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Best hotel cards: Fall 2016
Our reviews and best card recommendations are based on an objective rating process and are not driven by advertising dollars. However, we do receive compensation when you click on links to products from our partners.
Learn more about our advertising policy.
Our reviews and best card recommendations are based on an objective rating process and are not driven by advertising dollars. However, we do receive compensation when you click on links to products from our partners. Learn more about our advertising policy
Before you plan your next vacation or business trip, consider the money-saving power of a hotel card. Many hotel cards offer free room upgrades, Wi-Fi access and a night's stay every year you hold the card or when you're booking multiple nights. Some hotel cards also let you transfer your points to partner airlines, boosting your travel savings options.
Our three Best Hotel Cards of Summer 2017 all feature sweet sign-up bonuses, flexibility in redemption options and a suitcase of travel-focused perks.
To pick the Best Hotel Credit Cards of Summer 2017, CreditCards.com evaluated some of the top-rated cards in the hotel card category and asked a panel of judges to rate the CreditCards.com staff's top three picks.
Judges for this best hotel cards contest were travel expert Johnny Jet (johnnyjet.com), personal finance expert Holly Johnson (clubthrifty.com), Money Magazine staff writer Taylor Tepper, CreditCards.com Editor-in-Chief Daniel P. Ray and CreditCards.com senior industry analyst Matt Schulz.
FIRST PLACE: The Starwood Preferred Guest credit card from American Express, a perennial favorite of travel card experts, won first place in our best hotel card contest for the second year in a row. Judges praised the SPG Preferred card's generous and valuable rewards.
A perennial favorite of travel credit card experts, the Starwood Preferred Guest credit card has earned rave reviews and legendary status in travel circles.
The Starwood Preferred Guest credit card from American Express is pretty much every frequent traveler's favorite card and definitely one of mine.
|— Johnny Jett
Founder, JohnnyJet.com
"The Starwood Preferred Guest credit card from American Express is pretty much every frequent traveler's favorite card and definitely one of mine," says travel expert Johnny Jett of JohnnyJet.com. "This card is the reason my wife and I have been spending the last three New Year's in Hawaii."
Cardholders earn two rewards points for every dollar spent on Starwood hotel stays and one rewards point on general purchases, but because Starwood points are generally worth at least twice the value of the average card rewards point, cardholders can buy a lot more travel with fewer points than they would with other cards.
"The star feature of the Starwood Preferred Guest credit card is the stellar value of the points that you earn with it," says personal finance journalist Lisa Gerstner.
How it works: Cardholders use fewer points to redeem free hotel stays and other travel purchases, and points can be transferred to more than 30 airline loyalty programs – or even Amtrak – on a largely one-to-one basis.
"You can also cash in Starpoints for discounts on Avis car rentals," Gerstner adds. "That provides some nice flexibility for those who depend on planes, trains and automobiles to get to their overnight destinations."
In addition, cardholders who want to use their points to fly instead of stay in a hotel will get a 5,000-point bonus each time they transfer at least 20,000 points to a frequent flyer program, says Gerstner.
Another plus cited by our judges: The Starwood card doesn't impose travel blackout dates.
Personal finance writer Holly Johnson of ClubThrifty.com notes that "Due to Starwood's ongoing merger with Marriott, there are more ways to use your Starpoints than ever before."
Cardholders can now sync their loyalty memberships for both hotel lines and use their Starwood points at Marriott hotels – a great perk for cardholders who don't always want to stay at a Starwood property.
Before the merger, cardholders' options were typically limited to upscale hotel properties that charge substantial fees for select amenities and don't offer free breakfast. For example, many Westin and Sheraton hotels charge hefty parking fees.
Cardholders won't earn as many rewards, though, if they use their card to book a room at a Marriott hotel, Gerstner says. "Keep in mind that booking stays at Marriott hotels yields only two points per dollar," she says. Booking a room at a Starwood hotel, by contrast, nets five points per dollar spent.
The Starwood card also won praise from our judges for its premium travel and lifestyle perks, including unlimited Boingo Wi-Fi access, no foreign transaction fees and extra incentives for taking longer vacations – such as a fifth night free when you book four consecutive nights.
"SPG's Nights and Flights promotion is also valuable for those who have a large stash of points, Johnson says. "With this promotion, you can redeem 60,000 or 70,000 points to get five nights free in a category 3 or 4 property and 50,000 airline miles."
Downsides? The Starwood card doesn't offer a large sign-up bonus – 25,000 bonus points after spending $3,000 in the first three months – and it charges a $95 annual fee after the card's first year. However, our judges say the card's other perks make up for its modest opening offer.
"To me, a good rewards card is all about flexibility," says CreditCards.com senior industry analyst Matt Schulz. "While the Starwood card doesn't have the flashiest sign-up bonus in the bunch, it does give cardholders plenty of options beyond just free hotel nights."
SECOND PLACE: The Hilton HHonors Reserve credit card from Citi landed in second place in our best hotel card contest, due to its juicy bonuses and travel perks.
The Hilton HHonors Reserve card's bounty of rewards starts with a certificate for two free weekend nights at a Hilton-brand hotel when you spend $2,500 in the card's first four months. Cardholders get an additional weekend night certificate every year with spending of at least $10,000.
The premium Hilton card (annual fee is $95) also offers 10 points for every dollar spent on a Hilton hotel room -- a coveted perk for frequent guests -- five points per dollar on airfare and car rentals, and a solid three points for every dollar spent on general purchases.
The only downside is Hilton points tend to be worth significantly less than the average card rewards point.
Our judges particularly liked the premium Hilton card's travel perks, which are designed to make traveling less of a hassle. For example, the Hilton HHonors Reserve card offers trip cancellation and interruption protection, lost baggage insurance and other premium insurance benefits.
"Road warriors will do well with the Citi Hilton HHonors Reserve card," says CreditCards.com Editor-in-Chief Daniel Ray. "Some hotel cards' features extend no farther than the hotel's walls. But the Citi Hilton HHonors Reserve card's perks come in handy throughout the trip."
In addition to the array of travel insurance coverage, the Reserve card includes early and late checkout, free Wi-Fi and complimentary concierge service.
"The perks that the Reserve card offers are like having a red carpet rolled out for you all along your travel route," Ray says.
THIRD PLACE: The Club Carlson Rewards Visa Signature card – with its exceptionally generous bonuses – rounds out our judge's top three best hotel credit cards.
The card's shower of awards starts with the sign-up bonus. Club Carlson Premier Rewards cardholders get 50,000 bonus points with the first purchase and 35,000 after spending $2,500 in the first 90 days. Cardholders also earn an additional 40,000 bonus points each year and a free night stay each year they spend at least $10,000.
Cardholders also earn a large 10-point bonus for every dollar spent on Carlson Rezidor hotel stays and a five-point bonus for general purchases.
The only downside is Club Carlson points aren't worth as much as the average card rewards point, so the rewards value is somewhat inflated.
Beyond the points, the Club Carlson Premier Rewards Visa also offers an exceptionally large hotel network, which includes budget hotels such as Country Inn and Suites and upscale digs such as Radisson Blu.
Bottom line: "All of that said, choosing the hotel card that suits you best relies heavily on determining which hotels you visit most," Gerstner says. "The Citi Hilton HHonors Reserve card or the Club Carlson Premier Rewards Visa Signature card could be a great choice if you frequently stay at Hilton or Carlson properties, given the generous perks that each card offers."
This is the first year that CreditCards.com has held a contest for best cards in their class. To help choose the best cards for each category, the CreditCards.com staff consulted credit card and personal finance experts and nominated the top three cards as finalists. CreditCards.com staff also rated cards through its credit card reviews program.
A panel of five judges – including personal finance experts and two members of the CreditCards.com staff – were asked to independently judge the three finalists and rank them in order of preference. The card with the best average rank was chosen as the winner.
See related: How to get free stays and perks faster with hotel rewards, Getting the most value for your hotel rewards points, Awards charts are key when considering hotel cards
All best credit card stories are prepared by CreditCards.com staff. Opinions expressed therein are solely those of the reviewer and have not been reviewed or approved by any advertiser. The information, including card rates and fees, presented in the story is accurate as of the date of the story. Check the credit card terms and conditions link on the issuing bank's website for the most current information.
All best credit card stories are prepared by CreditCards.com staff. Opinions expressed therein are solely those of the reviewer and have not been reviewed or approved by any advertiser. The information, including card rates and fees, presented in the story is accurate as of the date of the story. Check the credit card terms and conditions link on the issuing bank's website for the most current information.


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Applications are invited by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum for admission into full time and part time Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in various specializations offered for the commencing session 2012 – 2013.
Eligibility Criteria for VTU
- The minimum qualification to be satisfied by the candidates seeking admission to PhD programs shall be as per section PHD 5.2 of regulations (amended) governing the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)-2011.
- The candidates shall qualify in the ULRAT conducted by the university. However, mere clearance of ULRAT is not a guarantee for registration.
- The candidates who have acquired M.Tech /M.Sc. degree through distance mode shall not be eligible for admission.
For details and information on eligibility criteria, please visit their official website.
How to Apply for VTU
Duly filled in applications along with demand draft for Rs. 500/- drawn in favor of 'Finance Officer, VTU, Belgaum' and necessary enclosures should be sent to: The Registrar, Visvesvaraya Technological University, "Jnana Sangama" Belgaum-590018, Karnataka, by mentioning "Application for Ph.D/M.Sc (Engineering) by Research".
For details and information on how to apply, please visit their official website.
Selection Procedure for VTU
Selection of the candidate will be based on ULRAT aptitude test conducted by VTU.
For details and information on selection procedure, please visit their official website.
Important Dates
- Last date for receipt of duly filled in application form: Friday, May 25, 2012.
- Date of ULRAT (University Level Research Aptitude Test): Sunday, June 17, 2012.
For further details and information about eligibility criteria, application procedure and selection procedure please visit official website.
For more information on college and courses, please click VTU
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subset: commoncrawl


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Our Services
POINTTS™ offers representation for all Highway Traffic Matters and that is why we call ourselves the Traffic Ticket Specialists.
Each of our traffic ticket specialists are qualified paralegals licensed by the Law Society of Upper Canada. Whether you have a speeding ticket, a careless driving charge or any other traffic offence we are ready to give you the help and support you need to fight your ticket in traffic court.


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Little Photographer Camera PDF Sewing Pattern
A PDF sewing pattern for a camera toy, with both neck strap and wrist strap options. A small vinyl pocket on the back allows you to slip in pictures for a 'view-finder' to use in pretend play. Perfect as:
- a softie for a baby or infant
- a prop for dress-up & imaginative play for an older child
This Little Photographer camera pattern is designed for an intermediate, with real pictures showing you how to sew your camera. You are expected to know how to sew 3-D corners and applique, and be comfortable sewing thin bias tape and small curves. The pattern includes the full tutorial and digitized pattern pieces.
A finished camera measures about 5.5" tall X 8" wide
This is a PDF, downloadable sewing pattern and not a finished product! Read & see more in my blog post introducing the pattern. I always pin blog posts & customer photos to my pattern board here, too.
Listing photo credit: Serena Garcia Photography
- 1/2 yard woven cotton for the camera body (can squeeze on to a fat quarter if very careful)
- Assorted woven scraps for the buttons and accents
- 3" X 3" vinyl scrap for the picture insert ( I save the bedding bags from duvets/pillows and cut one up! You can use a press cloth & low/warm iron to smooth wrinkles)
- 14" of single fold bias tape
- Coordinating thread
- Sewing machine
- Hand sewing needle
- Scissors
- Iron
- 1 bag Poly-fill or other stuffing
- (neck strap option) 4 inches of Velcro
- Wonder Under or other fusible transfer paper (optional) for applique
This is a PDF sewing pattern, that you download and print yourself, not a finished object/item.
This pattern is copyrighted for Swoodson Says, 2015. Please don't be a jerk and distribute it as your own; feel free to use one or two images if you'd like to link to it or include it in a round-up.
I'd love to see your camera if you make one! Email it to me – and feel free to sell, barter, etc. your finished products.
8 reviews for Little Photographer Camera PDF Sewing Pattern
I love the Little Photographer Camera! And what's more, my boys do!! They're always copying mommy by taking pictures of each other 🙂
The Little Photographer is a perfectly designed pattern. It sews up very quick and is great for gifts. I have made one for my son, my daughter and several of their friends.
I take a lot of pictures and could not wait to sew up this pattern for our little girl! She LOVES it! I was fairly new to sewing toys/stuffies and the instructions were very easy for me to follow. I'm very happy with the results!
great pattern, easy to follow, planning on making a few as Christmas presents for the grand kids, 🙂
I made this for my daughter and it is her favorite! The instructions were very easy to follow and the finished project comes out so cute!
Made one for my boys and plan to make one for my photographer. She loves it! Such a cute pattern 🙂
Made the cutest pink camera; my one year old grand daughter walks around with the camera say ch ch ch ch cheeeeeeeese… She loves it!!!!! Easy and fun to make…. Thank You!!!!!


text: In-Game Examine Window Hood of Reaching Vines other resources EQ2U · LootDB · EQ2LL · ZAM · Census xml Hood of Reaching Vines TREASURED NO-TRADE +23 wis +9 int +23 sta +107 health +143 power 4.4% Crit Chance0.9% Ability Casting Speed Leather Armor (Head) Mitigation 248 Level 79 (Tier 8) Fury, Warden Obtain: Reward from the quest "Bringing It All Together." What does this information mean? NotesEdit Retrieved from "http://eq2.wikia.com/wiki/Hood_of_Reaching_Vines?oldid=444103" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Equipment Leather Armor (Equipment Type) Head (Inventory Slot) Treasured Equipment Crit Chance (Equipment) Ability Casting Speed (Equipment) Tier 8 Equipment Druid Equipment Fury Equipment Warden Equipment Articles missing itemlink Add category Cancel Save


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Businesses of all types and sizes throughout the United States, Mexico and beyond bring their disputes to Gardere's litigation team and receive practical, responsive, boutique-style attention in return. Our clients have access to the firepower and value of a well-known and highly-regarded Firm's capabilities and interdisciplinary strengths.
Gardere has a national and international energy practice formed around our Energy Industry Team, which is a multidisciplinary group of approximately 80 attorneys with diverse backgrounds, experience and skills specific to the energy industry. Our team includes attorneys who have served as in-house counsel for major energy companies, providing a depth of insight into our clients' needs, issues and concerns. We understand and regularly practice in virtually every sector of the energy, and we represent a wide variety of industry participants from multinational corporations to individuals.
From our offices in the United States and Mexico, our International Practice helps clients operate in today's global economy. We have more than 30 professionals operating as a boutique within an Am Law 200 law firm and are able to provide focused service with the resources of a large firm. We understand that clients who are engaged in the global marketplace need lawyers who can operate seamlessly across multiple jurisdictions. Our international experts are multi-lingual, are culturally fluent and intimately familiar with various legal systems across the world, especially those in Latin America. Whether you need help with commercial transactions, regulatory matters, customs and import regulations, immigration matters, M&A and joint ventures, international disputes, or international tax planning, Gardere's international team is here to assist you.
We represent domestic and foreign private funds in all aspects of fund formation, fund operations, platform and add-on acquisitions, and portfolio company operations. Our team has a reputation for being the go-to-lawyers for private equity funds, hedge funds, venture capital funds and family offices. We are known for our vast deal experience, the efficient way we staff and manage our work, and the way we maintain our relationships. We get deals done with sophisticated, strategic, and practical advice tailored to the needs of our clients.
*Not admitted to practice law.
ANONYMOUS POSTINGS ABOUND ON THE INTERNET and with the advent of Social Media these types of postings have increased dramatically. What happens when your client brings you evidence of libelous postings which may the basis of a lawsuit? How do you determine who the anonymous poster is? How do you get evidence of libelous postings admitted?
First Amendment Protection for Speech on the Internet?
Many people believe that they can say what they want on the Internet as long as they use a pseudonym. After all, it is easy to set up an account using an anonymous alter ego name. In addition to believing they can post whatever they want, they may also think they are protected by the First Amendment of the US Constitution –that somehow freedom of speech has no limits, and when that speech, even vicious lies, is anonymously posted, the anonymity will shield the poster from liability.
These anonymous posters may not realize that when they sign up for an anonymous Internet user ID,
they are agreeing to specific Terms of Service (ToS) and/or a Privacy Policy that create indemnities for the Internet host (Internet Service Provider or ISP) as well as limits of liability. As well, in those ToS or Privacy Policies, the user may acknowledge that the ISP may disclose the user's identity, including under a court order or if they violate the ToS.
Read More.
The publications contained in this site do not constitute legal advice. Legal advice can only be given with knowledge of the client's specific facts. By putting these publications on our website we do not intend to create a lawyer-client relationship with the user. Materials may not reflect the most current legal developments, verdicts or settlements. This information should in no way be taken as an indication of future results.
You may use the wildcard symbol (*) as a root expander. A search for "anti*" will find not only "anti", but also "anti-trust", "antique", etc.
Entering two terms together in a search field will behave as though an "OR" is being used. For example, entering "Antique Motorcars" as a Client Name search will find results with either word in the Client Name.
AND and OR may be used in a search. Note: they must be capitalized, e.g., "Project AND Finance."
The + and - sign operators may be used. The + sign indicates that the term immediately following is required, while the - sign indicates to omit results that contain that term. E.g., "+real -estate" says results must have "real" but not "estate".
To perform an exact phrase search, surround your search phrase with quotation marks. For example, "Project Finance".
Searches are not case sensitive.


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Site Code: TOW96
Grid reference: SE 483 394
Towton is close to Tadcaster, North Yorkshire. The Battle of Towton was one of the bloodiest battles during the Wars of the Roses, and was fought on Palm Sunday 1461. A mass grave, located approximately one mile from the battle site, was excavated in 1996. The Towton population represents the nearly complete remains of 37 individuals who had received a variety of peri-mortem weapon injuries, as well as had sustained a series of other ante-mortem (healed) injuries. Their recovery as individuals, rather than as disarticulated bones, from the mass grave makes them a unique resource to study peri-mortem weapon injuries and the physical effects of participation in medieval battle.
Age: Old Middle Adult (36 - 45 years)
Sex: Male
Burial position: Being buried within the mass grave, the upper portion of the body was positioned on the right side and the lower portion was prone. The right upper limb was extended at a right angle to the body; the left upper limb lay along the left side, parallel to the body; the whole being orientated southeast-northwest.
Pathology: This individual had multiple peri-mortem injuries and a single ante-mortem lesion to the cranium. Peri-mortem sharp force trauma was present on the left mandible, which resulted in the loss of the left canine and first premolar; a series of three shallow blade injuries above the left orbit, possibly the result of blade skips; a shallow blade injury on the posterior right parietal; and a diagonal sharp force trauma in the left parietal. A large blade wound bisected the face, running from the lateral edge of the left orbit to the maxillary right canine; and a large horizontal sharp force trauma was present across the occipital bone, with large radiating fractures running from the lateral ends of the injury around the cranium and also inferiorly through the external occipital protuberance. In addition, there was a well-healed depression fracture on the left parietal, approximately 25mm in diameter.
Image 1: Posterior view of cranium showing sharp force trauma (blade injury) crossing the occipital, with multiple radiating fractures.
Image 2: Detailed recording form showing cranial trauma. Produced by Shannon Novak during the analysis of the remains.
References: Fiorato, V., Boylston, A., and Knüsel, C.J. (eds.) 2000. Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from Towton, AD 1461. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Fiorato, V., Boylston, A., and Knüsel, C.J. (eds.) 2007. Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from Towton, AD 1461. Oxford: Oxbow Books. (2nd edn.)
Last Updated:01 May 2012


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Not Accepting Guests
- Last login about 1 year ago
Join Couchsurfing to see Meredith's full profile. It's free!
About Me
CURRENT MISSION IN LIFE: To enjoy life and to make a positive contribution everyday
Moved to a tiny island called Saipan in 2010. Ready for all subsequent adventures.
Sailed to Magnetic Island, Australia, including a short trip to Palm Island.
Traveled and worked in Australia from 2012 to 2015.
Painted a rainbow mural on a storefront in Imbil, Queensland, in exchange for a lot of dresses!
Volunteered as a set-up volunteer at the 2014 Woodford Folk Music Festival.
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
A great place to meet like-minded people!
Hiking with friends. Swimming. Kickboxing. Sailing.
But most of all.... MUSIC!
- singing
- festivals
- dining
- cooking
- cheese
- vegetarian
- vegan
- traveling
- music
- folk music
- guitar
- piano
- hiking
- sailing
- swimming
- volunteering
One Amazing Thing I've Done
Traveling and working in Australia from 2012 to 2015 has really taught me one thing and it's amazing:
There's only one thing that I know and that is that I know nothing.
Teach, Learn, Share
The first song I learned on guitar was Monty Python's "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life."
I also play piano.
In other words, let's jam!
What I Can Share with Hosts
Plenty of stories to share of course!
Cooking vegan or vegetarian meals. Goat's cheese is my kryptonite to vegan ideals and I'm okay with that. I like food spicy and tasty, even salads!
Music. If you have a piano or guitar, I will play it. I'll sing anyways.
Countries I've Visited
Australia, Italy
Countries I've Lived In
Australia, Germany, United States


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Typical simple reaction-time (RT) paradigms usually include a warning signal followed by a variable foreperiod before the presentation of a reaction stimulus. Most current interpretations suggest that the warning stimulus alerts the organism and so results in faster processing of either the sensory or motor components of the task. In this study, electromyography (EMG) was used to detect both covert and overt motor errors in a simple warned RT task. Results show that warning signals may trigger automatic motor activations that are likely to cause false alarms. Distribution analysis reveals that 77% of all errors detected with EMG are erroneous responses to the warning signal. Accordingly, we propose that movement triggering needs to be temporarily inhibited before the stimulus to prevent premature responses during the foreperiod. This proactive inhibition would be responsible for a paradoxical increase in RT for conditions with short foreperiods compared with control conditions in which no warning signal is presented. These results call for a reassessment of the theoretical framework used to interpret the effects of warning signals.
A number of behavioral, electrophysiological and neuroimaging experiments have demonstrated that visual attention and motor processes are intimately related (e.g., Brunia and van Boxtel 2001; Rizzolatti et al. 1997; Rushworth et al. 2003). Within this framework, it would seem reasonable that the presentation of a warning signal would speed up reaction time (RT) to a subsequent stimulus by changing neurophysiological activity at different levels of sensorimotor processing. However, more detailed analysis of this phenomenon demonstrates that the effects of warning signals on simple RT are likely more complex that this. Alternative interpretations to the benefits of warning signals are in fact possible and conflicting hypotheses about the locus of warning effects have been generated.
For more than a century, the cognitive psychology of preparatory states has been studied. Although virtually all studies agree that the effect of a neutral warning signal on RT are beneficial, they nonetheless disagree on the localization of this effect. Investigators have variously proposed that its origin lies in sensory/perceptual processing (e.g., Hackley and Valle-Inclan 1998), response selection/initiation (e.g., Fernandez-Duque and Posner 1997; Hackley and Valle-Inclan 2003) or motor events (e.g., Reddi et al. 2003; Sanders 1983). These hypotheses may not be mutually exclusive, however (e.g., Hackley et al. 2007). Recently, Fecteau and Munoz (2007) tested the neural mechanisms involved in warning by linking saccadic RT to the activity of visuomotor and motor neurons in the superior colliculus. They found both sensory warning effects in the form of an enhanced magnitude of sensory activity and motor warning effects in the form of a reduced threshold for initiating saccades as well as a faster rise in neuronal activity to reach this threshold. They proposed that motor events were the most important contributor to the warning effect.
Choice RT clearly requires substantial monitoring and inhibition to prevent incorrect responses (e.g., Burle et al. 2004; Stuss et al. 2005), and the traditional interpretation of simple RT is that it likely does not. However, an alternative interpretation of the warning effect on RT may be made, and we believe that monitoring and inhibition may also be at work in simple RT. This view is based on recent models that invoke temporal inhibitory control in simple RT (Brunia 1993; Los 2004; Narayanan and Laubach 2006; Narayanan et al. 2006) to simulate competition between activation and inhibition processes. They assume that inhibitory processes counteract both internal and external excitatory factors to prevent premature responses during the foreperiod.
In this study, we suggest that the warning signal is an important source of excitation that may induce a tendency to respond to the cue itself. Indeed Endo and colleaugues have previously demonstrated that a visual stimulus that is not a target may automatically elicit increased activation in motor cortex (Endo et al. 1999). Recently, we demonstrated that a warning signal produces the same effect (Jaffard et al. 2007). This increase in activation may be compatible with motor hypotheses of the warning signal effect (Fecteau and Munoz 2007). However, it remains to be determined whether or not this relates to nonspecific motor preparation or to an erroneous reaction to the warning signal.
Here we test the respective predictions of these hypotheses by analyzing the distribution of errors in a classical, simple RT task in humans. The standard hypothesis assumes a progressive increase in motor preparation related to expectation as the probability that the stimulus will occur increases throughout the foreperiod (e.g., Näätänen 1970; Näätänen et al. 1974; Niemi and Näätänen 1981). More specifically, it predicts both a decrease in RT and a simultaneous increase in the amount of anticipation as the level of motor preparation rises throughout the foreperiod. Conversely, if the motor activations induced by warning signals are transient activations in response to these cues, anticipations will mainly be observed with a short fixed delay after the warning signal (i.e., anticipations will be distributed like RTs, but in relation to the warning signal as opposed to the stimulus).
Errors represent a problematic but privileged means to understand and model information processing mechanisms (see Ratcliff et al. 1999 for review). In simple RT tasks, subjects may produce different reactions not directly evoked by the response signal: false alarms (RT are considered as invalid when the button is pressed even though no response signal was presented) but also other forms of anticipations (abnormally short RT considered as invalid) (see Tiefenau et al. 2006 for discussion on data truncation and correction for false alarms and anticipations in simple RT). However, erroneous reactions may not systematically lead to overt false alarms and anticipations directly observable on RT data. Covert erroneous reactions may also be involved. In other words, analyzing errors solely on the basis of RT errors may be inconsistent. Alternatively, analyzing electromyographic (EMG) activations might provide an adequate and efficient tool to study both overt and covert errors (Allain et al. 2004; Burle et al. 2002b). Indeed, as assumed by the authors in choice RT experiments, subthreshold EMG activations are partial errors that were detected, aborted before reaching the overt response threshold, and successfully corrected. They provide evidence that an on-line, within-trial, executive control is involved. Obviously, EMG characteristics are also detectable on overt errors (i.e., when inhibitory mechanisms fail to stop the incorrect response in time). Thus despite the fact that covert and overt errors may result from different cognitive processes (i.e., effective on-line inhibition versus failure of inhibition), they can be collapsed together in the analysis of errors distribution because they are both supposed to index motor activation.
Twelve right-handed males (aged 18–41 yr) with normal or corrected-to-normal vision and without history of neurological or psychiatric disease participated voluntarily in the experiment. The study was approved by the local ethical committee.
Task design and procedure
The paradigm consisted of a cued target detection task adapted from the classical studies of alertness and motor preparation (Fig. 1). Stimuli were projected onto a screen at a 50-cm distance from the participants' eyes. The basic display was composed of a central fixation cross (1.2°). The warning signal consisted of two peripheral gray squares (1.37° wide, centered 10° on the left or right visual fields) presented during 50 ms. Target stimulus was a white × (0.57° wide, centered 10° on the left or right visual fields) presented during 50 ms. Catch trials (without targets) were added (20%). Subjects were instructed to maintain fixation throughout the experiment and to respond as fast as possible once they detected the peripheral target, pressing a highly sensitive button with the right thumb. After target presentation, a 2,000-ms delay was introduced before what is actually considered as the beginning of trial n + 1 (starting with a variable 1,100- to 1,600-ms delay before possible cue presentation). However, no stimulus was associated with the start of trial n + 1 to prevent it from acting as a supplementary warning signal. Subjects were instructed to comply with a maximum error rate of 5% on pain of being discarded from the analysis. When an overt response was given before target occurrence (false alarm) or too soon after target occurrence (anticipation: RT <100 ms), the trial was immediately aborted, and an error signal was displayed on the screen informing subject about the amount of errors cumulated in the block.
Foreperiod duration is usually handled by means of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), which is the time between the onsets of the warning signal and the target. It was varied randomly between 100, 200, 300, 500, 700, and 900 ms. The use of several SOAs (≥3) is uncommon but fundamental for several reasons. First, the cue cannot be predictive of the exact moment of target appearance [with only 2 SOAs the cue may be used to predict precisely the time of target presentation and thus may serve instead as a temporal orienting cue as suggested by Posner and colleagues: Fan et al. (2005); Fernandez-Duque and Posner (1997)]. Second, the precise temporal waning of the cueing effect can only be estimated when multiple SOAs are used. Third, it is important to provide short SOAs (what is not always the case in cueing experiments) because studies using foreperiods as short as 100 ms clearly show that the decrease in RT is more prominent during the initial −100–400 ms than during the last −400–1,400 ms part of a foreperiod (e.g., Fernandez-Duque and Posner 1997). A total of 10 trials/SOA/target was presented (all in all, each block was composed of 145 trials: 60 for each target plus 25 catch trials). To avoid any bias related to mixing costs (see Jaffard et al. 2007), cued and no-cued trials were presented in two separate blocks of trials in a counterbalanced order across subjects. At this point, it is not trivial to notice that the variable SOA for no-cued trials is virtual (the actual start of a trial is not indicated by any stimulus). However, using this terminology allows comparing conditions that differ only with regard to the presence of the cue, all other events being strictly identical.
EMG recordings
To facilitate the detection of EMG onsets for both correct and subthreshold activations, bipolar EMG recordings were performed (Fig. 1). Two Ag-AgCl electrodes (rochester), 11 mm in diameter were fixed 2 cm apart on the skin above the flexor pollicis brevis of the right thumb as described in Aldo and Perotto (2005). To ensure a unique contribution of the flexor pollicis brevis muscle to the thumb response, the handle was held such that the response button was placed on the line of the interphalangeal joint (i.e., ensuring that only the proximal but not the distal phalanx of the thumb was involved in the movement). In addition, the forearm was placed in a splint to suppress postural EMG activations and subjects were asked to relax. The EMG activity was monitored on-line during an experimental block. The automatic triggering of a trial could be suspended by the experimenter when the EMG signal was not stabilized. The signal was amplified (gain: 250), filtered (10 Hz/1 kHz for low/high frequencies cut-off, respectively), and digitized on-line (A/D rate 2 kHz).
Processing of EMG data
To optimize onset detection algorithms, data were further filtered off-line with a second-order Butterworth filter (30-Hz low-pass cutoff frequency). We adapted a technique that allows the RT interval to be partitioned into premotor and motor components (e.g., Hasbroucq et al. 2003). Premotor time (PMT) is the time between the response signal and the onset of the voluntary EMG activity. PMT is supposed to reflect processes which occur prior to the activation of the motor system. Motor time (MT) is the time between the onset of the voluntary EMG activity and the closure of the switch (it just reflects peripheral motor processes and the speed of voluntary muscle contraction). For correct trials, we measured PMT with this classical method. However, this experiment is intended to detect activations elicited by the warning signal. Therefore for erroneous trials (false alarms and anticipations), we measured the latency of EMG activation with respect to warning signal presentation (WS_EMG latency) not target presentation. Accordingly, the different categories of errors observed in the experiment could be detected and collapsed together whatever EMG activations reached response threshold or not (Fig. 1). An automated algorithm inspired from Smid et al. (1990) was used. The EMG traces were also visually inspected off-line, trial by trial, as displayed on a computer screen. Because human pattern-recognition processes are superior to automated algorithms (e.g., Van Boxtel et al. 1993), we hand-scored the EMG onset when the algorithm failed to detect it correctly as it is usually done in experiments using this technique. Importantly, it must be emphasized that, at this stage, the experimenter was unaware of the type of trial he was looking at.
Even if our method allows detecting more false alarms than classical RT analyses do, the main and general problem of analyzing errors remains the limited number of trials on which the analysis is performed. Collecting a large amount of data from individual subjects does not guarantee to get stable results when collapsed because of interindividual variability. Thus for each individual trial, we have normalized WS_EMG latency with respect to the mean value of PMT for correct no-cued trials
The rationale was the following: if the presentation of the warning signal elicits activations which are basically erroneous responses to warning signal presentation, WS_EMG latency in erroneous trials should have the same characteristics as PMT in correct no-cued trials, in other words should be close to 1. Thus all data were collapsed together for distribution analysis (all in all, 202 values for erroneous trials that correspond to 11.6% of all trials).
We used the same rationale to collapse all data for correct cued trials on the basis of normalized premotor time values
Correct trials
A two-cue (cued, no-cued) × six SOA (100, 200, 300, 500, 700, 900 ms) ANOVA with repeated measures was applied to the data. Tukey tests were used for post hoc analyses. A main effect of SOA [F(5,55) = 7.78, P < 0.001] and a significant cue by SOA interaction [F(5,55) = 9.3, P < 0.001] were found. RT for cued trials with 100-ms SOA are greater than RT for no-cued trials with the same SOA (348 vs. 295 ms, respectively, P < 0.001) and greater than each cued RT with a longer SOA (348 vs. 305, 283, 291, 289, and 315 ms for, respectively, SOA 100 vs. 200, 300, 500, 700, 900 ms, P < 0.001). All other comparisons failed to reach significant threshold. In other words, RT decrease with SOA lengthening is only observed from 100 to 200 SOAs and reveals interference rather than facilitation for short cue-target delays.
The same analysis was applied to PMT, and the same results were obtained [F(5,55) = 10.65, P < 0.001 for the cue by SOA interaction, with P < 0.001 for the same post hocs]. Conversely, no significant effect was found on motor time. In other words, PMT and the underlying cognitive processes occurring prior to the activation of the motor system, rather than peripheral motor processes duration, may be responsible for the RT differences observed across cue and SOA conditions in correct trials.
Correct no-cued trials, distribution analysis
Correct no-cued trials serve as a reference for the forthcoming analysis of errors. The goal of this analysis is to characterize the RT distribution of our control trials to provide a reference for the analysis of errors distribution. Normalized premotor time distribution is presented in Fig. 2 (top). This distribution is not normal, as confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (d = 0.08, P < 0.01), but is asymmetric (skewness = 3.05). It is clear that the increase of expectancy classically observed during nonaging foreperiods plays a direct role in the skewing of RT distribution (see Oswal et al. 2007 for recent convincing evidence). Thus as expected, an ex-Gaussian function was found to better fit the data (e.g., Luce 1986; McGill 1963). Accordingly, we used an adjustment algorithm based on the Simplex method (non linear optimization algorithm). It was implemented with Matlab to find the parameters that best fit the following equation where Φ is the normal cumulative function, and exp the exponential function. Normalized PMT distribution was best fitted by an ex-Gaussian function with μ = 0.827, σ = 0.099, and τ = 0.171 as parameters. A Khi2 was used to test statistically the validity of this ex-Gaussian distribution. Observed and theoretical distributions were not significantly different [χ2 (11) = 5.26, P > 0.25].
Error distribution analysis
The rationale was the following: if warning signals elicit automatic motor activations, then erroneous responses should be mainly observed with a fixed delay after cue presentation. More precisely, we expect errors to be distributed like control RT to targets (i.e., to be modeled by an ex-Gaussian function centered on a warning signal-erroneous response delay similar to a target-correct response delay). In other terms, normalized WS_EMG latency should respect the same pattern of distribution as normalized PMT. Accordingly, we tried to fit an ex-Gaussian function to normalized WS_EMG latency data. However, no one was found that fits significantly the distribution. Errors rather seem characterized by a bimodal distribution. Data are presented in Fig. 2.
To provide a quantitative analysis, we have modeled a function intended to fit this bimodal distribution which is the sum of two ex-Gaussian functions where C is a coefficient taking into account the number of values belonging to each distribution.
Using the Simplex method, the parameters that best fit such a bimodal distribution are: μ1 = 1.061, σ1 = 0.140, τ1 = 0.155, μ2 = 2.602, σ2 = 0.595, τ2 = 0.565 with C = 0.297. A Khi2 was used to test statistically the validity of this model. Observed and theoretical distributions were not significantly different [χ2 (16) = 10.85, P > 0.25]. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals were determined separately for each of the two ex-Gaussian distributions. The first pool of data gathers 77% of all data (ranging from 0.7 to 1.98, that is from 159 to 450 ms), whereas the second one gathers 23% of all data (ranging from 1.38 to 5.32, that is from 313 to 1,208 ms).
Recently we have demonstrated with event-related fMRI that warning signals elicit increased activation of the sensorimotor cortex (Jaffard et al. 2007). However, it remains unclear if this rise in activation is related to anticipated and progressive nonspecific motor preparation, to the transient activation of a response to the warning signal, or to the co-activation of inhibitory interneurons within the motor cortex. This study provides evidence in favor of the last two hypotheses. Indeed, although the ability to predict events and prepare a motor response would be expected to decrease RT, costs rather than benefits are observed when using an appropriate baseline as a control condition. In addition, the analysis of the distribution of errors suggests that warning signals trigger transient EMG activations within fixed short delays. We propose that these automatic activations require proactive volitional inhibition and that this inhibition may account for the observed RT effects.
Errors distribution
Despite the fact that subjects complied with the explicit instruction to respect a maximum overt error rate of 5% (based on RT analysis), the total number of errors (based on EMG analysis, both overt and covert errors combined) reached 11.9%. EMG onsets of erroneous trials reveal a clear bimodal distribution (Fig. 2). The first pool of data is composed of overt and covert responses to the warning signal. Indeed, these errors respect a RT-like distribution pattern which is nearly centered on the normalized value "1" of correct trials' PMTs (target_EMG onset delay). The second pool of data is composed of late errors that are likely to correspond to the anticipations described in the deadline model (Narayanan et al. 2006; Ollman and Billington 1972; Ratcliff et al. 1999). Importantly, however, our quantitative analysis reveals that most of the errors observed in this simple RT experiment are warning signal-induced activations (77%). These false alarms observed on peripheral motor processes provide evidence that the warning signal is able to trigger automatic activations that may be responses to the warning signal (Fig. 2).
Obviously inhibition is necessary at some point to avoid these activations provoking undesired responses to the warning signal (Picton et al. 2007). Inhibition can act through on-line executive control (Allain et al. 2004; Burle et al. 2002b). However, we assume that suppressing the current EMG activation is not the only inhibitory mechanism that is involved when a warning signal is presented (Jaffard et al. 2007). We suggest, rather, that covert and overt anticipations would reflect merely failures of standard inhibitory processes that would be proactively implemented precisely because any nontarget stimulus would be able to trigger a premature response (i.e., when the activation induced by the warning signal would overcome proactive inhibition). The ability to inhibit a prepared action (volitional inhibition) has been investigated recently by assessing the excitability of the motor cortex during Go/NoGo tasks (e.g., Coxon et al. 2006, 2007; Sohn et al. 2002). These studies show that although M1 excitability is known to be enhanced during preparation of a voluntary movement, it can be suppressed during volitional inhibition (see also Leocani et al. 2000). This can be explained by an increase in excitability of inhibitory interneurons within M1 acting to reduce the output of the corticospinal pathway. Because we have demonstrated that a warning signal may act as a NoGo stimulus (Jaffard et al. 2007), it is likely that this neural mechanism may directly contribute to the increase in RT observed when a target is presented very soon after a warning signal (i.e., before proactive volitional inhibition has been suppressed). In support of this hypothesis, Davranche et al. (2007) have recently suggested that the function of such inhibitory mechanisms was to secure the development of cortical activation during movement preparation to prevent erroneous responses. In their TMS experiment, the silent period that follows the MEP in the ongoing EMG was used as an index of intracortical inhibition and analyzed across different levels of preparation (see also Burle et al. 2002a). Because the removal of intracortical inhibition was more pronounced when preparation was optimal, the authors concluded that inhibitory and activation processes occur in parallel and that suppression plays an important role in time preparation and, hence, in RT effects.
Relation to RT pattern
This inhibition hypothesis is supported by RT analysis of correct cued trials. Indeed when comparing trials with and without warning signals, interference rather than facilitation is observed for short foreperiods.1 If proactive volitional inhibition is implemented as soon as a trial starts to counteract the automatic activations that are likely to be triggered later by the visual warning signal, then, the role of the warning signal would consist in releasing this proactive inhibition when identified. Obviously, processing the visual signal and releasing inhibition is time consuming. Accordingly, when the target is presented soon after the warning signal, inhibition has not yet extinguished, and RT is greater than the appropriate baseline value (i.e., a control condition without warning signal). After inhibition has been released (for longer foreperiods), RT simply returns to baseline (Jaffard et al. 2007).
Resolving controversies about warning signal effects
Results of this study suggest that a neutral warning signal does not provide a facilitation effect, neither at short nor at long foreperiods and thus clearly contradict the literature. However, the inhibition hypothesis resolves this controversy if careful attention is paid to the methods that have been used classically. First, most studies dealing with expectancy (momentary probability of the immediate delivery of the response signal) have focused only on the relation of foreperiod duration to reaction time (reviewed in Niemi and Näätänen 1981). In other words, most of these studies have focused on the warning signal effect only by considering the evolution of RT according to the WS-target delay and have not used a baseline to control for the cueing effect. Second, studies of alertness, which do use baselines, typically employ mixed experimental designs (e.g., Fan et al. 2005; Fecteau and Munoz 2007; Fernandez-Duque and Posner 1997) in which trials with and without warning signals are intermixed in the same block of trials. According to our interpretation, proactive inhibitory processes might have a critical effect on such a baseline (no-cued trials intermixed with cued trials). Indeed, when a target is presented without a preceding cue in a mixed design, proactive inhibition is maximal and cannot be released until the target is identified as a target, and RT remains maximal whenever the target appears. In other words, the baseline used to compute cueing effects would be biased by this inhibition and cueing benefits in mixed designs would just be a misinterpretation of the data (Jaffard et al. 2007). Conversely, in a block design, as used in this study, no proactive inhibition is required for no-cued trials and RT baseline is not biased. Accordingly, we challenge the classical view, interpreting short-term warning signal effects as the benefits of alerting.
The idea that automatic motor activations may be elicited by visual information is by no means new (Sperry 1952); however, little interest has been paid to the secondary effects this may have on executive control. This study has provided simultaneously direct evidence that warning signals are able to trigger activations as automatic responses to the warning signal, direct evidence for the involvement of on-line control processes suppressing ongoing erroneous movements, and indirect evidence for the involvement of earlier (proactive) and more efficient inhibitory mechanisms that account for short-term warning signal effects on simple RT.
This work was done at Laboratoire Performance Motricité et Cognition (LPMC), Equipe d'Accueil 3814 and was funded by French Ministry of Research Grant A.C.I. JC 6042 to P. Boulinguez. M. Jaffard was supported by a doctoral fellowship from the French Ministry of Research.
The authors are grateful to G. Berlucchi and C.-A. Marzi (Dipt di Scienze Neurologishe e della Visione, Verona, Italia) for help in conceiving the project and discussing data. They are also grateful to S. Los for helpful comments and suggestions on an earlier version and T. Steeves for carefully reading and correcting the manuscript.
↵1 Other sensory hypotheses (see Niemi and Näätänen 1981 for review) can be ruled out in this experiment. Indeed, as suggested by other behavioural data (Jaffard et al. 2005), neither the relative intensity of the warning stimulus nor to its location with regard to the target can fully account for the whole increase in RT with respect to the baseline. In other words, neither intensity as a criterion for stimuli discrimination nor forward masking effects can explain the strong RT increase observed at short foreperiods. Conversely, transforming the current experiment into a Go/NoGo task (Jaffard et al. 2007) clearly leads to an increase in Go RT (with respect to the baseline) which closely corresponds to the size of the cueing effect (SOA 100 ms minus baseline). Nevertheless, it is clear that the amount of perceptual stimulation from the warning stimulus may influence the amount of motor activation, as predicted by relations between stimulus intensity, response force and motor times (e.g., Jáskowski et al. 1995; Ulrich et al. 1998). Accordingly, the risk that automatic motor activations reach movement threshold and trigger an undesired response may vary with the intensity of the warning signal with respect to the target. In other words, it is likely that the need to inhibit temporally inappropriate responses may differ with the amount of perceptual stimulation from the warning stimulus. This is in accordance with the observation that RT systematically increases with a corresponding increase in warning signal intensity (e.g., Kohlfeld 1969).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2008 by the American Physiological Society


text: I ran across a brand new 2004 Fastrak with a 17.5 Briggs and a 44" deck at a dealer for $3500.00 this week. My dad is looking for a zero turn to mow about an acre. I'm familiar with the Fastrak, but not these engines. It will come with a new warranty. Are these engines reliable? Thanks


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International Student Support
The team at International Student Support includes friendly and knowledgeable staff and International Student Advisors who provide individual one-on-one support to international students.
Advisors also visit the Waite and Roseworthy campuses on a regular basis.
Our Aim
International Student Support aims to assist and enhance the academic progress and the quality of the university experience of all international students by providing a range of appropriate professional services, workshops and programs.
What We Do
International Student Support provides numerous support services. Staff can:
- advise/counsel
- provide accurate information on visa regulations for student visa holders
- provide information concerning life in Adelaide
- help manage financial problems
- provide one-on-one support to individual students in crisis
- assist with academic progress matters and the provision of necessary support and referral
- provide pre-arrival information
- act as a liaison for sponsors and other institutions with whom we have agreements
- facilitate interaction between international and local students
- ensure that the institution's obligations under the ESOS Act and other legal structures are fulfilled
- research key issues that relate to the experience of international students and their interactions with the University and outside community.
Other key areas that our staff provide support to students with are:
If you have any questions regarding university issues, visas, health cover, life in Adelaide, or require one-on-one support, please come and talk to us.
The International Student Support Email
During teaching weeks, International Student Support sends a weekly email to all international students. It is important that you read the email as it provides information about:
- workshops and seminars
- issues of importance concerning your home country when necessary
- any relevant changes to University policies and procedures
- changes to policies and procedures of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP)
- updates and reminders about Overseas Student Health Cover (OSHC), university events and visa compliance matters.
It also includes a link to the International Student online newsletter.
Morning Tea
International Student Support hosts a morning tea every Friday morning from 10.30-11.30 am during teaching weeks. It is a great place to meet other students, and make new friends. It's also a safe environment to practise your English. We provide coffee, biscuits, tea and cakes... join in any time!


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Bridget Cleary fell ill, then disappeared from her cottage in rural Tipperary. Even before she vanished, rumors circulated that she was a changeling, left behind by fairies or evil spirits. The "real" Bridget would return on a white horse. Then her badly burned body was discovered in a shallow grave, and her husband, father, aunt, and four cousins were arrested and charged with her murder.
The fate of Bridget Cleary became a cause scandaleuse in turn-of-the-century Britain and Ireland. The murder trial of Cleary's husband and family made a sensation in the new mass media and played directly into the Torys' hands during the debate over Home Rule -- confirming the lingering fears about the savage Irish peasantry.
Angela Bourke, an expert in the Irish oral tradition and a gifted storyteller, combines historical detective work, acute social analysis, and meticulous original scholarship. Bridget's "sin" seems to have been that she was pretty, clever, assertive, and flirtatious. Her story illuminates the clash between two worldviews, two ways of dealing with troublesome people, two ways of accounting for the irrational, at a time of profound social, economic, and cultural change. As Bourke probes the stories told about, by, and around the village, and the astonishing media circus generated by the murder trial, she shows the surprising sources of pressure on Michael Cleary that led him to an unspeakable act.
This is an exquisite if disturbing book that takes no sides when it comes to judging whether a belief in the supernatural is foolish and dangerous superstition or a reality of life at the end of the nineteenth century, and which illustrates how the politicization of a crime is hardly a new product of the twentieth.
Tightly constructed and authentically dramatic...a powerful reconstruction of the crime.


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Photo © Sven De Bevere
What amazes me is of course the hard landing, but also all the details you get of the fuselage with the light, and the vortices. To complete this perfect picture, it's a nice Saudi Arabian MD-11F. The composition of this shot is just outstanding in my opinion.
Congrats to an amazing photographer! Congrats Sven!


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A Dance with Dragons (A Song of Ice and Fire #5) by George RR Martin
Published by Harper Voyager. 12th June 2011.
704 pages.
First Edition, Signed, Hardcover
Purchased from eBay for £36
For a genuine first edition there needs to be a "1" in the number line.
[amazon asin=B00GOHBFPM&template=iframe image][amazon asin=000812230X&template=iframe image][amazon asin=000754829X&template=iframe image][amazon asin=B00760BPOC&template=iframe image][amazon asin=0007580916&template=iframe image]
The long-awaited fifth volume in the hugely popular and highly acclaimed epic fantasy A SONG OF ICE AND FIRE The last of the Targaryons, Daenerys Stormborn, the Unburnt, has brought the young dragons in her care to their terrifying maturity. Now the war-torn landscape of the Seven Kingdoms is threatened by destruction as vast as in the violent past. Tyrion Lannister, a dwarf with half a nose and a scar from eye to chin, has slain his father and escaped the Red Keep in King's Landing to wage war from the Free Cities beyond the narrow sea. The last war fought with dragons was a cataclysm powerful enough to shatter the Valyrian peninsula into a smoking, demon-haunted ruin half drowned by the sea. A DANCE WITH DRAGONS brings to life dark magic, complex political intrigue and horrific bloodshed as events at the Wall and beyond the sea threaten the ancient land of Westeros.
-Preceded by A Feast for Crows
-Followed by Winds of Winter?
– My collection – Home – My shop
A little bit about the author – George R.R. Martin is the author of six titles in the A Song of Ice and Fire series: A Game of Thrones, A Clash of Kings, A Storm of Swords Part One: Steel and Snow, A Storm of Swords Part Two: Blood and Gold, A Feast for Crows and the long-awaited A Dance with Dragons. A Game of Thrones is now a major Sky Atlantic TV series from HBO, starring Sean Bean.


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Underage Drinking and Driving. PowerPoint by John Arney. Questions to Start With. Do you know anyone who has been in an accident related to drunk driving? Was it his/her fault or another driver's fault?. What is Drunk Driving?.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
PowerPoint by John Arney
First offense
Second offense


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CMUNNY XII Secretariat
Secretary General
Scottie Butler
Scottie is a senior in Columbia College studying History and Political Science. He is from Orange County, California where he joined his model UN program freshman year. Aside from CMUNNY, Scottie is on the board of the Columbia non-profit Youth for Debate teaching speech and debate to middle and high school students, as well as a member of Sigma Nu. He is excited to be this year's Secretary General, following his previous roles as Chief of Staff and Director of Operations. He hopes that delegates come to New York ready to have the best conference experience possible!
Director General
Jordan Singer
Jordan is a junior in Columbia College majoring in Political Science, an interest sparked by competing in and staffing model UN conferences in high school. Since then, Jordan has served as a USG Committees for CMUNNY XI and committee proposer for CMUNNY's sister conference, CMUNCE. Outside of model UN, she is the editor-in-chief of Columbia's Journal of Politics & Society and a member of Sigma Delta Tau. In her downtime, Jordan enjoys baking, exploring the city, and midday naps. Born and raised in Manhattan, Jordan cannot wait to welcome delegates to the city she calls home.
Chief of Staff
Alissa Kruidenier
Alissa Kruidenier is a senior in the school of General Studies, majoring in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African studies. Though originally from Southern California, she has spent the last two years studying Political Science in Northern France as part of the Dual BA program with Sciences Po. Having been hooked on directing MUN crisis committees since her sophomore year, she's thrilled to be a part of CMUNNY's secretariat. Outside of MUN, Alissa is a sporadic writer for various student publications and a member of Gamma Phi Beta. When not overwhelmed with work she enjoys trying to remember her French, and is currently searching for the best tacos in NYC.
USG Committees
Gillian Ho
Gillian is a sophomore in Columbia College studying History and Political Science. Born in Hong Kong and shipped off to the London at 12, she began competing and staffing Model UN conferences in high school. Latching herself onto Columbia's CIRCA in freshman year, she has since chaired at CMUNNY XI and served as a crisis director for 2 other conferences. If lost, she can be found either stuck in the stacks of Butler Library or fangirling about every Classical author inscribed on its architrave.
SJ Hyman
SJ is a junior at Barnard College studying politics and sports management. She joined the Model UN travel team her freshmen year and has watched it slowly take over her life. Instead of attending classes fall 2016, she worked for the Democratic Party in rural North Carolina. Besides traveling and staffing Model UN conferences, SJ can be found watching copious amounts of hockey and or trying not to yell at broadcast news.
Nima Mozhgani
Nima is a sophomore at Columbia College majoring in Economics and Political Science. Having competed in Model UN all throughout high school, Nima has continued his Model UN career in college by serving as a crisis director for CMUNNY XI and now as a USG Committees for CMUNNY XII. Outside of MUN, Nima is a member of the marketing team for Columbia's International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA). In his free time, Nima enjoys watching Chopped, dancing.(poorly) to Lil Uzi Vert, and exploring New York City.
Diviya Rajesh
Diviya Rajesh is a sophomore at Columbia College from Tucson, AZ majoring in Ethnicity/Race Studies and Political Science with particular interests in global health, media representation, and border politics. She has been participating in Model United Nations since her freshman year in high school, which happened to be the first year her school organized a MUN team. She is extremely excited to have the opportunity channel her love of diplomacy and international relations into organizing a large-scale event like CMUNNY! Outside of CIRCA, Diviya is involved in GlobeMed, Design for America, and the Undergraduate Recruitment Committee. She also enjoys watching House of Cards, working out, hiking, wasting time on Pinterest, exploring instagram-worthy food in NYC, and dancing in any context!
USG Public Relations
Stephanie Choi
Stephanie is a sophomore in Columbia College majoring in Political Science and East Asian Studies. Born in Queens, but raised half of her life in South Korea and the other half in Alabama, she is happy to finally call her birthplace – NYC – home. Besides staffing CMUNNY and CMUNCE, she can be found giving campus tours as a part of the Undergraduate Recruitment Committee, exploring the city, and taking constant naps inbetween. Stephanie is beyond excited to serve as an Under Secretary General of Public Relations and cannot wait to welcome everyone to CMUNNY XII soon!
Ezra Schwarzbaum
Ezra is a sophomore in Columbia College studying Economics-Political Science, with a focus on International Relations inspired by the cultural differences found just within his own mixed-race family. Ezra began Model UN in high school because the upperclassman who drove him to school did it. Since then, it has become one of Ezra's favorite extracurricular activities, and he recently directed an Olympic Gods committee at CMUNCE XVI. Outside of MUN, Ezra enjoys finding new ways to travel and hike, and has so far been to over 20 countries and national parks.
Director of
Iqra Bawany
Iqra is a junior at Columbia College, from London, majoring in History and Spanish (she *thinks*). She has been involved in MUN since her sophomore year in high school and is excited to serve as part of the Secretariat for CMUNNY XII. Outside of the world of MUN, Iqra is involved with the Columbia Against Cancer Committee, Columbia Global Brigades (Human Rights Chapter) and the Soch: Columbia Pakistan Symposium. When she's not holed up in Butler library, she can be spotted attempting to cook (without much avail), still crying over Brexit or binge watching shows on Netflix.
USG Marketing
Katie Gillis
Katie is a senior at Barnard College studying Economics and Social History with a joint-Human Rights major. She began staffing Model UN conferences in her freshman year at McGill University's McMUN. Shortly thereafter, she joined their delegations team and board of directions before transferring to finish her degree in New York. Katie is involved on campus with CMUNNY secretariat, Columbia's Model UN travel team, and on the executive board of the Athena Pre-Law Society. When she's not trying to catch up on sleep and Bob's Burgers, Katie is determined to find the best plate of pasta in the city and listen to christmas music out of season.


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Amy Wellington is about to get married and she couldn't be more miserable.
Sure, she loves Peter Johnson, but the problem is her mother, Pepper. Amy hasn't spoken to her in over a decade and for good reason: Her mother is cursed with being interesting. Take for instance, Amy's real name: Sausage. She blames her mother entirely.
The wedding will take place at the beautiful Leelanau Lodge, a secluded spot in northern Michigan. When Peter convinces Amy to invite her mother, Amy knows there's going to be trouble. But how could she know the trouble will involve her first love, the sexy Graham, a series of murders, and excellent lentil soup?
In Pepper Wellington and the Case of the Missing Sausage there's murder and sex, but not at the same time. There is also a string of questions. Will Amy finally live her life authentically? Will she choose a grey life with Peter, or a colorful one with Graham? How many people will end up dead? And most importantly...what kind of mother would name her daughter Sausage?
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Laugh out Loud!
I loved the humor, zany characters, and fun loving nature of this mystery.
Personality! This book on audible just comes alive with personality! The story came alive and you could hear the characters personalities in the narration.
Pepper! I think she would be an absolute hoot to have dinner with. She is such a free spirit and so much her own person. She is free to be who she is which makes her a lot of fun.
Loved this book! Would highly recommend it to anyone looking for something interesting, but fun loving and with a zany cast of characters.
- Kara4boys
- Catherine P


text: Hello from a new member - Sorry if this question has been already asked and answered, but I couldn't find what I was looking for with a quick search so here goes. I'm hauling my old gas grill to the landfill this week and will be replacing it. I've read about Traeger and Green Mountain pellet grills and am tempted to go with one of them because of what I read about how well they smoke. But I'm nervous about whether I can get them hot enough to really sear something like a tuna steak (I know, this is a smoking meat forum. Boot me if I have sinned.) I also like to use a cast iron skillet or griddle on the rack sometimes to cook some vegetables etc. Can anybody tell me if the Traegers or Green Mountains would work for those purpose? Or, offer a different suggestion for a grill, pellet or gas, that can not only smoke, but grill on high heat as well? Thanks, today was my first time on this forum and I burnt up an hour and a half and made myself really hungry! Dan


text: I have been tinkering around in Excel and have come think I have an OK door hanger designed. I started out designing so what I knew what to order. My question, has anyone ever tried making their own door hangers. I would use the thick paper, but not sure about the holes. 3 hangers would fit on a sheet. This may not be a good idea, but I might try it. Let me know what you think.


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Over 1.8 million nonprofits and charities for donors, volunteers and funders
Causes: Arts & Culture, Arts Education, Performing Arts, Performing Arts Centers
Mission: To enrich the lives of hawaii residents and visitors by presenting quality theatre and providing theatre education. Apac shall maintain and operate a venue which provides opportunities for apac and other organizations to present performing arts.
Programs: The organization produces live performances for the enjoyment of the community, produced, acted and staffed by community volunteers.


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- Home
- Microsoft Outlook training seminars
- Microsoft Office Outlook 2007: Level 3
Microsoft Office Outlook 2007: Level 3
This course builds on the email and calendaring skills you have already obtained and will provide you with the skills needed to personalize email, organize Outlook items, manage Outlook data files, share and link contacts, save and archive email
- Course Outline
This course is the third in a series of Microsoft® Office Outlook® 2007 courses. It builds on the email and calendaring skills you have already obtained and will provide you with the skills needed to personalize email, organize Outlook items, manage Outlook data files, share and link contacts, save and archive email, create forms, and work offline and remotely.
Course Objective: You will work with the advanced features of Outlook.Delivery Method: Instructor led, group-paced, classroom-delivery learning model with structured hands-on activities. Certification
Target Student: The course is for persons with an intermediate understanding of Outlook who need to use Outlook to personalize and organize their email, organize Outlook items, manage Outlook data files, share and link contacts, create forms, and work offline and remotely.
Microsoft® Office Outlook® 2007: Level 3 is one of a series of courseware titles that addresses Microsoft® Office Specialist skill sets. The Microsoft Office Specialist program is for individuals who use Microsoft's business desktop software and who seek recognition for their expertise with specific Microsoft products. Certification candidates must pass one or more product proficiency exams in order to earn Office Specialist certification.Performance-Based Objectives
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
- personalize your email.
- organize Outlook items.
- manage Outlook data files.
- work with contacts.
- save and archive email messages.
- create a custom form.
- work offline and remotely.
Lesson 1: Personalizing Your Email
Topic 1A: Apply Stationery and Themes
Topic 1B: Create a Custom Theme
Topic 1C: Create Signatures
Topic 1D: Modify Signatures
Topic 1E: Configure Email Message Security Settings
Lesson 2: Organizing Outlook Items
Topic 2A: Group Items
Topic 2B: Create Search Folders
Topic 2C: Apply Conditional Formatting
Lesson 3: Managing Outlook Data Files
Topic 3A: Create a Data File
Topic 3B: Add Outlook Data Files to a Mail Profile
Topic 3C: Change Data File Settings
Lesson 4: Working with Contacts
Topic 4A: Forward Contacts
Topic 4B: Edit an Electronic Business Card
Topic 4C: Use an Electronic Business Card as an Automatic Signature in Messages
Topic 4D: Export Contacts
Topic 4E: Perform a Mail Merge
Topic 4F: Link Items to Business Contact Manager
Lesson 5: Saving and Archiving Email
Topic 5A: Save Messages in Alternate Formats
Topic 5B: Archive Messages
Topic 5C: Protect Personal Folders
Lesson 6: Creating a Custom Form
Topic 6A: Add Form Fields
Topic 6B: Save a Form as a Template
Topic 6C: Test a Form
Lesson 7: Working Offline and Remotely
Topic 7A: Make Folders Available Offline
Topic 7B: Configure RPC Over HTTP
Topic 7C: Download Selected Messages
Topic 7D: Publish Calendar Information to Office Online
Appendix A: Newsgroups
Appendix B: Really Simple Syndication (RSS) Feeds
Appendix C: Microsoft Office Specialist Program
- Prerequisites & Certificates
This course assumes that you are able to use Windows to manage information on your computer and that you have an intermediate knowledge of Outlook. The following courses (or equivalent knowledge thereof) are required: * Windows XP: Introduction or Windows 2000: Introduction * Windows XP Professional: Level 1 * Windows XP Professional: Level 2 (if using Windows XP) * Microsoft� Office Outlook� 2007: Level 1 * Microsoft� Office Outlook� 2007: Level 2 * Microsoft� Office Word 2007: Level 1
Certificates offered
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Student cancellations and/or rescheduling of public courses made within TEN (10) business days or less of the course start date will be charged at 100% of the full value.
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Food & Beverage»Food»Ready to Eat
Ready Meals in BelarusDespite uncertainty around the economy, branded ready meals remained far more popular than private label, with the latter only managing to achieve a 2% value share in 2015. Santa Bremor remained the leading brand, extending its share even further during the course of the year, with consumers responding to the quality of the company's products. Pelmenych by Volkovysski Myasokombinat also performed well, increasing its share in 2015, while all other competing brands either stagnated or registered...Euromonitor International's Ready Meals in Belarus report offers a comprehensive guide to the size and shape of the market at a national level. It provides the latest retail sales data 2010-2014, allowing you to identify the sectors driving growth. It identifies the leading companies, the leading brands and offers strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market - be they new product developments, distribution or pricing issues. Forecasts to 2019 illustrate how the market is set to change.Product coverage: Chilled Lunch Kits, Chilled Pizza, Chilled Ready Meals, Dinner Mixes, Dried Ready Meals, Frozen Pizza, Frozen Ready Meals, Prepared Salads, Shelf Stable Ready Meals. Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data.Why buy this report?
Learn how to effectively navigate the market research process to help guide your organization on the journey to success.


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What to do on a snowing December day? Hit the trails. The forest will be dry right? For more details on the day visit: http://savagefilms.net/december-loam/ Follow us at http://facebook.com/savagefilm
This video has 1 comment
We at Savage Films have made a lot of rock climbing videos but this is our very first mountain bike edit. Featuring Pat Foster and Jeremy Norris on some of the incredible terrain Squamish has to offer. http://facebook.com/savagefilm http://savagefilms.net
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|Preclinical phase
|Clinical phase
|Bone graft for orthopedic applications
|Combined bone & cartilage (osteochondral) graft for joint repair
|Novel nanomaterials technology for tissue regeneration
|Large vascularized bone graft
|Bone graft for maxillofacial applications:
Maxillofacial bone defects require large amounts of bone graft to fill thebone gaps, improve the bone's strength and support dental implants. Different strategies are available to augment the impaired bone-regeneration process, including the 'gold standard' autologous bone graft, allograft transplantation, use of growth factors, osteoconductive scaffolds and synthetic bone substitutes. However, all current strategies are associated with substantial drawbacks and limitations to their use and availability. As a result, the necessity for more advanced treatment is crucial.
BonoFillTM is designed to induce and enhance bone regeneration without the risk of immune rejection and surgical failure. BonoFillTM is currently being evaluated in a clinical trial as an injectable bone graft for reconstructing maxillofacial bone gaps.
|Bone graft for orthopedic applications:
The increased aging world population possesses new orthopedic challenges and emphasizes the need for innovative approaches to repair bone lost through trauma or disease. The main challenges in the orthopedic arena include the regeneration of nonunion fractures and treating of critical-sized segmental defects. When a critical-sized bone defect develops, the body cannot heal itself, as cells require a solid platform upon which bone can be generated to unite the fracture. Moreover, it was shown that neovascularization (formation of new blood vessels) of the critical-sized bone defects is critical for successful union and repair of the bone defect.
Autologous bone grafting is the "gold standard" for the repair of long critical-sized bone defects, but presents significant risks and undesirable side effects. BonoFillTM - a pre-shaped graft which precisely matches the shape of the bone void, was designed to "bridge the gap" in critical-sized bone defects. BonoFillTM is currently being evaluated in large animal studies using a critical-sized bone defect model.
Combined bone & cartilage (osteochondral) graft for joint repair:
Joint injuries in the knee, ankle or shoulder are common and can be acute (trauma) or chronic. They are commonly caused by sporting activities or in aging populations and involve a combination of damaged tissues including bone, cartilage and ligaments. In many cases joint injuries result in pain and disability and frequently require a range of surgical procedures.
Bonus BioGroup's technology is based on a heterogeneous population of cells, isolated from the patient's adipose tissue, and extensively grown in a dynamic 3D system. This potent cell population holds the potential to further differentiate and generate an osteochondral graft, comprised of bone and cartilage tissues, for joint defect repair.
Novel nanomaterials technology for tissue regeneration:
The development of nanomaterials for tissue regeneration is a project jointly undertaken by Bonus BioGroup and the USA-based company, Cellora LLC. Cellora is developing nanoparticle composites for local vascularization of ischemic tissues, which enhance angiogenic activity and stimulate the body's natural repair mechanism to promote tissue regeneration. The project is focusing on the integration of Cellora's novel nanomaterials with Bonus Biogroup's products for tissue engineering applications.
The project, supported by BIRD Foundation, is carried out in Cellora LLC in collaboration with Harvard-MIT Biomedical Engineering Center (BMEC) under the Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), and at the Research and Development headquarters of Bonus BioGroup in Haifa, Israel.
Bonus BioGroup is exclusively entitled to carry out any action to commercialize and market the developed shelf products worldwide.
Large vascularized bone graft:
Repair of large bone defects remains challenging, despite significant advances in tissue engineering technology. The major limitation of current solutions lies in the poor transport of essential growth factors throughout the entire volume of the new graft, particularly to its center. Many efforts are being directed towards development of an optimal scaffold that can support bone cells, provide mechanical cues and ensure sufficient oxygen, nutrients and desired stimuli throughout the graft.
Bonus BioGroup is collaborating with researchers at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and in the Galil Medical Center, to develop a novel scaffold consisting of large capillary networks. This platform will assist cell growth and vascularization by mimicking the structure of blood vessels within the body. This technology aims to provide efficient physiological diffusion of oxygen and nutrients throughout the bone graft and enables the regeneration of large bone deficiencies.


text:
RepairPal is your advocate for car care advice and guidance
Q: Maintenance Schedule for Honda Fit w/automatic transmission on 2010 Honda Fit
Is there a mileage based maintenence schedule available anywhere? The manuals just say to rely on the codes from the onboard maintencae minder system. I would like to get an overview of when things are due for this vehicle.
I would hound the dealer for this info. May be that now they leave all to onboard systems and took the info out of manual because there was always different schedules for how you use or drive the vehicle and where it was driven at meaning hot or cold areas of the states. People always seemed to choose the schedule that let them stretch out the services times and this was causing problems with reliability and of course the driver always blamed the car or manufacturer and never their poor maintenance schedule interval choice.
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I Hate It When a Guy Says I Love You Too Soon
Personal Stories, Advice, and Support 9 People
. . . .. WtfI have no clue but for some reason guys I date have it in thier heads that they have to say I love you on the first week. I mean where in high school and one week of dating dose not mean love.
lynnz10 18-21 2 Responses 1 Aug 10, 2008


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I have been frequenting Bagel Time for 3 years now. The food was always good, pretty much same menu.
Came in in October to a whole new surprise- the place has been painted an...
All reviews seem positive
From family friendly trips with kid friendly activities to local plumbers lawyers, spas, and contractors. Judy's Book has millions of listings and reviews for the best and not so great. Whether you're looking for a specific business or just trying to discover great places we make it easy. We're a family oriented site focusing on bringing trusted reviews and recommendations to moms and others. Green and Sustainable places are becoming more relevant to Judy's Book users, have a favorite place? Write a review and tell users why it's Green!


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Sunday Selections: February 12, 2017
On abbreviations.
On abbreviations.
Bring on the hellfire and brimstone: Old 97s and Brandi Carlile are ready.
Could it be we're finally hearing what we've been hoping for?
All things considered, it was a fairly light week.
Here's 140 characters (Tweet @ someone who cares).
We're slowly getting back into the swing of things!
If you were listening to New West Records' An Americana Christmas sampler over the holidays, you would have heard tracks from the likes of Dylan, […]
The countdown concludes with our top twenty singles of 2014. Check out the first twenty entries here, and look for our countdown of the year's […]
Does failure to reach a consensus indicate a year that lacked quality, or a year that had enough interesting singles that subjective taste is enough […]
It's one of those life/blog paradoxes: we dedicate a lot of words to the new – new releases, new issues, new news – and yet, when it comes down to it, our personal, non-internet selves spend just as much time trying to get up to speed on things we've missed. History is fat, full of great stuff that happened while you were preoccupied with playing on jungle gyms or raising babies. There's always something to catch up on if you set your mind to it!
Like right now, for instance, I'm discovering the music of the 90's. I was under 10 and on a Pacific island for most of those years, and was honestly only marginally aware of the "country" classification for most of them. So I've been diving in.
Although the 90's are regarded by many as a very strong period for mainstream country, my current catch-up squeeze is the alt-country group Old 97's, and one song in particular: "The Other Shoe", from their '96 set Wreck Your Life. It's a catchy, clunky little tune about a creepy husband who tells his wife he's leaving for Phoenix (the specific phrasing is an apparent nod to Glen Campbell's "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" – cute), only to hide under their bed and await the appearance of her lover, whom he promptly guns down along with his adulterous wife.
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|22nd March 2012, 08:36 PM
Account disabled at member's request
Join Date: Sep 2004
Location: Madrid
Thanks for the positive comments Jazbo8 and djgibson51 - I always like compliments if they're coming from reliable sources (employees and women are NOT reliable sources). For English speakers 'Mira qué mono' means 'look how cute!' (he even nailed the accent).
Just wanted to say I'm working on it (schematic and clips) but it may take some time. This time I might do some editing (just for fun), I have new software but I must first learn how to use it.
|29th March 2012, 04:58 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2010
Not really sure if it should be posted in the $100 amp thread, I have not looked up the equivalent parts, but I think it would be a little over. Uses a 4W line transformer which I think will be good for the 6AK6's. Design sort of follows a Marshall 18 Watt direction. Using some nifty DPDT switches that operate normal in the end positions but the center position splits the terminals selected. Use it to select one channel, both, or the other. Also to give the shared cathodes 820 ohms, 820 bypassed with 22uF, or splits then with 2.7k and 0.68uF for the other. Next a cascade option to run the one channel into the other. Normal Tweed type volume and treble, have a switch to short across the mixing resistors to see if I can get some 5E3 interaction. Probably about 200v on the 6AK6's, will double the voltage for the preamp. Negative feedback switch and using a DPDT I may add some presence. Just a working copy, will need some tweaking.
|29th March 2012, 05:04 AM
Designer & Technologist
diyAudio Member
The Devil is not so terrible as his math model is!
|29th March 2012, 07:00 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Aug 2009
|29th March 2012, 02:31 PM
Account disabled at member's request
Join Date: Sep 2004
Location: Madrid
This weekend I will make the recordings of my new amp. It sounds very crude, it barks - I love it! Oh God how I hate drawing schematics. This amp has too many parts.
|3rd April 2012, 12:49 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jun 2011
Rip Van Winkle asks the time and date once again
Before I ask for a summary of that information, let me first say that this long-distance construction project has been a success, finally, and that the individual who built the amp is evidently very pleased with the results that only became fully realized this past weekend after many days of troubleshooting the last of the snags one typically encounters with novel designs (mine) and untested layouts (his). The worst of which, as it (but of course!) turned out, was a bad tube that had to be replaced after exhausting all the other permutations of possibilities that could be tested by unsoldering things and moving them around.
So I am very happy about that jointly successful working reverb amp, at any rate.
As for my long absence from DIY Audio, I have been trying since January to purchase a home, which, in addition to scraping every available penny out from under furniture cushions, stuffing boxes full of unsorted miscellany, and carting truckloads of them off to a storage unit at regular intervals, has kept me sufficiently busy enough to substantially limit my options for doing other things at the same time. And despite this constant flurry of activity, I am not much closer to success in that endeavor than I was two months ago.
This is why I have not been a regular visitor here. I have been very busy away from the office.
And it never rains, but it pours. In addition to having my personal space literally turned topsy-turvey for the past several months (such that I can no longer find my larger drill bits and other necessities),
it also came to pass last month that my mother, who was very elderly but in reasonably good health, suddenly passed away. This brought its own sudden set of additional burdens and time-consuming interruptions to the usual daily circumstances around here.
The situation as it stands now is such that while I continue to search for success in the housing market, I feel somewhat constrained by a relentless and ever-present sense of needing to keep my nerves taut (which my broker tends to encourage at regular intervals) and my breath held for unnaturally long periods of time (which the lenders seem to feel is good for me), conditions that are overcome only by my own need to keep consuming oxygen and participating in daily routine at least every once in a while.
It is only thus to be expected that almost every time in the last three months that DIY Audio has come into my mind, it has been immediately preceding a collapse into deep and exhausted slumber.
It is thus only to be expected that for as long as I continue to anticipate having my Internet connection disconnected at any moment to be carried across town and established elsewhere, perhaps in remote regions that have not yet entered the 21st century, I will also continue to be a fleeting and nebulous presence here, but I do want to assure everyone that this is not at all intended to be a permanent condition.
Now, there was a question that I came here to ask, but I cannot just now remember it very well. Or perhaps I already asked it.
Till next time,
|3rd April 2012, 12:55 AM
Designer & Technologist
diyAudio Member
The Devil is not so terrible as his math model is!
|4th April 2012, 01:45 AM
Designer & Technologist
diyAudio Member
The schematic is attached. 6Н21Б is similar to 6Н17Б, that is similar to 6Н2П that is similar to 6Н9С that is similar to 6SL7.
6Н21Б has the lowest microphonics among them.
The transformer is 240V CT, so couple of little 120-240/6.3V transformers can be used back to back.
R16 knob is called "Scream".
The Devil is not so terrible as his math model is!
Last edited by Wavebourn; 4th April 2012 at 01:52 AM.
|4th April 2012, 03:51 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2010
Boy I am stubborn. Even though I spent hours on trying to get a PI that can switch between Cathodyne and Long Tailed Pair with a four pole switch and came to the conclusion it can not be done (without needing another triode) I spent a few hours tonight beating my head against my monitor because 'damn it, it should be able to be done'. Well I came up with a version that works.
OK not earth shattering but this means that if anyone wants to have the ability to switch between them in an amp they do not have to get an exotic switch, a simple toggle four pole two position switch that you can get for a couple of bucks will do. I had to compromise and use 100k resistors for the cathodyne splitter stage so that I could use the 100k as plate resistors for the LTP. I wanted to do a 5E3 - 18 Watt Lite cross in the same amp, I have switches that would do it with the original component values but I wanted others to be able to do it also. May go back and see if I could get a Paraphase circuit going with a four pole three position rotary switch but for tonight this is good enough.
|4th April 2012, 10:10 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: May 2010
Location: Hawkes Bay
You're a dangerous man with a switch Printer2. Cool!
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Chantel ST Claire The region here the method is being finished can ache before as well as after the technique. during the system of hair Chantel ST Claire removal, the pain is commonly alleviated by using management of anesthesia. After the effect of anesthesia subsides, pain and pain maybe experienced. http://www.healthsupreviews.com/chantel-st-claire-canada/
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123 Reg Installation?
My wordpress website won't show up. When I click any of the page entry points on this page (https://cp.123-reg.co.uk/APSView.aspx) eg. Administrative Interface or blog, or if I type in my url followed by "wp-login.php" I get directed to the 123 reg homepage. Please help?
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