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Origin and History of Doctors for the Environment Australia (DEA)
The First Decade
This brief history is written by David Shearman by reviewing all minutes, correspondence and Annual Reports since inception of the organisation. It is intended to be a practical, referenced document in which members can find when policies first eventuated and important events occurred; these are frequently needed to establish DEA's track record on particular issues. A summary of key dates is provided below.
The document is open to revision from the recollections, documents and correspondence of longstanding members. To date it provides documentation to 2011 and hopefully others will help complete it.
Key Dates of Initiatives
• Decision to form an organisation of doctors for the environment in Australia. Advertisement of intent and invitation for members to join placed in the MJA
• Bill Castleden identified as potential chairperson
• Doctors for the Environment Australia (DEA) incorporated in the state of SA
• Ad hoc Committee formed- David Shearman SA, Bill Castleden WA, Grant Blashki VIC, Colin Butler ACT, Roscoe Taylor QLD, and Kevin Chamberlin QLD
• Inaugural meeting of DEA with agreed name Doctors for the Environment Australia; promoting health through care of the environment
• Policy development commenced early 2002 when Tony McMichael, David Shearman and Colin Butler wrote a Position paper on climate change and human health
• First Annual General meeting (Canberra)
• Bill Castleden elected Chair and David Shearman Secretary
• Leading article in RACP News by Tony McMichael, Linda Selvey and David Shearman. "The Impact of Global Climate Change on Human Health" It concluded with an invitation to join DEA.
• First Annual Report
• Commencement of briefing letters to all members of federal parliament
• First submission to parliament; on USFTA and DEA appeared before the Committee
• Renewable Energy, submission to parliament and appearance of Tony Michael before parliamentary committee in Canberra
• Population policy
• State committees established
• Scientific Advisory committee formed
• Establishment of "The DEA Fund" for tax deductible donations
• Students became full members
• Protocols developed for visiting Members of Parliament
• Funding from the Federal Environmental Education Research Grant Scheme for "Community environmental education using human health messages", which was used to develop posters The first was co-badged by the AMA
• A Policy on Health and Forests
• A draft Document for Children's Environmental Health
• An Energy Policy for Australia was initiated
• Submission to the Uranium Mining, Processing and Nuclear Energy Review July to Inquiry into a Sustainability Charter,
• Climate Change and Health poster distributed to over 20,000 doctors in late 2006 as a once off enterprise with the AMA.
• Established a relationship with RACGP to distribute poster on Biodiversity and Health to 35,000 RACGP members
• Bill Castleden and Grant Blashki appointed Al Gore Climate-Educators
• Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry and Resources. Inquiry into the development of Australia's non-fossil fuel industry: Case study into selected renewable energy sectors
• Public Transport and Green City Manifesto
• Joint scientific meeting of DEA and Rural Health West
• Half-page advertisement in the Weekend Australian on the health aspects of climate change entitled "Enough to make you Sick".
• Published Climate Change Health Check 2020
• Poster "Less Drive Time, More Alive Time" distributed to all RACGP members in December 2008
• GreenClinic Brochure, an initiative between the Australian Conservation Council and DEA,
• Collaboration between DEA and Medical Observer (MO) Magazine commenced
• Submission to the Garnaut Review
• Mail outs to all federal parliamentarians on (1) Commuity measures to reduce emissions and (2) Renewable energy
• Initiative on Coal and Health commenced
• Poola Challenge Grant
• DEA Students participated in global health conference and video
• DEA students form national student committee
• Submissions to parliament on fossil fuels, the proposed Olympic dam expansion food production and the agricultural sector
• Inaugural DEA student conference, Newman College Melbourne
• Major activity on coal and health commenced
• DEA developed a revised policy paper "A Sustainable Population for Australia" and a Population poster was produced and distributed
• Commencement of DEA initiative on divestment by banks from coal mines
• Jointly organised Sustainability and Health think-thank, "Prescriptions for a healthy planet"
• Advocacy on the potential harms of the Unconventional gas industry commenced
• Submissions made to the Senate and to the NSW parliament on unconventional gas
• Policy and fact sheet on unconventional gas
• Commencement of action on the proposed Dual Gas Demonstration Project, Morwell
• Commencement of advocacy on reform of Health Impact Assessment processes
• Advocacy on the need for wind farms
• Inaugural student iDEA conference Sydney
• Code green student activity
iDEA conferences
2011 30th April – 1st May – Sydney
2012 14-15th April – Ceres Community Park, Brunswick VIC
2013 6-7th April – University of Adelaide
2014 22-23rd March – Melbourne Business School, University of Melbourne
2015 13-15th March – University of Western Sydney
Click here to download the complete history of DEA or read below for DEA history to 2010.
Initiation 1999-2001
Doctors for the Environment Australia (DEA) arose as a branch of the International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), based in Switzerland, founded in 1990 and with member organisations in 38 countries, mainly Europe and the Americas.
The aims of ISDE were to publicise the relationship between the condition of the environment and human health, promote environmentally friendly behaviour amongst physicians, patients, and the public, and to cooperate at all political levels in the reduction of harmful environmental influences on health.
Following previous contact with Dr Gaudenz Silberschmidt, Executive Officer of ISDE, Tony McMichael met with Professor David Shearman at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1999 and they agreed that the most promising base for an Australian initiative was to explore becoming a branch of ISDE. David Shearman then visited Geneva to discuss this option with Dr Siblerschmidt. A decision was subsequently made to establish an Australian branch of ISDE.
The call to action in Australia commenced with an Editorial in the Medical Journal of Australia by Tony McMichael and Charles Guest in November 1999 "Doctors and the "environment" a call to arms for medical practitioners in Australia" https://www.mja.com.au/journal/1999/171/11/doctors-and-environment.
The article concluded
Medical organisations such as the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (with its Australian affiliate, the Medical Association for the Prevention of War), and Medicins Sans Frontieres, have made contributions to world peace that have been recognised by the awarding of the Nobel Prize. These efforts have continued over many years. Peace and the sustainability of the global environment are intertwined. On environmental matters, no less an effort is required by our profession.
An advertisement for the formation of DEA was placed in the same issue of MJAand recruitment commenced in 2000 by the placement of articles and personal contact.
David Shearman writes
The year 2000 was spent planning and included a stay in Switzerland working with Gaudenz Silberschmidt. Making contacts in Australia utilised many in the conservation movement, contacts made whilst I was President of the Conservation Council of SA in the early 1990s. These were early days for medical practitioners' understanding of climate change, and the year 2000 was spent on the phone, cajoling, educating and even twisting arms. The key would be the identification of a Chair-elect, who was knowledgeable, committed, persistent, personable and with a stable marriage.
In 2001 this person, Bill Castleden, was identified. He had been a leading figure in successful WA campaigns to save the WA forests.
Bill Castleden writes
Within weeks of giving up day-to-day forest involvement in 2001, I started to receive emails from a Professor David Shearman in Adelaide asking if I would be interested in joining a group of doctors he wanted to assemble to alert the public and the government about the close connection between a healthy environment and healthy human beings.
He wanted to start an Australian branch of the International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE). I ignored his emails. I had had enough of campaigning for Doctors for the Forests in WA.
And still David Shearman persisted. He wrote of his almost lifelong commitment to environmental causes, of his past-Chairmanship of the South Australian Conservation Council and his book writing and his publications. After months of email bombardment and discussions with Wendy, we agreed that we would go for a weekend to the Mornington Peninsular south of Melbourne to meet the potential steering group of doctors he had collected from each State to form what he hoped would be called "Doctors for the Environment, Australia" (DEA). I was not really sure what it was all about or if they were all too deeply green to be reasonable human beings!
Initiation and Development 2001-2005
In April 2001 DEA was Incorporated in the State of South Australia and became a registered organisation.
By the end of the 2001 several key doctors had been identified with a first planning teleconference held in October. Colin Butler, Grant Blashki, Kevin Chamberlin and Roscoe Taylor joined David Shearman and Bill Castleden. A further teleconference planning meeting was held in May 2002 when organisational matters, structures, finance etc were discussed. Plans were made for a face to face meeting.
The Mornington Meeting October 2002
At this inaugural meeting in 2002, the health aspects of climate change were determined as our priority for action. It was noted at this stage that there were concerns that the name Doctors for the Environment Australia did not include the word health and it was decided to have a subsidiary title "promoting health through care of the environment".
The immediate goals were the establishment of a website, attainment of membership numbers and communication through newsletters and publications.
This was a key meeting in establishing relationships and launching DEA.
The meeting took place in a magnificent modern architectural beauty of a house on the Mornington peninsula with striking artwork and wonderful cliff top ocean views. Grant Blashki hosted the meeting for he had become a key player in establishing DEA.
Bill Castleden writes
David Shearman had carefully constructed a full weekend of meetings and presentations during which we had ample time to assess each other's possible strengths and weaknesses. Over the final lunch and afternoon he had asked Don Henry, Executive Director of the Australian Conservation Foundation and David Yencken of the Australian Collaboration to come to meet with us and to talk with us. They made us feel we could, as a medical organisation, play a very important role in the overall effort to ensure a healthy environment for the next generations of Australians to grow into.
Our egos suitably massaged, we all agreed to set up DEA. I was to be the co-opted Western Australian representative until such time as the organisation was formally constituted and elections could be called and held.
David Shearman with his amazing persistence undertook to complete the necessary paperwork and on the 19th October 2002 "Doctors for the Environment, Australia" was well on its way to becoming a fully constituted environmental entity at the Mornington meeting.
Policy development commenced early 2002 when Tony McMichael, David Shearman and Colin Butler wrote a Position paper on climate change and human health for our parent organisation International Society of Doctors for the Environment. DEA then used this Policy for its work in Australia.
Also in 2002 a number of key articles were published in medical journals and magazines to interest the profession in climate change and to provide text for circulation. Foremost of these was Shearman D. Time and tide wait for no man.BMJ 2002; 325: 1466-1468 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139043/
The initiative continued in 2003 when DEA announced its birth to RACP members with a five page leading article in RACP News by Tony McMichael, Linda Selvey and David Shearman. The article was entitled "The Impact of Global Climate Change on Human Health" and concluded with an invitation to join DEA. We stated
Doctors have the opportunity and an often unacknowledged duty to engage with these issues as part of our obligations to alleviate human suffering. For the majority of us it is important to contemplate that the world is descending into conflict, and environmental chaos will serious imperil our ability to utilise the benefits of our medical research and our advances in patient care.
This burst of enthusiastic promotion by some members of the College culminated in the formation of committees to take the matter further. Unfortunately as history tells us these fell on hard times with lack of support from the College. Only recently in 2014 did the College recognise its duties to address climate change as an international health issue.
Canberra 2003: The First Annual General Meeting
At its first formal Annual General Meeting in Canberra in November 2003, which linked with a symposium entitled "In Search of Sustainability" at the Shine Dome, the Management Committee elected Bill Castleden as Chair of the organisation and David Shearman as Secretary. DEA was still in an embryonic state.
However policy and modus operandi evolved quickly. The human health aspects of climate change became our priority. Our role, perhaps best described as a niche role, was to explain the extra dimension that climate change is not just an environmental issue but one that will increasingly affect the wellbeing and health of all humanity. Governments had failed in two ways; during the past decade when climate science was much more certain than the soft economic data they acted on every day, they had been in denial; then in 2003 when they accepted the science there was much rhetoric and little action of consequence.
Doctors for the Environment, Australia tried to act within this paradigm and bring its limited human resources to bear on those points where it could be most effective. We asked our membership to recognise that the scenery had changed; we now had to examine the inappropriate functioning of government and society if we were to have any hope of controlling greenhouse emissions.
The events and progress over 2004 are factually detailed in the first Annual Report but this fails to convey the burst of activity on most of the initiatives we encompass today. The output of letters and attendance at relevant meetings including the ISDE General Assembly in Europe was prodigious.
A general election was held in 2004 and all members of parliament received correspondence from us. Many Ministers and Shadows were visited during 2003-4 and the major parties received a questionnaire the results of which were posted on the new DEA web site created by the hard work of Gerald Bonello in 2002 followed by Glen Morris and then Peter Mansfield (DEA member and creator of Healthy Skepticism).
Commencement of Submissions to Parliament
In 2004 our first submission to parliament was made to the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, on the USFTA and at the subsequent one hour hearing we presented inadequacies of the Treaty in terms of climate change accounting and the absence of externalities.
Other submissions made in 2004 were to:
- the Mandatory Renewable Energy Panel, on the health benefits of increasing the percentage of renewable energy. Of 245 submissions ours was the only that dealt with health. After discussion with the secretariat Tony McMichael was asked to address the committee in Canberra on our behalf.
- Premier Bracks on the greenhouse aspects of the Australian Grand Prix and suggestions for mitigation.
- the AMA Annual General Meeting in May 2004, Proposal for Environment and Health to be a special topic.
- the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator in relation to genetically modified canola.
- the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, in relation to health implications of not properly protecting the Great Barrier Reef.
- Mr Mike Rann, Premier of South Australia. Critique of the Economic Development Plan in relation of its failure to consider health related issues.
State Committees and Further Development of DEA
State Committees were also established in 2004 and it was not surprising that some of our first actions were to add our voice to many others for the preservation of old growth forests in Tasmania and in the Daintree where we quickly made our mark with media interviews.
Early policy preparation was productive not only in the sphere of climate change but a Population Policy for Australia was developed.
Throughout this year of frenzied activity, a constitution was prepared with the assistance of environmental lawyers, and negotiations took place on the establishment of appropriate insurance and on tax deductibility status with the establishment of "The DEA Fund" for tax deductible donations. No one said "but I don't have time" but there were no distractions from mobile phones, Twitter or Facebook.
An Accountant Graeme Marshall was found who kindly worked for us pro bono. Treasurers Peter Mansfield and then Sarah Morton struggled to pull together a small membership base and pay the bills and by the end of 2013 we had recruited 140 paying members. The annual fee was set at $42. In September 2004 the Constitution was altered to bring students into full membership. The committee was joined by Gilles Rohan (ACT) and Sian Hughes (Victoria).
The Scientific Advisory Committee was formed to provide medical and scientific expertise and enhance our standing and credibility as an environmental organisation.
There was no paid assistance. Throughout this period Clare Shearman put aside her interests and worked full time or more to do the letters, submissions and preparation for everything including meals for the Hon Secretary! The car was permanently full of dozens of letters en route to the post. It is not just DEA that owes a tremendous debt to Clare for helping found the organisation but to society itself and the climate change movement in particular for volunteers we see in Conservation Councils and other NGOs are3 fundamental to the functioning of society.
In 2010 DEA employed a full time Administration Officer. Until that time DEA had managed with part-time casual secretaries.
Action and Achievements 2005-11
In 2005 DEA received a grant from the Federal Environmental Education Research Grant Scheme. Our proposal "Community environmental education using human health messages", aimed to improve the community's understanding of major environmental issues, by developing two posters on biodiversityhttp://dea.org.au/resources/file/biodiversity_poster1 and climate changehttp://dea.org.au/resources/file/climate_change_and_health_poster that linked human and environmental health. These posters were displayed in the waiting rooms of DEA members, and other interested doctors. The poster on climate change was co-badged and further promoted by the AMA.
We recognised that adult personal responsibility is important in improving both environmental and health outcomes despite the fact that school aged children are the only representatives of the general community who are routinely exposed to environmental messages. The posters were crafted to target the general adult community of which approximately 80% visit a general practitioner at least once a year. This large captive audience is representative of the adult population and usually has 'waiting time' to absorb the health messages on display.
A secondary goal of the initiative was to increase the awareness of environmental health issues by all medical practitioners. An initial run of 300 posters was taken up by DEA members followed by other practitioners after significant media publicity. During 2007 we established a relationship with RACGP to distribute future posters and thereafter further mail outs were made by the Medical Observer.
In conclusion we found that many medical practitioners did not have enough awareness to consider displaying the posters. This began an important learning curve by DEA on the ways in which to involve the medical profession. However there were some positive outcomes from the enthusiastic display of posters by DEA members and the request for posters from a large number of schools. We acknowledge the work of Sarah Morton in initiating this educational initiative and to David King for the development and delivery of this program which extended to several other climate related posters.
The Federal Government grant may have reflected our good relationship with Senator Ian Campbell, Minister for the Environment whom we met with in April 2005 and who accepted the health argument to climate change and indeed his acceptance of the very real threat of climate change. Thereafter climate change issues became increasingly politicised.
Policy Development
Subsequent to the Climate and Health Policy of 2002 the important work on policy by the Management Committee continued with the preparation of A Policy on Health and Forests released in 2005. This was deemed essential to both climate change and the battle to save old growth forest in Australia from logging.
A draft document for Children's Environmental Health, 2005. DEA first recognised the importance of children's health in relation to increasing concerns about persistent organic pollutants and about climate change. To increase our expertise in environmental hazards in childhood, Mariann Lloyd-Smith the Coordinator of the National Toxics Network Inc (NTN), a public interest non-government organisation which is the Australian focal point for the International Persistent Organic Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), was appointed adviserhttp://dea.org.au/about/committees
"An Energy Policy for Australia" was also prepared in response to discussion and suggestions at the 2005 AGM though it does not appear on the DEA web site till 2008. This is a large document which reviews all modalities of energy production and their relevance to a sustainable future. All modalities of energy including nuclear were analysed for their health aspects.
Submissions to Parliamentary Committees
Early submissions by DEA indicated the range of climate related topics being researched and developed.
Submission to the Uranium Mining, Processing and Nuclear Energy Review July 2006. This submission detailed the health concerns in relation to any expansion of the nuclear industry. http://dea.org.au/images/uploads/submissions/UMPNER-submission.pdf
Response to the Uranium Mining, Processing and Nuclear Energy Review Report, December 2006.http://dea.org.au/images/uploads/submissions/UMPNER_Report_response_from_DEA.pdf
Submission to Inquiry into a Sustainability Charter, House of Representative Standing Committee on Environment & Heritage, written by Dr Colin Butler, May 2006. Submitted by David Shearman on Sat, 24/02/2007 – 15:21.http://dea.org.au/images/uploads/submissions/DEA_Submission_02.pdf
Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry and Resources. 27/09/2007 – Inquiry into the development of Australia's non-fossil fuel industry: Case study into selected renewable energy sectorshttp://dea.org.au/images/uploads/submissions/House_of_Reps_Standing_Committee_on_Industry_and_Resources.pdf
The year of 2007 was an election year and was highly productive year for DEA delivered by a keen Management Committee and emerging state committees.
The level of activity is evidenced by the large number of publications on Pp 6-8 of the Annual report which were augmented by Bill Castleden and Grant Blashki being appointed Al Gore Climate-Educators followed by Linda Selvey and Nick Towle. Consequently there were many more talks to communities.
For the Federal election in 2007 Professor Peter Newman and Dr Gary Glazebrook prepared a Public Transport and Green City Manifesto. In fact this has remained as a policy document long after the election for it defined how transport should proceed over the next decade. The manifesto was issued in conjunction with the Public Transport Users Association (PTUA), and simultaneously with letters to all federal parliamentarians.
Briefing of Politicians
This initiative was developed by DEA from 2004 onwards when many Ministers and Shadows were visited before the 2004 election. It was one of the most difficult of our tasks in terms of organising and delivering meetings. The intent was to brief and educate but also to maintain the contact so as to provide further information as necessary.
With the 2007 election pending, DEA attempted to see key Ministers and Shadow Ministers in the health and environment portfolios as well as numerous non-ministerial members and senators. We had meetings with Anthony Albanese, Peter Garrett, Nicola Roxon, Jan McLucas and Kevin Rudd. We also met Senator Christopher Evans, leader of the Opposition in the Senate and Shadow Minister for National Development, Resources and Energy emphasising that the interest in health includes most other portfolios and especially energy.
We requested a well known member of federal parliament to "peer review" our process of briefing and to present criticisms for our consideration. The only criticism was that we were not seeing enough members. The process we use was regarded as unique and our standing and presentation took us to the forefront of what other groups were doing.
Joint Scientific Meeting of DEA and Rural Health West
This meeting, organised by the WA Committee took place in Fremantle on November 3 2007 and heralded the commencement of state committees organising a DEA scientific meeting at the same time as face to face management committee meetings and the AGM. The meeting was an outstanding success with 200 registrants of whom 28 were DEA members. The two keynote lectures were given by Dr Bill Castleden, Chair, DEA , "Global healing –a WA Perspective" and by Dr Colin Butler, Epidemiologist Australian National University and member of the Management Committee DEA, "Global health, global tensions and climate change". Other speakers included Dr Judy Edwards MLA and Prof Lyn Beazley, WA Chief Scientist.
DEA Chairs
Dr Bill Castleden 2002-2008
Bill Castleden, a vascular surgeon from WA, accepted an invitation to attend the foundation meeting of DEA on the Mornington Peninsula in October 2002 and then assisted in the work of a slowly evolving team and was elected Chair of DEA at the first AGM in 2003 and served for 5 years. He says
I perceived my main roles to be the chief support for DS as Secretary, to recruit as many new members of DEA as possible, to communicate as much as possible with other medical and environmental organisations, and to communicate with the public-at-large. I established the WA Subcommittee of DEA and commenced a series of eighteen 3-monthly newsletters that finished in November 2008
Indeed, Bill assisted with much else including Annual Reports, national newsletters and publications. He might be described as a working Chair and fulfilled the philosophy agreed for members of the management committee to share the load. He had a prodigious capacity to educate and after becoming an Al Gore educator he quickly completed 28 community talks in 2007, mainly to large audiences
However it was to Bill's skills of Chairpersonship that DEA owes so much. He was affable, diplomatic, positive and collegiate. He vacated the Chair in 2008 and has continued to assist DEA in many ways including service on the DEA Fund Committee.
Professor Michael Kidd 2008-2010
Michael was the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at Flinders Medical School and a prominent medical figure in Australian medicine. Previous to his move to Adelaide he was Professor and head of the Discipline of General Practice at The University of Sydney. He was President of The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners from 2002-2006 and during this time developed a partnership between the RACGP and Doctors for the Environment Australia. He is an elected member of the executive committee of The World Organisation of Family Doctors and is their liaison person with the World Health Organisation.
Michael brought a different dimension to the workings and image of DEA for he had many national contacts and was very experienced in dealing with the echelons of the profession. He was a great speaker and Chair, likable and efficient, he took a particular interest in fostering younger members of DEA committees to leadership. He worked to build confidence- perhaps best epitomised by his words in an Annual Report
The Director General of the World Health Organization, Dr Margaret Chan, recently wrote that, "Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Climate change will affect, in profoundly adverse ways, some of the most fundamental determinants of health: food, air, water. In the face of this challenge, we need champions throughout the world who will work to put protecting human health at the centre of the climate change agenda."
Doctors for the Environment (Australia) is one of these champions and over the past year the members of our organisation have continued to alert doctors and the public in this country on the health effects of environmental degradation and the huge health risks of climate change. Our members have provided advice and support on ways that we can all make a difference in the way we live our own lives, operate our clinics and hospitals, and in the way we provide care and advice to our patients.
Professor Kingsley Faulkner 2011-current
Kingsley took over the Chair in 2011 and was the DEA representative at the Transforming Australia National Summit, Geelong, Victoria in September 2011.
His contributions will be detailed when this history of DEA is completed.
The DEA Web Site
DEA attached particular importance to the need for a well functioning informative web site and a simple site was created in 2002 by Gerald Bonello even before DEA was formally announced. Thereafter there were numerous changes and revisions initially by Glen Morris and then by Peter Mansfield (DEA member and creator of Healthy Skepticism) who undertook significant revisions which resulted in a sixfold increase in the number of "hits".
Our Educational Role in 2008
In 2008 our mission was to focus even more on the need to educate on the health aspects of climate change. This aligned with the World Health Organisation's (WHO) "protecting health from climate change" theme for World Health Day in recognition that climate change is posing ever growing threats to global public health security. Indeed for DEA 2008 was a year of successful educational activities and we emerged as a significant contributor to health issues at a national level.
Climate Change Health Check 2020
To recognise World Health Day and the topic "Protecting Health from Climate Change", together with the Climate Institute, we released this national report written by Dr Graeme Horton and Professor Tony McMichael. The aims were to emphasise that climate change is a health issue and to indicate that there would be changes to medical practice as a result of climate change. The report was endorsed by the RACGP and the AMA joined in the press release. The Presidents of both organisations helped with media. The media 'take' was very successful. DEA and the Climate Institute did over 40 interviews on radio and articles appeared in the Age, West Australian, Sunday Tasmanian, ABC on-line and ABC Rural. In addition there was a large take in rural newspapers. Interviews were also given by the AMA and RACGP. Overseas the interviews included Radio France and Al Jazeera and WHO offered congratulations to DEA on the report. Climate Change Health Check 2020 resulted in invitations to DEA to give a number of lectures in Australia and overseas.
As an important educational activity DEA has continued and expanded its educational role on the health aspects of climate change with posters, pamphlets and meetings.
The poster on Biodiversity and Health was distributed to 35,000 RACGP members in December 2007. The philosophy driving this initiative was the need to recognise that the single most important factor in the health of each person is not the availability of good health services, or effective cancer drugs, or short waiting lists or state of the art accident services, it is the integrity of the Earth's ecological services. Perhaps this is an understatement for it is the only factor of consequence. Without ecological services, the Earth would be 'dead' like many other planets including our neighbouring planets in the solar system. It follows that the protection of ecological services is integral to maintaining all advances we have made in medical science and in providing a future for further advances. The title of the poster "Less Drive Time, More Alive Time" summarises the avoidance of many diseases and greenhouse emissions by walking, cycling or taking public transport, in preference to private car usage. This poster was available from October and was distributed to all RACGP members in December 2008. DEA posters continue to have a wide exposure with use in other countries and requests for copies from schools and youth groups in Australia and other countries, particularly North America.
GreenClinic Brochure, an initiative between the Australian Conservation Council and DEA, was very successful and was evaluated in an article in Australian Family Physician. Vol. 37, No. 8, August 2008, 683 "The GreenClinic Pilot. Educational intervention for environmentally sustainable general practice" written by Grant Blashki and Graeme Horton. Podcasts on the topic were produced by Grant Blashki and Don Henry athttp://www.racgp.org.au/media/289507/200808fogartyblashki.mp3 There were two new educational pamphlets for use in doctors' waiting rooms "Prescription for a Healthier Planet" prepared by members Richard Yin and George Crisp, and "Help Yourself and Help the Planet" prepared by Richard Yin, George Crisp and Medical Observer magazine. This pamphlet has also been made available by Medical Observer in poster format.
DEA made an important impact at a Workshop at the RACGP/WONCA Conference, Melbourne, October 2008 with speakers presenting four topics each focusing on different emerging areas, followed by a discussion panel:
- Climate Change as a Global Public Health Problem by Grant Blashki;
- Environmentally Sustainable Health Care by Graham Horton;
- Medical Responses to Climate Changes:
- Planning Adaptations at Multiple Levels by David King;
- The important role of doctors in community campaigns to influence climate change policy – lessons from successful anti-tobacco and forest protection campaigns Dr Bill Castleden.
The trade exhibition at the meeting was also an important venue for DEA to display its educational material.
DEA used a half-page advertisement in the Weekend Australian on November 10th 2007 on the health aspects of climate change entitled "Enough to make you Sick".
Collaboration Between DEA and Medical Observer (MO) Magazine
This important collaboration was seen by DEA as a means of disseminating environmental health messages to a large proportion of the medical profession and the collaboration is still very active in 2015 when this section of DEA history was written.
In the first instance MO facilitated distribution of DEA's Posters commencing in 2007 to about 24,000 Australian General Practitioners. In June 2008 MO, as part of its Green Campaign, launched a Green Issue which included articles by and about DEA members. There were articles on DEA's Climate Change Health Check 2020 report, GreenClinic and BikeDoctor. It was then agreed that DEA contributors write a commentary on matters relating to the environment and health several times each year. Thereafter, in the subsequent year over 50 articles were published in Medical Observer on climate change or other environmental health topics, most of which were badged with a "Green Issue" logo. DEA was cited or featured in over 20% of these articles which included a report on the DEA presentation at the WONCA conference in Melbourne, and a full page interview with Michael Kidd entitled "Follow the Leader".
The first four opinion pieces set the scene
"Hospitals set off on environmental path." Dr Graeme Horton 3 October 2008
"Fight the good fight against climate change." Prof Michael Kidd 6 February 2009
"Our experiment with climate is dangerous." Prof Peter Doherty 5 June 2009
"We need to act on climate change now." Prof David Karoly 12 June 2009
MO also assisted with the "Prescription for a Healthier Planet" patient information brochure, initiated by DEA members George Crisp and Richard Yin, to produce a version which was able to be printed from the DEA and Medical Observer websites.
In 2009 MO produced another Green Issue with articles on
- A profile of green practice advocates Dr George Crisp and Dr Richard Yin
- A two-page feature article on climate change health impacts entitled "Climate Change – Prepare for the Worst", with commentary from DEA national committee member Dr Graeme Horton and DEA member Associate Professor Colin Butler
- GPs including Dr Richard Stiles and Dr Alison Bleaney discussing how to deal with suspicions of local environmental hazards
DEA members have also been featured in profile stories. For example in 2010 Dr Dimity Williams wrote an opinion piece on "The health dangers of coal-fired power" which expressed the view that we no longer had a social licence to continue the mining of coal in light of its true cost to society.
This was followed by a two page feature article, "Taking on the Mother of All Causes" highlighting her DEA involvement and calls for climate change to be an increasing focus of health care and health education.
DEA expresses its thanks to Dr Graeme Horton for being the member on the Management Committee who organised and managed our continued liaison with MO till 2014.
The Garnaut Climate Change Review
Led by Professor Ross Garnaut this was first commissioned by Australia's Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments in 2007, to conduct an independent study of the impacts of climate change on the Australian economy. The Review's Final Report was released on 30 September 2008. The Report recommended medium to long-term policies and policy frameworks to improve the prospects for sustainable prosperity.
In the DEA submission made in March 2008 we were critical of the review. In the summary of our submission we wrote
…. it is apparent that any comprehensive economic assessment of the costs and benefits of mitigation of climate change by the reduction of greenhouse gases must incorporate the substantial predicted public health impacts of climate change (14, 15) and include the substantial public health planning and resources needed to deal with the anticipated health impacts of warming. (16, 17) Indeed the 4th IPCC Report (5) indicated that the health impact would incur substantial costs. These impacts provide a powerful argument for proceeding with early and vigorous greenhouse gas mitigation.
And in the Annual Report we wrote
Professor Garnaut walked his road to Damascus and came to understand the dire consequences of the uncontrolled rise in greenhouse emissions. It therefore came as a surprise to all that his recommendations on targets for reduction were totally inadequate to offer salvation for the Great Barrier Reef and other segments of Australia's ecology.
As post-script to this debate Professor Garnaut accepted our invitation to attend a Management Committee meeting in Adelaide in 2009 and a very active debate ensued.
Interaction with Elected Representatives in 2008
There were two important briefing papers to all members and senators in the federal parliament.
The first letter on community measures to reduce greenhouse emissions asked members to respond by telling us "what you personally are doing to address the problem of climate change. Let us know how you are showing leadership within your electorate and please send to us any messages you are using in your newsletters to constituents." This letter received a number of positive responses including one from the Treasurer published on http://www.dea.org.au Howev.er we concluded that much work remained to be done to convince our representatives that they needed to act personally on this issue.
The second letter addressed the issues of renewable energy and an emissions trading scheme. Within this context we asked for a bipartisan approach to the urgent problems of climate change. This has been a recurrent suggestion in our interaction with elected representatives.
The year of 2009 was highlighted by the major initiative on the health harms of coal.
Initiative on Coal and Health
With the public debate in Australia often miring the science, DEA found it increasing difficult to make progress in informing the public of the health implications of climate change. In this context DEA made a policy decision to educate both governments and the public on the wide ranging adverse health impacts (from local pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions) of the fossil fuel industry. We decided to work towards the mitigation of greenhouse emissions, by focusing on opposing the expansion of the coal industry.
This initiative commenced in early 2009 with the development of policy and a paper "Briefing from Doctors for the Environment Australia on Health, Coal Pollution and Renewable Energy" for meeting with elected representatives. The salient points in the policy were
- To request an immediate levy on carbon without any concession to the coal industry. Such considerations rendered the CPRS ineffective according to a report from the Grattan Institute. It is our view that the government must harden its resolve on this issue.
- To oppose the development of any new coal mines on health grounds.http://archive.dea.org.au/UserFiles/File/pdf_documents/Energy_Policy_Final_2009.pdf
- To support planned redeployment of jobs from coal mining areas to renewable energy industries, thereby reducing the impacts of mine closure and health hazards of unemployment.
- In the absence of a carbon price, to finance the increased development of renewable energy by fiscal means. There is now extensive literature demonstrating that these industries support more jobs than coal mining. For example in Australia wind power employs two to three times the number of job years per kw hour of power produced by coal mining and generation. These jobs are sustainable, healthy and clean and offer a technological future for Australia which we are failing to grasp (in contrast to our competitors). The gain in jobs has been substantiated in the ACF-ACTU report "Creating jobs- Cutting pollution.
- To support the view that climate change is the great moral challenge of our generation, that it is an economic challenge, a social challenge and actually represents a deep challenge on the overall question of national security, and that to delay any longer would be reckless and irresponsible for our economy and for our environment. (Prime Minister Rudd) Therefore as a wealthy advanced nation we should offer leadership in our green house emission curtailment and recognise that we must do this as a step in the attainment of future international agreements.
This initiative,http://dea.org.au/topics/article/election_manifesto_on_the_health_impacts_of_coal_pollutioncommenced in early 2009 had DEA members including students visiting and briefing federal Members and Senators on the health aspects of coal mining and pollution from coal fired power stations. Simultaneously the issue was developed in media articles in the Australian, http://davidshearman.org/pdf/Climate_Change_Worry_for_Doctors.pdf, Courier mail, ABC on-line and Crikey.
Poola Challenge Grant
DEA received a Challenge Grant from the Poola Foundation (Tom Kantor Fund) to establish a small secretariat in 2009 to support the growing work of our organisation and to expand our educational and advocacy activities. We thanked the Poola Foundation for their crucial and generous contribution. Guy Webber was appointed for a year and we thank him for his support in the initial establishment phase of our secretariat. Ms Joy Oddy was appointed as Administrative Officer in February 2010 and her presence greatly increased the activity and efficiency of the organisation.
Interaction with Elected Members
In the Visit your member initiative, DEA members including students, visited and briefed their federal Member or Senator on the health aspects of climate change. Nearly 100 visits including several to Ministers and parliamentary secretaries were completed.
This exercise formalised our procedures for the preparation of briefing papers, for researching the interests of each member or senator, for reporting outcomes in a standard fashion and for seeking topics with which to maintain contact.
Submissions Made to Parliamentary Committees in 2008-2009
There were many but the following are highlighted because they signaled a new sphere of DEA action on
Sustainable hospitals
Submission to the Premier of Victoria "Sustainable Hospitals-response to Victorian Climate change green paper" by Forbes McGain and Eugenie Kayak
Energy and fossil fuels
Submission to the Parliamentary Select Committee on the Impact of Peak Oil on SA which was our first presentation on fossil fuels This was followed a one hour presentation including questions.
We also highlight the Submission on the proposed Olympic Dam Expansion EIS. The Environmental Impact Statement was of several volumes and required a prodigious amount of work. DEA addressed the question, "Is the expansion of this mine in the future long-term health interests of SA and indeed in the interests of Australia?" Our answer was "No".
The Submission to the Senate Select Committee on Agricultural and Related Industries Inquiry into food production in Australia was a remarkably forward looking review which addressed many important aspects of agricultural food production and the health of rural communities and it demonstrated the DEA policy of relating climate change to many other issues.
A further new sphere of action was epitomised in the 2009 educational poster Economic Growth and Health. This challenged the logic of 'never-ending' and unregulated economic growth, and called for a renewed examination of true sustainability. In September 33,000 copies were distributed and most to Australian GPs within the Australian Family Physician mail-out.
Student Members Set the Pace in 2009-2010
In 2004 medical students became full voting membersof DEA; student memberships grew sreadily and in 2009 a National Student Committee was formed. This comprised 13 student members (with 1-2 representatives from each state) with Liz O'Brien as the national representative sitting on the DEA Management Committee. This signified the integration of student contributions into the mainstream of DEA activity and offered an opportunity for the development and expression of student skills and enthusiasm.
A multitude of projects were defined and implemented, university representatives for DEA were elected and a diverse range of DEA and environmental health presentations and sessions were held around the country. Student members engaged formally in political, professional, public and media events in tandem with graduate DEA members, and independently.
At the national level, DEA students were strongly represented at AMSA's Global Health Conference (Hobart, July 2010), presented at IFMSA's Think Global Workshop (Hobart, July 2010) and hosted the first iDEA student conference (Melbourne, December 2009). DEA provided financial support for Monash University medical students involved in the AMSA "think tank" "Climate: Code Green" initiative. An excellent educational video and brochure were produced for distribution to medical students across Australia.
The Inaugural Student Conference
In 2009 the National Student Committee held several tele-conferences to organise the inaugural student conference, December 5-7 at Newman College, within the University of Melbourne. It was attended by 40 medical students, from six Australian states and 11 medical schools.
Noting that the health effects of climate change were not covered sufficiently by any Australian medical school, topics included heat stress, vulnerable populations, depression, financial loss and food insecurity. Solutions from the health sector, included sustainable hospitals & clinics, population stabilisation, promotion of active transport, cityscape design, and low-impact agriculture.
Speakers included Richard Di Natale, a former GP and upcoming Greens senate candidate, Dr Colin Butler on sustainability, Taegan Edwards on climate change and social justice, Dr Forbes McGain on 'green hospitals', Leadership and advocacy were discused by Dr Bill Williams of the Medical Association for the Prevention of War and Dr David Shearman of DEA.
Dr Merryn Redenbach, a paediatric registrar from the Royal Children's Hospital (Melbourne), gave an outstanding talk on her experiences as ship's doctor with the marine wildlife conservation organisation Sea Shepherd.
Population Policy
A Population policy was first developed in 2004. Subsequently DEA promoted this opportunistically, but in 2010 a population debate exploded when the Prime Minister expressed satisfaction with an Australian population projected to be 36 million by 2035. In response to the Federal government's Sustainable Population Strategy for Australia, DEA developed a revised policy paper "A Sustainable Population for Australia" which was sent to all members of Parliament and recommending:
- That a national task force be formed to prepare a scientific report on an environmentally sustainable population for Australia.
- This report must be based upon scientific, demographic and health science and not on the opinions of community sectors with conflicts of interest. The intent will be to provide the data upon which government policy can be reliably based.
The policy was announced with a press release featuring Dick Smith and articles followed in The Age, The Canberra Times, The West Australian, The Punch (on line) and Medial Observer. There were several radio interviews around Australia. Additional exposure was obtained with press releases from Senator Nick Minchin (Lib) and Kelvin Thomson (ALP).
A roundtable discussion with Minister Burke was attended by DEA Management Committee member, George Crisp. Although the discussion and the subsequent government report indicated very little advance from previous thinking, we felt our initiatives were important to sow the seeds for future policy decisions.
A Population and Health poster was developed and sent to 23,000 General Practitioners by Medical Observer which simultaneously published a news article on our population campaign featuring an interview with Dick Smith entitled "Dick Smith joins doctors' sustainability campaign" and an opinion piece by George Crisp entitled "Population growth is hurting our planet, now".
Submissions made to Parliamentary Committees 2010
Submissions important to note because they indicated the widening of DEA related topics being addressed by DEA
Review of the national environment protection (Ambient Air Quality) measure. Air quality discussion paper
Submission to the Standing Committee on Procedure "Inquiry into the effectiveness of House Committees"
This submission explored the role of House Committees in informing elected representative on complex issues and suggested avenues for more effective government and further education. Examples of complex issues were climate change and the demise of the River Murray system. The submission arose from frustration at the level of knowledge shown by some Parliamentary Committee members
Sustainability and Health think-thank, "Prescriptions for a healthy planet", Sydney, April 16th
This one day think-tank style meeting was organised jointly by Doctors for the Environment Australia (DEA) and the Institute of Sustainable Solutions (ISS), University of Sydney.
The main aim of this meeting was to explore and promote the consideration of health within key aspects of sustainability and climate change. Four major themes provided the basis of discussion, one theme for each session. These themes were supportable populations; reducing poverty and social disadvantage; healthy urbanisation and responsible business. Brief introductions to each theme were delivered by invited experts in each area, but the majority of time was devoted to small group work and reporting back of major discussion points. The expert panel then provided commentary and summary of the issues raised during each session.
Attendance was by invitation only, and participants came from a wide range of organisations, including business, academia, politicians, public service, media, medical practitioners and charitable NGOs.
One of the highlights of the meeting was the passion of presenters and attendees, and the healthy debate that occurred mostly in a respectful manner between these different groups. Over 50 people attended the day, with many staying on for the informal social event that followed.
It is difficult to quantify the benefit of such an event, but I believe that it provided a number of benefits and was worth the investment of $5,000 that DEA contributed to organise the event, as well as the time of one of the DEA executive members.
The World Congress of Internal Medicine
DEA extended its educational role by providing educational material on climate change at significant meetings. One of the first booths was held in the exhibition hall at the World Congress of Internal Medicine, March 22-25, 2010 in Melbourne.
There were 1580 registrants from 58 countries, including around 930 from Australia and 160 from New Zealand. Other countries with high attendance included Italy, Thailand, South Korea and Bangladesh.
Visitors to the booth included Professor Geoff Metz, President, Royal Australasian College of Physicians; Professor Ian Gilmore, President Royal College of Physicians London; Professor William Fitzgerald, President, Royal College Physicians and Surgeons Canada; Professor Anthony Capon ANU; Dr Simon Slota-Kan, Victorian Dept of Health and Dr Lynne Madden NSW Dept of Health.
Notable in the program was the speech of Bob Brown on world population growth as well as climate factors during which he showed the DEA/AMSA video.
Climate and Health Alliance (CAHA)
In 2010 DEA was a lead organisation in the establishment of the Climate and Health Alliance (CAHA) which brings together health professionals and consumer groups concerned about the impact of climate change on health.
To continue reading please download the complete history
We would like to thank the Medical Journal of Australia for allowing us to reproduce the attached article from their archives.


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Mississippi Studios (map) North
Wed., Nov. 2, 9 p.m. 2011 21+
When Sub Pop finds a band that achieves a modicum of success, it tends to sign another couple in that vein to try to replicate that formula. So it goes with Still Corners, as evidenced on their Sub Pop debut, Creatures of an Hour. You can hear clear echoes of Beach House in Tessa Murray's diaphanous vocals and Greg Hughes' murmuring organ flourishes and hushed atmospheres. You will also notice unmistakable evocations of Broadcast's more melancholically splendorous moments. That Still Corners grip me harder than Beach House speaks to the former's more robust rhythmic thrust, closer resemblance to the aforementioned Broadcast, and overall darker melodic spectrum. DAVE SEGAL
3939 N Mississippi, Portland, OR 97227

subset: commoncrawl


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Baymont Inn and Suites Grand Prairie
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Baymont Inn and Suites Grand Prairie
About the Hotel
Property Location
A stay at Baymont Inn and Suites Grand Prairie places you in the heart of Grand Prairie, convenient to Louis Tussaud's Palace of Wax and Six Flags Over Texas. This motel is within close proximity of Uptown Theater and Six Flags Mall.
Make yourself at home in one of the 122 air-conditioned rooms featuring flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming provides entertainment. Bathrooms have complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include desks and complimentary weekday newspapers, and housekeeping is provided daily.
A complimentary breakfast is included.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a 24-hour front desk, multilingual staff, and laundry facilities. Free self parking is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Free self parking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free RV, bus, truck parking
- Outdoor pool
- Free breakfast
- Number of floors - 2
- Multilingual staff
- Laundry facilities
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 122
Room Facilities
- Desk
- Free toiletries
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Free WiFi
- Cable TV service
- Daily housekeeping
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Coffee/tea maker
- Access via exterior corridors
- Premium TV channels
- Hair dryer
- Flat-panel TV
- Air conditioning
- Iron/ironing board
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Free local calls
- Free weekday newspaper
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Construction is underway at a neighboring building and there may be noise disturbance from the construction work.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Pet fee: USD 10 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


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Volkswagen is prepared to sign off on its new city car -- an 80mph, battery-powered version named the e-Up. In temperate conditions, it could be driven more than 90 miles and it may appear in UK showrooms within a year. Its development is nearly complete. Safety and crash tests are being conducted on the electric car production prototypes.
It even has to undergo a nail penetration test. Instead of the normal models' three-cylinder petrol engine, the e-Up is equipped with an 80bhp electric motor directly geared to the front wheels.
It is capable of developing 148lb ft of torque from a standstill, which makes a performance below 50mph incredibly quick. It could accelerate from zero to 62mph in under 14sec and it offers an electronically limited top speed of 80mph. When recharging in the household, it takes about eight hours. However, an industry-standard fast-charging socket is also available.
The e-Up is powered by an 18.7kWh lithium ion battery bank that has a weight of about 250kg. It is found longitudinally under the cabin floor and is meant to deliver 80% of its original power after a 10-year life. When compared to the standard models, the e-Up is about 200kg heavier but its interior and boot space are identical.
VW officials say that there's "no reason" why the electric variant of the Volkswagen Up won't arrive in the UK at the same time as it is launched in Germany. However, the automaker has yet to reveal its pricing. It's also not clear if like Renault, owners will be asked to lease their batteries.
Volkswagen's E-Up! Concept demonstrates that emission-free VW vehicles never lack in emotion. Thanks to the team headed by Volkswagen Group's chief designer, Walter de Silva – together with the Chief Designer of Volkswagen Brand, Klaus Bischoff, and Volkswagen Group Head of Creative Design Flavio Manzoni – the Volkswagen E-Up! Concept features a layout reflecting the visual bandwidth of the New Small Family of the future.
The E-Up! Concept also bears a resemblance to earlier concept vehicles that were presented under this new model series – including the Space-Up!, which is a microvan; the Up!, which is a city specialist; and the Space-Up Blue!, which is a fuel cell-powered van. These represent designs that closely reflect the future production car.
Bischoff says that the VW E-Up! is characterized by a reduced and very clear design, but also a highly emotional one at that, which is no coincidence. According to him, the concept car's lines consistently follow the brand's new era "design DNA," which was developed by their team. This DNA's key stylistic traits are simplicity, durability, perfection of its technologies, purity, and quality.
Bischoff adds that the VW E-Up concept is, therefore, in harmony with its 'siblings' in the New Small Family, as well as the Roadster BlueSport and new Polo. He also says that the concept's dimensions are 3.19 meters long, 1.64 meters wide, and 1.47 meters high, while its wheelbase measures 2.19 meters.
In terms of its front end, the VW E-Up! Concept's styling has been developed from the Up! line, but its electric car version differs from traditionally powered models in the company's new model series. The concept car perfectly fits in with VW's new family face, but when it comes to the engine bonnet, it refers back to one well-known icon in automotive history: the Beetle. The VW E-Up!, nevertheless, does not reveal even the slightest touch of retro styling. Instead, the design team created unmistakable styling tools that carry the small VW far into the future.


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Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Independence Avenue at 7th Street, SW
Washington, DC
Level 2 Floor Plan
On view are 30 abstract paintings and 32 watercolors by this Irish-born American artist (b. 1945). These large-scale abstracts use lines, bands of color, and allusions to architectural elements such as windows, walls, and ladders.
This exhibition was organized by the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia.


text: High-low point method Posted in: Classifications of cost (explanations) High-low point method is a technique used to divide a mixed cost into its variable and fixed components. Sometimes it is necessary to determine the fixed and variable components of a mixed cost figure. Several techniques are used for this purpose such as scatter-graph method, least squares method and high-low point method. On this page I will explain the use of high-low point method. Under high-low point method, an estimated variable cost rate is calculated first using the highest and lowest activity levels and mixed costs associated with them. This estimated variable cost rate is used to calculate total estimated variable cost included in the mixed cost figures at highest and lowest activity levels. The estimated variable cost is then subtracted from the total mixed cost figures at highest and lowest activity levels to find the fixed cost component. To make the procedure simple and easy to understand , we can divide the calculations into the following three steps. Step 1 – calculation of variable cost rate: The first step in high-low point method is to calculate an estimated variable cost rate. This rate is calculated by using the following formula: Step 2 – calculation of variable cost component: After calculating estimated variable cost rate, the second step is to calculate the total estimated variable cost at highest and lowest activity levels. It is calculated by multiplying the estimated variable cost rate (calculated in step 1) by highest and lowest activity levels. The formula is given below: Estimated total variable cost = Estimated variable cost rate × Highest or lowest level of activity Step 3 – calculation of fixed cost component: The third and final step in high-low point method is to find out the fixed cost component of the total mixed cost. It is calculated by subtracting the estimated variable cost (calculated in step 2) from the total mixed cost figure. The formula for this purpose is given below: Fixed cost = Total mixed cost – Estimated total variable Example: The Western company presents the production and cost data for the first six months of the 2015. Required: Determine the estimated variable cost rate and fixed cost using high-low point method. Solution: Variable cost rate (66,000 – 45,000)/(29,000 – 15,000) = $21000/14,000 = $1.5 per unit Variable cost: Highest activity level (May): 29,000 units × $1.5 = $43,500 Lowest activity level (January): 15,000 × $1.5 = $22,500 Fixed cost: Highest activity level (May): $66,000 – $43,500 = $22,500 Lowest activity level (January): $45,000 – $22,500 = $22,500 Prev


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An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
England with the Norman Conquest of 1066. The Eacher family lived in the county of Cumberland. This surname was a local name meaning the dweller at the acre, or the dweller at the plot of arable land.
Eacher Early Origins
Cumberland, where they were descended from one of two noble houses, the Lords D'Acre, called D'Acres of the North, and Lord D'Acre of Herstmonceux, called D'Acres of the South. Both of these noble branches originally settled at Dacre in Cumberland.
Eacher Spelling Variations
Eacher Spelling Variations
It is only in the last few hundred years that the English language has been standardized. For that reason, Anglo-Norman surnames like Eacher are characterized by many spelling variations. Scribes and monks in the Middle Ages spelled names they sounded, so it is common to find several variations that refer to a single person. As the English language changed and incorporated elements of other European languages such as Norman French and Latin, even literate people regularly changed the spelling of their names. The variations of the name Eacher include Acre, Acres, Aker, Eaker, Eakers, Aiker, Aikers, Aikerson, Aker, Akers, Acker, Ackers, Ackhurst and many more.
Eacher Early History
Eacher Early History
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Eacher research. Another 235 words (17 lines of text) covering the years 1282, 1379, 1346, 1614, 1692, 1660, 1661, 1619 and 1700 are included under the topic Early Eacher History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Eacher Early Notables (pre 1700)
Eacher Early Notables (pre 1700)
Outstanding amongst the family at this time was Sir Anthony Aucher, 1st Baronet (1614-1692), an English politician from Bishopsbourne, Kent, Member of Parliament for Canterbury (1660-1661), a...
Another 27 words (2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Eacher Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration
Faced with the chaos present in England at that time, many English families looked towards the open frontiers of the New World with its opportunities to escape oppression and starvation. People migrated to North America, as well as Australia and Ireland in droves, paying exorbitant rates for passages in cramped, unsafe ships. Many of the settlers did not make the long passage alive, but those who did see the shores of North America were welcomed with great opportunity. Many of the families that came from England went on to make essential contributions to the emerging nations of Canada and the United States. Some of the first immigrants to cross the Atlantic and come to North America carried the name Eacher, or a variant listed above: Henry Acres (sometimes Ackers) who settled in Newbury Massachusetts in 1674, and married Hannah Silver; Henry Eakers, who settled in Philadelphia in 1738.
Eacher Family Crest Products
Eacher Family Crest Products
See Also
See Also
Other References
The Eacher Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Eacher Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 28 August 2015 at 09:22.
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Welcome to Robertson County, Kentucky
History and Genealogy
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Formed in 1867
The county is named for George Robertson, a Kentucky Congressman from 1817 to 1821.
Its county seat is Mount Olivet, Kentucky
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* Kentontown * Mount Olivet * Piqua
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Enjoy products and services at special NAHB prices. Understand how your association does business – with decisions made at the grassroots and pushed up – through NAHB committees and councils.
NAHB serves the home building, development and remodeling industry by promoting policies that encourage the production of quality housing that meets the needs of families across the economic spectrum. We stand for a safe workplace, cost-effective rules and regulations and sustainable construction practices.
All the information you need to buy, build, finance, remodel or maintain your home.
Find builders, remodelers, award programs, meetings and events, NAHB committee members and professional designation holders.
NAHB economists track economic trends, forecasts and indices for you so you can plan for company's future. Our legal staff promote better business for our industry through their efforts in the courts, educational seminars, and ordinance review.
NAHB educational courses and designation programs expand your knowledge and enhance your position in the market.
See how NAHB mobilizes its grassroots on key issues, builds successful coalitions, educates national leaders and uses its political action committee to support pro-housing candidates.
NAHB is vitally concerned with providing safe, affordable housing for all, and plays an active role in developing residential accessibility standards and in advancing housing accessibility.
NAHB supports efforts by its members and affiliated home builder associations to develop voluntary programs promoting accessible design features for single-family construction and remodeling.
However, the association opposes mandatory requirements for accessible design features in single-family new construction and remodeling. To sustain housing affordability, it is NAHB policy that residential design be regulated to provide cost-effective construction codes and standards, and that all other design features should be market-driven.
Federal law (and some state and local jurisdictions) requires certain new housing to be accessible and usable by people with disabilities. Mandatory requirements for accessible design features in all single-family new construction or remodeling could become quite costly and unfeasible for many builders. However, it is important to promote these accessible and universal design features. Individuals with permanent or temporary mobility impairments, the aging population and many other consumers' desire design features that make their homes easier to live in based on their individual needs.
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Rooms, services Are you about to reserve a room in China? We are glad to introduce you the offers of <Szálláshely neve/Property type>, where both you and your family will be very welcome for a stay. The hotel is welcoming all guests in Shanghai with 388 comfortable rooms to stay in. In case you'd like to have a meal or a drink on the spot, you will be provided freshly prepared dishes in the restaurant every day. Relaxing wellness services will be available to you at the hotel, an indoor pool will also be waiting for you. The bar is an ideal place to host a personal meeting or a pleasant evening talk. Your valuables can be the safely secured in the safe. At the hotel you may go online via wireless Internet connection (WiFi). To learn more about the exact range of services of Crowne Plaza PUDONG SHANGHAI Shanghai (including services for an extra fee) and the exact equipment of the rooms, please check the information sheet below.
Payment For the reservation you may need to provide advance payment by credit card or credit card guarantee, depending on the exact date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time of check-in is 14:00, the latest time of check-out is 12:00. The personnel speaks Chinese - China and English.
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With Hope in Our Hearts Exhibition
1st to 31st March 2011
An exhibition of hope from photographers around the world and photo stories from the lives of people affected by a brain tumour in the UK.
As part of BT Buddies events for National Brain Tumour Awareness Month.
In January 2009, myself and Andrew, asked photographers on DPChallenge.com to help us complete a unique project in memory of Andrew's daughter, Rose.
Photographers were asked to shoot their idea of hope during March 2009, brain tumour awareness month (UK), and this inspirational book, 'With Hope in Our Hearts' is the result.
In his introduction for the book, Henry Friedman, Deputy Director of The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center wrote "This wonderful book produces images that will help anyone and their family battling a brain tumor and indeed any other medical or even non-medical challenge. I believe all readers will find this to be deeply moving book and an essential ingredient for their own personal quest for health and happiness."
The exhibition is going to include 8 - 10 images from the book along with photo journalistic stories of people with a brain tumour. For example we have one young lady studying photography at university here whose Dad has had a brain tumour for 5 years now and she has taken photos of him on a regular basis as part of her studies. The story behind each image is very powerful and we are very excited to have her onboard.
We want to show people here in the UK what having a brain tumour is all about whilst continuing to maintain our belief that no matter what the circumstances, there is always hope.
The exhibition will be launched on March 1st 2011 which is the start of National Brain Tumour Awareness Month here in the UK. Dates and venues will be announced in January 2011.


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Issue No. 04 - July/August (2008 vol. 10)
pp: 34-38
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MITP.2008.70
Khalil A. Abuosba , Philadelphia University
Asim A. El-Sheikh , The Arab Academy for Banking and Financial Sciences
Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is defined as a paradigm for organizing and using distributed capabilities that might be under the control of different ownership domains. SOA is also known as a methodology for achieving application interoperability and reuse of IT assets in distributed computing environments characterized as transformable by the visibility, interaction, and effect dimensions.
services, architecture, SOA, formal definition, Z, Z-notation, service-oriented architecture, Web services
Khalil A. Abuosba, Asim A. El-Sheikh, "Formalizing Service-Oriented Architectures", IT Professional, vol. 10, no. , pp. 34-38, July/August 2008, doi:10.1109/MITP.2008.70


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What Are The Tech Giants Doing In The FISA Court? Part 2: The Fight for Transparency
Now that you have the background, let's take a closer look at what's going on.
Google, Facebook, Microsoft and Yahoo! are justifiably concerned about their image, given the worldwide negative publicity that has fanned the flames on invasions of privacy – especially considering the allegations that they've been "green lighting" the government's massive collection of user data.
In the eyes of the companies, the intense news coverage about the program has trended more toward reinforcing the impression that the industry is in partnership with the government, rather than more fairly portraying them as complying with lawful government requests. Such media coverage, they claim, has harmed their reputations and businesses, and could best be described as "inaccurate," "misleading," "erroneous," "mischaracterizations" and "false."
To increase transparency and ease the concerns of their users about the NSA's Internet surveillance activities, all of the companies want the ability to disclose certain aggregate data about the number of national security requests they receive over a six month or annual period, as well as the number of accounts affected by those requests. But even though that information hasn't been classified by either the FBI or the Justice Department, the government is prohibiting the companies from releasing such information, and has indicated that it considers the publication of such information to be unlawful.
Meanwhile, in August, the Director of National Intelligence announced, "in the interest of increased transparency," that the government would release its own aggregate information about the total number of orders issued and the number of targets affected by them over a 12 month period.
Internet Giants File Motions with FISA Court Seeking Declaratory Judgments
While the companies welcomed the government's decision to release aggregate numbers concerning requests across all providers, they would like more "granularity" as it relates to their own users.
For that reason, shortly after the original stories came out, Google and Yahoo! filed separate motions with the FISA court seeking declaratory judgments allowing them to publish their own aggregate numbers. And throughout the summer, the companies continued to negotiate with the government in an attempt to reach a consensus that balanced the government's national security concerns against the companies' goals for increased transparency in reporting.
But after the FISA court approved six extensions of time for the government to respond to Google's motion, allowing for more negotiations, it became clear that an impasse had been reached. At that point, the parties asked the court to stay the proceedings so Google could amend its motion and the others could file similar motions.
Next week, in Part 3, we'll examine arguments.
Image credit: Digiphile


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Category Archives: Travel
08Mar 2017
Our Trip to Bavaria – by Janice Henderson The date of departure had arrived and the time for collection had been announced. Shock!! The pick-up time from Cosham was 4.10am. We had all duly arrived about 4am, which was good as the coach arrived seconds after. Luckily it was not raining and not too cold. […]Continue Reading


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This morning, Google rolled out a new webpage for its Glass project, which includes this video of people using the product.
Google Glass is insanely interesting to me, but that's not to say I'd be interested in owning a pair of the $1500 smartglasses.
The idea of having an ever-connected device seeing what you see is about as from-the-future as you can get, but I'm not sure I'd want Google being in between me and what I'm seeing. The beauty of the iPhone is that you can leave it in your pocket.


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PARIS -- Global domination is a relatively recent ambition of nations. Wars of religion and ideology existed in Europe, notably the wars of religion, which ended with the Treaties of Westphalia and established the system of state sovereignty, and the French revolutionary wars, which ended with Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo and the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
Peace did not prevail after 1815, but peace was recognized as of general interest among the European great powers. Beyond the mounting Franco-German rivalry, 19th century conflicts mainly were dynastic or reflected the rise of nationalism inside the Ottoman and Hapsburg systems, presaging what was to come in the 20th century. There was a relative stability in Europe before 1914 that would not exist again until the stability of the bipolar Cold War.


text:
- Search CSN:
- Members: Login to search all areas
- Not a member? Click here to search public areas
Apr 05, 2013 - 4:47 pm
I received my 3rd and final gardasil injection yesterday; even though I am way , way, did I mention way, over the age range that they are normally given; my rad doc feels since I was never a smoker or much of a social drinker, that my cancer was something viral. I asked about HPV when he mentioned the injections last year , he said all my biopsies were negative for the virus. So who knows, I may have had the virus a zillion years ago, I could have been exposed to the pesticides sprayed on the farm areas I lived near, Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Harrisburg, PA wasn't far from me, the pesticides used for bugs in the office where I used to work , spraying while we worked, heck it could have been all those visits to the dentist when they took xrays and never protected my neck, or even as my ENT said when I asked how , tells me , I may just fall into that small percentage of "we don't know". None the less perhaps my rad doc and internist are right , these shots will boost my immune and metabolism system...lets hope for the best.
Apr 05, 2013 - 9:52 pm
If I remember Charles, IrishGypsie also got the injections post treatment...
Apr 05, 2013 - 11:15 pm
Will wait n see , can't hurt to get them I guess.
Apr 05, 2013 - 9:54 pm
I waited till my first post-treatment scans showed clear, and then got the three shots as immune boosters.
Apr 05, 2013 - 11:13 pm
How long ago did you get your injections?
Apr 06, 2013 - 3:17 am
Maybe I should get them...but just bc I am NED, does that mean I now do not carry the HPV virus...I just figures I still carry it ..just one of the little booger cells went c on me?
How much does each shot cost? And are there three shots total, is that correct?
Thanks for sharing your info.
Apr 06, 2013 - 4:29 pm
there are a total of 3 injections, 0.5 ml, you get the first shot, 2 months later the 2nd, 6 months later the 3rd. The shots run $250'- $275 , depends on the doctors I office , mine had an injection fee alone of $30 to admin the shot. My insurance picked up some of it as my dinger isn't coded it as treatment not preventative. My ins made a case by case determination based on the doctors coding, not all ins carriers pay for it at all
Apr 06, 2013 - 11:55 am
I got my injections shortly after my three-month PET CT was NED. About August of 2010.
At that time, one of the complaints against the shots was that no one knew how long they would be effective. To my mind, even if it was only a couple of years, that was fine. I wanted to do everything in my power to discourage the cancer from returning in those important first two years. So far so good.


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After losing their home in a fire, Michelle Allyn and her daughters decided to install fire sprinklers in their new dwelling.
"If my kids were home alone and something happened, they would have time to get out of the house during a fire. I now have a lot more peace of mind."
Names: Michelle Allyn and her two daughters, Aaliyah and Lexie Brittian
Date of fire: October 8, 2014
Location: Lisbon, Connecticut
Michelle Allyn and her two daughters were settling in for the night when Michelle heard a strange sound coming from outside. She opened her front door and noticed her entire carport on fire. The family safely escaped the blaze, but the home was a total loss. After learning about the importance of fire sprinklers, Allyn decided to install this technology in her new home, built on the same lot as her old home. In this video, the family discusses the painstaking process of regrouping after a fire and the security of living in a sprinklered home.
Help protect other families from fire's wrath by joining or forming a state sprinkler coalition.
Visit the Faces of Fire page for more information.
© Copyright 2016 NFPA. All rights reserved.


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products used // Sephora Pro Airbrush Concealer Brush #57 //Anastasia Brow Whiz (Medium Brown) formally medium ash-// Anastasia Dipbrow Pomade (Chocolate) //MAC studio concealer NW40 // Bdellium Tools Angled Brow Brush // Bdellium Tools Lash Brush
Happy Friday!! Quick video share today of my current eyebrow routine. Are you following me on youtube? I would love to have you as a subscriber, it's free! This month I've been uploading videos weekly, capturing my daily routine and prep for Christmas! :)
I am still working on getting my DD album together but I think it will be after the holidays before I can share pages from it. My goal for 2015 is to dedicate more time to being inspired.
have a wonderful weekend! xo
5 comments:
Vee!! I hadn't stopped by for awhile, but I am back to my regular blog reading. You are looking lovely as ever and the blog is gorgeous as usual. Can't wait to go back and read your posts.ReplyDelete
I'm still working on my DD album too! A lot of my pictures I'm having printed through snapfish, because I need to buy some more ink for my printer at home.I"m hoping to have it up on my blog sometime in January.ReplyDelete
I am SO behind on my Youtube viewing ! I agree with Catherine, you look awesome!
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Phils deal Francisco for Minor League reliever
Phils deal Francisco for Minor League reliever
Gailey is a Philadelphian who attended Archbishop Carroll High School and West Chester University.
The trade does not come as a complete surprise. The emergence of John Mayberry Jr. and recent signing of Laynce Nix had pushed Francisco deep onto the Phillies' bench as a fifth outfielder. And with Monday's tender deadline for arbitration-eligible players looming, it made some sense the Phillies would move Francisco rather than pay him more than the $1.175 million he made last season.
Francisco's departure could open the door for veteran outfielder Scott Podsednik, who recently signed a Minor League contract with the team.
Gailey, 26, split last season between Class A Dunedin and Double-A New Hampshire, combining to go 5-6 with a 3.41 ERA in 45 appearances. He is 23-15 with a 2.45 ERA in 175 appearances.
The Blue Jays selected Gailey in the 23rd round of the 2007 First-Year Player Draft. He is expected to provide the organization depth at the Minor League level.
Francisco, 30, came to Philadelphia as part of the Cliff Lee trade with the Cleveland Indians in July 2009. He hit .259 with 17 home runs and 75 RBIs in 225 games. Francisco's most memorable Phillies moment will be his last. He hit a game-winning, pinch-hit three-run home run in Game 3 of the 2011 National League Division Series against the St. Louis Cardinals.
Todd Zolecki is a reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


text:
Scott's Auto Center
ReScore Reviews™ (1)
98% Would Recommend
Latest Review about 19 hours ago
Review for Scott's Auto Center
Patricia V. on 05/28/2015
" professional and pleasant personnel"
I appreciated the reminder that my Toyota was due a 140 thousand mile check up. Scott's got me in and out of the service department quickly. Very pleasant experience. Thanks!
Vehicle: Toyota Highlander
Service Date: 05/27/2015
Review Created: 05/28/2015 05:51 PM


text:
Home Owner in Anchorage
I am looking for a licensed and bonded housekeeper with references to clean my home weekly. I am located in south Anchorage. I am looking for someone to do the following: Cleaning 3.5 bathrooms Vacuuming house to include stairs Mopping foyer, kitchen, and bathroom floors Dusting Changing linens on kids beds I am willing to provide cleaning supplies. I would prefer a weekday morning time slot. Please contact me via email atI look forward to hearing from you!
Home Owner Details
|Email Address
|Phone Number
Notes made here will only be seen by you. If you want to message the owner of this listing
More in Anchorage, Alaska
Find Housekeeping Jobs Near Anchorage
Featured Housekeeper Jobs near Anchorage, AK


text:
Jake at The Ivy Club
Sunday, 16 October 2016 from 18:00 to 21:00 (BST)
Who's Going
Loading your connections...
3 of your friends are going. Share it to get more people on board. Share
Sara Haughty
San Francisco, California
San Francisco, California
Luke Picard
London, United Kingdom
London, United Kingdom
Rick Vespucio
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Event Details
Jake at The Ivy Club
Smart drinks, beautiful surroundings, light sophisticated disco tunes and only the nicest, most fun gays.
And you won't be late for work on Monday as it kicks off at 6pm with a strict 11pm finish.
The perfect way to beat the Sunday blues.
Do you have questions about Jake at The Ivy Club? Contact Jake
When & Where
The Club at The Ivy
9 West Street
WC2H 9NE London
United Kingdom
Sunday, 16 October 2016 from 18:00 to 21:00 (BST)
Add to my calendar
London's most influential gay professional network.
Jake at The Ivy Club
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text:
FREE SHIPPING on orders of $85 or more
An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
Anglo-Saxon culture. Their name reveals that an early member worked as a broker, an agent for the sale and purchase of goods and services. Further research revealed that the name is derived from the Anglo-French word brocour, which has the same meaning as the English word broker.
Broger Early Origins
family seat from the Middle Ages.
Broger Spelling Variations
Broger Spelling Variations
Before the last few hundred years, the English language had no fast system of spelling rules. For that reason, spelling variations are commonly found in early Anglo-Saxon surnames. Over the years, many variations of the name Broger were recorded, including Broker, Brokar, Brokor, Brokour, Brocker, Brooker and many more.
Broger Early History
Broger Early History
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Broger research. Another 583 words (42 lines of text) covering the years 1276, 1327, 1377, 1349, 1369, 1426, 1500, 1798 and 1807 are included under the topic Early Broger History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Broger Early Notables (pre 1700)
Broger Early Notables (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Broger Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration
To escape oppression and starvation at that time, many English families left for the "open frontiers" of the New World with all its perceived opportunities. In droves people migrated to the many British colonies, those in North America in particular, paying high rates for passages in cramped, unsafe ships. Although many of the settlers did not make the long passage alive, those who did see the shores of North America perceived great opportunities before them. Many of the families that came from England went on to make essential contributions to the emerging nations of Canada and the United States. Research into various historical records revealed some of first members of the Broger family emigrate to North America:
Broger Settlers in United States in the 19th Century
Contemporary Notables of the name Broger (post 1700)
Contemporary Notables of the name Broger (post 1700)
Broger Family Crest Products
Broger Family Crest Products
See Also
See Also
Other References
The Broger Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Broger Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 10 April 2014 at 15:46.
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text:
RevoStock Magic Cube 443986
After Effects Project \ Commercials \ Intros \ Photo \ Video Cubes \ 3D Elements \ Action
After Effects Project - Magic Cube 443986 by Denis_Lopatin @ RevoStock
After Effects Project \ Commercials \ Intros \ Photo \ Video Cubes \ 3D Elements \ Action
Length: 15:00; Music: Not Included; SoundFX: Not Included; Stock Video: Not Included; Replaceable Text Spots: 2; Replaceable Logo Spots: 1; Replaceable Video Spots: 5; Loopable: no; Downloads: 4; Model Release: no.
It's recommended that you have a minimum of 4 GB of RAM for this project! Included: 5 media placeholders, 1 logo and 2 editable text. No plugins required!
This product is an Adobe After Effects project file. It requires Adobe After Effects version CS3 or higher as well as any plug-ins listed fellow: Required After Effects Plugins: No Plug-Ins required.
Keywords: cube, rubic, 3d, logo, dark, blue, transform, rotation, action, photo, video, text, toy, puzzle.
Create RevoStock Magic Cube 443986 style with After Effect, Cinema 4D, 3DS Max, Apple Motion or Flash. Audio or music for RevoStock Magic Cube 443986. Full details of RevoStock Magic Cube 443986 for digital design and education. RevoStock Magic Cube 443986 desigen style information or anything related.


text:
When you were admitted to Ohio University it was because we believe you can be successful here. We help students find the best path for themselves, and make strategic decisions that guide them to graduation. If you would like to talk with an advisor about your academic options at Ohio University, please come see us!
We offer:
Email the Allen Student Advising Center or call 740-566-8888 to schedule an appointment with an academic advisor.
Ready to register for a training session? Simply visit this webpage and select the My OHIO Sucess Network training event you'd like to attend.


text:
The smarter way of keeping your valuables safe.
The Onelink Safe for all of life's precious items.
Fire. Water. Theft.
Triple protection from
unexpected disasters.
No more forgotten codes or lost keys.
Unlock your safe right from your phone.
© BRK Brands, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Used under license by the First Alert Trust.


text: Hi all. I am installing a 3rd hard drive on my computer and I think my hard drive may be bad. I did have the drive originally on RAID but whenever I would put files on the drive they would become corrupted. At first they would work ok but after a reboot or just sitting on the drive for X amount of time, they would corrupt. I also tried to access a directory on the drive ( it's assigned X: ) and it gave me a runtime error from the C: disk. Here is an example of how a picture got corrupted: Currently my configuration is as such: Primary IDE: Plextor CD-R (Master) Maxtor 120gig HD (Slave) <-- the potentially bad drive Secondary IDE: Maxtor 40gig HD (Master) Maxtor 40gig HD (Slave) Here are my specs too in case it will help: AMD Athlon XP 2700 MSI KT4 Ultra-FISR mobo 768mb DDR ram Plextor CD-R PX-W1210A 2 Maxtor 5T040H4 HD's (40 gigs each) 1 Maxtor 6Y120L0 HD (120gigs) <--- one that's giving me problems GeForce 4 Ti 4400 Thanks for your help.


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Results 1 to 4 of 4
July 2nd, 2008, 07:24 PM #1
Publisher vs. Consumer Coupons
- Join Date
- April 30th, 2008
- Posts
- 88
I'm . What's the difference between the two?
Are the publisher coupons only for publishers to shop with (like a special discount for being a valued member - in this case, an affiliate of the merchant) or can they be used by consumers as well?
Are consumer coupons only for consumers and not publishers?
Which of these coupons can affiliates show on their sites?
Man, I'm getting more by the minute. Can someone please explain this?
July 2nd, 2008, 07:29 PM #2
- Join Date
- January 18th, 2005
- Location
- Nunya, Business
- Posts
- 23,684
Publisher usually means affiliate and publisher coupons are those that affiliates can post on their sites. Consumer coupons are usually the rest. From newsletters, catalogs etc. As to which ones you can post, it varies between the merchants, went into it some here - http://forum.abestweb.com/showthread.php?t=98797
July 2nd, 2008, 10:51 PM #3
Where did you see this distinction? The context might help.
Sometimes there are deals in network newsletters referred to as publisher deals vs consumer deals. you said "coupons", but your wording reminds me of this.
Publisher deals are incentives for affiliates, sometimes bonus deals, commission deals, spiffs, etc.
Consumer deals are those that the merchant provides to you to pass on to your visitors.
July 2nd, 2008, 11:11 PM #4
- Join Date
- April 30th, 2008
- Posts
- 88
Thanks for trying to clarify things for me guys. Still, it's a tad bit confusing.
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