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School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Weclome to the School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
The establishment of the School was approved in June 2008. It originated in the School of Technology with the introduction of the BSc in Mathematics and Science Education. The School seeks to develop mathematicians, scientists, and teachers of mathematics and science. The School comprises of six Departments: Biological Sciences, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Mathematics and Science Education and Computer Science.
The Department of Mathematics and Science Education prepares graduate teachers for high school and tertiary levels. All Departments offer BSc, MSc, and, with the envisioned continuing growth in capacity in terms of infrastructure and expertise, Doctoral programmes in their respective disciplines.
To become a recognised centre of excellence committed to the advancement of mathematical and scientific knowledge and innovations and to the advancement of exemplary teaching/learning of mathematics and science.
Five Mandates
- Provide rigorous foundational courses in mathematics and natural sciences for those students who opt to specialize in Business, Engineering, Natural and Built Environments, and in Technology professions in other Schools in the University.
- Provide opportunities for advanced theoretical and practical learning in the Mathematics and the Natural Sciences for those interested in careers deriving in these fields.
- Provide for the education and training of educators and teachers for Mathematics and Science subjects at the school and tertiary levels.
- Conduct research to advance knowledge and its application and to advance the teaching and learning of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at all levels of education.
- Publish and disseminate research results, knowledge, and innovations to society.
The Dean
Prof. Frank Tailoka
Qualifications go here..........
The Departments in the School are as follows:
- Biological Sciences
- Chemistry
- Computer Science
- Mathematics
- Mathematics and Science Education
- Physical Sciences
Departments operate under the leadership of a Head of Department. Each Department operates through a Departmental Boards and a Board of Examiners through which quality standards of teaching and research may be assured. These departmental Boards look into the running of academic matters in respective departments; moderate examination results prior to the School's Examination Committee Meetings. Boards are answerable to the Board of Studies.
Academic regulations in the Departments are designed to be consistent with the School General Regulations. Each Department offers specialist programmes from the BSc level and leading to doctoral studies. Both Departmental and School Regulations shall be used in conjunction with the General Regulations of the University.
Departments must be consulted for their approved programmes that may not be featured in this edition of the SMNS Handbook. Future editions shall carry all approved programmes.The Departments of Biological Sciences, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences are planning to offer, respectively, the Bachelor of Science in Biology, Mathematics, Chemistry, and Physics. Double major options in the BSc may be available in the following combinations: Biology and Chemistry, Chemistry and Physics, and Mathematics and Physics.
Departments are responsible for the coordinated teaching of Mathematics and Natural Science Foundational Courses needed for specialised study in the Schools of Business, Natural Resources, Built Environment, Engineering & Mines and Mineral Sciences. Departments have the responsibility for the logistical arrangements for this.
Department of Biological Sciences
The Department of Biological Sciences (DBS) offers undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs in Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biodiversity and Ecology, and Entomology. The students majoring in these four areas are required to take foundation biology courses in the first two years of their study. Thereafter, the students will be expected to specialize in one of the four disciplines at third and fourth year levels of study.
The DBS aims to fulfil its role as a source of qualified biologists who are able to participate in knowledge creation both at local and international levels through basic and applied research. The curriculum has been developed in order to achieve these important goals.
Aims of the Biological Science Curriculum
The Biological Sciences curriculum aims to provide a coherent program over a period of four academic years of full-time study. This is intended to provide skills and professional training for the job market, while at the same time equipping the student with scientific knowledge and skills application to state-of the art research.
The degree programs are intended to provide a strong foundation that will prepare the students for postgraduate studies and research. Elective courses are offered in the fourth year of study to give students the opportunity to customise their degrees.
Undergraduate Curriculum
The First and Second Years
The first and second years of study in Biological Sciences are foundation years and cover all the main areas of Biology, commencing with cells and molecules and moving on to the diversity and ecology of living organisms as well as the use of quantitative methods.
The emphasis is on giving students an idea of the range of topics covered by modern biology, so that they are in a position to make informed choices about the degree majors which they will follow in their senior years of study.
The Third and Fourth Years
In the third and fourth years, students may choose one of four specialized areas. These are presented in a way that allows progression from basic knowledge in the third year to advanced topics in the fourth year
Undergraduate Programmes
Bsc in Biotechnology
To explore the structure,function and exploitation of biological molecules and processes for social and economic gain in the areas of commerce,health,agriculture, and environment.
Bsc in Entomology
To emphasize the basic and applied aspects of the study of insects that relate to crop and livestock production,human and animal health,environment,and sustainable use of insect products.
Bsc in Microbiology
To emphasize the basic and applied aspects of the study of microorganisms that relate to food production,industrial processes,environment and public health.
Bsc in Biodiversity and Ecology
To apply scientific principles within biological sciences to promote the conservation and rational utilizationof natural resources.
Postgraduate Programmes
The DBS offers an MPhil postgraduate programme which is completely research-based.
The DBS also offers 2-year postgraduate programmes at MSc level (taught plus research programmes). There are currently four graduate streams as follows:
Master of Science in Biodiversity & Ecology
The programme provides advanced theoretical and practical aspects of biology and systematics of tropical vertebrates, invertebrates and plants, including taxonomy, ethnobotany and phytogeography of Southern African plants.
Master of Science in Biotechnology
This programme aims at knowledge and skills development in biotechnology of plants, extremophiles and biofuels, as well as bioprocess optimisation and applications.
Master of Science in Entomology
The programme is tailored to provide theoretical and practical training in entomology, including morphology, classification, ecology, physiology, and applied entomology.
Master of Science in Microbiology
The focus is on the applied aspects of food, dairy, environmental and agricultural microbiology, including public health, HIV and immunology.
Three-year Doctor of Philosophy Degree Research Programmes are available and may include filler-courses where necessary.
Department of Chemistry
Chemistry is perhaps a unique science as it creates new substances, pharmaceuticals, and materials at the molecular level. These substances have profound impact on our world and societies. Chemistry occupies a central place in sciences. In fact, it plays a significant role in the economy of any nation. It, therefore, becomes inevitable to have the availability of a critical mass of human resource in chemistry.
Recognising the dynamic nature of chemical sciences, its central role in advancement of science and national economy, Chemistry Department was established in 2012. The Department owes its development to prior initiatives in other departments such as Academic and Industrial Science Department, Chemical engineering Department ( both in then School of Technology), and Physical Sciences Department(SMNS). The foundational chemistry courses, including B. Sc. Chemistry Education, were developed and previously offered from these departments.
Chemistry Department offers a wide range of programmes which include a four years B. Sc. Chemistry and two years M. Sc. Chemistry programs. The M. Sc. chemistry program includes specializations in Analytical chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry. We also offer Doctoral programmes in chemistry. The developing of M. Sc. in Biochemistry is almost complete. In addition, the department offers professional development courses such as statistics for analytical chemists, application of analytical chemistry in forensic science, etc.
The Chemistry department envisions to be a recognised centre of excellence. It is our firm belief that it is achievable through attracting quality students, maintaining sustained excellence in teaching and research leading to quality products and publications. In this vein, we are also fully cognisant of some obvious challenges regarding infrastructure, laboratory equipments and instruments, and recruiting and retaining technical experts. Some of the facilities, in terms of instruments, we have include Scanning Electron Microscope, Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, Gas chromatograph, UV/VIS spectrometer. Those earning our degrees shall have brilliant career opportunities in the chemical manufacturing and process industry, drug and pharmaceutical industry, analytical services in almost all the sectors of economy, agro-chemical industry, food industry, etc.
We warmly welcome you to the Chemistry Department at the riverside campus of the Copperbelt University.
Dr. I. S. Singh , Head of the Chemistry Department
Vision and Mission
To become a recognised centre of excellence committed to the advancement of scientific knowledge and innovations and the exemplary teaching/learning of Chemical sciences.
The department pursues the following goals:
- To establish a rigorous chemical sciences teaching and research program that contributes to meeting national and regional needs for human resources in the field of chemical sciences.
- To popularise and establish a strong foundation in chemical sciences starting early in the life and education of nationals.
The department achieves these goals by dedicating its staff and students toward the following mandates:
- Provide rigorous foundational courses in chemistry for those students who opt to specialize in Engineering, Natural and Built Environments, and in Technology professions in other schools in the University.
- Provide opportunities for advanced theoretical and practical learning leading to under- and post-graduate degrees in chemical sciences for those interested in careers deriving in these fields.
- Conduct research to advance knowledge and its application and to advance teaching and learning of chemical sciences at all levels of education.
- Publish and disseminate research results, knowledge, and innovations to society.
- BSc (Chemistry Education)
- The M. Sc. chemistry with specialisations in
- Analytical chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry
Analytical Facilities:
The department has access to facilities to offer an efficient and responsive solution to many of your analytical requirements.
We aim to provide a first class analytical service and offer unprecedented knowledge to assist with complex or simple technical issues.
It would be worthwhile to mention some of the specimen analytical services we can provide as stipulated below.
Gas Chromatography Analyses
Some of the possible analyses include:
- Pharmaceuticals
- Industrial pollutants
- Petroleum/petrochemicals
- Steroids and alkaloids
- Pesticides and fungicides
- Environmental toxins
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Analyses
A variety of elemental determinations on a diverse array of samples. Key industries include:
- Environmental
- Food
- Pharmaceutical
- Petrochemical
- Chemical/Industrial
- Geochemical/Mining
- Agriculture
- Renewable Energy
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Analyses
A variety of elemental determinations on a diverse array of samples. Key industries include:
- Environmental
- Food
- Pharmaceutical
- Petrochemical
- Chemical/Industrial
- Geochemical/Mining
- Agriculture
- Renewable Energy
Scanning Electron Microscope Analyses
- Life Sciences studies
- Structural Biology - Three dimensional
- techniques, electron tomography and single
- particle analysis.
- Cellular Biology - High-resolution cryo
- microscopy for imaging of cell membrane
- structures and sub-cellular morphology.
- Tissue Biology - Ultrastructural imaging over
- large areas and volumes of tissues or cells.
- Biomaterials - Structural characteristics for the
- study of properties of biomaterials and
- nanoparticles
- Structural Biology - Three dimensional
- Electronics imaging investiagtions
- Circuit edit - FIB's precise milling and material deposition.
- Failure analysis - cross-sectioning of surface defects and quick preparation of site-specific, thin-section samples for high resolution imaging
- Industry
- Natural resources - Electron microscopy of various mineral resources to guide decisions in exploration, mining, mineral processing, and metal refining. In oil and gas exploration, similar analyses provide quantitative lithotype and porosity characteristics of reservoir, seal and source rocks.
- Forensics - Analysis of criminal evidence such as gunshot residue, clothing fibres, handwriting samples, and soil.
- Research
- Three dimensional nanocharacterization
- In situ nanoprocesses
- Three dimensional nanoprototyping
General Regulations
General Conditions
These department rules and regulations must be read in conjunction with the General regulations of the School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and the Copperbelt University.
Duration of Study
The B. Sc. shall normally be completed within four years on a full-time basis and within six years on part-time basis.
The PGDE shall normally be completed within one year on a fulltime basis and two years on part-time basis.
The M.Sc. shall normally be completed within two years on a fulltime basis and two years on part-time basis. For the Ph. D., the research and thesis shall be completed in at least three years and within six years after the initial registration.
Codes for courses
The letters and numbers represent the code ( i. e., two or three letter codes for Degree or Masters courses). The third digit indicates the course weight designation; 0 for a full credit course, 1 to 9 for a half credit course.
|Course Name
|Course Name
|Analytical chemistry
|Inorganic chemistry
|Organic chemistry
|Physical chemistry
- The assessment of students in a course will consist of continuous assessment and the final examination. The continuous assessment as well as the final examination shall be weighted at 50% for diploma and 60% for degree.
- The continuous assessment shall consist of tests, assignments, Projects and any other work as may be assigned by a lecturer.
- The continuous assessment shall consist of at least two assessments in each term
- A student is required to attend at least 80% of the lectures/practicals delivered in a course.
- A student who has passed all courses prescribed for that year will progress to the following year or graduate in the case of a student in his/her final year.
- A student who has failed in THREE or MORE courses shall not be permitted to proceed to the next year of study or graduate in the case of a final year student.
- To be eligible for supplementary examination(s), a student:
- (a) Must have obtained grade D+ in the failed course.
- (b) Must NOT have failed in THREE or MORE courses.
- (c) Must have passed all but ONE course regardless of the grade obtained in failed course in the case of final year student.
Deferred Examination(s)
A student who has been prevented from taking the final examination(s) by illness or by any other factors which is deemed to be beyond his/her control may be permitted by the Board of Examiners to take deferred examination(s).
- A student who has failed ONE course may proceed to the next year of study but must repeat the failed course.
- A student who fails TWO courses must repeat the failed courses on Part-time study and pass both courses before he/she proceeds to the next year of study.
A student who has failed three or more courses shall be excluded from school.
The following grading scheme shall he used to grade all work:
- Degree
85-100% A+ Distinction 76-84% A Distinction 68-75% B+ Meritorious 62-67% B Very Satisfactory 56-61% C+ Definite Pass 50-55% C Bare Pass 40-49% D+ Bare Fail 6-39% D Definite Fail
- Diploma
96-100% A+ Distinction 85-89% A Distinction 80-84% B+ Meritorious 70-79% B Very Satisfactory 60-69% C+ Definite Pass 50-59% C Bare Pass 40-49% D+ Bare Fail 6-39% D Definite Fail
Comment codes
- Clear pass
Recorded when a student has passed all the courses for which he is registered in a year. The student may continue under the same study programme (i.e. full time/ part time). This comment is specific to the academic year and made irrespective of pre-requisites or performance in previous academic years.
- Repeat academic year
Recorded when a student is required to repeat that academic year of study as specified by the School concerned.
- Proceed:
Recorded for students who have not passed all the courses for which they have registered, but are allowed to continue under the same study programme (i.e., full-time or part-time).
Proceed and repeat
Recorded for students who have not passed all the courses for which they have registered but are allowed to continue under the same study programme on condition that they repeat the course they have failed in the next academic year.
Recorded when students have to continue at part-time. Such students must contact the Academic Office within two weeks of publication of results to indicate whether or not they intend to register for part-time.
- Graduate with a PASS
- Graduate with a CREDIT
- Graduate with a MERIT
- Graduate with a DISTINCTION
- Deferred examinations: Recorded when students have been granted deferred examinations.
Recorded when students have been granted deferred examinations.
- Incomplete (I) :
Recorded when student has not completed a course or part of the programme for the specific Semester.
- To full-time (FT) :
Recorded when students are to return to full-time study (applicable to students who were on part time who have passed the courses which led them to being on part time).
- Exclude School (ES) :
Recorded by the Board of Examiners in the School when the students have failed to complete the Schools requirements as laid down by the Senate and therefore cannot complete their studies in the present School
- Exclude University (EU) :
For use by Senate only. Recorded when students are excluded permanently from further study at the University. Used when students have not satisfied Senate Regulations.
- Withdrawal without permission (WTP)
Recorded when students have left the University without permission.
- Withdrawal with permission (WP) :
- Suspended (S) :
Recorded when students have been temporarily suspended for disciplinary reasons. (For use by the Senate only)
- Expelled (E) :
Recorded when a student is expelled for disciplinary reasons.
- Part-time (PT) :
Recorded at the beginning of the Academic Year when students are studying part-time. Such students must contact the Academic Office within two weeks after publication of results to indicate whether or not they intend to register for part-time.
- No examination taken (NE) :
Recorded when a student did not sit for examinations in that particular course in that particular academic year.
Recorded when students have been granted leave of absence from the University for one academic year. The student is eligible to re-enter the university in subsequent academic years provided they fulfil the conditions stipulated when leave was granted, without applying for re-admission. Students must inform the Academic Office two months before the opening of the University in the academic year which they intend to register.
Department of Computer Science
Undergraduate Programmes
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
The BSc in Computer Science is a single major programmeramme designed around a series of core mandatory courses that ensures that all relevant topics in Computer Science are covered.
Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT)
The Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT) is a full-time senate approved and monitored programme that runs in the evenings in the Computer Science Department of the School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The programme has ten (10) levels. Each level lasts six (6) months. The total duration of the programme is therefore five (5) years. The programme has two intakes per year, one in January and the other one in July.
Diploma in Information Technology (DIT)
The Diploma in Information in Information Technology (DIT) is a full-time senate approved and monitored programme that runs in the evenings in the Computer Science Department of the School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The programme has five (5) levels. Each level lasts six (6) months. The total duration of the programme is therefore two (2) and half (%) years. The Programme has two intakes per year, one in January, and the other one in July.
Bachelor of Science in ICT Education
The main objective of this programme of study is to graduate students with a solid and professional training in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) education. The department believes that the graduates will be adequately prepared to teach a relevant ICT related subject. The programme also prepares the student for postgraduate studies in related fields both in Zambia and abroad.
The proposed specific objectives of the programme are to:
- teach and demonstrate ICT concepts at both junior and senior secondary school levels;
- impart the knowledge of the principles and practice of Information and Communications Technology;
- teach computer hardware and software concepts;
- equip students with knowledge of installation and maintenance of computer equipment.
- produce graduates who are team workers; and who can continue their studies in post-graduate programs in Zambia and abroad.The specific objectives are to produce graduates:
Postgraduate Programmes
- MSc Computer Science
- by taught
- by research
Department of Mathematics
The department of mathematics is a lively and friendly place with an excel-lent reputation for its teaching and research. Academic staff are active in pioneering research which has an impact on the national and international stages. The strong research culture influences our curriculum helping stu-dents with the latest developments in the field.
Our staff's passion and enthusiasm for the subject transmit through their teaching and they are on hand if you need advice or support. Study mathematics with us and open a wealthy of opportunities.
We are an enthusiastic department offering high quality courses based around the teaching of fundamental mathematics and the development of employability skills mathematics graduates need for successful and fulfilling careers. We are a leading research department, which helps us continually develop and innovate our curriculum.The cutting edge research we do into areas such as mathematical modelling, computing, financial mathematics and data mining, algebra, ge-ometry, and topology, feeds directly into our teaching, so you can be assured that you'll be taught by staff at the forefront of current mathematics research.
We provide a friendly and supportive environment in which to study and pride ourselves on placing great emphasis on stu-dent support, helping every student to fulfil his or her potential.
We aim to produce highly trained graduates with employer focused skills. Choosing your degree is one of the most im-portant decisions you are likely to make. We hope this brochure will provide you with all the in-formation you need to consider to study mathematics at the Copperbelt University. Included are details of the courses we offer, our teaching methods, student support system and some of the career opportunities open to our graduates. We look forward to welcoming you at the de-partment.
Dr. H. Mulenga , Head of the Mathematics Department
The objectives of the Mathematics Programmes are as follows:-
- To allow students to learn in an environment that will develop their poten-tial and motivate them to become active participants in the learning process.
- To provide effective teaching in Mathematics courses also as to produce competent Mathematics graduates, who will acquire knowledge and skills to be able to function efficiently in the work place.
- To cooperate with other departments in the School of Mathematics and Sci-ence Education and other University faculties in order to train and produce high quality human resource in the sciences.
- To combine theory and practice to promote critical thinking in all mathe-matical courses.
Why Study Mathematics
Mathematics is intrinsically beautiful and can be studied for its own sake: you can gain pleasure from the subtleties of sets, numbers, patterns and algebraic structures, and develop logical and analytical skills.
Mathematics is also the central tool in the physical and natural sciences as well as in other disciplines such as finance, econom-ics, management and IT. Whatever your taste in Mathematics, Copperbelt University's varied cur-riculum will have something to suit you.
By studying Mathematics you gain a diverse range of transferable skills. You learn how to apply the universal language of mathematics in a multiplicity of situations and see con-nections between them. Mathematics also provides an excellent foundation for a variety of fulfilling career paths or opportunities for further study.
Internationally recognised teaching and research
You will be taught by research active staff at the cutting edge of their fields. Members of staff are involved in variety of research areas. Research is being undertaken in the area of mathematical risk theory and finance as part of the Department's enhancement of Finance, as well as modelling of epidemiological systems to un-derstand disease patterns.
These diverse and interesting areas of mathematics feeds directly into our teaching, meaning you will benefit from developments in mathematics as they occur and stimulates an exciting learning environment.
Excellent Support
We provide small and large group teaching which leads to ex-cellent staff-student relationships and allowing us to provide strong levels of support to you. The department house system enables greater student support both from staff and your peer group.
Breadth of Knowledge
Our degrees are constructed to reflect the central role contemporary mathematics plays in society; ranging from the most pure science to the most applied uses in industry and banking. Our wide range of specialist mod-ules enabling you to specialise according to your inter-ests and your skills develop.
Flexible learning methods
Our modern teaching methods mean you will learn topics using a variety of methods, making use of modern technology and elec-tronic resources. Equally assessment methods will be diverse and aimed at enhancing your overall employability skills.
The mathematics degree program consists of core and optional courses com-pleted in four years. The core courses cover the fundamental topics re-quired from a mathemat-ics degree. The optional modules offered are spe-cific to the course and pro-vide specialist knowledge in that area.
As your degree progress-es many more subjects are introduced through core and optional mod-ules. The curriculum is de-signed to give you 'pick and mix' routes of study as you progress.
These routes will lead from the fundamental mathematics of your first year to the complex mathematics rel-evant to the solution of problems by the end of the degree. Topics covered in the degree courses include the mathematics be-hind the prediction of complex processes like the financial mathematics, epidemiology, weather or biological systems, and the deep understanding of numbers that allows you to tell whether a given equation can be solved or not.
Other streams of modules give you opportunities to understand the history of mathematics or hone your skills at pre-senting your ideas and communicating your thoughts - skills vital to almost every profession.
Core Mathematics
Our Mathematics degree pro-grammes begin with a number of core course which are designed to accommodate students both with, and without, Mathematics A level.
These courses introduce key areas of university mathematics including calculus, algebra, real analysis, vector methods and line-ar algebra, geometry, probability, statistics and classical mechan-ics. All that is assumed is a de-tailed working knowledge of the Core mathematics O level sylla-bus.
Because of the variety of choice within the department of mathe-matics, applied topics will be taught from scratch, but extended well beyond further ordinary level by the end of year 1.Students will start with a combined group in a Non quarter program then spe-cialize in mathematics in year 2. More advanced courses in the lat-er years allow you to specialise in one particular area or choose a broader programme.
All our courses emphasize the importance of careful logical thinking, abstraction and problem solving in both mathematics and its applications. Students can concentrate on just, for example, pure mathematics or opt for an applied mathematics programme.
Pure Mathematics
Students who study mathematics at school have only peeked behind the curtain and seen a small part of the mathematical world. This is especially true when it comes to pure mathematics. Pure mathematics is about under-standing why mathematical statements are true.
For example
- Why are there infinitely many prime numbers ?
- Why can an integer be factored uniquely into a product of prime numbers?
Pure mathematics also emphasizes the idea of abstrac-tion, which enables whole families of apparently different questions to be answered simultaneously. Through your pure mathematics courses you will appreciate abstraction as a method for understanding related systems.
Under-graduate study in pure mathematics develops Advanced level calculus into analysis and Advanced level algebra into areas such as linear algebra and group theory.
Applied Mathematics
Applied Mathematics involves the application of mathematics to problems that may arise in the natural sciences, financial engineering, Epidemiology, communications, and industry.
In the first two years of your degree we concentrate on developing your mathematical and computational skills and introduce you to some fundamental aspects of applied mathematics. Students majoring in applied mathematics further learn detailed statistics. Some of the questions that can be answered in this stream are:
- How do changes in populations relate to environmental factors?
- Is a new cancer treatment safe and is it more effective than existing treatments?
- What factors affect life expectancy and insurance premiums?
The subject of statistics will appeal to students who wish to apply their mathematical knowledge to real world issues in many areas for example social, medical, financial, environmental or engineering.
Wherever there is numerical data, statistics plays an important role, whether it is looking for correla-tions between information sets, designing experiments or testing hypotheses. Members of the Statistics and financial mathematics Group work on public health, clinical trials, risk analysis and economics and financial engineering.
Teaching and Assesment
Methods of teaching
Each course uses a variety of methods for teaching and learning, including:
Lectures - For most courses lectures form the major source of information. They are delivered in a variety of styles by enthusiastic staff.
Supervisions - For some modules, we run smaller supervisions where one lecturer goes through students' solutions to problems with small groups of students
Computer labs - Some modules are supported by computer labs using computer algebra pack-ages to solve problems, programming languages to model mathematical situations or computer assessment systems to test your learning
Feedback - Feedback is an important aid to learning. You receive regular feedback in all of your modules through marked worked, model answers, tutorials, examples classes and supervisions
Project supervisions - In the third and fourth years you will take project courses where you research a topic of your choice with guidance from a lecturer. Projects are an excellent way of improving your research, report writing and presentation skills
Office Hours - All lecturers offer optional drop-in sessions where you can talk over specific areas of your work and obtain guidance on solving particular mathematical problems
Peer support - We encourage students to work together and have several dedicated study areas where you can work with friends or individually within the School.
Internet access Wi-Fi internet is now standard across the campus and internet access is included in all University Library and computer center.
Our students are equipped for a wide range of careers and can go in-to the financial sector, including accountancy and actuarial work; man-agement; the Civil Service; industry and teaching.
All our degrees provide a suitable preparation for postgraduate study in mathematics; computer science and related areas. Employability skills are embed-ded into our teaching throughout your studies so you will be develop to the skills employers are looking for right from the start of your course. This is pulled together in your final year through a series of optional courses.
As part of some projects and other courses you will have the opportunity to develop your business skills through a series of employer led workshops, net-working events, business games and you can work with employers to solve real industry problems.
For example, the business applications of mathematics courses gives you the opportunity to experience the ap-plication of mathematical theory and mathematical modelling in a busi-ness context, where problems are not clearly defined and do not fall in-to obvious categories. You reflect on the transferable skills you are developing whilst working through the case studies and are encour-
Students will have developed ad-vanced technical skills within the field of Mathematics together with an ability to critically analyse and evaluate complex problems. These skills should equip students to enter careers in Mathematics in a variety of roles.
There is a shortage of Mathematics-related skills both nationally and re-gionally, and in particular there is a recognised severe shortage of Math-ematicians in industry. Hence the Mathematics qualification that this course offers will make its graduates highly employable.
Excellent career opportunities will also be open in operational research, statistics, information analysis, fi-nancial advising, actuarial work and
You will be able to demonstrate a full understanding, knowledge to the analysis, design and synthesis of solutions to problems which require mathematics for their reso-lution.
Within this programme, you will apply knowledge of mathematics with particular and experience of complex and specialised areas of mathematics; Select and apply appropriate techniques reference to its applications in other subject areas (e.g. mathematical education, analysis and modelling of business and finance, computing and scientific systems).
You will be able to demonstrate originality in the application of knowledge, together with a practical understanding of how established techniques of research and enquiry are used to create and interpret knowledge in mathematics.
Conduct research into current mathematical literature; review, analyse and evaluate findings in a professional manner.
The mathematics programs will enable you to deal with complex issues both systematically and creatively, making sound judgments in the absence of complete data, and communicating conclusions clearly to specialist and non-specialist audiences.
Department of Mathematics and Science Education
The Department of Mathematics and Sciences Education offers four year programme to those that are planning a career in education and teaching options to specialize in Biology Education, Chemistry Education, Mathematics Education, and Physics Education.
The overall objective of the department is to enable students acquire sufficient insight in the field of mathematics and science education. It also helps them to acquire practical knowledge which is necessary to function in Education and transmission of knowledge. The personal development of the students is furthered through independent work and pedagogical practices during their teaching practice.
The courses offered in the Department are as follows: Communication Skills, Introduction to Education, Principles of Education, Educational Media Technology, Education Research Methods, Educational Administration and Management and Methods of Teaching Mathematics and Science.
Other courses are taught through the various Departments of the School. Brief descriptions shall be found under each respective Department
Undergraduate Programs
- Bachelor Of Science Mathematics Education
- Bachelor of Science Biology Education
- Bachelor of Science Physics Education
- Bachelor of Science Chemistry Education
Postgraduate Programs
- The Post-Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE)
- Master of Science Biology Education
- Master of Science Chemistry Education
- Master of Science Mathematics Education
- Master of Science Physics Education
- PhD in Mathematics and Science Education
Department of Physical Sciences
Most of the students when they come to the Department of Physics in the School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (SMNS) at the Copperbelt University, their knowledge of physics-based university study programs, and indeed the job prospects associated with them, is so narrow that many of them fail to make good and appropriate choices of career paths within these fields.
To a large extent, the majority of the students on coming to the SMNS have already fixed in their minds fields like engineering, medicine, mining, agricultural sciences and other applied fields. As a result, at the end of their first year in the SMNS, most of the very good students opt to go to the Schools of Medicine, Engineering, Mining and Mineral Sciences, Built Environment.
Little do we know that in the SMNS and in the Department of Physics (DoP) in particular, we have some very exciting study programs and bright job prospects for our students that many CBU units cannot match in terms of theoretical stimulation, practical and research training. Apparently, ignorance has been one of the key drawbacks contributing to this rather distorted and biased-quota system allocation among the science-based units at the CBU.
It is therefore imperative that the DoP reviews and re-organizes its course structure and degree programs to fit in with the global scientific and technological developments. This report thus sets out to propose new courses from the second to the fourth year of the BSc Pure Physics degree program in these early stages.
The main objective of drawing up this proposal is to provide students with the necessary skills upon which they will be able to make informed and effective decisions about the kind of career they need that also properly fits in with their academic interests and capabilities.
It is hoped that this initiative will open up to the students the various academic and professional opportunities one can get from the DoP. A comparison of the old structure of this proposed one will show that we have diversified our offerings and through this initiative, in addition to the traditional areas of physics (solid state physics, nuclear physics, theoretical physics and electronics), we shall be easily able to offer courses in the new fields of Geophysics, Energy and the Environment, Computational Physics, Laser Physics, Applied Optics, Medical Physics, and so on, making the Pure Physics degree program more flexible and attractive. Physics graduates now have a wider variety of job prospects.
The DoP vision is to train physics graduates who will play very key roles in both public and private sectors of the Zambian economy through production of academicians, researchers, scientific officers, instrumentation engineers, computer hardware/software specialists, information technology experts, meteorological and environmental experts, etc., and offer very exciting intellectual stimulation and job opportunities for our students. We hope we shall live up to these challenges using this strategy.
Dr N K Mumba , Head of Department
Physics is the most fundamental of the Natural Sciences. Physics is one of the fundamental fields of natural sciences from which as sprung a lot of other fields. For this reason, the Department of Physics occupies a very important place in the School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (SMNS) of the Copperbelt University (CBU). A basic level of Physics is required by anyone who wishes to study any science subject or Mathematics. The Physics first-year courses offer this foundation.
Students wishing to pursue Physics at higher levels will find various strong programmes being offered by the Department. Physics may be taken by itself or in combination with other sciences like Biology, Chemistry and Geology, as well as with Mathematics. In the past, the Department specialised in Solid State Physics, Nuclear Physics, Electronics, and Theoretical Physics. Recently it has diversified its offerings and in addition to the above-mentioned areas, the Department will be offering courses in the new fields of Energy and the Environment, Computational Physics, and Applied Optics and Lasers, just to mention some.
Major changes have been made to the undergraduate curriculum. Not only have the courses been adapted to the global trends in physics, but they have also been completely overhauled. Coupled with the introduction of new courses, this has resulted in the Physics degree becoming more flexible and attractive. Physics graduates now have a wider variety of job prospects.
Solid State Physics
Is one of the most exciting areas of Physics and is advancing very fast. Past developments in this field of Physics have changed our world profoundly. One or two may be mentioned. Semiconductors have led to miniaturization in electronics and ultimately facilitated the development of the computer. Solid State Physics is therefore at the base of the information revolutionary.
Superconductors, which are substances which exhibit no electrical resistance in certain temperature regions, have been known to physicists since the beginning of the last century, but are now exciting great interest because the temperatures at which they possess this property have become higher.
Such materials are making possible, among other things, magnets strong enough to levitate trains, and the storage of electricity until it is needed. These developments are certain to result in other revolution developments. Students opting for this specialisation will be able to participate directly in this revolution.
Nuclear Physics
For many people may have a negative image because of its association with weapons of mass destruction. But the study of the atomic nucleus is a fascinating field. Moreover, Nuclear Physics has many peaceful applications. Cancer patients are routinely treated with radiotherapy. Dating by means of radioactive nuclides is an indispensable tool in Geology and Archaeology. Food can be preserved for long periods after irradiation.
The list of applications is endless. The Department of Physics in collaboration with the University of Zambia (UNZA) and the National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Studies (NISIR) have teamed up to conduct research into the beneficial exploitation of Nuclear Radiation. Graduates in this field are much in demand, especially at NISIR.
Is an important specialization which lays the foundation for the understanding of many of the great technical developments of modern times. The fundamentals of how measuring instruments, computers, robots, etc. work are taught.
The courses are highly applied and so prepare the student directly for the use of electronics in the real world. The courses stress the basics so well that graduates in this specialization have often been preferred to engineers by employers seeking engineering expertise. A total of four courses will be offered in electronics at the third and the fourth-year levels.
Graduates in this field will find exciting employment opportunities in such areas as telecommunications, broadcasting, computer hardware manufacturing, and control of industrial processes.
Theoretical Physics
Is an option offered to those who have a stronger interest in the academic side of Physics. It appeals to those who have been inspired by the names of the great physicists such as Newton, Einstein, Heisenberg, Schrodinger, Pauli, Dirac, and Feynman, to name a few.
The specialization offers a high degree of intellectual stimulation. Students taking it may wish to pursue an academic career after graduation. However, they will still be in demand in the job market. Such organisations as NISIR, the Environmental Council of Zambia, the newly-established Radiation Protection Authority (at the University Teaching Hospital), the Zambia Bureau of Standards, the various Copper Mines and many other organizations are interested in such graduates.
Energy and Environmental Physics
Will bring students in touch with some of the most challenging developmental problems and issues of our time. It teaches the fundamentals and applications of solar energy, as well about the other renewable sources of energy: wind, biomass, and geothermal.
It provides an introduction to the very topical environmental problems of global warming and ozone depletion. Students selecting this specialization will have access to excellent facilities of the Environmental Resource Centre as well as the Climate Research Laboratory which are to be developed in Zambia with the financial support of the United Nations. They will profit from the good computer facilities planned to be installed.
The Department of Physics is planning the development of an Applied Solar Energy Laboratory which will primarily be focussing on research and development work in the exciting area of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and their applications. This area will open up doors to job opportunities in a number of organisations. The organisations interested in graduates in this discipline include the Energy Department, the Environmental Council of Zambia, the Ministry of Environment, the Department of Meteorology, and the National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR).
Computational Physics
Courses will be offered at the second and third-year levels. These courses teach the basics of computers, programming, and the numerical solution and modelling of Physics and Applied Physics problems. Students taking the courses will have the opportunity of practical experience in computing at the main computer Lab.
The students will be exposed to modern software packages such as word processing, Excel, CAD, web applications, and programming languages such as Fortran-77 and C++. In this age of computers, these courses are highly contemporary and will open gates to a wide spectrum of jobs requiring the use of computers.
The organisations interested in this discipline include software firms, computer firms, banks, the mining sector, NISIR, schools, universities, and all those establishments involved in intensive computer use. Nowadays, computer literacy is almost always a requirement for a good job and also for higher studies.
The Applied Optics and Lasers
Course will be another new offering. This branch of science is really concerned with the construction and applications of lasers, their design, and the physics involved in their future development. The huge growth in telecommunications over the last ten years can be attributed to the new technologies made available through the development of fibre optics and lasers and the allowing of information to be conveyed by light.
Lasers and photonics have also underpinned the revolutionary development in information technology and computing. Applications of optics and lasers have therefore grown at a phenomenal pace in recent years. Optical fibre technology has ushered in the age of fast communications.
Lasers are now widely used in industry, computers, medicine, scientific research, and in home entertainment. Holography, one of the branches of optics, is used in producing three-dimensional images, in non-destructive testing, and in information storage. The course at fourth-year level will teach the fundamentals of these exciting developments.
The reorganisation of the courses offered by the Department will go hand in hand with a review of the teaching and examination policy. As a result of these improvements, substantially better student performance in examinations is expected.
Collaborations with other regional and international organisations has opened up opportunities for Physics graduates. For instance, graduates with good grades have a chance to do an extra year of study in Astrophysics at some South African universities in order to qualify for some postgraduate degree programs and pursue a Mastersdegree programme in Astrophysics, and if they wish they can go on to do a Ph.D. Such a qualification give students international marketability, and the chance to participate in the exciting developments currently going on in the field of astronomy through the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project within the SADC region.
Research projects are also an essential component of the physics programme in order for one to fulfil the requirements for the award of the B.Sc. degree. The Department, therefore, offers a variety of exciting final year undergraduate research projects.
Physics students can, through the various research groups, conduct research in solar energy materials like spectrally solar selective surfaces in which they grow thin films of different materials and then experimentally study their optical properties, and to optimise these properties to tailor solar energy applications.
In addition, the Department will offer research experiments in solar radiation measurements on Photo-voltaic (PV) modules using the current-voltage characteristic curves, and maximum power point tracking techniques, and instrumentation involving the design and construction of research devices like temperature controllers, inverters, charge controllers, to come up with cheap but effective research equipment.
Furthermore, we shall also offer very challenging computer interface research work involving motivating applications of electronics and computational physics. Last, but not the least, the rejuvenation of the nuclear analytical laboratory at NISIR will offer students some interesting work in energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) experiments in elemental sample analysis. These and many more make the Department of Physics quite unique in the provision of real academic activity.
Finally, it is worth noting that Physics graduates generally do not have problems with getting into employment because of the applied nature of physics degree programmes. Soon, CBU Physics graduates will be playing very key roles in both public and private sectors of the job market and abroad. Our physicists will be serving as academicians, scientific officers, instrumentation engineers, computer hardware and software specialists, information technology experts, meteorological and environmental experts, bankers etc.
As can be gathered from the above, students opting to join the Department are assured of both intellectual pleasure and job marketability when they graduate. Therefore, those considering joining the Department should not hesitate to see the Head of Department or indeed any member of academic staff for more information and guidance.
There are several job opportunities in Government Ministries, Mining industries and other institutions, parastatal organizations and private companies, which require the expertise of physics, and these include in:
- Universities
- Scientific institutes
- Research laboratories
- Telecommunications
- Computer companies
- Electronics
- Energy
- Environmental research
- Geophysics
- Medical physics
- Meteorology
- Mining sector
- Soil physics in agriculture
- Teaching in schools and colleges
Undergraduate Programmes
Bachelor of Science in Physics
For one to be eligible for admission to the pure physics undergraduate study program, the applicant must satisfy the following requirements
- the student must pass the PH110 course with a minimum grade of B;
- the student must pass the MA110 course with a minimum grade of B; and
- he/she must be a continuing student on full time.
- Bachelor of Science Physics Education
For one to be eligible for admission to the BSc. degree in Physics Education program, the applicant must satisfy the following requirements
- the student must pass the PH110 course;
- (ii) the student must pass the MA110 course; and
- he/she must be a continuing student on full time.
Postgraduate Programmes
- Master of Science in Physics
- Master of Science in Physics Education
The following grading scheme shall be used to grade all work:
|86 - 100%
|76 - 85%
|68 - 75%
|62 - 67%
|Very Satisfactory
|56 - 61%
|Definite Pass
|50 - 55%
|Bare Pass
|40 - 49%
|Bare Fail
|Withdrew with permission
|No examination taken
|Left with permission
|Failed in continuous assessment
|Not completed attendance
Classification of Degree Programme
Grade of Degree
- To pass a course / subject a student must score at least a C or 50%.
- The degree of Bachelor of Engineering / Science shall be classified as distinction, merit, credit or pass.
Note : Aerostat degree will be conferred for cases qualifying due to compensatory reasons.
Calculation of the Grade of Degree
In calculating the grade of Bachelor's degree, the following shall be applied for the grades obtained in the second to fourth years.
|Full Courses
|Half Courses
The points for classification of the degree shall be as follows:
|10 Subjects
|15 Subjects
|34 and above
|56 and above
|25.0 - 34.0
|39.5 - 55.5
|15.5 - 24.5
|23 - 39.0
|0 - 15.0
|0 - 22.5
- A student is required to attend at least 80% of the lectures / practical delivered in a course.
- A student who has passed all courses prescribed for that year will progress to the following year or graduate in the case of a student in his/her final year.
- A student who has failed in THREE or MORE courses shall not be permitted to proceed to the next year of study or graduate in the case of final year student.
Deferred Examination(s)
A student who has been prevented from taking the final examination(s) by illness or by any other factors which is deemed to be beyond his/her control may be permitted by the Board of Examiners to take deferred examination(s).
Part time
- A student who fails TWO courses must repeat the failed courses on Part-time study and pass both courses before he/she proceeds to the next year of study.
- A student who fails a repeated course shall repeat that course on part time.
A student who has failed ONE course may proceed to the next year of study but must repeat the failed course.
- A student who has failed three or more courses shall be excluded from the School.
- A student who fails a repeated course on part time shall be excluded.
A student must have fulfilled the following requirements to qualify for graduation:
- Must have passed all courses of the programme of his/her study;
- Must have undergone practical training during industrial attachment.
Course Coding
- The letters and numbers represent the code. The third digit indicates the course weight designation: 0 for a full credit course, 1 to 9 for a half credit course.
- The Abbreviated letter stand for identification of the subjects i.e.
|Mathematic courses
|Mathematical Physics courses
|Pure Physics courses
|Physics courses offered to other departments
|Communication Skills
|Chemistry courses
|Computer Science courses
|Biology courses
Publications - 2014
- P C Simpemba*, K Chinyama, J Simfukwe and N R Mlyuka, Spectral selectivity of doped Zinc and Aluminium oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis for Solar Energy applications, in Proceedings of SAIP2013, the 58th Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Physics, ISBN: 978-0-620-62819-8
- Joseph Simfukwe*, Kaumba G. Chinyama , ProsperySimpemba ,Sylvester Hatwaambo,Design and evaluation of a low-cost Photovoltaic system with semi-diffuse structured aluminium reflectors, in Proceedings of SAIP2013, the 58th Annual Conference of the South African Institute of Physics, ISBN: 978-0-620-62819-8
* Corresponding author
Head of Department
Mumba N K., Dr.
Nuclear Physics (Janos Lajos University, Hungary), MSc Nuclear Physics (Windsor, Canada), BSc Physics and Mathematics (UNZA, Zambia)
Chair - Nuclear Physics Research Group
Current Research Area
Electricity from indigenous wood mass and whirlwind Radiation application to biological and forestry research Cultural and indigenous astronomy among Zambian ethnic groups
Prospery C. Simpemba, Mr.
MSc (UNZA), BSc (UNZA), ongoing PhD in Astrophysics (WITS)
Chair - Astrophysics, Computational Physics and Electronics Research Group
Research Interests
Spectral energy distribution of blazars and radio galaxies , Cultural and indigenous astronomy , All sky surveys , Renewable energy
Programmes of Study
- Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
- BSc (Mathematics & Science Education) with specialization options in
- BSc (Biology Education)
- BSc (Chemistry Education)
- BSc (Mathematics Education)
- BSc (Physics Education)
Evening Programmes
- Bachelor of Information Technology
Postgraduate Studies
- Master of Science (Mathematics & Science Education)
- MSc (Mathematics Education)
- MSc (Science Education)
The following programmes are due to be introduced:
- Postgraduate Diploma in Education
- Master of Science (Mathematics & Science Education)
For the Postgraduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) and Master of Science (MSc), candidates must have completed Bachelor of Science of this University with a credit or better level pass.
Teaching experience is an added advantage for admission to these programmes.
Doctoral Studies
Candidates seeking admission to the PhD study programme must possess a relevant Master of Science degree of the Copperbelt University or any other recognized University.
The study programme will be under taken strictly by research in any discipline to be drawn from the fields of Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics Education.
Diploma Programmes
- Diploma in Information Technology
BSc in Mathematics and Science Education
To be eligible for admission, candidates shall satisfy the following requirements:
Five GCE 'O' Level credits or better in the Zambian School Certificate or its approved equivalent as follows: English Language, Mathematics, and either One or Two of the following subjects: Physical Science or Science, Chemistry, Biology, and Physics. Physical Science and Science count as one subject. In addition, applicants may be required to have GCE 'O' Level credits or better in any two of the following subjects:
- Combined Science
- Additional Mathematics
- Geography
- Geometrical and Mechanical Drawing
- History
- Literature in English
- Human and Social Biology
- A Zambian Language
- Commerce
- Principles of Accounts
- Religious Education
- Agricultural Science
- Computer Science
Candidates who are holders of the Diploma in Education or other Mathematics and Science teaching Diploma of this University or Institutions recognised by this University may be exempted from the first year of the BSc programme.
BSc Computer Science, Bachelor of Information technology & Diploma in Information Technology
Applicants should satisfy the following requirements:
- At least ordinary passes in Mathematics, English Language, Science or Physical Science or Chemistry & Physics. These are compulsory.
- Two subjects from: Biology, Additional Mathematics, Geography, Geometrical & Mechanical drawing, History, Literature in English, Human & Social Biology, a Zambian Language, Commerce, Principles of Accounts, a Religious subject, Agricultural Science & Computer Science.
BSc. Non-quota
The University introduced a BSc Non-quota system. Applicants will be enrolled in the SMNS in their 1st year.
Under this enrolment scheme, students study the fundamental disciplines in the 1st year as preparation to pursue various degrees in Medicine, Mathematics, Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Engineering.
Rules & Regulations
Regulations for the Post-Graduate Programmes
Assessment shall consist of continuous assessment and a written examination each with a weighting of 50%. Continuous assessment in each course which shall be weighted 50% shall consist of all prescribed components of coursework such as tests and assignments. The final written examinations shall carry 50%. A pass mark in each course, Teaching Practice, and the Research Project shall be a mark of 50% or better. Candidates may apply to repeat the failed courses.
Classification of Degree
The degree of Bachelor of Science shall be classified as distinction, merit, credit or pass.
In calculating the grade of degrees the following shall be applied for the grades obtained in the 3rd and 4th year of study:
|Full Courses
|Half Courses
In calculating the grade of degree, the following shall be applied;
|Average Score Per Course
|Grade of Degree
Computation for the purposes of the classification of the degree shall be based on the number of courses in the programme. The following example shall be the basis of computation.
|10 Courses
|11 Courses
|12 Courses
|13 Courses
|14 Courses
|15 Courses
|35.5 +
|39 +
|42.5 +
|46 +
|49.5 +
|53 +
|25.5 -
|28 - 38.5
|30.5 - 42
|33 - 45.5
|35.5 - 49
|38 - 52.3
|15.5 -
|17 - 27.5
|18.5 - 30
|20 - 32.5
|20 - 32.5
|23 - 37.5
|0 - 15
|0 - 16.5
|0 - 18
|0 - 19.5
|0 - 21
|0 - 22.5
Assessment of Courses
Assessment of all courses shall consist of coursework and a written examination. The coursework continuous assessment shall have a weighting of 40% and the final examination in the course shall have a weighting of 60% in each course.
The continuous assessment shall consist of tests, assignments, projects, practical work, and any other work as may be assigned in each course. Continuous assessment shall consist of at least two assessments in each term. Only students who have passed the continuous assessment shall be allowed to sit for the final examination. A pass mark in continuous assessment is 50%. The pass mark in each course and in the Research Project is a score of 50% or better. The following grading scheme shall be used to grade all the work :
|86 - 100 %
|76 - 85 %
|68 - 75 %
|62 - 67 %
|Very Satisfactory
|56 - 61 %
|Definite Pass
|50 - 55 %
|Bare Pass
|40 - 49 %
|Bare Fail
|0 - 39 %
|Not Examination Taken
|Left Without Permission
|Withdrew with Permission
|Compensatory Pass
|Failed in Continuous Assessment
|Not Sufficient Class Attendance
Research Projects, Dissertations and Theses
To complete the requirements of degree programmes in the School candidates must complete supervised research leading to the Research Project, Dissertation or Thesis.
Research Projects in the case of the BSc and the PGDE, and Dissertations and Theses in the case of the MSc and the PhD that have not been approved and supervised in the School are not acceptable for completion of studies.
Candidates who fail the Research Project, Dissertation or Thesis may apply to repeat on a new research theme or topic.
Practical Teaching
Candidates pursuing the BSc and the PDGE in Mathematics and Science Education are required to do practical teaching in High Schools. The duration of practical teaching is a minimum of twelve (12) weeks.
Minimum Attendance
Every student is required to attend a minimum of 80% of lectures, seminars and tutorials, and all laboratory work given in each course in an academic year. A student who does not meet this requirement for attendance shall not be admitted for final examinations in that course.
The School, may withdraw a student from a course during the academic year on the grounds of his/her failure after due warnings, to fulfil the compulsory class attendance, tutorials, field projects or written requirements of the course as specified for a particular course.
To proceed to the next year of study, candidate must pass ALL the courses taken during the academic year of study.
The Board of Studies may permit a candidate who has failed in no more than one course to proceed and repeat the failed course along with the full load for the subsequent year; except where the failed course is a pre-requisite to a higher course in which case the candidate shall not be allowed to take a higher course for that year.
A student must have passed all courses of the programme of his/her study to qualify for graduation.
Registration for Courses
At the beginning of every academic year, students shall register for the designated number of courses to be studied in that particular academic year. Continuing students need to fulfil progression requirements before registering for higher courses. The Head of Department and Assistant Dean are the designated academic advisors about academic programmes. All successful registration forms should be signed by the HOD. Only duly registered students are considered bona fide students and allowed to attend lectures in the department.
Course Codes
The letters and numbers represent the code (i.e., two-letter code for degree courses). The third digit indicates the course weight designation; 0 for a full credit course, 1 to 9 for a half credit course.
Codes for courses in School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
|Name of Course
|Principles of Education
|Teaching Practice
|Physics Project
|Teaching Methods
Duration of Study
The BSc shall normally be completed within four years on a full-time basis and within six years on part-time basis. Candidates who are exempted from first year shall complete studies within three years on a full-time basis and within five years on part-time basis.
The PGDE shall normally be completed within one year on a fulltime basis and two years on part-time basis.
The MSc shall normally be completed within two years on a fulltime basis and three years on part-time basis.
For the PhD, the research and thesis shall be completed at least three years and within six years after the initial registration. Research and Supervisors for research leading to a doctoral thesis must be approved and appointed by the School in liaison with the Graduate School.
Career opportunities in Chemistry
- Teaching
- Research scientists
- Forensic scientists
- Analytical scientists
- Quality control scientists
- Environmental scientists
- Space scientists
- Entrepreneurship in area of expertise
- Pharmaceutical industrialists
Research & Projects
Staff in the department regularly conducts research in relevant fields. Listed are some of the publications
- Daka P.S., et al (2006). Deltamethrin in sediment samples of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. website http://www.wrc.org.za, ISSN 0378-4738 = Water SA Vol. 32 No. 4 October 2006,
- "The impact of effluents containing zinc and nickel metals on stream and river water bodies: The case of Chambishi and Mwambishi streams in Zambia" K.K. Maseka.
- Photooxidative cleavage of 2-ethoxy-2-thioxo-3,4,5-triaryl-2,3-dihydro-pv-1,3,2-oxazaphosphole in protic and aprotic solvents. Zambia Journal of chemical engineering (ZJCHE), vol.1, no. 1, 2012, page 48-53. Indra S. Singh and Kenneth K. Maseka
- Photolysis of 4-oxazoline-2-one derivative in diverse solvent environments. Singh I. S., African journal of Pure and applied Chemistry Vol. 6(11), pp157- 160, 2012.
Linkages & Partnerships
Consultancy & Seminars
- Web-site Design
- Programming
- Network Building and Administration
- Project Management
- Network Security/Vulnerability Assessment systems Evaluation
- Database Management
- Expert Systems
- Information Technology systems
- Network Adjustment
Specialised Departments develop and offer academic qualifications including the BSc, MSc and Doctoral degrees aligned to the appropriate specialisation.
These are conducted through out the year.
Company sponsored as well as individuals are encouraged to get information on any of the above areas.
Calendar & Resources
The Dean, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Jambo Drive, Riverside, P.o.Box 21692, Kitwe, ZAMBIA
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Payment Depeding on the selected room, date and price, you may be asked to provide credit card guarantee or to pay by credit card in advance.
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BOSTON (CBS) – During his inaugural address, President Donald Trump painted a very dark, gloomy picture of America. But he also laid out some priorities as he takes over as leader of the free world. What do you expect Donald Trump to focus on in the early days of his presidency? Jim Campanini, Editor of The Lowell Sun, joins Marisa in the NightSide studio to talk about a busy political weekend and what he expects in the first 100 days of the Trump administration. Are you more or less hopeful for Trump's presidency than you were when he first won the election? Are there issues you hope he will address immediately?
Originally broadcast January 23rd, 2017.
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Moon Alert
We have the "all clear" today to do business until 8 p.m. Chicago time. The Moon is in Libra.
Aries (March 21-April 19)
Definitely avoid arguments with others today, especially partners and close friends, because they will be ugly. No matter how angry you are, do not do anything devious or harmful to someone else because it will likely backfire in your own face. Trust me.
Taurus (April 20-May 20)
Power struggles with others at work today are likely. Knowing this ahead of time, you can step back and give everyone some breathing space. Don't be pushy and don't be demanding. If you want to introduce improvements or make changes, wait for another day. Definitely.
Gemini (May 21-June 20)
Parents must be patient with kids today to avoid hissy fits and meltdowns. Likewise, romantic partners might also have hissy fits and meltdowns because love can be so childish, can't it? Try to relax and be easygoing with others. Don't be demanding.
Cancer (June 21-July 22)
It's possible that you can use the energy today to make creative changes in your immediate environment. However, what is more likely is that domestic arguments will interrupt because increased activity and chaos at home are just too much to handle. Be cool (for your own peace of mind).
Leo (July 23-Aug. 22)
It's easy for you to come on aggressively now in all your communications with others, which is why you have to be careful today. Your energy level is high and you want to get something done. But if you come on too strong, you will arouse opposition to you. Forewarned is forearmed.
Virgo (Aug. 23-Sept. 22)
Financial squabbles and disputes are likely today. They could pertain to cash flow, earnings and money or something that you actually own. This is a poor day to fight about anything because things will degenerate quickly into something nasty. Postpone these discussions for another day.
Libra (Sept. 23-Oct. 22)
You might have an emotional reaction dealing with others because you are upset today. Perhaps you feel attacked by someone or misunderstood? Whatever the case, avoid dangerous places and violent people today because it's not worth the risk. Yes, it's that kind of day.
Scorpio (Oct. 23-Nov. 21)
Someone might be secretly working against your best interests. If you suspect this, you are probably right. However, this is not the day to confront anyone because nasty arguments will suddenly flare up. Just be careful and be aware at all times. Avoid danger.
Sagittarius (Nov. 22-Dec. 21)
A fierce competition with someone in a group might turn nasty today. However, this energy can be used to achieve something. Ultimately, Mars is just energy, but when Mars is at odds with Pluto, dark, angry energy can be created. Caution.
Capricorn (Dec. 22-Jan. 19)
This is not a good day to go up against bosses, parents and authority figures. Do not challenge anyone! You will only make matters worse because you will increase their opposition to you. Yes, you are ambitious to achieve something, but at what cost? Be reasonable.
Aquarius (Jan. 20-Feb. 18)
Do not engage in controversial topics like religion, politics and race today because they will quickly turn ugly. Just sidestep these issues. If someone is being unreasonable, you cannot reason them out of this position — by sheer definition.
Pisces (Feb. 19-March 20)
Disputes about shared property, inheritances, insurance and anything to do with your partner's assets will be nasty today. Although you might see a better way to do something, wait until an easier day to bring this up for discussion. Above all, don't be pushy and obsessed with getting your way.
If Your Birthday Is Today
Actress Ashley Madekwe (1983) shares your birthday today. You are resourceful. You see where opportunities exist, when no one else does. You also see the potential in people. You have excellent management skills and know how to organize and coordinate the efforts of others. This year is the beginning of a fresh, new nine-year cycle for you. Open any door! Start a new business activity.


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If you have been following our guide on how to start an online business then you are aware that your main strategy should be to rank high on google organically. But the reality is high ranking in google could take weeks or months and many people never reach there. Do not fear the paid traffic alternative can be even more effective. In fact, the experts that prefer paid traffic says it is a better and more controlled way to drive traffic.
Most small businesses and start-ups are lucky to have a few thousand dollars to make a splash, let alone a bankroll that could feed the third world. So, what little money you have needs to be spent wisely. Think smarter, and think laterally. You have to make the most out of the ad dollars you do have, no matter how limited you are. These cost-effective ways to advertise your business give you a variety of options to choose from, especially if you're on an ad budget diet. And all of them will give you a great return on your investment:
Below is a list of paid advertising sites that are more cost effective than google paid ads.
Before you invest in paid advertising you must understand that it is easy to spend your money and get little in return if you do not understand the basics. Let us use google adsense as an example. The problem with this tool is that it tends to push people toward very broad keywords that are far more expensive and much less effective. These are called "head" keywords. It is important to remember that you aren't necessarily looking for the highest-traffic keywords. You are looking for the words that your customers use to look for you. So, you will need to be on the lookout for something the online marketing industry called "long tail keywords." These keywords are the longer, more specific keywords that, when added together, make up the majority of search-driven traffic. You long tail keyword will normally be the specific product you refer to in your article or the product your company sells.
For example, we have an article or guide on how to start an online business step by step. In this case, the head keyword is "online business" and is too broad to drive the desired traffic. Online business is an umbrella term for many topics not discussed in our article so many visitors will quickly leave. Now remember you are paying for each visitor that arrive at your site so want only people who desire what you offer. To get a more targeted audience, it is better to use, a long tail keywords, such as "how to start a successful online business for beginners". This phase is more specific it will generate less, visitors, but they will be more targeted and therefore it will be more effective. Here is a list Alternative Paid advertising sites to grow online business visitors.
- AdBrite. One of the largest ad networks outside of the big search engine brand networks — create and target ads to users in the network and pay with variable pricing models including CPC, CPM and other flexible pricing options.
- Bidvertiser. Advertise across thousands of websites in the Bidvertiser network on a pay-per-click basis. Browse the categorized directory of websites and select the appropriate ones you want to advertise on for your business; set your desired geographic targeting and your pay-per-click bids and your ads are ready to go.
- Chitika. An ad network that targets your ads directly to interested individual users. Currently, Chitika is only open to advertisers interested in spending a minimum of $50,000 per month.
- TribalFusion. Reach the almost 230 million users on Tribal Fusion's ad network per month with your ads — several advertising package options that can be tailored to suit your business's needs, pricing varies on package and scope of campaign.
- Advertising.com. Reach approximately 183 million users monthly on this large alternative advertising network — pricing is depending on campaign.
- Vibrant. With around 250 million unique users in its network, Vibrant is a great text-based advertising option for ecommerce businesses. Pricing is cost per 1,000 impressions and varies based on available inventory and the category of ad placement.
- PocketCents. Create and display text, image or video ads directly to the kind of users who are interested in your product or service on the PocketCents Network. Set up a fixed monthly budget per ad, eliminate competitive placement based on bidding and much more with PocketCents. PocketCents features a flat rate of $.25 per click on text or image ad or per play of video ad.
- ValueClick Media. Place ads and target users on this network that reaches approximately 173 million unique visitors per month. Pricing dependant on scope and style of ad package.
- ContextWeb. Target ads to relevant users in this network to get the most value for your dollar spent. Pricing is flexible with a name-your-own price option for cost per 1,000 impressions.
- Claxon. Run banner campaigns on this ad network and geo target by nation and cap impressions, if needed. Pricing depends on size of banner ad and scope of campaign.
- Clickcent. Run ads on this contextual advertising network and pay only for the actual unique traffic to your site at a price that you negotiate. You can monitor responses to your ad in real-time and change your bid price or ad copy as you see fit.
- DynamicOxygen. A search engine marketing solution that allows you to target millions of prospective customers coming from Google, Yahoo!, Bing and many more. Pricing is cost per click and rates depend on size and scope of ad campaign.
- Clicksor. A contextual targeting ad network that automatically matches your ads to the most relevant websites in Clicksor's network. Create text or graphic banner ads, pop-under ads or interstitial ads — appearing between web pages — and pay per click (CPC), per 1,000 impressions (CPM), or per visit (CPV).
- EpicDirect. Place ads on this network that gets around 180 million monthly impressions in North America alone. A pay for performance based ad network with pricing dependant on size and scope of campaign.
- Casale. Identify and target users based on their opinions, attitudes, consumption level or country, region and much more. Pricing to set up a custom campaign on this network varies on size and scope of campaign.
- Kontera. An in-text advertising platform that uses the underlined keyword style of ad on a network that receives approximately 140 million unique visitors monthly. Pricing varies and is dependent on size and scope of campaign.
- BurstMedia. Place custom, demographic targeted ads, behavioral targeted ads and retargeted ads on this network and fine tune your campaign in real-time. Pricing is variable depending on scope of campaign and is flexible with cost per 1,000 impressions, cost per click and cost per action packages available.
- Black Label Ads. This network receives a approximately 300 million impressions per day across more than 10,000 total participating sites. With Black Label, you can manage and fine-tune your campaign on all the sites that displayed your ads. Target users by region, country, gender, age, keywords and much more.
- AdBull. An ad network for cursor-based ads — these ads appear to relevant users right next to their cursor so it will be sure to get seen. Pricing to place ads is $25 to get started, which is deducted by $.01 per click and can be funded at anytime for more ads.
- InfoLinks. InfoLinks is a contextual text-based ad using the underlined keyword style all on a network that gets approximately 300 million unique visitors monthly across more than 40,000 websites. Pricing begins at $500 minimum, which is deducted on a per click basis with a rate that is determined by size and scope of campaign.
We will be continually updating this list Alternative Paid advertising sites to grow online business visitors.


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March 28th – April 2nd, 2017 / Cinema Muzeul Țăranului & Cinema Elvire Popesco / the 7th edition
Tuesday, October 24, 2017
Within the theme and focus of its third edition – FILM & EXPERIMENT – Spotlight: Romania, the yearly showcase for contemporary Romanian cinema taking place in The Hague, has invited Bucharest International Experimental Film Festival BIEFF to present a series of works as this year's guest festival.
Friday, September 15, 2017
On Thursday, September 28th, Bucharest International Experimental Film Festival BIEFF continues its new series of screenings: Politics of the Body, created in collaboration with the National Museum of Contemporary Art of Romania (MNAC Bucharest). Mix of conceptual art, surrealist reverie, genre film, found footage and activist discourse, the selection creates a dialogue between five films which push the boundaries of the body and of its cinematic representation.
Friday, August 18, 2017
On Friday, the 25th of August, Bucharest International Experimental Film Festival BIEFF opens a new series of screenings – The Politics Of the Body – at the National Museum of Contemporary Art of Romania – MNAC Bucharest. On the border between cinema and performance, BIEFF invites the audience to reflection and empathy, raising a debate on our preconceived ideas about the human body – its presentation, re-presentation and self-presentation.
Monday, April 10, 2017
Defying Borders – BIEFF's Main Award Goes to 489 Years, a Journey Through the Korean Demilitarized Zone
The 7th Bucharest International Experimental Film Festival BIEFF came to a successful end on Sunday, the 2nd of April. Once again this year the audience attended in great numbers our screenings and special events, proving once more an ever-increasing interest in state-of-the-art experimentation at the border between cinema and visual art.
Friday, March 31, 2017
With the kind support of the Goethe-Institut and distributor The Match Factory, Bucharest International Experimental Film Festival BIEFF 2017 closes with a gala screening of Manifesto, by German visual artist Julian Rosefeldt. A unique event for both the visual arts and the cinema world, Manifesto has been initially conceived as a multi-screen film installation, shown internationally in prestigious museums and galleries.
Saturday, March 25, 2017
Within its long-term educational partnership with Cannes' Quinzaine des Réalisateurs, BIEFF 2017 brings to Romania the latest feature by legendary cult filmmaker, Alejandro Jodorowsky, venerated for his provocative surrealist masterpieces of the 1970s (Santa Sangre, El Topo, The Holy Mountain).
Saturday, March 18, 2017
True to its consistent focus on experimentation, both at a psycho-emotional level and in terms of cinematic language, BIEFF 2017 International Competition invites the audiences to self-analysis and debate on profound layers of human nature, with its two theme programmes Searching for Transcendence: Spirituality in the Digital Age and Cutting the Cord: Family Love and Its Discontents.
Saturday, March 18, 2017
Taking further the inspiring collaboration with the innovative International Film Festival Rotterdam, BIEFF offers the Romanian cinephile audience the rare opportunity to see a few of the most interesting 2016 Tiger Awards for Short Films Nominees. Focusing on cinema's role in the (re)presentation of recent history, with its intricate social and political entanglements, the theme program Painting With History relativizes notions such as reality and fiction, falsehood and truth, analysing the ways subjectivity and objectivity intertwine in constructing our personal and collective memory and identity.
Monday, March 13, 2017
When the Personal Turns Political and the Present Mirrors the Past: from Berlinale Forum Expanded to BIEFF
Within the ongoing inspiring partnership with Arsenal - Institute for Film and Video Art Berlin and with the kind support of Goethe-Institut, Bucharest International Experimental Film Festival offers the Romanian audience the rare opportunity to see some of the most thought-provoking titles from Berlin International Film Festival's avant-garde section Berlinale Forum Expanded.
Sunday, February 26, 2017
Inviting the audience to reflection and empathy, Bucharest International Experimental Film Festival BIEFF raises a debate on our preconceived ideas about the human body - its presentation, re-presentation and self-presentation - bringing attention to the complex social and political implications of identity. Our popular theme programmes focused on the human body and the meeting area between performance and cinema return to BIEFF's 7th edition, between March 28th and April 2nd.


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Prayers for peace in Trafalgar Square
Around 500 people of all faiths gathered in Trafalgar Square this afternoon for a silent peace vigil before the start of the national demonstration. The quiet gathering of Buddhist monks and nuns, Moslems, Hindus, and Christians of all denominations - carrying posters depicting white doves and rainbow coloured Pax Christi flags contrasted with a more boisterous demonstration of school children on the other side of the Square. Later in the day the faith groups joined up with national peace groups, trade unions and students for a massive march from Malet Street down along the South Bank, past the Houses of Parliament and Downing Street to a rally in Trafalgar Square to protest at the visit of President Bush and American foreign policy. The demonstration was headed by Ron Covic, the wheelchair-bound Vietnam veteran whose story is told in the movie The Fourth of July. Speakers at the rally included Bruce Kent from Pax Christi and Mayor Ken Livingstone. Police estimate that around 110,000 took part in the demo. The Stop the War Coalition say there were more than 150,000. Demonstrators came by train, coach and car, from all over the UK. Mrs Janet Majors, a retired Catholic teacher from Bristol who came with her daughter, said: "We're not anti-American but we are desperately worried about the ways our governments are dealing with the Middle East. We need to find political solutions. President Bush speaks of the need for 'controlled violence' in dealing with violence but that is not the Christian way. Violence will bring more violence." Joe Malik, a Moslem teacher from Tulse Hill, South London, said: "I think it's pity so many people are demonising President Bush today with posters and chants. Although I completely disagree with his policies and don't understand why Tony Blair supports him, I think it's a mistake to focus on that. We need to ask why we have leaders like this. We share some of the responsibility for their actions. We need to be more politically aware. We need to pray more."


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Move the guide to refine
4 hotels found in Ficuzza
Result 1-4
Monreale, Via Vecchia Stazione
0.4 km
Godrano, C.da Biviere
3.8 km
Palermo, Contrada Rossella Km 28,9 S.P. 5
7.3 km
Piana degli Albanesi, Contrada Sant'Agata
8.3 km
After entering a search request the hotel room prices and availability are being downloaded real-time from approximately 30 hotel- and booking websites. If it is unexpectedly not possible to request the hotel room prices and availability from one or a few providers, or if one provider does not transmit the information to LookingforBooking after entering a search request, only the prices and availability from available providers are being displayed. If you want to see the full picture of all hotels at LookingforBooking, you should search without a date. Then you will be able to compare all hotels on their location and facilities.


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VideoHive Picture Viewer 2369000
After Effects Project \ Video Displays \ Technology
After Effects Project - Picture Viewer 2369000 by C4DMEMBER @ VideoHive
After Effects Project \ Video Displays \ Technology
After Effects Version: CS4, CS5; File Size: 15.2mb; Requires Plugins: No; Resolution: 1920x1080.
Adobe After Effects CS4 / CS5 Project. It's 36 sec long, FullHD (1920×1080)
No plugins requires. very easy to customize.
audio can download here http://audiojungle.net/item/successful-business-venture/154097 by timmcmorris
Keywords: clean, company, corporate, display, images, photo, picture, player, screen, show, slide, video, viewer.
Download Link


text: Just have a minute but wanted to say HI!...Just became the proud owner of the HTC Desire,the phone of my dreams and desires. Can't help but love it...My Friend, swears she would marry it, if it could only do the dishes!.....uh oh ..... Gotta go for now. be back really soon.