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In a lawsuit brought by companies of the ThyssenKrupp Group against a former executive, Mr. Uwe Sehlbach, the Düsseldorf Higher Labour Court ("Landesarbeitsgericht Düsseldorf" or "LAG") has dismissed a damages claim by those companies for the reimbursement of fines which the German Federal Cartel Office ("Bundeskartellamt", "BkartA") had imposed for participation in rail-track cartels. The LAG has stayed proceedings by ThyssenKrupp for recovery of other harm suffered, namely damages paid to a customer harmed by the cartel. This is the first case in Germany in which companies have claimed for damages from a manager because he (allegedly) was responsible for these companies infringing competition law.
- Between 2001 and 2011, manufacturers of rails for use in train-tracks participated in a range of bid-rigging and market sharing agreements which harmed Deutsche Bahn AG, the incumbent German railway infrastructure operator, as well as private, municipal and works railway operators. In 2012 and 2013, the BKartA imposed fines totalling €124.5m in relation to supplies made to Deutsche Bahn AG and fines totalling €97.64m in relation to rails sold to other railway operators. The bulk of those fines, €103m and €88m respectively, were against companies in the ThyssenKrupp Group. ThyssenKrupp and Deutsche Bahn AG agreed to settle damages owed to Deutsche Bahn AG out-of-court; according to rumours, ThyssenKrupp committed to pay more than €150m.
Bid-rigging is a criminal offence under German law and since a large part of the cartelised transactions were subject to public procurement rules and awarded by way of public tenders, the individuals involved in the cartels are facing criminal charges.
- The Defendant Mr. Sehlbach, was a manager and served various ThyssenKrupp entities in diverse executive positions between 1999 and 2011. His responsibilities were mainly in human resources, finance, IT and controlling. The Plaintiffs and Defendant are in vivid disagreement as to whether the Defendant was actively involved in, or at least aware of, anti-competitive practices and whether he failed to supervise and control employees and fellow managers, and failed therefore to prevent or to stop anti-competitive behaviour. In 2009, Mr. Sehlbach concluded an employment agreement ("Arbeitsvertrag") with the parent company of the entities he had managed until 2009. In 2011, he left ThyssenKrupp. Thereafter, the Plaintiffs were able to bring the claims before the labour courts.
The Essen Labour Court ("Arbeitsgericht Essen") dismissed the claims.[1] On appeal, the LAG has now confirmed the dismissal of the claim for reimbursement of fines.[2] In view of further damages arising out of the anti-competitive agreements, the LAG stayed the proceedings pending the outcome of the criminal investigation and trial.
- The LAG held that a fine imposed by the BKartA against a company or other corporate entity may not be recovered from an individual. Fines against an individual may not exceed €1m, whereas fines against a company may reach up to 10% of the annual turnover of its group. The fine against the company is also intended to counteract advantages the company realised as a result of its anti-competitive behaviour. It argues that it would undermine legislative intent to fine individuals and companies differently if a company were able to recover its fine from an individual.
The Court considers this issue as fundamental and therefore granted the Plaintiffs, to the extent they were addressees of the fines, leave to file an appeal on points of law to the Federal Labour Court ("Bundesarbeitsgericht", "BAG").
- The Essen Labour Court had dismissed the other damage claims. It held that the Plaintiffs failed to show any active involvement by the Defendant in illicit behaviour and that the Defendant had not breached his obligations as a managing director: the Defendant and his fellow managing directors had shared tasks, so he could generally trust that his fellow directors had ensured that the Plaintiffs complied with the law. The Defendant had fulfilled his obligations to supervise these directors, and where he had known of any possible anti-competitive conduct, he had duly informed the compliance and in-house legal functions of the Group. Therefore, he was not to be blamed for failure to intervene when the lawyers and experts in those functions did not take action.
The LAG, upon appeal against the dismissal, has held that evidence has to be examined before it can decide on those other damages claims dismissed by the Essen Labour Court. It has therefore stayed the proceedings, which is allowed under the applicable rules of procedure.
The Sehlbach case is a novel attempt by a major group of companies to hold a manager liable for violations of competition law he committed on behalf of those companies. As the German Federal Court of Justice ("Bundesgerichtshof", "BGH") held some years ago that a supervisory board of a corporation is generally obliged to pursue liability of board members and to claim damages, further cases such as this are likely to follow. Board members and other executives must therefore ensure that effective compliance systems are implemented and adhered to for obvious reasons.
The decision that fines imposed on a company may not be passed on to managing directors seems at odds with the fact that a managing director is obliged to ensure that the company he runs does not infringe the law. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that a fine imposed on the company because of infringements he committed is a consequence of a breach of his obligations, and ought to be part of the damages he owes to the company. Likewise, there is case law that an advisor who induces his client into illegal actions, e.g. tax evasion, may be liable for sanctions imposed on the client because of such actions. It remains to be seen whether the position taken by the LAG will stand up to review by the BAG.


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Greased Lightning Trailer (1977)
"He drove 'em wild!" 01 July 1977 Drama, Action, Comedy 96 mins
This film is based on the true life story of Wendell Scott, the first black stock car racing champion in America.
Watch the official Greased Lightning 1977 trailer in HD below or find more Greased Lightning videos on Vidimovie.

subset: commoncrawl


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|This representation of Demeter has lived with us since we moved
into this house. I love this medieval representation of her. She and
her wheat sheaves have watched over us for nearly 20 years. Now I
will honor her at the Spring Mysteries Festival. ♥
7 more weeks until the Spring Mysteries... and it's getting real. I started making lists of stuff to bring, including offerings to leave at the various shrines I'll be visiting. While I wanted to make sure I bring something for each one there were a couple of deities who called out for something more, who seemed to have a particular interest in my attendance.
How did I come to this conclusion? Really, it's just a feeling. When I read over the stories, looked at pictures of past festivals and images of ancient art, Demeter and Hermes seem to have taken a shine to my journey.
I chatted with the Festival's Spiritual Director, Dusty Dionne about dedication as part of spiritual preparation. In dedicating my journey to a specific deity, I'll invoke his or her blessing and protection on my travels--and in return, I pledge to honor those aspects of divinity embodied in these incarnations: motherhood, hearth and home, travel and communication.
As a mother goddess, Demeter understands my anxiety about leaving my family behind and its comforting to know that this aspect of the Divine Feminine will be in my home watching over things when I'm not there. She's always lived in my house, watching us come and go. She will see me off, when I depart at last, and welcome me home when I get back. Ruling communication and travel, Hermes will be at my side, watching over me. I know he'll be with me as I roam the festival grounds and maybe ease my stress about getting tongue tied when I talk to folks. I'm hoping he'll help me keep my hoof out of my mouth--but he can be a trixster, Hermes. Even if I flub conversations, he'll be there to help me pick myself up and dust myself off.
To whom will you dedicate your pilgrimage? Which deities call out to you as you prepare for your journey?
♥ #SMFPilgrim ♥


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These Mini-Centrifuges are ideal for quick spin-downs of micro samples. The easy-open lid permits convenient single-handed operation. The clear lid and electronic safety cut-off allow safe sample observation.
The centrifuge quickly accelerates to maximum speed (6,600 rpm/2,200 rcf) and stops within seconds. The advanced motor mounting system provides quiet, vibration-free operation.
Centrifuges include a traditional round angle rotor (for six standard 1.5 ml to 2.0 ml microtubes) as well as a strip tube rotor for 2 PCR strips or 16 individual 0.2 ml tubes. Additional adapters are also included for 0.4-0.5 ml tubes. The rotors can be easily interchanged within a matter of seconds.


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Author Archives: Jack
Bacevich on 24 Key Issues That Neither the Washington Elite Nor the Media Consider Worth Their Bother
Andrew J. Bacevich has compiled an important list of the issues our principal media outlets have either ignored or given scant attention to. I could add at least a dozen more, and will if time and leisure allow. But now … Continue reading
What Vladimir Putin Could Explain to Donald Trump
The telephone conversation last Saturday between the American and Russian presidents seems to have been amicable and constructive, at least in a general sense. They are reported to have discussed key world issues as potential partners, not as adversaries or … Continue reading
As one who advised President Reagan on how to end the Cold War, I welcome your plans to discuss US-Russian relations tomorrow, January 28. Relations have reached a state that is dangerous for both our countries and, in fact, the … Continue reading
Posted in In the United States, In the World Leave a comment
I have been amazed that so many people whose judgment I respect have criticized President Obama's decision not to go to the mass demonstration in Paris following the shootings at Charlie Hebdo and the kosher grocery. It was appropriate to … Continue reading
Cold War II??? Notes for a Presentation
I was invited to speak at the Eighth European-Russian Forum tomorrow in Brussels. Because of a bureaucratic glitch, I am unable to attend. But I append below the notes from which I intended to speak. My description of the false … Continue reading
Posted in In the World, Musings and Polemics 6 Comments
A Novel That Reverberates on Many Levels
Since I write and lecture mainly about international relations and twentieth-century diplomatic history, most of my reading is related and leaves little time for fiction. But this summer I decided to relax with a thriller or detective story to get … Continue reading
Ukraine: Cool the Rhetoric; Focus on the Outcome
In his interview with Thomas Friedman published on August 9, President Obama gave a convincing explanation of why the United States could not create an effective government in Iraq: "We cannot do for them what they are unwilling to do … Continue reading
Stupid Stuff: Hillary Clinton on Syria
Former Secretary of State Clinton remarked in her interview with Jeffrey Goldberg of The Atlantic that President Obama's admonition not to do stupid stuff "is not an organizing principle." Quite true. But then, the opinion she expressed regarding Obama's early … Continue reading
Viktor Hryhorov's Painting "Independence Day"
As Ukraine approaches a fateful election next Sunday, I have been drawn to contemplate one of the most moving and thoughtful paintings in our collection. The painting pictured above is by Viktor Hryhorov (Grigorov–Григоров). Rebecca and I purchased it from … Continue reading
Posted in Art, In the World 1 Comment
Chas Freeman on Unforseen Complexities in the World
Ambassador Chas Freeman delivered a speech today in Victoria, B.C., with a brilliant analysis of changes in the world that have caught American policy makers, and must media pundits, by surprise. I would call attention especially to his observation, "The … Continue reading
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Contact info
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- Head Office: 0151 905 9700
London Office: 020 3598 8083


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A comfortable and elegant Club Room at La Plagne, available with connecting rooms. Additional options include a "Piste" or "Mont Blanc" View.
|13 m² - 34 m²
|1 - 4 persons
With contemporary architecture, perched at 2,100 metres (6,188 ft), this ski-in/ski-out winter sports Resort has mesmerising views and wonderful ski runs. Your kids get top tuition from the best instructors so you'll soon be skiing together.
At Club Med La Plagne you can choose between 340 rooms in a 12-storey hotel, with a bold façade in a harmonious blend of wood and metal.
A comfortable and elegant Club Room at La Plagne, available with connecting rooms. Additional options include a "Piste" or "Mont Blanc" View.
|13 m² - 34 m²
|1 - 4 persons
La Plagne has spacious Deluxe Rooms offering a generous level of comfort in an elegant atmosphere. Located on the 7th, 8th & 9th floors.
|36 m²
|1 - 2 persons
A spacious and elegant Suite facing the valley, with a furnished terrace, where you can savour a luxury standard of comfort.
|52 m²
|1 - 2 persons
With the benefit of over 40 years' Club Med experience behind it, our Resort proposes innovative clubs for children and teenagers:
Dedicated areas specifically designed for their needs, and equipment designed with a view to comfort and safety
G.O®s with a passion for their job(1)
Skiing or snowboard lessons given by professional ski instructors, creative activities and games for the different age groups
Opening hours that allow parents to make the most of their day's skiing, and respect the children's desires and sleeping patterns
For information: the children's clubs are open all week, except Sunday.
(1)In France, G.O®s with a BAFA (State diploma for youth group leaders) or childcare qualification, depending on the age of the children; in other countries, an equivalent local diploma or relevant experience.
To be sure your children's holiday experience is as unique as yours, we've devised a Club Med tailored just for them!
Run by experienced G.O®s, Petit Club Med® proposes a host of different activities for all age groups – creative, artistic, active and fun.
The children explore and discover talents and friendships in an environment made to measure.
At Petit Club Med®, our G.O®s cater to their needs all day long, with a children's lunch menu and specially devised evening activities.
Nappies and baby milk are not provided by Petit Club Med®.
Places are limited, so we advise you to book early!
From 8.30 am to 5 pm and from 7.30 pm to 9 pm, 6 days a week
We've thought of everything possible to ensure your children have a unique, adventure-packed holiday, with discovery, sports and activities for each age group:
Sport: with their ski school instructors, the children can discover the pleasures of skiing at their own pace
Making things: art and crafts
Expression: dancing, preparing shows, crazy signs
Play: group games and activities
Lunch and tea
Evening: after dinner with their friends, the children enjoy specially devised evening activities
From 8.30 am to 5 pm and from 7 pm to 9 pm, 6 days a week
Teenagers can meet up and take part in the activities that interest them most, in the company of their G.O®:
Sports activities: Alpine skiing or snowboarding lessons or, during school holidays, the Multi Snow Sports Programme
Artistic activities: shows, crazy signs
Evening: entertainment, films, shows
6 days out of 7
From 4 months to 7 years
To enjoy a moment of total freedom, take advantage of the babysitting service.
Information at Reception and/or the Tourist Office, for the list of babysitters provided by the ski resort.
For information: we provide a list of babysitting services on request. Club Med provdes the contact but has no resposibility for the service provided.
From 4 to 10 years
From 4 years old, participants learn to ski, with circuits around figurines and under hoops; they learn to use the ski tow and snow belt.
From 2 to 3 years
Babies explore movement - crawling, climbing and sliding - on fun circuits created especially for them.
Activity run by G.O®s, open to children enrolled at Petit Club Med® only.
From 3 to 3 years
For 3-year olds, this course is proposed by Petit Club Med®; it comprises 3 hours tuition per day for 5 days, in the Snow Garden at Club Med.
The children are prepared in the Ski Room, by the Petit Club Med® G.O®s, who accompany them throughout the course
Lessons given by the ESF (French Ski School) instructors
Children can take their first French skiing diploma and get their Piou-Piou medal
Inclusive of equipment rental
Book as an addition to the Petit Club Med® services.
Each country has its own gastronomy, with sweet, savoury or spicy specialities. Discover a host of new flavours during your stay, and let your imagination lead the way, from breakfast through to dinner. Make the most of our Open Bar and Snacks formula.
After an exhilarating day on the slopes, what could be better than coming back to a traditional restaurant serving delicious local cuisine? La Morraine is just the place for that well-deserved dinner, with amazing views of the pistes and valley. But it can also serve you breakfast and lunch, making it an essential landmark throughout your stay.
Le Sérac is at the heart of La Plagne 2100 and serves traditional Savoyard dishes in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere. After a great day's skiing, the warm welcome at Le Sérac is just what the doctor ordered. Fondue and pierrade are two of the specialities you just have to try. Booking is required for your evening meal, at Reception.
Drinks served by the glass and at the bar only: water, fruit juices and sodas, hot drinks and cocktails with and without alcohol, wines and local and international spirits.
A selection of sweet and savoury snacks.
Champagnes, VSOP and XO spirits, bottled and canned drinks are available from vending machines in some of our Resorts and/or at the Club Med Boutique. Certain super-premium brands and bottled wines are also available à la carte in some of our restaurants and bars.
One of the essentials of a Club Med holiday is the buzz and energy. You'll find this by day at La Plagne in the Bobsleigh bar, in the heart of the Resort. Come back in the evening for a more intimate moment with that special someone, around the fireside.
While the essence of a winter sports holiday means spending your days Outdoors on the slopes, your nights at La Plagne 2100 are likely to be spent Indoors - at the world class nightclub in the heart of the Club Med Resort! Dance the night away to the latest hits, drink in the atmosphere and don't forget the cocktails, they are part of this unforgettable experience.
France in brief
- Surface area: 632,834 sq km
- Capital: Paris
- Official language: French
- Currency: the Euro.
Make the most of your stay at La Plagne 2100 Club Med to discover the natural beauty and fascinating culture of the Savoy region.
Opposite Mont Blanc and the Massif du Beaufortain, La Plagne is a winter sports resort in France's Savoy region, in the Tarentaise Valley.
It is divided into:
- typical Savoy villages such as La Plagne Montalbert, Montchavin, Les Coches, Champagny en Vanoise
- modern, urban infrastructures ideal for skiing enthusiasts, linked by a shuttle (free of charge): La Plagne 1800, Plagne Bellecote (1930 m), Plagne Centre (1970 m), Belle Plagne, Plagne Village, Plagne Soleil (2050 m) and Plagne 2100.
La Plagne 2100 Club Med is a few hundred metres from Aime La Plagne.
No special precautions apply
For all UK citizens, a valid passport is essential when you travel abroad. A full 10-year passport is required for holidays to all countries featured on our website. The passport must be valid for at least 6 months beyond your return date with one blank visa page. Make sure your passport is valid and check with the embassy or the consulate of your destination country if you need a visa for your chosen destination prior to travel. It is vital that the name given when booking your holiday (printed on the ticket and itinerary) is exactly the same as written on your passport. Any child, however old, must have his/her own passport.
Please note Club Med cannot be held responsible for any issue with regards to passport or visas.
With contemporary architecture, perched at 2,100 metres (6,188 ft), this ski-in/ski-out winter sports Resort has mesmerising views and wonderful ski runs. Your kids get top tuition from the best instructors so you'll soon be skiing together.
The perfect combination of beauty and pleasure.
Rebalance body and mind thanks to treatments based on the combination of movement and beauty products.
Age : adults only
A privileged break, a unique sensory journey for two (for two people in a duo treatment room).
5 treatments
1 "Gommage Sublimant" Body Scrub (30')
1 "Hydratration Essentielle" Facial (50')
1 "Total Lâcher Prise" Global Relaxing Body Massage (50')
2 "Intense Musculaire" Back Massages (20')
Age : adults only
All the expertise of PAYOT at the service of your beauty, from top to toe.
5 treatments
1 Subliming Body Scrub (30')
1 Essential Facial (50')
1 Beautiful Hands Treatment (50')
1 Nail Polish Application (10')
1 Light Legs Performance treatment (30')
Age : adults only
A customised sensory journey to satisfy men's specific needs for relaxation and efficiency.
5 treatments
1 "Gommage Sublimant" Body Scrub (30')
1 "Global Energie" Massage (50')
1 "Opti-Male" Facial (50')
2 "Intense Musculaire" Back Massages (20')
Age : adults only
Age : adults only
Age : adults only
Age : adults only
Age : adults only
We stayed at the club 2100 end of march- beginning of April and we had an amazing time. It is so goo...review by LaraBathfield
A TripAdvisor traveller
Fantastic ski holiday at La Plagne 2100. Wonderful ski area. Late in season so not a lot of snow, bu...review by JacquesdeJ
A TripAdvisor traveller
We had gorgeous weather the whole week and though that meant the snow was melting fast it really mad...review by keen_to_discover
A TripAdvisor traveller
based on 807 Reviews


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Is Paramount's 'World War Z' Adaptation Ready To Roll?
Fans of Max Brooks' apocalyptic epic World War Z have been pining for a big-screen adaptation for years now and Paramount Pictures had long been developing the pricey project with Brad Pitt on board as producer/star and Marc Forster set to direct. But with a rumored $125 million budget, the film has suffered numerous set-backs on its road to realization. Financial support was hard to find, but the studio seems to have secured funds as of late last month and now word is coming out that the film could go before cameras as early as the end of April/mid-May!
Bleeding Cool notes that cinematographer Robert Richardson, who just finished shooting Martin Scorsese's Hugo Cabret for Paramount, is already in pre-production at London's Elstree Studios, where I'm assuming interiors will be shot. Nothing here is set in stone, nor confirmed, but the fact of the matter is that director Forster is in the final stages of locking his latest film Machine Gun Preacher (which isn't due in theaters until September 2011) while Pitt is in the late stages of production on the crime thriller Cogan's Trade. That means that Forster could potentially be on set by next month, filming what should be the most epic zombie flick of all time (yeah, I went there), and Pitt could theoretically follow not long after as there's plenty of action for the filmmaker to shoot that won't require his star's services.
I'm dying for some kind of confirmation, because this thought provoking thriller can transcend the zombie genre's conventions and become a mainstream horror success. The novel is so vivid in its detailed account of how the world slipped into chaos, making it accessible to audiences on both political and emotional levels, giving it serious blockbuster potential. If I were in charge, I'd have gone with someone a bit younger in the role of the unnamed narrator/interviewer, but if Pitt has stayed on board as the film's star this long it must mean that he's going to deliver some truly special work. Consider me excited.
Source: Bleeding Cool


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Nelly's collaborative track 'Grillz' has made it two weeks on top of Billboard's Hot 100 chart in the US.
Beyonce and Chris Brown switched places at two and three, while the Pussycat Dolls rose three places to five, Santana four places to six and Mary J. Blige five places to ten.
Gavin DeGraw's 'We Belong Together' was the highest new entry at 38, in fact the highest new entry since Madonna's 'Hung Up' debuted at 20 last November.
The top ten in full:
1. (1) Nelly ft. Paul Wall, Ali & Gipp: 'Grillz'
2. (3) Beyonce ft. Slim Thug: 'Check On It'
3. (2) Chris Brown: 'Run It!'
4. (4) Mariah Carey: 'Don't Forget About Us'
5. (8) The Pussycat Dolls: 'Stickwitu'
6. (10) Juelz Santana: 'There It Go! (The Whistle Song)'
7. (6) D4L: 'Laffy Taffy'
8. (5) Nickelback: 'Photograph'
9. (9) The All-American Rejects: 'Dirty Little Secrets'
10. (15) Mary J. Blige: 'Be Without You'


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I Love Doing Photography
Personal Stories, Advice, and Support 115 People
I put a picture on Facebookand a guy I taught was ok said I was ugly it was just a normal pic ?
angeldelight76 41-45, F 1 Response 1 Mar 8, 2015
Just a panorama of a placethat my family and I went to. :)
iiEdieCupcakeii 16-17, F 3 Feb 1, 2015
I just went out with my other familyand slept in their house. When I woke up I saw this beautiful scene, that's why I took this picture. So amazing! I'm only using my camera on my iPhone. Hehehe :D
iiEdieCupcakeii 16-17, F 0 Feb 1, 2015
Updated some new clicks on flickr.love street photography https://www.flickr.com/photos/olimurugavel
olimurugavel 31-35, M 0 Mar 10, 2015
I need a better camerabut I got a nice camera right now
ashleysokolik 16-17, F 1 Feb 1, 2015
I just mount that cameraand put my hands all over the lens like a dirty girl.
adianoeta 31-35, F 4 Responses 6 Feb 1, 2015
And this one also! When I woke up,I saw this and quickly took a picture of it! :D
iiEdieCupcakeii 16-17, F 2 Feb 1, 2015
I took this a while backand I haven't been doing much photography lately
DeijiDaze 18-21, F 1 Response 1 Jun 22, 2015


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Paul Bangay The Farmhouse
Guest House, Denver
Rated 5 out of 5 stars 2 reviews
Confirmation within 24hr
From $822 per night {{quote.pricing.message}} Total {{quote.pricing.price | format:'currency':'short'}} for
Min 2 - 4 nights stay
Ideally located 10 to 20 minutes from Daylesford, Kyneton, Glenlyon, Malmsbury and Trentham, and surrounded by some of Victoria's best wineries, farmers markets, dining experiences, shopping and awe-inspiring landscapes, The Farmhouse is a labour of love for internationally acclaimed landscape designer, Paul Bangay.
Nestled off the well-worn tourist track The Farmhouse is set 100 meters from the main house and garden of Stonefields, Paul's country residence. Boasting nine stunning gardens the property has been transformed and flourished from a bare paddock into an incredible storybook retreat. Guests can book a time to explore Stonefields iconic main garden during their stay. This once in a lifetime opportunity, for the weary traveller, garden aficionado and day-tripper alike, offers a glimpse into the magic and majesty of Paul's design.
Please take as many photos of the garden as you wish and if uploading them on social media add the hashtags paulbangay stonefields to share your shots.
Chic and comfortable by design, the furnishings provide generous proportions, luxe furnishing and the international design that has influenced Paul's own home. Surrounded by French doors, each room looks out onto either vast swathes of flowering perennials or cascading groves of crab apples and fruit trees.
The Farmhouse, perfect for couples, friends or family gatherings, boasts four bedrooms, two with an ensuite, a large sitting room complete with wood fire heater, generous dining room and an open-plan kitchen that has been cooked in and given the tick of approval by friend Stephanie Alexander.
Located an 80-minute leisurely drive from Melbourne, The Farmhouse is the perfect corner of the universe to laze away today, or use as a base to explore the regions world-class activities and attractions.
Please arrange your garden walk through with the Dayget office upon receiving your booking confirmation
Children are welcome however please be aware of dams, cattle paddocks and electric fencing on the property
du Fermier is the owner's favourite place to eat locally and they are happy to offer to cater for groups from 8-12 in-house in the evening $150 + GST pp including interactive experience with Annie Smithers and a waiter. Please find further info on du Fermier's website.
Rates displayed are indicative only and will vary depending on the dates of your stay, the number of guests and the duration. Public Holidays and Long Weekends may incur 3-4 night minimum stays.
Reduced rates may apply if you are booking less than 2 weeks prior to arrival for weekend bookings or 2 months prior to arrival for midweek bookings.
The nightly rate quoted above is based on a 2-night midweek stay at full house rates. 1-night stays are also available. Please enquire for confirmation of rates.
Check-in: 3pm; Check-out: midday.
Weekend nights are Thurs/Fri, Fri/Sat or Sat/Sun.
Midweek nights are Sun through to Thurs.
PLEASE NOTE: If you are checking in or out on a Saturday, please enquire for confirmation of rates before making a booking.
Guests staying in 2016: Well appointed, so welcoming with house heating on, curtains open. Fabulous treats. The Head Gardner took time out to talk to us. We loved our time three friends catching up in beautiful quiet surrounds.
Guests staying in 2015: The house was even better than I expected. we had 10 people in the house including 2 small ones and it never felt crowded. it was immaculate and stylish and peaceful and beautiful. beds were comfortable lounge was comfortable. the grounds are of course amazing A fabulous country getaway.
Guests staying in 2015: Our stay at the Stonefields The Farmhouse met all expectations, so spacious yet cosy. We had such an enjoyable time with our family. Our son is a Chef and so the wonderfully equipped kitchen, beautiful platters etc. were fully utilized and greatly appreciated as were his culinary skills. The Stonefields garden walk was a delight. We can't wait to return, Paul has another fan.
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|{{exception.priceInCents / 100 | format:'currency':'short'}} p/n
|Security Deposit
|{{rates.bond | format:'currency':'short'}} p/s
|{{extra.valueInCents /100 | format:'currency':'short'}} p/n p/p p/np p/s
|Yes No
p/n = per night, p/s = per stay, p/p = per person, p/np = per night and person. Ask the owner to arrange optional extras
Note: Pricing is subject to change, and a minimum stay period and other conditions may apply. You should confirm pricing with the property owner.
Prices listed based on 8 adults. Property has 5 beds and can sleep a maximum 8 people.
- Available
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text:
Fair Lending Initiative
What is fair lending? How can you be vigilant about ending housing discrimination in your community? Housing Action Illinois is partnering with Associated Bank, HOPE Fair Housing, and organizations across Illinois to bring fair lending workshops to housing counselors, municipalities, community based organizations, and public housing authorities. We discuss the history and definition of fair housing and fair lending, dig into implicit biases, and explore best practices for counselors, municipalities, and community members. We talk about how fair lending impacts your community and what you can do about it.
At the moment, these are the workshops we have scheduled for 2017. If you plan to attend any of these workshops, please click the appropriate link to register.
- June 30 – Chicago (with HOPE Fair Housing Center)
- July 14 – Woodstock (with HOPE Fair Housing Center)
- August 11 – Aurora (with Joseph Corporation & HOPE Fair Housing Center)
- September 15 – Berwyn (with HOPE Fair Housing Center)
- October 26 & 27 – Bloomington (Join us at our conference!)
Don't see one near you? Let us know—we'd love to talk about bringing one to your area.
Our brochure on fair lending helps renters and home buyers identify warning signs of lending discrimination, find fair housing enforcement agencies, and figure out how to file a complaint. Download a PDF of the brochure now or contact us to request physical copies for yourself or your agency.
Additional Resources
What is fair housing?
The Federal Fair Housing Act protects everyone's right to rent an apartment, buy a home, obtain a mortgage, or purchase homeowners insurance free from discrimination based on race, religion, gender, national origin, color, disability (mental and physical), or familial status (presence of children under 18 in the home). Read HUD's recent guidance on fair housing protections for people with limited English proficiency, announced in September 2016 »
Contact Info for Fair Housing Enforcement Agencies
To start a relationship with a Fair Housing Enforcement Agency near you, contact the Chicago Area Fair Housing Alliance or use the info below.
Access Living, 312-640-2106 (voice) or 312-640-2102 (TTY)
Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, 312-630-9744
HOPE Fair Housing Center, 630-690-6500
John Marshall Fair Housing Legal Support Center, 312-786-2267
Prairie State Legal Services, 855-347-7757, Service area map with other locations
Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law, 312-263-3830
South Suburban Housing Center, 708-957-4674


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Dawn Zibolis-Sekella
Listed by Bean Group / Amherst
So many fine detais that reflect an era of quality craftsmanship and elegant living. The tiger maple, oak and pine flooring, built-ins and finishing is warm and inviting. Spread out in four large bedrooms with an additional bedroom/studio space in the finished attic (adding 600+ finished square footage). The main foyer has a hand-painted mural which leads to a kitchen you will love to cook in! There is a finished office in the walk-out basement and covered parking in the carriage house. Improvements over the past few years include refinished floors, new carpet, updated electrical, new furnace, plus so much more. This is a home you have to view !
Date Showings Begin:
Delayed Showing: Unknown


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BIOTIN 5000 mcg
Support healthy hair, strong nails, and beautiful skin, the easy way with Biotin 5000 mcg. The extra strength formula contains pure, pharmaceutical grade, Biotin to support active cellular energy production.
For healthy hair, beautiful skin and strong nails.
- A simple yet effective way to support your healthy hair.
- Natural solution for improving skin beauty.
- Provides the building blocks for building strong nails.
Building Strength and Vitality
Thinning hair. Wrinkled skin. Brittle nails.
All part-and-parcel of the ageing process. Or so we're told…
But what if it didn't have to be that way?
What if there was a natural solution to improve hair health, enhance your skin and support your nails all at the same time?
Enter Biotin.
Also known as vitamin B7, biotin is a key micronutrient involved in a whole host of important bodily processes – from nerve transmission to maintaining metabolic function.
It also acts as crucial component of enzymes that break down fats and carbohydrates, and supports key processes such as growth and repair.
No artificial ingredients, no risk of habit-forming, and no nasty side effects.
Just one capsule daily for a more vibrant, youthful look.
Main Features of Biotin
- Scientifically shown to support health for more vibrant hair.
- Plays a key role in supporting healthy skin and nail formation.
- Purely formulated capsules – completely free from gluten, wheat and dairy, with zero fillers, binders and artificial ingredients.
- Made in the USA to strict FDA standards by cGMP certified laboratory.
- Risk free, with a 100% money back guarantee if you're not satisfied.
What Does the Science Say?
Numerous scientific studies have highlighted the efficacy of biotin in a number of areas. Here are some of the most interesting:
Hair Volume
A 2012 double-blind, placebo-controlled study looked at the effect of an oral biotin supplement on women with self perceived hair thinning. After 90 days the group receiving treatment saw an average of 125% increase number of terminal vellus hairs, indicating a significant increase in thickness[1].
Skin Health
A 2014 study in Japan showed that the administration of biotin to patients receiving chemotherapy (which is known for inducing skin rashes) significantly reduced the severity of the rash and improved overall skin health[2].
Nail Strength
A study in Germany in the late 80's examined the impact of biotin on nail strength in women. Out of the 45 women examined, 91% of them showed definite improvement with firmer and harder finger nails (and less splitting) after an average treatment length of 6 months [3].
How to Use
Suggested Use
Take one (1) capsule daily with a meal and 8 ounce glass of water. Capsules may be opened and put into a smoothie or juice.
- Keratoacanthoma, G., et al. 2012. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of an oral supplement in women with self-perceived thinning hair. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol, 5(11), pp.28-34.
- Ogawa, Y., et al. 2014. Prospective study of biotin treatment in patients with erythema due to gefitinib or erlotinib. Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy, 41(4), pp.517-522.
- Floersheim, G.L., 1989. Treatment of brittle fingernails with biotin. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten, 64(1), pp.41-48.
What quality standards are in place?
All our products are manufactured in the United States of America under strict federal guidelines to ensure quality. Fillers, binders, and other artificial additives are never used in our manufacturing process. Facilities are FDA registered and inspected to cGMP standards, exceeding FDA 21 CFR Part 111 regulations.
How long will it take to see results?
Most consumers will benefit after a couple of weeks of usage. We recommend 6 to 8 weeks of daily supplementing to see the best results. Continue to take daily for as long as you want healthier hair.
Is it safe to order online from your website?
Yes. We incorporate physical, electronic, and administrative procedures to safeguard the confidentiality of your personal information, including Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) for the encryption of all financial transactions through the website.
How long does shipping take?
Most orders are processed within 1 business day. Standard shipping is 3 to 5 business days and expedited shipping is 1 to 2 business days. Tracking number will be immediately provided once shipped.
Can I take it with prescription medicine?
Biotin is formulated to be well tolerated with most prescription medicine. We strongly recommend you consult with your health care practitioner for more information.
What if this product does not work for me?
If you are not satisfied with your purchase for any reason, just let us know. Your personal results may vary; however, each order is backed by our hassle-free 100% money back guarantee. We have the best protection in the industry so you can try our products without worry.


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Measure thread depth and gage thread size at the same time. Thread Check's digital thread depth gauges use ANSI standard taperlock thread plug gages for fast and accurate thread depth and size control.
Thread Check's Thread Depth Control Instrument digitally measures thread depth with a resolution of .0005"/.01mm and accuracy of .002"/.05mm.


text:
Our Mission
| To inform, educate, advance and preserve the knowledge of the history of
St. Agnes Home and School for Boys, Sparkill, NY, from its inception in 1884
to its demise in 1980.
To be a repository for publishing the experiences, observations, opinions, and remembrances of all former residents of St. Agnes Home and School for Boys, (St. Agnes Alumni) Sparkill, New York, their family members and friends, on a website dedicated to this goal.
NOTICE: We will not display derogatory, immoral, obscene or other objectionable material on our WebSite. (See the "OUR POLICY" section of the website.)
All Voluntary Contributions Greatfully Received
| eMail Web Designers: David
T. Feliciano
About Us Our Mission Our Policy Our History
All Rights Reserved.
Alumni Website is Sponsored by your Voluntary Contributions
To Contribute, Click on "Contribute" Buttons at Left


text:
When Mark Carli replaced the appliances, furnace and electric boiler in his North Toronto home, he spent an extra $700 for the energy-efficient options. He forked out a further $1,000 to insulate the basement, replace the windows and install water-efficient toilets and shower heads. Those hefty investments have paid off, chopping as much as $1,350 a year from his energy and hydro bills.
"We are not necessarily tree-huggers but we try to make informed decisions regarding the environment," Mr. Carli said of his family. They use cloth shopping bags, walk to the grocery store and try to buy local produce. Ultimately, however, their household buying decisions are decided by price.
At a time when the economic recession is straining many household budgets, families such as the Carlis are looking for ways to marry their need to be frugal with their desire to be green. Turns out, a reduction in income does not automatically mean a drop in eco-consciousness as people continue to stop and consider the true cost - environmental and monetary - of their purchases. Unlike the 1980s, when the economic downturn stopped the environmental movement in its tracks, concern over the fate of our planet is still going strong, says Rick Smith, executive director of advocacy group Environmental Defence. "The environmental movement has proven to be recession-proof."
Ela Beres, a Toronto-based consultant with The Boston Consulting Group, interviewed several Canadian families on the impact green choices were having on their everyday spending. People are definitely interested in helping the environment if it costs the same or less, she says. "That's a no-brainer. But when it comes to saying I want to spend more money to protect the environment, that is more iffy."
Although it calls for a large initial investment, many people understand the value in starting with their house. "Families are going green from the outside in," Ms. Beres said. "That is where the savings are most significant and most quantifiable, both financially and environmentally."
Allison Wallis, a manager with GreenSaver, says government incentives are enticing home owners to undertake residential energy efficiency improvements in these tough economic times. (The federal home-renovation tax credit provides a credit of up to $1,350 for renovations costing between $1,000 and $10,000. Ottawa is also providing rebates of up to $5,000 for energy efficiency upgrades.) Sales at GreenSaver, a non-profit that performs energy and electricity audits, have risen by around 35 per cent from last year.
But when it comes to smaller goods, Boston Consulting Group research found that purchases of green, local or organic products are more sporadic and depend on whether there is a clear and compelling reason to buy them: People need to be sure that the purchase will have a positive impact on the planet.
"There are situations where environmental effects of consumer green products are not clear," Ms. Beres said. "Everyone knows that if you use energy-efficient appliances, it translates into clear environmental benefits. That same research and data is not available for the effect of buying products made from recycled materials."
Mohamed Oqab is one Canadian who does his own research. "If there is a new product, we always read the package." His 13-year-old son is a die-hard environmentalist who drew his father into the fold. Two years ago Mr. Oqab was laid off from his job as an IT consultant in Mississauga. Now that he is self-employed, finances are tighter. "We are much more aware of how much we spend," he said. But the family still buys green cleaning products, composts part of their garbage and shops for local food.
Consumers who don't have the time or passion to do their own homework can feel lost amid the dizzying selection of green, natural and organic products. Indeed, a walk down the aisle of a large Toronto grocery store found that prices varied among products, with organic and non-organic peaches carrying the same price tag while organic broccoli cost nearly twice as much as its non-organic counterpart. Diapers claiming to be environmentally responsible were $3 cheaper than the regular ones.
Mr. Smith acknowledges that the explosion of new green products makes it confusing for shoppers to know whether they are making the right choice. "What we have at the moment is a lack of adequate labelling requirements, a lack of government oversight of company claims of greenness and an avalanche of information that is hard to sift though if you are a consumer."
There has been some progress. A national Canadian organic products standard came into effect on July 1. But in many cases, the onus is on the consumer to go and search for the information they need to make an informed decision.
Claudio Gemmiti, vice-president responsible for the PC Green brand and Loblaw Brands at Loblaw Companies Ltd., says they are taking steps to address customer confusion. "We try to be as specific as we can. To provide real scientific facts on how each product will help the Earth." Sales of both green and organic products at their stores are growing quickly, he added, despite a comparatively small amount of promotion.
In the meantime, Canadians continue to weigh the pros and cons of where - and on what - they spend their hard-earned dollars. Mr. Oqab says he would have loved to buy a hybrid car, but a $20,000 price difference forced him to settle on another model. "If the price difference is big, we have to make a tough decision. But 90 per cent of the time, the environment wins out. I wish I could do better but there are limits. If I compare myself to where I was five years ago, I am doing okay."
Seven sins of greenwashing
An April report from TerraChoice Environmental Marketing, an Ottawa-based environmental marketing agency, found that between 2007 and 2009, the number of so-called "green" products on Canadian store shelves jumped 79 per cent.
But 98 per cent were still guilty of some degree of greenwashing, defined as the act of misleading consumers regarding the environmental practices of a company or the environmental benefits of a product or service.
Here are TerraChoice's top seven greenwashing sins, and what to watch for when choosing products.
The Sin of the Hidden Trade-Off: When one environmental issue is emphasized at the expense of potentially more serious concerns. Paper, for example, is not necessarily environmentally preferable just because it comes from a sustainably harvested forest.
The Sin of No Proof: When environmental assertions are not backed up by evidence or third-party certification. One common example is facial tissue products that claim various percentages of post-consumer recycled content.
The Sin of Vagueness: When a claim is so lacking in specifics as to be meaningless. "All-natural," is an example. Arsenic, uranium, mercury and formaldehyde are all naturally occurring, and poisonous.
The Sin of Worshipping False Labels: When marketers create a false suggestion that a product has passed a legitimate green certification process, using certification-like images.
The Sin of Irrelevance: When an environmental issue unrelated to the product is emphasized. One example is the claim that a product is "CFC-free," since CFCs are banned by law.
The Sin of Lesser of Two Evils: When an environmental claim makes consumers feel "green" about a product category that is itself lacking in environmental benefits. Organic cigarettes are an example.
The Sin of Fibbing: When environmental claims are outright false.
Roma Luciw is a writer and web editor of the Globeinvestor.com personal finance site. Please send any comments and story ideas to email@example.com.


text:
BJP's Kiran Keshri emerged victorious by defeating her nearest LJP-supported Congress rival Ramcharitra Yadav by a margin of 23,665 votes. "BJP's Kiran Keshri was declared winner in the Purnia Assembly bypolls," a district official said.
She is the widow of late BJP legislator Raj Kishore Keshri who was stabbed to death by school teacher Rupam Pathak at his residence allegedly for sexually exploiting her. His death had necessitated the bypoll.
CPI-M nominee Amit Sarkar, son of slain party MLA Ajit Sarkar, finished third securing 17,113 votes.
Other contestants, Satish Sah (Ind) got 1,855 votes, Islamuddin (CPI-ML) got 1554 votes, Om Prakash Bhagat (JMM) bagged 898 votes and Krishna Kumar Jha (Ind) got 508 votes.
It was the first bypoll after the Nitish Kumar-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won the state Assembly polls in 2010.
BJP national spokesperson Rajiv Pratap Rudy said the victory has proved that there has been "a performing government" in Bihar.
OneIndia News


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text:
A public memorial for late anchorman Walter Cronkite will be held at New York's Lincoln Center at a date to be announced, sources at CBS News told Access Hollywood.
A private funeral for the iconic newsman, dubbed the "most trusted man in America," will be held on Thursday at St. Bartholemew's on New York City's Fifth Avenue. He will be buried alongside his wife Betsy in Missouri, the sources said. The public memorial will come at a later time.
Cronkite died on Friday at the age of 92, of cerebral vascular disease. He helmed the "CBS Evening News" from 1962 to 1981, covering such momentous events as the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the 1969 moon landing.
In a statement to Access, President Barack Obama remembered him as "more than just an anchor."
"He was family," the president said. "In an era before blogs and e-mail, cell phones and cable, he was the news. Walter invited us to believe in him and he never let us down. This country has lost an icon and dear friend. And he will be truly missed."


text:
AMD Ignites Consumer Passions With New AMD LIVE!T Notebook PC, Home Cinema And Media Server
Subject: General Tech | January 8, 2007 - 11:58 AM | Jeremy Hellstrom
SUNNYVALE, CALIF. - January 8, 2007 - AMD (NYSE: AMD) today introduced the AMD LIVE!(tm) notebook PC, an easy-to-use mobile media center designed to help consumers simplify and enjoy their digital lifestyle. AMD also has announced the AMD LIVE!(tm) Home Cinema and AMD LIVE!(tm) Home Media Server, two new consumer electronics platform designs, as well as additions to the AMD LIVE!(tm) Entertainment Suite, to further enhance digital entertainment experiences.
Meeting the needs of today's consumers, the popular AMD LIVE! solution helps them access their digital media virtually anytime, anywhere regardless of file format or device form factor. With the latest solution additions, consumers have more ways to enjoy entertainment throughout the home and on the go.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 1, 2011
|Filing date
|Nov 7, 2006
|Priority date
|May 25, 2005
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Adam K. Kolawa, Marek Kucharski
|Original Assignee
|Parasoft Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (33), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (39), Classifications (8), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/429,487, filed May 4, 2006, now abandoned, which claims the claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/684,537, filed on May 25, 2005 and entitled "Detecting Defects In A Computer Program Using Data And Control Flow Analysis," the entire content of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates generally to computer software testing; and more particularly to a system and method for detecting defects in a computer program using data and control flow analysis.
In the process of developing computer programs/applications, one of the major issues is assuring appropriate levels of quality for the programs/applications. Mission critical applications require thorough testing, prior to deployment of the program/application. Applications with less reliability requirements can be built and deployed with less thorough testing. However, this causes more defects to go undetected until an end user comes across them.
On the other hand, testing effort depends on a level of complexity of the application/software under test. Even a good suit of tests driven by a human tester, covers only certain parts of the code, most of the time. In other words most of the application code is never executed in a typical scenario of manually driven testing. Testers have one or more environments in which they test the software. However, end users may have many different environments and many different applications under which a given software operates. For example, many times in an actual user environment, the software executes pieces of code which were never executed during in-house tests. This may reveal undetected defects.
To address this situation, software tests attempt to utilize measures of code coverage to cover all pieces of the code during testing process. One of such measure is line coverage or decision coverage. Line coverage counts lines of a code which were executed against all lines of the code. Decision coverage counts decisions taken during execution of decision points like, "if" statements. However, even this enhanced measure may not sufficiently cover the entire code and scenarios. Lines executed and decisions taken combined formulate execution path. One decision point with two possible decisions formulate two execution paths. But, two independent decision points with two possible decisions each formulate potentially up to 4 possible execution paths, for example, (decission1.1, decission2.1), (decission1.1, decision2.2), (decision1.2, decision2.1) and (decision1.2, decision2.2).
It is not uncommon that a defect reveals itself only on one execution path, while the rest of the execution paths remain correct. Executing each and every path in a testing environment is virtually impossible since the execution paths strongly depend, not only on UI driven actions, but also on environment, external conditions (e.g., given status of network connection), network traffic, state of a database, memory size, and the like. Emulating all such conditions is extremely time and resource consuming.
Therefore, testing is sometimes reduced to static analysis of extracted execution path. Execution paths are extracted during parsing process. Then, Control Flow Graphs (CFGs) and/or Data Flow Graphs (DFGs) are created. A code analyzer then attempts to follow the created CFGs and DFGs and detect defects. Reducing a problem to isolated, independent execution paths makes such analysis feasible. The problem with this approach is that the number of paths in a computer program is in the order of 2N, where N is number of lines of code, therefore, the analysis becomes impossibly compution intensive. As a result, this approach is impractical in large systems. There is a need to reduce the complexity of the analysis to a size which is in order of N to make the analysis practical for commercial systems in which N can be as large as 1,000,000 lines.
Therefore, there is a need for an efficient and thorough system and method for detecting defects in a computer program using data and control flow analysis.
In one embodiment, the present invention is a method and system for identifying errors in a computer software. The method and system identify a potential problem in the computer software; trigger a portion of the computer software by the identified potential problem; determine a control flow graph and a data flow graph for the triggered portion of the computer software originating at the identified potential problem; and analyze the control flow graph and the data flow graph to verify that the identified potential problem is an actual error.
In one embodiment, the potential problem may be identified using test tools such as a static analysis tool or a unit test tool.
In one embodiment, the present invention is a method and system for identifying errors in a computer software. The method and system trigger a portion of the computer software by a trigger; determine a control flow graph and a data flow graph for the triggered portion; execute a set of rules along the control flow graph and the data flow graph to keep track of sequence of patterns in the control flow graph and the data flow graph; and statically simulate the triggered portion.
In one embodiment, the present invention is a method and system for determining computer program execution paths, storing them and efficiently analyzing them for detecting software defects. The method and system provide an Application Programming Interface (API), which allows for plugging various language specific front ends. The system also includes a storage mechanism for determined execution paths, a framework under which various concrete analysis algorithms can be used on analyzed and stored execution paths, pattern recognition based rules enforcing the process for defect detection, a set of rules that are enforced to avoid possible execution errors, and a presentation layer. The method and system also provide a mechanism to create custom rules to be enforced on detected execution paths.
In one embodiment, the present invention performs defect detection utilizing methods which trigger on potential candidates for errors and are liberal with the size of the program. These methods can be a pattern recognition engine that parses the code and performs pattern matching of the parse trees to possible error patterns. Alternatively or in addition, these methods can be unit testing techniques which force the code under test to exhibit potential errors. Then, the potential problems are fed to a flow and data analyses engine which performs backwards and/or forward analyses around the triggered space. The complexity of this flow or data analyses is in the order of 2n, where n is the number of lines of code in proximity of the trigger which should be examined. This analyses is much faster because in here the complexity of the analysis is in the order of 100 lines not 1,000,000 like in classical flow or data analyses. In other words, the invention applies a linear method of analyses for searching candidates for possible errors and then exponential method for filtering the false positive candidates for only the lines that are in proximity of the trigger (potential problem). This is an effective method for finding errors in computer programs, without actually executing them.
In one embodiment, the present invention is a software application for determining, storing and analyzing control flow graphs and/or data flow graphs and based on that, detecting possible defects. The software application includes: a language specific front end in a form of a source code parser, an intermediate language parser or the like. The software application also includes: an API for retrieving and representing important information about control flow, data flow, variables, types, functions, and the like; a scanner for scanning files in a project and retrieving required information to populate a repository using the API.
The repository is responsible for collecting information about files in a project. This repository is also responsible for optimizing the access to the information. An analyzer is the framework for various analyzing algorithms. A default algorithm uses rules from a variety of rule sets to recognize certain patterns in the flow graphs that violate the rules under enforcement. Other algorithms can be easily plugged in utilizing repository features for defects detection.
A software tool for rule creation, such as Rule Wizard™ from Parasoft™ Corporation which presents rules graphically, allows for rule customization and rule addition. Rules are stored in proprietary formats or open formats like, XML or UML. A Control User Interface (UI) drives scanning and analysis and provides configuration. A Presentation UI presents analysis results to the user.
An API 112 retrieves information about control flow, data flow, variables, types, functions, and the like. A scanner 106 utilizes the API 112 to scan files 120 in a project and retrieves required information to populate a repository 102.
The repository 102 collects information about files 120 in a project. This repository is also responsible for optimization and accesses to the optimization information. For a better performance, a fast access to information like Control Flow Graphs (CFG) 130 and/or Data Flow Graphs (DFG) 134 for a given function, and all implementations of a given virtual function are provided.
An analyzer 108 is a framework for various analyzing processes. A default analyzing process uses rules from rules sets to recognize certain patterns in the flow graphs which violate rules under enforcement. Other processes can be easily plugged in utilizing the Repository features for defects detection.
A sets of rules 104 to be enforced by the analyzer 108 are available. A rule creation tool 110, such as Rule Wizard™ that presents rules graphically and allows for rules customization and addition can be used with the present invention. Created rules may be stored in a proprietary format or open format like, XML, UML, and the like.
In one embodiment, the repository includes:
In one embodiment, the analyzer includes:
A control User Interface (UI) 118 drives the scanning and analysis processes. The UI 118 also provides configuration for which rules to use, how large the paths need to be, place limit on the maximum time spent on the analysis, and the like. A presentation UI 116 presents analysis results to the users.
The following simplified example illustrates principles of static analysis of flow graphs. The example includes three classes, Main, SecurityRules, and DummySystem. The main function looks like:
public static void main(String[] args)
DummySystem dummy=new DummySystem();
String login=dummy.getParameter("login");
String username=boo(login, 1) ? login: "invalid!";
if (dummy.validateUser(username)) {
} else {
This function creates a dummy system object, then reads a "login" parameter. Then, a function is called with the parameter as an argument. Depending on a return value, another variable "username" is initialized to either "login" variable or some string constant. The dummy system object is then asked to validate user, based on the "username" variable. Depending on the validation result, the system is set to a valid user state or invalid user state. Finally, the system is started.
For this example, let's say that "validate User" is vulnerable to attacks and if some magic data, for example a string "tainted", is passed to the function, then unauthorized access is granted and sensitive data can be stolen. The "run" method only provides information about current system status.
String sensitiveData="Data secure!";
void run()
if (_bIsValid) {
} else {
boolean validateUser(String buffer)
if (buffer=="tainted") {
if (buffer=="demo") return true;//valid user.
return false;
The exemplary "main" function is now analyzed. The flow graph is depicted in
Let's assume that the system includes a security rule, which requires:
It is noted that "validateUser" is called with "username" variable as argument. Thus, to find out if the above security rule is complied with or violated, the analysis is performed from that point upwards. As shown in
static boolean boo(String buffer, int type)
boolean result=false;
if (buffer !=null)
return result;
Analyzing the code of this function, demonstrates that the function can only return true when lines inside "if" statement are executed and in this case return result is taken directly from "securityCheck" function call. In other words, this path is potentially dangerous, but will never be taken if "securityCheck" is not performed or when it returns false. However, to determine this fact, having only pure control flow graph or data flow graph is not sufficient.
As shown in the data flow diagram, a value returned from "getParameter" is still passed to "validate User" function. This is because the diagram shows pure data dependencies and does not take into account the fact that P1 is traversed only when "boo" returns true, which will never happen on P1′ path. To determine this fact, the boolean expressions, which determine which path is taken at the decision point 506 need to be evaluated.
Execution starts with creation of dummy system object and method "getParameter" call 502. Then, execution of "boo" method begins (504) until a decision point is reached in block 506. Depending on the decision, security check can be performed in block 508 and the result is returned in block 510. Execution continues in block 512 and another decision point is reached in block 514. Depending on the decision, block 516 or block 518 is then executed. Subsequently, both execution paths meet in block 520 and another decision point is reached in block 522. Depending on the decision, a "setValid" method is called with either a "false" argument (524) or a "true" argument (526). Execution then continues in block 528.
In this particular example, those expressions are simple and thus relatively simple to be evaluated. However, in general cases, the expressions can involve arithmetical expressions and function calls for which the code is not available and thus flow information is not available. Consequently, without actually executing the code, it can be difficult to filter out such false positive as P1′ path. Assuming that P1′ path can be somehow filtered out, the data flow graph for path P1″ is shown in
It can be seen from
static boolean boo(String buffer, int type)
boolean result=false;
if (buffer !=null)
return result;
In such a case, the flow diagram changes slightly, as shown in
All the statements made about the previous diagram are also true for this diagram, that is, "securityCheck" is involved, suspicious data are passed to it and it is executed before "validate User". But this time, "validateUser" is not protected because the result from securityCheck does not influence decision point, and path P1″ is also traversed for tainted data.
As can be seen from the simplified example described above, static flow analysis has some limitations in correctly identifying actual code defects. However, static flow analysis has some significant advantages over other techniques for detecting software defects. First, it is static and thus does not require actual execution. This means that it is much easier for a person (e.g., a tester) to run static flow analysis than dynamic analysis. As such, no special testing environment needs to be prepared. For example, a web application usually requires web a application server to run on and a database to store persistent information in. Static analysis overcomes this burden because actually no code is being executed. Static analysis instead, analyzes potential execution scenarios.
Another benefit of performing static analysis is that static analysis usually covers 100% of the code. In flow analysis case still 100% of the code lines may be covered, however, execution paths are built only up to certain accuracy. In contrast, dynamic analysis usually has a smaller coverage than static analysis. Tests on an application level and closest to real life situations, usually cover 20%-30% of the code in larger applications. Using unit testing techniques, one may achieve much more, sometimes even up to 100%. However, the higher coverage requires manually adjusting test cases to increase coverage, which consumes a significant development time.
Another advantage of static flow analysis comes from the fact that it simulates execution scenarios. Other static analysis, like coding standards, have significant limitations in defects detection. They are usually limited to analyzing one function or method and one execution block, at a time, as far as execution related defects are considered. Also, these analysis are performed one file at a time. On the contrary, flow analysis does not have such limitations. To illustrate how this influence defect detection capabilities let's consider a rule which states that every stream explicitly open should be prolixity's closed. If stream creation and closure are in the same method, one can use coding standards analyzer and look if in one function there is the same number of stream creations and closures. But, what if the stream is created by one class, for a given file, but closed by another file that is located in a different file? Coding standards analysis is unable to handle such situations. However, the present invention uses a global repository and thus it does not matter in which file a given execution block is located. In one embodiment, all that matters for the present invention is whether a stream variable created by one piece of code is eventually closed by another.
In block 92, a relevant portion of the program is triggered by the potential problem. The triggering tool returns the node or line number where the possible problem can exist. In case of static code checker, line number may be printed. In case of unit testing tool, the line number of possible error may be reported as exception. CFG and DFG graphs are generated originating at the identified potential problem, as shown in block 93. Various methods for generating the CFG and DFG graphs as explained in detail below. In block 94, the generated CFG and DFG graphs are analyzed to verify whether the identified potential problem is an actual error, that is, not a false positive. For example, the CFG and DFG graphs are back-tracked and/or forward-tracked from the identified potential problem. This way, the complexity of data and control analysis is in the order of N, where N is the number of lines of code, instead of being in the order of 2N in case of conventional data and control analysis methods.
Custom code, other vendors compiler, and the like, may be used to obtain parse tree. The present invention translates this parse tree into an appropriate flow diagram. For the above example, it would be a basic block representing continuous execution path. However, for effective operation, direct relation to the original source code as well as detailed information about execution elements need to be preserved and made available to the analyzing algorithm. Direct relation to the original source code is needed to properly present detected defects to the user, providing source file names and lines involved. The detailed information about execution elements is needed for symbolic execution to validate paths traversed.
As shown in block 904, the flow and data graphs are collected and the repository is populated. In one embodiment, the scanner uses API to collect information about elements of the code under analysis. This includes information about functions and other execution blocks. For the execution blocks, the scanner retrieves flow and data graphs and populates the repository with them.
Sample flow graph elements are presented on an UML diagram shown in
Referring back to
In one embodiment, the invention utilizes finite state automate concept for defect detection. However, this is not the only concept utilized by the present invention, other methods such as symbolic execution simulation and the like can also be utilized to detect defects. For the finite state automate concept, rules are structured into several fragments. Each fragment falls into one of three categories: initialization, propagation and assertion. A rule also defines states, which can be assigned to program entities. Rule structure details are presented below. The rules parts are created by feeding the examples of the code which represents the program entity into test tools such as RuleWizard™. The test tool then creates a parse tree which represents the sniplet of the code. Then the parse tree can be automatically transformed to the rule fragment.
In one embodiment, each rule is characterized by a set of states. A state is represented by an ASCII string. In addition to states, the rule has fragments, which describe actions such as, initialization of a state, propagation of a state, and/or state assertions. States are used to describe life cycle of program entities during program execution. For example, a common case describes state of a variable. For instance, a variable of object type can be described as initialized (it will have state of initialized then) on path fragments where it has non-null value, and as uninitialized there where it has null value.
Assertion rule fragments state conditions stipulated by the rule. A rule violation occur if the condition expressed in an assertion is contradictory to the actual situation for some execution path in the program. Conditions are expressed by means of elements which can be matched to language elements (variables, method calls etc) and states which are asserted. For example, a variable of object type must be in initialized state if a method call is performed on it.
String sName=null;
sName.trim(); <--sName must be initialized here
A corresponding assertion rule fragment is depicted in
Initialization rule fragments represent patterns upon matching of which states of some entities get set. In the above example, the object variable gets initialized state in definition statements when right hand side is constant, initialized variable or expression involving constant or initialized variable. Sample cases are shown below.
String sName+= "a";//gets "initialized" here
String sName="foo";//gets "initialized" here
String sName=null;//gets "noninitialized" here
String sName=(String)null;//gets "noninitialized" here
A corresponding initialization rule fragment is depicted in
Propagations express patterns which determine propagation of states from one entities to others. They are similar to initialization rule fragments. Actually in many practical cases, propagation patters and initialization patterns are merged into initialization patterns. For example, the initialization example above already covers propagation.
String sName+=sLastName;//propagates state of sLastName
A sample graphical rule representation is presented above. In one embodiment, states which characterize rule could be represented as following XML fragment:
Rule fragments, like assertions could be represent in a following way:
<Match type="Node" value="MethodCall">
<Property name="TargetObject: Value" type="Node">
In this example, assertion rule fragment asserts state "initialized" on target object of method call (compare assertions example above).
Referring back to
String sName=null;
sName.trim(); <--hot spot
In block 910, the paths are built and traversed forward or backward. The invention starts from a hot spot and starts building execution paths forward or backward, depending on what is appropriate for a given rule and algorithm. Additionally, the system registers the variables that need to be watched, based on built-in implicit propagation rules for watching variables. Let's consider an example below:
class Foo {
. . .
Foo foo("aaa");
String name=foo._s;
. . .
A hot spot for the above exemplary rule is "name.trim()" where variable name of type String is de-referenced. The system finds the hot spot and then decides that variable "name" needs to be watched during path traversal. However, one line above system detects, that variable name is initialized from variable _s, which is internal variable of object foo of class Foo. The system from that point realizes that instead of variable name a variable "foo._s" must be watched.
In one embodiment, paths are created on demand by a path builder and cached for performance reasons. The path builder is a subsystem responsible for creating paths for the analysis. Depending on the rule, the corresponding path is traversed/created backwards or forwards. Path builder takes an element of control flow graph and can provide a list of next/previous elements, which can be accessed from a given element by execution flow. A simple case is a linear block of statements.
For a given element, there is one previous and one following element (statement). Conditional statements can have several next elements. However, in a more complicated situation; when during backward path building a beginning of method is reached, the path builder examines repository to determine all places in a code where given method can be potentially called. Then, the path builder continues building paths. Also, when a try-catch construct is analyzed, all places where exception can be thrown and caught by a given catch statement need to be determined and considered as possible paths.
When in an execution block, a method call is detected, the path builder builds a path which goes inside the method ("enroll" method). However, it is up to the algorithm and the rule to decide whether path builder should enroll method call or not. If the method call cannot influence variables under watch, enrolling the method may not be required. Avoiding unnecessary traversal of called methods bodies is one of important optimization elements of the system, which may be crucial for system application feasibility.
Referring back to
In one embodiment, matchers work on finer granularity than just control flow graphs. For example, it is not sufficient to know that a given piece of code has linear control flow without branches. It is also important to understand how values propagate among variables inside the piece of code. For that purpose, the system divides larger control flow blocks into finer ones, for example, representing single statement. The system uses parse tree information as well as data flow graphs for that purpose (to obtain all variable definitions from the latter).
In one embodiment, matchers have a tree-like structure. A top level matcher is called "head matcher". If a head matcher does not match to the given flow element, the rest of the matchers are not consulted (child matchers). Otherwise, all child matchers are consulted. For example, if assertion rule fragment states that in a method call, the target object needs to be initialized, general matching algorithm performed the following exemplary steps:
In one embodiment, matchers can be specialized for types of elements, which need to be matched between analyzed path elements and rule elements. For example, a head matcher matches rule elements to control flow elements, that is, a "control flow element matcher". A logical matcher represents "and" or "or" operation from a rule. It returns true if all or one of child matchers return a positive match, which itself do not match to any path element. A property matcher matches given properties of flow elements. For example, method called can have a property "target object" or "method name".
When traversing execution paths backwards, the process first matches assertion rule fragments. The process collects and keeps track of matched assertion rule fragments in the analyzed path (assertions), states which are asserted, and objects that should have asserted states. Then, while traversing execution path, propagation rule fragments if matched help to determine what objects and states need to be kept track of. Finally, an initialization rule fragment is matched and the assigned state is compared with the asserted state. If states are different, the rule is violated and defect is found.
During a forward traverse of the execution path, the situation is the opposite of the above. That is, the process starts from matching initialization rule fragments. Then, the process traverses execution path. If matched, propagation rule fragments help to determine what objects get certain states. Finally, when the assertion rule fragment is matched and the asserted state is different, then the rule is considered to be violated and defect is found. More details on different matching processes is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,473,896; the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made to the illustrated and other embodiments of the invention described above, without departing from the broad inventive scope thereof. It will be understood therefore that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments or arrangements disclosed, but is rather intended to cover any changes, adaptations or modifications which are within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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text:
Cassidan: Optical data link successfully demonstrated between fighter and ground station
With a newly developed optical data link, Cassidian enables the real-time transmission of large amounts of data, such as reconnaissance videos, from a fast flying jet to the ground.
Mit einem Tornado testete Cassidian Ende 2013 einen Laser-Datenlink mit hohem Durchsatz (Foto: Cassidian).
Thanks to a one hundred times increase in transmission speed compared to conventional systems, in military or in civil operations, e.g. in disaster zones, more detailed situational information can be used more quickly and comprehensively than ever before.
Test flights were carried out at the end of November near Cassidian's Military Air Systems Center at Manching, Germany. For the first time it was possible to successfully operate a high-precision laser data link tracking system between a Tornado combat aircraft flying close to the speed of sound and a ground station over a range in excess of 60 kilometres. The data rate achieved during a fly-by of less than a minute was about 1 gigabit per second. This corresponds to about one hundred times the usual data rate thus far, for air-to-ground transmissions.
Until now, data links used classical radio signals which, owing to their low bandwidth, can only transmit high-resolution images or raw data from airborne reconnaissance sensors to a very limited extent in real time. For the first time, this new laser data link technology makes it possible to exploit the ever increasing performance of sensors.
There will be a particular need for this in future, for unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with special radar reconnaissance systems and high-resolution cameras, which have to continuously send large amounts of data to a ground station.
The German Aerospace Center (DLR), based in Oberpfaffenhofen, was involved in the successful tests with their autonomous transportable optical ground station (TOGS), as well as ViaLight Communications.


text:
01-12-2016 | Interventional cardiology | News | Article
Cardiac troponin T levels associated with mortality risk after elective PCI
medwireNews: Elevated preprocedural high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) levels are associated with increased mortality risk among male and female patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), results of a retrospective study suggest.
"Routine evaluation of hs-cTnT before elective PCI seems to permit risk stratification for mortality in patients during subsequent follow-up," write Robert Byrne (Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Germany) and colleagues in the Journal of the American Heart Association.
The team found that 17.3% of 2221 patients with elevated hs-cTnT levels (more than the gender-specific 99th upper reference limit of normal) died within 3 years after PCI, compared with 3.4% of 3405 patients with normal hs-cTnT levels, a significant difference.
In multivariable adjusted models, there were more pronounced differences in mortality risk between those with high and normal hs-cTnT levels among male than female patients.
Because more than three-quarters of the study participants were male, however, the authors note that their findings "related to the effect of sex on the prognostic value of hs-cTnT should be interpreted with caution," and conclude that "further studies are needed" to investigate this association.
medwireNews is an independent medical news service provided by Springer Healthcare Limited. © Springer Healthcare Ltd; 2016