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ATLANTA (AP) - Georgia's parole board has declined to spare the life of a death row inmate who's scheduled for execution Tuesday.
The State Board of Pardons and Paroles reached its decision Monday after holding a hearing to hear arguments for and against clemency for J.W. Ledford Jr.
Ledford, now 45, was convicted of murder in the January 1992 stabbing death of his neighbor, 73-year-old Dr. Harry Johnston, near his home in northwest Georgia.
PREVIOUS | Georgia death row inmate asks for execution by firing squad
The parole board is the only authority in Georgia with power to commute a death sentence. The board didn't give a reason for denying clemency, which is standard.
Ledford's lawyers are asking the parole board to spare his life, citing a rough childhood, substance abuse from an early age and intellectual disability.
Ledford's final meal request included Filet Mignon wrapped in bacon with Pepper Jack cheese, large french fries, 10 chicken tenders with sauce, fried pork chop, bloomin onion, pecan pie with vanilla ice cream, sherbert and Sprite.
PHOTOS: More mug shots


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Posted 16 May 2014
Link to this post
Posted 20 May 2014
Link to this post
Hi Iain,
Most likely, you get nested update panels - one around the RadWindow and one inside the ContentTemplate. Thus, when the browser starts evaluating the HTML for the inner one it turns out that the inner one was already disposed by the outer one.
By update panel I mean an asp:UpdatePanel or a RadAjaxPanel or an AJAX setting from a RadAjaxManager/RadAjaxManagerProxy that encompasses the RadWindow declaration.
Thus, I would advise the following:
You can take this further and consolidate the needed ajax setup on the page to avoid nesting in other places.
I hope this helps.
Check out the Telerik Platform - the only platform that combines a rich set of UI tools with powerful cloud services to develop web, hybrid and native mobile apps.

subset: commoncrawl


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Roman Castles Tour
A journey to the charming palatial hill towns of Rome, the realm of fine wines and cheeses. Having been made for centuries upon centuries and the true reason the Romans once called it the "Nectar of Bacchus".
These characteristic little towns so set in their ways almost refuse to give into modern-day civilization.
We will visit Frascati, a town where none other than Frascati wines are made.
Castle Gandolfo which houses the Papal residence.
And on to Ariccia and Albano where we shall eat lunch in a restaurant which is well-known for its excellent wine and cheese.
Ariccia, a charming little town in which the "Battle of Ariccia" was fought defeating the Etruscans back in 506 BC and Albano for which legend states was the original birthplace of Romulus and Remus, mythical founders of our beloved city, Rome.
Duration 5 Hours
Credit Card Processing Fees 10%
Transportation in a comfortable Mercedes Limovan equipped with double air-conditioning .
- Wine tasting 25.00 per persons
- Lunch and any eventual extras


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It's awards season and we're down to our final vote off for the Hot Press Reader's Poll. Thousands of you made nominations and we've now announced the finalists so it's time to cast your votes! [the venue of the year voting will close on MONDAY 20th February as the winner will be announced at the IMRO Live Music Venue of the Year Awards] Everyone who votes (in any section) by then will have the chance to win tickets to the IMRO Live Music Venue of the Year Awards.
[other finalists to follow shortly]
For information including benefits, key facts, figures and rates for advertising with Hot Press, click belowAdvertise


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Courting Boeing
Related Articles
- Boeing wins contract... Smith, B.A. // Aviation Week & Space Technology;9/21/1987, Vol. 127 Issue 12, p21
Boeing Aerospace Co. has received a $235-million Air Force contract for initial design and development of the rail-garrison basing system for the MX intercontinental ballistic missile. Congress is still considering Fiscal 1988 funding for additional pre-full-scale development work on the system....
- International air transport/Manufacturing. O'Lone, R.G. // Aviation Week & Space Technology;11/9/1987, Vol. 127 Issue 19, p53
The looming traffic surge threatening to overwhelm the air transport system in the next few years has had a big impact on planning at Boeing Co. The surge is a key ingredient in Boeing's search for new product offerings into the next century. For the short term, Boeing is looking closely at...
- Boeing to build space station modules... Covault, C.; Foley, T.M. // Aviation Week & Space Technology;12/7/1987, Vol. 127 Issue 23, p20
NASA chose a Boeing Aerospace Co. team for a $750-million contract to build the manned modules that will be the center of the US/international space station. A Martin Marietta design was rejected. The Boeing choice will lead to direct involvement of the new Boeing Commercial Space Development...
- Boeing designs advanced avionics into... Scott, W.B. // Aviation Week & Space Technology;2/29/1988, Vol. 128 Issue 9, p52
Taking advantage of extensive work already completed or under way for the 7J7, Boeing is incorporating advanced avionics concepts, display formats and systems into the latest 737-400 and 747-400 derivatives. Boeing is keeping its resources and talent concentrated on developing advanced systems...
- A-6E composite wing delivery delays force... Greeley Jr., B.M. // Aviation Week & Space Technology;8/22/1988, Vol. 129 Issue 8, p23
Reports on a Boeing Military Airplane program to produce composite replacement wings for the Navy's A-6E fleet; Boeing received the contract in May, 1985; It is now almost a year behind schedule; Program and schedule; Fleet readiness.
- Boeing plans short-range 747-400, new 767... O'Lone, R.G. // Aviation Week & Space Technology;10/3/1988, Vol. 129 Issue 14, p102
Discusses Boeing Co.'s hopes of launching a short-range version of its 747-400 wide-body transport by early next year. It could incorporate changeable wing hardware. Boeing is discussing the possibility of a 767-X family of derivatives that includes a transpacific twinjet in a program scheduled...
- Boeing redirects R & D effort to improve... O'Lone, R.G. // Aviation Week & Space Technology;11/21/1988, Vol. 129 Issue 21, p45
Boeing transports at the turn of the century will embody advanced technology that will pay for itself and be aimed at a specific, clear-cut market. Boeing had its best year ever in 1988 but can't meet its 747-400 delivery commitments. It has increased 737 production rates. R & D plans;...
- Boeing records $1.4-billion sales increase in 1988. // Aviation Week & Space Technology;2/6/1989, Vol. 130 Issue 6, p61
Reports that Boeing Co. sales increased $1.4 billion in 1988 and are expected to rise another $5 billion in 1989, thanks to a surge in commercial transport deliveries along with lower research and development costs. Sales; Outlook.
- Boeing takes steps to prevent fire extinguisher malfunctions. // Aviation Week & Space Technology;2/27/1989, Vol. 130 Issue 9, p71
Discusses plans by Boeing to prevent malfunctions in fire extinguisher systems and remedy concerns about reporting aircraft problems to federal officials.
- Boeing borrows skilled workers from Lockheed for 747-400 program. O'Lone, R.G. // Aviation Week & Space Technology;3/13/1989, Vol. 130 Issue 11, p66
Reports that the Boeing Co. is borrowing up to 670 skilled production workers from Lockheed, as well as relocating hundreds of its own employees to the Seattle area in an attempt to boost the lagging 747-400 program. Assist contract; Lockheed workers; 747-400 program problems.


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Freebie: Nitty Gritty Nit Comb
You have no idea how much I've agonised over when, today, I should tell you how you can get your hands on a Nitty Gritty nit comb for free!
At first, I thought perhaps first thing this morning - but figured some of you would be eating breakfast at that time; my next option was midday - but then you'd be scratching your heads over your lunch (that always happens whenever the subject of headlice and nits crops up!). So I came to the conclusion that 2pm would be fairly safe - apologies if you're having a late lunch today!
The topic of headlice and nits, and how they are allowed to rampage around heads in our schools, is absolutely guaranteed to get my jumping up and down with RAGE on my proverbial soapbox!
They are hideous things and, whilst I'm sure there must be a reason for their existence on the planet, I cannot for the LIFE of me see what positive contribution they make to civilisation and are, therefore, NOT WELCOME!
Do you remember when 'Nitty Nora' used to come round to school and check through our hair? I wish she'd been back in schools when my daughter was little, then we both wouldn't have wasted HOURS of our lives sitting in the lounge, in front of at least two Disney movies, whilst I chased headlice around her head.
URGH! Combing through hair and picking crawling bugs out of it, is one of THE most horrendous parental jobs I've had to endure to date! Trust me, you really don't want to ever have to go there, so click on the link above, learn how to get your free comb and ready yourself for headlice WAR!
Thanks to squillion at HUKD
TOPICS: UK Freebies Child Safety


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Justice of the Peace Michelle Lydon
Justice of the Peace Michelle Lydon
Whether you have an intimate wedding of two or an elaborate wedding with many guests, I have the ceremony for you. I customize all the ceremonies to your style and I take the time to listen to my couples ideas and requests. Enjoy your engagement and I hope to hear from you soon.
Show more


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Need a quote?
Save time and we'll contact 5 reputable Hair care products companies for you
Click here!
1 Clayton Wood Bank, Leeds, LS16 6QZ, United Kingdom
Sweet Squared is a multi-award winning UK & Irish distributor specialising in all things nails (CND™, CND™Shellac™, Minx™ & Lecente™ Glitters), tanning (MoroccanTan™) and waxing (Waxperts™).
247 Mile End Road, London, E1 4BJ, United Kingdom
Hair extensions from Hair Development UK - "The world's finest quality human hair extension supplies and hair replacement products at the most reasonable prices." Our hair replacement and undetectable wigs and toupees are suitable for ladies and men available in human or synthetic hair. Order on-line or by phone!
Unit 1, Atlantic Business Centre, Stirling Way, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, WD6 2NQ, United Kingdom
Louella Belle are distributors of professional beauty products for hair, nails and other beauty, supplying high quality items to beauty professionals and businesses. Products include nail polish, shampoo, eyelash extensions, footbaths, aftercare, mascara, false eyelashes, nail kits, foot scrubs and many others, including some great brands.
Techniflow House, 6a Uddens Trading Estate, Wimborne Road West, Stapehill, Dorset, BH21 7LQ, United Kingdom
Techniflow are leading specialists of durable vandal proof warm air washroom high speed hand dryers and commercial hair dryers. Suitmate swimming costume spinner swimsuit dryer. Our range of washroom equipment and toilet room equipment can be used in many toilet and washroom facilities including; local authorities, schools, factories, hotels, pubs, restaurants and businesses throughout the UK.
G01, Chapelier House, Eastfields Avenue, London, London, SW18 1LR, United Kingdom
Ganesha Group is an authorised distributor of Brazilian Blowout, a professional smoothing hair treatment used by a number of hairdressing professionals for smooth, healthy, straight and frizz-free hair.
6 Station Road, Chesham, Buckinghamshire, HP5 1DH, United Kingdom
Specialists in hair care and hair loss in the hair industry, AmbeRoc provide a wide range of replacement hair solutions and hair systems for fine hair in both men and woman as well as a range of hair care accessories including hair brushes, detangling combs, hair conditioning treatments and much more.
6 St Marks Street, Bolton, Lancashire, BL3 6NR, United Kingdom
Salon beauty equipment from leading salon uniform suppliers, Health & Beauty Wear. We supply a wide range of beauty clothing, beauty equipment and hair products for your salon, from beauty tunics and trousers to hair drying and straightening to mens grooming supplies to acrylic and gel nail extensions or even eyelash extension supplies and waxing products.
55-61 North Acton Road, Park Royal, London, NW10 6PH, United Kingdom
Synthetic and human hair extensions and hair pieces for the hair industry. Dream Girl hair extensions come in a range of colours and lengths that blend well with natural hair tone.
22D West Station Yard, Spital Road, Maldon, Essex, CM9 6TS, United Kingdom
Eterno Naturals is a distributor of natural inspired health and beauty brands through our network of partner natural health, pharmacy, department stores, as well as beauty and Spa salons throughout the UK & Ireland.
Unit 2, New Meadow Road, Lakeside, Redditch, B98 8YW, United Kingdom
Arrow Hair & Beauty are beauty and hairdressing wholesalers offering a range of salon furniture, salon workwear and associated products to the trained professional. Products include; styling chairs, therapy couches, hair dryers, massagers, microdermabrasion equipment, student starter kits, beauty tunics, hairdressing uniforms, hairdressing scissors and a whole lot more. We also have a range of beauty therapy and hairdressing courses.
H2-H4, Hastingwood Trading Estate, 35 Harbet Road, London, N18 3HT, United Kingdom
Ceris are a family run company specialising in a range of Professional Hair Care Products including Hair Colouring and Hair Repair and Protection Products. Established in 2005, we have over 35 years' experience in the Hairdressing Industry. We have offices in London and Turkey.
The ICON Consultancy, Lower Clough Business Centre, Pendle Street, Barrowford, Nelson, Lancashire, BB9 8PH, United Kingdom
We are an official distributor of Australia's favourite range of professional hair products by KEVIN.MURPHY, supplying a range of shampoos, conditioners, treatment products, styling aids and tools (brushes, clips and rollers etc.) to the professional hair salon of mobile hairdressing stylists.
Brimley Farm, Churchstanton, Nr Taunton, Somerset, TA3 7QH, United Kingdom
Essential Beauty Supplies are a leading health & beauty importer supplying the very best of French professional womens skin care, waxing and make up as well as Australian bodycare and our own essentials range, covering everything the beauty industry needs. We have a large product range including Aromatherapy products, body lotions, shampoos, conditioners, waxing products, salon essentials such as disposables and beauty therapy couches. We also have a range of beauty therapy courses too.
43 Bayton Road, Exhall, Coventry, West Midlands, CV7 9EF, United Kingdom
Ellisons is a one stop beauty and hair shop offering one of the UK's largest ranges of hair and beauty products ranging from simple manicure tools and aromatherapy oils to salon furniture, salon wear and hair basin units. We offer more than 6,000 branded products available that can help your salon succeed, in addition Ellisons can provide training and support if required.
Kimber Road, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 1RZ, United Kingdom
KCC Basildon Chemicals are at the forefront of the European industry for manufacturing and supplying silicone compounds, emulsions, fluids and anti-foams, for a range of applications including agrochemicals, food processing, personal beauty care and cosmetics, rubber & plastics and pharmaceutical industries.
Unit 5, The Court, Holywell Business Park, Southam, Warwickshire, CV47 0FS, United Kingdom
Manufacturer of damage free hair extensions and accessories, Flip-In Hair®, provide the hair industry with a groundbreaking way to add extra length and volume to your hair without damaging your natural hair. Flip-In Hair® can create a new look without the need for glue, clips and weaving and is made from 100% human hair. Look good in the hair you wear!™
10 Thornsett Road, London, SW18 4EN, United Kingdom
Organic hair and beauty products form UK's leading beauty product supplier, Gentle Beauty Co Ltd. We have a wide range of natural and organic products available from cosmetics, skincare products, hair styling products, nail polish and hair colours from leading suppliers including Herbatint, Suncoat and John Masters.
The Lypiatts, Lansdown Road, Cheltenham Spa, Gloucestershire, GL50 2JA, United Kingdom
MONU Skincare is a leading British Skincare brand that is dedicated to professional beauty therapists worldwide, supplying a wide range of hair removal, hair care, body care, make up, aromatherapy products, men's skincare and women's skincare products.
Standard House, 16 Aintree Road, , Perryvale, Greenford, UB6 7LA , United Kingdom
Natural, organic beauty products from the UK's leading bodycare, skincare and hair care specialist, Bentley Laboratories. Using only natural ingredients, Bentley Labs uniquely craft soothing gels, creams and lotions that are gentler and more caring on your skin.
The ICON Consultancy, Lower Clough Business Centre, Pendle Street, Barrowford, Nelson, Lancashire, BB9 8PH, United Kingdom
La-Brasiliana - The NEW unique hair treatment system that smoothes, shines, softens, eliminates frizz and offers instant manageability based on a Keratin Treatment with Collagen. "The Brasilian Blow Dry" used by many professionals in salons provides clients with an ultimate hair care solution that can last up to 4 months.


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We feel that it's always helpful to hear the views of those who really matter when it comes to buying a new printer – our customers! So, with that in mind, we've chosen the Xerox Phaser 6600dn Colour Laser Printer – a highly-rated machine, indeed!
A productive, powerful and extremely reliable device, the Xerox Phaser 6600dn has a rating of 4.5/5 stars on average from our customers – they are certainly impressed with this Xerox printer's capabilities. And it's with good reason, too – this colour laser printer is packed with plenty of fantastic features.
Ideal for busy offices that have a demanding workgroup, the Xerox Phaser 6600dn can stand up to the fast-paced environment and deliver a consistent quality of print while doing so.
The Xerox Phaser 6600dn comes with USB and Network connectivity as standard, as well as automatic two-sided printing, which helps reduce paper usage – saving on costs – and gives your business a much more professional look.
An exceptional print quality is always delivered with the Xerox Phaser 6600dn, with bright, vibrant and vivid prints that are sure to help your company stand out from the crowd.
However, don't just take our word for it! Check out these reviews from Printerbase customers below:
"I bought this to replace an ailing Phaser solid ink printer. At less than £200 (after the £75 cashback offer), is has to be the bargain of the century! From start-up, it took less than 30 seconds for the first page to complete. Good quality colour output and economical to run and worth the little extra amount to have the auto duplex facility. All in all a very worthy replacement!" – Rod P – Kent
"Ordered this for our Rotary charity so we could print flyers and our bulletin without paying daft prices. So far, it has been fantastic (and the price was good). It's fast and easy to install on a wired network. The WiFi option is extra. Great service from Printerbase. I've had to reinstall the printer driver once." – Gordon – Stockport
"Have purchased a number of different makes of printer but always go back to the Xerox brand. The Xerox 6600DN printer is very fast. First page is out before I walk to the printer. The print quality is excellent. The machine is quiet and the drivers are great under Windows and OS X 10.8. There are a little bit more expensive but definitely worth the extra money." – Andrew Porter – Rotherham
You can get the Xerox Phaser 6600dn Colour Laser Printer HERE!


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View other listings in The Rocks, Alexandria, Ultimo, Potts Point, Surry Hills.
Online about 1 year ago
Rent budget
Preferred stay length
Move date
Hi!!! I'm a spanish girl searching for a room in a apartment with nice flatmates. I'm clean, tidy and social, so I would like to have good relationship with my flatmates. I'm not searching party all day, but I like on the weekend to go to drink some beer with my friends.
I'm going to study a VET course here in Sydney, and I will try to find a part-time job to pay my expenses.
Contact me if you are interested to have me in your flat!! :D
my mail: email@example.com


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Speakers today in order of appearance will be: Dr. William F. Donovan, Chairman and CEO John Talamas, COO. Spine Pain Management Inc. (Symbol-SPIN) Southern California Investment Forum Las Vegas January 23, 2012. Disclaimer
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Forward-Looking Statements: This presentation includes forward-looking statements as determined by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this presentation that address activities, events, or developments that the company believes or anticipates will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include general economic and business conditions, the ability to acquire and develop specific projects, the ability to fund operations, healthcare services demands, changes in healthcare practices, government regulation, and other factors over which the company has little or no control. The company does not intend (and is not obligated) to update publicly any forward-looking statements. The contents of this presentation should be considered in conjunction with the warnings and cautionary statements contained in the company's recent filings with the SEC.
Attorney Retained
PT With Chiro Etc.
MRI & Init. Diagnosis
Meets Spine Surgeon
Diag. NB Injection
SPIN Funds
Report To Attorney
Perk Disk Decomp
SPIN Waits For Settlement
Procedure Is Billed CPT $5,500 Per Injection
Procedure Is Billed CPT $25,500 Per Injection
SPIN Start to Payment
* Refer To 10Q For Definition of Net & Gross Revenues
EPS $.04 Per Share vs. $0.02
Net billings outstanding at Q3 = $0.31 per share ($0.66 Gross)
Collection Experience Has Been Strong
FY2012: $11.5-12.0m revs (net), $0.30-0.35 EPS
This represents growth of approx. 110% and 167% in revs and EPS respectively
It is based on several conservative assumptions
--A/R collection is modeled to accelerate sequentially, but at a lesser rate than the projected increases in total A/R
For every $1m of external pure debt financing raised, we can generate, on a full year basis, approximately $2.5m of net revenue and $0.08 per share in EPS.
Leading boutique headquartered in Los Angeles area
Advising on placement of debt
Purpose is to expand SPIN's case volume and facilitate opening of new centers
Should accelerate already strong organic growth
Disclaimer: Solicitation to participate in a potential financing can only be made through a current offering document at that time.
Proven Concept, Simple Roll-Out Story
Mid-2009 flagship center successful, and being rapidly and smoothly replicated; co. profitable since SPIN model implemented despite aggressive expansion
Highly Qualified Management
--CEO/Co-Founder: Dr. William Donovan a prominent board-certified orthopedic surgeon with prior track record in early stage public companies
--COO/Co-Founder: John Talamas has 10+ yrs marketing for docs and attorneys treating personal injury cases; also entrepreneurial background
Rare Combination of Sustainable High Growth and High Profit
--Deep-seated structural impetus for docs to seek SPIN services
--Virtually recession-proof business
--Minimal SG&A add-on needed=very scalable
--Hired Wall Street research professional for IR, outreach
--Significant insider buying
Director of Strategic Development, Finance and Communications
(203) 324-2022
Don't hesitate to call or drop us an email with any questions you may still have.
If you are ever in Houston, give us a call and come by for a visit; we are only ½ hour from either airport
Our Address is: 5225 Katy Fwy # 600 Houston, TX 77007-2211


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- Publisher: Henry Holt and Co.
- Publication date: 2/4/2014
- Source: ARC provided by the publisher for review
Seventeen-year-old Bonnie™ Baker has grown up on TV—she and her twelve siblings are the stars of one-time hit reality show Baker's Dozen. Since the show's cancellation, Bonnie™ has tried to live a normal life, under the radar and out of the spotlight. But it's about to fall apart . . . because Baker's Dozen is going back on the air. Bonnie™'s mom and the show's producers won't let her quit and soon the life that she has so carefully built for herself, with real friends (and maybe even a real boyfriend), is in danger of being destroyed by the show. Bonnie™ needs to do something drastic if her life is ever going to be her own—even if it means being more exposed than ever before.
Heather Demetrios' Something Real is the winner of the Susan P. Bloom PEN New England Discovery Award.
My Thoughts
I will start by saying that I am not a huge reality TV person, but I am a bit obsessed with Big Brother, so this book seemed like a really great book for me to read. I actually got the live feeds this past season so I could see everything going on and what they actually showed on air. Enough of that though. This book was great at showing the inside story to Bonnie's real life and what she goes through. It was heartbreaking at times, especially with how her mom is and the producer. I loved the family aspect on all sides, whether good or bad. I also was a big fan of the romance, which could have been done terribly wrong, but was really great. In general, this was a realistic take on living in the world of reality TV.
Bonnie, or Chloe as she would rather go by, is one of the first of the dozen kids that makes up the show. I really sympathized with her right from the start. She has been part of this reality show for practically her whole life with the exception of a few years after an unfortunate event. She is now a senior in high school, living a pretty normal life. Her past still haunts her every second. Worry over people recognizing her, but she is content. That is until she returns home from school to see her home has been turned into a set and the show is back on. Now she struggles with the lies that she has told her friends, and the secret life she hid from them. Also, the object of her affection has finally shown interest. She doesn't want to get anyone she cares for involved in the hell of her life. Nowhere she goes is without the eye of the show and everything she does is scrutinized, the truth stretched, and damaging to everyone around her. She is fragile, but still tough. I can't imagine what life would be like with cameras around 24/7 since the moment you were born. She wants out, but knows it's almost impossible. I like that she doesn't give up even though she has moments when she is about to. She struggles with what to do and how to do it. All she knows is that she needs to get off of the show before it destroys her completely. While others may think she is selfish, she actually is thinking of those around her more than herself a lot of the time.
Patrick was so sweet and absolutely amazing. He has liked Chloe/Bonnie for a long time, but only now when the show is about to start again does he let her know. She keeps it from him, just like everyone else for as long as she can. The thing is, he doesn't care. He wants to be with her no matter what. I loved that when she tried to push him away, he didn't just give in. Okay, so he does what she wants, but makes it clear that he wants her and doesn't care about the show, or the paparazzi, or any of it. He is there for her, he does sweet things for her, and he makes her feel normal. He was not the super hot guy that everyone else wants. He wasn't a key player for a sports team. He was just a normal guy who doesn't try to be someone different for anyone. It's so refreshing to have a love interest that isn't some unrealistic person. He was down to earth, honest, and real.
The family aspect of this both pissed me off, and made me happy. I loved Benton, Bonnie's brother. He was so awesome. He's like her best friend. He doesn't want to do the show any more than she does, but he just goes with it. He also supports her and will do whatever he can to help her be happy. The brother/sister bond they had was great. I hated Lexie at first, but came to like her the more I understood her. She comes across as a horrible, snobby, stuck up chick, but that is just the shell she wears. Underneath she is also broken. She knows what she wants out of life though. She is tougher than she first appears too. OMG Beth, the mom... I wanted to stab her in the eye with a fork, or throw her off a tall building, or just tell her she is the worst mom ever. She doesn't see what she is doing to her family. Well, she does I'm pretty sure, but she doesn't care or want to acknowledge it. This has been such a big part of her life and has made her a lot of money. She won't let them ruin it for her. Ugh!! I wanted to throw this book at times with how much hate I had toward that woman.
This was such an honest and great book. It shows how being watched all the time can change you. What the shows do to make ratings. How it can destroy your life. I know that a lot of people have mentioned the trademarks after the names, but I thought it added to the story. It's hard to forget that the kids don't have their own life. They are just that, a trademark. Something that belongs to someone else. It really sets the tone in my opinion. I did think that this book would be a bit more light hearted, but I loved that it was heartbreaking and filled with emotion. When a book gets me that riled up at the characters, it's doing something very right. Also, each chapter is an episode of the show which I thought was a fun touch. In between chapters we also get the occasional interview or other similar thing too. It all fell together really well and I loved it!
*An advanced copy of this book was provided by the publisher in exchange for an honest review. I did not receive any compensation.


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Audi is trying strengthen its reputation as the greatest sports car maker in the world with its intention of coming out with a new mid-engined model that will go on a head-on collision with the Mercedes-Benz SLK and the Porsche Boxster.
The mid-engined referred to is a high-performance two-seater cabriolet dubbed the R2 being developed with Volkswagen, Audi's sister company, which is thought to be in the last stage of a production variant of the BlueSport Concept shown at the Detroit Motor Show earlier this week.
The R2 receives a brand new chassis and suspension borrowed froom the MkV VW Golf. Also a possibility is a 4-wheel-drive version employing the development of the Haldex system of the Golf R32.
In addition to this, there are speculations that a hybrid with four wheels powered by electrical motors is intended to help Audi cut on CO2 emissions in its range. The powerplant lineup is sure to include a mixture of 2.0-liter 4-cylinder and 2.5-liter 5-cylinder turbocharged gasoline engines.
Also under consideration are diesel engines, but will not be possibly offered at the opening. A choice between a 6-speed manual and 7-ratio R tronic semi-auto gearboxes will be offered to all the models. Figures for performance should be remarkable: 200bhp to 380bhp, maximum speed is limited to 155mph, with sprint from 0-60mph expected to be less than 6.0 seconds.
Audi's successful design features will continue in the R2 including sculpted taillights mimicking the Q of its popular Qauttro badge like those found on the R8.
Sitting above Audi's badge is a third rear brake light, and the hood will be free from any aero additions, but to increase stability at speed, there is an underbody air diffuser. In the interior, the cabin is finished in high-quality material and will possibly borrow a lot of equipment from the BlueSport, including a large touch screen cabin control arrangement and lightweight sport seats.
Additionally, a heating system is inbuilt into the backs of the seats. The R2 receives a couple of remarkable wide-mouthed side vents, intended to channel cold air into the engine hinting on the vehicle's mid-engined configuration. Pricing for the car begins at 30,000 Pounds at its launching in 2012.


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Plaintiff's settlement of a no-fault claim for personal injury protection benefits is not res judicata for a later suit against the same insurer for uninsured motorist benefits under Adam v. Bell, et al. (MiLW No. 07-89509, 6 pages).
Tagged with: Civil Procedure Judge Karen Fort Hood Judge Kathleen Jansen Judge Michael J. Riordan Michigan Court of AppealsRead More »


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Evelynn Build Guide by Scowt
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Thank You!
Your votes and comments encourage our guide authors to continue
creating helpful guides for the League of Legends community.
Evelynn Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
This is my first build so just bare with me on the professionalism that may not be in this. but after plaaying eve soooooo much and not seeing any good guide for her i decided to make my own. im trying to figure out why no one else really uses the way i kill as the primary way to kill anyone ill get into that later. first thing you have to realize about eve is that she is a TRUE ASSASSIN, picks her target, singles it out, strikes, and leaves, and the prepares for the next one. this is how she needs to be played. one thing everyone doesnt realize is you dont have to be a kill stealing noob. i have soloed some really good tannks with full health with eve. now i will say i have warmogs but nonetheless they still die. heres how its done. (SKIP TO KILLING section FOR THE GOOD STUFF). i have done this to make a simple but the best way to play eve. this gid is short but to the point.
Pros / Cons
the pros about eve is like i said earlier:
if played right excellent 1v1
true assassin
and possibility to kill the whole team.
the cons though:
scout the area or be aware on the rest of the enemy team before you go in for the kill
need to be in close
super squishy.BUT SHES AN ASSASSIN
Skill Sequence
it may be drone to say that ravage and stealth should be leveled first to max, with one or two early hate spikes. the hate spike itself isnt the where the damage is at but it plays a HUGE HUGE HUGE ROLE in it. ravage will need to be the main way you get some kills until you get lich bane. yes you may have to "steal some kills" but mainly you will "steal" them when they would get away other wise, im sure a teamate would like an assist more than no kill at all.
Summoner Spells
Clarity is a must with eve. she drains mana early game to late mid game. and you need that mana to get that last ravage or hate spike. i usually pick exhaust because two reasons: good to chase with, and good to run away with. exhaust plus ult usually means youll get away fast, one away you can stealth back to a turret.
DEATH CAP AND LICH BANE ARE A MUST!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! mobility i prefer to get around the map without calling attention with. everything else aster words is up to you and the situation but i suggest stay in the ap section of the shop.
Early game youll get kills from: fleeing enemys and low health idiots that wanna feed on minions. now when buying death cap buy the needlesly large rod first, need some ap to do some ganking. once you have lich bane, the game is over.trust me, the other team just surrenders after like 4 or 5 kills with this strategy. heres the combo:
stealth---> ravage and ult at same time
> hate spike spam---> finishing ravage---> run---> clarity--> get another.
sounds simple yes BUT THE KILL COME NOT FROM HATE SPIKE IT SELF!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
every hate spike procs lich bane, that with the super fast attack speed from ult means every attack after you hate spike, will do your ad + ap.......even if you just have deathcap and lichbane thats like 450 each hit plus the hate spike damage. i dont believe i need to explain this tooo much. but you goin stun ravage and just hate spikehim down. the ravge should get a good chunk going, the hate spike and lich bane combo is DEVASTATING. they drop like flies. some games i get up to 500-600 ap. imagine, killing the tank in less than 6 hits..... by urself. thank you and good night!!!! they surrender. everytime. theres a reason i go 12-0, 23-1, and my favorite, 32-3. with eve. those high ones i just didnt want the game to end so just didnt attack turrets or anything just wanted to see how much ap i could get.
Team Work
as far as team work goes its simple. either initiate or end it. nothing in between.stealth stun help kill. or come in late and take out a third of their healt with ravage. try to stay mobile between lane and help kill. eve is a killer not a farmer.
in sumation, eve is awesome. but you gotta pick your fights. plz dont rush into 2 or 3 people without help you will die. thats not how shes played. get in get the kill get out. rinse wash repeat about 3 seconds later (clarity alows this).


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'One Small Step for a Man...' and then Stick out Your Thumb
As late as 2010, NASA was planning a return to the moon by 2020. But budget cuts led to the cancellation of those plans, while NASA continued to design and build hardware associated with a lunar mission.
The question was always, why are they building hardware for a mission that doesn't exist? Indeed, the Ares rocket -- a heavy lift booster necessary to ferry the crew exploration vehicle, lander, and command module into space -- continues to be built at the cost of several billion a year despite not having any purpose. It was hoped that eventually, NASA would come up with some alternate plans for a moon mission.
But those hopes have been dashed by NASA administrator Charles Bolden:
NASA administrator Charles Bolden has dismissed the idea that the space agency will attempt another manned Moon mission. Speaking with contemporaries, Bolden said "NASA will not take the lead on a human lunar mission... probably in my lifetime." Bolden added that if the next administration reverses NASA's decision it would set back the manned space program in its entirety. He warned that, should we divert resources towards a manned moon mission in the future, we would probably never "see Americans on the Moon, on Mars, near an asteroid, or anywhere" in our lifetimes, explaining that "we cannot continue to change the course of human exploration."
The agency will instead focus on a manned research mission to a nearby Asteroid, as it announced three weeks ago. That's not to say that we won't see another human on the Moon — there are multiple companies planning commercial space flights, and Golden Spike last December committed to take people to the Moon by 2020.
Bolden's statements echo the words of President Obama who, while making a speech at the John F. Kennedy Space Center, acknowledged there was a desire among some to return to the Moon before exploring the further reaches of space. "I just have to say pretty bluntly here: we've been there before," said Obama back in 2010, "There's a lot more of space to explore, and a lot more to learn when we do."
"We choose to go to the moon not because it is easy, but because it is hard," said John Kennedy. Apparently, today's NASA only wants to do the "easy" stuff -- and take our own sweet time doing it too. Now we have plans to "lasso" a small asteroid and drag it into orbit around the moon:
The asteroid retrieval mission is based on a scenario set out last year by a study group at the Keck Institute for Space Studies. NASA's revised scenario would launch a robotic probe toward a 500-ton, 7- to 10-meter-wide (25- to 33-foot-wide) asteroid in 2017 or so. The probe would capture the space rock in a bag in 2019, and then pull it to a stable orbit in the vicinity of the moon, using a next-generation solar electric propulsion system. That would reduce the travel time for asteroid-bound astronauts from a matter of months to just a few days.
The Keck study estimated the total mission cost at $2.6 billion — but the administration official said the price tag could be reduced to $1 billion, or roughly $100 million a year, if the mission took advantage of an already-planned test flight for NASA's heavy-lift Space Launch System rocket and Orion crew exploration vehicle. That flight would send astronauts around the moon and back in 2021.
"This mission would combine the best of NASA's asteroid identification, technology development, and human exploration efforts to capture and redirect a small asteroid to just beyond the moon to set up a human mission using existing resources and equipment, including the heavy-lift rocket and deep-space capsule that have been under development for several years," the official said in an email.
The 2014 budget would set aside $78 million for planning the asteroid retrieval mission, plus $27 million to accelerate NASA's efforts to detect and characterize potentially hazardous asteroids. The federal government currently spends $20 million annually on asteroid detection.
Some may mourn the loss of a government moon mission, but the reality is we don't have the money. We may not even have the money for the asteroid mission, given the direction of budget cuts.
But the chances are a private company will get to the moon sooner than NASA ever could. And they won't go just to plant a flag and gather a few rocks. They will build mining towns and perhaps even construct a space center where missions to the outer solar system will originate, using the 1/5th gravity compared to earth that is found on the moon as a way to save hundreds of millions of dollars.
NASA plans a manned Mars mission by the mid 2030's. I think by that time, it will be a moot point as private space companies will have preceded them by a decade.
America will maintain a lead in space exploration. But it won't be government that will be running the show. In the next decade, American private industry (with the assistance of NASA) will be where the action is for manned space flight.
Perhaps NASA will be able to hitch a ride back to the moon with one of them.


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The forte of Acme Kitchen Cabinets and Glass Ltd. is in rendering kitchen cabinet refacing services, which include installing stylish and fashionable cabinets. The experts employed by this reputed firm assess the layout of the kitchen of the clients, and then devise ways to de-clutter it and make it more attractive. The new layout proposed by the professionals needs to be approved by the clients, after which the experts make use of high quality material for manufacturing the products to be placed in the premises. Of course, the color and pattern of the material is in accordance with the choices of the clients.
After the products to be placed at the clients' premises are manufactured in adherence to the measurements, the professionals apply their proficiency in this field to install the same. The closet organization service of Acme Kitchen Cabinets and Glass Ltd. is aimed at fitting the manufactured wares in accordance to the industry standards, so that they serve the clients for years to come without any unforeseen incidents. This service is extremely efficient and cost effective and can be availed at short notices from this reputed organization all year long.
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text:
Today we welcome back Daisy Flower, our Thursday contributor.
When we first moved into our house eight months ago, there were some issues with it that we had to fix right away. One of these issues was that our home had asbestos insulation in the attic.
We didn't want to live with asbestos, though it is fine as long as you don't disturb it. We didn't know whether it had been disturbed and we were also planning on converting our loft (which was the access point to the attic) into our master bedroom. We didn't want to take the risk.
After spending thousands of dollars (which luckily we were able to negotiate into the price of the home) on removing the asbestos, we evaluated whether or not it would save us money in the long run.
We determined that it probably wouldn't save us money, but it would likely make us money in the future, because we would actually be able to re-sell our home for a reasonable price. We are planning on staying in our house for 5-10 years.
There are so many other improvements that you can make to your home that will end up saving you money almost immediately, or at least make you money in the long run.
If you buy an older house that hasn't been renovated at all, it's likely that you have single pane windows. This can create huge inefficiencies in the heating and cooling of your home, and end up costing you a lot of extra money. While replacing your windows to double pane, efficient windows will likely cost you thousands of dollars, you'll see your heating bill drop significantly right away.
A poorly insulated home not only creates inefficiencies in heating and cooling, but it can also create sound barrier issues.
R-40 insulation is the best you can get, and will help your heating bill immediately. Check what you currently have in key places such as your attic. If you don't have a decent insulation level, splurge and replace the insulation with R-40. This doesn't have to cost a ton (check on Craigslist for deals) but it will help immensely with your heating bill, again.
Plumbing Upgrades
There are some houses out there that still have galvanized piping. This is generally okay for the first decade of the houses' existence, but galvanized pipes can rust and deteriorate over time, which can create a major disaster if they burst.
If you have galvanized piping and go on an expensive adventure to get rid of it and replace it with something new and improved, your insurance rates will likely drop. Just let your insurance company know that you've replaced the piping. You might see a home insurance expense drop of almost 25%.
I'm surprised as to how many people just allow their homes to go on with terrible roofs.
We replaced the roof when we moved into our house, because it was leaky and in poor condition. When we provided proof to our insurance company that the roofing was replaced, it saved us 20% on our home insurance cost, and it also saved us in the way of potential mold in the future. Water was getting in behind the roofing shingles, and created some issues in the trusses, but because we caught it right away and replaced the shingles, we won't have to replace the trusses in the near future.
All of these things are expensive initially, but will pay off exponentially during the time you own your home.
What expensive changes have you made to your home that ended up saving you in the long run?


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The Nigeria national women's team, Super Falcons, will Sunday evening begin their hunt for an astonishing eighth title at the Africa Women Cup of Nations, AWCON 2016.
The team will begin their campaign against Mali, and players and officials are keen to hit the ground running.
Nigeria's coach Florence Omagbemi and captain Rita Chikwelu have both given assurances of a good outing in Sunday's opener at the Limbe Omnisports Stadium.
Omagbemi, who is hugging a new challenge having captained the Super Falcons to winning four African titles, said she brought the best legs made of youth and experience to represent the country at the continental showpiece.
"My team is 100 per cent fit and ready. Everyone on the team – the 21 players we have and officials are ready for the game and we are set to start our campaign," Omagbemi said in the pre-match conference.
"For now, we've brought the best to represent the country. When you have a tournament two years after and we play in 2016 – there is a transition in the team and as a coach you want to get the best players to represent the country.
"The combination of both – the ones that went to Namibia and the new ones that are here. This is not the first time some of them are playing together.
"Even the ones that are not here ,we still have the majority of our players that we took to Namibia, the experience and the new ones on the team, most of them have been on the national team for years.
"We have Mali, Ghana, Kenya in our group. Most of the teams played in the qualifiers. We are familiar with the Malian team and we have been able to get some report of the team.
"Just like the others teams are looking to get information about our own team. This is not the first time we've been playing the Mali team. We have good information about them and so we are good to go.
On her part, Skipper Chikwelu said she and her teammates are fully set and in high spirit to defend the continental crown they won at Namibia 2014 edition.
"We are ready to defend our title. And the team spirit is high and everybody is prepared for the tournament.
"We have a lot of committed players on the team and those of us who have been representing the country for years are eager to do the country proud.
"And the Nigerian spirit is just like we want to give all you got; and the commitment, that's one of our major key."


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text: Quads, I only know you from your postings on this site. But I have a lot of respect and appreciation for your input, character, humour and ethics. If I can gleen that from your comments and pictures, you must have a collection of family and friends who appreciate and love you so much more. Praying for the silver lining, Larry


text:
Agulla set for Welford Road reunion
Horacio Agulla admits it will be a strange feeling for him when he heads back to Welford Road as a Bath player.
The Argentina international wing returns to Aviva Premiership action, along with Bath's Wales prop Paul James and South Africa flanker Francois Louw, following a busy month of Test match commitments.
"It will be a bit strange for me going into the other changing room at Welford Road, but it will be nice to go back," said former Leicester player Agulla, who will partner Matt Banahan in midfield.
"I have a lot of good memories from my time there, but I'm a Bath player now so I want to go up there and hopefully get a good result with the boys. We are really looking forward to the game. We had a great win last weekend against Harlequins, but we know that Leicester are a really good team so we will need to be 100 per cent on our game."
Exeter, buoyed by a first win at the Madejski Stadium against London Irish last weekend, will continue their quest to challenge among the title play-off contenders when Wasps visit Sandy Park.
Head coach Rob Baxter, who has named an unchanged team, said: "To get a couple of monkeys off our back, like our first away (league) win and our first win at the Madejski, is quite a big thing for us at this stage of the season.
Wasps are boosted by England lock Tom Palmer returning to the side, as does Samoa international prop Zak Taulafo, with Italy centre Andrea Masi on the bench.
"Exeter are a very good team and are very difficult to beat, but there is no reason why we can't go to Sandy Park and get a victory," Wasps rugby director David Young said.
"We were pleased with our win last weekend (against Leicester) but we are going to have to be better this Saturday. We are going to have to be more accurate."
Irish make the trip to London Welsh, where their opponents will target a fourth win of a Premiership campaign that has seen them cope well with life in English rugby's top flight. In Sunday's Premiership action, second-placed Saracens host Gloucester, who lie third but are level on points with the Hertfordshire club.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 21, 2000
|Filing date
|Sep 2, 1997
|Priority date
|Sep 2, 1997
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Timothy Edward Clark
|Original Assignee
|Amphenol Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (36), Classifications (14), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a multiple channel fiber optic communications system, and in particular to a multitier wavelength division multiplexing arrangement therefor.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Fiber optic systems are presently being used for high bandwidth, high speed voice and video communications. Originally, single channel systems in which each fiber carried a single channel sufficed, but increases in traffic have led to a need for greater channel-carrying capacity. Because of the high cost of laying optical fibers, increasing capacity by laying more fibers is impractical, and thus achieving greater efficiency in utilizing fiber resources has become increasingly important, which has led to the development of systems for adding channels to existing fibers.
The most practical method of carrying multiple channels over a single fiber is to create channels having different non-interfering wavelengths. The different wavelength carriers are coupled to the single fiber using a technique known as wavelength division multiplexing and separated at the receiving side by demultiplexing the signals. While such techniques have greatly increased the capacity of existing fiber optic systems, the traffic demands on such systems have risen even faster, resulting in the need to further increase the number of channels which can be carried.
Since the total bandwidth of the signals which can be carried by an optical fiber is limited, adding channels to existing fibers involves increasing the channel density and decreasing the channel separation. The smaller the channel separation, however, the more difficult it is to isolate the channels, and to separate them without significant losses. Nevertheless, current technologies are capable of providing for two-way communications over channels separated by less than one nanometer, using a technique known as dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDW).
Copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/921,330, filed Aug. 29, 1997, pending, describes a variety of components suitable for use in DWDM systems, based on the principle of using Mach-Zehnder interferometric filters having in-fiber Bragg gratings to insert and remove individual channels from a multiplexed signal. The multiplexed interferometric filters are arranged in serial or cascaded fashion and packaged in modular components having four or eight filters each.
While the number of filters in a component is theoretically unlimited, however, and any number of components can be cascaded together, in practice the number of filters that can be connected together in this fashion is limited by the additive effect of the losses due to the individual Bragg gratings through which a signal must pass after insertion and prior to separation.
An alternative fiber optic wave division multiplexing technique is to use multiple port optical circulators having in-fiber Bragg gratings at the single channel input and output ports to insert and remove individual channels from the multiplexed signal. Optical circulators are commercially available items and their use at least in demultiplexers is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,825. However, for many applications, Mach-Zehnder couplers of the type described in the above-cited copending application are preferred to optical circulators.
The present invention addresses the problem of limitations as to the number of individual filter units that can conveniently be cascaded without unacceptable losses by proposing to use optical circulators as combiners, also known as collectors, for the cascaded individual channel multiplexing and demultiplexing components described in the copending patent application. Because of the their modularity, the components can easily be added to a suitably arranged combiner, thereby obtaining the advantages of superior channel isolation while adding a degree of parallelism in order to limit losses as the number of channels is increased.
This use of combiners is similar to the proposal made in the copending application to existing narrowband wavelength division multiplexing (NWDM) components as combiners for the outputs of the individual cascaded multiplexer components, and may be considered an extension of the concept, but the use of optical circulators as combiners has the advantage of providing a greater passband for the combined channels, allowing the entire bandwidth of the individual cascaded multiplexer components to be utilized.
Thus, although optical circulators and Bragg gratings are well-known technologies, as is their combination in WDM devices, their use as combiners in combination with cascaded or serial individual channel separating arrangements is both novel and provides advantages unattainable using current optical circulator arrangements.
It is accordingly an objective of the invention to provide a fiber optic communications system in which cascaded wave division multiplexing arrangements are used to provide low loss/high isolation channel separation, and optical filters having sufficiently wide channel passbands are used to connect individual cascaded multiplexer units in parallel in order to further increase the number of channels while providing optimal control of loss budgets.
It is a further objective of the invention to provide a wave division multiplexing arrangement for use in such a system, in which serial or cascaded multiplexer and demultiplexer components are connected in parallel to optical circulator combiners in order to obtain the advantages of low loss and high isolation channel separation provided by the individual multiplexer and demultiplexer components, without the limitations as to the number of channels which can be added using purely serial arrangements.
It is yet another objective of the invention to provide an improved combiner for use in such arrangements, made up of multiport optical circulators arranged to combine groups of wavelengths at DWDM channel separations, in both bi-directional and uni-direction configurations, using serially arranged Bragg gratings at the ports in order to separate the groups of channels.
These objectives of the invention are accomplished in a preferred embodiment of the invention by providing a fiber optic communications system in which channel insertion and removal is carried out by a plurality of modular cascaded multiplexer and demultiplexer components, preferably but not necessarily of the type described in the above cited copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/921,330, and in which the respective common outputs and inputs of the multiplexer and demultiplexer components are connected to multiport optical circulator bi-directional or uni-directional combiners arranged to combine or separate groups of channels for transmission over a single fiber transmission cable.
In one exemplary embodiment of the invention, the communication system is a bi-directional communication system having 16 channels, the individual multiplexers and demultiplexers are four channel components, two of which are provided at each end of the transmission line, and the combiners are either made up of a pair of individual circulators having three and four ports, respectively, or a single five port circulator. According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the same circulator arrangement is used to provide uni-directional 16 multiplexer and demultiplexer components. It will of course be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the principles of these exemplary embodiments may be extending to bi-directional and uni-directional arrangements having different number of channels, both with respect to the overall system and the individual components.
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a bi-directional 16 channel communications system constructed in accordance with the principles of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of a four channel demultiplexer for use in the communications system of FIG. 1
FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of a four channel multiplexer for use in the communications system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 2C is a schematic diagram of one of the Mach-Zehnder interferometers used in the components of FIGS. 2A and 2B.
FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of a bi-directional combiner suitable for use in the communications system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram of a second bi-directional combiner suitable for use in the communications system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a variation of the bi-directional combiner of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a uni-directional combiner constructed according to the principles of a second preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a second uni-directional combiner constructed according to the principles of the second preferred embodiment.
The basic architecture of the WDM system of the first preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. It includes a pair of bi-directional combiners 1 and 2 at opposite ends of a multi-channel fiber optic transmission line 3. The combiners perform channel combining or multiplexing functions and channel separation or demultiplexing functions so as to serve as an interface between the transmission line 3 and a plurality of multiplexers and demultiplexers which combine individual channel signal sources for transmission and separate multiplexed signals for distribution to individual receivers or signal processors.
In particular, combiner 1 is connected to first and second multiplexers 4 and 5 and to first and second demultiplexers 6 and 7. While the illustrated channel wavelengths are exemplary in nature and not intended to be limiting, multiplexers 4 and 5 respectively combine wavelengths of 1547.97 to 1552.77 nm and 1555.50 to 1560.86 nm, and demultiplexers 6 and 7 respectively separate wavelengths of 1530.08 to 1535.29 nm and 1537.94 to 1543.19 nm. Combiner 2, on the other hand, is connected to multiplexers 8 and 9 which multiplex the wavelengths separated by demultiplexers 6 and 7, respectively, and demultiplexers 10 and 11 separate the wavelengths multiplexed by multiplexers 4 and 5.
By using combiners to combine the individual multiplexer and demultiplexer components, the overall insertion loss of the illustrated system is limited to that of the individual multiplexer and demultiplexer components, plus that contributed by the combiners. For the preferred four channel components described in the copending application cited above, which have an insertion loss of 1.6 dB for the multiplexer and 1.9 dB for the demultiplexer, if the insertion loss of the combiners is 2.0 dB, as is possible with the two circulator combiner described below, then the total insertion loss is 7.5 dB. With a combiner insertion loss of 1.0, as is possible with the one circulator combiner described below, the total insertion loss drops to 5.5 dB.
Although described in detail in the copending application, the essential details of the basic cascaded four channel components used the preferred embodiment will now be described in connection with FIGS. 2A and 2B. The demultiplexer illustrated in FIG. 2A corresponds to demultiplexers 6, 7, 10, and 11 of FIG. 1, while the demultiplexer illustrated in FIG. 2B corresponds to multiplexers 4, 5, 8, and 9. Although these demultiplexer and multiplexer components are especially preferred, however, the invention is not necessarily limited to the particular arrangements shown, nor is the invention limited to four channel multiplexers, it being possible to serially connect a pair of two channel multiplexers to form a four channel multiplexer, to replace components 4-11 with components each having a number of channels greater than four (with appropriate modifications to the combiners), or to include more or less than four components on each side of the transmission line.
As illustrated in FIG. 2A, demultiplexers 4, 5, 8, and 9 are each made up of four Mach-Zehnder interferometric couplers 12-15, a common input 16, four single channel outputs 17-20, and an optional auxiliary output 21. The common input 16 is connected to one of the combiners 1 and 2, while the four single channel outputs are connected to signal receiving and processing circuitry. Preferably, the common input and each of the outputs is connectorized to facilitate installation, using standard connectors such as FC connectors, while internal connections to the interferometric couplers 12-15 are by means of fusion splices or similar low loss connections. Additional isolation of the single channel outputs may be achieved by adding Bragg gratings or other types of filters, such as thin film optical filters, or additional interferometric couplers.
Multiplexers 4, 5, 8, and 9, on the other hand, preferably use only three interferometric couplers 22-24, but are otherwise similar in construction to demultiplexers 6 7, 10, and 11 including common input 25 and single channel inputs 26-29. The fourth interferometric coupler can be omitted from the multiplexer because adequate channel isolation is provided by the Bragg gratings used internally by the couplers, as explained in the copending application, although additional gratings, filters, or couplers can be added if further isolation is required.
The individual channel wavelengths in the illustrated examples are the center wavelengths for demultiplexer 7 and multiplexer 9, but the remaining demultiplexers and multiplexers are otherwise identical to these components and can easily be tuned to the appropriate wavelengths by selection of the in-fiber Bragg gratings used in the individual interferometer units. The units are commercially available, and further details are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,119, incorporated herein by reference. For purposes of this application, it is sufficient to note that the interferometer units in question each includes, as shown in FIG. 2C, two 50/50 fiber optic couplers 30 and 31 connected by two identical Bragg gratings 32 and 33. The first coupler has two ports 34 and 35, and the second coupler includes two ports 36 and 37, ports 34-37 being in the form of fiber ends which can be connected by fusion splicing or any other convenient means to a fiber optic connector, or to the port of an additional interferometer unit.
When used for the purpose of removing a channel from a wavelength division multiplexed signal, the first port of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer illustrated in FIG. 2C, port 34, serves as the input for the multiplexed signal from which the channel is to be removed, the input signal being equally split by the 50/50 coupler 30 and transmitted to the two identical Bragg gratings 32 and 33, which are arranged to reflect only the channel (or channels) to be removed, and to pass all other channels with minimal loss.
The reflected channel or wavelength is then combined by the first 50/50 coupler 30 and output through the second port, port 35, while the channels which pass through the Bragg filters are combined by the second 50/50 coupler 31 and output through the fourth port, port 37. The third port, port 36, is terminated by conventional means and is generally not used, although it is possible to use port 36 to add back a signal at the same wavelength as the signal originally reflected by the Bragg grating and output through port 35 in order to form an add/drop unit, as described in the above-cited copending application.
When the illustrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used for the purpose of inserting a wavelength into a wavelength division multiplexed signal, the fourth port (port 37) is used as the input for the signal to which a channel is to be added, and the second port (port 35) is connected to the channel source, with Bragg gratings 33 and 34 again being arranged to reflect the channel being inserted and to pass other channels. In this case, 50/50 coupler 31 separates the signal input through port 37 into two equal parts which pass through filters 32 and 33 and are combined by 50/50 coupler 30 for output through port 34. The inserted channel is separated into two parts by 50/50 coupler 30, reflected by filters 32 and 33, and then re-combined in 50/50 coupler 30 for output through the first port (port 34) along with the signal originally input through port 37.
As a result, the demultiplexer illustrated in FIG. 2A, which uses four of the above-described Mach-Zehnder interferometric couplers operates as follows: The four input wavelengths 1538.19 nm, 1539.77 nm, 1541.35 nm, and 1542.92 nm are input through common input connector 16 of the component, and the latter three wavelengths pass through the Bragg gratings of Mach-Zehnder interferometer 12 (gratings 32 and 33 shown in FIG. 2C), while the 1538.19 nm wavelength is reflected back by the Bragg gratings and output through connector 17 to a suitable receiving device. The longest two of the three remaining wavelengths then pass through the Bragg gratings of Mach-Zehnder interferometer 13, while the 1539.77 nm wavelength is reflected back and output through connector 18, with the longest remaining wavelength passing through the Bragg gratings of Mach-Zehnder interferometer 14, and the 1541.35 wavelength being reflected back to be output through connector 195. The last input wavelength of 1542.92 is then reflected back by the Bragg gratings of Mach-Zehnder interferometer 15 and output through connector 20.
In the multiplexer of FIG. 2B, on the other hand, the four input wavelengths are respectively input through connectors 26-29 and reflected by the respective Bragg gratings of respective Mach-Zehnder interferometers 22-24 to pass through lower wavelength Mach-Zehnder interferometers in a manner similar to that of the demultiplexer, except that inputs to interferometer units 22 and 23 is through port 35 of the interferometer illustrated in FIG. 2C, input to interferometer 24 is through ports 35 and 37, and the outputs are through port 34.
Finally, those skilled in the art will note that the individual interferometer units of the demultiplexer and multiplexer illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B are arranged so that the shortest wavelengths are removed first and inserted last. This order is preferred because it eliminates the short wavelength tail effect known to those skilled in the art, as explained in the above-cited copending patent application.
The bi-directional combiners are respectively shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, with a variation of these combiners being shown in FIG. 4. The optical circulators used in each of these variations are conventional and, in addition to the brief description found in above-cited U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,825, are described in the article by Jay S. Delden entitled Optical Circulators Improve Bidirectional Fiber Systems, in Laser Focus World, November, 1995, and in numerous prior patents directed to a variety of fiber optic components, such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,571, which is directed to an optical amplifier arrangement using optical circulators and Bragg gratings in a manner similar to that described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,825. Unlike the optical circulators described in these references, however, the ports of the optical circulators of the preferred embodiment are used to separate or collect groups of channels, taking advantage of the relative large available passband of these devices.
In the combiner illustrated in FIG. 3A, which corresponds to combiner 1 shown in FIG. 1, two optical circulators 40 and 41 are utilized. One of the optical circulators 40 is a four port device and the other optical circulator 41 is a three port device, with the additional port on optical circulator 40 being connected to the bi-directional transmission fiber 3. For convenience, the cascaded multiplexer components are referred to by the center channel of the group of multiplexed channels output thereby, respectively 1549 and 1557, and by the letters TX, which stands for "transmitter," while the demultiplexers 6 and 7 are referred to by their respective center channels 1533 and 1541, and by the letters RX, which stands for "receiver," but it is to be understood that the respective elements 4-7 shown in this figure are the same as elements 4-7 shown in FIG. 1 and described above.
In this arrangement, the cascaded multiplexers or transmitters 4 and 5 are respectively connected to ports 42 and 43 of circulator 41 and the signals input therethrough are output through port 44 after having circulated in the direction indicated by arrow 45, port 44 being connected to port 46 of optical circulator 40, with port 46 being adjacent to common input/output port 47 connected to the transmission fiber 2 so that the signals input from transmitter 5 pass a single input port and none of the receiver ports before being output to the transmission fiber, and the signals input from transmitter 4 are directly output to the transmission fiber, thereby minimizing losses resulting from reflections at multiple ports. In order to isolate port 43 from signals input through port 42, a Bragg grating 48 is placed between port 43 and the transmitter 4, the Bragg grating being arranged to reflect the entire group of channels input through port 42, i.e., the group designated 1549, while passing the 1557 group output by transmitter 4.
Signals received from the transmission cable 3 also pass through port 47, but are passed directly to receiver ports 49 and 50, respectively connected to receivers 7 and 6, in the direction of arrow 51. Again, losses are minimized by passing one group of channels directly to the corresponding output port, with the second group having to pass only one receiver port before being output, the first receiver 7 being isolated from the second receiver 6 by a Bragg grating 52 which passes the 1541 group of wavelengths but reflects the 1533 group.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that both the transmitter and receiver isolation gratings may be in the form of a single Bragg grating, series of Bragg gratings, or any equivalent filter or coupler arrangement, and in certain types of optical circulators, may even be omitted. In addition, the number of optical circulators and/or the number of ports on each optical circulator can be varied to accommodate different numbers of groups of channels and therefore the number of multiplexer/transmitters and demultiplexer/receivers to which the ports are connected, and additional isolating or filtering elements can be added to any of the ports. The ports are of course preferably connectorized to facilitate connection to the respective multiplexer/demultiplexer components.
The combiner 2 shown in FIG. 3B is identical to combiner 1 shown in FIG. 3A, except that the channel assignments of the transmitter ports 53 and 54 of optical circulator 55 and receiver ports 56 and 57 of optical circulator 58 are interchanged as illustrated, as are the passbands of the Bragg gratings 59 and 60. More specifically, in this combiner, the 1541 group of channels is input through port 53 and the 1533 group of channels is input through port 54, with isolation between the 1533 transmitter 8 and the 1541 transmitter 9 being provided by grating 59, and the combined or multiplexed groups of signals being passed through port 61 on optical circulator 55 and port 62 on optical circulator 58 to the common input/output port 63 for transmission over optical transmission fiber 3. Signals received from the transmission fiber 2 are output through ports 56 and 57, with isolation between the 1557 receiver and the 1549 receiver being provide by Bragg grating 60 in the same manner as in combiner 1.
Advantageously for many applications, the two-circulator bi-directional configuration illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B can be varied by using a single five port circulator 61, illustrated generally in FIG. 4. This configuration also requires only two isolating gratings or similar structures with the two groups of channels received from transmission fiber 2 being input through common input/output port 64, with one of the groups λ4 passing through port 65 and grating 66 to be received by receivers 7 or 11 and the other group λ3 being reflected by grating 66 and output through port 67 to be received by receivers 6 or 10. In this configuration, the transmitters are connected to ports 68 and 69 such that a first group of channels λ2 is input by transmitters 5 or 9 through port 68 and reflected by grating 70 to be output through common input/output port 64, while the second group of channels λ1 is input by transmitters 4 or 8 through grating 70 and port 69 for output through common input/output port 64.
In addition to the bi-directional system configuration illustrated in FIG. 1, it is possible to provide a uni-directional system in which, for example, demultiplexers 6 and 7 are interchanged with multiplexers 8 and 9, and the combiners are modified accordingly to provide uni-directional operation as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. In this embodiment, the unidirectional multiplexer arrangement for the individual transmitters corresponding to transmitters 4-7 of the first preferred embodiment are made up of optical circulators 80 and 81 having respective input ports 82-85, with the first group of signals λ1 being input through port 82 and the second group of signals λ2 being input through port 83 and a Bragg grating 86 which passes λ2 but reflects λ1. The combined signal including groups λ1 and λ2 is output from the first circulator 80 through port 87 and input to the second circulator 81 through port 88, and passed to common output port 89 via ports 84 and 85 and isolating gratings 90-93, with one grating for each of the respective groups being required for isolation purposes at each of the ports in order to pass the groups to the common output port with minimal loss. The third group of channels λ3 is input through port 84 and reflected by an additional Bragg grating 94 connected between port 85 and the group λ4 transmitter for output through common output port 89, while the fourth channel group λ4 is input through each of gratings 92-94 and port 85 for output by the common output port 89.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the serially arranged gratings at ports 83-85 could be replaced by other types of channel isolators so long as the appropriate wavelengths are allowed to pass through to the common output port, and two circulator arrangement could be replaced by a single circulator arrangement in which the circulator has five ports, in a manner analogous to the variation illustrated in FIG. 4, and further that both the number of channels and/or the number of circulators may be varied to accommodate different number of channels.
Finally, the uni-directional demultiplexing combiner (which may more accurately be described as a separator or distributor rather than a "combiner") is identical to the uni-directional multiplexing combiner, except that the respective transmitters and receivers are interchanged, and the common output port serves instead as a common input port. Because the construction of the demultiplexing combiner of FIG. 6 may be identical to the construction of the multiplexing connector of FIG. 5, the various elements shown in FIG. 6 have been numbered the same as corresponding elements illustrated in FIG. 5, with the direction of the arrows indicating the directivity of the circulators being reversed.
Having thus described various preferred embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will appreciate that variations and modifications of the preferred embodiment may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, as indicated above, the number of channels provided for in the basic components may be freely varied depending on system requirements, as may be the wavelengths of the channels carried, and any of the illustrated gratings may be replaced by other types of gratings, filters, or the like, and in some types of circulators, isolation may even be provided by elements internal to the circulators or by the nature of the ports. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will appreciate that additional gratings or filters may be added anywhere in the system to increase isolation and/or reduce losses, and that the multiplexers, demultiplexers, and/or combiners of the invention may be separately housed, housed together, or integrated with other optical components.
It is accordingly intended that the invention not be limited by the above description or accompanying drawings, but that it be defined solely in accordance with the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|General Instrument Corporation, Jerrold Communications
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|Sep 5, 1995
|Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation
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|Sep 5, 1995
|Cselt - Centro Studi E Laboratori Telecomunicazioni S.P.A.
|Wavelength selective optical switch
|Aug 31, 1994
|Jan 30, 1996
|At&T Corp.
|Tunable add drop optical filtering method and apparatus
|Aug 11, 1995
|Sep 10, 1996
|Ciena Corporation
|Method for removing and inserting optical carriers in a WDM optical communication system
|Jul 25, 1995
|Sep 17, 1996
|Ciena Corporation
|Expandable wavelength division multiplexed optical communications systems
|Feb 14, 1995
|Nov 5, 1996
|Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
|Optical system for amplifying signal light
|Mar 22, 1996
|Nov 12, 1996
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network with bi-directional optical spectral slicing
|Jun 4, 1993
|Nov 26, 1996
|Ciena Corporation
|Optical system with tunable in-fiber gratings
|Oct 20, 1993
|Jan 21, 1997
|Fujitsu Limited
|Application of phase conjugate optics to optical systems
|Oct 5, 1995
|Mar 4, 1997
|Northern Telecom Limited
|Optical amplifiers
|Feb 1, 1996
|Mar 4, 1997
|Jds Fitel Inc.
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|Apr 21, 1998
|Ciena Corp.
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|May 12, 1998
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Multiwavelength add/drop multiplexer
|Jul 15, 1996
|Jun 2, 1998
|Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation
|Wavelength-addressable optical time-delay network and phased array antenna incorporating the same
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|Aug 11, 1998
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
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|Feb 12, 1997
|Sep 15, 1998
|Applied Fiber Optics, Inc.
|Apparatus and method of making a fused dense wavelength-division multiplexer
|Aug 23, 1996
|Oct 13, 1998
|Kokusai Denshin Denwa Kabushiki Kaisha
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|Apr 30, 1998
|Dec 15, 1998
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Wavelength multiplexed light transfer unit and wavelength multiplexed light transfer system
|Apr 30, 1998
|Jan 19, 1999
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Wavelength multiplexed light transfer unit and wavelength multiplexed light transfer system
|Jul 18, 1997
|Mar 23, 1999
|Ditech Corporation
|Bidirectional optical amplifier having flat gain
|Jay S. Van Delden, Optical Circulators Improve Bidirectional Fiber Systems, "Laser Focus World",Nov. 1995, pp. 109-112.
|Jay S. Van Delden, Optical Circulators Improve Bidirectional Fiber Systems, Laser Focus World ,Nov. 1995, pp. 109 112.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 6, 1999
|Mar 20, 2001
|Ciena Corporation
|Optical add/drop multiplexer
|Jun 4, 1999
|May 1, 2001
|Flexible optical multiplexer
|Jun 17, 1998
|May 22, 2001
|Dogan A. Atlas
|System and method for reducing Raman cross-talk in a DWDM transport system
|Oct 3, 2000
|Jun 5, 2001
|Seneca Networks, Inc.
|Bidirectional WDM optical communication system with bidirectional add-drop multiplexing
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|Jan 15, 2002
|Seneca Networks, Inc.
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|Feb 19, 2002
|Tera Fiberoptics, Inc
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|Apr 2, 1998
|Jun 4, 2002
|Sorrento Networks, Inc.
|Wavelength-division-multiplexed optical transmission system with expanded bidirectional transmission capacity over a single fiber
|Nov 19, 1999
|Dec 10, 2002
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Aug 12, 1999
|Mar 4, 2003
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Aug 12, 1999
|Apr 29, 2003
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network and switching node with pilot tone communications
|Dec 7, 2000
|May 13, 2003
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Technique for detecting noise on a data channel
|May 25, 2001
|Aug 19, 2003
|Gary Duerksen
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|Sep 2, 2003
|Lightrail Networks, Inc.
|Bidirectional WDM optical communication system with bidirectional optical service channels
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|Oct 7, 2003
|Nortel Networks Limited
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|Dec 23, 1999
|Apr 13, 2004
|At&T Corp.
|Method and system for delivering multi-band broadcast services in wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks
|Dec 20, 2002
|Jun 8, 2004
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Dec 20, 2002
|Jun 15, 2004
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Dec 20, 2002
|Jun 29, 2004
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Dec 20, 2002
|Aug 10, 2004
|Nortel Networks Corporation
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Apr 19, 2002
|Sep 21, 2004
|Sanmina-Sci Corporation
|Current mode coupler having a unitary casing
|Dec 20, 2002
|Sep 21, 2004
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Jun 20, 2000
|Oct 19, 2004
|Multiband Raman amplifier
|Jun 12, 2003
|Jan 18, 2005
|Kaiser Optical Systems
|Configurable wavelength routing device
|Jun 30, 2000
|Dec 6, 2005
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Bi-directional optical transmission using dual channel bands
|Sep 4, 1997
|May 30, 2006
|Mci Communications Corporation
|Method and system for modular multiplexing and amplification in a multi-channel plan
|Jul 31, 2000
|Jun 26, 2007
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Optical wavelength division multiplexing device
|Apr 23, 2003
|Sep 16, 2008
|Finisar Corporation
|System and method for preventing signal loss in an optical communications network
|Apr 19, 2002
|Nov 28, 2002
|Sanmina-Sci Corporation
|Current mode coupler having a unitary casing
|Dec 20, 2002
|Nov 20, 2003
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Apr 23, 2003
|Feb 5, 2004
|Steve Wang
|System and method for preventing signal loss in an optical communications network
|Jun 12, 2003
|Oct 28, 2004
|Tedesco James M.
|Configurable wavelength routing device
|Jan 8, 2004
|Jan 13, 2005
|Jong-Kwon Kim
|Optical add/drop multiplexer using circulators and reflectors
|Dec 14, 2001
|Jun 19, 2002
|Alcatel USA Sourcing, L.P.
|Multi-channel, multi-mode redundant optical local loop having a bus topology
|Dec 14, 2001
|Jan 28, 2004
|Alcatel USA Sourcing, L.P.
|Multi-channel, multi-mode redundant optical local loop having a bus topology
|May 14, 2004
|Dec 22, 2004
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Optical add/drop multiplexer using circulators and reflectors
|May 14, 2004
|May 17, 2006
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Optical add/drop multiplexer using circulators and reflectors
|U.S. Classification
|385/24, 385/39, 398/1, 385/42, 385/37, 385/15, 385/16
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 24, 1998
Owner name: AMPHENOL CORPORATION, CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CLARK, TIMOTHY EDWARD;REEL/FRAME:009023/0373
Effective date: 19980115
|Oct 8, 2003
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 22, 2004
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 18, 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20040321


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