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Chronic activation of the sympathetic drive contributes to cardiac remodeling and dysfunction during chronic heart failure (HF). The present study was undertaken to assess whether renal denervation (RDN) would abrogate the sympathoexcitation in HF and ameliorate the adrenergic dysfunction and cardiac damage. Ligation of the left coronary artery was used to induce HF in Sprague-Dawley rats. Four weeks after surgery, RDN was performed, 1 wk before the final measurements. At the end of the protocol, cardiac function was assessed by measuring ventricular hemodynamics. Rats with HF had an average infarct area >30% of the left ventricle and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) >20 mmHg. β1- and β2-adrenoceptor proteins in the left ventricle were reduced by 37 and 49%, respectively, in the rats with HF. RDN lowered elevated levels of urinary excretion of norepinephrine and brain natriuretic peptide levels in the hearts of rats with HF. RDN also decreased LVEDP to 10 mmHg and improved basal dP/dt to within the normal range in rats with HF. RDN blunted loss of β1-adrenoceptor (by 47%) and β2-adrenoceptor (by 100%) protein expression and improved isoproterenol (0.5 μg/kg)-induced increase in +dP/dt (by 71%) and −dP/dt (by 62%) in rats with HF. RDN also attenuated the increase in collagen 1 expression in the left ventricles of rats with HF. These findings demonstrate that RDN initiated in chronic HF condition improves cardiac function mediated by adrenergic agonist and blunts β-adrenoceptor expression loss, providing mechanistic insights for RDN-induced improvements in cardiac function in the HF condition.
- renal nerve
- sympathetic nerve activity
- cardiac function
- heart failure
This study shows in a comprehensive way that renal denervation initiated after a period of chronic heart failure enhances cardiac contractility and the responsiveness of hearts to isoproterenol stimulation, and these effects are due in part to renal denervation-induced increase in β-adrenoceptor protein and function.
worldwide, more than 100 million people are afflicted with chronic heart failure (HF), imposing a significant burden on the health care systems throughout the world. Chronic overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system is one of the major pathophysiological soliloquy abnormalities leading to the progression of chronic HF (28, 29, 48). Activation of sympathetic outflow is initially a hemodynamic adaptation to compensate for decreased cardiac function and output. This adaptation also includes an increase in Na+ and fluid retention and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (11, 34). Additional adverse effects of elevated sympathetic drive directed toward the heart have been shown to result in the desensitization or downregulation of β-adrenoceptors (3, 42), myocyte injury (5), and a predisposition to ventricular arrhythmias (26). This overactivation of sympathetic outflow relates to a poor prognosis and mortality in patients with chronic HF (4). Therefore, any method of inhibiting this enhanced sympathetic drive might be an effective therapy for HF. The beneficial effects of sympathoinhibitory drugs in the treatment of HF are consistent with this contention (25). The source/cause for the increased sympathoexcitation associated with HF is not entirely clear. Although several lines of evidence point to a role for altered afferent input such as the baro and cardiac sympathetic afferent input, the role of other afferent inputs such as the renal afferents has not been examined in contributing to an increased sympathetic drive (32).
Stimulation of the renal afferents in conscious rats increases blood pressure and heart rate (HR) that is mediated by overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, suggesting an excitatory input from the kidney (44). Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that renal denervation (RDN) is effective in drug-resistant hypertension to reduce the neurohumoral drive and blood pressure (13, 19, 39). There have been a couple of studies that have examined the effect of RDN before, or just after, myocardial infarct on cardiac function and Na+ excretion (14, 15). Drug-resistant hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction show that RDN significantly reduces cardiac mass and improves diastolic function (2). Another recent study in patients with chronic systolic HF showed that RDN therapy produces improvements in symptoms and exercise capacity (1).
The underlying mechanisms for the observed improvement in cardiac function attributable to RDN are not entirely elucidated. One possibility for the positive results of the RDN in HF could be that RDN leads to a decrease in the central sympathetic drive, causing a reduction in sympathetic tone, thus reduced levels of plasma norepinephrine (NE). Suppression of sympathetic activity could reduce the downregulation of β-adrenoceptor drive to the heart and thus improve cardiac function. Thus we hypothesized that RDN has its beneficial effect on cardiac function by its sympathoinhibitory effect on the overall sympathetic drive and possibly to the heart as well. The present study was therefore designed to elucidate the effects of RDN on ventricular function and the changes in β-adrenoceptor subtype expressions in the hearts of rats with chronic HF.
All procedures used for this study were approved by University of Nebraska Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conducted according to the National Institutes of Health guiding principles for research involving animals. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220–250 g were purchased from Sasco Breeding Laboratories (Omaha, NE). Animals were housed with a 12-h:12-h light/dark cycle at ambient 22°C and 30–40% relative humidity. Laboratory chow and tap water were available ad libitum. After acclimatization for 1 wk, rats were assigned randomly to one of four groups: Sham, HF, Sham + RDN, HF + RDN (n = 10–13 rats/group).
Induction of HF.
Rats were randomly assigned to either a Sham-operated control group or an HF group. HF was produced by left coronary artery ligation, as previously described (34, 46, 47). Rats were ventilated at a rate of 60 breaths/min with 2–3% isoflurane during the surgical procedure. The degree of left ventricular dysfunction and HF was determined by using both hemodynamic and morphological criteria. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was measured by using a Mikro-Tip catheter (Millar Instruments, Houston, TX) at the time of the terminal experiments. To measure infarct size, the heart was dissected, and the atria and right ventricle were removed. A digital image of the left ventricle was captured using a digital camera. The percentage of infarct area to total left ventricle area was quantified using SigmaScan Pro (Aspire Software International, Ashburn, VA) (17). Rats with both LVEDP >15 mmHg and infarct size >30% of total left ventricular wall were considered to be in HF.
Renal denervation.
Four weeks after coronary artery ligation surgery, rats underwent RDN under anesthesia (ketamine, 48 mg/kg; xylazine 12 mg/kg ip). Briefly, the kidneys were exposed through a retroperitoneal flank incision. Complete bilateral RDN was achieved by cutting all the visible renal nerves around both the renal artery and vein and painting the vessels with 70% ethanol. This method is known to ablate the afferent and efferent renal nerves (20, 30, 47). The final experiments were performed at 1 wk after RDN (5 wk after coronary artery ligation).
Kidney cortex NE content measurements.
Renal tissue NE content was measured to confirm the completeness of RDN. Kidney cortex was homogenized using 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 4 mM sodium metabisulfite in 0.1 N HCl. After centrifugation of the homogenates, NE concentration in the supernatants was measured using a commercially available ELISA kit (Labor Diagnostika Nord, Nordhorn, Germany), following the manufacturer's instructions.
Urinary NE excretion measurements.
Urinary NE excretion was measured as an index of overall sympathetic activation. Five weeks after surgery, rats from all four groups were placed in metabolic cages, and urine was collected for 24 h. Urinary NE concentration of thawed samples was measured using a commercially available ELISA kit (Labor Diagnostika Nord), following the manufacturer's instructions. Urinary NE concentration multiplied by urine flow rate was recorded as urinary NE excretion.
Urinary flow rate and Na+ excretion measurements.
Urinary flow rate and Na+ excretion were measured to assess the effect of RDN on renal excretory function. Five weeks after surgery, rats from all groups were placed in metabolic cages, and urine was collected for 24 h. The urinary flow rate was measured as volume of urine per day. Similarly, the concentration of Na+ was measured in each of the samples using a flame photometer and expressed as Na+ excretion per day.
Assessment of cardiac function.
HR, left ventricular pressure (LVP), LVEDP, and rate of change of LVP (dP/dt
Tissue collection.
At the end of the in vivo measurements, animals were killed (pentobarbital 150 mg/kg ip). Chest cavities were opened, and hearts were removed and quick frozen by dry ice. The protein extracted from left ventricular tissue was used for Western blot analysis.
Preparation of ventricular lysates.
Ventricular tissues were homogenized in ice-cold buffer containing 20 mM Tris, 1 mM dithiothreitol (pH 8.0) with protease inhibitor cocktail from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA) and centrifuged at 14,000 revolutions/min for 15 min. The pellets were resuspended in chilled buffer containing 20 mM NaPO4, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol (pH 7.4), and protease inhibitor cocktail. Protein concentration was measured using Pierce BCA protein assay kit (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL).
Density of β1- and β2-adrenoceptors, collagen 1, and brain natriuretic peptide in ventricular tissues.
A 40-μg sample of ventricular tissue was loaded onto the 7.5% SDS-PAGE gel for electrophoresis. The fractionated proteins on the gel were electrophoretically transferred onto the polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Transferred membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dried milk and incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4°C followed by the corresponding peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 h. The primary antibodies used were β1-adrenoceptor (sc-47778), β2-adrenoceptor (sc-570) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (ab19645), collagen 1 (ab34710) from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). and β-actin (A2066) from Sigma (St Louis, MO). An enhanced chemiluminescence substrate (Pierce) was used to visualize the signals, which were detected by Worklab digital image system (UVP, Upland, CA). ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) was used to quantify the signal. The expressions of β1- and β2-adrenoceptors, collagen 1, and BNP were calculated as the ratio of the intensity of the β1- and β2-adrenoceptors, collagen 1, and BNP band, respectively, relative to the intensity of the β-actin band.
It should be noted that, to get a good band for β1-receptors (in HF) and collagen 1 (in Sham), we had to load fairly high levels of protein. These relatively high levels of protein loading caused some "apparent bleeding over fluorescence signal" in the actin band. Reducing the amount of protein led to the β-actin band residing within the lane with no apparent bleeding over. However, with these lower levels of protein, the bands for β1-receptors and collagen 1 were too faint to detect. It should be noted that the β1-receptors and collagen 1 bands show the distribution within the lane, indicating that there was actually no spilling over of the sample from one lane to the other. For densitometry analysis, we used the same width of box (nonoverlapping) and then used the same size box to place over the actin band within the same gel. This then provided the ratio of "protein X:β-actin" being compared.
Masson's trichrome staining of heart sections.
Masson's trichrome staining of heart sections was performed to differentiate between collagen and smooth muscle. Formalin-fixed samples were dehydrated in graded alcohol and embedded in paraffin. Transverse sections of paraffin-embedded hearts were cut into 4-μm-thick sections. Sections were then deparaffinized with xylene and rehydrated in stepwise decreasing ethanol. Masson's trichrome staining was conducted according to the guideline of the reagent kit from Sigma. After incubation in Weigert's iron hematoxylin solution, the slides was stained with Biebrich scarlet-acid fuchsin and aniline blue and dehydrated in ethanol and xylene. The collagen fibers were stained blue, the nuclei were stained black, and myocardium was stained red.
Picro Sirius red staining of heart sections.
Transverse sections of paraffin-embedded hearts (4 μm) as mentioned above were deparaffinized with xylene and rehydrated in stepwise decreasing ethanol concentrations. The slides were incubated with 0.1% Sirius red in saturated picric acid for 1 h at room temperature, which gives near-equilibrium staining. Staining was followed by extensive washing with acidic water, dehydration, and mounting. The collagen fibers were stained red, the nuclei were stained black, and myocardium was stained pale brown.
For measurement of collagen content of Masson trichrome- and Picro Sirius red-stained heart sections, ×20 images were obtained and then analyzed using Fiji software (ImageJ, NIH) (37). Collagen content was presented as percentage (%) of total area in the left ventricle across the four groups.
Statistical analysis.
Data are presented as means ± SE. Differences among groups were assessed with two-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls procedure to test for post hoc analysis of significance. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
General characteristics of animals.
The general characteristics of the four groups of rats used in this study are shown in Table 1. The data represent mean values from animals used for cardiac function experiments. The body weight, whole heart weight, and heart weight/body weight ratio were significantly increased in the HF group. However, RDN had no significant effects on these parameters in both Sham and HF groups. Only rats with >30% infarct of the left ventricular wall were included in the study. Five rats in the HF group had infarct sizes <30% and were excluded from data analysis. Sham rats had no visible myocardial damage. LVEDP was significantly increased in the HF rats compared with both Sham groups and the HF + RDN group. HF group of rats had significantly lower basal dP/dt compared with Sham rats, which was partially improved by RDN. Although LVEDP and dP/dt were only partially normalized by RDN, the values in the HF + RDN group were nonetheless significantly different from those in either of the Sham groups. Taken together, these data confirm that the rats in the HF groups were experiencing cardiac dysfunction and that RDN did not normalize cardiac function completely.
Urinary NE excretion measurements.
Urinary NE excretion as an index of overall sympathetic activation was significantly greater in HF rats compared with Sham-operated controls (8.1 ± 0.3 vs. 3.6 ± 0.3 μg/day, P < 0.05). RDN reduced the urinary excretion of NE in HF group (4.2 ± 0.8 vs. 8.1 ± 0.3 μg/day, P < 0.05). There was no significant change in the Sham rats with RDN, suggesting that RDN per se did not modify the excretion of NE in the urine in control conditions (Fig. 1A).
Kidney NE content was significantly greater in HF rats compared with Sham-operated controls (290 ± 16 vs. 188 ± 42 ng/g, P < 0.05). RDN reduced the NE content of the kidneys to almost undetectable levels in both Sham and HF rats, which confirmed the completeness of RDN.
Levels of BNP in left ventricles.
BNP concentrations as a marker for the determination of left ventricular dysfunction was measured in the ventricular lysates. Results shown in Fig. 1B demonstrate higher BNP levels in the HF group compared with the Sham group (1.06 ± 0.14 vs. 0.64 ± 0.04, P < 0.05). Furthermore, RDN significantly attenuated the increased levels in the HF group (0.67 ± 0.13 vs. 1.06 ± 0.14 with no RDN, P < 0.05), suggesting a useful impact of RDN on the ventricular function in rats with HF.
In vivo left ventricular function.
Mean peak LVPs were significantly higher in Sham group than they were in HF group (139.7 ± 4.6 mmHg vs. 91.5 ± 5.9 mmHg, P < 0.05). RDN did not alter peak developed LVP in the Sham group, but it blunted the reduction induced by HF (104.6 ± 4.1 mmHg after RDN vs. 91.5 ± 5.9 mmHg for HF with no RDN, P < 0.05) (Fig. 2, A and B). Mean LVEDP in the Sham group was significantly lower than that of HF group (2 ± 1 mmHg vs. 23 ± 3 mmHg, P < 0.05). RDN greatly reduced LVEDP (9 ± 2 mmHg compared with 23 ± 3 mmHg for HF with no RDN, P < 0.05) only in the HF groups (Fig. 2C).
The basal rates of change in pressure per time (± dP/dt) were also lower in the hearts of HF group compared with the Sham group (4,596 ± 348 mmHg/s vs. 5,636 ± 238 mmHg/s for +dP/dt and −4,668 ± 328 mmHg/s vs. −6,024 ± 328 mmHg/s for −dP/dt, P < 0.05). RDN significantly increased basal +dP/dt (5,767 ± 642 mmHg/s vs. 4,596 ± 348 mmHg/s, P < 0.05) and −dP/dt (−5,827 ± 477 mmHg/s vs. −4,668 ± 328 mmHg/s, P < 0.05) in the HF groups (Table 1).
When injected with 0.5 μg/kg isoproterenol, there was reduced change in contractility (±dP/dt) in the HF group compared with the Sham group (7,149 ± 526 mmHg/s vs. 15,707 ± 460 mmHg/s for +dP/dt and −5,688 ± 278 mmHg/s vs. −8,274 ± 265 mmHg/s for −dP/dt, P < 0.05). A similar trend was also observed following injection with 0.1 μg/kg isoproterenol in the HF groups (Fig. 3, A and B).
One week after RDN surgery, there was enhanced change in contractility (±dP/dt) of HF hearts to isoproterenol stimulation (0.5 μg/kg) (change of +dP/dt: 4,356 ± 477 mmHg/s vs. 2,553 ± 411 mmHg/s with no RDN; change of −dP/dt: −1,654 ± 304 mmHg/s vs. −1,020 ± 184 mmHg/s with no RDN, P < 0.05), indicative of improvement of β-adrenoceptors and their functions (Fig. 3C).
There was robust responsiveness in ±dP/dt of Sham hearts to isoproterenol stimulation, irrespective of the presence of renal nerves (Fig. 3). There were no significant differences in basal HR or changes in HR to isoproterenol stimulation among the four groups of rats (Fig. 3D).
Relative levels of β-adrenoceptors.
To further characterize the specific β-adrenoceptor isoform/s involved in enhanced isoproterenol responses following RDN in HF rats, Western blot analyses were conducted. As shown in Fig. 4A, ventricular homogenates from hearts of HF group contained 37% less β1-adrenoceptor protein compared with homogenates from the Sham group (0.43 ± 0.02 vs. 0.68 ± 0.09, P < 0.05). Homogenates from hearts of rats with HF also contained 49% less β2-adrenoceptors compared with the Sham group (0.28 ± 0.08 vs. 0.55 ± 0.06, P < 0.05, Fig. 4B). RDN did not significantly alter expression of β1- or β2-adrenoceptors in hearts of the Sham rats. However, in rats with HF, RDN blunted the loss of expression of β1-adrenoceptors (0.63 ± 0.08 vs. 0.43 ± 0.02 with no RDN, P < 0.05) (Fig. 4A) as well as those for β2-adrenoceptors (0.56 ± 0.07 vs. 0.28 ± 0.08 with no RDN, P < 0.05) (Fig. 4B).
Levels of collagen in the left ventricle.
To investigate the effects of RDN on tissue fibrosis and collagen deposition, we stained transverse heart sections from four similar groups of rats with Masson's trichrome and Picro Sirius red staining. Compared with Sham group, we observed more diffuse interstitial deposition of collagen in the peri-infarct zone in HF group, and RDN attenuated this increased collagen deposition (Fig. 5, A–D). To further corroborate the staining data, we checked the expression of collagen 1 in ventricular lysates using Western blot. As shown in Fig. 6A, we found an approximately twofold increase in the collagen 1 level in the peri-infarct zone in the HF group compared with the Sham group (0.63 ± 0.08 vs. 0.32 ± 0.02, P < 0.05), whereas RDN significantly attenuated the increased collagen 1 level in HF group (0.39 ± 0.06 vs. 0.63 ± 0.08 with no RDN, P < 0.05). In contrast to these data, ventricular lysates from a site away from the myocardial infarcted region do not show significant differences in collagen 1 level in the four groups of rats (Fig. 6B).
Urinary flow rate and Na+ excretion measurements.
Urinary flow rate and Na+ excretion were significantly lower in the HF group compared with the Sham group. Although RDN increased urine flow rate, as well as Na+ excretion, in both HF and Sham groups, it did not alter the difference between the Sham and HF groups (Fig. 7).
The present study shows that RDN performed after the onset of HF can reduce overall sympathetic outflow, as evident by reduced levels of urinary excretion of NE. Concomitantly, there is a decrease in levels of BNP in the left ventricle, improvement in LVEDP, and contractile function of the left ventricle to the adrenergic challenge. Consistent with these observations, the expression of β-adrenoceptors is enhanced after RDN. Markers of fibrosis were also improved in peri-infarcted regions of the myocardium. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that RDN prevented many of the pathological indices of HF and may offer a therapeutic intervention to improve cardiac function in the HF condition.
Targeting the renal sympathetic nerves using catheter-based therapeutic RDN is an attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of hypertension or complications of HF (39, 41). One hypothesis suggests that renal afferent nerve input may be important in the establishment and maintenance of certain forms of experimental hypertension (12). Renal afferent nerve signals are integrated centrally and can result in an enhanced sympathetic drive, which is directed toward, not only the kidneys, but also other organ systems that have a dense sympathetic innervation, such as the heart and the peripheral vasculature, resulting in a rise in blood pressure (12, 24, 38). The present study is unique that RDN was initiated 4 wk after the onset of HF (chronic), making it relevant to patients who may be administered RDN as a therapeutic modality after diagnosis of the chronic HF condition. Prior experimental animal studies initiated RDN protocols either before or at the onset of myocardial infarct and measured only one of the above parameters in a rudimentary way (14).
It is well known that the mammalian kidney contains several distinct classes of sensory mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors (18, 36) that transmit information to the central nervous system. Stimulation of afferent renal nerves has been shown to evoke alterations in sympathetic nerve activity and arterial blood pressure (31, 44). The excitatory influence may represent an activation of quiescent renal afferents in response to a variety of stimuli (35, 36). There are multiple triggers in the HF condition that have the potential for increased activation of the renal afferent nerve activity, including reduced perfusion pressure, increased venous pressure, increased inflammation, and increased oxidative stress to name a few (18). It is possible that such excitatory influence mediated by renal afferents in the HF condition may also contribute to the underlying mechanism/s for the sympathoexcitation seen in HF. Under these circumstances, removal of these afferents by RDN may contribute to the sympathoinhibitory effects (32).
Specifically, increased sympathetic activation of the cardiac innervation has been shown in rats with HF (43, 45). Consistent with these observations, cardiac NE spillover is also reported to be increased in patients with HF (10). This increased NE release is in conformity with the common observation of reduced expression of β-adrenoceptor in the HF condition (3). The decrease in expression of β-adrenoceptor in the HF condition is likely due to downregulation of adrenergic receptors in response to increased circulating levels of catecholamines. Similarly, we also observed a decrease in expression of β-adrenoceptors in rats with HF that are known to have elevated sympathetic drive and thus elevated plasma levels of catecholamines (16, 17). RDN, while reducing the global marker of sympathetic outflow, resulted in elevated expression of β-adrenoceptors in the heart. We interpret these results as an upregulation of β-adrenoceptors in response to a decrease in circulating levels of catecholamines in HF rats with RDN. In hemodynamic studies, we found that cardiac systolic function measured as change in pressure over time (±dP/dt) was improved under basal conditions as well as in response to β-adrenoceptor stimulation with isoproterenol after RDN. These data suggest that RDN improved cardiac contractile function as well as cardiac contractile reserve. This is consistent with clinical data indicating that RDN during systolic HF slows the progression of dysfunction and improves walk time (2, 7). A possible explanation for these observations is that β-adrenoceptors, which are downregulated in the HF condition because of the overactivated sympathetic drive (i.e., increased circulating catecholamines), are restored after RDN because of restoration of the adrenergic tone as well as the adrenergic reserve for activation (i.e., expression of β-adrenoceptor expression).
It should be recognized that cardiac cell surface β-adrenoceptor density and affinity are critically important in the link between β-adrenoceptors and cardiac function. Therefore, measurements of total β-adrenoceptor protein levels may not directly parallel changes in cardiac function under all conditions. Furthermore, serial measurements of changes in cardiac function accompanied with alterations in cardiac β-adrenoceptor density and affinity correlated with sympathetic activity in these experiments would provide a more definitive causal relation between alteration in the β-adrenoceptor system and impaired cardiac function.
Our study also indicated that there were higher levels of BNP in the rats with HF compared with Sham rats. RDN reduced these levels to within the normal range. BNP is rapidly synthesized in response to ventricular stretch and pressure overload (27). Increased levels would indicate decompensation of the myocardium, whereas decreasing levels would indicate improvement in cardiac function. Increasing levels of BNP in patients with HF may be indicative of patients at a higher risk of mortality associated with HF (23). A reduction of BNP levels by RDN in rats with HF was indicative of recovery of cardiac function.
In the progression of the HF condition, persistent ischemia and inflammation result in extracellular matrix formation and increased levels of collagen disposition (40). Consistent with this observation, we observed an increased level of collagen 1 in peri-ischemic regions of the left ventricle in rats with HF. RDN ameliorated the deposition of collagen in the peri-infarcted zone of the left ventricle in rats with HF. RDN may also play an important role in this cardiac remodeling process, resulting in a protective effect in the HF condition. The precise mechanisms underlying this cardiac remodeling process remain unknown. Considering that excessive β-adrenergic stimulation has been shown to produce remodeling in HF and that RDN prevents the enhanced sympathetic tone in HF, it is reasonable to speculate that RDN may ameliorate this remodeling by the alterations in the adrenergic tone/effect. RDN-induced suppression of overexpressed collagen 1 localized in peri-infarcted but not far from the infarcted zone may well be due to the fact that the sympathetic nerves are irreparably damaged in the infarcted tissue and are not available for rescue, as are those in the tissue away from the infarcted zone. Secondly, the amount of collagen 1 in the healthy tissue away from the infarct is very minimal to begin with, so the effect of RDN would be expected to be negligible and thus undetectable in these tissues.
Another mechanism for the improved cardiac function after RDN is improved preload, secondary to reduced peripheral sympathetic activation to the kidney and general vasculature. Impaired renal function and consequent fluid retention are also hallmarks of late congestive HF. RDN in animal models of HF have been shown to improve the ability of the kidneys to excrete a given load of Na+ load (8, 47). It should be noted that the improvement in excretion of Na+ and water attributable to RDN was not restricted to animals with HF (33). These studies showed that RDN improved renal excretory ability equally in HF and Sham animals. The efficacy of RDN to improve cardiac function may also be tied to improved renal function (increased Na+ and water excretion and thus possibly reduced blood volume) because excessive cardiac preload critically contributes to the progressive decompensating of the failing left ventricle (9). Relieving fluid retention due to impaired renal function in the HF condition (cardio-renal syndrome) has been a predominate focus for general treatment for chronic congestive HF (6). The results in this study show that RDN also increased 24-h urine flow and Na+ excretion in both Sham as well as HF rats. It is conceivable that elimination of this excess volume in rats with HF had a potentially positive influence on cardiac function. Increased levels of BNP are consistent with the decompensating of myocardium and fluid retention during HF, whereas decreasing levels with RDN would indicate elimination of excess fluid and normalization of BNP. These observations may be particularly pertinent to provide insight into the improvement in LVEDP that is observed with RDN in rats with HF. It may well be that this reduction in overall volume improves the LVEDP in rats with HF. Another potentially important component is likely to involve endogenous fluid shifts triggered by amelioration of increase in sympathetic vasoconstriction in the major vascular beds throughout the body, such as improving the hemodynamic blood flow in the HF condition. Although these concepts have generated recent interest, the precise role of RDN in blood volume regulation and distribution remains to be examined experimentally.
Finally, RDN also affects the level of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation because the renal nerves are one of the primary mediators of renin release within the kidneys. In rats with HF, there is an elevated level of angiotensin II in the circulation (17, 22). Elevated levels of angiotensin II have also been shown to increase sympathetic drive and thus contribute to the increased circulating levels of catecholamines (4). It is possible that RDN reduced the circulating levels of angiotensin II and thus the angiotensin II-mediated increase in circulating catecholamines in HF. It has been shown that RDN attenuates the direct cardiotoxic, detrimental effects on the myocardium attributable to excessive activation of neurohumoral response. Taken together, these effects represent the inhibitory nature of RDN on the involvement of sympathetic nerve activity and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (21).
In conclusion, we have shown for the first time in a comprehensive way that RDN initiated after a period of chronic HF enhances cardiac contractility and the responsiveness of hearts to isoproterenol (catecholamine) stimulation, and these effects are likely due to an RDN-induced increase in β-adrenoceptor protein expression in the heart.
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R56 HL124104 and P01 HL62222.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.
H.Z., X.L., and N.M.S. performed experiments; H.Z., X.L., and N.M.S. analyzed data; H.Z., X.L., N.M.S., and K.P.P. interpreted results of experiments; H.Z., X.L., and N.M.S. prepared figures; H.Z. and K.P.P. drafted manuscript; H.Z. and K.P.P. edited and revised manuscript; H.Z., X.L., and K.P.P. approved final version of manuscript; K.P.P. conception and design of research.
- Copyright © 2016 the American Physiological Society


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If you think the answer is cheating why do you think they would choose that option? If you believe the answer is file for divorce do you know of any men who ever (initiated the legal filing) of a divorce? According to statistics (women) in the U.S. initiate 66% or 2/3rds of all divorce filings! Are men more committed to legally staying in unhappy marriages? Even mistresses are often warned by friends: "The husband never leaves his wife."
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Cheating, because cheating is cheaper than a divorce!!!! Also just because he is unhappy, doesn't necessarily mean he wants a divorce. Divorce is a drastic, serious and final solution. Its not for the faint heart and you really have to be over with the relationship to want a divorce.
Cheating can be temporary thing, unhappiness can be a temporary/fixable thing, while divorce is definitely more permanent
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"Cheating can be a temporary thing." Very interesting!
I agree it's possible the cheater doesn't want to throw out the proverbial baby with the dirty bath water. I suppose they're not looking to (replace) one relationship with another one.
Perhaps because it is indeed cheaper he will fall down the "cheaping" (i.e. cheating) rabbit hole...
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Are you saying an unhappily married man is likely to choose cheating over divorce because it's cheaper? If so; Are the unhappily married women filing for divorce to get financial advantages? Is it all just about the money?
the husband will most likely cheat. woman are statitically higher in filing for divorce most likely because they are the ones who, especially when children are involved, have to keep the home going and that requires support. the man most times will not file for divorce because of the financial burden it will place on him. he will say that he didn't want to hurt the wife or the children, but in truth, it is to keep away the financial burden, and all burndens that come with divorce. to be quite honest, though, i do think that in some, though few, cases the man finds himself in a situation that is hard to fathom for himself. he probably never saw himself as a cheating man. he may tell himself that it was a one time thing or that he is going to put an end to it. i will even go as far as to say that perhaps the man feels it a failure of character. i have found that out of the two, men tend to take failure harder than women. so this may be a reason why they do not file for divorce first, and that is the same to say even when it is the woman who is unfaithful.
in filing for divorce, for a woman, it is, most times, an act of survival. women are instinctual, especially as mothers. so the thought process is to do what needs to be done so that her child and herself are taken care of. if the marriage is salvagable, she will deal with that after the divorce. too, it must be said that sometimes the woman is pressured into divorce by friends with whom she confides in.
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Thanks for your answer. Recently I asked if sexual incompatibility is enough of a reason to file for divorce. Over 90% responded by saying "no". My guess is cheaters may not view issues in their marriage as a cause for divorce. Maybe it's $ though
dashing scorpio.......The answer(s) to this particular question are so varied and multi-faceted. You made it a bit tougher to answer by limiting our choices.....but I'll do my best, based on both general personal knowledge as well as professional experience.
Men are infamous for (the very old cliche) of wanting their cake and eating it too. To add to this, men do not necessarily equate the fact that they cheat on their wives to "not loving them." Basically, this is because men rarely have extra marital affairs with a woman because "he loves her." 90% of the time, she's just another conquest.....feather in his cap....ego boost. Which BTW....in response to something you mentioned: THIS is the real reason men rarely leave their wives for someone else. Difficult as this may be for women to grasp.....cheating men DO love their wives. (Notice I did not use the word, "respect."
Divorce can be (and usually IS) an expensive venture. According to the latest F.B.I statistics, 82% of premeditated murders of women by their husbands is because before they will choose divorce.....they prefer no wife=no alimony=no child support. Comforting thought for women, wouldn't you say?
"Unhappily" married men may seek out other women for momentary pleasure/happiness.....but do not necessarily consider divorce simply based on 'unhappiness." Cheating is the preferable choice in most cases.......unless and until they are CAUGHT....then of course, it's no longer THEIR choice! LOL
As much as we women may joke and tease about men being "stupid" when it comes to women.....the truth is they are quite realistic. Unlike the majority of unhappily married women who will divorce one hubby to be with another......men are able to rationalize that trading one woman for another is like trading a toothache for a back ache. Thus the typical and highly philosophical male decision-making process...."Aw, what the Hell?...might as well stay with the bitch I've already gotten used to and invested in."
So as not to create a HUB here......my final comment should help you to understand a whole lot about the way men look at this entire concept They may do the majority of the "cheating".....and enjoy it......but they rarely want to be married to a "CHEATING woman.".....
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Great answer! "Cheating is the preferable choice in most cases...unless and until they are CAUGHT...then of course, it's no longer THEIR choice! ":)
You're right! Some men would rather kill a spouse than divorce them. Men do separate love & sex.
Basically, it is to do with the ethics and values of a person. An over-smart, extremely calculative and selfish person would opt to cheat rather than file a divorce.
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I believe anyone who is "unhappy" is likely to have (selfish) thoughts because it's human nature to want to be happy! What separates us is which option we choose. Some stay and cheat, some leave, others act as if they're powerless and do nothing.
With the 50% divorce rate in this country, I am going to assume that cheating is the option chosen by people. If anything, the main reason is that it is no longer a secret if at a least two people know about the cheating. A vengeful scorned lover is likely to tell the non-cheating spouse easily leading to divorce. In my personal experience, women will try to forgive a cheating spouse especially if there are children involved but men rarely do so. They are too full of ego. But even women eventually leave the marriage because trust cannot be regained.
Nobody I know has tolerated cheating over divorce. Not one. One would think that staying married despite even just a one time affair would be the wiser course of affairs for the sake of the children and not having the expense of paying for two households as couples eventually move on to new families. Also child support and alimony is expensive. Staying married does seem to be the more pragmatic solution but nobody I know has done this.
The most important virtue in marriage seems to be trust, over-riding money and even forgiveness. One simply cannot live with a person one no longer trusts. Cheating is also the ultimate spousal betrayal and it is not normal for couples to overcome this betrayal and try to continue being a family when trust and loyalty are gone.
People will stay with partners who have substance abuse problems, who are unemployed, etc., but cheating seems to be the only option once loyalty and trust are dead in a marriage.
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"Nobody I know has tolerated cheating over divorce." It's odd that is what I've witnessed as well. However I've seen it forgiven when there is no marriage! hmm Naturally there are famous people like Hilary Clinton & Anthony Weiner's wife stayed.
some comments surprise me. w/o a single doubt, or 2nd thought of any kind. Had my 1st husband (deceased)cheated I would NOT have,could NOT have divorced him. I ADORED him in every way. I'd have spent the rest of my life trying to be what he needed.
I think cheating first. Everyone likes to think the grass is greaner on the other side of the street and if they sample that grass they will ultimately come to one of two conclusions. Either the grass is indeed greener on that side and then they pursue it, or they find out that the grass is full of poo on the other side of the street and all they really need is some water on thier own grass to make it green again. Im sure this goes both for women and men alike. I believe they cheat because they are missing something important thier relationship is not providing and they dont necessarily want to leave thier significant other, just get what they are missing on the side.
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You make a very valid point. I don't believe cheaters want to replace their current mate. They're most likely looking to compliment what they already have. Clearly they don't buy into the 80/20 rule. They're not willing to do without.


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01 ETHICAL   First and foremost, we adhere to a high level of integrity and ethics, both professionally and personally, and those ethics are kept at the forefront of our minds as we work with our clients.
02 SIMPLE   While the work we do is not simple, we are committed to explaining issues in a simple manner as well as providing the most simple solution possible.
03 CURRENT   We work hard to stay current with the most advanced techniques for the areas of practice in which we focus committing to take time to attend conferences related to those topics and regularly communicate with other professionals practicing in those areas in order to provide the advice and service that our clients deserve.
04 SOPHISTICATED   Not everything we do takes a high level of sophistication; however, when needed, we are capable of the highly sophisticated planning found at large firms while maintaining a small firm personal touch.


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Planes, Both Radio-Controlled and Manned, Put On A Show Over Santa Maria Public Airport
The Thunder Over the Valley airshow brought out not only full-size airplanes, but smaller, radio-controlled crafts as well.
The annual airshow, hosted by the Santa Maria Museum of Flight, kicked off Saturday morning with demonstration flights of the radio-controlled planes.
Some of the ground-based pilots of the planes fly real planes as well.
"My big plane is over there across the way," said Steve DeMott, motioning towards the hangars at the Santa Maria Public Airport. DeMott, president of GREKA Refining Company, flew one of his many radio-controlled planes, a bright-orange replica of a late 1930s Rearwin Speedster. "This is like a Rearwin Speedster on steroids," DeMott said. "It's got like 400 percent more power than it needs. A 50-cubic-centimeter two-cycle engine makes about 3.5 horsepower for the plane. "We've clocked this thing at 100 miles per hour," DeMott said.
For Mike Leggett of Morgan Hill, in Northern California, flying radio-controlled aircraft is more than a hobby. His painstakingly-detailed one-ninth scale model of a B17G Flying Fortress heavy bomber is a flying tribute to his father. "This is a replica of the one my dad was shot down in in World War II," Leggett said. His father, 2nd Lt. Elmer Leggett, was the bombardier on the plane, which was strafed by German fighter aircraft as it returned from bombing a Berlin railway station in 1944. Pause
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Ask the Experts
Positive Elisa, Indeterminate Western Blot, Negative Rapid Test HIV test was indeterminate?(INDETERMINATE HIV TESTS, 2009) (PREGNANCY, 2009)Hi, Doctor - Around 2 weeks ago during my annual OBGYN appointment, I received a HIV test. The Elisa came back repeatedly positive and the Western Blot was indeterminate with traces of P24. Freaking out, I then went to my local health clinic 4 days...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...Hi,You are most likely HIV negative. See below.Dr. BobHIV test was indeterminate?(INDETERMINATE HIV TESTS, 2009) (PREGNANCY, 2009)Feb 21, 2009 Hi, I have been sexually active for over two years now. I got tested two years ago and it Read more »
Negative HIV test but reactive? Negative Western BlotMy OBGYN doctor called this afternoon and told me that my HIV test came back negative but reactive?... Read more »
Pregant with a positive elisa test with undeterminal wester blot??? (PREGNANCY AND INDETERMINATE WESTERN BLOT TEST, 2010)I have read several articles on thebody.com about women testing positive on the elisa test for HIV... Read more »
Some Ob-Gyns Unaware of State Requirements for Recommending HIV Tests, Survey Says... Although almost all ob-gyns recommend HIV testing to all their pregnant patients, some are unclear about state requirements for recommending tests, according to a survey published Read more »
Georgia Gov. Perdue Signs Bill That Would Require Doctors to Offer Pregnant Women HIV Tests...Sonny Perdue (R) on Thursday signed into law a bill ( HB 429 ) that would require doctors in the state to offer pregnant women HIV tests, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reports ( Atlanta Journal-Constitution , 5/18). The bill, sponsored by... Read more »
HIV Testing...take longer than three months. During this "window period" you may not test positive for HIV even if you are infected. Normal HIV tests don't work for newborn children of HIV-infected mothers. In many places, you can get tested anonymously for... Read more »
HIV Testing...Confidential HIV Testing HIV Name-Based Reporting Partner Notification Orasure Test for HIV Rapid Tests for HIV Home HIV Antibody Tests Urine Test for HIV RNA / NAAT Testing For-Profit Test... Read more »
Connect With Others
Searching for an OB/GYN in NY, pregnant and HV+I
Posted by ShadaURGENT!I'm PREGNANT and very new in new york and i'm seraching for a very good OB/GYN in NY. I'm searching for someone competent and who will not judje me just because i'm HIV+; Thank you for HELP; Read more »
Still in shock & worried about specialist meeting
Posted by madisongurl, 4 Replies...disease which I would have contacted back in September that would also elevate cd8 cells could this possibly give false positive hiv test? Read more »
I want to share...
Posted by giaobsession, 3 RepliesI went to my ob/gyn after I miscarried just to make sure everything was ok, and to get anotehr form of birth control (lol). Anyways, I asked her if it could be possible to miscarry from stress, and she said absolutely. She asked me what I was so... Read more »
Really need some help, please
Posted by Anonymous, 2 Replies...days after encounter that persisted for 2-3 days. Didn't get tested. (STUPID) Now expecting first child -- state requires HIV test of all pregnant women. WIfe had blood drawn 23 days ago. Two questions: 1. would ELISA and Western Blot be... Read more »
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Raymond J. Bridy, PGA
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Monroe Township, NJ 08831-1284
Raymond Bridy is a PGA Professional in Monroe Township, NJ. The PGA of America comprises 27,000 men and women professionals with one singular goal in mind - to make the game of golf more enjoyable for you.
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Home » Golf Courses » New Jersey » Monroe Township » Raymond J. Bridy, PGA
PGA of America Championships
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Supply Chain Inventory Optimization Solution Analyst (VBA, VB.net, SQL)
Key Responsibilities
Key responsibilities would include:
- Responsible and Accountable for the Supply Chain Inventory Optimization Reporting and Analytics deliverables for regions or businesses
- Focus on bringing value to the Output data and improving the input / coverage
- Focused towards the big picture of Analytics and ensuring the project moves up the value chain
- Work with HP Inc. Supply Chain business tether to create, track, analyze and execute on the Business Plans.
- Build business models, research both internal and external sources, and extract key insights from data analysis to inform key focus areas and development priorities for the organization.
- Work with the HP Inc Supply Operations Strategy & Development Organization to support large projects across $57 billion HP Inc. business WW.
- Ability to build/trouble shoot reporting and analytics that provide actionable business insights, validate hypothesis, carry out enhancements based on business/stakeholder feedback.
- Collaborate with BI team, IT, regions and global partners to ensure data integrity and gather and analyze updated data for various finance supply chain operations specific analytics initiatives
Other Responsibilities
- Maintain and support design and development of the solutions in an unstructured environment
- Work with different stakeholders in the PPS Supply Chain teams to continuously improve the level of reporting and analysis
- Analyze and Implement business logic in scorecards/ dashboards
- Maintain high quality reporting and analysis
- Help team meet Operational Excellence and Technical development standards and create Process maps, process docs for the engagement.
Skills Requirement
Technical Skills:
- In Depth knowledge and experience in : VBA, Excel, SQL Server, SSIS, Visual Basic.NET, Windows Server admin
- Strong competency in VBA programming in MS Excel
- Very Good with MS Office. Ability to represent data through XL/PowerPoint / PDF
- Software product development experience in front end technologies VB.NET
- Experience with PowerShell.
- Database skills – maintenance, design and development like SQL language, SQL server, SSIS, OLAP Cubes etc.)
- Strong with Installing, configuring and supporting Microsoft technology solutions on windows 2003/2008 platform hosting web and database applications, while maintaining security, backups, monitoring and performing routine server maintenance.
Other Skills:
- Good to have Supply chain domain knowledge in topics like – Supply and Demand Management, Inventory Management. Inventory Optimization
- Independent judgment to perform planning analysis, raise issues and concerns on the plan to propose action plans and solutions without coaching
- Experience in interacting with Senior Supply Chain Planners
- Successful project management expertise. Must be strong at multi-tasking and ideally have experience with virtual cross functional teams
- Process mapping , documentation (for process and training)
- Strong analytical skills, and very detail-oriented.
- Good English & Communication skills needed
- Proactive & Result driven approach very important (with focus to optimize workflows and "get things done")
- Person needs to be a strong team player
- Person needs to be agile, quick learner, motivated & assertive.
- Ability to work flexible hours - method, organization & flexibility
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Experience & Background
- 2-3 Years work experience in Supply Chain BI Solutions design and development
- Bachelors/Master's degree in Engineering, Systems, Computer Applications (MCA)
- At least 7-9 years of experience in VBA, Excel, SQL Server, Visual Basic.NET, Windows Server admin , Power Shell
- Must have a proven record of delivering technical solutions (working with multiple data sources, desktop automation projects)
Meet Some of HP's Employees
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Product Manager
Elizabeth focuses on the HP consumer experience, scaling best practices across premium consumer notebooks, testing products before public release, and crafting the compelling story of their design and performance for press workshops.
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Bullitt contains what is largely thought of as the granddaddy of all car chases and with good reason, as the pursuit between Steve McQueen's iconic character and a pair of deadly assassins remains just as exciting and riveting today as it must have seemed back in 1968. The chase starts out on the mountainous streets of San Francisco and eventually winds up on a desolate highway, with the 10-minute scene's success due primarily to its authenticity and hair-raising maneuvers. (The stunt drivers were reportedly hitting speeds of over 100 mph and it shows.)

When it was released as part of the compilation movie, Death Proof was quickly dismissed as a rare failure from Quentin Tarantino. In the years since its release, however, Death Proof has become a modern cult classic – with its magnificent third-act car chase playing a pivotal role in its success. The sequence follows ruthless villain Stuntman Mike (Kurt Russell) as he terrorizes a car holding three women (Rosario Dawson, Tracie Thoms, and Zoe Bell), with the twist being that the ladies eventually turn the tables on Mike and start their own pursuit (which ultimately concludes as the girls capture Mike and subject him to an epically brutal beating).

Arriving in theaters just a few years after Bullitt, The French Connection clearly set out to top the white-knuckle car chase in that Steve McQueen thriller – as the film boasts one of the grittiest pursuit scenes ever committed to celluloid. After a hitman boards an elevated train in New York City, Popeye Doyle (Gene Hackman) begins his furious chase from below in a beat-up Pontiac that takes more and more damage as the enthralling scene unfolds. The sequence proved that you don't necessarily need more than one car to create a successful car chase.

Though it features several car chases, it's the pursuit near the end of Ronin that stands as its best. Robert De Niro and a couple of other characters begin tailing another car through the streets of Paris, with the high-speed chase eventually making its way through side roads and tunnels – while at the same time wreaking all sorts of damage to other cars and landmarks. It's a phenomenal sequence that relies primarily on old-fashioned stuntwork rather than computer-generated effects, with filmmaker John Frankenheimer's decision to place the actual actors in the fast-moving cars heightening the suspense and excitement.

With somber films like The Yards and Two Lovers under his belt, James Gray is hardly the sort of filmmaker from whom one would expect a top-notch car chase. But in his 2007 effort We Own the Night, Gray offers up one of the most inventive and gripping chase sequences of the 21st century – as Joaquin Phoenix's Bobby Green, along with Robert Duvall's Burt and Eva Mendes' Amada, must outrun several armed men during a torrential downpour. The rainy atmosphere heightens what is already an extremely suspenseful scene, and it seems awfully strange that more car chases haven't transpired during similarly poor weather conditions.

The Matrix series became infamous for its exhilarating, larger-than-life action sequences, with the car chase that crops up in the franchise's second installment, 2003's The Matrix Reloaded, certainly as exciting as anything else within the trilogy. The chase transpires on an ordinary freeway and follows Trinity (Carrie-Anne Moss) and Morpheus (Laurence Fishburne) as they attempt to transport another character to safety, with complications ensuing as the trio is pursued by a variety of vicious, gravity-defying villains. The sequence was so complicated that the Wachowski brothers actually had a 1.5-mile-long stretch of highway built specifically for the production.

After the success of The French Connection, William Friedkin seemed determined to top that film's justifiably legendary car chase. And although he never quite got there, the exhilarating pursuit in 1985's To Live and Die in L.A. comes awfully close. The chase starts out like any other, as William Petersen attempts to outrun machine-gun-toting bad guys, but eventually becomes crazier and more over-the-top as it goes on – with Petersen's character finally driving against traffic on a busy Los Angeles freeway!

There have been plenty of car chases in the venerable James Bond series, but it's the pursuit in that stands as the franchise's vehicular high point. Bond (Pierce Brosnan) finds himself forced to outrun several baddies in a BMW that's been outfitted with gadgets by Q, with the twist being that 007 is actually reclining in the back seat operating the car with a special remote. The pursuit winds its way through a crowded parking garage and eventually ends up on the roof, where Bond, having already jumped out of the car, sends the BMW careening off the side of the building and into a glass storefront below.

James Cameron has never exactly shied away from over-the-top action sequences, with the first and second Terminator movies packed virtually from start to finish with white-knuckle set pieces. Terminator 2: Judgment Day contains what is probably the most exciting car chase ever attempted by Cameron, as John Connor (Edward Furlong), riding a dirt bike, attempts to escape from the relentless Terminator (Robert Patrick) that's pursuing him in a truck – with Connor's life saved after Arnold Schwarzenegger's friendly Terminator swoops in at the last minute and pulls the teenager aboard his powerful motorcycle.

Though the 1974 original is notable for containing one of the longest car chases ever committed to film, Gone in 60 Seconds, the 2000 remake, emerges a clear winner in terms of generating excitement and thrills. The climax of the film follows Nicolas Cage's Memphis Raines as he steals an extremely valuable Shelby Mustang and attempts to drive it to a prearranged destination, with his efforts confounded by a pair of dogged cops (Delroy Lindo and Timothy Olyphant) who pursue him through the streets and highways of Los Angeles. (A helicopter even makes an appearance at one point!)


text: First, Sarlat is a wonderful town. This hotel is a short walk from the best of it. Excellent location. Front desk was friendly and helpful. They let us see several rooms and let us choose. We had a beautiful spacious room with lots of charm, overlooking the pool. The bed comfortable. Clean. Wonderful bathroom. Quiet. The pool was fabulous. The... More


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Answered By: Gabe Research & Writing Studio Last Updated: Jan 14, 2016 Views: 102
Answered By: Gabe Research & Writing Studio
Last Updated: Jan 14, 2016 Views: 102
Since the APA Publication Manual does not comprehensive guidance on citing ebook sources in-text we recommend getting guidance from the next most authoritative APA source, the APA Style Blog. According to that site you should use:
• a paragraph number, if provided; alternatively, you can count paragraphs down from the beginning of the document;
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Skin cancer rates are on the rise. Girls need to wear protection when they lie out in the sun and work on their tans. Next to sunblock, the best form of protection is a hat. They look sexy and they could even save your girl's life. So the tough question of the week: which bikini girl wearing a hat is the hottest?
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Corner lot at Medicine Bow Trail and Buffalo Gap in the RESERVATION, desired Buena Vista Elementary, 4 bedroom, 3 full baths, formal dining room, huge master bath, walk-in closet, over 2600 sq. ft., beautiful outdoor pool for those hot summer days. Updated flooring and NEW ROOF!


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|Physical description
|Character information
|First appearance
|Last appearance
Crows are highly intelligent, black-feathered birds that are common in almost all parts of the world. Crows also exist in wordwide myths and legends with various roles and meanings.
The Shapeshifters that were trying to steal the Book of Shadows transformed into crows when they heard the sisters and Victor return to the manor.[1]
A crow feather was one of the ingredients needed for the Masselin vanquishing potion.[2]
A crow was at the old ghost town that Victor and Phoebe visisted. Once there, Phoebe became connected to the psychic Bo Lightfeather. After Bo and the other townspeople were saved from a time loop, the crow appeared at the manor.[3]
Notes and TriviaEdit
- Some fans believe that the crow appeared in "The Good, the Bad and the Cursed" was an omen predicting the death of Prue Halliwell.
- Bo Lightfeather's father was named Soaring Crow.
- In "A Witch's Tail, Part 2", Necron summons a pair of ravens, which resemble crows.


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Discussion in 'Lifestyle' started by CrazyGoo, Feb 11, 2007.
movie between 03:20 and 03:24 stat!
Gamgee, king of the queer movies...can you help?
04:27 - 04:32 looks hot too
nvm: The Broken Hearts Club
Man, I've seen almost all those movies...
I think I need to get out of the house more and watch less gay themed movies...
Yeah, 3:20 to 3:24 is the Broken Hearts Club, although that scene had to be filmed that way because Dean Cain wouldn't touch lips with another guy... homophobe. Still... It's a great movie. I HIGHLY recommend it.
I think the 4:27 to 4:32 movie was "Get Real" and I liked it a lot. A typical coming-of-age movie.
4:02 - 4:21: Great movie called "The Trip"... (even though they look cheesy with their 70s hair, it gets a lot better....)
I recommend you see the following movies (from this montage)
Priest - a tough story about a priest struggling with his homosexuality, but very powerful.
Wild Reeds - Good movie about a boy's school and realizing you're gay.
Lilies - that movie still stays with me, and it's been years since I've seen it. I highly recommend it.
Red Dirt - Most of the cowboy stuff is from this movie. I cried like a fool at the end of this movie. I only gave it two stars because most of the movie is not that good... but the ending affected me. See 1:47 to 1:56 for their kiss at the end.
Beautiful Thing - Incredible coming-of-age movie!!! Don't miss this one.
Broken Hearts Club - great movie about friendship
Y Tu Mama Tambien - Highly recommended... you gotta see Pedro Almovodar movies.
Angels in America - incredible - and that's all I'm going to say about that
Bedrooms and Hallways - (those were the kissing scenes in the hallway with the guy from the Matrix) Great movie
The Wedding Banquet - One of Ang Lee's (Brokeback Mountain) first films. Very Good
Big Eden - I gave this five stars. It's a bit hokey, but I love the movie.
Hit and Runway - Another five-star movie... It's really funny and poignant...
Brokeback Mountain - Well, duh...
The Trip - I was really affected by this movie...
Latter Days - Great movie about a mormon gay kid falling in love with the boy next door.
Get Real - Really cute coming-of-age movie
It's in the Water - people think the water is making people gay. it's cute.
Kiss Me, Guido - a funny look at old-world Italian families and being gay... it's very cute, but sad too, and empowering.
Eating Out - great scene where a straight dude has phone sex with this girl he likes, while her gay best friend gives the straight dude a blowjob... HOT!!! And the actual movie is pretty funny too.
The Edge of Seventeen - I don't know why I gave this four out of five stars. I don't recall loving it this much.
Coming Out - A German movie (so, subtitles) that tackles the gay theme... it's good.
Movies to avoid:
Testoseterone - Depsite a naked Antonio Sabato, Jr., this movie sucks
Everyone - Avoid it... it sucked.
Come Undone - ugh... waste of my time.
Leaving Metropolis - It's not horrible, but there are so many better movies. The only redeeming thing about this movie is a great kissing scene between a gay artist and his straight (really bi) model who is married. The model is HOT
lol your my hero
That's the first "gay kiss" montage... I've seen all these too...
God, I need to get a life
Here are the movies to see from this montage:
The Sum of Us - a really good movie about a father and son learning to understand each other. This is one of Russell Crowe's first movies, and he plays the gay son... it's very funny... I liked it a lot.
All Over The Guy - I love this movie because the dark-haired male lead is a total hottie. It's also very funny, and poignant. I highly recommend it if you like romantic comedies
Trick - Don't just see this movie - own it... just so you can watch the Coco Peru bathroom scene every night before bed... HYSTERICAL
Broadway Damage - I liked this movie a lot, mostly because it stars a grown-up "Christina" from "Mommie Dearest" as the fag hag to this cute gay boy. It's fluff and will not change the world, but it was ok.
Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss - This movie stars Sean Hayes, before his Will and Grace "Just Jack" days. It's really sweet and well done. I highly recommend it.
Borstal Boy - This movie is about a young bisexaul man in the Irish resistance, who ends up falling in love with another guy in his batallion... it's really an interesting story... and I was surprised at how much I cared for these main characters.
I Think I Do - another really cute gay romantic comedy.
Love, Valour, Compassion - this is one of those "You must see this, as a gay man" movies. It's a classic, and although it's very sad, it's brilliant.
Urbania It's good. Not great. Largely forgettable. But, worth your time. It stars Dan Futterman, who is a very good actor who plays a lot of gay roles.
Twilight of the Golds - This is the Brendan Fraser movie, and it's great.
Gods and Monsters - The other Brendan Fraser movie, and he's freaking HOT in it. And Sir Ian McKellan as the gay older gentleman that wants to get in his pants... it's a very well done movie.
Making Love - This is a cheesy movie from 1982, but it stars a HOT Harry Hamlin in a gay role that he was very uncomfortable in... and so the kissing scene had to be a surprise... which makes it all the more hot for me because he went with it during the scene, even though it was unexpected. Plus, Kate Jackson as the jilted wife... good high drama.
In and Out - Haven't we all seen this. Mainstream movie that's very funny... a quick kiss and several Barbra Streisand references... and a hysterical scene with old ladies sharing personal information... "My husband has one ball!"
Torch Song Trilogy Another gay classic that is a "must see" for any self-respecting gay man. This is why Harvey Fierstein is a genius. Plus, Matthew Broderick in his first movie, playing a very convincing gay man.
Jeffrey - This is a really cute, funny, sad, poignant, wonderful movie about dating in the time of AIDS. I highly recommend it, especially for the Olympia Dukakis scenes... She steals the movie.
Cabaret - Another classic that is a must see, but see Torch Song Trilogy and Love, Valour, Compassion first... they're better.
Philadelphia - This is another must see, and will be a classic... incredibly dramatic, but it shows why Tom Hanks is a great actor
The Talented Mr. Ripley - Amazing movie, overall... Star-studded cast. And the lead character is gay, played incredibly by Matt Damon
The Birdcage - We've all seen this by now, right? IF not, see it, just for the dinner scene... "Are these boys playing leapfrog?"
Movies to Avoid:
Maurice - This movie was about two college students who fall in love at a very conservative college. I was hoping for more. But, it's star studded (Hugh Grant in one of his first roles, playing a gay student) and the very adorable Simon Callow as his lover.
Sunday, Bloody Sunday - Again, it was ok, but should be seen after you've exhausted all the much better movies listed above. It's about an older man who decided to have an affair on his wife, with a much younger man.
Latter days - great movie I liked it
Coming out - not bad
I saw some of those movies in a sociology class I took called "homosexual cinema" -- we analyzed how the movies reveals the socio-cultural aspects of a particular era of cinema.
Hey Sammy I just watched "Trick", the acting is awful and the plot is quite cheesy and pointless...but, you are right, the Coco Peru bit was an eye opener and Mark is so
CoCo Peru
Broken Hearts Club was meh...not that good
I'm going to watch "All over the guy" right now...
yeah... and he was so hot in that movie
i liked broken hearts club... probably because I have a group of friends a lot like that...


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With kids now on their school summer holidays and lessons not restarting until September, July and August are often seen as a busy time for locals in the housing rental market.
Dong Libo, a 35-year-old Shanghainese, is currently busy organizing the rental of a new apartment in Xuhui District, close to Xujiahui area.
The deadline is before September when Dong's son will enter Gao'an Road No. 1 Primary School on Wanping Road S., considered a good public primary school.
Dong lives in outlying Baoshan District, where he believes there are fewer good schools. To secure a place for his son at a school of his choice, Dong bought a small apartment in Xujiahui area several years ago and transferred the hukou (registered permanent residence) of the whole family to Xuhui District.
Under the household registration system in Shanghai, this means Dong's son can enter school in Xuhui District. The existing enrollment policy links the public education with hukou.
Arrangements like Dong's are increasingly common in Shanghai. An apartment bought in a certain area to secure a school place there has become known as a xue qu fang (literally a school area apartment, or elite school property). Prices of xue qu fang are often 1,000 yuan to 2,000 yuan more per square meter than for housing further from plum schools. In such situations, due to the high cost of housing, families like Dong's usually buy a very small apartment.
"But a new problem arrives when my son goes to school," says Dong. "If we still live in Baoshan, it's too far away from the school, but the 80-square-meter apartment we bought in Xuhui is too small for us."
Like many parents in such arrangements, Dong is eager to rent a larger apartment close to the school, with the rental fees covered by renting out the apartment in Baoshan plus the smaller one in Xuhui.
This trend is keeping the rental market busy in the summer, though it was even busier among expats earlier in the year, according to industry professionals.
"Many expats generally change their residences or renew rental contracts during April to June - especially among families with kids," says Alice Ai, marketing manager in the Shanghai office of Joanna Real Estate (JRE).
"This let them spend the summer holiday peacefully. They choose residences near schools and villas are popular among them."
JRE is one of the largest real estate consultancy companies in China and specializes in residential relocation services for expats and outsourcing relocation services for corporate HR departments.
According to the latest JRE figures, the turnover of rental of high-end houses and apartments in May was up 5 percent from a month earlier, while the June figure was 17 percent higher than that in May.
From ¥280
From ¥35
沪公网安备 31010602000209号


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I'm not sure how to add more than one file to a project. sorry
your quilt turned out very nice.
thank you for sharing. Very pretty
Joy, your quilt turned out great
What a great ideal a friend of mine gave me some of those bags I just might make one thank you for sharing.
So is just the center star made from the bag, or are all the star points and sashing, too? Is the light background also velvet?
Oh, I forgot to say it's very pretty! Nice work!
This quilt really turned out nicely Joy.
just the center of the inner star is made from the bag. Some of the bags were really old and the fabric fragile so I decided not to use the rest of the bag. The light background is flannel.


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Having a treat
Did you know that immediately after you exercise is the best time of day to eat? So even if you're not starving, you should still eat something.
The good news is that before you leave us you can refuel in our café and enjoy a regular hot drink & a Hot Cross Bun for just £2.95.
That should put a spring in your step!
Ask a member of our Café Team for more details.
Enjoy and #BeHappy
All items subject to availability. One hot cross bun per regular hot drink. 15p supplement for a large hot drink.Terms and conditions apply. For more info on Fairtrade visit www.fairtrade.org.uk


text:
Animal Bites and Attacks
Responsible Pet Owners Never Allow Threatening Behaviour
The City of Greater Sudbury Animal Care and Control By-law does not permit pet owners to allow or direct a dog to attack, threaten, chase or harass other people or animals.
Businesses using guard dogs must post warning signs which include a contact number for both the owner of the dog and the owner of the premises.
If someone is bitten or severely scratched by a dog or a cat, it is important to consult a physician immediately and to notify the Sudbury & District Health Unit at 705-522-9200.
Complaints of an attack or bite without provocation must be made in writing to Greater Sudbury By-law Compliance and Enforcement. Include the signature of the complainant, enough information to identify the owner of the dog and details of the incident.
Vicious Dog
When investigating a complaint, Greater Sudbury By-law Compliance and Enforcement Services will consider:
- The severity of the bite or attack and any resulting injuries
- Whether there is prior record of a bite or attack, and
- Factors such as whether the attack was an act of defense, a reaction to trespassing and/or being teased, provoked or tormented
If the investigation results in a finding of a Vicious Dog, pet owners are required to:
- Post a clearly visible warning sign purchased from the City of Greater Sudbury at the entrance to their home
- Muzzle their dog at all times, except when the dog is home and indoors
- Securely restrain their dog at all times, except when the dog is home and indoors. Leashes are not to be more than 1 metre in length
- Ensure that outdoor enclosures are secure, high enough to prevent escape and do not permit contact with other animals or persons
- Microchip the dog
- Maintain liability insurance with minimum coverage of $1 million per occurrence
- Notify Greater Sudbury By-law Compliance and Enforcement Services within two working days of any change in ownership or address
Pet owners have a right to appeal the finding of Vicious Dog to the City of Greater Sudbury Hearing Committee within 14 days of receiving a notice and upon payment of an administrative fee.
Depending on the severity of the bite or attack, the City of Greater Sudbury may exercise its rights under the provincial Dog Owner's Liability Act to go before a Justice of the Peace to request a warrant to remove a vicious dog from its home. The dog is held in care of the municipality until a hearing before the Ontario Court of Justice determines its fate and penalties for the dog owner.
Under the Dog Owner's Liability Act, owners are liable for the actions of their dog if it can be proven before the court that the dog has bitten or attacked a person or domestic animal, has behaved in a manner that poses a menace to the safety of persons or domestic animals or the owner did not exercise reasonable precautions to prevent a dog from biting, attacking or posing menace.


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Home invasion by cops?
View Single Post
March 31, 2011, 03:28 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: May 3, 2009
Location: Central Texas
Posts: 3,570
I have been awakened by my door flying in, and several shotgun barrels in my face literaly. Police task force raided the wrong apartment complex. They were apologetic, and had a city handyman fix my door. It did scare the crap out of me. I had no time to react when they came in. I lived in a small studio apartment of a 4 plex. They did get the suapect they were after in the 4 plex across the street. I was not too happy. My apartment number was on the door.
Yes it does happen. Cops make mistakes about adresses. The thing is they are trying to use speed to keep the element of surprise, and usualy the officer, or informant that the info came from are not with the inital entry team so it is not that difficult in the heat of the moment to force entry into the wrong house, especialy if it is an aparment, duplex, or 4plex.
No matter how many times you do it and nothing happens it only takes something going wrong one time to kill you.
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by m&p45acp10+1
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Auxiliumtechnology.com ranks
#4,912,277 in the world and generates
434 Page views for daily.
FreeWebsiteReport estimates Auxiliumtechnology.com for a valuation of
$950 USD for it's visitor traffic that has the potential for CPC and Display-based advertising.
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$1.30 for daily and
$39.02 for monthly to spend on advertisements with Auxiliumtechnology.com. Auxiliumtechnology.com's page load time for
90th percentile measures at 6 sec. Auxiliumtechnology.com receives most of it's
organic referrals traffic from 23 websites around the world. Auxiliumtechnology.com servers are located in the United States.
|Time Average
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3 Month
1 Month
Auxilium Technology - Responsive Design, Web Strategy Development
At Auxilium Technology, you have found a rich and diverse resource for product development, engineering training, Responsive Design and Web Strategy.
Google Safe Browsing - Safe website. Clean from Viruses, Malicious Worms, Adwares, Trojans, Spywares and Suspicious Phishing Attacks.


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Complaint Review: Jason Wieck Racing LLC
- Jason Wieck Racing LLC
Phoenix, Arizona
United States of America
- Phone: 480-310-9371
- Web: https://www.jasonwieckracing.com/
- Category: Auto Advertising Services
Jason Wieck Racing LLC Jason Wieck Racing, Jason Wieck Jason Wieck LLC is a SCAM! BEWARE! Phoenix, Arizona
*Consumer Comment: Jason Wieck, More than just a racer...
*Author of original report: OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE involved in SCAM, Phoenix AZ
*REBUTTAL Owner of company: Jack Who are you and why are you doing this to me ?
Beware of Jason Wieck LLC and his scam. This scumbag has been scamming the valley for years. He purchased a shell of a race car with no engine, then tries to obtain money for advertising on this vehicle. Keep in mind that this car does not run, therefore will never be seen by the public. Unless you happen to be a guest in this mans garage, your ad will NEVER be seen and your ad dollars are wasted! Beyond that the strongest case this man has for running fund raisers as posted on his website is "most importantly you will be helping a small business owner achieve a dream." I always thought you actually have to have a legitimate and workable business model to be a small business owner, not just ask the public for handouts to help offset their cost. I dont care how this is packaged, its simply a man looking for a handout and trying to SCAM the unsuspecting public. Only a fool would buy into this nonsense.
Does your business have a bad reputation?Corporate Advocacy Program™Fix it the right way.
Set the record straight:Arbitration Program
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 01/24/2011 04:04 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/jason-wieck-racing-llc/phoenix-arizona-85032/jason-wieck-racing-llc-jason-wieck-racing-jason-wieck-jason-wieck-llc-is-a-scam-beware-686330. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year. Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report. READ: Foreign websites steal our content
If you would like to see more Rip-off Reports on this company/individual, search here:
#1 Consumer Comment
Jason Wieck, More than just a racer...
AUTHOR: LaurenH - (United States of America)
SUBMITTED: Thursday, December 01, 2011POSTED: Thursday, December 01, 2011
Jason has been very attentive to our company, he was not just looking for our money to help himself, he wanted to help our in the social media realm, as well as, other marketing areas. I am grateful that Jason approached us for advertisement dollars. It was a good investment on our part. Not only do we have our logo on both race cars but he promotes our company on Facebook, Twitter and his website, as well as, any fundraising events that he does.
Jason Wieck Racing LLC is not a scam, this man is not looking for handouts, he is a hard-worker and very dedicated to making his dream come true. He never forgets who has helped him get to where he is today. He never takes his sponsors for granted.
#2 Author of original report
OUTBACK STEAKHOUSE involved in SCAM, Phoenix AZ
AUTHOR: Jim - (USA)
SUBMITTED: Thursday, February 03, 2011POSTED: Thursday, February 03, 2011
"Yes I have been trying to obtainsponsorsbut thats what race teams do."
The funniest part of this statement you made is.... you consider yourself a "race team."
Here is some light reading you should look into....http://business.ftc.gov/documents/bus35-advertising-faqs-guide-small-business
#3 REBUTTAL Owner of company
Jack Who are you and why are you doing this to me ?
AUTHOR: Jason Wieck - (United States of America)
SUBMITTED: Tuesday, February 01, 2011POSTED: Tuesday, February 01, 2011
I am Jason Wieck and just happened to come across this article. Yes I did by a Dragster rolling chassis with no engine or transmission which is common practice in the racing world. I am actually currently building an engine and transmission and we will be racing in march of this year. As far as me scamming the valley for years I have only put together one fund raiser for me and my team and that was with outback steakhouse. This fundraiser has not even taken place yet. Yes I have been trying to obtain sponsors but thats what race teams do. I invite you Jack or anyone else who has ant concerns about me or my race team to call me directly at 480-310-9371 or email me email@example.com so that I can set the record straight. Thank You.
ZipBooks Accounting Software
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strict standards for business conduct.


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Is there a best recruitment site for HR people?(10 Posts)
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text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services MERIDIAN PLAZA Myrtle Beach is offering a tasfefully furnished, nice room for those looking for a place to stay at in Myrtle Beach. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by MERIDIAN PLAZA Myrtle Beach (including those available for an extra fee) or about the equipment of the rooms, you can find the complete list on the information sheet below.
Payment Credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment may be required for the reservation, depending on the chosen room, date and price.
Arrival, opening hours You will be able to speak with the personnel in English.
MERIDIAN PLAZA Myrtle Beach rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Wellness section, relaxation
- Jacuzzi
General Policies
Spoken languages
Accepted bank cards
MasterCard, VISA, Diners Club, Amex
Local tax
Please check the details of the selected price.


text:
If you would like to fund other items and projects, please contact us. Donors can be recognized for funding special projects. Please contact us to inquire.
Our charity number is #826093155RR0001. You can verify the charity number at Canada Revenue Agency. We currently have three possible donation methods.
How to Donate
1. Online Donation– you can now make secure online donations to the Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre using PayPal. Click the button below to make an online payment.
Recurring Monthly Donation – subscribe to recurring monthly donations and cancel at anytime.
2. Mail-in Donation – you can fill out our Membership/Donation form, and mail it in with a cheque to:
Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre
Box 48059 RPO Lakewood
Winnipeg, MB R2J 4A33.
3. CanadaHelps – You can make an online donation to PWRC through the CanadaHelps website by clicking here.
Make an appointment
– If you would like to speak with one of our board members or volunteers face to face before making a donation please contact us by phone
(204) 510-1855 or by email email@example.com.
If you have any further questions, don't hesitate to call us at (204) 510-1855.
Donor Privacy Policy
The Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre never sells, rents, trades, or otherwise shares our supporters' names, mailing addresses, email addresses, or other personal information with any other organization. The Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre never sends out mailings on behalf of other organizations.


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President Trump is about to start a nuclear war with North Korea. New UN sanctions have cut North Korea's oil and money supply - hence its regime would soon fall without war. Both China and Russia have promised to defend North Korea if America attacks first. So America attacking North Korea could start a nuclear WW III. Nevertheless, Trump will attack North Korea as a distraction from his possible impeachment. US pro-war propaganda is becoming hysterical. This propaganda lies in stating that "food supplies would be decimated by radiation and up to 90% of the population would die within a year" after a nuclear bomb was exploded high in the atmosphere over America. The truth is that an electromagnetic pulse from such a high atmospheric nuclear explosion could destroy electronic devices for hundreds of miles beneath the blast. But the resulting electromagnetc pulse from such a blast is not lethal to humans. In the 1950s and 1960s, thousands of American soldiers were experimentally placed in trenches just a few miles from ground nuclear explosions, and the resulting electromagnetic pulse did not kill one of these American soldier "guinea pigs". However, this high radiation exposure decades later caused a dramatic increase in cancer in these human guinea pigs. The high radiation exposure from the Chernobyl Disaster did not kill the surrounding vegetation or animals.
By 2020 Climate Change Will Be Irreversible
|Internet Mental Health © 1995-2017 Phillip W. Long, M.D.


text:
'You CAN'T claim Italy is doing well!' Economist rips into ex-MP as he defends euro
FORMER Lib Dem MP Chris Huhne was taken to task on Sky News by a top economist as he made a feeble attempt to defend the criss-plagued euro.
Ruth Lea, a British political economist and former chair of the pro-Brexit Economists for Britain group, ripped into the former Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change.
The pair were speaking on Sky News' All Out Politics to debate whether the euro had been a disaster or not.
Asked whether it had been a success, Ms Lea said: "It is in a way but it is about politics rather than economics.
"You can't get away from the fact that some of the economic metrics of the eurozone are pretty dire.
Economist Ruth Lea clashed with Chris Huhne, not pictured, on Sky News
"If you look at Italy for example… 12 per cent unemployment, practically no growth since 1997.
"It is not very clever and the banks are a serious problem with non-performing loans."
Responding to Ms Lea's damning condemnation of the state of the eurozone nations, particularly those in southern Europe, Mr Huhne rushed to the defence of the euro.
He said: "One thing we know is unemployment is not down fundamentally to the currency arrangements.
You can't get away from the fact that some of the economic metrics of the eurozone are pretty dire
"Within the euro area you have many countries with very low unemployment…"
Before the former MP could finish, Ms Lea leapt to tear apart his argument.
She said: "You cannot claim that Italy is doing exceptionally well economically."
Mr Huhne tried to argue Italy's economic and financial problems pre-dated the introduction of the euro at the turn of the century.
Again this angered the economist, with Ms Lea saying: "I cannot leave this idea that somehow Italy is doing OK economically or is not doing any worse than it would have done.
Chris Huhne was passionate in his defence of the euro and the EU
"If Italy was out of the eurozone now I would have no doubt its currency would be weaker today and that would give it some stability."
On Sunday Italians will vote in a referendum which could trigger a major crisis in the eurozone.
The vote could trigger the resignation of prime minister Matteo Renzi which in turn could lead to a collapse of several major Italian banks.
Mr Renzi called the referendum in an attempt to force through what he believes are vital constitutional reforms.
He argues the vote will end the years of political privilege of the political old-guard or "caste".
"I want this to be clear – whoever wants to put an end to the caste should pick up a pencil on Sunday (and vote in favour of the reforms)," he said.
But if Italians decide to vote 'No', well, I'll get the popcorn out, because you'll be seeing the old guard in TV debates for years."


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 73,201 this week
Friedrich G. Beckhaus
Friedrich G. Beckhaus was born on December 11, 1927 in Berlin, Germany as Friedrich Georg Beckhaus. He is an actor, known for Die Wannseekonferenz (1984), Finke & Co. (1969) and Ein Mann, der nichts gewinnt (1967). He is married to Erika Beckhaus. See full bio »
Born:in Berlin, Germany


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Vice looks to open 2nd taxi service in Craig
March 20, 2010
Craig — When Mike Vice decided to pursue starting another taxi service in Craig, he didn't know just how overwhelming it would be.
Mike and his wife, Soni, who own Lariat Liquors, 391 Lincoln St., started the process of acquiring a taxicab license in July and said the community has supported their decision.
"We have had overwhelming support from everyone that has come into the store and signed our petitions," Soni said. "Anyone we have talked to are like, 'Yes, definitely, we need competition. We need a reliable service,' and someone that will be open when they need them."
All Around Taxi, owned and operated by Mike's sister Sidney Brasfield, is the only taxi servicing the Craig area.
Brasfield, who has owned All Around Taxi for seven years, said Craig cannot support the Vices' proposed taxi service.
"There is just not enough business for two cabs, and the fact that he is my brother doesn't make it easy either," she said.
Recommended Stories For You
Brasfield and the Vices will appear in the Moffat County Courthouse before the Colorado Public Utilities Commission for a three-day hearing beginning March 24. All taxi services must be licensed through the state.
Each side will make their case as to why or why not Craig should have a second cab service. The Vices will need to show there is a need and enough business for both services in order to be licensed.
"We are saying there is a need if only simply because there needs to be a cab here to run 24-7," Mike said. "There are people that have to go places at 3 a.m. or 5 a.m. and you need to have a reliable way to get there."
Brasfield said the economy has taken a toll recently, reducing business from $200 to $250 a night to $100 on a Friday night.
"It's hard enough when someone else is trying to take your livelihood, but when it's your brother, that makes it really hard," she said.
Since July, the Vices have paid about $10,000 in lawyer fees in the process and are looking at a total start-up cost of about $25,000.
Craig Taxi and Courier, as the Vices hope to name their business, will start with two vehicles, one of which Mike will drive.
Although Mike sees the business opportunity in a taxi service, he thinks Craig needs the service more than he needs the business.
"In a town like Craig, it would be a lot more gloried (than a large city) because people would depend on you in a different way," he said. "It's not going to be just a, 'Pick me up at the bar at 2 a.m.' thing, its going to be, 'I need to have my prescription picked up,' or a little old lady needs groceries and can't go to the store and for a small fee she can have it brought right to her house."
Mike hopes to partner with Craig businesses, as well, including hotels, hunting lodges, copy offices and other business that need a courier service in Craig and to and from Steamboat.
"I think as people see it is a quality, dependable service that they're going to come to us and say, 'What can you do to help me with my problem?'" Mike said.
Despite Brasfield being "very upset" about the situation, she will have to wait until Wednesday to state her position that there is "absolutely no need" for another cab service in Craig.
"If there was two taxis, neither one of us could survive, and we would be right back where we were seven years ago with no taxi," she said.


text: A small format MID I found while looking around Amazon today. Can be had for $155 via Amazon.com although this link has all the goodies listed & the best photos I can find for $167.00. Stats aren't overly impressive except the 8GB internal memory. Wish more of the 7"/10" tablets could follow suit. I guess the company making it was just getting heavy into PMP's as the market slowed. Now, they're fitting their PMP's with Android. I don't think I would use it too much but if it was near the Chinese price point of $105 USD like all the mentioning articles stated, I'd pick one or two up for my kids to keep them away from my toys. Anyone else think of other reasons to look for a tablet under 7"? Chad


text:
This year's Budget Rock festival (Thu., Oct. 22–Sun., Oct. 25) once again ups the ante, offering its best lineup of trash-rock (formerly garage-rock) greatness. While punks pull their hair out about getting into the Mummies shows, here's a rundown of other Budget Rock candidates worth catching. John O'Neill
Young Offenders (Thu., Oct. 22, 9 p.m., Eagle Tavern)
If bald ain't exactly beautiful, it still packs a pretty potent wallop. Young Offenders win the Budget Rock Sore Thumb Award for being the least like the rest of the roster. Jabbing, skittering guitar; abrasive delivery; and amazing hooks make these guys the hands-down best punk band in the city. Think Wire meets the Marked Men, or even Elvis Costello via early Gang of Four.
NoBunny (Sat., Oct. 24, 3 p.m., Thee Parkside)
Quick rule of thumb; Any band with a Silvertone guitar generally rocks. These guys sport two — and they honor the local garage tradition of dressing up in cheap costumes and acting totally mental.
The Brentwoods (Sat., Oct. 24, 9 p.m., Bottom of the Hill)
It's the reunion nobody is talking about. How could a band with such a pedigree (Trashwomen and Supercharger, with Darin Raffelli helping out) stay so far under the radar? More importantly, how could one group be so inept? Five singles and one album, all of which sound like a 1950s teen dance party played through an electric razor.
Wounded Lion (Sun., Oct. 25, 1 p.m., Thee Parkside)
The best thing to crawl out of the drought that is the L.A. music scene since the Fuse. Great pop ideas bludgeoned into submission by a no-frills, no-fills, zero-effects rhythm section the Monks would be proud to claim.
Rock & Roll Adventure Kids (Sat., Oct. 24, 3 p.m., Thee Parkside)
The band that stole the first Budget Rock is still one of the Bay Area's least-appreciated outfits. Marcos Valerio Arsing is one of those unhinged, primitive, missing link–type guys nobody will get until he's 60 and living in a trailer in the woods.
Budget Rock
The Curse of the Mummies by John O'Neill.


text:
Dr. Olivia Kasirye, MD
Public Health Officer
Sacramento County Public Health
Kasirye has over 20 years of experience including her work as the Medical Director of the Sacramento County Child Health and Disability Prevention program and the Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health program and as the Communicable Disease Controller.
Kasirye received a Medical Degree from the Makerere University Medical School in Kampala, Uganda. She also has a Master of Science degree in Epidemiology from the University of California, Davis. She is Board Certified in Public Health and General Preventative Medicine.