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Previous studies demonstrated that chromosomal instability was common in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); however, the mechanisms underlying this instability are unknown. Individuals with deficiencies in telomere maintenance are susceptible to enhanced telomere loss during cell proliferation; such deficiencies could result in telomere dysfunction and genomic instability. We investigated the association between genome-wide chromosomal changes in cancer cells and telomere length/attrition in cancer/stroma cells in 47 ESCC patients. Genome-wide detection of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip SNP arrays. Telomere length was assessed separately for cancer cells, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), infiltrative lymphocytes, and adjacent normal epithelial cells by quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization using paraffin-embedded sections. Telomere length differed significantly among cell types, such that length in infiltrative lymphocytes > CAFs > cancer cells. Shortened telomeres were observed in cancer cells in 44 out 47 (94%) of the tumors examined. Telomere length in CAFs was significantly associated with chromosomal instability on 4q and 13q, and lymphocytes telomere length was significantly associated with instability on chromosomal arms 15q. While telomere length in cancer cells was not associated with chromosome arm instability, telomere attrition in cancer cells, defined as the telomere length in CAFs minus the telomere length in cancer cells, was significantly associated with chromosomal instability on 13q and 15q. This study provides the evidence that telomere shortening is a common genetic alteration in ESCC, and that chromosome arm instability is related to both telomere attrition in cancer cells and telomere length in tumor stroma cells.
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the sixth most fatal cancer worldwide (1). There is great geographic variation in the occurrence of this cancer, including exceptional high risk areas such as Shanxi province, a region in north central China with some of the highest esophageal cancer rates in the world (2;3). Although epidemiological studies indicate that tobacco and alcohol are the major risk factors for ESCC in the low-risk regions of Europe and North America, the etiology in high-risk regions remains unclear. Several life style factors and environmental exposures, including nutritional deficiencies, extremely hot food intake, nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposures, have been considered, but none have been convincingly linked to Shanxi's high rates of esophageal cancer (4;5). Previous studies of this high-risk region have demonstrated a strong tendency toward familial aggregation (6–8), suggesting that genetic susceptibility may play a significant role in the etiology of esophageal cancer.
Using a genome-wide scan approach, our group has demonstrated that genomic instability, i.e., loss of heterozygosity (LOH), was common in ESCC, and particularly high frequencies of LOH were found on chromosome arms 3p, 4p, 4q, 5q, 9p, 9q, 13q, 15q, 17p and 17q (9;10). In patients with a family history of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer, a very high frequency LOH on chromosome 13q was observed (11;12). However, the molecular mechanisms of chromosomal instability in ESCC remain unknown. One mechanism causing chromosomal instability in ESCC may be related to telomere dysfunction. Telomeres are the specialized DNA-protein structures that cap the ends of linear chromosomes. Telomeres protect chromosomes by preventing chromosome end fusions and also by keeping cells from recognizing their own chromosomal ends as double-strand DNA breaks (13). Critically short telomeres can be a major mechanism for the generation of chromosomal abnormalities via repeated breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles (14;15). Chromosomal instability caused by dysfunctional telomeres could drive the tumorigenic process by increasing genomic instability, thus resulting in increased mutation rates for oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (16).
Very short telomeres have been reported as common early alterations in many human cancers, including gastric (17;18), colon (19), lung (20), breast (21), pancreatic (22) and prostate (23) cancers. Short telomeres have also been detected in tissue samples taken from patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE), which is associated with an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (24). BE patients whose biopsies showed the shortest telomeres also had the highest degree of chromosomal abnormalities (24). Kammori et al examined tumor tissues from 15 ESCC patients and found that the average telomere length in cancer cells was significantly shorter than in adjacent non-cancer esophageal epithelium (25) and telomere length in non-cancer esophageal epithelium was inversely associated with the frequency of chromosome anaphase/telophase bridges in cancer cells (26). Recently, short telomeres in blood leucocytes were reported to predict cancer risk in patients who were diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus (27). To understand the role of telomeres in the development of ESCC, we investigated the association of telomere length and chromosome arm specific instabilities in 47 ESCC patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using a genome-wide approach to investigate if telomere dysfunction could contribute to the chromosome arm specific instabilities associated with the development of ESCC.
Patients (N = 47) diagnosed with ESCC between 1998 and 2001 in the Shanxi Cancer Hospital in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China, and considered candidates for curative surgical resection were recruited to participate in this study. None of the patients had prior systemic therapy and Shanxi was the ancestral home for all the participants. After obtaining informed consent, patients were interviewed to obtain information on demographic, clinical, and cancer lifestyle risk factors, including tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and family history of cancer etc. Ten milliliters of blood was taken from each consenting patient after the interview. Tumor tissue obtained during surgery was: (i) snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, along with matching normal tissues, and stored at −130° C; or (ii) fixed in ethanol and embedded in paraffin. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Shanxi Cancer Hospital and the US National Cancer Institute.
Germ-line DNA was extracted from whole blood using the standard phenol/chloroform method. One 5-micron section was H&E stained and marked by a pathologist as the guide for micro-dissection. Five to ten consecutive 8-micron sections were cut from fresh frozen tumor tissues. Tumor cells were micro-dissected under a light microscope and tumor DNA was extracted followed the protocol from the Puregene DNA Purification Tissue Kit (Gentra Systems, Inc. Minneapolis, MN). 500 – 700 ng of purified DNA were isolated for each tumor samples.
The germ-line and tumor DNA samples were analyzed on the Affymetrix 10 K (N=17) or 500 K (N=30) SNP array GeneChips, following the protocol described previously (9) for 10K arrays; the detailed experiment protocol for the 500K array can be found on http://www.affymetrix.com/support/downloads/manuals/500k_assay_manual.pdf. In brief, genomic DNA samples were diluted to approximately 50ng/uL in reduced EDTA TE Buffer (0.1mM EDTA), and assayed according to the GeneChip Mapping Assay manual, supplied by Affymetrix, Inc. A total of 250 ng of germ-line DNA was initially used in the digestion with Nsp I or Sty I for 2 hours in 37°C, and 20 minutes in 65°C. The DNA was then ligated to Nsp I or Sty I adaptors for 3 hours at 16°C, followed by 20 minutes at 70°C prior to PCR amplification. All the steps mentioned above were performed in a pre-PCR clean room. The PCR was started at 94°C for 3 minutes; followed by 30 cycles at 94°C for 30 seconds, 60°C for 30 seconds, and 68°C for 15 seconds. The final extension was done at 68°C for 7 minutes. The PCR product was verified by gel electrophoresis. If the expected product sizes (200 to 2000bp) were observed, then then PCR products were purified using Qiagen MinElute 96 (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and quantified by spectrophotometer. After successful fragmentation (confirmed by the presence of a smear between 50 to 200bp), the sample was end-labeled with biotin and hybridized onto the array. The chip was hybridized at 49°C for 18 hours, then washed and stained in the GeneChip Fluidics Station 450 following the manufacturer's instructions. The chip was scanned with the Affymetrix GeneChip Scanner 3000 using GeneChipOperating System version 1.4, and data files were automatically generated. Genotype assignments were generated automatically by GTYPE software (Affymetrix). Genotype calls were defined as AA, AB or BB; "no call" means the SNP did not pass the discrimination filter and was excluded from further evaluation. LOH was defined as a change in the genotyping call from "AB" (heterozygous) in germ-line DNA to "AA" or "BB" (homozygous) in the matched micro-dissected tumor DNA.
Alcohol fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections (five micron) were used to measure telomere lengths in four cell types: cancer cells, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, infiltrative lymphocytes, and normal epithelial cells adjacent to the tumor. The procedure was as follows: The section slides were deparaffinized by incubating in xylene and then hydrated through an ethanol series (100%, 90%, 80% and 70%). The slides were incubated in 10 mM sodium citrate at pH 6.5 and 85°C for 10 minutes and then placed in a RNase solution (40 µg/ml of RNase A) for one hour at 37°C. Slides were then rinsed with deionized water, dipped through an ethanol series (70%, 80%, 90% and 100%), and air dried. Fifteen microliters of hybridization mixture consisting of 0.3 µg/ml Cy3-labeled telomere-specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe (Panagene Inc., Daejeon, Korea), 50% formamide, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 5% blocking reagent and 1× Denhart's solution, were applied to each slide and slides were cover-slipped. Slides were then placed in a Hybex microarray hybridization chamber where the DNA was denatured by incubating at 75°C for five minutes, followed by hybridizing at 30°C for three hours. After hybridization, the slides were sequentially washed; once in 1 × SSC, once in 0.5 × SSC and once in 0.1 × SSC; each wash was 10 min at 42°C. The slides were then mounted in anti-fade mounting medium containing 300 ng/ml 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).
The sample slides were analyzed using a Leica DM 4000 epifluorescence microscope equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Fluorescent images were captured with exposure times of 0.1 and 0.05 second for Cy3 and DAPI signals, respectively. An H&E stained adjacent section was used by a senior cancer pathologist (QS) to determine the cell types. Digitized fluorescent telomere signals were quantitated using a semi-automated script, TeloMeter (a kind gift from Dr. Alan Meeker), written with image analysis software (ImageJ). This software permits measurement of telomere signals in individual cells. Image processing was performed as follows: for a given image, the raw Cy3 telomere image was filtered with the background correcting filter. This corrected image was segmented on a gray-value threshold for contouring telomeric spots that were then binarized, creating a mask that was applied to the original telomere fluorescence data. Telomere length was expressed as fluorescent intensity units in thousands (KFIU). Tabulated data were exported to Microsoft Excel for further data analysis. For each patient, thirty cells were analyzed to estimate the mean telomere length for each of the four cell types (cancer cells, normal epithelial cells, infiltrative lymphocytes, and CAFs). Telomere attrition in cancer cells was defined as the telomere length in CAFs minus the telomere length in cancer cells.
Spearman correlations were examined between LOH frequency and telomere length by chromosome arm and cell type. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between the LOH frequency on chromosome arms and telomere length, while controlling for age, gender, smoking status, family history of cancer and tumor grade. Chromosome arms with ≥25% LOH frequency (75th percentile value of LOH frequencies of all chromosome arms combined) were considered positive (yes) for chromosomal instability. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare median telomere length between chromosomal instability groups (yes/no). In some analyses, telomere length was dichotomized as short/long using the 50th percentile values in the sample sets as a cut point. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between chromosome arm instability status and telomere length, while controlling for age, gender, smoking status, family history of cancer and tumor grade. All P-values were two-sided and considered statistically significant if P < 0.05. All analyses were performed using SAS software, version 9 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).
Table 1 lists the characteristics of patients in the study and telomere length by host factors. The mean age of the patients was 55.5 years old. Telomeres in CAFs and infiltrative lymphocytes were significantly shorter in non-smokers compared to smokers. Telomeres in tumor cells, CAFs, and infiltrative lymphocytes tended to be longer in cases with a family history of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer than in cases without such family history.
Telomere lengths were significantly different among cell types, such that length in infiltrative lymphocytes > CAFs > cancer cells (Figure 1). The mean telomere length in infiltrative lymphocytes (mean + SD = 240.7 + 90.2 KFIU) was significantly longer than CAFs (199.9 + 113.3, P = 0.004), and cancer cells (92.4 + 89.5, P < 0.001). Mean telomere length was also significantly longer in CAFs than in cancer cells (P < 0.001). In three cases, however, we found longer telomeres in cancer cells than in either CAFs or infiltrative lymphocytes. Telomere length was also determined in normal epithelial cells in the subset of samples (N = 14) in which normal tissue adjacent to tumors was available for telomere analysis. The mean telomere length in normal epithelial cells adjacent to tumors (158.2 + 39.2 KFIU) was not significantly different from mean telomere length in CAFs (186.4 + 74.1, P = 0.232).
We also examined telomere length correlation between cell types and found that telomere length in CAFs was significantly correlated with telomere length in infiltrative lymphocytes (r = 0.53, P < 0.001). Slightly lower correlations were seen for telomere length between tumor cells and CAFs (r = 0.37, P = 0.010), and between tumor cells and infiltrative lymphocytes (r = 0.33, P = 0.024). No significant correlation (r = 0.23, P = 0.427) in telomere length between CAFs and normal epithelial cells adjacent to tumors was seen.
Prior to the availability of 500 K SNP array chips, 17 tumor samples were analyzed using the 10 K SNP array chips. In five of these samples, the percentage of informative SNPs (SNPs showing heterozygosity) was low (<20%), resulting in sparse data for many chromosome arms (especially for small chromosomes), and prevented the accurate estimation of LOH frequencies. Thus, we excluded these five cases from the statistic analysis, which left a final data set of 42 cases with genome-wide LOH data. The mean frequency of LOH for all the chromosome arms combined (overall) was 18.7% and the mean frequency of LOH for individual chromosome arms varied widely, ranging from 8% to 48%. High average frequencies of LOH (≥ 25%) were observed on chromosomes 3p, 4p, 4q, 5q, 9p, 9q, 11q, 13q, 17p, 17q, 18q, 21q.
We initially examined telomere length and LOH frequency as continuous variables using Spearman rank correlations (Table 2). Significant correlations were observed between telomere length and LOH frequency: (i) for cancer-associated fibroblasts on chromosomes arms 1p, 1q, 3q, 4p, 4q, 5q, and 13q; (ii) for infiltrative lymphocytes on 3q, 4p, and 4q; and (iii) for cancer cells on 3q. Telomere attrition in cancer cells (defined as telomere length in CAFs minus the telomere length in cancer cells) was significantly correlated with LOH frequency on chromosome arms 1p, 6q, 13q and 15q. We defined telomere attrition in cancer cells using CAFs as the reference cell type because most previous studies have used tumor stromal cells as the reference cells (23;28–30) and defined telomere attrition as the difference between telomere length in cancer cells and telomere length in stromal cells (28) or as the ratio of telomere length in cancer cells to stromal cells (30). Multiple linear regressions, shown in Table 3, revealed that telomere length was significantly associated with LOH frequency: (i) for CAF cells on chromosome arms 4p, 4q, 5p, 5q, 6q, 10q, 12p, 12q, 13q, 15q, 16p, and 16q; (ii) for infiltrative lymphocytes on 4q, 10q, 12q, 15q, and 16p; and (iii) for cancer cells on 12q. Telomere attrition in cancer cells was significantly associated with LOH frequency on chromosome arms 5p, 5q, 6q, 15q, 16p, and 16q.
Table 4 shows telomere length by chromosome instability status (chromosome instability was defined as LOH ≥ 25%) for the various cell types studied. These data indicate that significantly longer median telomere length was observed: (i) in CAFs from patients with chromosome instability on 3q, 4p, 4q, 5q, 6q, 10q, 12p, 12q, 13q, 15q, 16q, and 20q; and (ii) in infiltrative lymphocytes from patients with chromosome instability on 4q, 6p, 10q, 12q, 15q, 16p, and 16q. In addition, patients with chromosome instability on 15q, 16p, and 16q showed significantly higher levels of telomere attrition in their tumor cells than in patients without such chromosome arm instability (Table 4). We used 25% LOH as a cut point to define chromosome arm instability status because 25% LOH is approximately the 75th percentile of overall LOH frequency in this sample set. We understand this cut point is somewhat arbitrary and have explored other cut point, i.e. 40% LOH as cut point. We found only one or two subjects (depending on which specific chromosome arm) were classified differently if 40% LOH was used as cut point and the data support the same conclusion as when 25% LOH was used as a cut point.
Finally, Table 5 shows multivariate logistic regression analyses in which both our endpoint (chromosome instability, ≥ 25% vs < 25%) and primary exposure (telomere length, long vs short) were dichotomized. For these analyses, telomere length was dichotomized into long/short groups using the median value as a cutoff point. After adjustment for age, gender, smoking status, and tumor grade, long telomeres were significantly associated with chromosome instability: (i) in CAFs for chromosomes 4q and 13q, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 4.4 (P = 0.040) and 11.9 (P = 0.007), respectively; and (ii) in infiltrative lymphocytes for chromosome 15q, adjusted OR of 7.5 (P = 0.048). While multivariate logistic regression found no association between telomere length in cancer cells and chromosomal instability, telomere attrition in cancer cells was found significantly associated with instability for chromosomes 13q and 15q, with adjusted ORs of 6.0 (P = 0.038) and 14.3 (P = 0.025), respectively. Because the LOH data were from two types of Affymetrix chips (10K and 500K), we also tested the logistic models to include chip-type (10K or 500K) and found the adding chip-type into the models did not have any significant affect on the estimated odd ratios (data not shown).
Genomic instability has been proposed to play an important role in cancer by accelerating the accumulation of genetic changes responsible for cancer cell evolution (31). Previous studies by our group and others demonstrated that chromosomal abnormalities were frequent in ESCC and commonly involve chromosomes 3p, 4p, 4q, 5q, 9p, 9q, 11q, 13q, 15q, 17p and 17q (9–12). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this chromosome instability are unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that high level of telomere attrition in cancer cells was significantly associated with specific chromosome arm instabilities in ESCC. Our findings here are consistent with previous reports that telomere shortening is associated with chromosome instability in ESCC tumors (26), in Barrett's esophagus (24), and in tissues taken from patients with ulcerative colitis, which is associated with increased risk of colon cancer (30). Kammori et al examined tumors from 15 ESCC patients and found that telomere length in normal epithelial cells adjacent to tumor was inversely associated with the frequency of chromosome anaphase/telophase bridges and aneuploidy in tumor cells (26). Finley et al examined 11 biopsies from Barrett's esophagus patients and found that high telomere attrition in epithelial cells significantly correlated with chromosome abnormalities for chromosomes 17 and 11, but not for chromosome 9 (24). Using a genome-wide scan approach, we discovered that high level telomere attrition in cancer cells was significantly associated with instability on chromosomes 13q and 15q in ESCC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that telomeres are involved in the chromosome arm specific instabilities in ESCC.
Surprisingly, we also found that long telomeres in tumor stroma cells (carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and infiltrative lymphocytes) were significantly associated with instability on chromosomes 4q, 13q and 15q. This finding is not entirely consistent with previous reports that short telomeres in epithelial cells/cancer cells are associated with chromosome abnormalities in human cancers (32–34). However, these previous studies only examined the telomere length in cancer cells or epithelial cells of preneoplastic lesions. No previous study has examined telomere lengths in CAFs and infiltrative lymphocytes and their relationship to chromosome instability in cancer cells. Telomere lengths measured in tumor stroma cells may not be directly comparable to telomere length in cancer cells or epithelial cells of preneoplastic lesions. Shorter telomeres may either have been inherited as a constitutional trait or may have been acquired somatically because of attrition induction by tissuespecific environmental factors, i.e., excessive proliferation. The reduction in telomere length in epithelial cells of preneoplastic lesions may simply reflect a greater number of times that the preneoplastic epithelium has replicated, compared to the surrounding stroma. In the present study, we found that telomeres in stroma cells are significantly longer than in neighboring cancer cells and that there is no significant telomere length correlation between stroma cells and normal epithelial cells adjacent to tumor, and only a weak telomere length correlation between stroma cells and cancer cells in ESCC. These data suggested that cancer cells and stroma cells in ESCC may have experienced different tissue-specific micro-environment of telomere loss/maintenance. We speculate that telomere maintenance in the tumor stroma may be altered to facilitate the development of tumors with high chromosome instability. Previous studies have demonstrated that tumor stroma play a significant role in the initiation and progression of carcinomas (35;36). Reactive tumor stroma differs from normal stroma; it has a reactive phenotype that is associated with an increased number of fibroblasts, enhanced capillary density, and increased type-I-collagen and fibrin deposition. Reactive tumor stroma cells have been shown to provide oncogenic signals that facilitate tumorigenesis (37;38). Extensive gene expression changes and neoplastic-specific changes were observed in the CAFs of breast cancer (39;40). However, the role of telomeres in the reactive tumor stroma in the initiation/progression of ESCC is completely unknown and is an area that warrants further investigation.
Our data suggest that telomere length is associated with chromosome instability only on specific chromosome arms (4q, 13q and 15q). This observation raises the question as to whether these chromosome arms possess generally shorter telomeres than other chromosome arms in ESCC patients. It has been reported that average telomere length may be less important than short telomeres on specific chromosome arms since telomere dysfunction occurs preferentially on chromosomes with critically short telomeres (41). In humans, chromosome specific telomere lengths are highly polymorphic between chromosome arms (42–44) and the telomere length patterns on chromosome arms appear to be heritable (45;46). Several reports have suggested that telomere shortening does not occur at the same rate for all telomeres (47). This view is supported by several studies which demonstrated that those chromosome arms with the shortest telomeres were more often found in the telomere fusions leading to chromosome instability (41;48;49). A recent study compared telomere length between normal breast epithelium, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) from 18 patients and found that the shortening of telomeres on chromosome 17q is greater than the average shortening of all telomeres (50). Future studies that examine specific chromosome arm telomere lengths may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling the chromosome instability commonly observed in epithelial cancers.
We also observed that telomere length differed significantly among cell types, such that length in infiltrative lymphocytes > CAFs > cancer cells. Short telomeres were observed in cancer cells in 44 of 47 (94%) tumors examined, suggesting that telomere shortening is a common genetic alteration in ESCC. This observation is consistent with most previous reports of telomere length in various cancer types. In cancer cells, telomere length varies widely and its equilibrium depends on the balance between telomere shortening from cell division and telomere elongation from telomerase activity (51). Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that synthesizes and adds the telomeric repeats onto the end of chromosome. Very short telomeres have been reported as common early alterations in many human cancers, including gastric (17;18), colon (19), esophageal (25;26), lung (20;52), breast (21), pancreatic (22), and prostate (23) cancers. In contrast, some tumor types have longer telomeres in cancer cells than in normal cells; for example, intracranial tumors, basal cell carcinomas of the skin, and renal cell carcinoma (54). Our results indicate that shortened telomeres are a common genetic alteration in ESCC, which is consistent with previous reports (25;26).
In conclusion, our data provide further evidence that telomere shortening is a common genetic alteration in ESCC, and that chromosome instability is related to both telomere attrition in cancer cells and telomere length in tumor stroma cells. The data provide new clues for understanding the molecular mechanisms of chromosome arm specific instabilities in ESCC and suggest that genetic defects in telomeres may be involved in the development of ESCC.
We thank Dr. Alan Meeker of Johns Hopkins University for providing Telometer software, Dr. Stephen Hewitt of NCI for reviewing the slides used for microdissection, and Shanxi Cancer Hospital of China for providing the tumor tissues. This study is partly supported by a Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Support grant (2P30 CA051008-13) and intramural research funds of the US National Cancer Institute.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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"This is a recipe that I found on food.com in a non gluten free form and I am simply posting the gluten-free version that I made. Thank you Elly in Canada for the great recipe. The butter is amazing and the confectioner's sugar on top is GREAT!!! Suggestion: I wanted more rhubarb so if you like rhubarb you may want to make 1.5 batches of the jam, but I haven't tried this so I'm not sure if it will affect the dessert."
Gluten-Free Rhubarb Shortbread
0 recipe photos
READY IN:40mins
YIELD:21 bars
Ingredients Nutrition
the jam
- 1 lb rhubarb, cut into 1 inch pieces
- 1⁄2 cup granulated sugar
- 1⁄2 cup water
- 1 vanilla bean (or 1 tsp vanilla extract)
- 1 squeeze lemon juice (1 tsp)
the shortbread
- 1 1⁄4 cups brown rice flour
- 1 cup sorghum flour
- 1⁄4 cup cornstarch
- 1⁄2 cup potato starch (NOT potato flour)
- 1⁄2 cup tapioca starch
- 1 1⁄2 tablespoons xanthan gum
- 2 teaspoons baking powder
- 1⁄4 teaspoon salt
- 1 lb unsalted butter, room temperature
- 4 large egg yolks
- 2 cups granulated sugar
- confectioners' sugar, for dusting
- Make the jam: Combine rhubarb, sugar, and 1/2 cup water in a medium saucepan.
- Split vanilla bean, scrape the seeds into the pan, and toss in the pod. (or add 1 tsp vanilla extract). Also, squeeze in the lemon juice here.
- Bring to a simmer over low heat, cook, stirring often, until rhubarb softens and forms a soft mass, about 10 minutes.
- Remove and discard vanilla bean.
- Transfer to a shallow bowl and let cool.
- Can be made ahead and refrigerated in an airtight container, for up to one week. (only refrigerate this if you plan on assembling the dessert tomorrow).
- If refrigerated, return to room temperature before using.
- You may substitute 1 cup of your favorite jam or preserves for the homemade.
- Make the shortbread: Combine the rice flour, sorghum, cornstarch, potato starch, tapioca starch, and xanthan gum and whisk well. In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, and salt.
- In the bowl of an electric mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, beat butter on high speed until pale and fluffy.
- Add egg yolks and sugar, and beat until sugar is dissolved and the mixture is light.
- Reduce mixer speed to low, and add the dry ingredients, mixing only until the ingredients are incorporated.
- Turn the dough out onto a work surface and cut into two pieces.
- Shape each piece into a ball and wrap in plastic wrap. (I just put the balls into the plastic vegetable or fruit bags I get at the grocery store and save.).
- Place in freezer until firm, about 30 minutes.
- You can make the dough ahead and freeze it for up to one month, if you do so thaw it in the refrigerator overnight.
- Assemble and bake: Preheat oven to 350° with rack in center.
- Remove one ball of dough from freezer and, using the large holes on a box grater, grate the dough into a 9-by-13-inch baking dish.
- Pat the dough gently just to get it into the corners (you don't want to press it down), and spread with the rhubarb jam.
- Grate the remaining dough over the jam, and press it lightly to distribute it evenly.
- Bake until golden brown, about 40 minutes.
- Dust with confectioners' sugar as soon as it is removed from oven (VERY IMPORTANT).
- Cool on a wire rack (about 1 hour).
- Cut the shortbread into bars when it is cool.
- You can cut whatever size bars please you, although as a rough guide, 3-inch squares, or rectangles 1 1/2 inches by 3 inches make nice servings.
- 26 Store covered at room temperature for up to 2 days. (1 1/2 inch by 3 inch rectangles makes 21 servings).
- I have kept virtually the same exact recipe and directions as the original with a few adjustments in both either to accommodate personal taste or make directions more clear. Please feel free to check out the original recipe at: http://www.food.com/recipe/rhubarb-shortbread-60385#ixzz1ROHUtDQ2.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Your first CDR generation
The first tutorial of our CDR generator exposes the basics of CDR generation with our demo project. The generated CDR are very simple and this will be enhanced as we'll move to the next tutorials.
|Example of generated CDR from this tutorial
|The XML Profile use to generate those CDR
This tutorial will help to understand how a profile is organized in a XML file and how parameter changes affect the generated CDR.
The basics of CDR generation is to simulate the activity of a set of customers during a period of time with usage patterns. All these three components are found in a profile in distinct parts of a XML configuration file.
You don't have to change anything into the generator itself or other parameters of the GEDIS project. That project is designed to read all its parameters from the XML profile file.
With that first profile the generator only produces a couple of CDR for a same customer. All CDR are just similar, that is they model the same customer calling the same duration towards the same correspondent. If you look at the generated data like in the following figure you will notice that basicaly only the timestamp of the CDR are changing.
Time distribution of the CDR
First, you will notice that the generator dispatches all the calls into the simulation time period defined by the simulation's start date and simulation's duration. These two parameters are defined in the profile in the section named simulation.
The simulation's duration must be defined in the format "[d] HH:MM:SS" where d is an optional value giving the number of days. Notice that "2 00:00:00" is equivalent to "48:00:00". The simulation start date must defined in the format "YYYY/MM/DD HH:MM:SS"
The time dispatching will produce the first CDR at the beginning of the period and the last CDR roughly at the end of the period. Silent periods are automatically inserted between every two consecutive CDR with random length. This makes sure that two consecutive CDR will not overlap for the same customer. While at the same time, two different customers may have overlapping CDR.
Even if the first tutorial has only one customer and one pattern, the figure below illustrate what hapens with 3 different customers having each CDR from two patterns.
CDR are produced in the order of definition of their pattern. In that tutorial it is not very important since you have a single pattern of usage. But later in the tutorials, with profiles exposing multiple patterns, you'll see that CDR are produced from patterns in the same order that patterns are defined.
Notice, that there's another generator that allows to shuffle CDR from a same customer to obtain the actual model described in the picture.
In this tutorial you can freely change the values for the simulation start date and duration in order to notice the distribution of the CDR that will be generated.
A profile describes the activity of a customer or a set of customers. In each CDR you'll have the identifiers of the customer the CDR is generated for. Each customer may be the caller or the receiver of the call, depending on the call type of each pattern a CDR is generated from. The customer data are defined in a profile in the section named customers.
A customer is uniquely defined by three parameters : MS ISDN, IMEI and IMSI. There's also a fourth parameter used to identify the network operator of the customer . The reason for having this fourth parameter is to allow to produce CDR attached to different operators. This is the case for example when you want to simulate the activity of roamer in (foreigner using a local network).
Customers count
The customer count is a very important parameter in the section because it tells the generator the number of times the profile is to be instantiated. In that tutorial the count is 1 meaning that the CDR are generated for a single customer.
If you have more than one customer to generate traffic for, then you must also configure the parameters giving the unique identifiers of the customer in such a way that a new identifier will be generated / used for each new customer. That will be the purpose of the next tutorial.
Usage pattern
CDR are generated for customers, during a simulation period but more importantly their are generated after a pattern of usage.Thus each CDR conforms to a single pattern described in the profile. Notice that a pattern has a marker that is embedded in the CDR to track back the pattern use to generate each CDR.
A pattern describes how a given customer is consuming a service and in the telco project services are voice calls, SMS, data, etc.
Here are the basic parameters of a pattern :
- nb_calls : Gives the number of CDR to generate with this pattern
- durations : The duration of call in HH:MM:SS format or number of seconds.
- call_type: a pair delimited by the "/" sign of the call type and call service
- corresp1: The pair delimited by the "/" sign with the first correspondent type and ISDN
- correps2: same for the second correspondent
- network: the international operator code from where the CDR is supposed to be produced
You can use any values appropriate for you for the call type and services, the correspondent types and ISDN (even non numerical values). But the number of call must be a integer and the duration must be either in HH:MM:SS format or integer (interpreted as a number of seconds)


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Cool Sea House
Select your stay dates to check availability
Cool Sea House
About the hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Cool Sea House in Patong, you'll be convenient to Jungceylon Shopping Center and Patong Beach. This hotel is within close proximity of Bazaan Fresh Market and Bangla Boxing Stadium.
Make yourself at home in one of the 20 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and plasma televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with showers feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and coffee/tea makers.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Make use of convenient amenities, which include complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance.
Enjoy a satisfying meal at a restaurant serving guests of Cool Sea House.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a computer station, dry cleaning/laundry services, and a 24-hour front desk.
Hotel Facilities
- Total number of rooms - 20
- Luggage storage
- Computer station
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- 24-hour front desk
- Restaurant
- Free WiFi
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Designated smoking areas
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
Room Facilities
- Free WiFi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Plasma TV
- Slippers
- Private bathroom
- Iron/ironing board
- Hair dryer
- Free bottled water
- Coffee/tea maker
- Shower only
- Cable TV service
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
- Air conditioning
- Free toiletries
- Phone
- In-room safe
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for English breakfast: THB 150 for adults and THB 100 for children (approximately)
- Rollaway bed fee: THB 400 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


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The largest South Korean automaker and its affiliate unveiled the fact they opted for new share buybacks, with a combined value of 670 billion won ($615 million).
Hyundai Motor and Kia Motors have opted to reveal the share buybacks in what looks like a strategy to satisfy angered investors – they were thoroughly disgruntled recently after the South Korean chaebol decided (with the board of management not even briefed on the price) to purchase a prized plot in Seoul to build their new headquarters.
This is the first such move –specifically targeting an enhancement of shareholder value – coming from Hyundai in almost ten years and the first ever for the younger affiliate Kia. It also follows last month's announcements that the companies have decided for the first time ever to consider introducing interim dividends. This is also a move that could reflect upon other Korean conglomerates, as the companies traded in Seoul are usually listed with discounted stocks because of small dividends, investor worries about corporate governance and less positive prospects.
After the announcement the stock for the automaker rose 5.7% – but the basis has been very low ever since the companies (Hyundai Motor, Hyundai Mobis and Kia Motors) revealed they would acquire the land. With a bid of $10 billion for the Seoul plot based in the high-end Gangnam district – considered to be a purchase at more than three times the actual value – the shares lost almost a fifth of their value.
Via Reuters


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Trail Building – Sunday 24th May 2009
We were a little short on the ground this Sunday – mainly because everyone was over on Stile Cop with Racers Guild. Still, we only need one or two to make a difference.
The old Section 8 is now no longer part of Follow The Dog. Since the trees were felled some years ago and new section 8 was built, this short section never really held the appeal of the rest of the trail. The trail will be there to be used for a while but it won't be maintained any longer.
We also started digging a link on another section to create a new start… watch this space for previews.
Phase II continues at a fair old pace! Nearly all the sections have been planned and are ready to be dug! Hugh Clixby will be back very soon to carry on where he finished.
Talking of digging – The next Big Build Day is on June the 7th – Don't forget to come along for a day of trail building a barbecue and prizes!


text:
Entry requirements
An upper second class honours degree, or its equivalent. Relevant professional qualifications and experience will also be considered.
Months of entry
Course content
This is a broad based programme of study for those wishing to gain a thorough grounding in the theory, structure and working of the modern international system. Students take five taught modules each assessed by a 5,000 word essay.
Core Modules
· Major Approaches to the Study of International Relations
· Theory and Method in Postgraduate Studies
· Dissertation (20,000 words)
Information for international students
IELTS: 6.5 or equivalent
Fees and funding
UK students
£7250 per year
International students
£15,500 per year
Qualification and course duration
part time
24 months
full time
12 months
Course contact details
- Name
- Postgraduate Coordinator
- firstname.lastname@example.com
- Phone
- +44 (0) 1524 594262
- Fax
- +44 (0) 1524 594238


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Release Date: 1995
Not Yet Rated|1 hr 37 min
Plot Summary
Elderly Don Andrés (Fernando Torre Laphame) lives quietly by himself. When the noisy young Mariana (Tiaré Scanda) moves in upstairs, her loud music, noisy conversations and all-night parties so annoy the old man that his retaliation culminates in a full-scale police raid on her apartment. Vowing revenge, Mariana begins posting unsigned love letters to her neighbor as a spiteful prank, but soon discovers that the lonely Don Andrés has fallen desperately for his unknown paramour.
Cast: Tiaré Scanda, Fernando Torre Laphame, Guillermo Gil, Luisa Huertas, Luis Felipe Tovar, Gina Morett
Director: Carlos Carrera
Genres: Drama
Keywords: Transformation, Deception, Dark, Police officer, Rivalry, 1990s, Emotional, Revenge, Love


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|16 Nov 2011
annoying autoplay showing up again
i boot up, i get the AUTOPLAY thing saying what do ya wanna do with you iPod. seen it before, what's the fix here?
|My System Specs
|16 Nov 2011
Hello Eknirb,
Double check in the AutoPlay settings window to see if you may have the iPod listed under the Devices section where you can select Take no action like in the screeshot below.
Hope this helps,
|My System Specs
|16 Nov 2011
believe it or not, it shows no devices connected. I also have an error msg that says Windows is uninstalling this device. (Code 21)- been that way since I got it.
|My System Specs
|16 Nov 2011
This (post #11) has been reported to help others with this issue that you might give a try to see if it may help you as well.
IPOD shuffle
|My System Specs
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Welcome to forum beauty Spa. Escape into a world of total comfort, relaxation, and rejuvenation. Treat yourself to a luxurious experience...you deserve it! Our full service beauty care will make your stress fade away into a distant memory. Our friendly, professional staff will pamper you, renewing your mind, body, and soul.
We are committed to delivering services that promote health, well being, comfort and beauty. Among many of our priorities are grade-A sanitation standards, client-focused services, and superior products. To excel in a new era of beauty care, we encourage continuing education; we are selective in staffing, and committed to continuously upgrading our services and facilities.
Indulge yourself with one of our special Combo packages, and experience a specialized combination of treatments that will perfectly transform your body and spirit. Our first-class service includes a variety of foot massages, spa manicure, spa pedicure, skin care, facials, and complete salon services.
forum beauty spa gift cards and special packages make excellent gifts!
We offer bridal and wedding parties, and corporate plans.
Open 7 days
Monday-Friday 10AM-8PM Saturday 9AM-7PM Sunday 10AM-5PM
(626) 351-2200
3705 E. Foothill Blvd
Pasadena, CA 91107
(next to Wellfargo bank)


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Janice Smyth Director, RCN in Northern Ireland Royal College of Nursing. Devolution One RCN in Four Countries. Northern Ireland Assembly Scottish Government Welsh Assembly Government. The Scottish Context. Scottish National Party minority Gov since 2007 Next elections May 2011
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Director, RCN in Northern Ireland
Royal College of Nursing
Northern Ireland Assembly
Scottish Government
Welsh Assembly Government
*5 million people - inhabiting 40% of the UK landmass - 90 inhabited islands.
Different politics, different priorities,
different health structures
many of the same problems as the rest of the UK
Health and wellbeing dept received 1/3 of Scotland's £30bn+ budget
roughly 70% of NHS Scotland budget on staffing costs
Nurses make up around 40% of the workforce
So nurses becoming the easy target for saving money
anecdotal evidence of workforce plans bypassed to cut wage bill and not all workforce plans agreed and published for this year


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ATLANTA - A member of the State Bar of Georgia board has resigned after the organizers of a national mock trial competition refused to reschedule a team of Jewish students so they would not have to compete Saturday.
Elizabeth Price said she was resigning because the board "was not dealing with the situation appropriately."
State high school champions are in Atlanta for the tournament. The team from Maimonidies School, an Orthodox Jewish high school in Brookline, Mass., is forbidden for religious reasons to take part Saturday.
Its petition to compete instead on Thursday and Friday was rejected.
A spokesman for the state bar, the event's local sponsor, said it must abide by the regulations, although it hoped an accommodation could be made.
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a VirtualTourist member
I am an independent traveller, and this summer I want to stay in Boca Chica with my friend but I don't want the standard all included beach resort, "honeymoon" like.... I would like a nice, not very expensive independent hotel close to the beach. Can anyone help me? Thank you very much in advance
Here is the best site for Boca chica...lots of indy hotels to choose from: http://bocachicabeach.net For a more tropical area, check out Bayahibe farther east...and then go to isla saona...very beautiful!
I just returned from D.R. and had a great time. I stayed at the "Hotel Zapata" in Boca Chica. It's right on the beach and includes breakfast only. I think it was around fify bucks a night. Jose, the taxi driver there is nice and reliable. Comfortable rooms with air and a T.V.. Not the most elegant hotel, but nice. If you go, can you please help me get some information on a restaurant there? I posted it tonight, but if you can't find it, please E-mail me and I will send it to you. Thanks in advance.
Return to Boca Chica travel answers


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Nahdet Misr Party Party & Members Flool A new Party IDEOLOGY Why? Ahmed AbolNazar Stance of the party towards the current political scene References: Capitalist Liberal Central Sufi RIGHT LEFT RELEGIOUS Secular Salafy Ikhwan Sufi Constitution
1st Members AlAshraf Sufi Youth Vice presidents Local National Security Foreign Policy Regime Local Foreign Palestine Egyptian role Arabs Political Corruption Shura Council Elections Presidential Parliamentary Semi-Presidential Membership Funds Donations Head Vice Inactive Flool Elections
2010 History Worker Watany Member 2005 AlAshraf Economic advisor Founder of Nahdet Misr Party Businessman Sufi (AlBayomia Way) Presidential Council Amr Moussa Omar Soliman Mohamed ElBaradie Ayman Nour http://www.bbcalex.com/News/News.asp?id=78486 http://www.nahdetmasrparty.org/contactus.jsp Thank You Khaled Elhady Nehal Alaa Eldin Marie Georges Mariam Mohamed Habiba Abou Dief Mayar Moustafa Ahmed Galal Ahmed AbdelGawad Rana Atef Conferences Single one Sufi at Aswan Conferences Single one Sufi in Aswan ?! http://sync-egypt.org/nahditmasrparty/index.php
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"Georgians and Virginians both claim that this stew originated in their respective town of Brunswick and Brunswick County. I may be a born and raised Virginia girl, but I'm offering this classic recipe for all of you to try. I've adapted it from vol. 2 of my Gourmet Slow-Cooker - you can throw it all in a crock pot, or follow my second step of browning for added flavor. Serve with a lighter red wine, like Tempranillo, Pinot Noir, or even a Cabernet Franc, and enjoy!"
Virginia's Best Brunswick Stew
0 recipe photos
READY IN:6hrs 25mins
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1⁄2 cup all-purpose flour
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄2 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1⁄4 teaspoon pepper
- 1 lb chicken, boneless and skinless (breast or thighs)
- 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
- 2 (6 ounce) pork chops
- 1 yellow onion, sliced to your preference (I use thin slices, but thick or diced could work as well)
- 1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce
- 1⁄2 teaspoon Tabasco sauce (can add more to get the "kick" you want)
- 16 ounces canned diced tomatoes
- 1 cup chicken stock or 1 cup water
- 1 (10 ounce) package frozen lima beans, thawed
- 1 (8 ounce) package corn kernels, thawed (can also use fresh)
- Combine the flour, salt, garlic powder, and pepper in a Ziploc bag; add the chicken pieces and shake until coated evenly.
- Add the vegetable oil to a sauté pan on medium-high heat. Cook the chicken until browned on both sides, then add chicken and (not browned) pork chops to the crock pot.
- Sauté the chopped onion in the oil and meat drippings until browned. Add to slow cooker.
- Combine tomatoes, Worcestershire, and Tabasco; pour over meat.
- Add the chicken stock/water to the crock pot.
- Cover and cook on low for 4-6 hours, until the chicken is tender.
- Add the lima beans and corn; continue cooking for another 1-2 hours until the vegetables are tender.
- Remove chicken and pork from the crock pot; shred meat with two forks and return to stew.
- Enjoy!
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Fast and slow-acting proteins work together to ensure your muscles receive a stable flow of amino acids (Leucine). Amino acids help increase lean body mass, reduce body fat, and improve muscle recovery.
Customize your recovery with all the organic protein you love from Organic Fuel, now in powder form. Add it to your favorite smoothie recipe for a post-workout boost without the junk. Available at all Whole Foods Market stores.


text:
- Designer : Marcel Wanders
- Year of Design : 2016
- Material : Porcelain and glass
- H: 10cm; Dia: 9.2cm
- Gift Boxed
This RED Bell Christmas tree ornament is part of the 'Dressed for Christmas' collection by Marcel Wanders for Alessi. Made from blown glass and porcelain this red version has been created as part of the company's partnership with (RED) to raise awareness and funds to support the global fight against AIDS. Alessi has chosen several bestselling products that are red which are highly functional and beautifully designed and adapted for the cause. With the sale of each piece Alessi contributes a portion of the purchase price to Fight AIDS, which can provide 6 days of life-saving HIV medication.
See other Marcel Wanders designs.
See other Alessi designs.


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Accepting Guests
- Last login over 1 year ago
Join Couchsurfing to see erhan's full profile. It's free!
About Me
İ like reading and learning new languages. When i have the time , it makes me happy to go to swim also.
I m enough funny:)
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
To explore new places and new peoples.
İ m a lover of ps4
Music, Movies, and Books
Amerikan sniper
One Amazing Thing I've Done
To stay without eating anything during 2 days :)
Teach, Learn, Share
I learn spanish in these days.
Countries I've Visited
France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg
Countries I've Lived In
France, Turkey


text:
I was on Requip the Texas Workers Comp. Ins. made me start taking a cheaper brand?Since my caps on my teeth have fallon off. My root canal hardware has fallen out, my teeth are falling out or breaking off. My sister call said she heard on TV that Requip causes this. Has anyone had any trouble like this? If so please let me know.
Anyone had dental problems (teeth falling out etc) on cheaper brand of Requip?
- Asked
- 25 Aug 2012 by henryforeman
- Active
- 25 Aug 2012
- Topics
- requip
Responses (1)
Further Information
- Requip Information for Consumers
- Requip Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Requip (detailed)
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To register for MONDO or to order tickets for the show, please download a registration packet. Registering by mail allows you to take advantage of lower prices than are offered at the door.
Please mail completed registration forms to the following address.
MONDO Registrations
365 Dakota Avenue South
Golden Valley, MN 55416
Registrations should be returned by January 9th, 2017. We cannot be responsible for late mail.


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Hello everyone! This is going to be an exciting week; Marjan, also known as The Scrappy Mermaid, is going to take us on a fantastic journey with fresh ideas for recording Travel Memories. It is starting on the 19th of February and the final post will be on the 22nd February.
She invited some of her scrappy friends to join her and share their best ideas with a guest post on her blog – and I am very happy to tell you, that I am in with that lucky bunch!
So don't miss out to see Alex's, Nina's and of course Marjan's crafty projects. You cannot wait for it to start?! Ok then, I've got some sneaks for you – this really is going to be exciting, I'll promise!
Can you spot "my" project?!
Hope to see you soon back here!


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Long Hikes Call For Smart Breaks, Not Rest Breaks
Advice from 30,000 miles on the Trail
Simply taking an occasional rest break while dayhiking isn't enough. If you want to cover big mileage without physical stress, you need to take smart breaks.
Don't just perch on a rock for a few minutes while you sip water and nibble a chocolate bar. Give your body all it needs to fully serve you.
(1) The more comfortably you sit, the more your body relaxes. Deeper relaxation = higher quality rest. So bring a bum pad.
It not only cushions, it insulates. Five minutes sitting on a bum pad is worth eight minutes sitting on bare, rough, cold ground. You can make a bum pad that weighs only two ounces and costs only a couple bucks. Buy a sheet of 3/8″ thick, closed-cell foam, then cut it into 16″x16″ squares—or whatever size suits your physiology.
Here's a 72″ x 20″ sheet of closed-cell foam for only $7.21: http://www.amazon.com/Texsport-Pack-Lite-Pad-72-20-Inch/dp/B0019KHLIY/ref=sr_1_5?s=sporting-goods&ie=UTF8&qid=1330788052&sr=1-5
Another advantage of a bum pad is emergency use. On a dayhike, should you ever have to bivouac due to injury or navigational error, a bum pad will reduce the misery factor considerably.
(2) Your leg muscles contract with every stride. Constantly contracting, they tighten and shorten. Flexible muscles allow long, fluid, powerful strides. So a smart break includes a few minutes of stretching. To stretch comfortably and effectively, you need to lie down. If you don't want to flail around in the dirt, you need a backcountry yoga mat. Not a typical, heavy, cushioned mat. But an ultralight sheet of nylon fabric.
A tent footprint from a tiny, one-person tent is ideal. It should weigh only about 2 or 3 oz, if you cut off the extraneous, webbing and grommets. And if it's anthropomorphic in shape (narrow at the head, broader at the shoulders, tapering to the feet), it won't be bulky. The MSR MicroZoid one-person tent footprint is ideal. Originally retailing for $35, you can now buy one for just $10: http://www.amazon.com/MSR-Microzoid-Fast-Light-Footprint/dp/B000A8C60Y/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1330787166&sr=8-1
Refuse to stretch? Averse to yoga? Think of it as a down-time tarp. Don't just sit on your bum pad during your smart break. Lie down for a few minutes, and relax completely. You're not likely to do that on the ground. But you will, if you have your down-time tarp in your daypack.
(3) Staying hydrated is critical for optimal athletic performance. Water is essential. But supplementing your water turns a rest break into a smart break. We recommend Emergen-C. It adds subtle flavor, which ensures you drink more water than you otherwise might.
Each packet contains 1,000 mg of vitamin C, zinc, quercetin and antioxidants to support your immune system; seven B vitamins, which boost energy naturally (no caffeine, no crash); magnesium to reduce cramping; and electrolytes to replace those you lose through perspiration. A packet of Emergen-C is virtually weightless. Bring four packets per person, per day. You can buy a box of 30 packets for just $7: Buy at Amazon
(4) Mid-hike refueling is very different than dining at home. Convenience, concentrated food value, and rapid assimilation are vital when hiking. That's why Power Bars, Honey Stinger Bars, Luna Bars, etc. are popular. You probably bring power foods like these on every hike. You should. We do, too.
But we're increasingly turning to live, super foods for backcountry nutrition. The more we read about them, the more we're convinced they're superior. We recently discovered Navitas Naturals. In particular, we like their antioxidant superfood trail mix. Here's what Navitas has to say about it:
"Trail mix was invented by ancient nomads who were experts at creating portable, high-energy snacks that withstood weather and did not need cooking. This bag contains 100% goji berries, mulberries and goldenberies that are certified organic, kosher, vegan, and raw.
"This antioxidant- and nutrient-rich combination will give you energy through the day on your next outdoor adventure. The health benefits afforded by snacking on this nutritious blend are superior to eating any of these superfoods alone."
It's remarkable how much protein these berries contain. Just one ounce of Navitas trail mix contains 19g of carbohydrate and 3g of protein. Protein is essential for rebuilding muscle.
A 4-oz bag of Navitas trail mix costs $6: Buy at Amazon
We hope at least one of these smart-break suggestions will help boost your energy, mileage and enjoyment on the trail, and ensure you return to the trailhead less depleted.
Walk on!


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I'm looking for a restaurant/lounge in Toronto where I could have my wedding. It's looking like the guest list will be about 200.
We are not interested in a formal meal - just hors d'ourves and food stations. Essentially a cocktail party with really yummy and abundant food.
A place with a nice patio for the ceremony would be ideal - but at this point everything is up for debate...
I've already thought of:
The Drake Hotel
Ultra Supper Club
York Event Theatre
Any thoughts on these venues or other possilities that will fit my criteria would be much appreciated!
Also - just in case this route doesn't pan out - which caterers do you chowhounds prefer?


text:
Just say no to police and their unions.
Seems like an awfully large police force, just to patrol the high school traffic and give parking tickets to RVs. Does the city even have any automobile accidents, I never see it? When a police force this large has to be used for corralling School students, and chasing RV parking, citizens should wake up and say no .
Simple say no to police. La Palma has healthy budget, just say no to police unions.


text:
Sometimes less is more and the 2016 Les Paul CM T is one lean machine. Ready to rock and at a price that competes with less worthy imports, you™ll be hard pressed to find a better deal on an American-... Click To Read More About This Product
Sometimes less is more and the 2016 Les Paul CM T is one lean machine. Ready to rock and at a price that competes with less worthy imports, you™ll be hard pressed to find a better deal on an American-made electric guitar. This is 100% Les Paul with the body and contours that have inspired generations of guitar heroes. With its carved top and unbound body, the general impression is that this guitar is ready for action, not decoration.
The comfortable neck features a thick, hand-oiled fingerboard with plenty of sustain from its one-piece design. Dot inlays offer just enough guidance without detracting from this Les Paul' minimalist nature. A single Classic ™61 humbucker in the bridge position gives you Patent-Applied-For tone right where you need it with a single volume and tone control to find your sound.
Hardware includes traditional Green Key tuners and a compensated, wraparound stopbar bridge that makes adjusting action and intonation easy. The Les Paul CM T comes complete with a nice padded gig bag and at a price that can™t be beat.
Key Features
The luxurious feel of a hand-oiled rosewood fingerboard, with the sustain of a one-piece design
This guitar is all about the power of simplicity
PAF-style tone where it counts the most - at the bridge
Experience a taste of the past with the classic "green keys" look
Guard your guitar with padded protection
Minimalist dot inlays echo the guitar's no-nonsense ethos
Expert setup makes this handcrafted, American-made guitar ready for immediate action
Simplicity, solidity, sustain
From the arched top to the classic profile, the body is pure Les Paul
Extra plug grip for on-stage cable security
Pro Coverage gives you added warranty protection for your gear. Stepping in where the manufacturer's "normal wear and tear" coverage ends, our Pro Coverage program offers you upgraded coverage if your product ever fails Click To Read More About This Product.
Reviewed by 1 customer
Best Uses
Comments about Gibson 2016 Les Paul CM T Electric Guitar:
i play this more than my les paul.
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.


text:
The good news: Tesla production was up 20% the last quarter from the previous quarter.
The bad news: Tesla fell short of their second quarter production goals by more than 8%.
Tesla's production goal for the quarter was 20,000 vehicles but they only managed to produce 18,345 cars, about 2/3 Model S and the rest of the Model X. At 9,745 it's the lowest deliveries the Model S has seen since the first half of 2014, but with an increasing portion of sales going to the more expensive Model X we doubt Tesla's too disappointed.
Deliveries were even lower, with 14,370 delivered (again 2/3 Model S and 1/3 Model X). Tesla says the lower deliveries were the fault of vehicles in transit during the quarter, which Tesla counted as 5,150 at the end of the quarter (nearly twice as many as at the end of the previous quarter). Tesla deliveries have declined for the second quarter in a row, peaking at the end of 2015 at 17,400 vehicles.
Tesla faults a steep production ramp, with "almost half of the quarter's production" occuring in the last four weeks of the quarter. Tesla now "expects to produce and deliver about 50,000 vehicles" during the rest of the year, which would put the company on track for meeting the lower end of their 80,000-90,000 estimate for 2016.
The troubles meeting production demands for current Tesla vehicles only continue to demonstrate the struggles that Tesla will face going forward with the Model 3 sedan. They've received nearly 400,000 reservations for the $35,000 electric sedan and expect to start production for it in late 2017. Tesla's 2018 production goal is for a total of 500,00 vehicles — a hugely ambitious increase from their current production rate.
PALO ALTO, CA -- (Marketwired) -- 07/03/16 -- Tesla (NASDAQ: TSLA) produced 18,345 vehicles in Q2, an increase of 20% from Q1, and exited the quarter consistently producing just under 2,000 vehicles per week. Due to the steep production ramp, almost half of the quarter's production occurred in the final four weeks.
With continued productivity improvements, Tesla expects output to reach 2,200 vehicles per week in Q3 and 2,400 vehicles per week in Q4. Current order rate trends and backlog support production at those levels. In total, Tesla expects to produce and deliver about 50,000 vehicles during the second half of 2016, approximately equal to all of 2015.
Due to the extreme production ramp in Q2 and the high mix of customer-ordered vehicles still on trucks and ships at the end of the quarter, Tesla Q2 deliveries were lower than anticipated at 14,370 vehicles, consisting of 9,745 Model S and 4,625 Model X. In total, 5,150 customer-ordered vehicles were still in transit at the end of the quarter and will be delivered in early Q3. That amount was higher than expected (there were 2,615 vehicles in transit to customers at the end of Q1) and is more than a third of the number of cars that completed delivery in Q2.


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Now that the Philippine Election 2016 is getting nearer and nearer, Presidential candidates are also getting busier campaigning to different places of the country. Every one of them is now thinking many techniques and strategies just to get the heart many voters.
But, one picture of Mar Roxas and his wife Korina that kissed in front of the public during their campaign caught the attention of many on social media and it seems like many netizen are really enjoying putting their hilarious thoughts about this.
If we could still remember, Mar Roxas and Korina has a video that recently circulated on social media which shows how ungentle Mar to his wife. Some people are saying that the couple is now showing their sweetness in public to cover that previous issue.
Because much speculation says that Korina really has that "mataray" personality, many people confirmed that this is true after meeting her personally.
After many complaints received by that post, their picture was uploaded again with the caption "Naging customer mo din ba si Korina?" which inviting the people to put their funny comments.
Read the people's hilarious reaction with this picture.
Source: Pkshet
So what can you say about this one? Let us know your thoughts in the comment section below, and don't forget to share this blog post to your family and friends online. And also, visit our website more often for more updates.


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Friday, March 9, 2012
Craig Morgan is heading to Army Wives and Rizzoli and Isles!
If you're an "Army Wives" fan- the show is going to be even better on March 18th because Craig Morgan is making a guest appearance! Fitting since Craig himself was an Army paratrooper before becoming a country star.
Now he's working on getting a guest spot on TNT "Rizzoli and Isles" He told theboot.com, "Oh, I'm gonna be on the show. I'm there! I just invited myself. I'm a police officer, so it's a no-brainer! I can play a law enforcement officer from the South ... we just made all this up five minutes ago, we wrote all this. [Laughs] We still have to talk to the writers and producers and everything but, we're pretty sure!"
He at least has one of the show's stars, Angie Harmon, in his corner since she appeared in his latest video for "This Ol Boy"
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tap to bring up your browser menu and select 'Add to homescreen' to pin the The News web appGot it!
tap to bring up your browser menu and select 'Add to homescreen' to pin the The News web appGot it!
Just a few days after the military courts set up under the 21st Amendment stopped functioning, the government has engaged itself in an apparent effort to restore them. It should instead have encouraged debate on the way forward. Military courts – and let it be said clearly that the idea should have been unwelcome the first time around – were introduced as a temporary emergency measure needed to effectively fight the threat of militancy. That threat, while not yet eliminated, has been reduced and there is no longer any justification for the secrecy and lower standards of evidence of military courts. Claims of victory have been made repeatedly by both the government and the military. A democratic society needs an open and independent judiciary and the parallel military courts undermine that principle. The secrecy with which the government is dealing with the issue does not help matters. It has failed to make the case that the courts are still required. It does not, at the moment, have the support of the opposition parties. But the moment this time too may turn out to be transitory after some empty posturing – to be followed by shedding of a few convenient tears a la Rabbani in 2015. Yet, our politicians and those behind the move certainly know that this would eat into immensely valuable civilian space.
The case against military courts is strengthened by the existence of anti-terrorist courts, which have been functioning since 1997 and have now become a part of the judicial system. Why we need to add another layer in the form of military courts is unclear. Surely it would be more rational to permit the task of trying people suspected of terrorism to go back to the civilian judicial setup and its trained judges. The anti-terrorism courts should be permitted to do so instead of being used to try cases that have nothing to do with terrorism such as those relating to rape and kidnapping cases. They in fact have been moved far beyond their pale and even handled trials like that of political activist Baba Jan. The example of anti-terrorism courts shows that once such courts are set up they tend to expand beyond their original jurisdiction. Thus, even if one were inclined to support military courts for civilians who have been accused of terrorism, there is every chance that these courts will end up hearing more cases than originally intended. That will only end up causing graver damage to democratic norms. Instead, the judiciary should be assisted in this matter by all agencies that work for the state. We also, very respectfully, venture to wonder about the opinion of the judiciary itself in this matter – since it was and is, after all, a matter of institutional jurisdiction as well. For now, it is up to parliament to decide on the issue. The government should refrain from introducing yet another ordinance to bypass parliament and should also avoid calling a joint sitting to use its brute majority to force it through. The rest should boil down to this: the sun should set on military courts.


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Saints sign paralyzed Tulane safety Devon Walker on his graduation day
Devon Walker's journey to the NFL has not been a conventional one.
In September 2012, the Tulane safety suffered a spinal cord injury after he collided with a teammate during his university's game against Tulsa, leaving him paralyzed from the neck down.
After months of hospitalization and extensive rehabilitation, Walker returned to Tulane in the fall of 2013 to rejoin his team on the sidelines and finish out his senior year. His ardent support served as motivation and inspiration to both his Green Wave teammates and the community as a whole, and Walker was given the 2013 Disney Spirit Award as college football's most inspirational figure last November.
On Saturday, Walker graduated from Tulane with a degree in cell and molecular biology. And on that same day, at New Orleans Saints rookie minicamp, the team announced the signing of the former safety to a one-day contract.
#Saints sign former Tulane safety Devon Walker pic.twitter.com/0vquq8SvLm
— New Orleans Saints (@Saints) May 17, 2014
"When Devon got hurt, his football career was just starting to take off after three years of hard work," Saints coach Sean Payton said on the Saints' website. "Despite the devastating injury he suffered, Devon refuses to let that define him. He is an outstanding young man, who is not only an inspiration to his coaches and teammates at Tulane, but to all of us. Devon's character, determination, intelligence and work ethic are everything that we look for in a New Orleans Saint when we sign a player. This is the least we can do to recognize Devon and these attributes that we want all of our players to have."
Walker's Tulane coach Curtis Johnson also expressed his congratulations.
"This is a first-class move by a first-class organization." Johnson said. "The Saints have been very supportive of Devon and … I believe it once again demonstrates the organization's commitment to the New Orleans community and to one of its own."
You can watch the video of Payton announcing the signing and hear what Walker had to say about it below.
(h/t: Tulane University for posting the video on YouTube)


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NLCS Preview: Five Questions for Phillies-GiantsOctober 14, 2010
NLCS Preview: Five Questions for Phillies-Giants
The 2010 NLCS begins this Saturday in Philadelphia between the Philadelphia Phillies and the San Francisco Giants. Both teams bring impressive pitching rotations into the series, highlighted by the Game 1 match-up between Roy Halladay and Tim Lincecum.
Impressive hardly describes each of their first postseason starts during the NLDS.
Halladay, in the first postseason start of his career no less, no-hit the best hitting team in the National League, the Cincinnati Reds, and Lincecum threw a 2 hit, 14k, complete game against the Atlanta Braves. With Cole Hamels and Roy Oswalt looking to take the ball for the Phillies and Jonathan Sanchez and Matt Cain behind Lincecum for the Giants, the match-up between these two teams is all about pitching.
That being said, neither team is without issue. Here are 5 questions heading into the National League Championship Series:
1. Halladay or Lincecum?
In what figures to be one of the best Game 1 meetings in baseball history, Giants' ace Tim Lincecum will go head-to-head with the Phillies' Roy Halladay. Halladay is a shoe in for the NL Cy Young award this year. He is the National League's only 20 game winner and silenced any question of postseason jitters in throwing a no hitter in his first career postseason start.
Lincecum has struggled at times during the regular season. He lost 5 straight decisions in August, posting a hefty 7.82 ERA, but turned it on in September, going 5-1 with a 1.94 ERA. In his only start against the Phillies, Lincecum gave up two earned runs on three hits over 8.1 innings while striking out 11.
Halladay dominated in his first season in the National League after being acquired from the Toronto Blue Jays. He is second in the NL in strikeouts (219) and winning percentage (.677%). But in his only regular season start against the Giants, Halladay gave up five earned runs on 10 hits over seven innings of work.
Game 1 is going to come down to distance. Both pitchers went the distance in Game 1 of the NLDS and will look to do the same on Saturday night. Who will blink first, Lincecum or Halladay? I have to give the nod to Halladay, as he's proven all season long, and into the postseason, no one beats him in a game of "who can pitch the longest?"
2. Who Will Shut the Door Better?
Brian Wilson has been a monster all season for the Giants, mostly because of his histrionics on the mound. The NL leader in saves (48) posted a 1.81 ERA during the regular season and touts an impressive 93 Ks in only 74.2 IP.
You do the math.
But he's not without his faults however. Wilson did blow five saves and has been known to be a bit of a roller coaster in the ninth inning. He blew the save on Oct. 8 against the Atlanta Braves in Game 2 of the NLDS.
As for Brad Lidge, he spent time on the disabled list in both April and May and finished the season with 27 saves and a 2.96 ERA. Lidge has been much better at home than away, where his ERA more than doubles. He looked strong in September, going nine for nine in save opportunities, but Lidge didn't face the Giants at all during the regular season and struggled during the 2009 postseason with a 5.40 ERA.
Despite his tendency for the erratic, I have to give the advantage to Wilson. He has shut-down stuff and shows no fear on the mound. I only wonder how he'll do with those Philly fans bearing down on him in a save situation.
3. Whose Offense Will Show Up First?
Despite sweeping the Cinncinnati Reds during the ALDS, the Phillies haven't really hit much. Yes they did tally 13 runs on 21 hits over the three game sweep, but only seven of those runs were earned. They went 5 for 25 with runners in scoring position and left 26 men on base. Both Jimmy Rollins and Jayson Werth were terrible during the series and need to step it up big time.
The Giants' offense hasn't been that much better either. During the regular season, the Giants were right in the middle of the pack offensively--they weren't great, but they weren't terrible. Certainly playing in a pitcher-friendly park like AT&T Park doesn't help, but it doesn't hurt when it comes to wins and losses either. Their offense is led almost entirely by Aubrey Huff, who leads the team in every stat that matters (.209 BA/26 HR/86 RBI/.385 OBP).
During the NLDS, the Giants hit only .212 as a team and managed to score only nine runs over the five game series with Atlanta. This simply will not do. The Giants need to find some offense from somewhere, and while the emergence of Buster Posey has helped a lot, the Giants are going to have a much harder time against that Philly pitching rotation.
I can't give either team the advantage here since neither really showed much offense so far. The Phillies didn't manufacture runs so much as the Reds gave them away and the Giants let their pitching carry them past Atlanta.
4. Where Is Pablo Sandoval?
Speaking of offense, has anyone seen Pablo Sandoval lately? The Giants' plus-sized third baseman was almost nonexistent during the NLDS. He hit just .167 with no homers and no rib-eye steaks (that's RBIs for everyone except Keith Hernandez). He didn't even start in Game 3 or 4. Sandoval's 2010 stats are way down from last season and he has left manager Bruce Bochy with a big hole in the middle of his lineup.
The Giants cannot lean solely on Huff and Posey again and just because Pat Burrell knows a lot about playing in Philadelphia, doesn't mean he's going to light it up. Sandoval is a career .320 hitter against the Phillies and needs to remind the Philly fans, and his teammates, about that.
5. How Much Will the Phillies Experience Play a Role?
Make no mistake about it, the Phillies have swagger. They know they have the best starting rotation in baseball. They know they have one of the most potent offenses in baseball. And most importantly, they know they have been here before and know how to win it.
You don't win four straight NL East titles and make it to back-to-back World Series, winning one of them, without gaining some confidence along the way. Take the NLDS against the Reds for example. There were questions going into that series. The Reds were the best hitting team in baseball and they had NL MVP favorite, Joey Votto. Sure the Phils were favored to win, but the Reds were baseball's 2010 Cinderella story.
Well, that coach turned back into a pumpkin pretty quick once Roy Halladay was done with them. The Phillies know how to play in the postseason and they know how to win (just ask any Mets fan, including myself). The Giants are a good team, you can't dispute that. But they can't touch the Phillies when it comes to total postseason experience.


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KELOWNA – The debate over how best to develop seven City-owned lakefront properties on Abbott St. was reignited by Council Monday.
The City purchased the properties north of Cedar Avenue in the Pandosy Village neighbourhood in 1999 and first attempted to reach public consensus for their use in 2011. At that time, Council proposed the lots would be sold for development; however public backlash forced them to abandon the project amid protests from stakeholders.
On Monday, Council voted to take the process, which will include a two-day design workshop at the end of February, to the public once again.
"(This) has been a long-standing goal of the City to bring Pandosy by the lake actually to the lake," said Derek Edstrom, Director of Real Estate. "The Pandosy waterfront is an underutilized area that is in need of revitalization. We believe there's an ability to bring a fresh look at this area and also really bring the community in to help move this project forward."
The latest proposal for the more than 1000 meters of waterfront seeks to see most of the land sold, with the remaining four lots being turned into a park, complete with Paddle Centre.
"During the past year, we have been working with paddling disciplines to create a catalyst of what could be the future paddling centre and we believe this would be a great amenity for this site," said Edstrom.
Council endorsed a set of eight project guidelines, which include inclusion of a Paddle centre, a condition that will require no tax impact on the city as well as a possible financial return to the city. Plans also must incorporate a park and waterfront walkway.
"The purpose of this engagement process would be to create an understanding and awareness of this project and where it's at now and to collect community input on the site design," said Communications Supervisor Jodie Foster-Sexsmith. "To do this we need to have a transparent process so one of the things that we want to do is make sure there is input collected."
The results of the urban design workshop, called a charrette, will begin within the next two weeks and complete by end of February. It will be limited to 30 members of the public with results being presented to Council in March.
To contact the reporter for this story, email Adam Proskiw at email@example.com, call (250) 718-0428 or tweet @AdamProskiw.


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DSOGaming writes: "Remember when Ubisoft stated that it was putting a lot of effort on the PC port of Assassin's Creed III? Remember when it stated that PC gamers would be happy – and proud – about the PC version of it? Remember when the company said that the delay of the PC version was in order to ensure that it would be optimized for the PC platform? Well, as usual, none of them were true. Assassin's Creed III PC is an awful console port, with a DX11 renderer that is seriously bugged and does not perform as good as the older DX9 one that was used in all previous versions of Assassin's Creed. Not only that, but the game does not take advantage of multi-core CPUs, meaning that each and everyone will be CPU limited in the blink of an eye."
Tired of developers doing this shit.Sometimes I fell like all they care about is money and they only have there attention on which system makes them the most money for there games....
i consider myself lucky i was able to finish the game with the lower than crap fps i was getting, i cant believe wut a mess the game code is
Whew, glad I stuck with consoles for the AC series... I'll be picking this up later on at some point for sure though. As a primarily PC gamer, this is just unfortunate to hear though. They need to get some new people in there that know what they're doing with PC or something, because this does not sound like an adequate job.
from what i read and see, online pc gamers always seem to get the shitty end of the stick until the mods come out


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Dev's bad press
• Old Dev got a bad rap from the press. Myself included, many of us saw him as a man who held us back throughout the 1930s/1940s/1950s. Possibly, no probably, but hey, who else was out there to drive us on to Utopia . . . Costello, Dillon or Cosgrove? Maybe Bang Bang might have done as well?
However, recent events have caused me to revise my thinking about De Valera. When the big elephants of Europe rumble it's the mice who get trampled.
So when Germany flexed its military might back in the late 1930s, Dev, quicker than most, saw what was happening. He saw the fate of Norway, Belgium, Poland and any other who stood in the way of the expansion of Deutschland.


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LONDON, March 17 (Reuters) - Three European equity associations are uniting to find ways of boosting initial public offerings (IPOs) in the region, encouraging companies held back by subdued credit markets to raise funds by other means.
They are setting up a task force that will present its findings, which will also tackle debt financing, to the EU executive this autumn.
The Director General of one of the groups, Judith Hart, said the blueprint would include recommendations to allow some companies to operate below international financial reporting standards, and to tailor listing regulations to individual countries and exchanges.
"In IPO markets, timing is of the essence," said Hart, of the Federation of European Securities Exchanges (FESE).
"Right now, it's a good moment, but in relative terms, when you look over 10 years and even 20 years...there has been a historic decline."
As European banks have reined in lending, new stock market listings have surged, recovering last year and growing further so far in 2014 - though they still stand way below the boom years of the 2000s.
FESE, EuropeanIssuers, and the European Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (EVCA) said on Monday that the task force would comprise a mix of around 20 lawyers, corporate brokers and exchange representatives.
They include Deirdre Somers, Chief Executive of the Irish Stock Exchange, and management consultant firm Oliver Wyman.
European IPO activity has tripled to $12 billion so far this year against the same period of 2013, Thomson Reuters data showed last week.
London IPOs have reached the highest levels seen since 2007, with 14 issues in the first quarter of this year. But the corresponding figure seven years ago was 43.
The European recommendations will follow a similar initiative in the United States that led to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS) in 2012.
That legislation eased financial reporting obligations for small companies and allowed them to test out investor interest before committing to an IPO.
The European research team will present its findings to the European Commission in November, following European parliament elections in June.
The EU is conducting its own research into corporate finance, with the Commission due to present a "Communication on the Long-term Financing of the European Economy" this month. (Reporting by Freya Berry; Editing by John Stonestreet)