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|Aug 24, 2004
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|Avery N. Goldstein
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|Avery N. Goldstein
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This application is a continuation-in-part and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/934,303 filed Aug. 21, 2001 now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/373,295 filed Aug. 12, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,740, which claims the benefit of provisional patent application Serial No. 60/096,616, filed Aug. 14, 1998, and are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to microelectronic trenched feature formation and more particularly to the formation of an interconnect from metal nanocrystal seeds.
An integrated circuit requires conductive interconnects between semiconducting domains in order to communicate signals therebetween. In order to create ever faster microprocessors, smaller dimension interconnects of higher conductivity materials is an ongoing goal.
As microelectronic efficiencies have increased, interconnects have decreased in dimensional size and efforts have been made to increase the electrical conductivity of interconnect features. There is an ongoing need for ever smaller interconnects.
The rapid miniaturization of interconnects is occurring simultaneously with the transition from Al to Cu metallization for sub-0.25 μm ICs. The transition from Al to Cu has led to a change in the way interconnects are formed. While Al has been deposited as a blanket layer which is then patterned by reactive ion etching, Cu interconnects are formed by evaporative deposition into preformed (damascene) trenches and vias followed by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
As the interconnect width decreases and the aspect ratio increases, conventional vacuum deposition techniques approach the theoretical resolution threshold. Deep, narrow trenches and vias preferentially collect material at the damascene feature edges, leading to void formation. Electrochemical deposition (ECD) is currently the most widely used technique to fill trenches and vias with copper. However, ECD requires a seed layer. Chemical vapor depositions (CVD) and physical vapor depositions (PVD) are well-established Cu seed layer formation techniques.
Nonetheless, CVD and PVD do not inherently fill etched features preferentially over any other portion of substrate having nucleation sites. The preferential seeding of trenches with metal on which CVD or PVD deposited material can grow would yield selective deposition and lower the temperature of heating of the IC substrate during CVD or PVD to assure crystalline growth that degrades fine architecture structures on the substrate. Thus, the semiconductor industry is in need of an interconnect formation process capable of achieving higher resolution at lower temperature and ideally, at a lower cost.
The mesoscopic size regime between atoms and bulk materials is characterized by unusual properties. Mesoscopic systems exhibit collective atomic behavior, but not to a sufficient extent so as to preclude quantized effects. Many of the unusual thermodynamic and spectroscopic anomalies associated with mesoscopic systems are attributable to surface effects. Studies have shown surface energies that are 10 to 400% greater for nanocrystals than for bulk Au and Pt (C. Solliard and M. Flueli, Surf. Sci. 156, (1985), pp. 487-494) and Al (J. Wolterdorf, A. S. Nepijko and E. Pippel, Sur. Sci. 106, (1981), pp. 64-72). In the bulk, surface atoms represent such a small percentage of the total that surface effects are largely inconsequential. Surfaces generally possess modified atomic coordination numbers, geometries and diminished lattice energies relative to the bulk. The result of these modifications is that physical, spectroscopic, and thermodynamic properties, which are constant in the bulk, become size dependent variables in nanocrystals. Since a nanocrystal is a small portion of a bulk material lattice, nanocrystals are exploited in the present invention as seeds to produce thin film IC structures at low temperature.
Metallic nanocrystals have been shown to reduce melting temperatures compared with the bulk. (Ph. Buffat and J-P. Borel, Phys. Rev. A, 13, (1976), pp. 2287-2298. 2287-2298; C. J. Coombes, J. Phys., 2, (1972), pp. 441-449; J. Eckert, J. C. Holzer, C. C. Ahn, Z. Fu and W. L. Johnson, Nanostruct. Matls., 2, (1993). 407-413; C. R. M. Wronski, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 18, (1967), pp. 1731-1737 and M. Wautelet, J. Phys. D, 24, (1991), 343-346). The depression in melting and annealing temperature is evident throughout the nanocrystal size regime, with the most dramatic effects observed in nanocrystals having a diameter from 2 to 6 nm. Melting studies on a range of nanocrystals have established that the melting temperature is size dependent in the nanometer size regime and is approximately proportional to the inverse particle radius regardless of the material identity. The size dependent melting temperature of metallic nanocrystals has included studies of Au, Pb and In, Al and Sn. (Au: Ph. Buffat and J-P. Borel, Phys. Rev. A, 13, (1976), 2287-2298. 2287-2298; Pb and In: C. J. Coombes, J. Phys., 2, (1972), 441-449; Al: J. Eckert, J. C. Holzer, C. C. Ahn, Z. Fu and W. L. Johnson, Nanostruct. Matls, 2, (1993), 407-413; and Sn: C. R. M. Wronski, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 18, (1967), 1731-1737). The reduction in melting temperature as a function of nanocrystal size can be enormous. For example, 2 nm Au nanocrystals melt at about 300� C., as compared to 1065� C. for bulk gold. (M. Wautelet, J. Phys. D, 24, (1991), 343-346).
A method for producing a polycrystalline structure includes applying a metal in the form of nanocrystal seeds to a wafer having a trench or via cut therein. The nanocrystal seeds have a diameter between 2 and 40 nanometers. Thereafter, a substance is deposited onto the nanocrystalline seeds to form a polycrystalline structure. The presence of a nanocrystal seed functions herein as a nucleation site for crystal growth. A method for producing a microelectronic interconnect includes applying a solution comprising soluble copper nanocrystal seeds to a wafer having a trench or via cut therein have a diameter between 2 and 20 nanometers. Thereafter, copper is deposited onto the copper nanocrystal seeds to form a continuous polycrystalline copper interconnect within said trench or via.
A microelectronic structure is detailed including electrically isolated nanocrystalline domains. The domains are formed to an existing trench or via within a wafer substrate.
A method for healing a void in the film includes contacting a solution of nanocrystals dissolved in a solvent to the film and allowing the solvent to evaporate isolating the nanocrystals in the void. Thereafter, the nanocrystals are heated to fill the void with contiguous material derived from the nanocrystals wherein the void has irregular dimensions.
A method is detailed herein which uses a metal nanocrystal as a CVD or PVD seed to create interconnects or electrochemical deposition seed layers therefor by conventional processes. While the present invention is not limited to a particular metal, or metallic cation-containing compound such as an oxide, nitride, phosphide, or intermetallic, it is particularly well suited for the efficient formation of copper interconnects at temperatures below 400� Celsius and even below 300� Celsius. A silicon wafer that has been patterned by lithography and etched to form a series of trenches and/or vias is the substrate for the instant invention the exposed surface of which also contains SiO2. It is appreciated that an intermediate wetting layer is optionally applied to the substrate to promote interconnect wetting thereof and to prevent interdiffusion during subsequent IC processing.
A semiconductor processing method is provided for growing a polycrystalline metal film by preferably chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from a suitable precursor gas or gases on a substrate which has been coated with metal nanocrystal seeds, of the semiconductor material. The structure of the nanocrystal seeds serves as a template for the structure of the final polycrystalline film. The density of the seeds and the thickness of the grown polycrystalline film determine the grain size of the polycrystalline film at the surface of said film with more seeds, leading to small grain size. CVD onto the seeds to produce the polycrystalline film avoids the recrystallization step generally necessary for the formation of a polycrystalline film, and thus allows for the growth of polycrystalline films at reduced temperatures.
According to the present invention, polycrystalline metal film is grown on a substrate which has been previously coated with a film of metal seeds. There is no correlation between the structure of the substrate and the structure of the film. The film is preferably the result of an epitaxial CVD process on the surface of the nanocrystals, with the nanocrystal structure serving as a template for the crystal structure of said film. In addition, the density of nanocrystal seeds on the substrate surface control the final grain size of the grown polycrystalline film. The presence of the crystal seeds on the substrate also lowers the temperature for growth of a polycrystalline film. It is appreciated that a metal nanocrystal is also operative as a seed for PVD.
The nanocrystals are preferably made by a solution phase reduction from a metal salt as detailed in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 09/895,942. Other metal nanocrystal preparations are also operative including those detailed in H. Huang et al., Langmuir, 13 (1997) 172-175; I. Lisiecki and M. P. Pileni, J. Phys. Chem., 99 (14)(1995) 5077-5082; Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Films, J. H. Fendler, Wiley—VCH, 1998, Chapter 4. Alternative methods for metal nanocrystal synthesis include sputtering from a heated metal source within a vacuum chamber, as detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,538.
Upon coating a substrate with nanocrystal seeds, the substrate temperature is raised in the presence of an appropriate pressure of an appropriate gaseous organometallic to facilitate a thermal CVD process for growth onto the surface of the nanocrystal seeds or for PVD. The temperature of this process is substantially lower than would be required to grow a polycrystalline film on the substrate in the absence of the nanocrystal seeds.
A metal nanocrystal that has been solvent stabilized by a volatile surface passivating agent is applied to the substrate by a variety of conventional liquid deposition techniques illustratively including dip coating, spray coating, spin coating, and electrochemical deposition. As the nanocrystal solvent evaporates, metal nanocrystals are selectively stranded on the substrate. Preferably, the passivating agent is an organic molecule bonding to the metal through an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom. The liquid chosen to volatilize and leave a bare metal nanocrystal surface having zero-oxidation state metal atoms thereon. Heating to a temperature of about 150� C. to 250� C. is sufficient to volatilize the passivating agent. Heating to 150� C. to 250� C. in order to volatilize the nanocrystal passivating agent is appreciated to often be sufficient to sinter the metal nanocrystal depending on nanocrystal domain size and the identity of the metal. Additional heating to a metal nanocrystal size-dependent melting temperature is optionally performed to provide a metal nucleation seed for CVD or PVD deposition that has thermodynamically reoriented relative to the substrate.
It is appreciated that metal salts also optionally serve as sources of metal nanocrystals by conventional liquid deposition techniques provided the salt is reduced by exposure to hydrogen gas or other reductant at a temperature below 400� C. Optionally, a solution or dispersion of organometallics is applied by liquid deposition techniques. A particularly preferred organometallic is a metal hydrazine carboxylate that upon heating forms gaseous byproducts and a metal crystallite where the metal has a reduction potential of less than 0.9 eV.
The present invention identifies significant cost efficiencies based on the deposition characteristics of nanocrystal-based construction of electronic devices. The nanocrystal solutions or suspensions are applied by drip, spray or spin coating onto a trenched integrated circuit (IC) wafer. Unlike chemical and physical vapor deposition techniques, the present invention selectively deposits nanocrystal particulate in the IC trenches by taking advantage of the slower volatilization of a solvent carrier from trenches, causing the nanocrystals to congregate in high aspect ratio features. As a result, the quantity of extraneous deposition material, which must be removed by CMP, is diminished. Lastly, an environmental benefit results from pre-selecting aqueous and or benign organic solvents the nanocrystal solution, in place of solvents currently used in the chip manufacturing process.
Since evaporation of a solution of solubilizing metal nanocrystals or the sedimentation of solvent dispersed metal nanocrystals selectively isolates metal nanocrystals into trenched regions of a substrate, preferential to isolate on substrate plateaus subsequent CVD deposition occurs preferentially in substrate trenches. This aspect of the present invention affords trench or via selective CVD.
The inventive soluble metal nanocrystals are optionally applied to an existing metal layer in order to heal defects therein. Defect pores or voids in a metal layer formed by conventional techniques is preferably healed by evaporating a metal nanocrystal solution onto the defects thereby isolating the nanocrystals. With the nanocrystals able to penetrate any feature penetrable by solvent molecules, metal nanocrystals remain in such a feature upon solvent evaporation. The nanocrystals are applied to a metal layer formed by CVD, PVD or ECD. A solubilized metal nanocrystal optionally includes ligands imparting mobility to the nanocrystal in an electric field thereby allowing a nanocrystal to migrate in an electric field. As such, the inventive soluble nanocrystals are operative as an additive to an electrochemical deposition bath.
In electrochemical baths, a metal nanocrystal surface is derivatized with a passivating liquid making the nanocrystal soluble in aqueous, alcoholic or other organic solvent. Such a solution is operative as an electrophoretic deposition bath where the substrate functions as an electrode of the attractive polarity relative to the nanocrystal with a polar ligand terminus imparting polar solvent solubility and a change per unit area of nanocrystal surface.
The present invention also identifies cost savings associated with production defects. Nanocrystal deposition of interconnects is both reversible and repairable. Poor deposition technique is corrected by resolubilizing nanocrystals stranded on a trenched IC substrate by solvent washing prior to sintering the nanocrystals. Further, trench regions showing incomplete filling or separation from the trench walls can be remedied after sintering or melting to form bulk material interconnect features through the reapplication of a nanocrystal solution. Because the solvent containing the nanocrystals can freely penetrate fissures and voids associated with an IC patterned for an interconnect, additional nanocrystals are deposited into poorly filled regions.
A nanocrystal solution is applied to flood the wafer surface. The solvent penetrates the trench recesses within the wafer surface, including those shadowed or otherwise obscured from evaporative methods. In the process nanocrystals dissolved or suspended in the solution are carried into these regions. The solvent volatilizes more quickly from the wafer plateaus as compared to the recesses causing the nanocrystals to become concentrated in the shrinking solvent pools within the recesses. The nanocrystals become stranded in the drying trenches. Heating the wafer to a temperature sufficient to sinter or melt contiguous nanocrystals results in the formation of bulk polycrystalline domains.
In the case of many technologically important interconnect materials such as copper, the intermediate layer is illustratively a layer of TiN or TaN having a sufficient thickness to assure continuity. Other such intermediate layers are formed by evaporation of a base metal layer onto the trenched substrate and thereafter exposing the base metal layer to a nitrogen plasma to induce a surface nitriding as is conventional to the art.
A solution of dissolved or suspended nanocrystals is applied to the contoured surface of the wafer. Preferably, the nanocrystal solution or suspension is concentrated to facilitate a desired metal nanocrystal seed density on the substrate.
The solvent utilized to form the solution is optionally aqueous or organic. The solvent is chosen based on factors including, but not limited to hydrophilicity of the wafer surface, solubility of the nanocrystals therein, vapor pressure, toxicity, purity and the like.
The nanocrystal is defined as a particle having a linear dimension in any direction on the order of nanometers, namely 1 to 100 nm in diameter. Preferably, the nanocrystal of the present invention is between 2 and 20 nm. More preferably, the nanocrystal of the present invention is between 2 and 10 nm. The size distribution of the nanocrystals in solution is of some importance, since the sintering temperature of particles in this size regime is size dependent. Likewise, the melting temperature is size dependent. Preferably, a size distribution of less than 30% of the average particle diameter is used for nanocrystals of an average diameter of less than about 6 nm with increasingly greater tolerances being preferred as the average particle increases beyond 6 nm. The nanocrystals are optionally either dispersed in a solvent by conventional means illustratively including sonication, agitation, solution shearing and the like; or the nanocrystal surface is coupled to a passivating agent by adsorption or chemically bonding thereto. The passivating agent preferably being soluble in the solvent and thus imparting solubility to the particles. Preferably, the nanocrystals are soluble to promote segregation into low volatilization rate, trench and via regions, as compared to wafer plateaus. More preferably, the nanocrystals are copper for the formation of an interconnect.
The passivating agent is introduced to prevent nanocrystal growth beyond a pre-selected size and preferably to also impart solubility on the nanocrystal in a solvent. The passivating agent illustratively includes a variety of thermally volatile organics including those of the formula XRY where X is a moiety capable of chemically bonding to a surface atom of the nanocrystal and illustratively includes alcohol, amine, carboxylate, ketone, thiol, imide, amide, sulfonyl, nitryl, aldehyde, and phosphorus containing moeities; R is C1-C30 aliphatic, aryl or heteroatom substituted derivative thereof and Y is X or hydrogen. The RY portion of the passivating agent is optionally chosen to interact with the solvent to impart solubility. In another embodiment, Y bonds to the surface of a second nanocrystal to tether nanocrystals together. Further, dendritic or polymeric variants of XRY are operative to form an extended matrix of nanocrystals. Preferably, the passivating agent is a linear C2-C24 alkane-thiol, -amine, -carboxylate, nitrogen- or phosphorus-containing moiety. The nanocrystal surface binding passivating agent moiety being dictated by established organometallic chemistry.
Nanocrystals are applied to the wafer by applying the solution thereto. Layering a solution of the instant invention onto a wafer is operative. Preferably, the solution is applied in such a way as to promote uniform deposition of the nanocrystals across whole wafers, such methods illustratively include atomizing the solution and applying as a fine nanocrystal paint spray; and spin coating the solution onto a rotating wafer. Optionally, a binder is dispersed in the solution to minimize particle movement as the solvent pool evaporates. A binder useful in the present invention includes low molecular weight and polymeric organic substances. The binder being chosen such that upon heating to a temperature of less than about 250 to 300� Celsius, the binder is volatilized. The binder is chosen to minimize binder residues, the residues likely to decrease conductivity of the bulk domain resulting from heating the nanocrystals. Binders illustratively include waxes; aliphatic compounds containing at least eight carbon atoms including carboxylic acids alcohols, aldehydes, amines, thiols and salt thereof wherein the cation is a conductive metal ion illustratively including copper aluminum, magnesium, gold, silver, manganese, molybdenum and the like; polymeric materials which volatilize to greater than 95% by weight below 250� Celsius including poly (acrylic acid), polyglycols, polycarbonates, polyalkyls, polyalcohols, polyesters and the like; proteinaceans substrates such as albumin, gelatin and collagen; carbohydrates; and organosilanes.
The nanocrystal seeds of the instant invention are composed of any material that is conventionally used to create interconnect structures, intermediate layers or barrier structures in microelectronics. These materials illustratively include: aluminum, copper, gold, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, platinum, tin, zinc, tantalum, titanium and silver, alloys, oxides, nitrides and phosphides thereof. Further, in instances where one wishes to create a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) junction intermediate or barrier structures, nanocrystals of the metallic elements may be deposited and oxidized to positive oxidation state greater than zero by heating to a temperature of less than 500� Celsius or subjecting the metal to a gaseous plasma in an atmosphere of the gaseous oxidant. The metallic elements being oxidized to form a variety of metal compounds including oxides, nitrides, and phosphides. Alternately, nanocrystals of the oxides are synthesized and stranded directly into IC wafer trenches and vias to serve as deposition seeds. It is appreciated that upon heating metallic nanocrystals in order to form conductive structures, it may be necessary to perform such heating under an inert or reducing atmosphere to prevent unwanted oxidation.
There are several temperature ranges important to the process of an operative IC structure using nanocrystal seeds. In a preferred embodiment, the nanocrystal surface is coated with a passivating agent that imparts solvent solubility to the nanocrystal. Upon heating a nanocrystal coated wafer above the passivating agent thermalization temperature, the passivating agent is volatilized allowing clean nanocrystal surfaces of contiguous nanocrystals into contact and to act as deposition seeds. While the passivating agent volatilization temperature is largely size independent and related to the chemisorption or physisorption energy between the passivating agent and the nanocrystal surface atoms, nanocrystal sintering and melting temperature are controllable over hundreds of degrees Celsius through nanocrystal size domain selection. The PVD or CVD temperature onto nanocrystal seeds is lower than the same process absent the inventive seeds, preferably, greater than 50� C. less than the process absent salt seeds.
It is appreciated that the inventive process is operative with supercritical fluid deposition, such as supercritical deposition of copper of material, where the nanocrystal seeds promote trench selective deposition although not necessarily at a different process temperature. Sintering is defined as the interfacial coalescence of contiguous particles while the particle cores retain prior crystalline properties. Sintering temperature is calculable or approximated as two-thirds of the substance melting temperature in degrees Kelvin. Further, heating beyond the sintering temperature brings the nanocrystals to a size dependent melting temperature. Melting of a contiguous matrix of nanocrystals results in a densified polycrystalline bulk structure.
The present invention is capable of overcoming prior art limitations regarding dimensional shrinkage associated with densification, thin film instability through repetitive nanocrystal solution application. (K. T. Miller et al. J. Mater Res. 5 (1990) 151-160; B. A. Korgel and D. Fitzmaurice Phys. Rev. Let 80 (1998) 3531-3534; A. G. Evans et al. J. Mater Res. 3 (1988) 1043-1049).
Significant shrinkage is associated with passivating agent volatilization, thus after applying a nanocrystal solution to a wafer, the wafer is heated to the passivating agent volatilization temperature and additional nanocrystal solution optionally are applied to fill feature voids associated with volatilization. This process is optionally repeated prior to raising the wafer to a sintering of melting temperature for the nanocrystal mass filling a wafer trench or via. It is appreciated that nanocrystal deposition is optionally carried out at a temperature above the passivating agent volatilization temperature such that active nanocrystal surfaces are formed upon contact with a trenched wafer.
The relevant volatilization, sintering, and melting temperatures for a given nanocrystal solution are determinable through thermal analysis, techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), temperature dependent spectroscopies and conductivity.
In instances where the interconnect is being deposited onto a silicon oxide surface other factors need to be considered. Metals often poorly wet oxide surfaces and thus an intermediate conventional adhesion-promoting layer is applied. In those instances where a hydrophobic solvent is used to coat a hydrophilic oxide surface, the solvent can be induced to wet the oxide surface by washing the wafer surface with a silanol or similar surfactant prior to deposition of the particle containing solvent. The silanol wash creates a thin layer that projects organic functionalities away from the surface which attractively interact with the particle surfaces of hydrophobic particles and simultaneously bonds to the oxide surface through the hydroxyl functionality. It is appreciated that other adhesion promoters known to the art of laminating non-wettable oxide and metallic layers are operative herein under the disclosed thermal conditions.
Having described the inventions, the following illustrative examples are provided which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
A solution of 3 nm gold nanocrystals passivated with dodecanethiol are synthesized using the method of Leff et al., J. Phys. Chem. 99, (1995) 7036. The gold particles are redissolved in toluene and the toluene solution pipetted onto a trenched silicon wafer having a silicon dioxide surface and a 50 nm layer of TiN over 100 nm of Ti and trench widths of from 5 microns to 0.2 microns. The solution is reddish-black in color and leaves a black film on the wafer following solvent evaporation. The wafer is then allowed to air dry and then heated in air for 2 hours at 300� Celsius. Upon heating the black film of gold nanocrystals takes on a metallic yellowish hue of bulk gold. The surface shows no traces the dodecanethiol passivating agent as determined by X-ray Photospectroscopy (XPS). The gold is observed to be preferentially deposited in the trenches, as compared to the wafer upper surface.
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated with the particles dissolved in hexane in place of toluene, with similar results.
The nanocrystals of Example 1 are spun coated at 300 rpm onto a rotating trenched wafer. Upon light reflectance associated with the wafer trench pattern being obscured by the black nanocrystal deposits thereon, the wafer is heated to 150� Celsius for 20 minutes. Greater than 99.9% of the dodecanethiol is observed to volatilize according to TGA. Additional nanocrystal solution is applied to the wafer. Following drying, the wafer is heated to 300� Celsius resulting in complete filling of the wafer trenches with bulk gold features. Few isolated gold domains are observed on the wafer plateau.
The procedure of Example 3 is repeated after dissolving one part by weight of paraffin in the nanocrystal solution per 50 parts toluene. The solution is atomized onto the wafer and allowed to dry. Upon heating as above, a more uniform distribution of particles across the wafer plateau and trenches is noted.
The procedure of Example 3 is repeated with copper nanocrystals made by a preparation analogous to Leff et al. with copper (II) chloride used in place of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate and the amine substituted for the thiol. The particles are synthesized in batches having average sizes ranging from 1.5 to 6 nm by adjusting the molar ratio to passivating molecule to copper. The copper particles are heated in a reducing atmosphere of 10% hydrogen and 90% nitrogen at 300� Celsius for 2 hours. A metallic sheen characteristic of bulk copper is observed.
Copper nanocrystals and silver nanocrystal of 3 and 3.5 nm, respectively, are made as per A. Manna et al., Chem. Mater 9 (1997), 3032-3036. The nanocrystals are mixed with 3 nm Au nanocrystals to a Au:Cu:Ag total weight ratio of 7:78:15 and dissolved in hexane. The nanocrystal is spray coated using a paint sprayer onto a trenched wafer, prior to heating to 350� Celsius. The wafer features are wholly filled with metal having a resistivity consistent with literature values.
The procedure of Example 3 is repeated with the nanocrystal solution applied to a wafer heated to 150� Celsius. Following solution application, the wafer is heated to 350� Celsius to yield a bulk gold interconnects in the wafer trenches.
The procedure of Example 7 is repeated with the nanocrystal solution applied to a wafer at 350� Celsius. Bulk gold is observed coating the plateau and trenches uniformly.
It is appreciated that various modification of the present invention in addition to those shown and described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the above description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
All references cited herein are intended to be incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each was individually and explicitly incorporated by reference.
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|Electroless Deposition of nanoscale Copper Patterns via Microphase-Separated Diblock Copolymer Templated Self-Assembly—Robert W. Zehner et al., Searle Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Jun. 16, 1999; Langmuir 1999, 15, 6139-6141.
|Elongated Copper Nanoparticles Coated with a Zwitterionic Surfactant-R.A. Salkar, et al.; Department of Chemistry, Bar -Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel; J. Phys. Chem. B2000, 104, 893-897.
|Elongated Copper Nanoparticles Coated with a Zwitterionic Surfactant—R.A. Salkar, et al.; Department of Chemistry, Bar -Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel; J. Phys. Chem. B2000, 104, 893-897.
|Formation and Absorption of Spectrum of Copper Nanoparticles from the Radiolytic Reduction of Cu (CN)2. Arnim Henglein, Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN; Aug. 20, 1999; J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 1206-1211.
|Novel One-Phase Synthesis of Thiol-Functionalized Gold, Palladium, and Iridium Nanoparticles Using Superhydride Chanel K. Yee et al.; Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Materials Science, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY 11201; Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2275, Jan. 7, 1999; Langmuir 1999, 3486-3491.
|omega-Terminated Alkanethiolate Monolayers on Surfaces of Copper, Silver, and Gold Have Similar Wettabilities-Paul E. Laibinis et al.; Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1990-1995.
|Scanning tunneling microscopy of ordered coated cluster layers on graphite-P.J. Durston et al.; Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; J.P. Wilcoxson, Nanostructures and Advanced Materials Department; Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185; Jul. 21, 1997; Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(20), Nov. 17, 1997.
|Scanning tunneling microscopy of ordered coated cluster layers on graphite—P.J. Durston et al.; Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; J.P. Wilcoxson, Nanostructures and Advanced Materials Department; Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185; Jul. 21, 1997; Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(20), Nov. 17, 1997.
|Seed-mediated growth method to prepare cubic copper nanoparticles-Nikhil R. Jana et al., Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Jun. 12, 2000; Current Science, vol. 79, No. 9, Nov. 10, 2000.
|Seed-mediated growth method to prepare cubic copper nanoparticles—Nikhil R. Jana et al., Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Jun. 12, 2000; Current Science, vol. 79, No. 9, Nov. 10, 2000.
|Silver Nanoparticle Formation: Predictions and Verification of the Aggregative Growth Model-Dirk L. Van Hyning et al., Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; Jun. 19, 2000; Langmuir 2001, 17, 3128-3135.
|Silver Nanoparticle Formation: Predictions and Verification of the Aggregative Growth Model—Dirk L. Van Hyning et al., Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; Jun. 19, 2000; Langmuir 2001, 17, 3128-3135.
|Single Electron transistor using a molecularly linked gold colloidal particle chain-Toshihiko Sato; Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, UK; Haroon Ahmed, Microelectronics Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge UK; David Brown and Brian F.G. Johnson, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Mar. 10, 1997; J. Appl. Phys. 82(2), Jul. 15, 1997.
|Single Electron transistor using a molecularly linked gold colloidal particle chain—Toshihiko Sato; Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, UK; Haroon Ahmed, Microelectronics Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge UK; David Brown and Brian F.G. Johnson, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Mar. 10, 1997; J. Appl. Phys. 82(2), Jul. 15, 1997.
|Spectroscopic, Voltammetric, and Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Study of Underpotentially Deposited Cu Corrosion and Passivation with Self-Assembled Organomercaptan Monolayers-Francis P. Zamborini et al., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Aug. 11, 1997; Langmuir 1998, 14, 640-647.
|Spectroscopic, Voltammetric, and Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopic Study of Underpotentially Deposited Cu Corrosion and Passivation with Self-Assembled Organomercaptan Monolayers—Francis P. Zamborini et al., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Aug. 11, 1997; Langmuir 1998, 14, 640-647.
|Spin-on Cu films for ultralarge scale integrated metallization-Hirohiko Marakami et al., Tukuba Institute for Super Materials, ULVAC, Japan, Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Nobuya Imazeki et al., Nanoparticle Division, Vacuum Metgallurgical Cp/o., Ltd., Sanbu-cho, Chiba, Japan; Mar. 15, 1999;J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 17(5), Sep./Oct. 1999.
|Spin-on Cu films for ultralarge scale integrated metallization—Hirohiko Marakami et al., Tukuba Institute for Super Materials, ULVAC, Japan, Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Nobuya Imazeki et al., Nanoparticle Division, Vacuum Metgallurgical Cp/o., Ltd., Sanbu-cho, Chiba, Japan; Mar. 15, 1999;J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 17(5), Sep./Oct. 1999.
|Structure of Copper Microclusters Isolated in Solid Argon-P.A. Montano et al., Materials Science and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL and W. Schulze et al., Fritz Haber Institute der Max Planck Gesellschaft, D-1000 Berlin, W. Germany Nov. 18, 1985; Physical Review Letters, vol. 56, No. 19 May 12, 1986.
|Structure of Copper Microclusters Isolated in Solid Argon—P.A. Montano et al., Materials Science and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL and W. Schulze et al., Fritz Haber Institute der Max Planck Gesellschaft, D-1000 Berlin, W. Germany Nov. 18, 1985; Physical Review Letters, vol. 56, No. 19 May 12, 1986.
|Synthesis Characterization, and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Copper Nanoparticles-H.H. Huang et al.; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, and Department of Physical, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260; Jun. 5, 1996 Langmuir 1997, 13, 175-175.
|Synthesis Characterization, and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Copper Nanoparticles—H.H. Huang et al.; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, and Department of Physical, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260; Jun. 5, 1996 Langmuir 1997, 13, 175-175.
|Synthesis of Cu Nanoparticles and Microsized Fibers by Using Carbon Nanotubes as a Template; P. Chen et al.; Physics Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260 Oct. 6, 1998; The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 103, No. 22, Jun. 3, 1999.
|Synthesis of Thiol-derivatised Gold Nanoparticles in a Two-phase Liquid-Liquid System-Mathias Brust et al., Department of Chemistry, The University of Liverpool; Liverpool, UK Dec. 8, 1994; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994.
|Synthesis of Thiol-derivatised Gold Nanoparticles in a Two-phase Liquid-Liquid System—Mathias Brust et al., Department of Chemistry, The University of Liverpool; Liverpool, UK Dec. 8, 1994; J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994.
|Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Metallic Copper Nanoparticles-N. Arul Dhas, et al.; Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900 Israel; Dec. 31, 1997; Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 1446-1452.
|Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Metallic Copper Nanoparticles—N. Arul Dhas, et al.; Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900 Israel; Dec. 31, 1997; Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 1446-1452.
|ω-Terminated Alkanethiolate Monolayers on Surfaces of Copper, Silver, and Gold Have Similar Wettabilities—Paul E. Laibinis et al.; Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1990-1995.
|Citing Patent
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|Printable electric circuits, electronic components and method of forming the same
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|Optimized multi-layer printing of electronics and displays
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|Label applicator belt system
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|Nanocrystal coated surfaces
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|Printable electric circuits, electronic components and method of forming the same
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|Seed layers, cap layers, and thin films and methods of making thereof
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|Plating bath and surface treatment compositions for thin film deposition
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 27, 2002
Owner name: NANOSPIN SOLUTIONS, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GOLDSTEIN, AVERY NATHAN;REEL/FRAME:013237/0066
Effective date: 20020523
|Feb 11, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 9, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 24, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 16, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120824


text: Human Rights Observatory Taliban Overrun Several Afghan Villages Authorities in Afghanistan say heavy fighting is raging in a province southwest of the national capital where Taliban insurgents have overrun several villages and killed dozens of people. Local Afghan officials are reported as saying the advancing insurgents included masked men carrying a black flag and calling themselves fighters of the Islamic State. The Afghan insurgency has yet to comment on the latest hostilities. Afghan security officials say fighting broke out in Ghazni province...Read complete article© Voice of America - Friday, September 26, 2014

subset: commoncrawl


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- Share your gift! Recently, I had the wonderful experience to hear one of our luminary ministers preach on the subject of Fatherhood-the Reverend Nicholas Hood III, Senior Minister of Plymouth United Church of Christ. All of his comments were honorable and impressive none the least of which his special honoring of his father the Reverend Nicholas Hood Sr., ... READ MORE
- A Fathers Mission—"See Them Through…" I am not sure what was on my mind thoroughly on this cold winters day in Boston MA back in the year 1980. I knew I was hungry, tired, busy and overworked, I walked briskly home from work. But in my heart I was filled with a level of enthusiasm, excitement and expectancy for soon ... READ MORE
Jim is the father of four children (three adult and one deceased) and is a passionate advocate for fatherhood. As a self described renaissance man, Jim is a marketing executive who travels the world and combines his love for music with his formal classical music education and training with his efforts to mentor young men and women across the country.


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Doug writes,
Is Fung-onil Multi Purpose Fungicide useful on red thread?
Fung-onil Multi Purpose Fungicide is not labeled for red thread and may not be effective for this type of use. We recommend using a product that is labeled for red thread such as Heritage DF 50, Honor Guard PPZ, Armada 50 WP, Fertilome Liquid Systemic Fungicide or Eagle 20 EW. We recommend that you read the product labels available for each of the individual products listed in this answer to see which product will best fit your needs. The product labels are available on each individual product page which you can find by clicking on the links provided above.
Answer last updated on: 07/04/2011
0 of 4 people found this answer helpful. Was it helpful to you? Yes No


text:
The last chapel of Spring semester 2012 honors the Zealous class before their graduation.
Asbury University Podcasts
Miss a chapel service? Listen at your convenience. Have a favorite professor or speaker you would like to hear again? Now you can. Search the archives for those special chapel services or just listen in to what is happening this day. Continue to be part of the Asbury community even after you've left campus.
You can either listen below by using the embedded players or, better yet, subscribe to our feed in the iTunes Music Store and never miss another podcast (iTunes software required).
Dr. Billy Kim speaks to Asbury about the power of world evangelism, and Korea.
The faculty and staff honor selected upperclassmen in the 2012 Convocation chapel.
Mrs. Karen Covell speaks to Asbury students about her experience in Hollywood, and being a missionary in the entertainment industry.
Mr. Alan Hirsch speaks to Asbury about the basics of Christianity, refounding Christianity, and what society thinks of Christ.
Mr. Tim Goeglein speaks on pride, character, and virtue.
Mr. John Lynch, the co-author of TrueFaced, speaks to Asbury University about grace and trust.
Professor Roy Lauter speaks to Asbury students about heroes and the bible.
Ryan Maxwell and Nathaniel Glass share their testimonies in the last student chapel of the spring semester.
Rev. Reuben Langat speaks to Asbury University about missions work, obedience to God, and his testimony.


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With AutoCare you can quickly track fuel expenses, services, business trips, calculate mileage, reminders of future maintenance etc.,
AutoCare comes with the following imperative features :-
Helps you to maintain the individual vehicle details such as vehicle number, name, make, model, fuel, oil, dealer information etc.,
The Expense Tracker for every Trip Record helps you to accomplish your expense tracking for the travel including your fuel cost, travel expenses and other expenses. This can be used as a claimer record.
Calculate mileage for the entire trip & track your fuel expense effectively.
You will be given a reminder on the day of Service and also on the Delivery Date.
Repairs can also be tracked with the same kind of approach where you will be given a reminder at the delivery date of your vehicle after repairing is done.
Vehicle Detail View
Latest 4 Trips, Services & Repair details are shown to keep an eye on your travel plans and vehicle condition.
When the AutoCare application is opened, a Today Kind of View comes up with a list of Trips, Services & Repair details for next 7 days.
You can also access the list of vehicles with a single tap.
Report Generator
Want to generate a report on Trips, Services and/or Repairs of a particular or all vehicle for a specified date range?
Leave the headache to our Report Generator Module, which can furnish a detailed report. The report can be exported to HTML file and can be moved to Desktop PC for future reference.
Alarm Reminder
The Alarm Reminder helps to remind you the Service/Inspection date and delivery date of your Vehicle.
Key Features
Go for AutoCare to take care of your vehicles !!!
» show more


text:
A lot of Apps that have been launched in the market by the developers are benefited greatly with the launch of the new iOS 7. As a developer (or even a user), you can see an improvement in features and various changes which are applied on this new OS successfully. This new mobile OS, offers some exciting changes that allow ... Read More »
Tag Archives: iOS 7Feed Subscription
iOS Apps To Make Today With iOS 7
Apple introduced the new iOS 7 with features that are aimed at enhancing the experience of the user. However, the appearance of the icons, for instance has come as a shock for many users, who feel that they look 'too unprofessional'. True, we can see some changes in the overall appearance and the user interface. This time the research team ... Read More »
What's New in iOS 7?
The much awaited iOS 7 is finally here! Months after software developers at iOS and all app developers with apps on iOS have been working rigorously hard. It is one of the biggest updates by iOS yet. So What Is All The Hype About? Will the iOS 7 be a real game changer in the war between Android and iOS? ... Read More »
Now iOS 7 Tracks Your Location
Apple is going to launch its new iOS 7 for public soon, a new operating system for iPhone and it's going to add some more extra powerful features with existing dominant ones. One of the features might be the "track location" that will maintain a hidden file that will keep records of the places you have been visited in past ... Read More »
iOS 7 App Icon Facelift – How Good Is It?
Apple has introduced a lot of changes with its new iOS 7, especially in design. The interphase is completely different from that of iOS 6, and its icons are already a huge subject of debate. For app developers, the design changes in the new iOS 7 may have some significant effects. The visual front of your app on the app ... Read More »
What Could Be Next In iOS And OS X For App Entrepreneurs?
Apple is set to debut its new versions of iOS and OSX at their annual Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC), this coming June. The Conference will run from June 10 thought June 14 in San Francisco, CA in the exhibition center "Moscone West." According to an official press release, over 1,000 Apple employees will work to give over 100 technical presentations, ... Read More »


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115 North Shore Blvd
3 Bedrooms, 2.5 Bathrooms, Capacity: 8
Photo Gallery
Property Description
Bedrooms: 3. Bathrooms: 2.5
Owner Contact Information
|Sand Dollar Realty
Jerry Chambers
449 Route 6A
East Sandwich, MA 02537
Click here
|Member Since:
|May. 3rd, 2009
|Other Listings:
|View here
Rental Rates
- Call us for rates 508-888-1106
3 Bedrooms, 2.5 Bathrooms, Capacity: 8
Beds: 1 Queen, 6 Twin
Minimum Stay: 7
Further Information
Nearby Attractions: - Balcony, Beach / Beachfront, Blender, Cable, Coffee Maker, Cooking Utensils, Deck , Dishwasher, DVD Player, Fans, Fireplace, Full bath with shower and tub, Full Kitchen, Full Master Bath with tub and shower, Grill-Gas, Half Bath, Hardwood Floors, Heating, High Speed Internet, Microwave, Outdoor Furniture, Outdoor Shower, Phone, Private Beach, Pull-out Couch (Sleeper), Refrigerator, Stereo, Television, Toaster, View (Ocean), Washer / Dryer, Waterfront, Window A/C unit
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Vacation Insurance
We offer our users trip insurance policies designed for travelers going on a single trip. They can be used for flights, house rentals and a world of other trip types. We provide access to all the leading travel insurance companies to satisfy your trip insurance needs. Please consider using this insurance on trips to other countries.
Insure your vacation, Click Here


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Web Alters, Enhances Nanny-Agency Business
Firms Find Candidates, Families Speed Selection With Internet Screening
If you're casting about for a nanny, you might try using the Net.
More and more people are discovering the Web is a helpful tool for finding nannies -- and that's providing a nice boost for the agencies who are in the business of screening candidates and matching them with compatible families.
"The need for nannies grew precipitously in the mid- to late 1980s" as increasing numbers of professional women marched into...


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New Book Explores the Possibility of a 30-Year Biblical War
Author R.A. Mueller re-examines biblical history to study the possibilities of end times
VANCOUVER (PRWEB) October 30, 2015
Charlemagne was the main creator behind modern Christianity, but when one takes a closer look at the Old Testament a devious backstory comes to light.
"After not finding the answers I sought from my church, I began locking myself indoors every Sabbath and dedicating my time solely to studying the Bible," R.A. Mueller said.
Mueller's new book, "Mysterious Secrets from Behind the Veil," is the compilation of his knowledge from many years of this type of study. He focuses on the misconceptions that have been perpetuated to the masses since Charlemagne influenced the writing of the New Testament while he was the main military leader in Europe. As such Charlemagne was able to twist the holy words to suit his own message.
"Charlemagne himself was actually a reincarnate of King Saul and therefore doing the devil's work," Mueller said.
The book summarizes how modern religion has actually forced people to stray from the true path of God by being tricked into following false idols for centuries. Through biblical analysis and scriptural quotes, Mueller hopes to help everyone realize that a 30-year biblical war will begin August of 2016 that will ultimately bring our society to an end.
"This war will be God's way of reclaiming us from Charlemagne's pagan messages," Mueller said. "This war will last for 30 years to match the amount of time it took Charlemagne to impose his form of Christianity on the world."
"Mysterious Secrets From Behind the Veil"
By: R.A. Mueller
SC-Retail price: $19.95
Available at barnesandnoble.com, amazon.com and Xlibris.com
About the author
R.A. Mueller is retired living in Vancouver and continues to vigorously study the Bible to shed light on further controversies.
EDITORS: For review copies or interview requests, contact:
Spencer Hotz | 317.602.7137| shotz(at)bohlsengroup(dot)com
(When requesting a review copy, please provide street address.)
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/2015/11/prweb13055230.htm


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Costa Home Inspection understands the expense involved in purchasing real estate. An inspection may save you thousands of dollars. The information provided is critical in making a sound investment decision. Costa Home Inspection provides peace of mind for a small fee. Costa Home Inspection uses the most thorough inspection reports available. Our reports are objective and unbiased, detailing the current condition of the property. Our inspections are performed by highly qualified, professional.. inspectors.VIEW MORE »VIEW LESS »
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Architect: Ric Butt, Strine Design
For architect Ric Butt, the design was all about how to use the block, achieve the most energy efficient design possible and how the garden could be experienced from every room in the house. From his first visit, Ric could see that there was an opportunity to establish a connection between the front entry and the view through to the rear northern garden. The angled design provided two triangular spaces, a cool southern one for summer and a warm northern one for winter.
The house is not large but feels light, airy and spacious with plenty of sunlight and no wasted space. A skillion roof lifts high to the north, allowing light and sunlight in almost the full width of the house and drops away to the southern boundary creating minimal impact to the southern neighbours.
Opening high to the entire northern length of the building, a full facade of double glazing makes the open plan living spaces feel like a cinema with uninterrupted views to the constantly changing sky and garden. The eastern facade to the street is private with an experimental textured finish achieved by using crushed recycled concrete rubble also used as a finish on the back of the island bench. Other natural materials include recycled timber, steel and glass blending the house into the environment.
Beautiful houses come from great briefs, good working relationships and wonderful clients. The landscaped environment was critical to the design and was also brought into the bathrooms through the use of sandblasted screens designed by local artist Ngaio Fitzpatrick. The house has also recently been nominated as a finalist in the BPN Sustainability Awards and can be seen on the Strine website – www.strineenvironments.com.au
Builder: Strine Construction and Strine Precast
This project was an inner-city knock down and rebuild with all the usual challenges of demolition, removal, ageing services and connections, crane access, easements and setbacks. Other challenges included clay soil, sloping site, cut and fill and drainage problem including no stormwater tie common to many older suburbs including tree canopies which covered the road and we also discovered Telstra lines swung in the trees instead of poles.
The old house was deconstructed rather than demolished fairly carefully in order to retrieve the original roof timbers to be used for the handcrafted front door. It was quite challenging to pull the old roof timbers out and have them x-rayed and then re-milled. Original appliances were also reused in the new house. The owners were great and encouraged experimentation allowing us to develop the unusual recycled "distressed look" front wall of the house which is visible from the street.
Because we use our own highly insulated precast sandwich panels for thermal mass, many subcontractors commented on how pleasant the building was to work on. Even when temperatures rose above 40 degrees the house remained cool in summer, and with minus degrees in winter the house was warm to work in.
The client
When we first decided to build a new house (instead of renovate our old weatherboard house), we had two main criteria: nice temperature inside and attracting small native birds to the garden. We sketched some designs and had discussions with various building companies who all said they could build us that house and would put in lots of insulation to get a high energy star rating. When we first met Ric Butt, we got a different response.
Ric looked at our primitive and incomplete design and said "that's nice but this is what your house needs to look like". We were already aware of the 'passive solar' concept but when he drew a few simple rectangles on a piece of tracing paper, we instantly knew we had found the ideal partner to build our dream home. He never mentioned "energy rating" but talked about a constant internal temperature.
The passive solar design works. During the hottest part of the summer the house would only get to 26C but without that "air conditioning" feel to the air. Lots of ventilation at night would bring the air temperature down to 21C. Several months later during winter, as the outside temperature dropped and the sun warmed the slab, the house would get up to 24C convincing visitors that this "passive solar" thing actually works.
But the temperature is only part of the beauty. The house does not sit square on the block (to face due north) and this creates two wonderful spaces on the north and south sides. Normally one gets a couple of narrow spaces between the fence and the house but rotating the house on the block creates two triangular spaces that are much more usable. The south side is cool in the summer, has wonderful shade, and ferns happily growing. The north side is all native plants (for the birds and insects) with lots of privacy from the street.
Perhaps the best thing is just sitting on the sofa in the evening, looking out through all the glass windows, and enjoying the comfortable feeling and wonderful views into the garden. The skillion roof, light blue ceilings, and sliding glass doors make us feel like we're sitting outside and give us a great connection to our surroundings.


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Plan ahead and vote. Speak up because your ballot is your voice and you must be heard.
Tuesday, November 5 is Election Day. Polls are open for registered voters from 6 AM to 9 PM.
Election Day is a civic holiday in some states, including Delaware, Hawaii, Kentucky, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, West Virginia, and the territory of Puerto Rico. Some other states require that workers be permitted to take time off from employment without loss of pay. California Elections Code Section 14000 provides that employees otherwise unable to vote must be allowed two hours off with pay, at the beginning or end of a shift.
City government offices and City and State courts are closed. The holiday is optional for State employees. Department of Motor Vehicles and Federal offices are open. There will be mail delivery.
All public schools are closed for students, but open for staff development. Borough Enrollment Offices are closed. All other Department of Education administrative offices are open.
Alternate side parking is suspended. All other regulations, including parking meters, remain in effect.
There is no garbage or recycling collection. If Tuesday is your regular garbage day, put your garbage out after 4 PM Tuesday evening. If Tuesday is your regular recycling day, wait until next week to put your recycling out.
City Island Images is proud to offer "Front Pages" from newspapers all over the globe. They are today's chosen front pages from many cities and countries. For copyright protection, watermarks are occasionally placed on front pages that cover news events of historic significance.
Through a special agreement with more than 800 newspapers worldwide, the Newseum displays these front pages each day on its website. The front pages are in their original, unedited form, and some may contain material that is deemed objectionable to some visitors. Discretion is advised.
Anyone seeking permission to use a front page must credit the Newseum and contact the newspaper directly for permission. U.S. copyright laws apply.


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Heir to the Duke (The Duke's Sons #1) by Jane Ashford
Nathaniel Gresham, the handsome Viscount Hargove, lives a life devoted to familial duty. As his father's eldest son, Nathaniel's identity remains the "heir to the Duke of Langford." But this quiet, restrained life changes the minute he marries sweet Lady Violet Devere.
Oppressed by her family all her life, Violet is longing for her marriage vows to be spoken. Though her arranged marriage to Nathaniel was not a match made for love, they're both looking forward to the comparative freedom of married life. And Violet is determined to show Nathaniel how to enjoy it, both in and out of the bedroom.


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The media that helped give the Democrats a platform to lie incessantly in the promotion of Obamacare are now forced to point out that the Affordable Care Act might not be so affordable. Here's the latest example:
That's only going to surprise anybody who couldn't spot the inevitable before the law was even passed.
They had to pass it to find out what's in it!
Brace for another "single payer" push:
Hey, if Obamacare's a train wreck, maybe an even bigger, more comprehensive version put together by the same people will work wonderfully!
Read more: http://twitchy.com/2015/11/02/unexpectedly-effect-of-affordable-care-act-not-exactly-a-shock-for-many/


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61 Mass. teen lifers may be affected by High Court ruling
Credit: Pool
The lawyer for a Dorchester teen sentenced just last week to life without parole in the 2010 murder of an innocent boy said she plans to pursue a new trial for her client, the first of what could be many developments in the wake of the Supreme Court's ruling that mandatory life sentences for juveniles constitute cruel and unusual punishment. There are 61 people currently serving such sentences for murders they committed when they were teens, according to the state Department of Corrections, but how today's ruling may impact them is unclear. The 5-4 decision said a state's mandatory sentencing guidelines putting offenders under 18 years old in prison for life without the possibility of parole "prevents those meting out punishment from considering a juvenile's 'lessened culpability' and greater 'capacity for change,'" according to the decision delivered by Justice Elena Kagan. "We therefore hold that mandatory life without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth Amen-dment's prohibition on 'cruel and unusual punishments,'" Kagan wrote. Among those the decision could impact is Joshua Fernandes, who was sentenced on Friday for the May 2010 murder of 14-year-old Nicholas Fomby-Davis. Fernandes, who was 16 at the time of the crime, has continually denied the charges, and his lawyer Rosemary Scapicchio said today she intends to file a motion seeking a new trial. "I think this decision helps us tremendously," Scapicchio said, adding that her requests to include evidence discussing juvenile brain development were shot down before and during Fernandes' trial. She also asked a judge to consider it at Fernandes' sentencing. The Suffolk County district attorney's office since 2002 has prosecuted four cases, including that of Fernandes, that involved defendants convicted of committing murder before they were 18, according spokesman Jake Wark. The othersinclude: • Michael Jackson, who was 17 on Jan. 24, 2002, when authorities say he murdered 25-year-old Jose Lane, 25; • Kentell Weaver, who was 16 on Aug. 10, 2003, when he killed Germaine Rucker, 15; • And Charon Ray, who was 16 when he shot and killed 14-year-old Da-Keem Galloway on June 10, 2004. Wark said the state will need to amend the existing statute, but called the ruling's immediate impact "minimal," given the ruling dictates that judges must consider age and other factors in sentencing but doesn't specifically stop them from handing down a term of life without parole. "Very few juveniles were ever subject to this sentence, and those who were have no guarantee that they'll be released one day due to this ruling," Wark said. A spokeswoman with the state Parole Board said officials there are reviewing the applicable cases with the Department of Corrections, though she said she couldn't comment on what recommendations officials could make at this point.


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text: Sallust was one of the first classical historians to move beyond a dry recitation of fact to paint sharp-edged portraits of the moral and political degeneration of the Roman Republic. Sallust's abrupt and distinctive style is the perfect vehicle for his moral urgency, bitter condemnation, and satirical cynicism. William W. Batstone's new translation, which includes the fragmentary Histories, captures the severity of his Latin style. Catiline's Conspiracy describes the bloody rebellion led by the depraved and disaffected Catiline. For Sallust it was especially disturbing because of the unprecedented nature of the crime and the danger it caused. The Jugurthine War offers a graphic depiction of the war against the king of Numidia, highlighting the power struggles in Rome and the brutal battles in Africa. A wide-ranging introduction sets Sallust and his works in their turbulent historical context, and considers their achievements as both history and literature. Batstone also provides shorter introductions to each of the three works as well as comprehensive notes, an up-to-date bibliography, and maps of the Mediterranean, Italy, and Africa.


text: Jeb Blount advises many of the world's leading organizations and their executives on the impact of emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills on sales, leadership, customer experience, and strategic account management. He speaks to and delivers training to high-performing sales teams and leaders across the globe. He was recently named one of the world's 50 Most Influential Sales and Marketing Leaders and is a bestselling author of six books including People Buy YOU: The Real Secret to What Matters Most in Business and People Follow YOU: The Real Secret to What Matters Most in Leadership. As a business leader Jeb has more than 25 years of experience with Fortune 500, SMBs and start-ups. Today Jeb serves as CEO of Sales Gravy, Inc. Under Jeb's leadership Sales Gravy has become a global leader in sales enablement solutions including sales recruitment and staffing, sales on-boarding automation, custom sales training program development and delivery, and sales coaching. Sales Gravy's flagship website, SalesGravy.com, is the online sales employment niche leader in market share and the most visited sales specific website on the planet.


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Jennifer Estep Delivers New Fantasy Novels/
In Cold Burn of Magic, Book 1 of New York Times bestselling fantasy author Jennifer Estep's Black Blade series, we meet Lila, 17, who lives in the tourist town of Cloudburst Falls, WVA, also known as "the most magical place in America." Though she mostly tries to stay out of the way of the feuding family dynasties who run the town, one fateful day she finds herself having to save the very handsome, mysterious Devon Sinclair… and her world, and worldview, shifts forever.
Publisher's Weekly called the characters in Estep's series "well worth getting to know," and we agree. Here are a few you'll want to meet:
♥ Lila Merriweather. Our heroine is a secretive thief who loves shiny things — and bacon!
♥ Devon Sinclair. Our hero is the serious, loyal and always tries to do the right thing.
♥ Felix Morales. This chatterbox of a sidekick has healing magic, and he's so friendly that he's never met a stranger.
♥ Deah Draconi. The daughter of the most powerful man in town, Deah is involved with Felix… but is she friend or foe?
♥ Oscar. A pixie housekeeper who wears cowboy boots, loves country music and has a pet tortoise named Tiny.
Intrigued yet? Check out Cold Burn of Magic, and its sequel, Dark Heart of Magic, out today!


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CoCA – Feature Amazing Artist Institution
Smash Putt! is going away forever in just a few weeks and we can't stand leaving you all alone, so we want to use our last breath to tell you about some of the artists and institutions that we dearly love, that they might bring you comfort in the years to come!
CoCA, Center on Contemporary Art, is a long lived artist hub started by artists for artists back in 1980. CoCA provides forums for artists and challenges us all to do amazing work. In the last two decades we've seen CoCA events and exhibits at several locations throughout Seattle, always these locations have presented provocative art that often pushed beyond of the mold required at other galleries. It's wonderful to have an institution in Seattle that gives as much to artists that create hard-to-define and experimental work in mediums such as performance, sculpture, and machine/electronic art as much as they do with more traditional art forms.
CoCA currently has a gallery in Pioneer Square's TK building and has supported artists at all stages of their creativity with an artist in residence program, CoCA Lab, since 2014.
From March 2-4 and April 6-29, CoCA will feature its members in this year's annual Members' Show, Make America Create Again, at their Pioneer Square gallery. March dates will highlight experimental and time based artists using sound, performance and video then the April show will feature the artist members that have work hanging on walls and sitting on pedestals.
More info and an announcement of the selected members participating in the show will be on their website soon! CLICK HERE for details!
We cannot say enough about how the work presented by CoCA has influenced us as artists.
Please follow CoCA or get involved at http://www.cocaseattle.org/


text: Just ordered it. Thanks for your order, Doug E. White! Want to manage your order online? Sold by: Amazon.com, LLC 1 "Motorola DROID X Android Phone (Verizon Wireless, Phone Only, No Service)" Product Bundle; $569.99 Sold by: Amazon.com, LLC Link: http://www.amazon.com/Motorola-DROI..._1_1?ie=UTF8&s=wireless&qid=1279259852&sr=1-1 The Tech Specs are inaccurate. they are not done adding info to the page. I've been watching them update it all day. They just got the right product description added in the last couple hours.


text:
$0 CARFAX Value
No Accident or
Damage Reported
No accident or damage reported to CARFAX
CARFAX 1-Owner
Purchased on 10/14/15 and owned in TX until 10/07/17.
Personal Use
Driven an estimated 16,557 miles/year.
Service History
Last serviced at 30,152 miles in Duncanville, TX on 08/14/17 • Maintenance inspection completed • 5,000 mile service performed, Cabin air filter replaced/cleaned


text:
From the acclaimed author of Maybe One Day, Melissa Kantor, comes a poignant coming-of-age story that skillfully captures the singular experience of being a teenage girl. This beautifully woven tale will appeal to fans of Jenny Han and Sarah Dessen.
To order, please visit our website http://www.blink.com.ph/
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text:
JFK and St. Mandrew are back once again for another release on Teenage Riot Records. Face Pump was originally slated to be released last week, but they were forced to push it back due to the distributor. I'm personally loving all three tracks on the EP. The Blende remix is exactly what you'd come to expect from them and the LA Riots remix adds a lot more kick to things which really keeps you into the track.
JFK & St. Mandrew – Face Pump (LA Riots Remix) (192 kbps) (Removed by request)
1. Face Pump
2. Face Pump (LA Riots Remix)
3. Face Pump (Blende Remix)
8 Comments
Alex May 4, 2010 at 12:18 pm
ah i've been waiting for this. i checked beatport last night at midnight but it wasn't there yet. thanks, nate!
Borat May 4, 2010 at 2:47 pm
If someone has not had time to download the song available on the Zippy. My score – 7/10.
Evan May 4, 2010 at 3:34 pm
Definite improvement over their last release.
Evan May 4, 2010 at 5:17 pm
Awesome cover art, though.
Bobby May 4, 2010 at 5:34 pm
Haha knew that was coming, JFK is a stickler
GorillaBiscuit May 4, 2010 at 6:54 pm
okay just a question off topic. I'm going to rock werchter and I can see either Faithless or Crookers beceause they play at the same time. Which one would you prefer…?
dare May 4, 2010 at 7:04 pm
Personally, Crookers. I've yet to see either of them, Crookers next month tho.
kyle May 5, 2010 at 2:11 pm
la riots kill this. i'm a bit disappointed with jfk and st mandrew after how awesome beehive and towel swinger were, but at least la riots put the right touches over it.


text:
My Life Trailer (1993)
"Every moment counts." 12 November 1993 Drama, Romance 114 mins
It seems that Bob Jones has everything a man could want, namely a fulfilling job and a beautiful, pregnant wife, Gail. But Bob's life is turned upside-down when he is diagnosed with cancer and given four months to live -- not even enough time to see his first child's birth. To cleanse himself of demons in his remaining days, Bob makes a video diary, hoping to pass along some wisdom to his future child. Along the way, he discovers a lot about himself.
Watch the official My Life 1993 trailer in HD below or find more My Life videos on Vidimovie.


text:
St. Soter
Short Cuts
Author and Publisher - Catholic Online
An Italian from the Campagna, Pope/St. Soter, like Sts. Paul and Clement, wrote to the troubled church at Corinth. The pope also sent gifts to the congregation. During his tenure (c. 166-c. 174), Easter became an annual celebration. No records of his death survive, but he is remembered among the martyrs.
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It is uncertain when Saint George was born and historians continue to debate to this day. However, his death date is estimated to be April 23 303 A.D. The first piece of evidence of ... continue reading | shop
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St. Gabriel is an angel who serves as a messenger for God to certain people. He is one of the three archangels. Gabriel is mentioned in both the Old and the New Testaments of the Bible. First, in the Old Testament, Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to explain his ... continue reading
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St. Hugh of Lincoln
Hugh of Lincoln was the son of William, Lord of Avalon. He was born at Avalon Castle in Burgundy and was raised and educated at a convent at Villard-Benoit after his mother died when he was eight. He was professed at fifteen, ordained a deacon at nineteen, and was made ... continue reading
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Born Inigo Lopez de Loyola in 1491, the man known as Ignatius of Loyola entered the world in Loiola, Spain. At the time, the name of the village was spelled "Loyola," hence the discrepancy. Inigo came of age in Azpeitia, in northern Spain. Loyola is a small village at ... continue reading
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text:
payment gateway
luxury beauty brand
TOCCA Giulietta Crema da Mano Luxe-4 oz.
Housed in a beautifully decorated metal tube, TOCCA's new Crema da Mano Luxe is a paraben-free rich hand cream. Enriched with coconut oil, shea butter and aloe, these moisturizing, quick absorbing hand creams will leave your skin feeling soft, silky and delicately scented. Paraben Free. Key ingredients include: Avocado Oil, Coconut Oil, Jojoba Seed Oil, Aloe, Chamomile, and Shea Butter. The love story of Italian director Federico Fellini and Giulietta Masina comes alive in this sweet, floral scent reminiscent of their Corsican honeymoon. Sweet green apple and blooming pink tulips whisper to their never-ending love affair.
Aqua/Water/Eau, Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil, Ethylhexyl Palmitate, Vegetable Oil, Cetearyl Alcohol, Ethylhexyl Isononanoate, Polysorbate 60, Phenoxyethanol, Isocetyl Stearate, Steareth-2, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Carbomer, Ethylhexylglycerin, Parfum, Sodium Hydroxide, Disodium EDTA, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter), Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil, Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil, Limonene, BHT, Hexyl Cinnamal, Amyl Cinnamal, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Sodium Hyaluronate, Benzyl Benzoa
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text:
Smoking any kind of cigarette can harm your health. Everyone knows that, right?
Apparently not.
Research published Tuesday in the journal Addiction found that about a fifth of 8,243 smokers from Australia, Britain, Canada and the United States believed that "some cigarette brands could be less harmful than others." That's actually not the case. And guess which nations' smokers got it wrong most often? The U.S. and Britain.
Cigarette makers used to designate some of their products as "light," "mild" or "low-tar," terms that gave the false impression that these cigarettes were more healthful than others.
But those terms aren't allowed in cigarette marketing any more. They've been replaced with terms such as "silver," "gold" and "slim," and those concepts are played out on the package designs.
But a slim cigarette, or a gold or silver one, is a cigarette just the same.
Do you think cigarette packages should be further regulated so they don't feature any misleading descriptors? Or do you think this boils down to "buyer beware"?


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Spending too much time on line finally pays off
It started with a seemingly casual Geekzone message from Mauricio (freitasm) asking what handset I was using and which carrier. I assumed, wrongly, that he was about to ask for some advice about Android phones from a fellow Geekzone inhabitant. Instead, I won the lottery.
That's what it felt like, although in truth, never having won Lotto or anything like it, I could only imagine what a lottery win feels like. But it was a very pleasant feeling.
I get to play for several weeks with the Telecom New Zealand supplied HTC Sensation, the company's finest handset to date. And the only stipulation is that I use it, really use it, and report honestly on the experience. And what's more, if I like it, I get to keep it.
Well, duh...
The arrival
It arrived a week ago as I write this. Some days later than I had hoped actually, leading to much anticipation, excitement and expectation. I was at work when I got the message that the courier had delivered it, and 20 minutes later I was home and preparing for the unboxing ritual.
It's a well established tradition that unboxings are accompanied by photographing the event for the likes of blog readers such as me and yourselves, and so it was as evidenced by the images you see here. And I apologise for their quality as it was a quickie shoot before getting back to the office for the rest of the new smartphone ritual.
The charging
I decided early on that I'd give the phone the best possible chance at a decent battery endurance by charging it until it would practically groan under the strain of all those ergs before running it down to complete depletion. Then, popular wisdom suggests, the trick is to fully charge once more before turning it back on.
This I duly did while resisting with great difficulty the urge to fire it up. But my will was unbroken. The "Battery Conditioning Juju" was complete, with its electron rich bounty assured for eternity.
Well... more on that later.
The playing
To say that the HTC Sensation is a nice piece of kit is a little like saying that Megan Fox is cute. Its aesthetics are basically unequalled in the smartphone arena. The hardware is easy on the eye and sensuous in the hand. If you haven't held one, you are missing a treat. It weighs fractionally more than my Galaxy S, is a couple of mm wider, longer and thicker, yet it feels as sleek and organic as any gadget a male is likely to encounter.
There's an oleophobic coating on the screen that's at least the equal of my Galaxy, a non-slip finish on the device's back that shames the Samsung, and its screen is freakin' huge! With its 540x960 pixel 4.3" display, there's heaps of screen real estate for apps and menus and such. In comparison, the Galaxy's beautiful AMOLED display seems kind of "dinky".
But size isn't everything, as we blokes are inclined to claim, and as we'll see later.
Doing what phones do
We make calls on them - at least some of us do - so it seems fitting that I pay some attention to that aspect of the review (or rather, the blog). First, this phone is a Telecom New Zealand exclusive. By that, I mean that the only 'official' retail channel is through Telecom retail. So I also have the opportunity to compare the Telecom XT network to Vodafone's offering. The testing is ongoing, and there will likely be no fair way to compare directly, but that's never stopped me before!
I will say now that the clarity of voice calls is a wash - both networks seem to be delivering high quality audio on their 3G services as tested so far. I aim to put them both under duress to see if there're any weaknesses, dropped calls, black holes, you know the drill. But mostly, I need to know how the 3G/HSDPA data speed and reliability compares (this is a smartphone after all) and I'll be comparing value for money in plans as well.
Hear that carriers? You have been warned!
So, what do I think?
It's really impressive. Like others with an interest in the device, I've done my share of checking the online reviews, and I've come to the conclusion that this phone polarises opinion somewhat. There are those whose interests lie in out-and-out performance, while others are seduced by the HTC Sensation's whole experience. That's more than just a function of the hardware and the firmware - it's also tied to the pleasure delivered by the included software, the user interface and the network itself.
And here, as with other exciting new hardware entrants, it's not always what you'd expect, and often eye-opening. Blog posts from my fellow testers will doubtless demonstrate a quite different emphasis on certain things and we will surely disagree on numerous points.
But that's what this blog is about. Real people. Real lives. Real results.
Coming up next
It would be like reading an encyclopaedia in a single sitting if we were to try to cram too much into each post, so bite sized chunks would be prudent I think. For that reason, I'll be focussing on one particular facet of the HTC Sensation in each post, and the post will be in as much depth as it needs to demonstrate a point, and no more. You won't need a Bachelor of Geekosity degree with a Major in Obscure Jargon to read it, but it hopefully won't bore the pants off the true geeks among us either.
And in that spirit, my first real post will be to have a decent squiz at the HTC Sensation's beautiful display and in doing so, compare it to the Galaxy S's own. I look forward to bringing it to you in a couple of days.
About the author:
Andy (ArtooDetoo) may be a relative noob in comparison to his fellow HTC Sensation testers, being merely an "Ultimate Geek" in Geekzone, but it hasn't prevented him from commenting at length on numerous topics and forums, with a prolific presence in the Geekzone 'Android' area.
An advertising creative in his day job, he also possesses a passion for tech stuff - software and hardware - and besides having a number of gadgets to keep him interested, he also has a background in software development.
These attributes should at least give him the kind of analytical slant to temper opinion with reason. He and his fellow Telecom Ambassadors have already been hard at work testing and benchmarking so you'll get all the info without the effort. At least, that's the theory. Judge for yourselves.
Other related posts:
HTC Watch on HTC Sensation in New Zealand
HTC Sensation: The Story So Far
Testing mobile data speeds with HTC Sensation
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text:
Statement by Senate Republican Leader Dean Skelos
In two years Senate Democrats increased state spending by $14 billion, passed two unbalanced budgets and drove up the state deficit, now they are leaving Albany without dealing with the fiscal mess they created. This irresponsible lack of action will only push the state's budget problems to another day and once again shows their disdain for taxpayers.
Governor Paterson called this special session first and foremost to deal with the budget deficit. Unfortunately, the Democrats chose to leave town without bringing any budget cuts to the floor for a vote.
Senate Republicans recognize the urgent need to cut spending and begin getting New York's fiscal house in order. We were ready to act today to cut spending, but we were excluded from negotiations.
Come January, Senate Republicans will be in the Majority and we will work with the new Governor to address the state's budget problems, not run away from them.


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Results 1 to 2 of 2
Thread: Dot Net and Me
09-12-04, 15:13 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Nov 2003
- Location
- Sussex, England
- Posts
- 404
Dot Net and Me
As I seem to have the forum to myself at the moment I thought I'd start a new thread.
I have been wrestling with .net for a few weeks now and find it utterly utterly c**p to use.
Whatever happened the the ease of use of vb6 for heavens sake. Remember how easy it was to populate a list box, and get suff out of it! Try binding a list box to well anything and half the time the display member doesn't bind and when it does it either shows notheing or something helpful like Sysem.DataRow.
I could go on an on and on but surely I'm not the only one who finds this product a huge sea change in the wrong direction?
09-12-04, 20:31 #2Registered User
- Join Date
- Nov 2003
- Location
- Christchurch, New Zealand
- Posts
- 1,619
.Net is a massive change I'll agree. In the wrong direction though? I'm not so sure about that. the amount that you can now achieve with the language is amazing but it also means that you need to know more to achieve it.
There are so many different ways of achieving the same things in .Net that a lot of people get very confused. Especially when only having experience in ASP.