text:
The flight
Go (0870 6076543, www.go-fly.com) flies from Stansted up to three times a day from £48 return, including taxes. The Airbus to the city centre is £5 one way or £8 return. Taxis cost £21.
|All alight: Belfast City Hall sparkles with Christmas decorations
The hotels
(Prices are for a double room in January with breakfast)
£240 Previously a bishop's palace, the Culloden Hotel, built in the 1800s, is probably Belfast's most beautiful hotel. Although it is six miles from the centre, this is more than compensated for by the fact that the grounds overlook Belfast Lough and the period decor and furnishings are spirit-liftingly elegant.
Culloden Hotel, 142 Bangor Road (02890 425223)
£84 Immerse yourself in Victoriana in this cosy townhouse off Lisburn Road. Although the facilities are modern, the interiors haven't altered drastically since the house was owned by Thomas Edwards - the man who designed the Titanic. The owners, Sam and Evelyn Hazlett, used to be restaurateurs and there is a choice of nine different breakfasts - the mushrooms in sherry and cream are sublime.
Ash-Rowan Guest House, 12 Windsor Avenue (02890 661758)
£22-£40 The district surrounding Queens University is the best place to look for good b & bs, particularly on Malone Road, Botanic Avenue and Eglantine Avenue. The Belfast Welcome Centre (02890 246609) can help you find one.
The restaurants
(Prices are for a meal for two including drinks)
£60 Cayenne, previously known and loved as Roscoff, but revamped to reflect a more global approach to food, is the most exciting place to eat in Belfast. Paul and Jeanne Rankin (of Ready Steady Cook) serve a mixture of inventive new recipes such as risotto with Thai green curry and perfect versions of classic dishes such as duck confit and crème brûlée.
Cayenne, 7 Lesley House, Shaftesbury Square (02890 331532)
£24 Nick's Warehouse is a "Taste of Ulster" restaurant, a voluntary registration scheme that means they have a commitment to using local produce. Suppliers include a "rare pig lady" and a Dundrum crab picker. Its lunchtime salads and meat-and-mash combos are excellent. Read the pudding menu before you order, because you might want to leave space for the orange pannacotta with caramelised oranges.
Nick's Warehouse, 35-39 Hill Street (02890 439690; www.nickswarehouse.co.uk)
£10 The Ulster Fry is Belfast's version of the all-day breakfast. What elevates it above an ordinary fry-up is soda bread, a Northern Irish speciality. The Mad Hatter serves huge slices of it and potato bread with grilled sausages and thick rashers of bacon.
Mad Hatter, 2 Eglantine Avenue (02890 683461)
The big night out
Start with pre-theatre dinner at Cayenne (as above) or the Michelin-starred Restaurant Michael Deane (02890 331134). Then take in a show in the Opera House, Lyric Theatre or Waterfront Hall. Check what's on with the Belfast Welcome Centre. Finish up with live music (traditional, jazz, etc) at Robinsons on Victoria Street (02890 247447), recently voted Northern Ireland's Music Pub of the Year and which doesn't close until 1am. For traditional music, there is the Kitchen Bar on Victoria Square (02890 324901), which dates from 1859. At weekends, the Scottish and Irish music goes on until 1.30am or "longer if the craic is good".
The classic sight
Plunge yourself into the deep end of Belfast culture by going to see the political murals. Belfast City Tours (0800 052 3914) do entertaining and information-laden black-cab tours of the Falls and Shankill roads. There are frequent photo stops so that you can admire the hand-painted murals with their bold colourful graphics and passionate slogans. Tourists are not unwelcome in these parts, but check with your driver which pubs you may visit as it differs depending on your accent. Don't be surprised if schoolgirls attempt to jump into your taxi. On these roads, the black cabs operate a kind of bus service, taking locals short distances. These operate even during roadblocks and other crises. Cost for a two-hour tour is £20 for two people.
The alternative sight
Sinclair Seamen's Presbyterian Church is a treat if you like boats. The bright blue pulpit is in the shape of a ship's prow, collection boxes are lifeboats and the font is a ship's binnacle (or compass house). Stained-glass windows and paintings continue the maritime theme.
Sinclair Seamen's Church, Corporation Square, off Donegall Quay
The shops
£595 is the price of a custom-made woman's wool suit from Clark & Dawe on Lisburn Road, Belfast's designer shopping district. Tailored shirts are £75.
Clarke & Dawe, 485 Lisburn Road (02890 668228)
£75 will buy you an Irish linen throw, trimmed in velvet by the designer Larissa Watson-Regan from the Natural Interior. It also stocks her vividly coloured wall panels and cushions.
Natural Interior, 51 Dublin Road (02890 242656)
£15 pays for a Pocket Politician, a 12in-high papier-mache puppet. Choose between Mo Mowlam, Tony Blair or Bill Clinton and other peace-process players. If you have £175 to spare, you can buy a custom-made puppet of a celebrity, sports star or even yourself.
Open Window Productions, Unit 25, Smithfields Market (02890 329669)
The guidebook
Guidebooks on Belfast are rare, but fortunately the Insight Compact Guide is a little gem. It deals briskly with the practicalities and then lingers lovingly on walks around the city and excursions from it. It is available at the special price of £3.99 from our retail partner, Amazon. Click here to order a copy online.
The Belfast Welcome Centre will sell you Where to Sleep (£3.99) and Where to Eat (£2.99). Or grab the Belfast City Visitor Guide and A Taste of Ulster for free in the arrivals hall at the airport.
What's on when
The Waterfront Hall and the Opera House attract big names all year round. In 2001, the line-up includes the Russian Ballet of St Petersburg dancing The Nutcracker, the Ulster Orchestra, Kiri Te Kanawa and Westlife. For more detailed information, contact the Belfast Welcome Centre.
The walk
Judy Crawford of Bailey's Historical Pub Walks (02892 683665) organises lively two-and-a-half-hour treks around Belfast's best pubs (£5 and whatever you want to spend on drinks). The tour starts in the glorious high-Victorian Crown Liquor Saloon. The gas-lit interior with its distinctive tiling and snugs with doors you can shut for complete privacy have made numerous film and television appearances, most recently in Cold Feet. Judy will give you as much or as little information as you want on this cultural pub crawl. Between one drinking hole and the next, it takes in numerous sights you will want to revisit in your own time, notably the City Hall, which runs free tours of the elaborate turn-of-the-century interior, the "Big Fish" sculpture on Donegall Quay and Waterfront Hall.


text:
HONG Kong shares have tumbled 1.72 per cent on concerns the US Federal Reserve will wind up its huge monetary easing program sooner than expected.
The benchmark Hang Seng Index shed 400.74 points to 22,906.67 on turnover of HK$81.14 billion ($A10.27 billion).
Minutes from the Fed's most recent policy board meeting showed some members were in favour of cutting short the $USA85 billion-a-month bond-buying introduced last year to support the economy and which has helped lift global shares.
A number of board members said an ongoing evaluation of the easing "might well lead the committee to taper or end its purchases before it judged that a substantial improvement in the outlook for the labour market had occurred", according to the minutes.
On Wall Street the Dow fell 0.77 per cent and the S&P 500 lost 1.24 per cent, with both markets having closed at more than five-year highs on Tuesday. The Nasdaq dropped 1.53 per cent.
In Hong Kong property stocks fell on fears finance secretary John Tsang will announce further tightening measures in his budget on Wednesday.
New World Development dropped 2.5 per cent to HK$13.38 and Sino Land fell 1.7 per cent to HK$13.74.
Commodity stocks were also hurt by news of a possible scaling back in US monetary easing.
Chalco fell 2.5 per cent to HK$3.46 and Shenhua Energy declined 2.2 per cent to HK$29.35.
Mainland footwear retailer Belle International slumped 16.8 per cent to HK$15.28 after saying it will only see slight net profit growth in 2012.
Chinese shares lost 2.97 per cent. The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index fell 2.97 per cent, or 71.23 points, to 2,325.95 on turnover of 126.6 billion yuan.
Developers were reportedly hit after China's State Council, or cabinet, said late on Wednesday it would continue to strictly implement property control measures and expand property taxes to keep home prices in check.
"The State Council's comments on the property market hurt investor confidence, while profit-taking in banking stocks also dragged the index lower," Haitong Securities analyst Zhang Qi told AFP.
Among developers Zhejiang Dongri lost 5.00 per cent to 9.89 yuan while China Enterprise dropped 2.61 per cent to 5.22 yuan.
And China Minsheng Banking fell 5.97 per cent to 9.77 yuan and China Everbright Bank fell 4.65 per cent to 3.28 yuan.
Resources stocks eased on weak commodity prices caused by the Fed fears. Shanxi Coal International Energy slumped 6.47 per cent to 19.37 yuan, Jiangxi Copper dropped 5.92 per cent to 24.32 yuan and Xiamen Tungsten lost 4.70 per cent to 37.91 yuan.
Originally published as Hong Kong stocks slide 1.72%

subset: commoncrawl


text:
United States Vice President Joe Biden said the government has won its gamble on the US auto industry. "We bet on American ingenuity, we bet on you and we won," he remarked at the Detroit auto show. Biden's visit to the show came as the U.S. Treasury recently completed selling its entire stake in General Motors Co., thereby ending so-called "Government Motors" era that followed when the federal bailed out the carmaker.
Chrysler was also a beneficiary of the bailout. According to Biden, the vehicles exhibited at the 2014 show reflect the sacrifices made during the auto industry's restructuring in the recession, Biden said. Truly, the 2014 Detroit Auto Show today is a different place than five years ago when the Detroit 3 – GM, Ford and Chrysler – were struggling to survive.
Back then, GM and Chrysler had to be bailed out by the federal government and undergo bankruptcy reorganization. Ford, on the other, barely escaped bankruptcy but had to undergo a painful restructuring.
"What a difference five years makes," Biden remarked at the show. "Everything from the mood here at this auto show in 2009 to what you faced back then -- literally the likely collapse of the automobile industry."
After his speech, Biden had a tour of the show floor, meeting with new GM chief executive Mary Barra, Ford Motor Co. Executive Chairman Bill Ford and Chrysler-Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne. Biden then sat in a redesigned Chrysler 200 mid-size sedan and in a Ford F-150 and smiled at the new Ford Mustang.


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After volunteering at the Little Princes Children's Home in the village of Godawari in 2004, Conor Grennan eventually returned to Nepal to launch Next Generation Nepal (NGN), a nonprofit organization dedicated to reconnecting trafficked children with their families. He resides in Connecticut with his wife and two children.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 9, 2003
|Filing date
|Nov 19, 1998
|Priority date
|Nov 21, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Anders Eriksson, Christian Gehrmann
|Original Assignee
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson(Publ)
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (33), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (43), Classifications (35), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the field of resource reservation, and in particular to a method of controlling access to a communications network, and to components of a network using such a method.
The Internet is a communications network which is becoming widely available. The Internet provides a "best effort" bearer service. That is, the user receives the best service available at the time he requests it, but no commitments are given to the user in terms of available bandwidth, transit delay, or packet loss. The Internet is particularly useful in data communications applications, but is of limited use for telecommunications applications which require guaranteed bandwidth availability, and specify maximum values for the transit delay and loss of data. The Internet cannot usually guarantee the required quality of service.
One conventional way of achieving resource reservation, to be able to provide a required quality of service commitment, is to use connection states to store information in the network nodes about bandwidth, buffer parameters, connection identity and status. However, an advantage of the Internet is that it is a connectionless network, which therefore cannot use this technique without sacrificing the simplicity of the Internet.
One conventional way of achieving bearer service differentiation, in a connectionless network, is to use a set of priority bits in the packet header. However, in a public connectionless network, it is still necessary to control how many connections use the highest available priority. If every connection uses the highest available priority, the network can still in effect only offer a best effort service to the users.
A problem remains, therefore, as to how to control admission to the network.
The present invention seeks to solve the problem of achieving admission control and resource reservation in a connectionless network.
According to the invention, each transmission by a user across the network includes a message sent to the user from the network. The message includes information about the priority level of the transmission, based on the user's contract with the network provider, and can subsequently be extracted by the network to determine how to handle the transmission.
Thus, rather than rely on the network being able to detect the status of the connection, the relevant information is transmitted by the user with the data transmission, and can be extracted by the network as required.
In preferred embodiments, this information can be used for admission control and for routing purposes.
For a better understanding of the present invention, and to show how it may be brought into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a network in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates the flow of signalling messages in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart indicating the steps taken in a method in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of an admission control procedure in accordance with one aspect of the invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates a ticket protocol in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
FIG. 6 illustrates a network operating in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates a network operating in accordance with another aspect of the invention.
FIG. 1 represents a network in accordance with the invention. In FIG. 1, a user at terminal A intends to send a message, in the form of data packets, to terminal B across the Internet. The Internet includes a large number of nodes, of which only a small number are shown in FIG. 1. These are designated real-time routers RR, while the node to which the terminal A is connected is designated the access router AR.
In accordance with preferred aspects of the invention, each node in the network, including users who may wish to send or receive data packets, has an internal clock. The clock at each node is used to measure time slots of size T0 seconds, where T0 is an arbitrary period of perhaps several seconds, chosen to be reliably greater than the maximum network transport delay. The nodes and terminals are synchronized to the network clock reference.
As described herein, it is assumed that the network is able to support resource reservation from end to end. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is equally applicable when resource reservation is only available over a specific network domain, covering only a part of the end to end path. In such a case, the reservation protocol is terminated by the routers at the edges of that network domain.
Resource reservation for a user data flow may be supported by different types of reservation protocols along the end-to-end path of the flow. For example, the protocol according to an aspect of the invention may be used over a specific network domain, covering only a part of the end-to-end path. An interworking function is then needed between the network domain supporting the protocol according to the invention and adjacent network domains using other types of reservation protocols. As a special case, an arbitrary type of reservation protocol can be used for the signalling between the user and the access node, while the network internal signalling is performed with the protocol according to the invention. The interworking function between the two types of reservation protocol is then located in the access node.
Although the invention is described herein with reference to the Internet, it is applicable to any connectionless packet network, whether public or private.
In accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention, the sender has a traffic contract with its network provider, under which a particular quality of service is guaranteed. This allows the network provider to offer service differentiation to users. Thus, users who are prepared to pay higher charges are able to guarantee access to higher bandwidths, or higher priority traffic handling.
The flow of signalling messages during a data transmission will now be described with reference to FIG. 2, while the steps taken in the access router AR will be described with reference to the flow chart of FIG. 3.
When the sender wishes to initiate a data transmission, a user resource reservation request REQ-U is sent from the terminal A at point P1 in FIG. 2, and received at the access router AR in step 1 of the method of FIG. 3. The resource reservation request specifies the required bandwidth for the transmission, the required traffic class, the source address and the destination address. These parameters are thus set for the duration of the transmission at this stage.
In step 2 of the method, it is determined at the access router AR whether the resource reservation request passes the admission control. This admission control is performed in a way which is described in more detail below. If the resource reservation request does not pass the admission control, the request is denied.
As described in more detail below, the information needed for admission control is not stored in the network on a per connection basis, but can be extracted by the network as required from messages associated with every transmission which gains access to the network. Thus, these messages must contain all information which is necessary to allow the network nodes to perform admission control and policing of the transmission as required.
If the resource reservation request passes the admission control, the method passes to step 3 at point P2. Here, the access router AR sends a network resource reservation request REQ-N across the Internet to the terminal B. Each node in the transmission path can perform resource reservation and admission control. For example, at point P3, admission control is carried out by the node RR. If the required bandwidth is available across the network, an acknowledgement ACK is sent from the terminal B to the access router AR at point P4, and received in step 4 of the method.
Following receipt by the access router AR of the acknowledgement message ACK, required information about the state of the connection is passed from the network to the user A at point P5 and in step 5 of the method. Specifically, information about the resources allocated to the connection, and other connection parameters (for example those specified in the traffic contract) is sent from the access router AR to the sender A in a ticket message M1. The information in the ticket message M1 is preferably protected by a digital signature, to prevent its alteration by the user A.
The calculation of the digital signature is described in more detail below.
The ticket message has a function which is similar in some ways to the priority bits which can be added to a packet header before transmission across a connectionless network. However, the ticket message used in accordance with the invention is determined by the network itself, so that it becomes possible to ensure that users receive a service which is in accordance with their quality of service guarantees, and ensures that users cannot reserve high priority resources which go beyond those guaranteed.
In one embodiment, the user must still set priority bits in a conventional way, but the ticket message, determined by the network and transmitted by the user with the data flow, states which priority levels may validly be set by the user for a particular data flow.
As discussed in more detail below, the ticket message T1, sent in step 5 of the method shown in FIG. 3, is sent at time T0, and is valid for the time slot of duration T0 from T0 until T1. Moreover, as will be described in more detail below, the ticket also allows the node A to reserve bandwidth for the subsequent time slot, namely from T1 until T2. The reason for this will be described in more detail below with reference to the admission control which is performed at the node AR.
On receipt of the ticket message M1, the sender A, at point P6 in FIG. 2, sends a data packet, together with the ticket message M1.
At point P7 in FIG. 2, and in step 7 of the method, the node AR is now able to police the data packet, by confirming that it complies with the original request REQ-U, in respect of which the ticket message M1 was issued.
Assuming that the data packet does comply with the requirements specified in the ticket message, it is transmitted in step 8 of the method to the subsequent node RR, and hence to the receiving terminal B.
At point P8 in FIG. 8, the receiving terminal B sends an acknowledgement message ACK, which is returned to the access node AR, and received in step 9 of the method.
At point P9 in FIG. 2, and in step 10 of the method, a further ticket message M2 is then returned to the sending terminal A. This ticket message M2 is valid for the time slot from time T1 until T2, and effectively reserves band width for the subsequent time slot from time T2 until T3, as discussed above with reference to the message M1.
The process then cycles until such time as the sending terminal A has completed transmission. Thus, in step 11 of the method, a further data packet containing the ticket message M2 is received at the node AR.
The method for performing admission control at a network node will now be described in more detail. In accordance with the invention, admission control is performed in each node of the network. Admission control is carried out on the basis of policy rules (for example, does the sender have a service contract which allows him to send a specific message type to a particular destination at a particular time), and on the basis of availability of resources. Admission control on the basis of policy rules is carried out in a conventional way, while admission control on the basis of availability of resources is described further herein.
As mentioned above, each node in the network has an internal clock, which works on the basis of time slots of length T0.
In one embodiment, the phase of the periodical transmission of ticket messages from terminals is synchronised to a common reference, and the beginnings of the time intervals within the network nodes are synchronised to the same reference. Moreover, the time slot length T0 is chosen to be longer than the worst case network transport delay. In this way, all tickets can be transmitted at times which guarantee that they arrive at network nodes at a safe distance from the edges of any time slot, thus ensuring that the tickets will be received within the intended time slot. It is this situation which is illustrated in FIG. 2.
However, in an alternative embodiment, the clocks in the different nodes need not be synchronised.
As described above, a ticket message issued from an access router to a sending terminal, comprises in effect a permission to transmit a packet with a specific band width at priority level until the ticket expires. The ticket is typically valid for one time slot, which may for example have a duration of a few seconds. In the event that the user wishes to transmit data for a longer period, it is undesirable to force that user to make a completely new reservation request, with the associated risk that the request would be denied if resources were unavailable. Rather, in accordance with the invention, a user having an established reservation has a higher priority, when renewing that reservation, than a user requesting a new reservation.
Thus, as described above with reference to FIG. 2, each ticket message M1, M2, M3, transmitted from the access router AR to the sending terminal A is itself valid for a current time period in order to prove that resources have been reserved for that time period, but is also valid to make a resource reservation for the immediately subsequent time slot.
When the sending or receiving terminal wishes to terminate the reservation, a received ticket message can simply be discarded, and not returned to the access router. The loop is thus broken, and no new tickets are issued. The links along the path from sending terminal to receiving terminal will then calculate a decrease in the reserved bandwidth, and will thus be able to allocate more bandwidth for new resource reservations.
Alternatively, if a sending terminal wishes to release bandwidth which has been reserved, it can send a release ticket message to the access router at any time.
In addition, if, for any reason, a sending terminal does not receive a new ticket at an expected time, it transmits with its next packet of data a non-acknowledged ("NACK") ticket message in its place. This ticket NACK contains exactly the same information as the previously transmitted ticket. For the purposes of bandwidth reservation, one such non-acknowledged ticket message NACK can be treated as a valid renewal request.
We can define an admission decision rule for the nodes in the network. Assume that a node gets a request for bandwidth Br on a link during time slot tn, i.e., it is necessary to decide whether to admit the flow for time slot tn. The admission decision is made on the basis that:
Bmax is the maximum bandwidth that can be supported on the link.
Ba(tn) is the total new bandwidth admitted on the link for time slot tn.
Breq(tn) is the requested and admitted bandwidth so far on the link for time slot tn.
Brel(tn) is the bandwidth on the link released so far for time slot tn.
Thus, the decision rule only depends on the internal time intervals within the nodes and the decision rule is the same, independent of whether the network is synchronised or not. Furthermore, this rule gives a "yes" if and only if indeed the requested bandwidth can be supported by the link.
Thus, the node stores link states, each containing the aggregate reserved bandwidth on a link, but does not store the reserved bandwidth allocated to a particular connection, although it can obtain this information from a ticket message sent on the connection.
Then, let
and let
We update Ba at the end of time slot tn as:
Bm(tn) is the bandwidth on the link measured from the "renew" and "NACK" tickets during time slot tn.
Bnack(tn) is the total bandwidth on the link from "NACK" tickets during time slot tn.
The result is that, if a sender stops sending tickets and there are no lost tickets deeper in the network, the bandwidth is released after two internal time intervals in all the nodes. This works independent of the clocks of the different nodes.
The reason for using max(0,BΔ(tn−1)−Bnack(tn)) to update Ba(tn+1) instead of just BΔ(tn−1)−Bnack(tn), is that if some bandwidth measured at the node is associated to a ticket which is lost deeper in the network, BΔ(tn−1)−B nack(tn) might be greater than zero. If this is the case we should obviously not reserve more bandwidth than we already have reserved.
This form of admission control is illustrated graphically in FIG. 4.
In the example of FIG. 4 the vertical axis represents the current estimate of the admitted bandwidth, while the horizontal axis is the time axis. The time at the particular node is divided into slots, as previously discussed, with the end points of the slots being designated T0, T1, T2, and so on. Thus, in FIG. 4, each rectangle represents a reservation or reservation request, with the height thereof representing the bandwidth required. White rectangles represent reservation requests, while shaded boxes represent allocated tickets which reserve bandwidth during a particular time slot.
Thus, in FIG. 4, at point tA, a bandwidth reservation request is received, and this remains valid for the time until T0, and for the whole of the subsequent time slot until T1. At time tB, a second reservation request is received, and this remains valid until the next end point T1, and for the whole of the subsequent time slot until time T2. A third reservation request is received at time tC, and, at each of these points, the estimate of admitted bandwidth is updated to include bandwidths requested in the most recently received reservation request.
At time tD, a fourth reservation request is admitted, but the required bandwidth therefor is such that, to admit that flow would result in the estimate of admitted bandwidths exceeding the maximum bandwidth for that particular traffic class. Thus, the fourth reservation request is not admitted.
At end point T1, the ticket issued in respect of reservation request A becomes valid, and so, for the time slot from T1 until T2, the bandwidth estimate is based on the bandwidth allocated by that ticket, and by the reservation request B and C.
During the time slot from T2 until T3, tickets for the three flows A, B and C are all valid. At time T3 ticket loop A stops, and so the estimate of admitted bandwidths falls. Similarly, at time T4, ticket loop C stops, and the estimate of admitted bandwidth falls again. Finally, at time T5, ticket loop B stops, and the estimate of admitted bandwidth falls to zero.
The discussion of admission control above has been on the basis that the network nodes are synchronised. However, as previously mentioned, the method and apparatus of the present invention may allow the use of a non-synchronised network, by an appropriate modification of the ticket messages. To achieve this, each node in the network works with internal time slots which are alternately designated "0" and "1". When a node receives a ticket request, it then includes in the ticket a synchronisation bit which corresponds to the designation of the time slot in which the ticket request has been received. This ensures that, although the different nodes in the network are not synchronised with each other, it is always possible to deduce the time slot in which a request has been received. The lack of synchronisation may mean that it is otherwise not possible to tell in which of two adjacent time slots a request has been received, but the synchronisation bit will always allow that distinction to be made.
If a resource reservation request is allowed, that is, it passes the admission control, a ticket is issued as mentioned above.
The ticket protocol, defining the form of the ticket, will now be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 5. As will be apparent, the ticket needs to include source and destination addresses and an indication of priority in the IP-header, but must also contain other relevant information, which is preferably set out in a format as shown in FIG. 5, and as described below.
Counter 8 bits wide. A counter filed initialized to zero and incremented at each node where a synchronisation bit is used. This field is used for the nodes to find the correct synchronization bit.
Length 8 bits wide. The length of the Authentication data field in 32 bit words.
Signal 8 bits wide. Information of type of ticket message.
Synchronization bits 40 bits wide. The synchronisation bits used by the nodes. This implies that a maximum of 40 admission nodes can be used for a non synchronised network.
Bandwidth 32 bits wide. The reserved bandwidth over the link.
Authentication data. The length of this field is variable, but is always an integral number of 32-bit words.
If only the access node uses the authentication data it would be convenient to only use a 32-bit authentication data field. If more nodes will use authentication data for the digital signature, we suggest that the authentication data field should be used as a stock where each node which uses an authentication data field either add or remove the authentication data from the stock. A default length of an authentication tag should be 32 bits.
A method for calculating the digital ticket signatures is now described. As mentioned above, all the nodes in the network have internal time slots, and successive time slots of the access node are designated as t1, t2, t3, t4, . . . Each slot has a duration of time T0.
Each node, which wants to be able to put a signature to a ticket, holds one general key and one series of time keys. The series of time keys is generated and kept internally within the node, and never transmitted to any location outside the node. The general key is denoted by k and the time dependent keys by k1, k2, k3, k4, . . . , where each time interval tn is associated with a specific key kn. The parts of the ticket message to be protected are denoted by m, and the ticket signature associated with this ticket message by sm. Thus, an authenticated ticket message issued by a real time node at slot tn consists of m concatenated with sm, i.e., [m, sm]n. To sign a ticket message which arrives at the node time interval tn we use the keys k and kn+1 to sign the ticket message m. Let f be the signing function, thus,
The signing function f can be chosen using the authentication method proposed in J. L. Carter and M. N. Wegman, "New hash functions and their use in authentication and set equality", Journal of Computer and System Sciences, vol. 22, pp. 265-279, 1981 or B. den Boer, "A simple and key-economical unconditionally secure authentication scheme", Journal of Computer Security, vol. 2, pp.65-71, 1993, and T. Johansson, G. Kabatianskii and B. Smeets, "On the relation between A-codes and codes correcting independent errors", Proceedings of Eurocrypt '93, LNCS 765, Springer-Verlag, pp.1-11, 1993. The latter method is briefly described below.
Assume that we can rewrite m in the following way m=(m1, m2, . . . , mn), where each mi ε CF(2r), i.e., an element in the finite field consisting of r bits. If m not is a precise multiple of r bits we may assume that we pad 0 bits to m such that the length equals a multiple of r. Furthermore, assume that k1, kn+1 ε GF(2r). Now, we use the following formula to calculate sm ε GF(2r):
This gives a probability for anyone, who only observes one signature signed with kn, to succeed in changing m without detection by the access node, of:
independent of the computing power of the adversary.
To verify a ticket signature at time period n, the node uses the keys k and kn to verify the signature according to the formula above, i.e., it uses the present key to check a signature and the key for the next slot for calculating a new ticket signature. The key to be used is determined by the slot at which a ticket arrives downstream at a node. Thus, in the case when the network nodes are not synchronised when the access node puts its signature to the ticket before forwarding it to the sender, it has to use the synchronisation bit to be able to determine the correct key for calculating the signature, i.e., the key corresponding to the slot time T0 from when the ticket first arrived at the access node. The access node may preferably protect the source and destination addresses in the IP-header and all ticket fields except the signal field. Nodes deeper in the network which want to authenticate the ticket should protect the source and destination addresses and the reserved bandwidth.
Thus, the use of a signature generated using a key which is unique to a particular time slot allows the node to verify that a received ticket has validly been issued in respect of the time slot in which it is received.
Incidentally, since the source might not have a perfect clock, and due to the transmission delay, the access node should preferably accept signatures calculated both with key kn and kn+1 around the transition from time interval tn to tn+1.
In accordance with aspects of the invention, the use of ticket messages can also allow management of traffic flows in the event that a route from sender to receiver must be changed. A node within a network has a routing table, which determines the output post to which traffic for a particular destination must be sent. The routing tables are updated quite frequently, for example due to routine traffic management procedures, a change in the network topology, or a link failure.
In a connectionless network a router immediately re-routes all the traffic related to a specific entry in the routing table when that entry is updated. This works for best effort traffic but is not allowed for already established connections with reserved resources, which first must pass an admission control along the new path. Therefore a mechanism must be introduced to prevent this immediate rerouting of traffic with reserved resources.
In accordance with this aspect of the invention, prior to the replacement of an output link in a routing table entry, the traffic on the link is stopped by discarding all tickets, thus breaking the ticket loop. Moreover, the reserved traffic that is routed according to the changed entry is given the low priority of unreserved traffic. The user must thereafter initiate a new reservation request in order to reserve resources along the new path.
The mechanism works as follows: suppose that the routing table changes from the "old" to the "new" set of router output ports in Table 1. As can be seen, the traffic that was previously routed to output port C is now routed to output port A or B. Since the traffic that has been rerouted has not passed any admission control on the new output ports, the ticket messages must be stopped, and the priority of the payload packets must be reset to the low priority of unreserved traffic.
destination address
old output port
new output port
destination address 1
port C
port A
destination address 2
port A
port A
destination address 3
port B
port B
destination address 4
port C
port B
This is achieved by introducing a temporary "switch-over" state for the entries in the routing table with a changed output port. Packets which are routed according to the "switch-over" state are given the low priority of unreserved traffic, and ticket messages are dropped. The principle is illustrated in Table 2, which shows the routing table with the "switch-over" state.
old output
new output
dest address 1
port C
port A + drop
port A
ticket, lower
dest address 2
port A
no change (port A)
port A
dest address 3
port B
no change (port B)
port B
dest address 4
port C
port B + drop
port B
ticket, lower
The switch-over state is kept until all ticket loops are broken, which takes two time intervals Ta, and is indicated by the absence of new ticket messages. The ticket protocol is then ready to operate as normal according to the new routing table, and the switch-over state will be terminated.
Since the ticket loop has been broken, the user who wishes to restore the reservation must do this by issuing a new resource reservation request, which will be routed according to the new routing table.
In some cases the change of the routing table is the result of a well controlled network management activity, where the operator has ensured that sufficient resources for the rerouted traffic are available on the new path. Then there is no need to force a new admission control and resource reservation procedure by breaking the ticket loop as described above. The switch-over mechanism should therefore be disabled in this type of controlled rerouting. The user data flow and the ticket messages are then rerouted as soon as the routing table is changed. The resource reservation is controlled by the ticket message and will thus be installed on the new path. Since it is assumed that resources are available on the new path, no admission control procedure is needed when installing the new reservation, and there is thus no need for the user to send a resource reservation request message. The user does not have to be notified about the route change and just continues to send ticket messages as usual.
In a network operating in accordance with aspects of the invention, the sender of the user data flow makes a resource reservation and will in most cases be charged for this reservation. It is therefore natural that the sender will have an interest in the performance of the network service. In order to deliver performance feedback to the sender, the receiving terminal measures the performance of the received packet flow in terms of delay and packet loss. The result of the measurement can then be delivered to the sending terminal by inserting it in the ACK and ticket messages discussed previously and shown in FIG. 2.
In accordance with aspects of the invention, admission control and resource reservation are done on a hop by hop basis, i.e., the decision to accept or reject a reservation is made locally by a resource management entity at each router. However, in some cases it may be advantageous to perform the resource management in a centralised manner. The introduction of resource management into a best effort network can then be achieved by adding a central resource management controller. The need for updating or replacing already installed routes can then be minimized, since they do not need to handle the admission control and resource reservation functions.
The ticket protocol discussed above might be used in this type of network as described with reference to FIG. 6. FIG. 6 shows a network operating in accordance with an aspect of the invention. The network is divided into subnetworks, of which two (subnet 1 and subnet n) are shown in FIG. 6. Each subnetwork includes a resource management controller (RMC). In the route from sender A to receiver B, the first node within each subnetwork is designated as an access router AR, and there are other nodes, or routers R.
A resource reservation request REQ from the sender A is forwarded to the resource management controller RMC. This controller handles all the admission control and resource reservation within a subnetwork. The controller keeps a record of all the resource reservations within the subnetwork. Based on this information, the controller can perform admission control, i.e. accepting or rejecting a reservation request. If the request is accepted, the request is forwarded to the next subnetwork along the path towards the destination, where the procedure is repeated. If the resources have successfully been reserved all the way to the destination, an acknowledgement will be returned to the access router at the sender, and a ticket message will be sent to the sender by the access router AR. The sender will then periodically forward the ticket message along with the user data. Alternatively, the ticket message may have a duration of only one time slot, as discussed earlier, and may need to be renewed with each data packet, as described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.
From the user's point of view, the operation of the ticket protocol is thus independent of whether a resource management controller is used, or whether resource management is performed on a router hop by hop basis.
The user data is forwarded along the optimum path across the network, and does not need to pass the resource management controllers. The ticket message will be routed via the resource management controllers so that they can keep track of the status of each connection.
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 7, the ticket messages can be routed along the same path as the user data. The access routers AR to each subnetwork would then notify its resource management controller RMC only when the ticket message indicates a change in the status of the connection. The latter alternative is advantageous for a large subnetwork where the resource management controller would be over-loaded by all the ticket messages. By only sending a notification when the status of each connection is changed, the number of messages to the controller can be reduced.
If all the ticket messages are forwarded to the controller, then it can operate without storing states about each connection. If only change notifications about the status of each connection are sent from the access router to the controller, then both the access router AR and the controller RMC must keep states per connection.
It must also be possible for the resource management controller to terminate the reservation by breaking the ticket loop. This is straightforward when the ticket messages are routed via the controller as in FIG. 7, since it can discard the ticket message. When the ticket messages are routed along with the data, the resource management controller RMC sends a notification to the access controller with an instruction to break the ticket loop for a specific connection by discarding the corresponding ticket message.
It is important to note that the ticket protocol interface between the user and the network is completely independent of whether a resource management controller is used or not. It is thus an internal matter for the network operator whether the network should be based on a centralised resource management controller as described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, or if resource reservation and admission control should be performed in a distributed manner by a resource management entity at each router hop.
A further advantage of the invention is that an operator can choose to run his network in a connectionless manner, as described herein, or in a connection oriented mode, using the information in the request and ticket messages to set up a connection state for the data flow. A single message, passing through several operator domains, can pass through networks operating in both modes. It may be advantageous to use a connection oriented mode in an access router to support charging, while the rest of the network operates in a connectionless manner.
There is thus described a system which allows bearer service differentiation in a connectionless network.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 26, 1999
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Gail Komasa Art Blog
In process
by gailkomasa , October 21, 2009—02:10 PM
Working on baby quilts for my soon-to-be granddaughter. As soon as they are finished I will get pictures online. In addition I am working on a quilt which will represent a Navajo blanket. This will be for a friend who appreciates and collects Native American art. I have several projects in mind for next year, with an eye on the fall annual quilt show. Commissioned work comes before anything else, however, so it all depends on how busy I will be with that before I can work on my own projects.
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|Rechenberger Dunkel
|Spent 1312 Sabotage Pils
|Spent Plörre Deluxe
TheCametron (94) , Czech Republic | April 3, 2016
Pub on the main strip in Neustadt. A very cool area. This place was buzzing on a Friday night. We managed to locate the only two seats in the place. Uncommon heat aptly quenched by the great Kellerbier which the waiter criticised me for ordering (a girly beer). Didn't stay long because of the heat but it was a very warm environment aside from that...
mateuszk (21) Poznań, Poland | June 14, 2014
Pub located in Neustadt, Dresden. The pub is decorated with DDR stuff but the best was backyard with beer garden, very nice, cosy. The service was very good. In the pub there was 6 taps (Mönchshof Kellerbier, Rechenberger Pils, some schwarzbier, Schofferhofer). The bar offers also meals. Very good prices. In overall - very nice place to spend an evening in good atmosphere, with good food and nice beers.
vipinvelp (379) Velp, Netherlands | December 16, 2013
Interesting place with all these artifacts of 50's and 60's hanging everywhere. Trying to take you back to DDR times. Nice service, good food (and not expensive) and few local beers. I can recommend taking the time to find this palce, you will like it.
rosenbergh (741) Tampere, Finland | December 7, 2012
Small pub in quite lively neighbourhood in Neustadt. In a same building with a hostel. 6 taps (Radeberger/Rechenberger/Lieske Schwarzbier/Guinness/Lieske Zwickelbier/Schöfferhofer). Couple of bottles more. Quite busy on a Monday night. Reasonable prices. OK service. No complaints. And lots of old vacuum cleaners of the walls.
hirigalzkar (187) Stockholm, Sweden | July 24, 2012
This is a really cool place with super friendly staff, a great biergarten in the backyard and a couple of really good hard to find beers on tap and in bottles. Relalex and cozy atmosphere. I would have loved to try the food, but it was closed when trying on a sunday evening.
pivnizub (572) Bochum, Por�ř�, Germany | July 31, 2010
Cozy, old fashioned pub, restaurant and tea-room in the "wild" Neustadt quarter with a nice "backyard" beergarden. The beers come mainly from small, local producers, no macro-swill (with the exception of Radeberger) is served here! The food is excellent and unusual, with italian, bohemian and local influences. Great, worth a long detour!


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JoAnn -Thank you - from Polly
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- Hi JoAnn,I owe you a thank you for yesterday's kind post at UCS. I hope you understood why I answered the way I did.In my recent posts, it is not me, the person, speaking. It is Spirit speaking, and to Spirit is given the honor.We can lay aside our human being, at least temporarily, and take up Divine Spirit. As Divine Spirit, we feel and express the unity of One.You have a lovely poem on your homepage. As Divine Spirit, we love singing that "sweet song" of God's Purity and Love.----- Original Message -----From: JoAnnKite13@...Sent: Wednesday, October 18, 2000 8:36 AMSubject: Re: [lovingpurelove] Digest Number 9Beautiful, Patti! You sing so clearly from your soul, my dear.
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Re: Another Scapegoat:
And this is why Bush tried to pin it on Blanco- Bush stole the levee rebuilding money so he could give tax breaks to his rich friends. Read & weep. or get the tar & feathers:
February 2001
Bushs first budget proposed more than half a billion dollars worth of cuts to the Army Corps of Engineers for the 2002 fiscal year. Bush proposed half of what his own officials said was necessary for the critical Southeast Louisiana Flood Control Project (SELA)a project started after a 1995 rainstorm flooded 25,000 homes and caused a half billion dollars in damage.
Bush did this to offset the tax break he gave to the top 1% of rich Americans. The first major economic initiative pursued by the president was a massive tax cut for the rich, enacted in June of 2001. Bush signed his massive $1.3 trillion income tax cut into law-a tax cut that severely depleted the government of revenues it needed to address critical priorities.
February 2002
Bush provided just $5 million for maintaining and upgrading critical hurricane protection levees in New Orleansone fifth of what government experts and Republican elected officials in Louisiana told the administration was needed. Bush knew SELA needed $80 million to keep working, but the he only proposed providing a quarter of that.
February 2004
The SELA project sought $100 million to repair the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain levees, but Bush offered only $16.5 million. The Army Corps of Engineers asked for $27 million to pay for hurricane protection upgrades around Lake Pontchartrainbut the White House cut that to $3.9 million. Gaps in levees around Lake Pontchartrain & the Industrial Canal, which were supposed to be filled by 2004, were not filled because of budget shortfalls. Repair work on the levees, including the ones that failed, was stopped due to lack of funds.
Rick was on Bourbon in the late 60's. he had a place at 327- originally a hotel-, with a back patio- I played there for a while, including one Mardi Gras. The front was a old style hotel bar with table top dancing. Rick had his office upstairs, and it was pretty ghostly up there with it all pretty much vacant. He originally had a real girl on a trapeze, swinging out a window, but the girls complained so much he got a dummy. It was one tight crew- girls, musicians and bouncers and barkeeps. One bartender was a very jealous gay girl and she would come over the bar if you got too friendly with her girlfriend. The dancers were all focused on one thing- getting the money from the guys that came in. They worked as a team and they would swarm a guy with bucks. Until he didn't have any more then they promptly ignored him. The bouncers and barker were nice all the way around but they would get real mean if anyone acted out or started a fight there. Speaking of Suzies- the guy that opened the Dungeon, Howard, met his long time GF there- also known as Suzi. I learned way too much about pasty glue, shaving, G strings, etc. And how some guys get real stupid around nearly bare women. I gotta say I wised up pretty fast.
Yes, Rick ran sleazy joints. Yes he was cheap. Yes he was cranky, but he was fair and sometimes, surprisingly softhearted. But his places have hundreds of stories. So here's a toast to you, Rick, and the passing of an era.


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This layout features my DD on a vintage clothing shopping spree. This is my first DT project for Epemera's Vintage Garden etsy store, The papers used in this layout (other than the plain background) are all digital designs. I had a lot of fun combining the digital papers with mixed media techniques! This collection of digital papers is called the shabby chic mashup, and was designed to go with several other collections as an add-on, or it can used alone. Chipboard by Gina's Designs, dragonfly by Renea Bouquets on etsy.
$6.00 $5.09


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Polish Halloween Party
Where: Club Warsaw, 261 Driggs Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11222
When: 2011-10-29
Three DJ's? Special Guests?? Wild prizes for the best costume!? No, it's not madness -- it's the Polish Halloween Party, of which Zywiec is a proud sponsor: Saturday, October 29 at 10pm, at Club Warsaw (261 Driggs Ave, Brooklyn).
Come dressed as your favorite All Hallow's Eve spook, ghoul or goblin and enjoy good company and better beer.
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text: So the phone came out not even a week ago but right now US Cellular doesn't have a lot of Accessories for the phone. the 3-pack screen protector i got for it was a joke. is not clear and you can see the screen all gray been off. I was looking at Verizon and also noticed that they have a dock station for the Fasinate and, well they have a lot more stuff from Verizon at this point but i was wondering if everything will work for this phone? i really need a dock station, a better screen protector that's clear and car charger. OH and also does the extended battery work on our phones??? this battery they give you is a bit of a joke or so i think.


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Object URLs
The URL for the shared object is displayed in the Details tab. It looks something like this: https://s3-my-region.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/my-object.
Click this link to test the download (to make sure you don't get an Access Denied message) then pass it on to others.
Full Bio
Nick Hardiman builds and maintains the infrastructure required to run Internet services. Nick deals with the lower layers of the Internet - the machines, networks, operating systems, and applications. Nick's job stops there, and he hands over to the designers and developers who build the top layer that customers use.


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Suburban newspapers are the free weekly publications delivered to letterboxes throughout the suburbs of Australian cities. They are distinct from regional and rural publications serving a particular town or location, such as the dailies in Newcastle, Wollongong, Albury, Geelong, Cairns, Townsville and Launceston, and regionals such as the Northern Star (New South Wales), the Wimmera Mail-Times (Victoria) and the Geraldton Guardian (Western Australia). Suburban newspapers have a diverse history and have provided training for many significant journalism careers. Taken together, suburban newspapers have a weekly readership of more than eight million. But there has been a determined move towards the term 'community newspapers' to denote a more inclusive approach to the papers' readership and to distance the industry from the pejorative implications of 'suburban'.
As Michael O'Connor wrote of the Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, which made its first appearance in 1803: 'The newspaper was written for a small number of people living together in a tiny place.' Contemporary suburban newspapers fill much the same role. While this observation is true of most newspapers around the globe, the Australian example is somewhat distinct: the growth of our major cities, with their extensive suburban hinterlands that boomed during the 1960s and the vast distances between each city, has created a newspaper industry that is not only predominantly city-centric (rather than national), but also offers significant scope for suburban newspapers to establish a durable foothold in those communities.
There is an argument that modern Australian newspapers are actually built on the 19th- century foundation of what effectively were suburban titles, such as the Sydney Gazette and the Port Phillip Herald. The reality is that the early colonial newspapers reflected their settlements' concerns, activities and interests in a way that contemporary suburban newspapers strive to emulate. They also contained significant advertising content, reflecting the rise of the business class around the young cities.
According to Community Newspapers of Australia (CNA), suburban newspapers started in 1843 with the Parramatta Chronicle and Cumberland Advertiser in New South Wales. This publication is seen as the first iteration of the Cumberland-Courier newspaper group (now NewsLocal), which produces 22 suburban titles for News Corp Australia across Sydney. The first Victorian suburban publication was the Williamstown Chronicle in 1854, followed by the Brighton Southern Cross and the Footscray Advertiser. The Parramatta and Williamstown papers both emerged from discrete communities built around thriving ports and settlements, separate from the main settlements in Sydney and Melbourne. The Williamstown Chronicle was established by J.B. Stephens, who sold it to Robert Neale and his two sons. The paper survived until 1964. The important distinction between the suburban newspapers of the 19th century and their free contemporaries is that the first suburban titles came at a price, either a penny or halfpenny.
The pricing model remained popular until some owners started to break away and establish free papers in the 1920s. The suburbans were caught between the two war-induced newsprint shortages and slowly embraced the free model. By the 1960s, most suburban newspapers were free and hand-delivered to letterboxes throughout the Australian suburbs. This became a significant point of difference to the paid-for metropolitan dailies, but it also planted the seed of what became a resilient image of 'free' being interchangeable with a lack of quality—both in the news content of the publications and their design, which was often dictated by the demands of advertisers. This commercial imperative was seen as a potential taint on the independence and reliability of the news, especially when a suburban's advertiser was the subject of a news story.
One of the key developments in helping to deal with such suggestions was the steady growth in professionalism of the industry, boosted by the interests of the Murdoch, Fairfax and Packer families. In the years after World War II, suburban newspapers became more disparate and titles were brought together in uneasy commercial alliances. Rupert Murdoch's purchase of the Cumberland Newspapers chain in 1960 signalled his first major investment in suburban newspapers and reshaped the suburban landscape. Alarmed, the Packers and the Fairfaxes responded by forming a joint venture, Suburban Publications Pty Ltd. Eventually, the two 'competing' companies reached a territorial agreement, carving up the Sydney suburban market. John Fairfax & Sons acquired the Packer stake in 1985; with the purchase of the Herald and Weekly Times in 1987, Murdoch gained control of the Leader suburban newspapers chain that started with one newspaper in 1888, along with Messenger Newspapers (est. 1951) in Adelaide and Quest Suburban Newspapers (est. 1985) in Brisbane.
The end result has been that News Corp Australia, through its network of state-based community newspaper subsidiaries, produces free tabloid papers in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide and the Northern Territory. In a rare example of commercial bipartisanship, the Community Newspaper Group is owned jointly by News Corp Australia and Seven West Media, which also publishes the West Australian. Fairfax retains its strength in Melbourne and Sydney, but News Corp Australia still outnumbers its main print rival in those markets. The Australian Suburban Newspapers Association was formed in 1968; it became CNA in 2002.
The absorption of most suburban newspaper titles among the larger metropolitan media companies—News Corp Australia, Fairfax Media and Australian Consolidated Press—has added to the debate about the ownership dominance of News Corp Australia in particular, with the company controlling more than 100 suburban titles across the nation in addition to its metropolitan newspapers and pay television interests. Such market dominance has not extinguished the growth of independent local newspapers, some of which have managed to continue with a small readership sustained by generous local businesses and a dedicated editor. International research suggests that the future of local content—online and in print—is strong, and more opportunities for locals to contribute as citizen journalists providing words, pictures or video will help to nourish the existence of suburban publications.
Continued immigration and the steady expansion of Australia's cities have given suburban newspapers greater readership opportunities, with new titles established between 1990 and 2005 to meet the demand in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. A critical element in this was a thriving real estate market, which has helped to underpin the advertising dollars that have sustained many of the suburban titles. The battle for this lucrative advertising market led to the proliferation of competition within suburban newspapers, creating markets where up to three local papers were covering one suburban area— usually a local government municipality. This made the suburban newspaper environment more challenging and robust for journalists and advertisers than the metropolitan newspaper markets, where only one morning paper has existed in Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth for the last two decades.
Strong, independent suburban newspaper chains continue to exist: Perth Suburban Newspapers, proclaiming its proud independence, publishes five titles across Perth and Fremantle; the 94-year-old Torch Publishing has three titles based out of its Canterbury-Bankstown headquarters in Sydney; and the Star News Group publishes 27 titles in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. Standalone publications, such as the South Sydney Herald, which was founded by local Trevor Davies and is now published by the South Sydney Uniting Church with a monthly circulation of 20,000, deserves to be considered alongside these publications.
While metropolitan daily readership figures continue to decline, the suburban decline generally is far smaller and the core readership seems more resilient. Print media sales figures released in August 2013 revealed a decline of 10.9 per cent nationally in sales year-on-year for metropolitan and national papers. It was a sobering figure, but the community newspaper sector—which measures its free products on readership statistics—was proving more resilient, with industry estimates of falls of less than 5 per cent.
However, the business model of suburban newspapers is still precarious. Broader economic circumstances have a direct impact on advertising revenue—particularly real estate—and the suburban newspaper networks are fighting for what appears to a slowly dwindling revenue basis. Unlike the metropolitan dailies, the suburbans do not have the luxury of a cover price to offset some of those issues. Similarly, suburban housing growth has continued, but the capacity for publishers to print more papers—it is not commercially feasible in some instances—and the difficulty of finding people to deliver papers to many of the new estates compromises the potential to expand readership.
Inevitably, the focus of suburban newspapers' efforts is now on building an online audience that can overcome such pressures. Early indications are that many suburban readers are keen to read, and more importantly contribute to, their local news websites. This suggests that the concepts of 'citizen journalism' and 'hyper-local' may find their expression through the readership of Australia's suburban newspapers. Yet this does not mean it will be followed by a similar boom in local online advertising support. In this, suburban newspapers are confronting their own version of the commercial threat to their business model.
REFs: G. Barila, 'Hyperlocal: Really, Really Local', in Life in The Clickstream (2010); N. Richardson, 'The Virtues of Localism in the Digital Age', in M. Ricketson (ed.), Australian Journalism Today (2012); Local Newspapers Report (2012), http://www.newspaperworks.com.au.


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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] Under the unique direction of Kail Grösser Randeiro, this film with audio in Spanish (original language) was premiered in 2014. This movie with dialogues written by Kail Grösser Randeiro was produced in Spain. You can watch El puzzle online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in Spanish at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2014.
Rating: 5 by 10 users./
Runtime: 7 minutes
Sara Garcia.
Short film, Terror, Thriller.
7-minute film (full movie) directed by Kail Grösser Randeiro.
The original audio of El puzzle has dialogues in or Spanish, it was produced in Spain.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2014.
Screenplay written by Kail Grösser Randeiro.
Dima Zagovalko.
Kail Grösser Randeiro.
Composed by Arnau Figueres.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie El puzzle has a duration of 7 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in English or Spanish in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, El puzzle in FULLTV Movies.


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Genius and Madness Trailer (2010)
01 January 2010 6 mins
From a tender age some children recognise and intuit their calling. An obsession resembling a state of madness pushes them to realise their dream. Once that obsession is fulfilled, madness turns to genius. Time and space become one.
Watch the official Genius and Madness 2010 trailer in HD below or find more Genius and Madness videos on Vidimovie.


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Steel Magnolia Is Getting A Remake, Check Out The Trailer [Video]
Some of you may have been babies when this was first released back in 1989, but Steel Magnolias was a classic movie that had an allstar cast of ladies doing what they do. Well fast forward to 2012 and they are releasing a remake with an even bigger cast of some of todays hottest artist. Check out the original trailer, followed by the remake and let me know your thoughts!
Steel Magnolia "Original Trailer", starring Sally Fields, Dolly Parton, Shirley Maclaine and Julia Roberts
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Steel Magnolia "2012" starring Queen Latifah, Jill Scott, Phylicia Rashad and Alfre Woodard
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This is going to be a chance to catch alot of new viewers as well as fans of the original. Also be on the lookout for Phylicia's daughter as well to debut in the movie!


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The Decouverte (Discovery) property of over 51km(2), is located 100km north of Chibougamau in the Frotet – Evans greenstone belt. Durango carried out a 439 line kilometer helicopter borne DIGHEM EM/magnetic airborne geophysical survey on the property in 2011 (NR Nov 24, 2011). The property benefits from very favorable infrastructure including road accessibility (within 10km of Route du Nord and a myriad of logging roads), and a power line which bisects the property.
The Decouverte mineralized target area is located to the east of Lac Pasquale and consists of two significant aero-magnetic anomalies, with some electromagnetic coincidence possibly associated with linear structural features, in the Frotet-Evans greenstone belt. Target 1 consists of a cluster of three east-west trending anomalies with a strike length of four kilometres. A second airborne magnetic anomaly (Target 2), which was staked recently and has not been explored by Durango, consists of a cluster of medium intensity anomalies 4km long and 2km wide, located in the northeast part of the property.
Target 1 shows good correlation between metasedimentary units, positive magnetic anomalies, which are possibly related to mafic to ultramafic geological units, a linear zone of low resistivity, and gold in soil anomalies. In 2013 eighty (80) plus outcrops were mapped on the property with sixty (60) described as amphibolites and basalt, both mafic units with strong iron content, which could provide good hosts for shear related gold mineralization. Widespread carbonate alteration and bleaching (alteration) of the host rocks has also been noted. In the central part of the property (to the E and ESE of Pasquale Lake) white to pink pegmatititic granite and metasedimentary units are more abundant.
Three hundred and forty three (343) soil samples were taken at 100 metre spacing in 2013 across target areas identified in a 2011 Fugro airborne magnetic / electromagnetic survey. The most significant soil values were 180 ppb Au, 0.66 ppm Ag, 150 ppm Ni, 200 ppm Cu and 240 ppm Ba. No follow up has evaluated the soil results. The nickel in soils may indicate metavolcanic to ultramafic units. The gold, silver, copper and zinc mineralization is hosted in the metavolcanics near the contact with the metasedimentary units. Carbonate alteration is widely dispersed in the main target areas.


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Objects May Appear Larger
When initially taking office, most U.S. Presidents historically receive what has been referred to as a honeymoon period that usually lasts at least a couple of months. In President Trump's case, it was more like "wham, bam, thank you man" … no honeymoon, not even foreplay, just a pure, raw bumping of uglies right from the start!
The Democrats not only have a problem accepting their defeat in November, they can't even admit to themselves the reasons they lost. Instead of channelling their energies into rebuilding their decimated party, they have focused on discrediting the new president and trying to block his administration from achieving the goals for which the voters gave him a mandate … even bringing down The President himself, if possible. So far, with help from a compliant media, and a few extremely wealthy donors on the left, progressive Democrats have been able to make a very small minority look as though they represent some kind of majority. It's sort of like looking at an ant with a magnifying glass, and equally as deceptive.
What they seem to ignore with their violent and vocal onslaughts is that, for more than a year, thousands of people turned out for Trump rallies in record numbers — braving heat, sleet, snow, verbal abuse and sometimes even physical attacks — just to be a part of his historic campaign. With overwhelming support they made him their candidate, then in November, with an electoral landslide, made him our President!
President Trump has, in a matter of weeks, accomplished more for America and fulfilled more campaign promises than most presidents in six months … and in the case of his predecessor, more than was achieved in EIGHT years! Is there any reason to believe, as progressive Democrats and their minions would have you believe, that all those supporters are suddenly dissatisfied and changing their minds about their presidential selection? Many are upset with a congress that is getting cold feet about immigration restrictions, repealing the Unaffordable Care Act and implementing tax reform … furious with Democrat hacks who are engaged in outright obstruction, trying to prevent an historically smooth transition of power and the rightful formation of a new government. As for all the noise, what we mostly hear are bought and paid for agitators. Make no mistake, voting Americans are more solidly behind our President than ever.
It's really pretty simple: Those on the left didn't take Mr. Trump seriously. They painted him as some sort of buffoon and created a false caricature that they could hold up to the public … then they fell for it themselves! They didn't think he could win, didn't listen to what he was saying, didn't understand the changes the American people were demanding, and perceived that THEY were the mainstream of thought, the center of the universe. Now that President Trump is in the Oval Office and keeping his word, they are SURPRISED to see what is happening … now they are imploding, because the progressive left still has nothing new to offer, nothing but the same old anarchy and national decline. Now We The People want more and it's a movement much bigger than even President Trump himself, and he acknowledges that reality!


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During our Meditation workshop, we will learn not to try to silence a mind that wants to go in a hundred different directions simultaneously but rather how to sit with and not attach to this chaos.
Meditation opens us to each and every moment of our life. Through this practice, we start to relate to life directly so that we truly experience the present moment free from baggage and anxiety.
Cost: $225 or save $20 when you register by April 2nd


text: I just bought a Wellesley Farms 14 piece sampler cheesecake from BJ's. It was on sale and I thought I would freeze it and serve it for dessert for Xmas dinner. I Googled freezing cheesecake, and practically everyone cautions against freezing cheesecakes WITH toppings because they say the fruit and gelatin used in the toppings do not retain their texture after freezing and defrosting. Does anyone know of a method for freezing it that will not ruin it? HELP!


text: Ok, I'm pretty much set on getting this car but my only dilemma is should I wait a year and let them work out the kinks? I can wait as I don't need the car right away, but I've had bad luck with first year iterations of newly released cars. Since BMW hasn't really been in the turbo business for awhile I kind of want to wait for a bit, my question is what would you do? Pull the trigger or wait for the 08's in August of 07? Plan to do the following within the first month and have saved enough money for the parts. Color Combo: Sparkling Graphite w/ aluminum trim and the reddish interior. Kerscher front bumper and c/f splitter KW Coilovers whatever chip, exhaust, and injectors come out. Gunmetal BBS CH's Yokohama AO48's or maybe bfgoodrich kdw's Brembo Big Break kit. and tint. Later down the line a thicker head gasket to lower compression. Later on I want to get an FMIC and all of the other bolt-ons but the following mods should carry me along for a few years. I just need to know that the turbo's are going to hold up.


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This limited edition aluminum collar necklaces is distinctive in its sculptural form while referencing a classic collar. This timeless collar makes a bold statement while still being practical for everyday wear due to the lightweight property of aluminum. To learn more about the limited edition aluminum collection, visit our blog.
Due to the handmade nature of this item, each piece is unique & the variations are considered part of the beauty of the design. Buying handmade means that you are supporting a craft and design community.


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Share this game with your friends
Did you know?
This game has been added 21.10.2016, has played by 10944 times and has voted by 16 times.
We are so happy to have the opportunity to invite you today, dear girls, to try all these fun new games that we've specially uploaded for your own entertainment, and we are glad to invite you today within this following game in which you kids, fans of the Paw Patrol cartoons, will get the opportunity to do all these fun activities along with your beloved characters. We know that you do have great skills and keen eyes, and that you also love testing those skills within all sorts of interesting games in which you get the chance to see which one of you is better at finding all those hidden numbers. We assure you that you're going to have the best time of your life in this next game Paw Patrol Hidden Numbers, a game in which you will have to pay attention and analyze these beautiful images of your friends from the Paw Patrol cartoons. All you need to do is to find the hidden objects as soon as you can, and you'll definitely get to have a blast. Good luck dear friends!
Use MOUSE
You can also read the instructions that Paw Patrol Hidden Numbers are given in the game and follow them carefully!
Find the Paw Patrol Hidden Numbers game by searching for this items:
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Here you can say whatever you want if follow a language without swearing and insults. All comments are verified by an administrator to be sure that all our players respect the rules. Have fun!
Gun say that:
28.11.2016 14:15
Good righting


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Statistics are powerful weapons. Marketers and politicians weld them well when the situation demands it. Unfortunately, this skill often results in misinformation and sometimes, downright lying.
How Statistics Are Misused
One way they deceive is by confusing the scientific process. Statistics summarize experiments and studies to get at the conclusions. But, they are not synonymous. A study is a situation in which data are observed. The investigator cannot control for everything that may influence the results.
An experiment is a controlled situation−ideally. A good experiment has a randomly selected representative sample along with a control group. It is big enough to be meaningful. It is also conducted double-blinded. Neither the researchers nor the participants know what group they are in.
Marketers may use studies and report the results like experiments. The problem with this scenario is that one cannot find causation with studies, only correlation. Yet, when journalists/marketers pick up on these stories, that line is blurred.
Cherry Picking the Results
Another devious tactic involves the results. Don't like what the study or experiment shows? Throw it out! With over a million papers published yearly, you're likely to find something you like better.
I'm not suggesting all papers are examples of good science. Stinkers get through each year. Just ask Andrew Wakefield or Gilles-Eric Séralini.
Spotting the Fraudsters
There's one surefire way to spot a liar fraudster. They break a cardinal rule of science. You probably see this whopper all the time. And it's so blatantly false. Whenever you read or hear someone claim that something is scientifically proven, you're being had.
Science is provisional. This means, according to Merriam-Webster, "existing or accepted for the present time but likely to be changed." In science, there is no truth with a capitol T.
Some people may find this statement uncomfortable. It's not meant to be. Rather, this is an accurate assessment of what science is. Don't be afraid of it. Ignorance is not always bad. The late Richard Feynman offers sage advice.
"I can live with doubt and uncertainty and not knowing. I think it's much more interesting to live not knowing than to have answers which might be wrong."
So, the next time a marketers tries to sell his scientifically proven best widget, give him a dose of Mark Twain and tell him,
"A man is never more truthful than when he acknowledges himself a liar."
http://exploring.weborglodge.com/By Chris DR
photo credit: Numbers And Finance via photopin (license)


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Property brokered by
Get more listing details on brokerage site
Presented By:
Cilo Marbella
+34 952 768 331
Email Agent
Cilo Marbella
+34 952 768 331
Email Agent
Property DetailsINVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY! Traditional 7-bedroom, 4-storey semi-detached house in the centre of Marbella's old town, with the possibility of converting it into an 11 or 12-bedroom boutique hotel. Built on 4 levels, this property currently comprises, on ground floor: Italian restaurant currently operating and rented out. 1st floor: living/dining room; kitchen with access to an interior patio; en-suite bedroom; additional bedroom; separate guest toilet with the possibility of building a shower. 2nd floor: hall/dining/seating area; en-suite bedroom with balcony and beautiful views to the church; 2 additional bedrooms. Penthouse level (3rd floor): living/dining room with access to a large open terrace, enjoying views of the church and city; a kitchen; 1 bedroom; 1 bathroom. A fantastic business opportunity for those looking to invest in a traditional, established and central location!
Area Detailed Information
Area Weather
Area Cost Index
Area Property Prices
Additional Property InformationThis single family listing located in Marbella has seven bedrooms and four bathrooms. The property is currently offered for $1,407,287.
Additional features include 4 ensuite bathrooms, 3m² terrace, air conditioning, mountainside, close to amenities, close to transport links.
This property is presented by Cilo Marbella of Cilo Marbella located in Spain.


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A massive march through the streets of Downtown Los Angeles was organized by... organized labor. They say they're rallying for collective bargaining rights and better-paying jobs. Ted Chen looks at "Solidarity Saturday."
Published at 6:12 PM PDT on Mar 26, 2011 | Updated at 7:04 AM PDT on Mar 27, 2011