept and in practice, the look of the game's art is incredibly stunning. Consider it a point and touch adventure on your phone and you'll be forgiven if you don't know what to do, because that's part of the fun. Just remember, the bells are like directional arrows and the lights tell him where not to go.
Mushroom 11
A platformer where death is inevitable and your life only pushes you foward. There's something primal about Mushroom 11. whether it's the fact that you are a fungus eating and killing everything in your path, or the fact that you have to die to grow and move foward. the idea here is to survive, and what an idea that is.
Here's some gameplay provided to show you exactly how it plays. This is the entirety of level one.
More of an experience than anything, three kids, intent on making mischeif and just a bit of mayhem stumble across something odd. I don't want to spoil anything but I am glad to say that this game is really well done and is admired by a lot of people in the PC gaming comunity. If you get a chance, this game is a great point and press adventure.
I've uploaded the first 10 minutes to whet your appetite but there are no spoilers as this is the begining of the game
Folks, that is NOT it. I will be back with more Indy Game releases and more information that I will readily have for you awesome 2P followers. Thank you so much and as always, please leave a comment below, telling me what you think.
You! +1