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This study investigated the effect of eye gaze and head position on vestibular-evoked potentials (VsEPs). Head position would be expected to affect myogenic sources, and eye position is known to affect ocular myogenic responses (ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials), whereas a neurogenic source should behave otherwise. Eleven healthy subjects were recruited, and VsEPs, using 72-channel EEG, were recorded at a fixed intensity above the vestibular threshold. Three eye gaze and three head positions were tested (−20°, 0°, and +20° to the horizontal). Short-latency potentials showed that in addition to the expected effect of gaze on infraocular (IO′) leads, where up-gaze gives a maximum response, significant changes in amplitude were also observed in electrodes remote from the eyes and in particular, from contralateral parietal-occipital (PO) and neck (CB′) leads. Short-latency potentials of similar latency were observed (p10/n17 and n10/p17, respectively). The pattern of change with gaze in the PO leads was distinct from that observed for the IO′ leads. For the PO leads, the maximum response was obtained with neutral gaze, and this was also distinct from that observed for CB′ electrodes, where a maximal response was observed with head flexion in the second wave but not the first. Evidence of modulation of N42 and N1 potentials with both eye and head position was also observed. Head- and eye-position manipulation thus suggests that the inion response consists of an early neurogenic component, as well as myogenic responses. The p10/n17 at PO, in particular, may be an indicator of vestibulocerebellar projections.
NEW & NOTEWORTHY Loud sounds were used to activate vestibular receptors in human volunteers and the effects of head and eye position studied for short-latency responses. A potential (p10/n17) recorded in the parieto-occipital leads showed behavior not expected for a response with a myogenic origin. Source modeling suggested a possible origin from the cerebellum. It may represent a new indicator of human vestibulocerebellar function.
- vestibular
- VsEPs
- cerebellum
since the work of Bickford et al. (1964), which established a vestibular-dependent and myogenic origin of the sound-evoked inion response, and subsequent work by Colebatch et al. (1994), the vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) has been accepted as providing a reliable means for testing otolith function. In addition to the inion response-related VEMP of vestibulocollic origin, VEMPs may be recorded from periocular locations, and these are manifestations of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) pathways (Rosengren et al. 2005; Todd et al. 2007). The vestibulocollic response recorded from over the sternocleidomastoid muscles (SCMs), the cervical VEMP has been established as being the result of inhibitory modulation of tonic electromyography (EMG). Its magnitude is therefore dependent on the state of contraction of the underlying SCM, either by rotation or extension of the head and neck (Colebatch et al. 1994; Colebatch and Rothwell 2004). The ocular VEMP (OVEMP) has similarly been established as having its origin in the modulation of activity in extraocular eye muscles (EOMs), specifically the inferior oblique and rectus, when recorded in infraocular locations (Weber et al. 2012).
Although the morphology of the OVEMP waveform is dependent on the specifics of the recording paradigm, i.e., the stimulus parameters and electrode placement (Chihara et al. 2007; Sandhu et al. 2013; Todd et al. 2007), a striking effect is that the waveform amplitude is largest when the subject's gaze is elevated (Govender et al. 2009; Rosengren et al. 2005). This has led to the proposal that this is due to variation with background EOM contraction by analogy to the cervical VEMP (Rosengren et al. 2005, 2013). However, this issue remains controversial, with at least two different (although not necessarily mutually exclusive) hypotheses proposed, i.e., proximity of the inferior oblique to the infraocular electrodes (Iwasaki et al. 2009) or central modulation of the otolith-ocular reflex by means of cerebellar influence on the vestibular nuclei (Todd et al. 2012).
As well as mediating the above reflexes, the vestibular system sends projections to the cerebellum (Barmack 2003; Carpenter et al. 1972; Wilson and Peterson 1978) and the cortex via several pathways (Lopez and Blanke 2011; Lopez et al. 2012). EEG recordings, following vestibular activation, yield vestibular-evoked potentials (VsEPs) of neurogenic origin, which reflect central, including cortical, processing of vestibular information (de Waele et al. 2001). The use of the same acoustic stimuli that produce VEMPs also gives rise to short-latency VsEPs when the intensity is above the VEMP threshold (Todd et al. 2003). Source analysis of the specific short-latency VsEP peaks, i.e., the centrally distributed P10 and the prefrontal/laterofrontal N15, which are coincident with the OVEMP n10/p17, shows that they also receive a contribution from ocular, as well as the neurogenic sources from central structures, including possibly the cerebellum or brain stem and frontal cortex (Todd et al. 2008). Other studies using alternative methods have also indicated a number of other possible cortical contributions to short-latency VsEPs produced by acoustic stimuli (McNerney et al. 2011).
It is possible that the central activity implicated by previous source analyses may be an index of central structures involved in the control or execution of the VOR. Such central activity might also, therefore, be modulated by gaze position, because gaze is known to modulate translational VOR gain (Angelaki 2004). Evidence of a gaze effect on potentials of central origin would throw light on the above issue of the origin of the gaze effect on the OVEMP. The aim of the present study was to investigate effect of gaze on short (and long)-latency VsEPs. To control for possible myogenic contributions from cervical muscles, we also included as a control the effects of head position.
Eleven healthy subjects were recruited for this study (age range: 23–53; 7 women and 4 men). All subjects had no history of vestibular or hearing impairment. The experiment was conducted in two parts, and before testing, all subjects gave written consent, according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Local South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee.
Stimuli consisting of air-conducted (AC), 2 ms, 500 Hz, single-cycle tone pips, delivered by insert earphones (E-A-RTone Gold 3A; Guymark, West Midlands, UK), were used for VEMP and EEG recordings, fixed at a single intensity of +6 to 9 dB regarding 1 V peak [130–133 dB peak sound-pressure level (pk SPL)]. Stimulus calibration was carried out using a GRAS IEC711 Coupler (RA0045) and a pressure-field microphone (Model 4134) with a 2260 Investigator (Brüel and Kjaer, Naerum, Denmark). The stimuli were generated using customized software with a laboratory interface (Micro 1401; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK) and a custom amplifier.
Cervical VEMPs.
As only a single sound intensity was used in the present study, we did not measure exact vestibular thresholds but confirmed before recording EEG that cervical VEMPs were evoked. Subjects were tested lying supine on a couch, with the backrest tilted to ∼30–45° from the horizontal, and required to lift their heads against gravity to activate the SCMs. Surface EMG was measured from the ipsilateral SCM using self-adhesive Ag/AgCl electrodes. Active surface electrodes were placed over the middle of the SCM belly and were referred to electrodes placed on the medial clavicular head. EMG was amplified, bandpass filtered (5 Hz–1 kHz), and sampled using a Power1401 interface (Cambridge Electronic Design). The EMG was sampled at a rate of 5 kHz, starting 10 ms before to 80 ms following stimulus onset, and averaged. Stimuli were delivered by insert earphones (E-A-RTone Gold 3A; Guymark). Up to 200 stimuli were presented at a stimulus rate of ∼5 Hz. The presence or absence of a cervical VEMP was determined by visual inspection.
Vestibular-evoked potentials.
VsEPs were recorded with subjects seated upright and viewing a series of pictures at a distance of 1 m, which served to maintain concentration and minimize alpha waves. Subjects were asked to relax their facial muscles and remain alert. A neutral head position was maintained while EEGs were recorded during three different eye-gaze positions—neutral, eyes-up +20°, and eyes-down −20°—and then in two head positions—head-up +20° and head-down −20°—while maintaining a neutral gaze with respect to the head. The procedure was repeated for left- vs. right-ear stimulation, resulting in 10 recordings in total. We expected that VOR-related potentials would be modulated by eye position, whereas myogenic potentials arising from neck muscles would show modulation by head position. Stimulus presentation was randomized between 400 and 800 ms and set to a fixed intensity within the range given above. To avoid fatigue, recording was paused after 100 repetitions and resumed to obtain averages of ∼200 repetitions.
The EEG was recorded using a 64-channel EEG system (5.0; BioSemi, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Scalp electrode nomenclature largely follows the modified combinatorial nomenclature (Sharborough et al. 1991). Additional electrodes were also placed below each eye (i.e., infraocular electrodes, IO1′ and IO2′), at deep frontal (F9 and F10), at ear-lobe locations (A1 and A2), and over the splenius muscles of the neck (CB1′ and CB2′). Electrode offset (i.e., running average of the voltage measured between the common mode sense and each active electrode) was maintained below 20 μV. The common mode sense voltage also provided the average reference for the recording using all electrodes. Recordings were made with a band pass of between 0.16 Hz and 1 kHz, with sampling at 8,192 Hz. Artefact elimination, epoching, and averaging of evoked potentials (EPs) were carried out using Brain Electrical Source Analysis (BESA) 6 software (MEGIS Software, Gräfelfing, Germany). Epochs were 350 ms in length, from 50 ms before to 300 ms following the stimulus onset. After collection, EPs were filtered at 1–300 Hz and referenced to an average reference using Scan software (v4.3; NeuroScan, Charlotte, NC). The amplitudes and latencies of specific potentials of interest were measured in the ocular, central, and posterior electrodes for statistical analysis.
Source localization.
BESA software (6.0) was also used for source localization. The standard, four-shell, elliptical head approximation was used with the following parameters: the radial thickness of the head, scalp, bone, and cerebrospinal fluid was 85, 6, 7, and 1 mm, respectively, with conductivities set to 0.33, 0.33, 0.0042, and 1.0, respectively. As the principal effects we observed were for the short-latency waves, we focused our source analysis on the early part of the epoch (4–14 ms), for which purpose, the epoch was truncated to −20 to +100 ms, an additional high-pass filter of 5 Hz (0 phase shift, 24 dB/octave) was applied to remove low-frequency components, and a further correction was made to the baseline. In previous source modeling of short- and long-latency VsEPs, we have used symmetrical pairs of regional sources to capture the ocular contributions (Todd et al. 2008, 2014a, b). Given the large signal from IO′ leads, replicated in the present data, this approach seemed appropriate here. However, to avoid any bias in the initial source locations, we first applied simple dipole models using a genetic algorithm (one in which the best fitting solutions are used to generate the next iteration) to determine the likely principal contributions. Detailed analysis was initially conducted for the head-neutral, eyes-up condition, because this would allow the most accurate location of the ocular sources. Examination of the global field power (GFP) led us to define the analysis window to be 4–14 ms. This contained the first two lobes: a small, initial lobe with a peak at 6.9 ms and a second, larger lobe with a peak at 10.7 ms. The BESA genetic algorithm with default parameters was applied repeatedly over this window with models of successively increasing complexity. A second analysis was performed in which the two anterior periocular sources were made symmetrical, converted to regional sources, and the model refitted.
Grand means.
The grand means of the average evoked EEG for the head-neutral/eye-neutral condition for left- and right-ear stimulation showed marked lateralization for the posterior group of electrodes, contralateral to the stimulus, and centered around parietal-occipital (PO)7 and PO8 for right- and left-ear stimulation, respectively (Fig. 1). One subject had excessive frontalis noise in some conditions and was excluded from all averaging and source analyses to avoid myogenic contamination but was retained in the ANOVAs, since accurate measurements could be made in the relevant electrodes. Another subject had corrupted or missing data in some conditions and was also excluded. Thus a total of n = 9 subjects were used for the figures and n = 10 for the ANOVAs. This did not invalidate the analyses, because the addition or subtraction of the one subject did not significantly change the morphology for the critical electrodes that were used in the statistics. Given the strong lateralization observed, we made grand averaged EPs to left- and right-ear stimulation but with the right-ear electrodes reflected over the midline (Figs. 2 and 3). For the remainder of the article, electrode locations are referred to as if the left ear was being stimulated. As expected from previous studies, the IO′ leads showed an initially negative, OVEMP-related response. For the posterior leads, most notably in contralateral PO leads, there were also short-latency responses but with an initial positivity. At FCz, there were N42, N1, and P2 waves. An inion-type response could also be seen in the Iz and the CB′ leads especially. These features in the grand mean could also be observed in individual subject data, as illustrated in Fig. 3.
Short-latency waves.
In light of our initial assessment, we selected IO2′, FCz, PO8, Iz, and CB2′ for more detailed analysis. The OVEMP-related response in the IO′ lead consisted initially of n10/p17 potentials, which showed modulation with eye-gaze position (largest with up-gaze; Fig. 4A) but not with changes in head position (Fig. 4B). As noted, the PO lead demonstrated an early wave of similar latency but opposite polarity to the OVEMP, i.e., a p10/n17, and scalp maps from the grand average indicated that these were largest at PO8 (Fig. 1). Unlike the OVEMP response in IO leads, however, which showed eye position but no head position effects, the posterior leads showed different effects for both head and eye position. Both the Iz and CB′ leads were strongly modulated by head position, consistent with a cervical VEMP origin, particularly for potentials following the earliest one.
To investigate the apparent effects observed above within subjects, ANOVA was carried out for the different electrode sites for the initial biphasic potential amplitudes, using factors of eye or head position, wave, and ear. With the consideration of first, the effects of eye-position manipulation at the IO′ leads (Fig. 5A), a significant main effect of gaze was shown [F(2,18) = 12.8, P < 0.001], with no other main effects. For head position (Fig. 5B), there was no main effect, although there was an effect of wave [F(1,9) = 7.8, P < 0.05], where the n10 was different in size from the p17. Thus as expected, a change in eye-gaze position strongly modulated the magnitude of the contralateral IO′ amplitude, where up-gaze produced the largest response, but head-position change did not affect IO′ amplitude.
When the same analyses were applied to the PO lead, eye position also produced a significant main effect [F(2, 18) = 3.6, P < 0.05], but here, the largest response was obtained with neutral gaze (Fig. 5A). A main effect of wave was also obtained [F(1,9) = 5.9, P < 0.05], where the p10 was different in size from the n17. Whereas there was not a significant main effect of head position, there was a significant linear contrast for head position by wave [F(1,9) = 5.8, P < 0.05]. However, as for eye gaze, the neutral head position produced the largest magnitude for both waves.
For the CB′ electrodes, there was no main effect of eye position (Fig. 5A), although the magnitude was largest with the eyes in a neutral position. However, for head position, although there was also no main effect, there was a highly significant interaction between head position and wave [F(2, 18) = 13.0, P < 0.001], such that the second wave had a highest response in head-down position, in contrast to the first wave that was maximal in the neutral position (Fig. 5B). Again, there was a main effect of wave [F(1,9) = 5.9, P < 0.05], but in this case, the main effect was probably a result of the amplitude difference in the head-down position between the two waves. As there appeared to be a clear difference in behavior between the two CB′ waves, we conducted a further ANOVA using the magnitude of the first waves at the PO7 and PO8 (p10) and CB1′ and CB2′ (n1) locations. For eye-position manipulation, the inverted V shape was shown at both electrodes but did not reach significance, whereas for head position, the inverted V-shape effect was significant [F(2, 18) = 4.2, P < 0.05], with also a main effect of electrode [F(1,9) = 5.3, P < 0.05].
Although the behavior of the magnitudes across the IO′, PO, and CB′ electrodes was different with manipulation of eye and head position, of interest also was the comparison across individuals of the magnitude of each of the responses in the neutral position (see Table 1). A correlation of magnitudes for the initial waves in each of the three electrode positions (contralateral IO′, PO, CB′) showed that for the same ear of stimulation, there were indeed high within-ear correlations (from r = 0.86 to 0.97) but not between ears (from r = −0.17 to 0.11), i.e., so that each ear could be treated as a different case.
Mid- and long-latency waves.
In addition to the short-latency effects, we investigated the effects of head and eye position on longer-latency waves (Fig. 6). N42 wave measurements were taken at FCz and Iz, since a scalp analysis showed that maxima of this potential and its inverse were located at these two electrodes. For the N42, there was no main effect of eye position, although there was a significant interaction between position and electrode [F(2, 16) = 7.4, P < 0.01], whereby at Iz, the N42 was maximal with eyes neutral, and at FCz, the opposite pattern was observed (Fig. 6A). For head-position changes, there was a main effect [F(2, 16) = 5.8, P < 0.05] and also an interaction between position and electrode [F(2, 16) = 5.2, P < 0.05], where for Iz, the magnitude was greatest with head down, whereas for FCz, the N42 peak was again smallest with the head neutral (Fig. 6B). When the same analyses were conducted for the N1 response with measurements at FCz and the contralateral CB′ electrodes, the pattern of results was similar to the N42 (Fig. 6). So for eye-position manipulation, the interaction effect showed the same inversion between FCz and the posterior electrode responses [F(2, 16) = 3.8, P < 0.05]. For head-position manipulation, a main effect [F(2, 16) = 7.5, P < 0.005] and an interaction between position and electrode were obtained [F(2, 16) = 5.7, P < 0.05].
Source analyses.
As noted above, the source analysis was restricted to the early part of the epoch (4–14 ms), for which purpose, the epoch was truncated to −20 to +100 ms (Fig. 7). In previous source modeling of short- and long-latency VsEPs, we have used symmetrical pairs of regional sources to capture the ocular contributions (Todd et al. 2008, 2014a, b). Given the large signal from IO′ leads, replicated in the present data, this approach seemed appropriate here. However, to avoid any bias in the initial source locations, we first applied simple dipole models using a genetic algorithm to determine the likely principal contributions.
For models with one, two, or three dipoles, unique solutions were obtained. With the three-dipole model, already 94% of the variance could be explained by two anterior sources: one located to the contralateral orbit and a contralateral posterior source that located to the cerebellar hemisphere. The second anterior source localized near the midline between the orbits, suggesting a bilateral ocular source in addition to the contralateral ocular source. For models with four or more dipoles, there were multiple possible solutions, the most common of which are summarized in Table 2. Extraocular and contralateral cerebellar sources were present for all three and greater dipole models. The higher-order models indicated that in addition to the principal ocular and contralateral cerebellar sources, there were smaller contributions from the ipsilateral cerebellum and from the cervical muscles, as well as from the frontal cortex.
With the use of the simple dipole models as the starting point, the two anterior sources were made symmetrical, converted to regional sources, and the model refitted. The outcomes of this approach are summarized in Table 3. For models with the ocular pair plus one or two dipole sources, the solutions were unique and again, indicated a large, contralateral cerebellar source located in the hemisphere and a smaller, more medial ipsilateral cerebellar source located within the hemisphere or the tonsil. With the pair plus three dipoles, there were two stable solutions, both of which included bilateral cerebellar sources and an extracranial source within the ipsilateral cervical region. Both of these solutions had low residual variance (2.1% and 2.2%). With an additional dipole, a contralateral cervical source was present, but there was no further reduction in residual variance. Therefore, we preferred the three-dipole solution with the lower residual variance, as shown in Fig. 8.
The ocular regional sources were rotated so that their first component was maximal and then the individual dipole components displayed in an attempt to determine the major dipole contributions and thereby reduce the number of components. On the side contralateral to the stimulus, there were two significant components within the fitting window: one radial and one tangential to the eye, with a single radial component on the ipsilateral side. For the illustration, the other, lesser components were deleted. The contralateral tangential component (source 1; Fig. 8A) peaked at 9.8 ms, corresponding to the n10 OVEMP in IO′ leads. The bilateral radial components (sources 2 and 3) looked similar and had peak amplitudes at 11.8 ms. Before these peaks, the ipsilateral cerebellar source (source 4) had a peak at 6.7 ms, corresponding to the first small lobe in the GFP (Fig. 7) and the CB′–n7 wave (Fig. 7). This was followed by a peak for the contralateral cerebellar source (source 5) at 10.1 ms, which corresponded with the p10 wave in PO leads. The last source, located within the ipsilateral cervical region, had an initial peak at ∼13 ms.
In Fig. 9, we show how the sources alter with the changes of eye and head position. With eye-position alterations, the contralateral tangential ocular n10 (source 1) was largest in the up-gaze position (12.8 vs. 9.0 and 7.8 nA for neutral and down). In contrast, the contralateral cerebellar p10 (source 5) was largest in the neutral position (24.2 vs. 21.4 and 16.1 nA for eyes-up and -down cases). The ipsilateral cervical p13 (source 6) changed little with eye position, with values of 5.4, 4.7, and 5.4 nA for the up, neutral, and down positions, respectively. For head-position changes for the ocular sources, the contralateral tangential ocular n10 source did not change significantly, remaining close to the neutral value of 9.0 nA, but the ipsilateral cervical source increased to 14.3 nA for the head-down case. As for the eye-gaze changes, the contralateral cerebellar p10 current (source 5) was largest in the neutral position, with values of 23.7 and 15.3 nA for head-up and -down cases. The ipsilateral cerebellar n7 (source 4) did not show a large change across conditions but was smallest in the neutral case, with a value of 8.2 nA and corresponding values of 10.5 and 10.2 nA for eyes-up and -down cases and 11.5 and 11.9 nA for head-up and -down cases.
The data presented here used intense sound to activate the vestibular afferents, and this appears to be selective for irregular afferents from both otoliths (Curthoys et al. 2006). We have replicated previous results showing that the magnitude of vestibular-dependent potentials recorded in periocular locations is strongly influenced by gaze position (Govender et al. 2009; Rosengren et al. 2005). Our results also provide new findings for what appear to be vestibular-dependent potentials recorded in locations remote from the eyes, which are also affected by gaze and head position. Analysis of the n10/p17 waves in IO1′ and IO2′ confirmed prior experimental results that for AC stimuli, the contralateral n10/p17 waves, in particular, were strongly dependent on gaze position, with the largest amplitude obtained with upward gaze (Govender et al. 2009). Whereas in the present case, we used a referential montage rather than the usual differential one so that nonlocal sources are also likely to contribute, the results we obtained are similar to that of Govender et al. (2009).
In the present study, we recorded additional short-latency potentials of opposite polarity (p10/n17) in the contralateral PO leads, as well as at the inion (Iz) and contralateral CB′ leads. We have used the modified combinatorial nomenclature to locate our cortical electrode positions (Sharbrough et al. 1991), and in this arrangement, most cortical electrodes are separated by 10% of the relevant circumference or coronal section. In particular, PO7 and PO8 lie on the major circumference, including Fpz and Oz, the latter lying in the midline at 10% and 90% of the distance between the nasion and the inion. PO7 and PO8 lie 20% of the hemicircumference to the left and right of Oz, respectively. Given that they lie at the same level as Oz, PO7 and PO8 are likely to lie over the occipital lobes, above the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. Although the PO p10/n17 shared the property with the IO n10/p17—being strongly lateralized to the contralateral side—the response was dissociated from the IO′ ones in the way that they were modulated by eye position, whereby the largest response for both was obtained in the neutral position. In contrast to the IO′ n10/p17, the PO p10/n17 appeared to be modulated by head position. This is unlikely to be explained by the presence of a contribution from the inion response, because the behavior was dissociated from that of waves of similar latency in the modified CB′ electrodes placed over splenius muscles. The CB′ waves were not strongly modulated by eye-gaze position, but there was a strong interaction between wave and head position, such that the second wave (p17) at CB′ behaved as if it included a component of the inion myogenic response. In the head-down position, there will be an increased contraction of neck extensors to hold the head against the force of gravity, and so we would expect that a cervical VEMP component arising from the neck extensors would be largest with head down. This behavior was not observed for either of the PO waves. The failure to change with head position and thus the apparent absence of a myogenic contribution to the initial wave in the CB′ leads (n10) suggest that it may be related to the wave of similar latency but opposite polarity in the PO leads.
With the analysis of waves of longer latency, the N42 and N1 indicated a difference between the anterior and posterior components. Magnitudes of the N42 and N1 at FCz and in Iz or contralateral CB′ were modulated in the opposite direction, such that at FCz, the N42 and N1 waves were smallest in the neutral eye position, in contrast to the largest response obtained in the neutral position for the posterior measurements. For head-position changes, the posterior measurements showed the response that one would expect if there was a myogenic contribution from the inion response. This, however, could not explain the apparent effect of eye-gaze position on the longer latency waves, since the head remained in the neutral position, and thus there should have been no change in cervical muscle contraction. The dissociation that we observed for the short-latency PO p10/n17 and the CB′ n10 from both the OVEMP and cervical VEMP behavior and the additional evidence of modulation of longer-latency waves with eye position suggest that the origin of change in magnitude in these leads with gaze may include a central component. The PO leads lie over the skull, with little muscle underlying them. Across individuals and ears, there was a strong correlation in the overall size of the responses so that although they were modulated differently by eye gaze and head position, they are likely to represent different responses to the same peripheral input.
We used BESA to model our sources, an approach that is based on using discrete dipole sources and is one of a number of methods to solve the "inverse problem" of deriving sources from surface EEG (Grech et al. 2008; Michel et al. 2004). BESA has the specific advantage for our studies in that it allows for non-neural and extracranial sources, an essential feature for modeling the earliest events as we have here, given the strength of the OVEMPs. Miltner et al. (1994), who assessed an earlier version of the BESA software, point out that six noiseless electrode recordings are required to derive the properties of a single dipole, and in the presence of noise, a unique solution may not be possible. The use of an elliptical head-model approximation, as adopted here, will also limit the accuracy of source localization. In the simulation by Miltner et al. (1994), using 32 electrodes, 7 of the 10 sources were usually detected with an overall mean average error of 1.4 cm. It was also clear that solutions based on awareness of the underlying physiology were more successful than those without. Consistent with this, we, as previously, fixed two regional sources to correspond with the known origins of OVEMPs. We have also used a higher ratio of electrodes to fitted sources than Miltner et al. (1994) and have fitted during a high signal-to-noise part of the waveform, consisting of lobes one and two of the GFP (Fig. 7).
The source models consistently located bilateral ocular sources with a contralateral tangential source, in particular, corresponding to the contralateral n10 OVEMP generator. At the same latency, a large contralateral source was consistently located using both the three- and four-dipole models to the cerebellar hemisphere. The size of this potential correlated with the size of the known vestibular-dependent OVEMPs. We suggest therefore that the contralateral cerebellum is a plausible candidate for a central generator of the PO–p10 and CB′–n10. Our present source model is also consistent with our earlier modeling work. Todd et al. (2008) conducted a source analysis of short-latency VsEPs evoked by both AC and bone-conducted vestibular stimulation. They concluded that in addition to bilateral ocular sources, there must be deep sources coincident with the EOM sources, which they suggested further were likely to correspond to the cerebellum or brain stem, in addition to smaller frontal sources. More recent source analyses of short- and long-latency VsEPs have also consistently indicated the presence of cerebellar sources that appear to be lateralized and with an ear advantage (Todd et al. 2014a, b), although cerebellar activation has not been a universal finding (McNerney et al. 2011). The cerebellar sources also appear to show some sensitivity to stimulus rate, consistent with the role of the cerebellum in stabilizing gaze and posture during locomotion (Todd et al. 2016).
It is well established that the cerebellum plays a central role in the control of gain and phase of the VOR and of smooth-pursuit eye movements (Ito 1982). In the case of otolith-ocular reflexes (mediated by a 3-neuron arc through vestibular and oculomotor nuclei following afferent input from the otolith organs), central gain control is thought to be achieved primarily by the nodular/uvular and floccular divisions of the cerebellum, which receive mossy fiber primary-afferent input from the vestibular apparatus and secondary projections from the vestibular nuclei (Barmack 2003; Büttner-Ennever 1999; Voogd et al. 2012; Walker et al. 2010). The nodulus/uvula and floccular lobes exert their influence by means of Purkinje cell inhibition of the vestibular nuclei, but the strength of the influence can be modulated by retinal and eye proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum via the inferior olive and climbing fiber inputs to the nodulus/uvula and floccular lobes (Barmack 2003; Voogd et al. 2012). The gaze effects that we have observed in the p10 in posterior leads could therefore represent a modulation of activity of the vestibular cerebellum with changing positions of the eyes. The fact that the largest response that we observed in the PO–p10 and in the corresponding contralateral cerebellar source was found in the neutral position is consistent with it representing inhibitory Purkinje cell activity. VOR gain is required to be larger in more eccentric gaze positions (Angelaki 2004); hence, inhibitory gain control is required to be lower.
We also identified an earlier ipsilateral cerebellar source with a peak activity at 6.7 ms (n7). It may correspond to the n6 potential of Papathanasiou et al. (2010), who reported its presence in posterior electrodes ipsilateral to the ear stimulated. They showed that the potential had a high threshold and did not depend on hearing but proposed that it was likely to have a brain stem origin. Unlike the contralateral ocular or contralateral cerebellar sources, the ipsilateral cerebellar n7 potential did not change greatly with head or eye manipulations, although it was smallest in the neutral position. The ipsilateral cerebellar source was generally placed near the cerebellar tonsil, which corresponds to the paraflocculus, a part of the floccular lobe. This early peak may thus represent the primary vestibular afferent activity known to project to the vestibular cerebellum as mossy fibers, most strongly to the nodulus/uvula (Barmack 2003; Carpenter et al. 1972; Voogd et al. 2012). The later, 10-ms contralateral cerebellar source activity may represent a climbing fiber input and Purkinje cell discharges related to complex gain control of the oculomotor system (Voogd et al. 2012). The source localization mainly placed the contralateral source in the cerebellar hemisphere, which is considered neither primary nor secondary vestibular areas. The inferior semilunar lobule is, however, established as an oculomotor area (Voogd et al. 2012), and during optokinetic activation, the cerebellar hemispheres are strongly activated (Bense et al. 2006). Whereas this interpretation assumes that vestibular afferents activated by sound are responsible, acoustic responses have been shown for single-unit recordings in the vermis, which are likely to be cochlea dependent (Aitkin and Boyd 1975; Altman et al. 1976). The lateralization of our findings and the correlation with OVEMP amplitudes favor a vestibular source, but some caution at this stage is required in concluding that this is the case.
Todd et al. (2012) reported evidence that changes in the OVEMP gain with varying gaze were itself both context and frequency dependent, effects that could not be explained by peripheral EOM origins alone. The present data provide further evidence that the gaze effects observed in IO′ leads may also have a central component. For an EEG montage with linked ears or an average reference, at least some contribution to periocular potentials must be due to remote sources that are coincident with the EOM generators. The use of the differential OVEMP montage increases selectivity to local, presumably EOM sources (Govender et al. 2016), yet the patterns observed here for changes in OVEMP amplitudes with gaze (Fig. 4) are qualitatively similar to those of Govender et al. (2009). Thus it is possible that the differential montage cannot completely exclude a remote contribution. The difference in behavior of the contralateral IO′ n10 from the PO p10 does suggest, however, that the n10 component, at least, is primarily local and EOM in origin, as is generally believed (Weber et al. 2012). Our observations and associated source models should also prompt a reappraisal of the inion response. Whereas it has been generally assumed since the work of Bickford et al. (1964) that the inion response was entirely myogenic in origin, the evidence presented here suggests that central, likely cerebellar, sources also contribute to the early and possibly later components. The PO p10/n17 complex may have a role in assessing vestibulocerebellar function in human subjects.
Support for the research reported in this article was partly provided by a grant from the Wellcome Trust (WT091961MA) held at the University of Manchester, UK.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.
N.P.M.T., S.G., and J.G.C. performed experiments; N.P.M.T., S.G., and J.G.C. analyzed data; N.P.M.T., S.G., and J.G.C. interpreted results of experiments; N.P.M.T. and S.G. prepared figures; N.P.M.T. drafted manuscript; N.P.M.T., S.G., and J.G.C. edited and revised manuscript; N.P.M.T., S.G., and J.G.C. approved final version of manuscript.
The authors are grateful to Aisha McLean, Elizabeth Whittle, Aurora Paillard, Karolina Kluk, and Danielle Dennis for help in initial studies. Piloting work was carried out at the University of Manchester, UK.
- Copyright © 2017 the American Physiological Society
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY 3.0: © the American Physiological Society.


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The ES-4000A is an expansion station for the US-2002 user station. It interfaces four additional intercom channels to the US-2002, and it provides talk, listen and call buttons for the four additional channels. There are also four additional program inputs on the back of the ES-4000A, one for each added channel. Up to four ES-4000A expansion stations may be connected to the US-2002 to add up to 16 channels (18 channels total). The ES-4000A typically utilizes the US-2002 microphone and speaker (or microphone headset) for communication with the added channels. The ES-4000A also has individual speaker outputs for independent monitoring of one or more of the four channels if desired.
• Binaural (Stereo) Inputs
• Clear-Com Compatible
• Compatibility & Flexibility
• Dedicated Program Inputs
• Mic Kill
• Overload/Short-Circuit Protection
• Simplified Expansion
|Input Impedance
|300 ?
|1.3 lbs (0.59 kg)
|Output Impedance
|1000 ohms nominal
|Frequency Response
|EXP IN to/from Channel, EXP IN to/from EXP OUT, Channel to Speaker: 200 Hz to 8 kHz +1/-3 dB
|8.19" (20.8 cm)
|Common Mode Rejection Ratio
|greater than 50 dB
|Storage Temperature
|10" (25.4 cm)
|1.75" (4.45 cm)
|Operating Temperature
|Output Level
|1 Vrms nominal
|Gain Range / Control
|(program Input to channel output, with 100 mVrms input): 25
|Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
|Less than 0.5 %
|Power requirement
|Voltage: Phantom Power: 24 VDC nominal (12 to 30 VDC) Local Power (with PS-L Wall-pack Power Supply or equivalent): 14 to 15 VDC Current: 65 mA, quiescent, 150 mA maximum
|Signal-to-Noise Ratio
|less than -70 dB

subset: commoncrawl


text:
[ai-roh-bik] /ɛəˈroʊ bɪk/
(of an organism or tissue) requiring the presence of air or free oxygen for life.
pertaining to or caused by the presence of oxygen.
of or utilizing the principles of :
aerobic exercises; aerobic dances.
(of an organism or process) depending on oxygen
of or relating to aerobes
designed for or relating to aerobics: aerobic shoes, aerobic dances
"living only in the presence of oxygen," 1875, (after French aérobie, coined 1863 by Louis Pasteur) from Greek aero- "air" (see aero-) + bios "life" (see bio-).
aerobic aer·o·bic (â-rō'bĭk)
Occurring in the presence of oxygen or requiring oxygen to live. In aerobic respiration, which is the process used by the cells of most organisms, the production of energy from glucose metabolism requires the presence of oxygen. Compare anaerobic.
aerobic [(air-oh-bik)]
In biology, a descriptive term for organisms that require the presence of oxygen to live. (Compare anaerobic.)
Note: Aerobic exercise, such as running, swimming, and doing calisthenics for an extended time, is designed to improve the body's use of oxygen.
Tagged: n
Read Also:
- Non-aesthetic
[es-thet-ik or, esp. British, ees-] /ɛsˈθɛt ɪk or, esp. British, is-/ adjective 1. relating to the philosophy of ; concerned with notions such as the beautiful and the ugly. 2. relating to the science of aesthetics; concerned with the study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty. 3. having a […]
- Nonaffective
[af-ek-tiv] /ˈæf ɛk tɪv/ adjective 1. of, caused by, or expressing emotion or feeling; emotional. 2. causing emotion or feeling. /əˈfɛktɪv/ adjective 1. (psychol) relating to affects 2. concerned with or arousing the emotions or affection affective af·fec·tive (ə-fěk'tĭv) adj.
- Nonaffiliated
[uh-fil-ee-ey-tid] /əˈfɪl iˌeɪ tɪd/ adjective 1. being in close formal or informal association; related: a letter sent to all affiliated clubs; a radio network and its affiliated local stations.
- Nonage
[non-ij, noh-nij] /ˈnɒn ɪdʒ, ˈnoʊ nɪdʒ/ noun 1. the period of legal minority, or of an age below 21. 2. any period of immaturity. /ˈnəʊnɪdʒ/ noun 1. (law) the state of being under any of various ages at which a person may legally enter into certain transactions, such as the making of binding contracts, marrying, […]


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software for creating spreadsheets for use in analyzing ambulance billing claims
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The Son That Former NFL Player Rae Carruth Tried To Kill Turns 18, Still Suffering From Permanent Brain Damage
The former wide receiver, who plotted the murder of his ex, Cherica Adams, is scheduled to be released from prison soon.
A group of Borat-inspired pranksters decided to do something that most people try to avoid — looking for fights on the streets of LA — and it nearly ended with one of them getting shot.
The group from TwinzTV wore man-kinis under their street clothes for the prank titled, "How to win a street fight in Compton." They then went looking for people in the cities of Compton and Carson to antagonize with their ill-advised gag:
The group would set up their hidden cameras, and approach people, acting hostile towards them. When their victim would engage, they would take off their pants and shorts, exposing the man-kini.
The "fun" took a turn when one man appeared to pull a gun on two of the tricksters, significantly adding to the drama.
The group may have gotten some good footage, but after the close call with gunplay, they may want to think about sticking to a different kind of prank in the future.
(Photo: TwinzTV via YouTube)
The former wide receiver, who plotted the murder of his ex, Cherica Adams, is scheduled to be released from prison soon.
Each of the men could be served a life sentence in prison.
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A natural purifying shampoo that gently cleanses all types of hair leaving it feeling soft and nourished. Due to its delicate cleansing properties Sukin Purifying Shampoo is suitable to be used as an everyday shampoo and is perfect for sensitive scalps.
A gentle daily shampoo to cleanse, nourish and soften any type of hair especially sensitive scalps. Contains a delicate infusion of aloe vera, nettle, horsetail and burdock.
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Blogging evolves as it goes. We're learning as we go. Anyone who tells you they've..
Periscope, a live video streaming app for iOS and Android developed by Kayvon Beykpour and..
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text:
Zveno Trailer (2012)
"thriller" 01 January 2012 Thriller 120 mins
Young scientist trying to avoid military service in the chemical troops, selects alternative service educator in the Moscow orphanage, which is located in an ancient manor house. By coincidence, a few of his predecessors in this office, died in a strange way. Soon the young man realizes that he got to this place by chance and if he does not break out of the trap into which he was lured circumstances, it will be the next link in the chain constructed by someone.
Watch the official Zveno 2012 trailer in HD below or find more Zveno videos on Vidimovie.


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Podcast Episode Overview
In this episode of Building a Website Pro, we bond with WordPress themes. We discuss free themes, my choices for best WordPress theme companies, and how to install themes. Plus, we look at some helpful recommendations for images on your website.
More specifically, in this session you'll learn:
- The top WordPress theme companies I recommend
- Overview of theme prices and selection
- Which free WordPress themes I recommend and why searching Google for themes can be dangerous
- How to install themes
- And much more!
Resources and Links Mentioned in this Session Include:
- VIDEO VERSIONS of "how tos" in my podcasts will be available soon. Would you like to be one of the few who finds out first? Feel free to join other special people like yourself who have signed up to receive my newsletters. I will only send valuable, actionable information. No Spamming. I don't like it either.
- TwentyTwelve Theme
- TwentyThirteen Theme
- Elegant Themes
- Genesis Framework (by StudioPress)
- WooThemes
- Thesis Framework
- Headway Themes
- Neil Patel
- Themes Directory (Free) on WordPress.org: http://wordpress.org/extend/themes/
- Theme Development documentation: http://codex.wordpress.org/Theme_Development
- OpenMyToolbox.com – Memorable access to the tools of señor Michael Szapkiw of BuildingAWebsitePro.com
- GoProGift.com – Get a jump start in building your website.
Get instant access to my free ebook, "7 Important Things You Need to Consider When Building a Website."
- GoProWebHosting.com – The Web hosting provider I love and recommend to family and friends (that's you too).
As Promised in this Episode – Special PDF Download: "Bonding with the Best WordPress Themes: The Top 007 WordPress Theme Companies I Recommend"
You'll DEFINITELY want to have this as a reference for WordPress themes! Download the free PDF with all the theme companies I mentioned in episode 007, which includes pricing and information for each one. Tell Me More!
(Note: If you've already joined my awesome newsletter, just reload the free ebook link from your original welcome email. If you lost it, no worries… you just might need to reconfirm real quick to get the link again!)
Pro Pointer
I stacked up several Pro Pointers in this show! Here are the tools to help you and your business:
Photo Editing
- Adobe Photoshop (Paid solution)
- Gimp (Free solution) – Gimp.org
Stock Photography
- ShutterStock.com (Paid solution)
- Stock Xchange (Free solution)
Image layout/creation/mockup
- PowerPoint
- Keynote
Help Out the Show!
And lastly, if you haven't done so already I would love if you took a minute to leave a quick rating and review of the podcast on iTunes by clicking on the link below! It would be extremely helpful for the show and I'm aiming for 50, 5-star ratings before the end of the year! I am honored to have you here! Thank you!
Thank you so much for listening! I hope you enjoyed this episode of the podcast!
Please let me know what you think in the comment section below. And let me know what topics you might like to hear about in future episodes!
Ciao for niao!


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About Luna Blu
Enjoy innovative Italian fare prepared with a personal touch and the freshest local ingredients. Try our four-course dinner special; choice of any appetizer, house salad, any entree and homemade dessert for only $38. We also have 1/2 price bottles of wine every Monday and Wednesday night. (excluding Super Tuscans)
Annapolis, MD 21401
Dining Style:
Casual Elegant
Italian, Seafood, Vegetarian / Vegan
Hours of Operation:
Lunch: Monday - Friday: 11:00am - 2:30pm Saturday & Sunday 12-5 (May-Oct); Dinner: Sunday - Thursday: 5:00pm - 9:30pm, Friday - Saturday: 5:00pm - 11:00pm
Dress Code:
Business Casual
Price Range:
$30 and under
Payment Options
AMEX, Discover, MasterCard, Visa
Phone Number:
(410) 267-9950
We offer our full menu for on and off site catering.
Parking Details:
We validate for Gotts garage located on Calvert Street which is directly behind Luna Blu. There is also metered parking along West Street and Calvert.
Private Party Facilities:
We offer the restaurant for private events. We do a lot of rehearsal dinners, office or holiday parties, and baby showers or christenings.
Private Party Contact:
Erin Dryden: (410) 267-9950
Beer, Cafe, Full Bar, Gluten-free Menu, Happy Hour, Non-Smoking, Outdoor dining, Wheelchair Access, Wine
Christmas Eve Special Menus & Offers
Sunday, December 24, 2017
Christmas Day Special Menus & Offers
Monday, December 25, 2017
New Year's Eve Special Menus & Offers
Sunday, December 31, 2017
Christmas Eve Special Menus & Offers
Sunday, December 24, 2017Details
We will be open from 5 to 11 on Christmas Eve, serving our regular dinner menu.
Christmas Day Special Menus & Offers
Monday, December 25, 2017Details
We will be closed on Christmas day. Have a wonderful holiday!
New Year's Eve Special Menus & Offers
Sunday, December 31, 2017Details
We will be offering a set 4 course menu for New Years Eve dinner. Appetizer, salad, entree & dessert. Our regular menu will not be offered.
Luna Blu Ratings and Reviews
Even though there were two large parties and only two tables left for reservations, the food and service was still just as amazing as ever. I recommend Luna Blu to anyone that's looking for great Italian food in the area. I've never been disappointed and always feel welcome as soon as I walk in the door. Hoping to make it back for the Chocolate and Wine Pairing event in December!
Erin and her kitchen and wait staff at Luna Blu never disappoint. They turn out delicious, fresh, made to order classic and updated Italian food that is beautiful and satisfying. I eat vegan with a serious food allergy to mammal meat and Luna Blu is one of the places I go to feel completely trusting of and safe with the kitchen. That's huge for me. In addition, Erin will cook any combination of her ingredients in your customized dish - especially pasta - again, a treat. I highly recommend you check out Luna Blu and also their monthly wine tasting events that support various charities. Enjoy!
We ate here while at the sailboat show. Enjoyed a delicious meal, in a relaxing atmosphere.
I have to make special mention of our server, Caitlin (?). She is an absolute gem, a very pleasant young lady whose service and suggestions made our dining experience that much more pleasurable.
My wife and I would definitely visit again when we are in the Annapolis area.
We took advantage of a Groupon offer to visit Luna Blu. As per the terms of the deal, we were supposed to tell our server we had a Groupon. We did that and our server, John, immediately turned away and said, "I'll get the Groupon menu." He returned with menus that applied to the Groupon. It was a pared-down version of their regular menu. No where on the Groupon did it state that we we would have to order from a special menu.
By the reaction we got from John and by the tone of his voice, it seemed like he was thinking, "Here comes some cheapskates with a Groupon."
When he came back to the table with our drinks, he asked if we were ready to order. We decided to order an Antipasto della Casa. He acted surprised that we would want something in addition to what the Groupon offer was.
By the time, an additional server came on shift. I heard her mention to her tables that they had a salad special that evening. John never told us about it. Why would he? We weren't going to order anything besides the Groupon deal, right, John?
We did enjoy the rest of our meal. My wife had the baramundi and I had a fettucini dish. It wasn't what I would have ordered, but my selection wasn't part of their Groupon menu.
We also received two glasses of wine with the offer. It was a choice between pinot grigio or pinot noir.
There was also some sketchy stuff when it came time to pay our bill. When John first brought it over, there was a charge for $75 for "Groupon dinner." I mentioned it to him and he deducted it while standing at the table, while offering a haphazard apology. I gave him my credit card and when he brought back the bill for me to sign, the amount was $75, not the $56 it should have been. Another apology and back to go fix it. He got it right the third time. I would like to give him the benefit of the doubt, but after his attitude from the start, part of me thinks he was trying to sneak something by me.
I doubt we'll be visiting any time in the near future.
The calamari at Luna Blu is quite different from the norm. It is not covered with breading and served in a bowl full of a wonderfully spicy red sauce. All of the entrees were of adequate size and delicious. Even the Greek Salad with chicken was enough for a meal. I highly recommend this restaurant as an alternative to the mediocre food now served at the Ramshead and we love going there prior to performances at Ramshead on Stage, just across the street. There is a great deal on a four course meal if you have the time and some nights there is wine at 1/2 price.
I've been here several times and always enjoyed the food and service. We usually use a Groupon. We did notice at this visit that some of the entrées were taken off of the Groupon list. Also they changed the dinnerware to smaller bowls. The amount of food is probably the same but it didn't look as impressive as it did the first couple times when they were served in Bowls with the large rims. I know it seems like a small thing, it just wasn't as impressive. Overall a great place for lunch
Great food with lots of vegetarian options. Seafood was fresh and cooked just right. The Penne Arabiata was very spicy and totally delicious. Rockfish with angel hair and capers was my pick and I loved it. Our server was friendly, water and soda glasses were filled quickly. The complimentary bread and spiced olive oil were great as well. I would definitely go again.
We have had a number of very good dinners at Luna Blu and this was the first time at lunch. Again the specials are excellent values, really hard to beat. This was also the first time to try Gluten free pasta (in the Farfalle di Cremona) which was excellent and loaded with crab and scallops. It was another wonderful experience that will keep us coming back.
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text: The Oak Ridge Boys are an American country and gospel vocal quartet. The group was founded in the 1940s as the Oak Ridge Quartet. They became popular in southern gospel during the 1950s. Their name was officially changed to the Oak Ridge Boys in the early 1960s, and they remained a gospel group until the mid-1970s, when they changed their image and concentrated on country music. The lineup which produced their most well-known country and crossover hits consist...... more on Wikipedia


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Bought a metal Sensor Excel handle and have been using these twin blade replacable cartridges - they are great. The head is compact enough to give good control even in difficult areas around the neck
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GoalNet is a web based solution which allows your club to manage membership information, offers online registrations and payments; communication tools and saves your club's administrators valuable time. For more information and a one stop shop for GoalNet resources you can visit the GoalNet website here or our GoalNet resources page here.
GoalNet offers
Membership management:
- Online registrations
- Online payments
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- Team Management – ability to structure teams and assign players
- Performance – track anything from misconduct to elite player performance
Competitions management:
- A common fixtures service for all federations and clubs
- Online results entry
- Online publication of Fixtures, results and Standings
- Resource management – fields and referees
- A simple way to communicate directly with your members via email or website
- Automated news feeds direct to your Club websites covering events, fixtures and results
We are required to maintain a register of our members (Incorporated Societies Act) so all Club members need to be registered in Goalnet in the correct season.


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City employees soon might resume discount golfing at Augusta Municipal Golf Course because the course's new operator has decided to reinstate an employee wellness program.
The program, which reimburses city employees for memberships and rounds but not cart rentals, had stopped when The Patch in Augusta LLC began leasing the course for $1,000 a month in January.
Brian Hendry, the chairman of The Patch, said he reconsidered the option after Augusta Commission member Corey Johnson asked for it during a recent Public Service Committee meeting.
"If people want to play golf, the door's always open," Hendry said.
He said the plan will be closely monitored. Employees must register with the city first and must check in before play.
After they join, however, employees who play four or more rounds a month will be reimbursed the full amount on the subsequent month's paycheck, said Robby Burns, the city's human resources manager.
Burns, a golfer who lamented losing The Patch from the wellness program offerings in January, said about 60 city employees were enrolled in the golf program last year.
"It gets people to do something rather than sit on the sofa all weekend," Burns said.
The city offers similar reimbursements for employees and their dependents at the Kroc Center, Family Y, Newman Tennis Center, Augusta Aquatic Center, Anytime Fitness and Live Fit Augusta.
Johnson, who did not return calls requesting comment, cited the lack of a wellness program at the golf course when he voted against designating $300,000 in sales tax money for improvements at The Patch last month. The measure needed one more vote to pass.


text:
Dec 6 2016 12:00pm
May McGoldrick Excerpt: Tempest in the Highlands
Miranda MacDonnell is on the run. When she inherited a mysterious relic from her mother, she had no idea the dangers it would bring. Now hunted by a relentless foe who will stop at nothing to find her, she has one choice: stow away on the ship of the notorious privateer, Black Hawk.
Rob Hawkins, the half-English privateer known as Black Hawk, has a mission from the Tudor king to find and kill the rogue commander, Sir Ralph Evers. To complete his quest, Hawk must find Miranda, a young woman Evers is pursuing. Caught in a tempest, he is shipwrecked with a "boy" who demonstrates an uncanny ability for saving him. Cast away on the mysterious Isle of the Dead, Hawk realizes that the "boy" traveling with him is actually Miranda MacDonnell and having her means that Evers will come to him. What begins as a ploy —using her as bait—soon changes, however, as he falls in love with her.
Get a sneak peek at May McGoldrick's Tempest in the Highlands (available December 6, 2016) with an exclusive excerpt of a selected scene.
Chapter 1
Tarbert Castle
Kintyre, Western Scotland
Four months later
Though the fires in the tower were nearly out, the acrid smell of smoke hung thick in the air, burning the English ship captain's lungs. Rob Hawkins glanced down the hill at the village and the harbor. Tarbert Castle would survive, he thought, but too many of its inhabitants had not.
Frowning, he turned his attention back to the cleric.
"Aye, his name was Evers." The old priest was upset and growing more agitated with each question.
Something wasn't right, Rob thought. Why would Evers leave his army in the Highlands only to sail down the western coast of Scotland? Compared with all the bulging abbey vaults and coffers that he'd already emptied, this castle seemed to offer nothing. So why come here? Why kill the laird?
But nothing made sense about this mission.
When the messenger arrived from France, where Henry Tudor was fighting at Boulogne, the king's orders had been explicit. Rob was to find Sir Ralph Evers—Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed, Commander in the North, Warden of the East March, High Sheriff of Durham. And then he was to kill the man. Not reprimand him. Not charge him with some crime. Not bring him back to face justice.
Find him and kill him.
And in return, Rob would be rewarded with the ultimate prize for a privateer: a letter of marque, issued by the king, giving him free rein to attack and plunder the ships of enemy nations. And right now, King Henry was at war with almost everyone. And that meant the potential for tremendous wealth.
Sense or nonsense, Rob had immediately weighed anchor and sailed north.
"You're absolutely certain it was Sir Ralph Evers," he stressed.
"It was him, I tell you. The devil himself. The Scourge of the Borders."
Rob turned to look at the wisps of smoke still rising from the tower. His men were working side by side with the locals to put out the last of the fires and tend to the wounded. Bodies of the dead had been lined up along the castle wall. He glanced out at his ship, the Peregrine, anchored in the harbor.
He'd expected to be sailing farther north in search of his quarry. When he put in at Whitehaven for supplies, the commander there told him that Evers and his mongrel army had last been seen tearing through the Highlands in search of "the bloody Holy Grail, or some such thing." But when they intercepted a small merchant vessel soon after leaving port, he learned that an Englishman had put Tarbert Castle to the torch not a day earlier. The brutality of the attack matched Evers's style, and the MacDonnell stronghold was on his way. Rob had decided to stop. His decision had paid off.
"And this," he said to the priest, gesturing toward the tower and the corpses, "the killing, the looting, the fire. You say all this happened after he discovered the laird's wife was dead?"
"Aye. No one here will be mourning long for Angus MacDonnell. The man was a hard one, and as tough and tight as an old oyster. But his wife Muirne . . . that's a woman who'll be missed. Died not a fortnight ago." The wiry cleric wrung his hands. "Och, nothing but anguish for us now. When the MacDonnell came as laird, we thought our lives would be better. They never were. But here, it's come to this. It'll be worse, for sure. Almost too much for my heart to bear."
Rob shook his head. "Did Evers know the laird's wife? Was there some arrangement that went astray? None of this makes any sense to me."
"Nor to me," the priest agreed, clutching the wooden cross at his belt. "But I know what I know."
And Rob only believed what he could see with his own eyes. Sir Ralph Evers had been a valuable commander in the king's service, but something had gone wrong with the man. He seemed to have defected, but not to fight with Scotland or France or Suleiman of the Ottoman Empire. As far as Rob could tell, Evers was fighting on his own side. But he didn't believe a man as seasoned and honored as this one would give up everything to go off on some mythical quest. So why hade he done it?
To find and kill the man, Rob needed more answers.
"Tell me what happened."
"Why should I tell you anything?" the priest grumbled. "You say you're a Scot, and your crew looks to have Scots and Portuguese sailors, but I know you're an Englishman and don't try to deny it. You're the pirate they call Black Hawk."
"Pirate? Nay." Rob glared at the old man. "My father is English. I'll not deny that. But my mother was a Kennedy, born and bred in Moray. So I have Scots blood running in my veins that is as good as yours or anyone's. And you be damned if you say I've done your folk any harm."
The cleric looked away from him, staring at the men working together across the courtyard. He nodded.
"For your Kennedy blood, then, I'll tell you. The Englishman came to Tarbert, invited by the laird. He was led into the Great Hall like a guest."
Rob tried to imagine what kind of deal Angus MacDonnell would have made with a renegade commander like Evers.
The man pointed at the tower. "The laird was no fool. And that makes all this even harder to understand."
Rob waited, seeing there was more the cleric wanted to say.
"When his men hauled me up from the village, I thought it was for a hanging. Mine." He frowned at the memory. "The Great Hall was bloody with bodies. The laird himself was still sitting in his chair, dead as that stone. They dragged me straight to Evers, and I saw it for the first time. The face of Satan."
"What did he want from you?"
The old man swayed slightly. "He wanted me to take him into the family crypt."
Rob's gaze swept across the wreckage left behind by Evers. "The crypt?"
The priest shrugged, shaking his head. "He wanted me to show him where the laird's wife had been interred."
"I don't know." The cleric grew pale. "I told him she wasn't there. I told him how she died and that there was no body. But he didn't believe me. When I swore it was the truth, I never saw such fury in a man's eyes. I thought I was about to die. He kept after me. Asked so many questions. I don't know what I answered . . . but then I happened to mention the daughter. I believe that saved my neck."
"No body? Wait." The puzzle was getting more complicated. "What daughter?"
"Miranda." He hesitated. "There was never a more devoted daughter than that lass. And now she's gone, too."
Trying to understand the cleric was like untying a knot of wet rope. "What happened to the daughter?"
"Muirne MacDonnell had been sick for some time. Dying. Everyone knew it. Miranda always cared for her. Even took her on pilgrimages. Then, three weeks ago, the lass went off. Just disappeared."
"And no one knows where this daughter went?"
"Not a soul, as far as I know," the priest replied. "And we've all be missing that one, I tell you."
"That lass has a way about her. Whenever there was a fire in a cottage, she was there. If a dog went mad, she was there. If the children were playing too close to the well, she was there. One day, she came running down to the village saying that schools of mullet were coming into the loch. Before you could say 'Ave Maria,' the harbor was alive with jumping fish. The folk ate well that whole winter because of her."
Rob shook his head. He didn't want to be distracted. "But the daughter just disappeared, and then the laird's wife died?"
The priest clutched the cross again. "One evening—a few days after Miranda left—Muirne took a fisherman's boat and rowed out into the firth. The next morning, they found the boat, but Muirne was not to be found."
"Maybe the daughter fetched her—or someone else did. How do you know she was dead?"
"I cannot answer that. But the laird claimed that she fell in. Her illness had been growing harder for her to bear. Everyone knew she was growing weaker. If she fell out of the boat, by accident, she would have drowned for sure."
The old priest swayed unsteadily. Fearing he might collapse, Rob helped the man over to a bench along the kitchen wall.
"And you told Evers this. You told him Muirne MacDonnell wasn't buried there."
"That's so."
"But he still went into the crypt?"
"Aye." The priest frowned. "And something happened in there."
"What do you mean?" Rob fought the frustration rising in him, but he needed to find out where Evers had gone from here.
"All I know is, the last thing he asked before he went in was where Miranda might have gone. She was the one he wanted next. No one had the answer. But when he came out, he called his commanders together. I heard him myself. They were setting sail for Mull. They were going to Duart Castle. You'd think he got his answer from the dead."
Copyright © 2016 by May McGoldrick.
Learn more about or order a copy of Tempest in the Highlands by May McGoldrick, available December 6, 2016:
Authors Nikoo and Jim McGoldrick (writing as May McGoldrick) weave emotionally satisfying tales of love and danger. Publishing under the names of May McGoldrick and Jan Coffey, these authors have written thirty-five novels and works of nonfiction for Penguin Putnam, Mira, HarperCollins, Entangled, and Heinemann. Nikoo, an engineer, also conducts frequent workshops on writing and publishing and serves as a Resident Author. Jim holds a Ph.D. in Medieval and Renaissance literature and teaches English in northwestern Connecticut.


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General Data Protection Regulation
What to Expect
GDPR will apply to businesses within the EU and also to organisation outside of the EU who process the data of EU residents.
Data Protection Officer
Every organisation with more than 250 employees must nominate a dedicated data protection officer (PDO).
Single Set of Rules
Each member state will establish a Supervisory Authority, which will be responsible for their country but will work with other SA's.
Data Breaches
The GDPR will require the data protection officer to notify the SA "without undue delay" and within 72 hours of any breach of data security.
Privacy by Design
Privacy must be built in to all new projects and initiatives including the requirement for privacy impact assessments (PIAs) to be conducted where specific risk occur to the rights of individuals.
A four-tier fine system will be put in place for breaches with the highest tier resulting in fines of up to £15.8 million or four percent of global annual turnover (whichever is greater).
Valid and explicit consent must be given for all data collected and the purpose for its use must be fully expplained. Opt-in options must be present for all data collection and consent must be retractable at any time.
Right to Erausre
Also called the 'right to be forgotten', this control gives the data subject the right to require a business to premanently delete all information held about them on any one of number of grounds.
Responsibility and Accountability
The current annual notice requirements remain and are expected. They must also include the retention time for personal data and contact information for the data controller and data protection officer.
Data Portability
A data subject shall be able to transfer their personal data from one electronic processing system to and into another, without being prevented from doing so by the data controller.
Top 5 Steps to Being GDPR
Gain top level management buy-in as change must be driven from the top.
Conduct a current state assessment to understand your existing level of compliance.
Develop a security incident process and templates for notification of any breaches.
Create or update policies and processes for the protection of personal information
Provide training for all employees so that they understand their responsibilities for protecting personal data and how to report a breach.
01430 433671


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Honorary gifts are a wonderful way to celebrate a friend, family member, or colleague, and their love for the theater. Your contribution can also be a meaningful way to remember someone who enjoyed attending Primary Stages shows during his or her lifetime. You will receive a receipt for your donation and your friends will receive personal letters from Primary Stages telling them that you have made a thoughtful gift in their name. The amount of your contribution will be kept confidential. Make a gift online by clicking here or by calling Erica Raven-Scorza, Director of Development, at 212.840.9705 x214.
Support Primary Stages through recurring monthly donations. This automatic giving program allows you to spread out your gift over time instead of giving in one lump sum, and sustains your support to Primary Stages throughout the year. Setting up recurring donations is easy. Click here
In addition to stock, Primary Stages accepts donations of bonds and mutual fund shares. If you are 70 ½ or older, you may also be able to make a direct contribution from your IRA. If you are considering making this type of gift, please contact Erica Raven-Scorza, Director of Development, at 212.840.9705 x214 or firstname.lastname@example.com for information on the proper procedures and to inform us of the upcoming transaction.
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SAN BERNADINO COUNTY (KRON)—A woman who was missing for five days was found alive in a crashed car in San Bernadino County on Saturday.
Rescuers were called to the scene after someone reported an Humvee rolled down a hill.
It took first responders about an hour to get the woman out, according to fire officials.
The woman was taken to a local hospital.
The victim was in serious condition, but does not have life-threatening injuries, fire officials said.


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CoServ's Mission is to deliver excellent service to our Members and Customers by providing safe and reliable energy solutions.
CoServ's Vision is to be a respected leader dedicated to implementing innovative ideas that fulfill the needs of those we serve.
CoServ commits to providing our Employees with a stable work environment with learning and growth opportunities. We value innovative, capable and dedicated Employees. Guided by our Core Values—Respect, Accountability, Integrity, Service, Excellence and Safety—we serve each other as we serve our Members and Customers.
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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] With producers of USA, this movie of 2010 has been brilliantly directed by Montetré. You can watch Pickled online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in English at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2010.
Rating: 5 by 6 users./
Runtime: 85 minutes
Chris Hart, Asher Sandberg-Lewis, Montetré, Bobby Ryan, Tyler Ryan, Shana Cox, Sam Taylor, Ryan Cloutier and Richard Fueller.
85-minute film (full movie) directed by Montetré.
The original audio of Pickled has dialogues in Dolby Digital, it was produced in USA.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2010.
Screenplay written by Montetré.
Rob Taylor.
Ryan Cloutier and Montetré.
This film was produced and / or financed by Mwb3 Problems.
Mwb3 Problems.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Pickled has a duration of 85 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in EnglishDolby Digital in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Pickled in FULLTV Movies.


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From acclaimed Polish director Pawel Pawlikowski comes Ida, described by The New Yorker as "a film masterpiece" and "an excavation of truth in post-war Poland" by The New York Times.
It's 1962 and Anna, an orphan brought up by nuns in a convent, is about to take her vows. She is told to pay Wanda, her only living relative, a visit before she makes this momentous decision to dedicate her life to the salvation of others, forever.
After seeing Wanda, Anna discovers a dark family secret dating back to the years of German occupation, compelling both women to rewind the clock and seek answers to their family's tragic past.
In the process, Anna is about to discover who she really is and where she belongs.
What will she believe now?
In this film, Pawlikowski captures the grim mood of a forgotten Poland brilliantly. He films entirely in black and white, using winter greys, grainy shots and blurred shadows, along with stunning cinematography of Poland, that together, creates an ever-heavy and sombre mood.
Watch Ida on Wednesday 16 November at 8.30pm – part of World Movies Storytellers: 30 Films From Across the Globe, 8.30pm every night in November.


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"Linguistic Distance" as a Determinant of Bilateral Trade
We introduce a measure of language difficulty called "linguistic distance" into a modified gravity model to determine whether the fact that a language is further away from English affects the level of trade. Our sample of 36 non-English speaking countries includes Japan and South Korea, which we argue are special cases due to World War II, the Korean War, and subsequent close political and economic ties with the United States. Presence of a stock of immigrants in the home country has been shown to enhance trade, both exports and imports, with the country of origin. Controlling for network and information attributes provided by the presence of a stock of immigrants, the special relationship with Japan and Korea, and the standard gravity model variables, we find that the further a country�s primary language is from English, the lower trade will be between the United States and that country. These results hold for aggregate exports and imports as well as for exports and imports of consumer manufactures and producer manufactures.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
|Date of creation:
|Dec 2001
|Date of revision:
|Oct 2003
|Contact details of provider:
| Web page: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/econ/wparchive/index.html
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Raynold, Prosper & A. Dunlevy, James, 1998. "Aggregate Shocks and the Relationship between U.S. Business Cycle Fluctuations and Export Performance," Journal of Economic Integration, Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, vol. 13, pages 163-198.
- Bergstrand, Jeffrey H, 1985. "The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 67(3), pages 474-481, August.
- William K. Hutchinson & James A. Dunlevy, 2001. "The Pro-Trade Effect of Immigration on American Exports During Period 1870 to 1910," Vanderbilt University Department of Economics Working Papers 0125, Vanderbilt University Department of Economics.
- Dunlevy, James A, 1980. "A Test of the Capacity Pressure Hypothesis within a Simultaneous Equations Model of Export Performance," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 62(1), pages 131-135, February.
- Bergstrand, Jeffrey H, 1989. "The Generalized Gravity Equation, Monopolistic Competition, and the Factor-Proportions Theory in International Trade," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 71(1), pages 143-153, February.
- Wagner, Don & Head, Keith & Ries, John, 2002. "Immigration and the Trade of Provinces," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 49(5), pages 507-525, December.
- Bergstrand, Jeffrey H, 1990. "The Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson Model, the Linder Hypothesis and the Determinants of Bilateral Intra-industry Trade," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 100(403), pages 1216-1229, December.
- Gould, David M, 1994. "Immigrant Links to the Home Country: Empirical Implications for U.S. Bilateral Trade Flows," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 76(2), pages 302-316, May.
- Keith Head & John Ries, 1998. "Immigration and Trade Creation: Econometric Evidence from Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 31(1), pages 47-62, February.
- Melitz, Jacques, 2008.
"Language and foreign trade,"
European Economic Review,
Elsevier, vol. 52(4), pages 667-699, May.
- Melitz, Jacques, 2002. "Language and Foreign Trade," CEPR Discussion Papers 3590, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Dunlevy, James A. & Hutchinson, William K., 2001. "The Pro-Trade Effect of Immigration on American Exports During the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," IZA Discussion Papers 375, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Dunlevy, James A. & Hutchinson, William K., 1999. "The Impact of Immigration on American Import Trade in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 59(04), pages 1043-1062, December.
- Baier, Scott L. & Bergstrand, Jeffrey H., 2001. "The growth of world trade: tariffs, transport costs, and income similarity," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 1-27, February.
- James E. Rauch & Vitor Trindade, 2002. "Ethnic Chinese Networks In International Trade," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 84(1), pages 116-130, February.
- James E. Rauch & Vitor Trindade, 1999. "Ethnic Chinese Networks in International Trade," NBER Working Papers 7189, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Anderson, James E, 1979. "A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 69(1), pages 106-116, March. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)


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text: The art studio welcomed Marissa Boisvert and filmmaker Emily Alexander from The Wana Project. Their mission is to protect and cultivate artists' creativity during a distracted era. With mindful practices at its core, the WANA project is a framework to ensure artists are creating fulfilling work, collaborating, and staying well in the process. It was an awesome experience, having been part of this shoot and working with two incredibly creative and enlightening people. Really looking forward to the launch and flattered to be the first artist in the series. Be sure to connect and support this fresh concept!: http://thewanaproject.com/


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CONJURE Magick!
Free World 3rd Thursdays curated by India Cooke and Lewis Jordan, will be a forum for great Black Art & Beyond, presenting special guests every week. San Francisco's 2006-13 Poet Laureate Devorah Major was week's special guest.
- Filename
- _5-17-16-Conjure Magick!_253.jpg
- Copyright
- Malaika Kambon
- Image Size
- 3456x5184 / 8.0MB
- Contained in galleries
- Lewis Jordan, Saxophone Poet!


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It's the time of the year again. Right, Mid-Autumn Festival! Which means, time for yummy mooncake treats! :D
Exclusively available at The Icing Room outlets island-wide, these adorable baked Hello Kitty mooncakes in White lotus with Cranberries and White lotus with Macadamia Nuts filling are packaged in a pretty-in-pink carrier.
The packaging is so cute that I just have to keep it. Even though it probably will just be collecting dust in my room. :P
Only $26.80 per box of 4 mooncakes (2 pieces each of White lotus with Cranberries and White lotus with Macadamia Nuts)
So here's the sliced version of the mooncake. Mummy and I both prefer the white lotus with macadamia nuts, as the sweetness level was better controlled and we love the crunchiness of the macadamia nuts on every bites! :D
Hmm.. I confess that I feel bad for cutting out the Hello Kitty face. :|
If you're a Hello Kitty fan or know of anyone who's a fan of Hello Kitty, this might be a perfect gift! Best of all, it won't be pocket hurting. (Y)
To note that only 800 boxes are available and the first 100 customers who pre-
order will receive a FREE Hello Kitty ceramic spoon!
Pre-order/Early Bird (19 Jul – 17 Aug)
-12% off mooncake set
- First 100 customers receive a FREE Hello Kitty ceramic spoon (worth $5.90)
18 Aug – 8 Sep
-Purchase 2 boxes of mooncakes at $48.00 (U.P. $53.60)
-15% off promo code for orders made on TIR delivery website
(code will be revealed on Facebook page)


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Native American Style Flutes hand crafted by John Stillwell
Tel: (760) 365-8312
Email: email@example.com
Please enter the email address for your account. A verification code will be sent to you. Once you have received the verification code, you will be able to choose a new password for your account.
©2014 Ancient Territories. All Rights Reserved.
Website design by Sugarbase.


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It can change quickly with the Yankees' lineup, which Doug Fister discovered in Game 1 of the ALDS.
"Top to bottom, they've got a great lineup," Fister said Wednesday at the Stadium. "You've got to be on top of your game from one through nine and be ready to go."
Fister, who took the loss in Game 1, starts Game 5 Thursday night, opposed by Ivan Nova.
The Tigers, as well as Fister, believed the 6-8 righthander threw better than his final line indicated in the 9-3 Game 1 loss. Fister, 27, allowed six runs and seven hits in 42/3 innings.
But things started promisingly enough for Fister, who held the Yankees scoreless his first three innings before Robinson Cano's run-scoring double in the fifth. He left with the bases loaded and Cano coming up in the sixth. Cano greeted Fister's replacement, Al Alburquerque, with a grand slam. "Obviously I didn't execute a few things," Fister said. "A good lineup makes you pay for it. That's what they did the other night."
Among them was Brett Gardner, who kept the two-out rally against Fister going in the sixth with a two-run single. Gardner, the No. 9 hitter, has had a good series overall: 5-for-13 with five RBIs.
"You can't take any of them for granted," said Fister, who went 8-1 with a 1.79 ERA for the Tigers after being acquired before the trade deadline from the Mariners. "You have to pitch all of them like they're the No. 4 hitter."
Tigers manager Jim Leyland said Gardner came up in a conversation with his pitching coach, Jeff Jones, Wednesday morning.
"He's been real pesky," Leyland said of Gardner, who has a .429 on-base percentage in the series. "I think sometimes you get through that big part of the order and all those big guys, and maybe you lose your concentration a little bit. He's a bear-down guy. He's a real hard-nosed player and everything. A real determined guy. We're going to have to do a better job."
Leyland, while disappointed his team couldn't wrap up the series Tuesday night at Comerica Park, nonetheless expressed, three separate times, his excitement for the charged environment he expects Thursday night.
"We've got a big game with the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium. It's a great scenario," Leyland said. "It's great for everybody. It's great for the TV. It's great for the nation to see it. Perfect. This is what baseball's all about."


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Canberra, Australia (PressExposure) August 14, 2009 -- Families and friends looking to enjoy some quality time together are invited to reserve their vacation accommodation at Parkway Motel in Queanbeyan, Canberra, Australia. Specifically catering to families and groups, the Canberra motel is an ideal choice with its 31 affordable, spacious units that exude a homey environment.
Each room at this budget motel in Canberra is equipped with the necessary amenities for a most comfortable stay; all have air conditioning, in-room Internet connectivity, TV, ironing board, radio, phone with IDD, electric blankets, mini-bar, room safe, and bathrooms with hot and cold running water. DVDs, bicycles, rollerblades, and helmets are also available for rent.
Strategically located near the Queanbeyan City Centre opposite a lovely park, the motel provides the peace and privacy that most guests seek from their Canberra accommodation. Despite this, it is still near most local attractions such as the Parliament House, National Museum, War Memorial, Telstra Tower, and Cockington Green, making it a convenient jump-off point for guests planning to go on a tour of the area.
For more information about Parkway Motel and to make direct reservations online, visit http://www.parkwaymotel.com.au/.
Contact Information
Parkway Motel 8 Lowe Street, Queanbeyan NSW 2620 Canberra, Australia
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Fabi Backpack in Coffee Brown
sold out
Fabi Backpack in Coffee Brown
122.50 175.00
The "Fabi" Vintage Backpack from Matt + Nat is made with vegan leather, and the interior fabric is made from recycled plastic bottles. This expansive backpack has adjustable shoulder straps, and a top flap with a push-lock closure. There are expandable gussets at the top to widen the opening, and a small zipper pocket on back for security. The interior includes a 13" laptop compartment, and a zipper pocket. Sale items are final sale.
Dimensions: 11" x 15.5" x 6.5"
Adjustable Shoulder Straps: 38" (fully extended)
Handle Drop: 3.5"
Add To Cart


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Healthy Breakfast For a Week
7 Days, 7 Breakfasts: Get Fit (in the Kitchen)
7 Days, 7 Breakfasts: Get Fit (in the Kitchen)
Committing to a workout routine doesn't mean you can skimp in the nutrition department. If you're looking to shake things up and Get Fit in 2014, you're going to have to put in your time at the gym and the kitchen. A healthy breakfast doesn't have to be a chalky protein shakes or bird-size portions; let these seven delicious and nutrient-packed breakfasts inspire you all week long.
Photo: Lizzie Fuhr
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The Bard meets Miley Cyrus - the best of 15 Second Shakespeare
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Read an extract from Louise Dearman and Mark Evans's Secrets of Stage Success
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text:
New York - Gabon on Monday expressed "outrage" over reports that former foreign minister Jean Ping was withdrawing from his campaign to seek a new term as head of the African Union commission.Ping is in competition with South Africa's Home Affairs Minister Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, an ex-wife of President Jacob Zuma, for the post which will be decided at an AU summit next week.Diplomats say there is now intense lobbying for the influential post of chairperson of the AU commission which Ping has held since 2008. Gabon's UN envoy Nelson Messone did not give the source of the rumours which he slammed at a New York press conference.Gabon has been "really outraged by rumours and reports in some African and international media suggesting that Gabon was not fully behind its candidate that Gabon did not support its candidate", Messone said.The reports had had "misleadingly" reported that Ping was to withdraw his candidacy, the envoy added, condemning the reports as "absolutely false and unfounded."Messone said the government was "very shocked by other rumours suggesting that funding for the candidate's campaign was done by a non-African country"."Such innuendo is false and we think it is very derogatory to the Gabonese people and the African continent," said the envoy.Ping has the "wholesome support" of President Ali Bongo Ondimba and the whole country, the envoy added. Gabon provided the "necessary support" so that Ping could visit more than a dozen African countries to lobby votes in December, the ambassador said.The 54 heads of state and government of the AU will hold a secret ballot at a summit in Addis Ababa on January 28-29 to decide whether Ping gets a new term.Dlamini-Zuma, a former foreign minister, is backed by the 15-nation Southern African Development Community (SADC). Ping has major support from French-speaking central and west African nations. He obtained the necessary two thirds majority in the first round of voting in 2008.
He is snorrriing anyway..... while millions of africans are oppressed and murdered by his fellow comrades, just like the rest of the AU members
Ahhhh well, most outside of Africa, think the AU, is a soccer club!!!