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When to Upgrade, Migrate, or Replace
Improvement of control systems (such as PLCs, DCS, HMIs, and peripheral systems: drives, analyzers, and gauging systems) involves two distinct types of activities. One set of activities can be performed off-line without disruption to production, while the other is done in-situ and requires shutting down the production equipment.
Improvement of control systems (such as PLCs, DCS, HMIs, and peripheral systems: drives, analyzers, and gauging systems) involves two distinct types of activities. One set of activities can be performed off-line without disruption to production, while the other is done in-situ and requires shutting down the production equipment. The main tasks associated with off-line and in-situ activities are listed in the 'Control systems replacement activities' graphic at right.
The in-situ field activities result in significant downtime and production loss. A typical industrial production facility might replace an old control system for a production line composed of the 50 units of operation, 60 motors, 900 field devices, and 2,000 field I/Os. Depending on whether the motor control is performed in a PLC or directly in the DCS will affect the downtime calculation by about 15%. Four technicians per shift perform work over two eight-hour shifts. Usually I/O rack rooms are small and trying to add more people will be counterproductive. Typically a pair of technicians can check approximately 15 signals per eight-hour shift. Regular hourly rate is: $50/hour and overtime rate is $75/hour. We are assuming that there is Marshalling cabinetry in the I/O rack room and that new cables have been run between the cabinet and the new I/O racks and that cables were tagged before the shutdown. (See 'Production losses ...' graphic for I/O replacement details).
One could argue that staggering the above tasks could bring down the total downtime to 35 days, but this will not allow for unforeseen problems common in replacement of old systems. In any case, 30-plus days of downtime for a budgeted production year of 360 days results in a net loss of about 10% in production revenue plus profit in addition to approximately $200,000 in I/O replacement and checkout cost.
That is a high price to pay; and even if there were several valid reasons favoring replacement of a control system, benefits would rarely justify costs. The dilemma between enduring production losses and the desire to replace a control system often persists for several years until a major refurbishing-modernization or expansion project is announced. Major work entails production downtime allowing for control systems upgrade or replacement.
I/O conversion
Astute system developers have come up with the idea of tying a new control system to the existing I/O without touching a single wire. It has opened the doors to less costly system upgrades, migrations, or replacement with minimum disruption to production.
The 'I/O field signal conversion' graphic illustrates the concept of I/O field signal digital conversion and storage to memory registers. The incoming field signals are converted at precise time intervals to digital values stored in memory registers. These values are, in turn, processed at precise time intervals by programs and algorithms, resulting in values stored in memory register which are sent back to field to start, control, monitor, or stop equipment and devices. The two main methods of tying into an I/O card consist of either using a physical connection or a communication interface.
|Handling of control-loop I/O field signal digital conversion and memory register storage are among migration/upgrade considerations.
Physical connection —Two types of physical I/O can be connected to a new system without altering the terminations: a) card cage connection —fabricating a card cage or a card-edge connector that will accept a competitor's I/O card. Before implementing, make sure to try each card type (AI, AO, DI, DO, iDI, iDO) on the existing, running system. Check the power, polarity, color coding, neutrals and grounds; b) swing arm connection —field wiring is attached to a swing arm that connects to the electronic card. Replacement of the card consists of lifting the swing arm and inserting a new card and reconnecting the swing arm.
Communication interface —This type of connection consists of tapping into a competitor's I/O card communication signal and converting information to the format of the host system.
In both cases, special care must be given to ensure that the following are maintained:
Initial I/O diagnostics;
I/O programming functions;
Power supplies; and
Grounding integrity (optic isolation).
Avoiding the need to disconnect and reconnect wires creates savings. Furthermore, today's systems come with simulation packages that allow checking the software configuration from I/O memory register.
Often, the checkout of the 'I/O piggyback physical connection' will cost 25% to 50% more, as it can require that I/O addresses be renamed to an intermediate register address to perform simulation and renamed to its initial address once the simulated checkout is complete.
One-shot vs. sectional
In the previous example, the switchover was performed in a three-day shutdown. Such a switchover of the entire system in one shutdown is challenging and may not always be practical. The confidence level depends on good project management capabilities, staff availability for planning and execution, staff experience, engineering support, rigorous planning, process complexity, safety, and production pressures. If it is unrealistic to perform the switchover in one shutdown, then it must be done in sections—making use of regular, shorter shutdowns.
The production line must then be divided into self-contained sections, which are usually delimited storage tanks or a holding area. Generally, less control information passes between self-contained sections. This minimizes the amount of critical interlocks and signals that need to be hardwired between old and new systems during the transitions. Also, when the inevitable startup challenges begin, holding areas allow more time to fix problems.
This approach takes longer in calendar time and in absolute working hours to plan and execute. Existing documentation must be up to date. Hardwiring of signals is required before each sectional switchover, often resulting in short circuits or grounding problems, which can shut down production. Coexistence of two systems extends several weeks and is confusing for operators, who will need around-the-clock support during that period.
Whatever the reason for improvement, the choice depends on two factors: How much production downtime does the budget allow for the switch over? What is the budget? The answers to these questions will help determine which of the following paths you choose:
Buy new or replace. It is always best to install a new control system. The P&IDs are well developed, the operating and control strategies are understood, the block logic diagrams and loop sheets are clear. Integration with other plant systems is easier and offers more value. Control system replacement as part of a larger project can offer ample time to accomplish the work. It is also highly recommended to replace and install new when the old system has been patched with add-ons (and quick fixes beyond repair) without adequate documentation.
When budgets are low and time is not available, however, upgrades or migrations are excellent options.
Upgrading means keeping the same I/O, usually staying with the same vendor, and converting the system to the most current version of the same architecture. Vendors even subsidize this type of conversion. It's a good business decision as the client stays with the vendor and it allows vendors to phase out older systems.
An upgrade will usually come with utilities that translate the existing configuration and convert the existing graphic pages. This is less costly. Beware, however, because some converters only emulate old graphics and cannot be opened by the new system's graphic editor. Also, since these changes usually come with increased I/O count, there is plenty of work remaining.
Though desired and useful, upgrades can result in hardship. For a few weeks, some unforeseen system behavior can occur, such as functions ceasing to work, erroneous automatic reports, and production stoppage may occur.
Migration means piggybacking to the existing I/O connections without altering the terminations and migrating to a new system architecture (same or new vendor).
The motivation to migrate typically stems from the following factors: Dissatisfaction with present vendor, concern with vendor viability, need to implement advanced features, implementation of information management systems (for example, asset management, MES, LIMS), new fieldbus, advanced controls, documentation (loop configurators that generate loop drawings), valve signature, data reconciliation, trending and archiving, workflow and documentation of configuration modifications, and inventory control.
Migration to a new architecture is challenging as functionalities differ not only between architectures but among vendors. Even with automatic software converters, functions need to be reviewed and some reengineered. (See this article online for information about the programming involved in migration despite the presence of converters). Any migration or upgrade also offers opportunity for process streamlining and procedure modification. With few exceptions, old workflows can be made more efficient by applying today's knowledge and methods.
The 'Decision table' graphic provides a guide to decide the route to take when the day comes to improve a control system. The determining factors are: the state of the existing system, time available to make the switchover, and budget.
Whatever the decision, a control system will hold the fate of the entire production for the next few decades. It must be given serious consideration. Consequently, do your homework, plan in advance, and write rigorous specifications. Review existing documentation and update it. Don't hesitate to seek advice from experts.
Production losses and cost of I/O replacement and checkout
|Days of downtime
|Labor cost
|Disconnecting & reconnecting wires
|Checkout of signal integrity
Comparisons between 'traditional I/O replacement' and 'I/O piggyback'
|Traditional I/O replacement method
|I/O piggyback physical connection
|I/O piggybackcommunication interface
|Days of downtime
|Labor cost
|Days of downtime
|Labor cost
|Days of downtime
|Labor cost
|Disconnecting/ reconnecting wires
|Checkout of signal integrity
|Commissioning and startup
Decision table: upgrade, migrate, or replace
|Available switchover time
|Well documented Few add-ons & quick-fixes
|Poorly documented Many add-ons and quick-fixes
|Note 1 : These changes, with limited switchover time, need to be done in several segments, during regular scheduled maintenance shutdowns. They involve simultaneous operation of the old and new systems, typically take several months, and are demanding on the personnel.
|State of the existing system
|Low budget: Migrate
|Low budget: Upgrade
|Substantial budget: Replace
|Substantial budget: Replace
|Low budget: Upgrade
|Low budget: Upgrade
|Substantial budget: Migrate
|Substantial budget: Replace
Programming checklist for control system upgrades, migration
Even though control system vendors offer code converters, further programming is likely to be required. Following is a rundown of the most common programming issues faced when migrating to a new system:
Function blocks will behave differently. For example PID blocks have hundreds of configurable parameters such as "BUMPLESS_TRANSFER," "OUT_TRACK," "SPLIT_RANGE," and "RATIO_CONTROL." Each major vendor designs these differently.
Programming Language. Depending on the vendor, the programming language will look like Assembler, Pascal, FORTRAN, or Basic. Similar statements like "IF_THEN_ELSE" may behave differently.
Sequential programming. Each vendor has a sequential language package. Again, the features and how they behave vary widely. For example, the "CALL," "GO_TO," "WAIT," and "RESUME" statements must be understood before the existing software of the previous system is converted. The debug utility that takes a programmer step-by-step is markedly different from one system to another. This is important as it determines how one designs the software structure.
Operator graphics. As a rule of thumb, a new graphic page (10 motors and 30 dynamic field elements and pages links) using the standard system functionalities goes through the following stages of construction:
Design, drawing and review 8 hours
Editing of the static drawing 8 hours
Editing of the dynamic elements and tag assignment 8 hours
Checkout, commissioning and startup 2 hours
When dealing with a migration (unless the converter proves outstanding in tests), it is better to redo the graphics. The design, roughly 30% of the work, is already done as the existing graphics are mature and have long been optimized. Even if the converter was of high quality, differences in functionality mentioned above will impact the graphic representation, requiring significant rework.
Related reading:
"8 Ways to Improve Control System Projects"
"Time to Reinvest in Automation"
|Author Information
|David St-Onge has more than 25 years hands-on experience in production, automation, and control of industrial processes and presently heads the project management division of Boyle Outsourcing Inc., headquartered in Montreal, Canada;
Control systems replacement activities
Off-line activities
P&I reviews
Block logic reviews
Operator graphic review
Alarm management review
Control system configuration
Verification of control system functionalities
Configuration checkout using simulations
In-situ field activities
Disconnecting & reconnecting all the existing wires to new I/O cards
Checkout of signal continuity and integrity from the field to the system software
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Comedy Central is — shocker! — the hub for some of the most inspired funny material on TV today. "The Kroll Show," "Key & Peele," "Workaholics," and "Review" (and I guess "The Daily Show" if you're into that sort of thing) are all one-of-a-kind TV experiences with performers who thrive on sharp, often uncomfortable humor.
So when we had a chance to interview Nick Kroll, Keegan-Michael Key, Jordan Peele, and Andy Daly of "Review," we had one specific question: Which comedy cliches bother them most? We got a wide variety of answers and one specific, awesome diatribe from Key.

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At MAPH we work to put together a cohort of students ready for the rigour of graduate study at the University of Chicago. We know that the financial and intellectual cost of education can be significant. As such, we strive to be open and honest with prospective students about the expenses associated with attaining a master's degree, fellowship opportunities, loan options, and all other financial aspects of graduate education at the University of Chicago. If you have questions about any of the information on this page, please contact us at email@example.com.
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Washington (ANI): Former Spice Girl Victoria Beckham has signed on to appear as a guest judge for another round of the TV talent show American Idol. Victoria a.k.a Posh accompanied Simon Cowell, Randy Jackson and Kara DioGuardi for the opening auditions in Denver, Colorado last Friday as a guest judge.
However, after impressing TV bosses with her critiquing, the wife of soccer ace David Beckham was invited to extend her Idol stint by taping another episode in Boston, Massachusetts. She will help the judges hand out "golden tickets" to successful contestants who will advance to the next phase of the competition.
But a representative for Victoria insists the Boston stop is likely to be the end of her Idol journey - because the singer-turned-fashion designer has to focus on her clothing range. "There are no talks of her being a permanent judge. They felt she was natural in Denver. She has Fashion Week coming up and she is focusing on that," Contactmusic quoted her rep as saying.


text:
Accommodation options within 8km from 14 Aloe Drive include:
The Ocean Reef Hotel consists of hotel accommodation and Self catering accommodation. The Hotel boasts the Bamboo Food workshop which serves breakfast , lunch and Dinner. The accommodation offers spacious and affordable luxury rooms.
Large beach house, double story with panoramic sea views. Sleeps 8 only. Two lock up garages. Alarm system with beams and armed reaction. All linen provided, please bring own towels and beach towels.
Driftwood Estates specialize in providing self-catering, holiday accommodation in Zinkwazi. Offer a variety of properties from large to small, basic to upmarket, cheap to expensive, with views or without, on the beach or some distance away
16 Palm drive is a cosy little house, located 1 road back from the beach with easy access to the south beach, a very private home. About 2km reasonably flat walk to main swimming beach or drive and park in the parking provided.
We are set against the warm, beautiful lush background of Zinkwazi Beach, in a nature conservancy. The owner and host Maree offers pure Italian hospitality and guests feel right at home. If you seek tranquillity, style, excellent food. Come stay.


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is backordered. We will ship it separately in 10 to 15 days.
From Grass Fed Cows Not Treated With rBGH (Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone) Now with 25 Grams Protein Per Serving! Mixes with a blender or Shaker Bottle No Fat, No Cholesterol No Sugar No Aspartame No Artificial Sweeteners or Colors Made With Stevia No Casein No MSG No Gluten Jay Robbs Whey Protein is made from the finest natural ingredients available and delivers 25 grams of first class protein, 0-fat 0-cholesterol, 0-sugars and only 1 gram of carbohydrate per 30 gram serving. Only cold-processed cross-flow microfiltered whey protein isolate is used as the protein source and this material comes from farm-raised, pasture-grazed, grass-fed cows not treated with the synthetic bovine growth hormone rBGH. Whey protein isolate, which is used exclusively in Jay Robb's Whey Protein, is created by microfiltering liquid whey through a special ceramic membrane to create the highest grade of whey protein possible. This unique process also yields a whey protein isolate that is much higher in protein than a whey protein concentrate and is also rich in immunoglobulins, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoalbumin and other immune boosting factors. Jay Robb's Whey Protein powder is the ultimate! We have left this product simple and natural, so that you can buy one of the highest quality and BEST-TASTING whey protein powders available anywhere in the world! If you don't think our Whey Protein to be the absolute best-tasting (natural) whey product ever developed, then we will refund you the price of the product! You've got nothing to lose! Mixes in water with a few turns of a spoon, or a quick shake in a shaker bottle. BEWARE of most protein powders on the market! Many of these formulas contain cheaper proteins, as well as tons of SUGAR, and refined carbohydrates in the form of: FRUCTOSE, GLUCOSE, GLUCOSE POLYMERS, MALTODEXTRIN as well as fake sugars chemically developed such as ASPARTAME, SUCRALOSE, ACESULFAME-K, and POLYDEXTROSE just to name a few.


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Research and analysis
Forensic science and beyond
The Government Chief Scientific Adviser's annual report for 2015.
Forensic science and beyond: authenticity, provenance and assurance - report
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The second annual report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser (GCSA), Sir Mark Walport, looks at the power of forensic science and its many applications.
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text: I'm interested in the galaxy-class phones but am wary about falling into the Apple trap by having to wait breathlessly for them to release the latest version of their OS. Seems to me that if I want Android it's 2.2 or nothing. So what's the best phone on the market today that has 2.2 stock?


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GRABOVO, UKRAINE - JULY 18: A group of miners take a break after searching a field for debris and human remains from an Air Malaysia plane on July 18, 2014 in Grabovo, Ukraine. Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 travelling from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur has crashed on the Ukraine/Russia border near the town of Shaktersk. The Boeing 777 was carrying 280 passengers and 15 crew members. (Photo by Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images) *** Local Caption ***
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here we go again. winterlicious runs jan 25-feb sometime.
i know that not everyone on the board is a fan of this bi-annual event, but for kids on a budget like me, it's a great chance to hit some places that would normally be beyond our means.
the menu at Quince looks like a winner to me, for only $25, and Alize looks pretty good too. any others you'll be trying? or will we all be hiding for three week?


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| Recently found by viaLibri....
TWELVE O'CLOCK. A CHRISTMAS STORY. By the Author of "Grandmother's Money," "Wildflower," "One-and-Twenty," &c., &c. .
Hurst and Blackett, Publishers, Successors to Henry Colburn, 18, Great Marlborough Street 1861 [i.e.1860]., London - Octavo, pp. [1-2] [1] 2-318 [1-4: ads], inserted frontispiece and engraved title nineteenth-century three-quarter leather and cloth, spine panel tooled in blind and gold, leather title label, all edges marbled, endpapers marbled. First edition. A long ghost story in the Dickens tradition. See Sutherland, Victorian Fiction, pp. 542-3. Not in Sadleir or Wolff. Leather scuffed, a good copy. (#153298) [Attributes: First Edition; Hard Cover]
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As with any business development company high quality web, they will have a team experts each in a unique space would cost forget to ask no matter what company in the beginning, which is exactly your business. Is the answer you want to a capacity of designers, programmers, in promotion of services experts as assessors. If your organization that touches you're talking about a lack of these but partners, do the research.
Source : http://sasasoftwaretechnologies.blogspot.in/2013/06/web-development-company-your-main.html


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Dear Cynthia,
Today's newsletter is just a quick update on
ClassBrain's Game section as well as our Easter
goodies in our Holiday Monthly Grab Bag. Over
spring break, play some great games and learn
something new along the way.
If you haven't taken a look in our games section,
it's time to visit. We just added a ton of new
games! Check out our geography games to learn about
the 50
US States, as well as European
countries or Canadian
We've had a lot of requests from kids and parents
for interesting ways for kids to practice basic math
skills, so I've installed some great new games to do
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Since Easter is right around the corner be sure to
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have any of you ladies tried pampers easy ups training pants?
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March 10th, 2013, 10:19 PM
Abby and Amber's Momma
Join Date: Jul 2009
Location: Nebraska
Posts: 1,809
hey ladies,
im wondering if any of you ladies have tried pampers easy ups for potty training. right now we use the huggies pullups night time ones but they leak like crazy and thats at the 3t 4t size. i can't seem to find any for the next size up. abby is fully daytime trained and has been since december. we just use the pull ups for night time and for when we are out and about. i really need to get her night time trained before our new baby comes in september.
thanks for the input ladies.
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banana sheera also known as just sheera in our parts of Karnataka, is very commonly prepared during Varalakshmi Vratam, Ganesh Chaturti , Diwali Lakshmi puja and Satyanarayana Swamy puja too.
It can be prepared in a jiffy, all that we need to prepare this banana sheera is rava (semolina), sugar, banana and ghee. There are no standard measurements for using banana or sugar, a little more or less is just fine.
I had prepared this during the varalakshmi puja to offer as naivedhyam. If you are looking for easy naivedyam recipes for ganesh chathurti, you can try this.
Iam sharing 2 methods of making banana sheera recipe. The way we make at my mum's home is a bit different, we use a lot of ghee to roast the semolina to bring out the flavor. The way I make needs lesser ghee (method 1 in the step by pictures) (method 2 in the recipe box).
For more sheera recipes, check out pineapple sheera and mango sheera
Method 1
how to make banana sheera with step by step pictures
1. Dry roast semolina on a medium flame till you get an aroma. Set this aside. This can be done the previous day too.
2. Fry nuts in 2 tbsp. Ghee till golden, add raisins. When they swell up. Transfer these to a plate.
3. Pour 2 cups water and bring it to a boil.
4. Reduce the flame to low, Pour semolina in a slow stream, stirring with the other hand to prevent lumps.
5. When you see all the water is absorbed, add cardamom powder, mashed banana and sugar.
6. Mix and cook till it is done fully. Add ghee and mix. Off the stove and keep it covered for a while.
Garnish banana sheera with nuts and raisins
For ganesh chaturthi andhra recipes check out
Kudumulu / undrallu
Bellam undrallu
kobbari undrallu
chalimidi undrallu
semiya payasam
annam payasam (rice payasam)
Bellam Pongali
Rava appalu
find banana sheera recipe below (method 2)
- 1 cup rava / semolina
- 2 cups water
- 1 cup mashed or chopped banana
- ¾ cup sugar
- 2 to 3 green cardamoms, powdered
- 3 tbsp. Ghee
- Cashews and raisins as needed
- Heat a pan with ghee, add nuts fry till golden, fry raisins, and keep them aside.
- Add rava and fry till you smell the roasted semolina
- Pour water to the rava, mix well.
- When the water is absorbed, add banana, cardamom powder and sugar
- When banana sheera is cooked fully, switch of the flame and keep covered for a while


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the Accommodation
Rooms, services We are glad to present you the offers of Villa Thomais Hotel Lefkada Town, our partner in Greece. The guests of the villa may stay in ten nicely furnished, comfortable rooms in Lefkada. For meetings and nice evening chats the local café or the bar will provide an ideal location. In the safe you may secure your valuables. An exact and detailed list of equipment in the rooms and of the services provided by Villa Thomais Hotel Lefkada Town you will find on the information sheet below, including any applicable additional fees.
Payment Depending on the selected date, room and price, you may need to provide credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment to finalize your reservation.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest check-in time is 13:30, the latest check-out time is 11:30. The personnel can communicate with you in the following languages: Greek and English.
Villa Thomais Hotel Lefkada Town rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
- Pool (Outdoor - seasonally open)
Bar, Cafe, Safe deposit box, Roof garden
Desk in the room, Mini-bar


text:
£148m Lotto winner goes back to work – because he's bored
EUROMILLIONS jackpot winner Adrian Bayford is going back to work – because he's bored to tears holed up in his £6million mansion all day.
Adrian, who became Britain's second biggest winner when he scooped £148m in 2012, plans to open a record and film memorabilia shop in Cambridge.
The 45-year-old has already splurged £10,000 on Lady Gaga's shoes as well as rails of costumes and boxes of vinyl records to stock his new store.
Adrian, from Carnoustie, Angus, ran a successful music shop in Suffolk until he and ex-wife Gillian struck lucky four years ago.
But despite living in the lap of luxury, the millionaire can't wait to get stuck into the business again.
"It is something I enjoy being involved with"Adrian Bayford
He said: "It is something I enjoy being involved with.
"People like music and they like getting their hands on it. Not everyone wants to buy online."
The dad-of-two's new shop, Black Barn Records, flogs everything from Star Wars figures to rare signed Beatles pictures.
One of the big ticket items on sale is a picture of John Lennon, signed by the music legend just weeks before he was shot dead in New York in 1980.
And enterprising Adrian says he wants to open at least a "couple more" shops and also set up his own vinyl-pressing plant in the UK.


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Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, I am most grateful for that correction. I have been carried away by the words of the noble Lord, Lord Taylor of Gryfe, a moment ago with his boxing analogy. I suppose that we are all punch drunk at this time of night.
I obviously misunderstood what the noble Lord, Lord Crickhowell, was saying. He was a distinguished Secretary of State for Wales. It is not surprising that he takes the attitude he does. He did a great deal for Wales. He fought the cause of Wales in Cabinet and elsewhere. As he told us, he was for 20 years the Member for Pembroke, so it is not surprising that he sees the Welsh Office and the office of the Secretary of State for Wales as beneficial and powerful instruments. All I would urge upon him and those who think in the same way is that time has moved on.
He gently chided me about my credentials for replying to the debate. I recall that in 1972 I was presenting before the Royal Commission on the Constitution, on which the noble Lord, Lord Renton, served--I do not remember, and he does not remember, but I suspect that I appeared in front of him in Cardiff--proposals for a Welsh parliament at that time. Perhaps the noble Baroness, Lady Ramsay, was right when she said, quoting Victor Hugo, that this is an idea whose time has come. Well, so far as the Conservative Party is concerned, Pembroke has gone, and so has the rest of Wales. I would urge the noble Lord to re-think his position.
A moment ago the noble Lord, Lord Taylor of Gryfe, called for the dispersal and decentralisation of power. But the Conservative cast of mind is to see power as a very tight nucleus, a ball, which one can grasp in one hand. The idea of dispersal, whether it is devolution to Wales and Scotland or the dispersal of part of it to Europe, is anathema to the Conservative mind. The fact is that the government of Wales as it has been exercised over the past 20 years, to which the noble Lord was referring, was not acceptable to the people of Wales, as the election demonstrated. It was not acceptable because it was not accountable. There has been devolution--administrative devolution--to unaccountable quangos.
In opposition to the Bill your Lordships have heard about a number of hurdles that have been thrown in its way. The first hurdle is that this is a pre-legislative referendum with only a White Paper to guide the voter
The noble Lord, Lord Beloff, said that we are making a major change to the government of the United Kingdom and that people should know the details. The examples that he gave were, first, how Ministers are chosen. Secondly, will legislation require the Royal Assent? I can tell noble Lords that in the bar of the Aberdeen Arms in Tarland on Deeside tonight they will be discussing avidly whether legislation will require the Royal Assent. If my noble friend Lord Russell is correct, his suggestion accepted, and we have a vote in February, one can imagine them huddling around the pub fire thumbing through the White Paper and discussing all the matters which are contained therein. Let us be sensible about it: it is a question of principle, and the people of Wales and Scotland should be allowed to deal with it in that way.
Lord Mackay of Ardbrecknish: My Lords, I am listening with interest to the noble Lord. From what he has just said I take it that he is in favour of a referendum. I wonder whether he listened to his noble friend Lord Steel of Aikwood. He indicated quite clearly that his view--perhaps a Scottish one--was that we do not need a referendum and that the mandate on 1st May was overwhelming enough. If the noble Lord listened to me, I accepted rather reluctantly the conclusion that the mandate was pretty overwhelming.
Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, again I am very grateful for that interruption. I can tell the noble Lord that since the Labour Party refused to discuss matters in detail with us in Wales, as it did in Scotland, different arrangements were arrived at. Mr. Alex Carlile, the Member of Parliament, as he then was, for Montgomery, came to an agreement with the Labour Party, which we shall sustain. It was that a referendum was acceptable having regard to the terms of the letters which were exchanged between the parties at that time. So there is a difference. I am glad that the noble Lord recognises the difference that may arise between Wales and Scotland.
Lord Campbell of Alloway: I am grateful to the noble Lord for giving way. Will he take on board that of course the principle of the Bill is plain as a pikestaff? What is respectfully objected to is the absence of any means of implementation in that Bill. That is the complaint. I hope that the noble Lord can take that on board.
Lord Thomas of Gresford; My Lord, I am trying to take it on board. If I may be forgiven for interpreting what the noble Lord is saying, he believes that it is the detail which the electors will require to see before they
I return to the other matters which have been raised in this debate. The next hurdle is the threshold argument. It is a consultative referendum that has been proposed. It is not part of the Wales Act or Scotland Act as it was in 1978 and 1979 when in order for that legislation to come into force there had to be a "yes" vote on the rules that were set out in that legislation. That was not consultative, but in order to confirm the Act that had already been passed. We know what the problems were then. I am with the noble Baroness, Lady Ramsay, and the noble Lord, Lord Ewing: we are not to be ruled by those who choose to stay at home. We cannot allow those people who do not wish to take part in a referendum to be counted as a "no" vote and to defeat the legislation which others want.
The next hurdle is that of the multi-options, put forward by Plaid Cymru, and in this debate by the noble Lord, Lord Sempill. That is not an option that can be accepted--
Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, allow me to explain. Let us suppose that there are four options, three of which are changes to the status quo while the fourth is the status quo itself, and let us suppose that each of the three changes--first, for the sort of programme which the Government have put forward; secondly, for Liberal Democrat policy; and, thirdly, for independence--gains 24 per cent. of the vote in Scotland while the status quo gets 28 per cent. of the vote. What is to happen? Is the status quo to remain when there is an overwhelming vote, and overwhelming popular support, for change? There has to be a simple vote on a question of principle.
I come now to the issue of the electorate or the franchise. Should it be the local government franchise or the parliamentary franchise? I am glad to hear that none of your Lordships regards this as an ethnic issue. My noble friend Lord Mar and Kellie and the noble Lord, Lord Elis-Thomas, referred to that. I was surprised to hear that the noble Lord voted for Sunday drinking. I had thought that, like myself and the noble Lord, Lord Williams of Mostyn, he would have joined the Band of Hope at an early age and signed the pledge; but clearly that was not the case. It is the people who are affected who should vote--just as those who drank on Sundays were affected.
In answer to the case of the Italian waiter, raised by the noble Lord, Lord Mackay of Ardbrecknish, presumably that waiter lives in Scotland, pays his taxes,
Lord Mackay of Ardbrecknish: My Lords, I am grateful to the noble Lord, but on the basis that the Italian waiter in Scotland pays his taxes and therefore ought to vote, why is he not allowed to vote in parliamentary elections?
Lord Thomas of Gresford: My Lords, perhaps he ought to. We are all part of the greater European Union, are we not?
Perhaps I may move on to the argument that this Bill will weaken the power of local authorities. The noble Lord, Lord Crickhowell, conceded that the Conservatives had weakened local government in their 18 years in power, but he said that devolution will weaken local government even more. The view expressed by the Welsh Local Government Association in the publication to which reference has already been made was this:
The last hurdle is the suggestion that these proposals will not work because of the rivalries between north and south and those who speak Welsh and those who do not speak Welsh. That is a very ancient view. Perhaps in the days when to go over the mountain to see the people in the next valley was a bit of a problem, there might have been some validity in those complaints. It is true that different dialects of the Welsh language developed in different parts of Wales. But time moves on. The all-Welsh institutions--the Urdd and the Eisteddfod--and the coming together in sport and political institutions have brought Wales together. I can say with my hand on my heart that there is a greater difference between myself in Gresford, Wrexham, and the people of Chester than there is between me and even those in Pembrokeshire, the former constituency of the noble Lord, Lord Crickhowell.
I fully support this Bill. I have no doubt that it will be the subject of further discussion. We do not accept that there should be no legislative or taxing powers for Wales. When the proposals come forward, we shall
The Earl of Lindsay: My Lords, the quantity and quality of the speakers tonight bear witness to the significance of the Bill and its importance not just to Scotland and Wales but to the rest of the United Kingdom. In that context we have had important contributions from noble Lords with an indisputable pedigree in these areas. There are many examples, but I refer in particular to former Secretaries of State of the territorial departments such as my noble friends Lord Campbell of Croy and Lord Crickhowell and the noble Lord, Lord Cledwyn of Penrhos. Those noble Lords and others are old war horses in referendum matters. They have fought them this way and that and have seen them come and go as the decades have come and gone. I was also grateful that my noble friend Lord Renton was able to contribute. He is a survivor of the Royal Commission on the constitution and has brought a certain perspective to these matters.
I paraphrase the noble Lord, Lord Mackie of Benshie, when I say that the two maiden speakers are perhaps two of the most experienced maidens that the House could ever hope to meet. I am sure that the noble Lord, Lord Steel of Aikwood, will be able to contribute tremendously, not just on constitutional legislation through his involvement in the Scottish Constitutional Convention, but his contribution to a devolution Bill, which would follow his desired referendum result, would considerably benefit the House. The noble Lord is also famous for his advocacy of countryside matters and traditions. That is another theme on which the House will enjoy hearing from the noble Lord. The noble Lord, Lord Shore of Stepney, is another veteran of many areas of policy. We look forward to hearing his wise words tonight not only on constitutional matters and the role of referendums in general but on other subjects on which he will further the debate of the House.
After a lucid explanation of the Bill from the noble Lord, Lord Sewel, for which we are grateful, we heard a number of fine speeches, many on devolution rather than the referendums Bill. No doubt noble Lords look forward to hearing those same fine speeches again. I hope that that will be, in part, when we discuss the White Paper, which is a prospect we are anxiously awaiting, and no doubt in full, if and when we have a devolution Bill.
The noble Lord, Lord Ewing of Kirkford, prided himself on resisting the temptation to discuss devolution, as did the noble Earl, Lord Russell. In a sense, those speakers who decided not to concentrate on devolution were right, because there are many serious issues raised by the referendums Bill itself. We must pursue those points during the Bill's passage. In fact the Secretary of State for Scotland said in May when the Bill was published that when it came to
We agree most profoundly with the Secretary of State that the referendums Bill sets out a mechanism which will provide the Scottish and Welsh with a say on what will undoubtedly be the most radical constitutional change the UK has seen for decades. Newspaper editors, both north and south of the Border, have also encouraged full parliamentary scrutiny. They have had to warn the Government at times when they have been suspected of trying to short cut such parliamentary scrutiny.
If we fail to provide that parliamentary scrutiny, we fail not just ourselves and the responsibilities, duty and reputation of the House, but we fail the people of Scotland and Wales, whichever side of the referendum debate they may be on. In delivering that parliamentary scrutiny I can speak for the Conservative Front Bench when I say that that scrutiny will not involve frivolous or wrecking amendments. In fact we support the principle of the Bill. I stress that to the noble Lord, Lord Steel, who was in some doubt about that, and to my noble friend Lord Stanley. We support the principle of the Bill for at least two good reasons.
First, the Salisbury/Addison convention is alive and well. Secondly, the Conservatives undoubtedly believe that such a far-reaching constitutional change for Scotland and Wales, and ultimately for Westminster and the UK, should proceed only upon the basis of express public consent. The noble Lord, Lord Elis-Thomas, suggested that it is our party which does not want to consult the people; that we do not feel that it is necessary to consult the people. That is wrong. The Government intend introducing this change to the constitutions of Wales and Scotland, and we applaud the fact that express popular consent is a prerequisite.
The noble Lord, Lord Sewel, used the expression "popular consent". The Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland used the phrase "popular endorsement", as did the Labour Party manifesto. Popular endorsement will be vital, but it is right, in the proper parliamentary scrutiny that the Secretary of State for Scotland says is needed, that we look at what constitutes popular consent. An endorsement could come from a small majority and a small turnout. Whether that would constitute popular endorsement must be subject to the scrutiny of this House. It is right that it should be subject to the scrutiny of the House.
I was interested in the fact that the Secretary of State for Scotland dismissed discussion about thresholds as being discussion about fancy franchises. The noble Baroness, Lady Ramsay of Cartvale, also suggested that such discussion was merely wrecking discussion. She should understand what the Secretary of State was asking when he said that the Bill should be subject to full parliamentary scrutiny.
The noble Lord, Lord Sewel, suggested that thresholds would merely tie the hands of government. That has created more questions than it has answers. Surely the whole House realises that 51 per cent. of a
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Laughing Like Crazy
This month, we're taking a look at humor and mental illness. I'm as thrilled as I can be to present David Granirer; he's one of the rising stars in the field of therapeutic humor, and has wisdom we can all benefit from.
Mental illness is one of those subjects we all shy away from. When I was teaching, my student nurses worried more about that psych rotation than any other unit — but as any experienced nurse will tell you, mental illness isn't confined to the mental health unit. Mentally ill patients break their arms, have heart attacks, get cancer and have babies just like everyone else — and they appreciate and benefit from therapeutic humor as well! (more…)
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Ever want to know how you're connected to everyone else? Whether it's to see how you're connected to someone you recently met, need an introduction to network with someone you're looking for, or just want to get introduced to someone new, Degrees of Separation helps you do that. Just enter the name of who you're looking for and we'll show you how many Degrees of Separation there are between you and them and how you are connected to them.
Try our Facebook App - Degrees of Separation


text:
Sunderland sign Patrick van Aanholt from Chelsea ('undisclosed fee')
NEW ARRIVAL: #SAFC have completed a deal to bring left-back Patrick van Aanholt to the club from @chelseafc. pic.twitter.com/OMD6Kf7hJ6
— Sunderland AFC (@SunderlandAFC) July 25, 2014
Sunderland have signed left-back Patrick van Aanholt from Chselsea.
I say 'Chelsea', but the Dutch international's link to Jose Mourinho's side has been purely theoretical, having been one of Chelsea's vast loan colony sprawled across Europe, clustered mostly at Vitesse Arnhem.
After signing for Chelsea in 2009, Van Aanholt was sent out on loan for 5 successive seasons, and made just two Premier League appearances for The Blues.
Van Aanholt becomes the Black Cats' fourth summer signing, with Billy Jones, Costel Pantilimon and Jordi Gomez already arriving on Wearside.
No figure has been provided on van Aanholt's Sunderland move.
Yet another 'undisclosed fee'…


text:
Hunting Percival P56 Provost T1, G-AWVF, 8 July 2009
- From:
- Air Accidents Investigation Branch
- Date of occurrence:
- 8 July 2009
- Aircraft category:
- General aviation - fixed wing
- Report type:
- Bulletin - Field investigation
- Aircraft type:
- Hunting Percival P56 Provost T1
- Location:
- 1.3 nm east of Bishop Norton, Lincolnshire
- Registration:
Hunting Percival P56 Provost T1, G-AWVF
While cruising at 2,500 ft the aircraft suffered a mechanical engine failure which led to an in-flight fire. The pilot was probably rendered unconscious by the smoke and fumes from the fire; the aircraft crashed into a field and the pilot was fatally injured. The engine failure was initiated by a fatigue crack of the No 6 piston gudgeon pin. The cause of the fatigue crack initiation could not be determined but it is likely that a high-load event, such as a partial or full hydraulic lock, initiated the crack in the pin. The presence of corrosion pits on the inner surface of the pin was probably a contributory factor and the aircraft's low utilisation rate during the previous 45 years probably contributed to the formation of corrosion. In addition to the initial CAA safety actions, three AAIB Safety Recommendations are made.
Download report:
Hunting Percival P56 Provost T1, G-AWVF 10-10.pdf (1,534.17 kb)
Document information
Date of occurrence: 8 July 2009
From: Air Accidents Investigation Branch
Aircraft category: General aviation - fixed wing
Report type: Bulletin - Field investigation
Aircraft type: Hunting Percival P56 Provost T1
Location: 1.3 nm east of Bishop Norton, Lincolnshire
Registration: G-AWVF


text:
NEW DELHI (Reuters) - The BSE Sensex climbed 1 percent on Thursday, with export-focused software services exporters among the gainers on hopes for robust quarterly earnings after advance tax payments showed a sharp rise.
Gains in Europe also helped underpin the market after expectations for another rate increase by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had pushed shares down as much as 1 percent at one stage.
The RBI is set to announce its policy at noon (0630 GMT) on Friday, and most economists are betting it will increase rates by a quarter-point, which will be its 12th increase in 18 months.
Rising borrowing costs have hit economic growth and there is pressure on the RBI to pause its tightening cycle, especially with the global economy facing strong headwinds.
However, annual inflation climbed to its highest in more than a year, data showed on Wednesday, as prices of food and manufactured goods surged, reinforcing the case for a tighter policy.
The main 30-share BSE index closed up 166.94 points at 16,876.54, with one third of its components in the green.
K.K. Mital, head of portfolio management at Globe Capital, said a recovery in Europe helped the market to climb, but there were doubts whether the gains could be sustained.
"Investors are in a dilemma," he said. "The market is waiting for clarity: there needs to be a cautious view from the RBI on rate hike considering the global situation and the slowdown in India."
Tata Consultancy rose 2.6 percent to 1,041.75 rupees after provisional data showed it had paid 5.7 billion rupees as advance tax for July-September, up from 2.7 billion a year ago.
Infosys, the No.2 software services exporter, rose 2.5 percent, while third-ranked Wipro added 1.7 percent.
A sharp depreciation in the rupee, down 8 percent from a 2011 high in late July, is expected to boost the earnings of export-focused companies.
Energy major Reliance Industries, which has the biggest weighting on the BSE index, gained 1.3 percent to 836.30 rupees after its advance quarterly tax payment provisionally rose 67 percent.
The 50-share NSE index closed up 1.26 percent at 5,075.70 points. In the broader market, there were almost 1.4 gaining stocks for every loser. Volume was relatively lower at 568.6 million shares.
Banks rose on hopes the tightening policy will soon end.
Top lender State bank of India rose 3.9 percent, while HDFC Bank gained 1.2 percent.
Maruti Suzuki, which sells roughly half the cars sold in India, fell 1.1 percent after the company said it would close two factories on Friday due to a strike at its Suzuki-owned engine supplier.
European shares extended gains on Thursday as investor sentiment was given a boost after a conference call on Wednesday between France, Germany and Greek showed a commitment to keeping the debt stricken country in the euro zone.
At 1045 G MT, the MSCI world equity index was up 1.03 percent, while Japan's Nikkei closed 1.76 percent up.
* Suzlon, the world's No.5 wind turbine maker, rose 3.3 percent after its chairman said it could begin exporting Chinese-assembled turbines to third countries as early as next year.
* Marico fell 10.3 percent after the consumer products maker warned its post-tax profit in upcoming quarters may fall short of market expectations due to rising costs and continued uncertainty in the global markets.
* Kingfisher Airlines Ltd fell 4 percent after its auditor said needs to infuse required funds to continue as a "going concern", raising concerns about the future of the loss-making carrier.
* Unitech on 30.4 million shares
* Jaiprakash Associates on 21.1 million shares
* IFCI on 14 million shares
Editing by Ranjit Gangadharan


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Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Hostel Recanto Azul Paraty may be an ideal location for a trip or holiday in Brazil. The hostel is offering three comfortable rooms to guests looking for accommodation in Paraty. Your valuables may be the safely secured in the safe. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by Hostel Recanto Azul Paraty (including any available for an extra fee), you will find them on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest arrival time is 14:00, the latest time to leave the rooms is 12:00. The personnel of the hostel can speak with you in Portuguese - Portugal and English languages.
Hostel Recanto Azul Paraty rooms Rooms
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Accommodation services
Garden, Safe deposit box


text:
Bock, J. C. (18th-19th century). Medium: engraving. Date: 1815. L-R: Tsar Alexander I (1777-1825) Russian Emperor; Emperor Francois I of Austria (1768-1835); King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia (1770-1840); Provenance: Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France / Giraudon. Photographic rights held by The Bridgeman Art Library.
© 2017 PBS & WGBH Educational Foundation. All rights reserved.
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Purchaser provides sound system. Performer brings a wireless microphone requiring 1 electrical input and 1 XLR input into the Sound System. The performer does not require any assistance with music cues. Performer can provide a 500watt sound system when not flying (within Southern Ontario).
Lighting (Where applicable)
A warm wash on the stage, no special lighting. House lights dim allowing minimal visibility for volunteer selection and safe passage to stage.
Stage Size / Performing Space
The minimum stage dimension is 2 by 3 Metres, however, if there is less than 4 x 6 Metres, high unicycle finale is performed on audience / ground level, because the unicycle elevates the performer the audience site line remains enhanced. The performer will always joke about tight conditions, but its just jokes. Ceiling height has never been an issue, 10 foot ceiling or greater is ideal. When planning stage avoid, if possible, obstacles to audience site-lines such as big chandeliers or hanging basket ball nets. If a stage is not already established for an event, the performer can stand on his flight case to create a simple stage.
Le Petit Chef
Strolling entertainment is not amplified; it interacts with individuals and small groups within voice range to the performer and creates a visual spectacle throughout the event site. It is not a stage performance and should not be programmed as such.
Hi-Res Photos
Click the image to download.
Bio for Promotion or Stage Introductions (Feel free to edit to suit)
Master Ventriloquist Tim Holland attempts death defying stunts while arguing with himself. You can try to see if his lips are moving, but you'll probably miss something funny or amazing. The Zany characters Tim brings to life always steal the show. Tim has been professionally entertaining for almost 2 decades. His performing adventures have taken him across Canada as well as internationally to venues in Europe, Asia, and Australia. He's shared venues with the likes of Splash and Boots, Sharon & Bram, Fred Penner and Martin Short. Get Set for More Laughs than you can Shake a Stick-Puppet at...
The show features ventriloquism, dangerous juggling objects, and a high unicycle. He has performed for the President of Singapore, trained with masters of comedy, and has a rubber-chicken that dances the can-can.


text:
UtiliTEA Kettle
The UtiliTEA Kettle heats water according to your temperature of preference, with an innovative, simple-to-use temperature control system. Enjoy the ideal steeping temperature every time you brew a cup, and avoid ending up with a scalding cup.
- Concealed heating elements that can contain up to 30 oz. of water
- Innovative temperature-control system
- Cordless carafe, power indicator light, water-level gauge and flip-top lid button
- Sleek look and size: approximately 8-1/5 by 6-4/5 by 9-1/5 inches
- BPA-free and stainless steel
Additional Information
Steeping Instructions
Steeping loose leaf tea is easy. Simply spoon 1-2 tsp of desired tea into a tea filter or infuser. Heat fresh, filtered water to a rolling boil and leave to cool just a little.
Pour water over tea and steep. Refer to individual tea information (above) for recommended temperature and brewing time.


text:
Scam letters
Report scammers
Virtual assistant
Search options
- database search
- search scammers by age
- letters search
- email header analyzer
- who write me
- photos search
- check hidden photos info
- search fake docs by number
Browse options
- browse all scammers
- browse scammers by name
- browse scammers by city
- browse scammers by country
- browse scammers by web site
- scammers with fake docs
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- stolen celebrities photos
Helpful information
- scam scenarios
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- resources for reporting
- free membership
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- all scam emails sets
Social tools
Scammer Elena Bugakova
|Add comments >>>
|Report scammer >>>
|First name:
|Last name:
|Helen Sabirova
|Name aliases:
|Alenka, Elanka, Eleena, Elen, Elenka, Elenochka, Eli, Ellena, Ellene, Elona, Heleena, Helem, Helen, Helena, Helena, Helene, Hellen, Hellen, Hellena, Jelena, Lena, Lenaa, Lenchik, Lennochka, Lenochka, Lenusia, Lenusial, Lenusik, Lenusikka, Lenusya, Lienkchik, Lleena, Olena, Yelena
|Zaporozhye (Ukraine)
|Ukraine, Zaporozhye, Charivna str., building 137, apartment 82
|Phone number(s):
|E-mail address(es):
|Operates on site(s):
|Cute Only, Elena's Models
|Scam media:
|Fake documents:
Report N1 (added on March, 2, 2012)
She stole me 800 dollars for rent of appartment. i send her 300 dollars for a passport. she was banned on the site cuteonly.
i have all documents and receipt of money sent to her. i think am not the only person.
she is a real person but when i returned to my country she asked 300 dollars for passport. i send her then i never heard from her again.
your site is good for protecting from scammers. i am sure you will do necessary to prevent this type of girl on your site.
in fact am the second person that was scammed by her. i was told by the immigration officer at dinipro airport.
during my stay there i spend 2000 dollars on that girl appartment rent restaurant and taxi and translator.
money was sent for passport on 2 january 2012 via western union on her cousin name
Sabirov Helena
Ukraine, Zaporozhye, Street Charivna 137/82
i also make a complaint to western union.
now operating on elenasmodels.
Shakeel (Mauritius)


text: good riddance. ive been sick to death of maxwell for some time. his show lost it about 3 years ago. i went to the wmms parking lot the day he said metallica was playing there. i have never been more mad in my life. good thing theydidnt come outside cause i was calling for all of there heads!!! chunck was a terrible co-host. dan was the only one with a little bit of talent. not that dumb and charlie are any better.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 17, 2007
|Filing date
|Sep 21, 2005
|Priority date
|Sep 21, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Peter R. Cavanagh, Jan S. Ulbrecht, Timothy B. Hurley, Huixiong Zhang
|Original Assignee
|Diapedic, L.L.C., Peter R. Cavanagh
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (87), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (21), Classifications (17), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/611,775 filed Sep. 21, 2004, the entire subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.
This invention was supported under National Institutes of Health grant no. 5 R44 DK 59074-02 awarded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The U.S. government has certain rights in the invention.
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to insoles for footwear and more specifically to a method for computer aided design and manufacture of custom pressure reducing insoles for footwear.
2. Background of the Related Art
It is generally known that high plantar pressures under the foot can lead directly to undesirable injury and symptoms in the foot. Such injury or symptoms may include pain in a foot with sensation, or tissue damage and ulceration in a foot without sensation. As a result, reducing pressure at identified high pressure locations is believed to offer a therapeutic strategy for treatment of foot disorders.
In the past, insoles for footwear have been used to reduce pressure at presumed or identified high pressure locations. Custom and customized footwear insoles (where the term "custom" is used to mean both fully custom and modified off the shelf footwear insoles) are believed to provide improved pressure reduction over flat insoles and this has indeed been demonstrated by recent research. Manufacturing of such custom insoles is generally performed by trained pedorthists/orthopaedic shoemakers, who customarily use a negative mould of each foot for obtaining the desired base shape of the insole, to which they then make primarily subjective modifications to off-load the presumed or identified high pressure locations. Due to its subjective nature, this process has been shown to yield inconsistent results with respect to obtaining the desired pressure reduction and, because the process is labor intensive, it is expensive.
Computer aided manufacturing using numerically controlled machines is also possible, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,088,503 and 6,804,571. Such systems have provided some of the measurements necessary to determine the high pressure locations to be accommodated within the insole to be designed. However, such systems have failed to provide the necessary combination of measurements to accurately align the high pressure locations or other locations of interest on the subject's foot with the insole to be designed and manufactured, in order to obtain precise and reproducible insoles from the measurements obtained. They have also not provided an approach to determining pressure regions and deciding the regions of interest based on a method of "thresholding" these regions based upon measured plantar pressure data. Such patented systems also suggest that footwear should reduce pressure distributions toward some ideal value but research has shown that the considerable variability in human feet makes such a concept untenable. The improvements provided by the present invention overcome these prior difficulties and result in an improved method and system for producing an improved pressure reducing insole.
The present invention provides an improved method and system for designing and manufacturing an improved pressure reducing insole for footwear of a person.
First, the three dimensional shape of the plantar surface of the person's foot is measured and stored, resulting in digital data in a three-dimensional reference frame. Such measurements may be made for a person within the offices of a foot practitioner or from an alternate location. A predetermined desired shoe insole template is also selected. The external shape of the insole template is also considered based upon the internal shape of the shoe in which the insole is to be used. The appropriate insole template is selected by comparing the two dimensional projection or foot shape from the measured three dimensional shape of a foot with an insole template, and selecting the template or outline data which best fits or matches with the measured shape of the foot, which is then aligned with respect to the template. The aligned three dimensional shape and the aligned insole template are stored for later reference.
The foot contact forces or plantar pressure distribution between the foot and the floor are also collected and stored during barefoot walking by measuring the distribution of foot forces applied by the person to a measuring arrangement. Foot pressures measured inside the shoe between the foot and a flat or other base insole could also be used. Again, such measurements may be made for a person within the offices of a foot practitioner or from an alternate location.
Once the necessary measurements are obtained, a combined foot display is then generated and stored by aligning the base insole, which is the measured shape of the foot appropriately oriented with respect to the insole template, together with the measured foot forces or plantar pressure distribution. Using this combined foot display, specific target areas or regions on the measured three dimensional shape of the foot (shown in two dimensions) are identified which have pressures above a predetermined pressure threshold of concern. Such pressure thresholds may be in the range of 150 kPa to 450 kPa or lower or higher, as may be selected. Additionally, such foot displays are generated at a manufacturing facility to which the necessary measurements have been communicated, either electronically or otherwise.
Once such high pressure regions or other target areas are identified and related to a location on the measured foot shape, the stored data provided by the foot display is in a format suitable to create modifications or customizations relative to the measured three dimensional foot shape which reduce the foot pressures where they are above the predetermined selected pressure threshold values. The pressure contour lines corresponding to the desired pressure threshold are used to form portions or all of the shape of the pressure reducing insole modifications, which may be either elevations or reliefs or both elevations and reliefs. The shapes generated with respect to the threshold pressure contour lines are stored as two dimensional polygons, and are combined with the three dimensional measured shape of the foot and insole template to generate a three dimensional insole display having the location of the desired modifications based upon the shape of the pressure threshold regions of the measured foot shape previously identified. Using the three dimensional display, features of the interventions may be specified, (such as intervention height or depth (z-value) and leading edge slope) where such modifications are based upon prior knowledge of pressure reductions typically obtained upon making such modifications.
Once the three dimensional insole display is generated, it is converted for use within the desired computer automated manufacturing equipment, with which the physical insole template is modified using the stored display data to create a pressure reducing insole. Specifically, the insole is modified to enable reduced plantar pressures in the target areas or regions identified. The pressure reduction modifications incorporated into the insole display may be obtained by creating reliefs or depressions (also referred to herein as "interventions") in the insole under the target area identified in the foot display. Alternatively, or in addition, an elevation can be created in the insole which is located adjacent to the target area identified. Such elevations serve to transfer load away from the part of the foot identified as being subject to elevated pressures. Regions of the foot that are distant from the target area—such as the medial longitudinal arch of the foot—may also be used for load transfer. Alternately, different materials may be incorporated into the insole template either immediately under the high pressure target area or adjacent to it.
It should be understood that the system, method, processes and procedures described herein could also be used for the production of custom made shoes in which some of the modification needed for pressure reduction are built into the mid-sole of the shoe underneath the insole. Additionally, it should be understood that modifications to the insole may be made which incorporate practitioner input relating to unique factors which are not otherwise accounted for in using the method outlined here.
These and other advantages and features of the invention will be better understood from the detailed description of an embodiment of the invention which is described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Data Input—the initial step of the present method is to collect relevant data from the person being measured for the pressure reducing insole. The measured data collected is a three dimensional scan of the foot 24 to assess three dimensional shape and obtain digital data in a three-dimensional reference frame. The three dimensional shape measured provides a baseline three dimensional shape for the insole. A barefoot pressure measurement 26 is also obtained, or may be provided by the measurement of in-shoe pressure during walking in a flat or neutral insole 28. Foot practitioner input may also be provided to supplement information regarding the person being measured. Additional data such as toe height measurement may also be obtained. Where such data is collected at a foot practioner's office, the data may be transmitted to the manufacturing facility via the internet and well known communication software as electronic data files. These data inputs are further described as follows:
Foot scans and profiles. Appropriate shoe selection and sizing is, an important consideration in the treatment of various foot-related conditions. Three-dimensional scanned images are used to measure the overall shape of a person's feet, as well as to obtain important two dimensional measurements such as an outline, length and width. Obtaining such foot geometry establishes a baseline insole for the person to which all subsequent modifications are applied. Haptic lens technology HL of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,329 and illustrated in
Barefoot plantar pressure distributions. Plantar pressure distribution data 26 is collected using a pressure-measurement platform 30 which measures the barefoot pressure 26 of the person. As shown in
Foot practitioner input. The practitioner has an opportunity to provide input to the process by way of answers to questions describing the person's physical characteristics, limitations and personal lifestyle, and may impact insole design.
Toe height measurement. Sufficient shoe toe-box volume is important, particularly for people who suffer from foot deformities. Ample room in the toe-box will help to reduce the formation of new problems caused by contact of the shoe upper with the dorsum of the foot resulting from the use of an insole, which reduces overall toe-box volume. Any measurement of the height of anatomical features above the ground plane can be used for this purpose, and may impact the height or other features of the insole design.
Insole Template Selection. An insole outline 36 with an external shape which best corresponds to the shape of the foot F being measured, and which is appropriate for use within the footwear S to be worn by the person being measured, is also selected. Such insole outline data 36 may be selected from an electronic library of available templates or files which represent the outline or external shape of the insole to be created. The insole outline data 36 chosen from such stored data sets generally relates the measured foot length and width to a shoe/insole size. The selection of insole outline data may require assistance from the foot practitioner.
Insole Processing—Using the data collected from the steps above, which is communicated to an insole manufacturing facility as electronic data files, the custom insoles 22 are further designed and produced via the application of an integrated computer aided design—computer automated manufacturing (CAD-CAM) process. In the preferred embodiment, the present system and method makes use of the MATLAB� software program and associated tool sets, available from The Math Works, Inc. of Natick, Mass. at www.mathworks.com. The steps involved in this process are further detailed in
Insole outline alignment with the foot shape. As shown in
Superposition and thresholding of plantar pressure. The process of aligning the plantar pressure 26 on the base insole 40 is similar to the process of aligning the insole outline 36 as previously described. The measured barefoot plantar pressure data 26, expressed for each sensor of the pressure measurement device 30, are provided and displayed as a new two-dimensional foot image 44, shown in operator selected pressure contour lines 34 having the shape of a foot in
Once the positioning is finished, individual measured pressure values are compared to a threshold pressure value, which is established by the user/operator, and a region of pressure distribution is identified and highlighted within the computer program as shown in
Intervention Feature Geometry and Position. Insole modification features are specified based on rules derived from the results of empirical studies on human subjects or the results of finite element modeling studies. An example of the former is the relationship between the location and magnitude of peak pressure at a prominent metatarsal head and the location and height of a pressure relieving feature placed posterior to this region. Such a relationship is shown schematically in
In the illustrated embodiment, an intervention such as an elevation is formed using the threshold pressure contour line 48 previously highlighted in
The one dimensional shape of the intervention 50 may then be completed as desired and saved as a data file. In the illustrated embodiment, the tail point or rear edge 54 of the shape of the intervention 50 is selected at a location which is generally one third of the overall length of the foot, or approximately 8–10 cm for a base insole of 25–35 cm, and straight side edges 56 are formed from the end points 58 of the leading edge contour line 49 to the tail point 54 selected, resulting in a polygon as illustrated in
Once the desired intervention 50 shape is obtained, the shape is saved as a data file. Additional elevations or reliefs 50 may also be created for inclusion within the insole 22. For example, a relief or depression having a shape of the region of the threshold pressure contour 48 identified at 300 kPa, as illustrated by the polygon R in
The interventions 50 are then incorporated with the aligned base insole 40 and the aligned outline or template 42 into a three dimensional insole display 62 shown in
It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the creation of additional elevations may proceed using these same procedures. Likewise, the creation of reliefs is generally formed by selection of an entire threshold pressure contour line 48, or a full circular shape, for example, under the metatarsal head region in the illustration of
Smoothing algorithms, such as low and high pass filters, may be selected to clean rough edges of the insole display 62. For example, where data points in the heel cup section are inconsistent, filling may be required to bring all data points to the highest existing data point. Additional smoothing algorithms to blend the shape of the intervention with the three dimensional foot shape may also be required as discussed above. After final data adjustments are complete, the modified insole surface is smoothed and regenerated. The final smoothing of the entire insole surface data is done, for example, using the spline tool feature within the MATLAB computer program. The modified insole data is then saved to enable recreation of the identical insole for a person at a later time.
The final insole 22 is then created within MATLAB as shown in
Milling the insole. The tool path file is transferred to a computer controlled machine M as shown in
The finished insole. As shown in
While the present improved methods, processes, system and insole have been described herein in connection with one or more embodiments, it is understood that it should not be limited in any way, shape or form to any specific embodiment but rather constructed in broad scope and breadth in accordance with the recitation of the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 13, 2005
Owner name: DIAPEDIA, L.L.C., PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HURLEY, TIMOTHY B.;ULBRECHT, JAN S.;ZHANG, HUIXIONG;REEL/FRAME:016888/0118
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Owner name: DIAPEDIA, L.L.C., PENNSYLVANIA
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