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They're tight-knit. They're super fun. They're musical. They are the Gruber Family Band, and they will be the ones getting you up and dancing at tonight's Oktoberfest in Lodi. They've made a lifestyle around polka and waltzes, and they will share their best with Lodi.
Here, Toni Gruber-Kramar talks about their family traditions and what she expects from tonight's shindig.
Is the Gruber Family Band really a family?
We're all family. My brother Peter and I have been playing polka and waltzes for over 37 years. My dad, Al Gruber, retired after 60 years of being a musician. My oldest son Michael plays accordion, and our newest member is my son Martin. He plays saxophone, clarinet and keyboard.
Do you mainly sing?
All of us sing, and I play saxophone and clarinet.
How would you describe your style of musical to someone who has never heard it?
Fun! We play polkas and waltzes, but we play pretty much anything. We have a few rock and a few country songs.
You play a lot of events; is Oktoberfest one of the best?
Our busiest time of year is Oktoberfest (season). We play all year long. We're booked through the entire two months. People like to come out and have a good time. The people are always wonderful, and there's never any trouble. We always have kids at our event. Many generations will come out and have a good time.
When you perform at Oktoberfest, is there a certain type of German food you like to eat?
We like all kinds of food. My parents had a restaurant/bar business for 25 years — that's how Peter and I were raised. We grew up on bread, dumplings, Hungarian dumplings ... all the tasty treats of Europe.
You perform all over the country. Where do you and the band members call home?
Peter lives in Sonoma, Michael is in Folsom, Martin lives in Novato and I'm from Cameron Park.
Wow, your band is spread out. Do you meet on some weeknights and weekends to play?
We've been playing together so long (that we can just play). We add songs as we go along. My father hand-wrote hundreds of songs. When he retired, the four of us decided to keep family tradition going.
Is the band a full-time gig for each of you?
No, we each have full-time jobs. I'm an analyst at UC Davis, Peter is a mechanical engineer, Michael is a spa technician and music student at night, and Martin is a machinist.
When you guys are hanging out together, like at Thanksgiving or Christmas, does the group always break out in song?
It's funny you mention that. Right after Christmas dinner, the first thing we do is pull out instruments and play them.
What makes a good audience? What would you expect from the Lodi audience?
There's one rule for Oktoberfest: Don't be boring. Prepare to have fun. We won't let you sit there and be bored.


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We offer Standard and Custom Training Courses. You can choose between Courses based on our standard materials or Courses we tailor to your products, using examples from your own drawings and products in the curriculum. Our clients have found our Custom Courses have greater relevance for their staff, leading to a higher level of interest and retention, integrating more easily and quickly into their business practices.
Training Materials
Training Materials
Tolerance Analysis
Training Materials
Solid Modeling/
Training Materials
Our goal is to bring your staff and your company to a higher level of competence and understanding, not just to go through the motions of teaching a class. Our courses are structured to present the concepts in the easiest-to-learn manner possible.
Our training material and approach is suited to a varied audience, including engineering, design, inspection, manufacturing, assembly, quality and service personnel to name a few. Course content can be adjusted to suit any of these groups, for example, focusing more on meaning and methods of specification for design personnel, and focusing more on the meaning and implications of the specifications for inspection, manufacturing and assembly personnel.
We offer Beginning, Intermediate and Advanced Courses, or our Courses may be structured to suit your individual needs. Course durations are flexible to suit your needs and your schedule.
Course Topics Include:
- GD&T and GD&T Applications
- Tolerance Stackup and Tolerance Analysis
- Fundamentals of GD&T - Learn and Understand the Correct Application of GD&T for PTC® Creo®
- ASME Y14.41: Advanced Applications of Soild Modeling & GD&T Using 3D Soild Models as Design Deliverables
- Dimensional Management
- Functional Dimensioning and Tolerancing
- Digital Modeling Standards
- Tolerance Scheme Development and Optimization
- GD&T Certification Preparation
- Print Reading and Drawing Standards
Click here for a List of Courses, Seminars & Workshops
Our Philosophy and Approach:
GD&T, Tolerance Analysis and Dimensional Management are all interrelated - to properly understand one topic requires some understanding of the others. Although each Course is focused on its specific topic, the concepts are presented in terms that explain how the subject at hand affects the big picture.
For example, not only do we teach the concepts and language of GD&T, but we teach GD&T from a functional viewpoint. Functional Dimensioning and Tolerancing is what we are all about. However, if our clients are interested, we also explore the implications of their Dimensioning and Tolerancing on the rest of their company, helping our students understand the tradeoffs they make when selecting various Tolerancing Schemes.
Real World Examples
Real World Examples
We believe that all relevant aspects and interests of the company must be considered when specifying Dimensioning and Tolerancing on part and assembly drawings. We believe that Functional considerations are most important, but also consider the impact of our decisions on manufacturing, inspection and assembly. Indeed that is the crux of Dimensional Management, to optimize Dimensioning and Tolerancing for all involved.
Our classes and consulting are based on a balanced, rational approach to the needs of the whole enterprise. We are concerned about your bottom line and how dimensioning and tolerancing specifications affect your quality and profits.
Our Training Materials:
All of our Courses and Training Materials are coordinated. Our Materials are leading-edge and represent the latest thinking on these topics. We are members of several national standards committees, regularly attending meetings to help improve and contribute to the next generation of the standards.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Braun says he used Fla clinic owner as consultant
NEW YORK -- Milwaukee Brewers slugger Ryan Braun said the person who ran the Florida clinic being investigated by Major League Baseball was used only as a consultant on his drug suspension appeal last year.
"I have nothing to hide," Braun said in a statement released by his representatives on Tuesday night.
Earlier in the day, Yahoo Sports reported the 2011 NL MVP's name showed up three times in records of the Biogenesis of America LLC clinic. Yahoo said no specific performance-enhancing drugs were listed next to his name.
The Miami New Times recently released clinic documents that purportedly linked Alex Rodriguez, Gio Gonzalez, Melky Cabrera and other players to purchases of banned drugs from the now-closed anti-aging center.
Rodriguez and Cabrera were on the list with Braun that also included New York Yankees catcher Francisco Cervelli and Baltimore Orioles infielder Danny Valencia.
Braun said his name was in the Biogenesis records because of an issue over payment to Anthony Bosch, who ran the clinic near Miami.
"There was a dispute over compensation for Bosch's work, which is why my lawyer and I are listed under `moneys owed' and not on any other list," Braun said.
"I have nothing to hide and have never had any other relationship with Bosch," he said. "I will fully cooperate with any inquiry into this matter."
On Tuesday, MLB officials asked the Miami New Times for the records the alternative newspaper obtained for its story.
Asked specifically about Braun's name in the documents before the five-time All-Star released his statement, MLB spokesman Pat Courtney said: "Aware of report and are in the midst of an active investigation in South Florida."
Braun tested positive during the 2011 postseason for elevated testosterone levels. He maintained his innocence and his 50-game suspension was overturned during spring training last year when arbitrator Shyam Das ruled in favor of Braun due to chain of custody issues involving the sample.
With that, Braun became the first major leaguer to have a drug suspension overturned.
"During the course of preparing for my successful appeal last year, my attorneys, who were previously familiar with Tony Bosch, used him as a consultant. More specifically, he answered questions about T/E ratio and possibilities of tampering with samples," Braun said.
The T/E ratio is a comparison of the levels of testosterone to epitestosterone.
Braun led the NL in homers (41), runs (108) and slugging percentage (.595) last season while batting .319 with 112 RBIs and 30 stolen bases. He finished second to San Francisco catcher Buster Posey in MVP balloting."
Cervelli, who spent nearly all of last season in Triple-A, posted a statement on Twitter later Tuesday night.
"Following my foot injury in March 2011, I consulted with a number of experts, including BioGenesis Clinic, for (cont)," Cervelli posted, "(cont)legal ways to aid my rehab and recovery. I purchased supplements that I am certain were not prohibited by Major League Baseball."
An email sent to Valencia's agent was not returned.
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press
This story is from ESPN.com's automated news wire. Wire index
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Kevin Feige Excitedly Talks Future Projects and The Avengers
by Ethan Anderton
January 27, 2010
Source: SFX Magazine
Yes, it's true that the long awaited mega superhero flick The Avengers is set to be released in May of 2012. While two years may seem like an eternity to wait for what promises to be one of the most epic comic book adaptations of all time, it's a pitifully small increment in Hollywood time, and it's never too early to start looking toward the future. Cue Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige who sat down with SFX Magazine (via Superhero Hype) and talked about laying the foundation for The Avengers by way of both Iron Man movies, Thor, Captain America and, yes, The Incredible Hulk who, Feige confirmed, will be in Avengers.
This is the first official word from anyone in the Marvel camp that Hulk would indeed be appearing in The Avengers. Feige says the five film set-up leading into The Avengers is important but he doesn't want to lose sight of the individual characters:
"My only concern is that when we launch a franchise--whichever character's franchise that may be--it should stand on its own two feet… So by the time 'The Avengers' comes in 2012, it's not just a team superhero movie with a bunch of characters with powers. It's three people- four including the Hulk; five including Nick Fury- who you've seen before in other movies, coming together for the first time."
Of course all this planning has quickly become extremely fun, and although they're introducing characters (especially in Iron Man 2) who will take up valuable screentime, Feige says they're wise to not let it get too convoluted ad reinforces their respect of each franchises' individual boundaries:
"It's fun now, and we're introducing some new characters in ['Iron Man 2']. But it's not about just cramming in lots of new people; that's sort of the cardinal sin of the sequel - adding in too many characters. This is totally Tony Stark's story. And that's gonna weave into Thor's story, and Steve Rogers' story, and it's already ingrained with Nick Fury's story and and organization known as S.H.I.E.L.D."
Feige went even further to talk about bridging the gap between a seemingly ancient, low-tech hero like Thor, and the modern, tech-savvy hotshot that is Tony Stark's Iron Man:
"…we're doing the Jack Kirby/StanLee/Walt Simonson/J. Michael Straczynski 'Thor.' We're not doing the blow-the-dust-off-the-old-Norse-book-in-your-library 'Thor.' And in the 'Thor' of the Marvel Universe, there's a race called the Asgardians. And we're linked through this Tree of Life that we're unaware of. It's real science, but we don't know about it yet. The 'Thor' movie is about teaching people that."
I don't entirely grasp what all that Tree of Life business is about (anyone speak Na'vi around here?), but I like where his head is at. I also like that even though all this meticulous planning of tentpole comic book flicks is leading to one massive tentpole, not only in fanboys' pants, but in theaters, too. But like I said, it's never too early to start thinking about the future, and Feige is already looking beyond The Avengers. Not only does he mention the possibility of another Hulk, but expanding further into the Marvel Universe:
"I'd love to break into the cosmic side of the Marvel Universe even more- it's kind of there in 'Thor.' J.J. Abrams' 'Star Trek' got me jonesing to do that. It's what I grew up on - 'Star Trek' and 'Star Wars.' I want to do a big space epic. And we've got them in Marvel."
It sounds like DC Comics will beat them in the comic book space race with Martin Campbell's talk of Green Lantern definitely spending a significant amount of time in space, but I'm crazy about all of these plans that Feige mentioned. I just love the idea of weaving the intricacies of the established Marvel Universe right into their world's that we see realized on the big screen. Seeing a translation of superheroes to screen on this scale is something I never thought would be possible, and I'm just glad to be right in the thick of it, foaming at the mouth for more. For now we've got Iron Man 2, due out on May 7th. Are you guys just as excited?
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Guest Rating:
Vacation rental condominium. Sleeps 8, 3 bedrooms, 2.5 bathrooms. No pets allowed.
46 Trailside Extension
Ludlow, VT 05149
United States
This 3 bedroom plus den Okemo townhome is located in the popular Trailside community. It is just a short ride on the private Trailside shuttle over to the Sachem trail (It's only about 400 yards from the property to the ski trail, but shuttle is there
for you to make it super easy/quick to get to and from the ski trail. Shuttle operates on demand, so just call the driver for a pick up). The Sachem trail is a beginner rated trail, making this a great location for the entire family. Multi-level arrangement
offers lots of space; enjoy cooking in the large kitchen.
Main entry level: Mud room, 1/2 Bath, Kitchen, Living room and dining room, deck. Upper level: Bedroom #1 King + Full Bath; Lower level: Bedroom #2 Queen; Bedroom #3 - 2 sets of bunk beds (4 twins); Den - Sofa (non sleeper), Full Bath, Laundry room.
Stayed 3 days ending in
February, 2013
Overall satisfaction:
a guest from Chatham, NJ recommends this vacation rental
First time staying at Trailside and it was great. Have stayed ski in/ski off in the past so was a bit concerned about the shuttle to the Sachem lift - but the shuttle was great. Always there when ready to go.
Stayed 34 days ending in
December, 2012
Edwin R from Fairfield, CT recommends this vacation rental
The location is perfect, the condo is spotless and slopeside okemo managment team couldnt be better, from the welcome call the day before to the detailed instructions in the condo on how to use everything from the tv to the coffee maker, absolute perfecton.
thanks for making this a great stay. we will be back
Stayed 149 days ending in
April, 2012
a guest from North Kingstown, RI recommends this vacation rental
Worked very well for us.
Stayed 3 days ending in
February, 2011
Irene L from Summit, NJ recommends this vacation rental
Large and very clean home. Everything was there for us. High up on the mountain, make sure you have 4WD or AWD.
Stayed 2 days ending in
March, 2010
Corey G from Tolland, CT recommends this vacation rental
I would strongly recommend Slopeside Okemo to my friends if I hadn't brought them all with me! Thanks to super friendly and helpful staff, beautiful accommodations and a great location Slopeside Okemo really made our weekend in Vermont one to be remembered!
I forgot to ask where the overflow parking was prior to arriving late friday night but even at 10pm Dan was happy to help. Thank you for making our last trip of the season a great one!
Click calendar to set checkin/checkout dates. clear calendar
Select/Confirm the number of travelers to get a rate quote.
To request information about booking this vacation rental, please fill out the form below.
Slopeside Okemo Vacation Rentals P.O. Box 239 Ludlow, VT 05149 +1 (802) 228-8999 firstname.lastname@example.com
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2006 Ford Ranger Questions
Get answers to your auto repair and car questions. Ask a mechanic for help and get back on the road.
Find questions for your car.
Sort by:
front brake pad replacement
the repair shop has replaced the injectors, the main computer and did a repair on the cylinder head telling me the valve was bad. the repairs lasted about 3 weeks and it's acting the same as before. we have noticed that when we add Marvel Mystery oil to the gas it goes away, we have to do that every other tank full... got any ideas on the fix? I have 5 rangers and at some point they all act this way..
Dangerous when accelerating on snow and ice....the vehicle spins out on the road when it jumps out of 4wd into 2wd
I have over 60,000 miles and no troubles with the engine yet. Someone told me that timing belt breakage can cause extensive damage to an engine, but they didn't know if it was true for my Ranger.
and I have to unhook the battery to stop it. I don't go out everyday and afraid that it will run down the battery.
Have not been able to find a answer to the problem thus far online.
Help please,
Alice Huddleston
Have not been able to find a answer to the problem thus far online.
Help please,
Alice Huddleston
replaced cat with bolt on walker. all 4-02 sensors. sparkplugs and wires. cleared code and it comes back after driving 25 miles.I bought code reader with live data . but not sure of readings. what should normal readings be
My abs light is on and I notice that the truck makes a knocking sound when I turn from a stopped position The noise sounds like it is coming from the rear end but I'm not sure
when shift to reverse vehicle does not move. indicator lights at dash not working..
Starts fine, runs great under 60 mph, get over 60 and light comes on flashes and loose accerlation until light stops flashing. new plugs and wires installed. seems to use a little more gas than normal. Injectors?
At idle it misses. Up to speed runs smooth. Every now and then it hick ups/jerks. Engine light comes on. Codes said Crank shaft sensor, so I changed it. It didn't help. The other code said misfire #1 cylender before 1000 rpm's. Changed wires, plugs, fuel filter.
Happened three times to date. What could cause this extra pressure? Should the by pass be checked out.
Get an estimate and never overpay again
RepairPal guarantees your repair will be done right.


text:
- Score:
- rated 4.43 / 5 stars
- Views:
- 622,870 Views
- Share Links:
- Genre:
- Comedy - Original
- mastermind
- boss
- trap
- appointment
Credits & Info
- Uploaded
- Jan 20, 2008 | 3:29 AM EST
- Frontpaged January 20, 2008
- Daily 2nd Place January 21, 2008
- Weekly 5th Place January 23, 2008
If you liked this, check these out!
Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Frickin Fantastic
I loved the whole dialogue with Gaylord. Too funny. Please just keep the series going. I love it!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
By far the best in the series...
I love this one so much. The secretary guy, the super hero, the "gay man" bit, all hilarious. I laughed so hard at the "look out for AIDS" part that tears come to my eyes. I really like all your stuff. The animation is really good and the voicework is always hilarious and well done. Hope to see more from you.
I'm glad someone liked the "watch out for AIDS" part, I rarely hear praise for it :D
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Ur funny man good flash ur animation and characters can be seen in a show good comedy ur funny
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Well Swain...
It pains me to say it but I think I like it more than Blockhead.
Keep it up man,


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According to the Kansas City Star, new Kansas State head coach Bruce Weber landed his first recruit with the Wildcats on Tuesday. 6-foot-8 power forward Darrell Johnson (St. Louis, Mo./Parkway North) pledged to sign with Weber, chosing K-State over Memphis and Virginia Tech.
"I had a good visit to Kansas State and really got along with the players there," Johnson told the paper. "They told me about the program and Coach Weber, how nice a guy he is. They also have the major I'm going in to - construction engineering. I liked all those things about Kansas State."
The Wildcats recently lost ESPNU 100 big man Robert Upshaw (Fresno, Calif./San Joaquin Memorial) who signed with Fresno State. They have a letter of intent from center Laimonas Chatkevicius (Lithuania/South Kent School) but his status remains unclear.


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Hunger Games Premiere Party
Fresh Fiction
Thursday, March 22, 2012 from 7:00 PM to 10:00 PM (CDT)
The first THE HUNGER GAMES movie descends upon the Capitol on March 23rd. Celebrate its Midnight release with us at Barnes and Noble Stonebriar Center March 22nd beginning at 7pm with a Reaping, Scavenger Hunt, and trivia and costume contests. Barnes and Noble is giving away a NOOK COLOR and a $250 gift card to two surviving Tributes.
Effie Trinket will be present to escort the Tributes and themed drinks will be aplenty for any citizens of Panem while they enjoy The 74th Hunger Games.
May the odds be ever in your favor...
Fresh Fiction...connects readers and authors.
We sponsor an annual readers conference, monthly literary events, and book clubs. Readers & 'ritas the second weekend of November in North Texas brings over 250 readers to enjoy a weekend with authors. Book clubs / Readers Groups held over 5 times each month for readers in the North Texas area.
Don't miss out on any North Texas events! Sign up for our weekly newsletter.
Explore Fresh Fiction: FreshFiction.com | Facebook | @FreshFiction | Meetup/FreshFiction | Events
Join millions of people on Eventbrite.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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The best tablet data plans provide you with a convenient mobile internet connection via cell network anytime, anywhere you go. Tablets are lightweight computers sent from heaven. Mine fits in my purse and is bigger than my smartphone, so I don't have to squint while I read.
The best tablet data plans will provide you with a convenient wireless internet connection via cell network anytime, anywhere you go.
In my research, I looked at tablet data plans that offer the best amount of data and flexibility for their cost. Because data usage habits are based on personal preference, I've reviewed a number of the best tablet data plans that cover a variety of budgets and interests.
In This Guide
Our Top Picks
Verizon Tablet Data Plans
- Pros
- Offers prepaid and postpaid data plans
- Bring your own device if it's compatible
- Multiple devices can share one data plan
- Rated one of the most reliable networks
- Cons
- Prices are slightly higher than competitors
- Access and line fees
Verizon is one of the best tablet plan providers. They offer prepaid and postpaid data tablet plans at a slightly higher price than their competitors. Their network is so reliable, though, that it might be worth the price.
You don't have to buy a tablet with Verizon to activate a tablet data plan. If you bring your own device and it's compatible, you can buy data for it. If you already have a phone plan with Verizon, adding a tablet will only cost you $10.
Verizon's prepaid plans last from a week to two months and do not require a credit check like postpaid plans. They also don't require you sign any sort of contract, which is nice. You may want to consider a prepaid plan if you're not interested in a contract.
AT&T Tablet Data Plans
- Pros
- Offers prepaid and postpaid data plans
- Affordable
- Multiple devices can share one data plan
- Bring your own device if it's compatible
- Cons
- Overage charges
- 4G LTE not available everywhere
AT&T is an affordable tablet data plan provider. They offer plans from their prepaid 4G LTE Go Phone service starting at $25 for 2GB and postpaid plans starting at $14.99 for 250MB. AT&T charges overage fees of $14 per 250MB over for the smallest plan and $10 per gigabyte over for larger plans.
AT&T's prepaid tablet data plans do not require a credit check or a contract. Their prepaid plan offers 4G LTE service. Keep in mind, though, that it's not available everywhere. You can check the AT&T website for service details.
If you already use AT&T, you can add a tablet data plan to your package $10 extra a month. It will cost you $20 extra for a mobile hot spot. AT&T's best tablet plans are a little cheaper than Verizon's.
You can also have multiple devices on one data plan and bring your own tablet with AT&T, similar to Verizon. Life is always more convenient with one monthly bill for various services.
Sprint Tablet Data Plans
- Pros
- Cheap overage charges
- Can connect multiple devices on one plan
- Offers unlimited data plan for tablets
- Limited free activation
- Bring your own device if it's compatible
- Cons
- No data-only prepaid services
Sprint is an excellent tablet data plan provider. They offer plans starting at just $15 a month for 1GB of data. They are cheap and reliable, with overage charges of just $1.05 per MB and about $15.36 per GB.
If you have a Sprint cell phone and want to add a data plan, it'll cost $10 extra per month. Then you will be able to connect your tablet using the same data as your cell phone. This is otherwise known as a mobile WiFi hotspot. Combining your tablet data plan with a cell phone data plan can be a great way to save money. You can also bring your own device with Sprint as long as it's eligible.
Unfortunately, Sprint doesn't offer any prepaid data-only plans and you will likely have to do a credit check. They do offer free activation on various tablets on their site, which is nice. They also offer a great unlimited tablet data plan. You can get unlimited mobile-optimized streaming, videos, gaming, and music with unlimited 4G LTE for everything else starting at $20 per month.
Key Considerations When Choosing a Tablet Plan
About five percent of internet users throughout the world own a tablet along with 45 percent of Americans. It's hard to find the best tablet internet plans out there, though, if you don't know what to consider. Luckily, I've figured that out for you.
Here are some basics to consider before you decide on a tablet data plan for you:
1. When and where will I be using my device and for what?
It's important to think about when and where you'll be using your tablet the most. For instance, what if I wanted to use my tablet for freelance researching and writing while on a road trip?
My first step would be to determine how much researching and writing I'd be doing to figure out what kind of plan to purchase. I would likely end up needing a solid data plan because I wouldn't be connected to WiFi most of the time.
Determining where you'll be using your tablet will help you decide which tablet plan you should purchase. It will also help save you money.
About 5 percent of internet users throughout the world own a tablet along with 45 percent of Americans.
2. How much data do I need?
Once you figure out where you'll be using your tablet the most each month, you'll have to determine how much data to purchase. These two considerations go hand in hand.
If you know you will only be using the tablet where there's WiFi, you might steer clear of a tablet data plan. If you will need to use it occasionally without WiFi, you might purchase a tablet data plan with a low data cap like 1GB per month.
Many carriers list what you can do with each data amount on their site. Refer to these lists to avoid overage costs when you use more than you've paid for.
For example, Verizon's website explains to consumers what they can do with 4GB of data. It says you can either send 52,000 emails, search 12,000 web-pages, stream video for 12 hours or use 800 hours of navigation per month with 4GB. Keep in mind, however, that tasks like HD video, video calling, HD video recording, and using the FaceTime HD camera will use more data.
If I am an avid emailer, I may consider how many emails per month I usually send. I would compare this amount to the amount of other streaming and web-searching I usually do. This is a good way to figure out what kind of plan you really need.
Related: You can learn more about the best tablets for children with our buyer's guide.
3. Can I use my phone as a mobile hotspot?
Some carriers may enable you to use your cell phone as a mobile hotspot (or you can simply purchase a physical mobile hotspot from the carrier). This option will allow you to share data from your cell phone with your tablet on the go. You may hear this referred to as a "mobile broadband plan", although it doesn't offer true broadband speed (25Mbps).
Keep in mind that not all tablet data plans offer a mobile hotspot option. For example, you'll have separate data plans for each device when you purchase a data plan for your tablet with T-Mobile. This holds true no matter which of the T-Mobile cell phone plans you're on, whether the traditional postpaid mobile option or the Simple Choice plan.
Related: Learn more with our buyer's guide to mobile hotspots.
4. Does every tablet work with a data plan?
If you're looking for a specific type of tablet, you should make sure it offers the data plan you need. Many tablets only function via WiFi and do not work with tablet data plans. As a result, you may not have as many options when you go to buy a tablet. Just as you assess features like internal storage, Retina display, and whether the device has a dual-core or quad-core processor, you should ensure you'll have 4G LTE connectivity.
The Benefits of Data Only Plans
Tablets have become a huge deal in the data marketplace since Apple introduced the first iPad in 2010. In 2015, companies shipped over 46.4 million tablets worldwide. Have you ever wondered why tablets like the Apple iPad mini, iPad air, and Google Nexus are so popular? Here are some reasons you should think about buying a tablet is you're not already.
1. Connect to the Internet no matter where you are
When you purchase a tablet data plan, you don't have to worry about whether you'll be able to use the internet. If you have a job that requires you to work while you travel, a tablet with an internet plan is the perfect option.
2. View documents, movies, books on a larger screen than your phone
People with a tablet data plan spend 50 percent more time on average watching online videos than people with mobile broadband plans. In my experience, tablets are pleasant to stream with and read on compared to my smartphone.
When you buy a tablet data plan, you are instantly and consistently connected to your documents, emails, favorite books, movies and more. Tablets have larger screens than smartphones so you don't have to squint.
3. Tablets are easier to travel with than laptops
Tablets are obviously much easier to travel with than laptops because they're lighter. They're smaller, but they can be used the same way. Some tablets are even convertible. This means your device can be considered a tablet and a computer with a movable keyboard. The Apple iPad mini is even smaller and lighter than others, comes with Apple's signature Retina display, and can still be used with an iPad plan.
4. They have cool features that many laptops don't
On a laptop, the internet doesn't work without WiFi or a hotspot. This is one key feature a tablet data plan has over a laptop. If you need to do research while you travel, purchasing a data plan for your tablet could save your life.
You can also download applications on tablets that work differently on computers. For example, you can download a drawing application on your tablet and draw with a tablet pen or your finger. Many laptops do not have touchscreens, so you would have to use the mouse for this.
Ultimately, tablets are easier to carry and easier to use than laptops. They are more casual and portable with touchscreens and applications instead of mice and software.
Tablet with SIM Card Slot and WiFi
A SIM Card is essential if you're buying a 3G-enabled or 4G LTE tablet, and will determine the kind of data plan your device has. SIM cards come in different sizes. Compatible with smartphones, tablets, and other devices like GPS trackers, most devices are compatible with one type of size, while other mobile devices accept a different size.
Fortunately, many service providers offer SIM cards with a cutout feature, meaning that you can choose the size you need for your SIM card. There are standard, micro, and nano SIM cards, which all perform the same function but operate at different sizes.
All tablets can connect to WiFi, so there are no issues if you're within the range of a network you can connect to, such as your home, school or work internet. If you plan to use your tablet out of range of a WiFi network, then a data plan is for you. Consider which tablets have SIM card slots and what size the SIM card is before you buy.
Important Things to Know
You should always learn a little more about what you're buying before you commit. Here are some basic principles regarding tablets and their data that you should know before you make a purchase.
In 2015, companies shipped over 46.4 million tablets worldwide.
Megabytes and Gigabytes
- Megabytes and gigabytes are units of measurement used to measure your monthly allowance of data. There is also a smaller measurement called kilobytes.
- A megabyte is made up of 1,024 kilobytes. A gigabyte is made up of 1,024 megabytes.
- The most popular phone and tablet data plans usually offered by carriers include 1GB, 2GB, or 5GB.
Pro Tip: You may want an unlimited plan if you engage in a lot of data-hungry activities like video calling, HD video recording, or using the FaceTime HD camera.
You'll want to watch your usage, however, because your tablet data may count against your monthly allowance for high-speed data. For instance, this is the case with the AT&T unlimited plan that lets you connect an unlimited number of devices.
4G and LTE Data
- 4G stands for fourth-generation. 4G is the fourth generation of technology related to mobile-data.
- LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. 4G LTE connectivity is the quickest version of the 4G network.
- The different between 4G networks and 4G LTE networks is simple: download speed. You can download at a rate of 5 to 12 megabits per second with the advanced LTE network. 4G only offers download speeds of 3 to 8 megabits per second.
Keep Track of Your Data
- You can avoid overage fees by keeping track of your data each month. First, you should know how much data you're paying for each month. Then, determine when your bill cycle begins and when it ends.
- Once you know this information, you can download an application to manage your data tracking. All you have to do is type in the information about your billing cycle and data allowances. Then you can monitor your data usage and even receive alerts when your monthly allowance is running low.
iPads Have Built-in Tracking
- If you have purchased an Apple iPad tablet, you have built-in tracking. Go to your settings and look for cellular data usage. This will tell you how much data you have left on your iPad plan.
- On the first day of your bill cycle, go to the bottom of the page and click reset statistics to monitor the month's usage. It will only be useful if you remember to check it regularly.
Convertible vs. Hybrid Tablets
- Convertible laptop tablets are a little thicker and heavier than hybrid tablets because the keyboard doesn't detach from the screen. You would simply fold the keyboard over for tablet mode.
- Hybrid tablets have a screen that completely detaches from the keyboard. This makes hybrids lighter and possibly easier to travel with than laptop tablets.
Prepaid Tablet Data Plans
- When you purchase a prepaid tablet data plan, you agree to a certain amount of data per month. You then prepay wireless data charges every month before your data is used, just as with prepaid cell phone plans.
- Prepaid plans often don't require a credit check. Many of the best tablet plan providers in this article also offer options (including prepaid cell phone plans) that do not require a contract.
- Keep in mind that there may be different data overage charges for prepaid plans than for postpaid mobile data plans. Always ask your carrier about the details of your plan compared to other plans.
- You can prepay wireless service on any type of tablet, whether you choose to go with an iPad plan for your iPad air or an Android tablet like the Google Nexus.
Postpaid Tablet Data Plans
- With a postpaid tablet data plan, the data charge of your choice will show up on your normal wireless account bill.
- Although the plans don't necessarily offer cheaper options, you may prefer to pay after you've used your data instead of before.
- If you choose to go with a postpaid tablet plan, you will likely have to do a credit check. You also may have to agree to a contract of some sort.
After inspecting the web for features, price comparisons, and reviews, I came up with the five best tablet data plans listed above.
The Most Reliable Service
If you are looking for the most reliable tablet data plan, I would go with Verizon. Although they are more expensive, their connection can be counted on. I have had their data service on my iPhone for years and have never experienced issues, other than the price.
The Cheapest Option
If you're looking for a cheap plan, I would definitely go with the T-Mobile mobile internet plan. Since I'm a traveler, it makes me happy that they offer free data usage in Mexico and Canada. My current Verizon data phone plan does not do that.
T-Mobile is a cheap data service with a more reliable connection than providers like MetroPCS. The company offers flexibility as well, as you can add a mobile internet plan to your T-Mobile ONE wireless account, or to your Simple Choice plan. Just like T-Mobile cell phone plans, their affordable and practical tablet options are hard to pass up.
Which Tablet Data Plan Will You Choose?
All in all, I have no doubt that my list exemplifies the best tablet plans you can get for a decent price. Take your pick and tell me about your experience in the comments.
Conclusively, tablets are portable, lightweight computers. They are more convenient than a laptop and bigger than a smartphone. If you choose to purchase a tablet data plan, you will have a connection wherever you decide to go. The best data plan will allow you to email, stream movies, read, draw, research and much more whenever and wherever you can imagine.
If you are thinking about purchasing one of the best tablet data plans listed above, you may want to read about the best cell phone plans. When you add a tablet data plan to an existing cell phone plan, it could save you a lot of money.
You may also want to check out our guide on the best bring your own phone plans. It will tell you more about which carriers offer the best bring your own device options for cell phones and tablets. Bring your own device options are offered by every one of the best tablet data plan providers listed above. They are often a cheaper alternative to buying a brand new phone from a carrier.


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Printing Quizzes (Assessments) and Answer Keys
You asked – we've got it. eBackpack has made it easy to print the tests and quizzes you love, print a pretty answer key, and support students taking them in a more traditional manner.
Just pull up your report and print away – beautiful quizzes – straight from eBackpack!
Don't forget – we can also support "lock-down" testing on PCs, Macs, and in iOS! Wow!


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Russian authorities have found a sunken German ship in the Baltic Sea with more than 10,000 World War II-era munitions aboard, an emergency official was quoted as saying on Thursday.
The sunken barge was found off the coast of Russia's western Kaliningrad exclave, Maxim Vladimirov, deputy head of the firefighting department of the emergency situations ministry, told the RIA-Novosti news agency.
"Following the examination of the sunken German barge... the presence of explosives was confirmed. According to preliminary estimates, more than 10,000 war-era munitions are there," Vladimirov said.
The barge was found close to the town of Baltiisk 1.5 kilometres (0.9 miles) from shore, he said, adding that emergency services would begin demining the sunken ship this month in a process expected to last three years.
The announcement comes one day after a World War II-era bomb exploded in Goettingen, Germany, killing three members of a bomb disposal unit.
Russia's Kaliningrad exclave, which borders Poland and Lithuania, was part of Germany until 1945 when it was captured by the advancing Red Army at the close of World War II.
Its German population fled or was expelled by the Soviets and the exclave is currently home to a major Russian naval base.


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Disclaimer: Sorry to say I don't own twilight
Edward was sitting has far has he could from the table. From the corner of my eye I could see that he look as if he was in pain. His eyes were unusually black. I had never seen anyone in my life so far with black eyes, until now.
"I can't take this any longer." I heard him whisper. Then it all happened so fast, I didn't see it. He leaped out of his chair and the rest of the class was gone. I saw them lying on the floor, no blood in site. I saw him in the corner of the room, standing over the body of one of my new classmates. He stood up and crossed the room. I got out of my chair, only now did I piece together of what he had done. Somehow he killed everyone here, so fast.
I started moving closer, his face was surprised at my reaction, but took another step forward. He took my neck in his hands and brushed my hair back away from my neck. I was lost in his charm, his smell was divine, I wanted to get further but we were already too close. Now with his head so close, I notice he had dark ruby red eyes instead of black.
He inclined his head forward, inches from my neck. I felt his mouth brush against my neck, which left shivers floating down my spine. The door opened and he immediately drew back from me and headed towards a small pixie like girl at the door.
"Edward?! What have you done?" She asked. She was horrified at what she saw.
"I think you know what happened. Did you see something?" He asked. What did he mean by see something? I wanted answers and I wanted them now!
"What's going on here?" I managed to say. They both looked at me; the girl came closer to me.
"Hi Bella," she said trying to be friendly, "I'm Alice. Everything is going to be alright."
I couldn't take it any longer. My head couldn't take it and I blacked out immediately.
*3 days later*
The last three days I withered in pain. I didn't know why. I thought it was death; maybe that girl killed me, like Edward did to the other students. I opened my eyes to be surrounded by people around me.
Everything looked so clear; it was like looking through frosted class all my life! The sounds outside were so clear, I could hear the gentle breathing of two people beside me. I could hear someone below coming up the stairs; I could hear the material rub against their skin. I could hear the sound of the trees brushing up against the side of the house.
I was thinking so fast that only a few seconds went by. I got startled when a warm hand caught my arm. I sat up, noticing that I was lying on a metal table. I was wearing a dark blue dress that showed a large portion of my cleavage. The two people beside me were a man with golden blonde hair and on my left was Edward. His eyes were not has red as before, they were much duller.
"Bella?" The man on my left said, "I'm Carlisle, I'm sure you already know Edward of course." He gestured, I looked over and nodded.
"Bella, I'm not sure how to say this so I'm just going to say it." He hesitated for a fifth of a second then said it, "Bella now you are a Vampire."
I was shocked, at first I didn't believe it, but I started looking at my body. It was smooth and white and felt sort of hard. And most of all, I felt as if a fire started in my throat. I clutched my throat with my right hand. Now I believed him.
"So I'm a vampire then." I said.
Now before you hurt someone let me take you hunting." Edward said,
pulling me by my arm of the table.
"Edward," Carlisle said, "She does have a choice if she wants to stay here with us, or if she wants to go her own way."
"I don't want to be alone." I quickly said, hoping they would take me.
"Then it is settled," Edward said, leading me out the room. He took me outside and we headed into the woods.
"Where are we going and what is hunting?" I asked as we entered the woods. We stopped only a few feet into the lush green forest.
"Bella? Do you understand what you fully are? And what can happen if I let you lose out here?" I shook my head,
"Okay then. Bella, you have unimaginable strength. You can out run anything in the world. You and others of our kind are the most dangerous predator. We are designed to kill." He said every word he said was very serious. For the next few hours, I was not going to question him, just nod and listen.
*5 hours later*
We later returned from our hunting trip, it was different. Not something I thought I was going to do in the near future. As soon as we got back to the house, the small pixie girl, Alice took me upstairs.
"You have to get changed!" She said,
"Because you have to! You got mud all over that dress and I just got you a new wardrobe and I just can't wait for you to try it on!"
The next few hours, Alice was making my try on hundreds of clothing. Finally she found something she was happy with me wearing. I was just about relieved when she said it was time to try and find a pair of shoes to match the green dress!
(AN NOTE: okay Alice knows what Bella is going to wear coz she has a vision of course. She just wants to play Bella Barbie)
Next I had to try on several pairs of boots, I liked them all but Alice wasn't very happy with most of them. Finally she was pleased with the extremely short green dress and a pair of black knee high boots.
"Okay! Now you look presentable, let's go show you to the rest of the family."
We headed towards the family room where Alice said they were waiting. When she pulled me down stairs to the rest of the Cullen's, I was embraced into a hug by another girl.
Alice pulled me out of the hug with her and introduced me to everyone in the room. Every one left to do what they do in their spare time.
Edward came up from behind me and whispered into my ear,
"Can I have a word with you Bella?" He, dragged me out of the house, we ran with vampire speed toward some rocks that sat on a ledge.
He pulled me down and sat us down on the rocks. We sat there for a really long time. He had his arm wrapped around me, that's when he said it,
"Bella, I love you." I was absorbed into his words.
HA! How was that! I like it! I'm updating tomorrow! So about twelve hours okay? Please review for me! If you want to see something happen in it and I like it I it might go in! Please read my other story, 'Spanish influenza'! Thanks.
~Twilight's evil pixie


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 22, 1997
|Filing date
|Mar 8, 1995
|Priority date
|Mar 8, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Keith S. Klemba, Roger Merckling
|Original Assignee
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (1), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (99), Classifications (19), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Field
The invention relates to cryptography. More particularly, the invention relates to an international cryptography framework.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Customers of large computer systems are typically multinational corporations that want to purchase enterprise wide computer based solutions. The distributed nature of such organizations requires them to use public international communications services to transport data throughout their organization. Naturally, they are concerned about the security of their communications and seek to use modern end-to-end cryptographic facilities to assure privacy and data integrity.
The use of cryptography in communications is governed by national policy and unfortunately, national policies differ with respect to such use. Each national policy is developed independently, generally with a more national emphasis rather than international considerations. There are standards groups that are seeking to develop a common cryptographic algorithm suitable for international cryptography. However, the issue of international cryptographic standards is not a technical problem, but rather it is a political issue that has national sovereignty at its heart. As such, it is not realistic to expect the different national cryptography policies to come into alignment by a technical standardization process.
The issue of national interests in cryptography is a particular concern of companies that manufacture open-standards-based information technology products for a worldwide market. The market expects these products to be secure. Yet, more and more consumers of these products are themselves multinational and look to the manufacturers to help them resolve the international cryptography issues inhibiting their worldwide information technology development. The persistence of unresolved differences and export restrictions in national cryptography policies has an adverse impact on international market growth for secure open computing products. Thus, it would be helpful to provide an international framework that provides global information technology products featuring common security elements, while respecting the independent development of national cryptography policies.
Nations have reasons for adopting policies that govern cryptography. Often these reasons have to do with law enforcement and national security issues. Within each country there can be debates between the government and the people as to the rightness and acceptability of these policies. Rather than engage in these debates or try to forecast their outcome, it is more practical to accept the sovereign right of each nation to establish an independent policy governing cryptography in communication.
Policies governing national cryptography not only express the will of the people and government, but also embrace certain technologies that facilitate cryptography. Technology choice is certainly one area where standardization can play a role. However, as indicated earlier this is not solely a technical problem, such that selection of common cryptographic technologies alone can not resolve the national policy differences. Consequently, it would be useful to provide a common, accepted cryptography framework, wherein independent technology and policy choices can be made in a way that still enables international cryptographic communications consistent with these policies.
The invention provides a four-part technology framework that supports international cryptography, which includes a national flag card, a cryptographic unit, a host system, and a network security server. Three of the four service elements have a fundamentally hierarchical relationship. The National Flag Card (NFC) is installed into the Cryptographic Unit (CU) which, in turn, is installed into a Host System (HS). Cryptographic functions on the Host System cannot be executed without a Cryptographic Unit, which itself requires the presence of a valid National Flag Card before it's services are available. The fourth service element, a Network Security Server (NSS), can provide a range of different security services including verification of the other three service elements.
The framework supports the design, implementation, and operational elements of any and all national policies, while unifying the design, development, and operation of independent national security policies. The invention thus gives standard form to the service elements of national security policies, where such service elements include such things as hardware form factors, communication protocols, and on-line and off-line data definitions.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an international cryptography framework, including a national flag card, a cryptographic unit, a host system, and a network security server according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the four basic elements of the framework, including a cryptographic unit and several national flag cards, a host system, and a national security server according to the invention; and
FIG. 3 illustrates the message exchange paths, between an NFC and a CU, between a CU and an HS, and between an HS and an NSS.
National cryptography policy often varies by industry segment, political climate, and/or message function, This makes it difficult to assign one uniform policy across all industries for all time, consequently, the flexibility of a cryptography framework that incorporates a national flag card is very attractive. The invention is therefore directed to resolving problems surrounding international cryptography. It presents a framework that may be used to support the design and development of any national policy regarding cryptography.
The invention provides an international cryptography framework that has four service elements, each offering different types of services. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the international cryptography framework 10, including a national flag card 12, a cryptographic unit 14, a host system 16, and a network security server 18. Three of the four service elements have a fundamentally hierarchical relationship. The National Flag Card (NFC) is installed into the Cryptographic Unit (CU) which, in turn, is installed into a Host System (HS). Cryptographic functions on the Host System cannot be executed without a Cryptographic Unit, which itself requires the presence of a valid National Flag Card before it's services are available. The fourth service element, a Network Security Server (NSS), provides a range of different security services including verification of the other three service elements, and thus acts as a trusted third party.
Messages encrypted using the proposed framework carry an electronic stamp identifying the National cryptography policy under which the message was encrypted. The Network Security Server also provides stamp verification services for message handling systems.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the four basic elements of the framework, including the cryptographic unit 14 and several national flag cards 12, a host system 16, and a national security server 18. In the following sections each service element is discussed in greater detail, followed by a series of examples to illustrate the interworking of the four service elements in various embodiments of the invention.
NATIONAL FLAG CARD (NFC). The NFC 12 is a small stamp sized (25�15 mm) ISO 7816-type smart card, i,e. a one chip computer 26 having a non-volatile memory. The NFC is mounted on a rigid substrate and sealed in a tamper-proof package. The NFC is typically produced independently and distributed by National agencies (e.g. United States Postal Service, German Bundespost). National agencies may also license NFC production and distribution to private industry.
The action of the NFC service element is to enforce a Nation's policy governing the use of cryptography. An NFC is a complete computer that can be constructed as a multi-chip architecture to include custom integrated circuits. It also would include tamper resistance and unique identification features, making unauthorized entry or duplication impossible. For example, the NFC could be sealed in such a way that opening its package would destroy any integrated circuit or data inside. The NFC could require receipt of an encrypted authorization issued by the National Security Server. All services of the NFC are provided via standard ISO 7816 message exchanged protocol between the NFC and other service elements. This format is identical to the smart card used in Europe to support GSM in cellular voice services.
CRYPTOGRAPHIC UNIT (CU). The CU is a tamper-resistant hardware component designed to provide protected cryptographic services under the strict control of an NFC. CUs would be produced competitively by system vendors and third parties and be free of import and export restrictions. Because the CU includes critical elements of security such as encryption algorithms and keys, it is likely that it would be certified (e.g. NIST, NCSC, or ITSEC Certified) for customer assurance. It is a feature of this invention that the CU does not contain any governing policy other than its dependence upon a NFC. This component is preferably designed for performance and protection with customization for a given Host System.
The CU may be offered in various formats, for example as a PCMCIA card having a connector 20 that is adapted to mate with a corresponding connector in the PCMCIA slot 28 of a Host System, such as a personal computer. One preferred PCMCIA format is the GEMPLUS Smart PC Card, which includes a small drawer 22 that extends from the PCMCIA card, as indicated in FIG. 2 by the arrow 24, to support the stamp-sized NFC. Other CU formats might include custom ASIC, daughter boards, EISA boards, or motherboard logic. It is also possible for the framework to embrace a software-only CU running on the HS. However, software's current state of the art finds it very difficult to provide protection for keys, algorithms, and enabling/disabling control. This is possible only when the HS is a very closed system, for example with ROM only applications. Even then it would be difficult to control software replication without these constraints.
The CU preferably contains popular cryptographic algorithms, such as DES and RSA. However, these algorithms would not be enabled without the presence of a valid NFC. This is a variation of the cryptography with a hole concept with a very controlled methodology and framework for filling the hole.
Although cryptographic techniques are not discussed in detail herein, there are more than a few solution methodologies available. For example, the cryptographic communications system described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,829, commonly referred to as the RSA (i.e. Rivest, Shamir, Adelman) cryptosystem, may be used in connection with the invention herein. In such a system, a public key P is made available for encryption of messages M, while an associated secret key S is kept secret. The secret key is required for decryption of messages.
In the RSA cryptosystem, the public key is a pair of integers P=(n, e), and the secret key is also a pair of integers S=(n, d). The public key and secret key are created in an RSA cryptosystem as follows:
1. Two prime numbers p and q are chosen.
2. The integer n used in the public and secret keys is given by n=pq.
3. The constant phi(n) is calculated according to the equation phi(n)=(p-1)(q-1).
4. The integer used in the public key e is chosen to be an odd integer relatively prime to phi(n).
5. A value for d is calculated which is the multiplicative inverse of e modulo phi(n).
6. Each message to be encrypted is denoted by a number M in the range 0≦M≦n.
7. The encrypted message is denoted by the number C, also in the range 0≦M≦n, where C=Me (mod n).
8. The secret key S=(n, d) is used to decrypt the ciphertext C because M=Cd (mod n).
The RSA cryptosystem is secure because there is no easy way to calculate the secret key S=(n, d) from the public key P=(n, e). The easiest known way to determine d from n and e is to factor n. The security of the RSA cryptosystem rests in large part on the difficulty of factoring large integers. That is, the RSA public key cryptosystem is based on the dramatic difference between the ease of finding large prime numbers, and the difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers. Thus, in the '829 patent it is stated that "the security of the system is dependent upon the ability to determine p and q which are the prime factors of n. By selecting p and q to be large primes, the resultant composite number n is also large, and correspondingly difficult to factor. For example, using known computer-implemented factorization methods, on the order of 109 years is (sic) required to factor a 200 digit long number."
See also, for example T. Cormen, C. Leiserson, R. Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms, MIT Press/McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1991, pg. 831-837, 851-852, 995, and S. Garfinkel, PGP Pretty Good Privacy, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 1995, pg. 33-59, 355-367.
Because there are likely to be other verification issues surrounding each service element, it is preferred that the choice of encryption technique be resolved for each application to which the invention is put. Additionally, the NFC and CU may be provided in various form factors. For example, a product may be built in a larger package that allow it to provide more performance, i.e. greater security.
HOST SYSTEM (HS). The HS is identifiable as the hardware component that delivers secure information technology services directly to the user. HSs are typically a general purpose information technology device and would be produced competitively in a wide open market. Examples include personal digital assistants, personal computers, workstations, laptops, palmtops, networked servers, main frames, network printers, or video display units. The function of the HS service element in the framework is to provide an Application Programming Interface (API) for accessing the CU service element. Preferably, CU support is provided as an option available on the HS.
The HS represents a very large and diverse class of information technology equipment. Although these systems are initially grouped uniformly into a common class, some applications might prefer to break this class down into specialized subclasses (e.g. Telecommunications, Banking, Trading). The framework allows for this and supports it by allowing different types of NFCs to be used to identify these different HS subclasses.
NETWORK SECURITY SERVER (NSS). The NSS is a network node designed and designated to provide trusted third party security services. For example, any network access, such as via modems 30, 32 over a network 34, must be authenticated by the NSS. In the context of national security, NSSs are preferably developed, owned, and operated by government agencies. Some of the functions provided by the NSS service element include service element authentication, message stamp authentication, national policy enforcement, and cryptographic key distribution. The importance of the NSS can rise sharply in environments where a strong degree of verification is prerequisite to cryptographic use. The NSS also plays a significant role in the interoperability of differing National cryptographic policies.
SCOPE OF THE FRAMEWORK. The scope of the framework is largely defined by the scope of the NFCs. The basic scope of the NFCs is that of a domain. A domain can be as large as worldwide and as small as a business unit. At the domain level there is no unique distinction among its members. While this framework primarily focuses on National and International domains (e.g. France, Germany, United States, United Kingdom, European Commission, NATO, North America, G7) other domains or sub-domains are also considered. For example, industry domains (e.g. Telecom, Healthcare, Financial Services, Travel), corporate domains (e.g. Hewlett-Packard, Ford Motor Company, CitiBank), association domains (e.g. IEEE, ISO, X/Open), service domains (e.g. Compuserve, America On-Line), and product domains (e.g. Lotus, Microsoft, General Motors, Proctor & Gamble).
Beyond domains and subdomains the scope of the framework can optionally be expanded to define uniqueness within a domain. Again it is the NFCs that make this narrower scope possible. Providing uniqueness means allowing for the transfer of unique or personal data to be transferred to the NFC either at the time of purchase or at the point of initial validation. NFCs are considered anonymous when dealing at the domain level. When uniqueness is added, NFCs are no longer anonymous.
INTERCONNECT OF FRAMEWORK ELEMENTS. The interconnection of service elements (e.g. NFC, CU, HS, NSS) of this framework is accomplished by the adoption of standard Application Programming Interfaces (e.g. X/Open, OSF) and industry standard protocol exchanges (e.g. TCP/IP, ISO, DCE, X.509). The interconnection of elements may be synchronous (i.e. on-line), asynchronous (i.e. off-line), local (e.g. runtime library), remote (e.g. RPC) or any combination of these. For example, a policy that involves personalization of NFCs could perform a one time authorization function via a NSS making it unnecessary for future on-line verification with an NSS until the NFC expires.
Beyond the physical interconnection of the framework's service elements lies the message exchange between the elements and the actual services provided and requested via this message exchange. FIG. 3 illustrates the message exchange paths, between an NFC 12 and a CU 14 (path 35), between the CU 14 and an HS 16 (path 36), and between the HS 16 and an NSS 18 (path 37). A virtual connection 38 exists between the NFC and the NSS. Messaging protocol between the HS and the CU along the path 36 are best taken from crypto API standardization efforts (e.g. NSAs Crypto API, Microsoft's Crypto API). The messaging protocol between the CU and the NFC along the path 35 is categorized into two groups: initialization protocols, and operational protocols. The initialization protocols must be successful before operational protocols are active.
The CU<->NFC initialization messaging along the path 35 can be initiated by either the CU 14 or the NFC 12.
100 CU>NFC Begin initialization sequence
101 NFC>CU Begin initialization sequence
102 CU>NFC Identification information?
103 NFC>CU NFC Identification credentials, one for each policy supported
104 CU>NFC Policy # activation?
105 NFC>CU Policy # activation status={in progress}
106 CU>NFC Policy # activation?
107 NFC>CU Policy # activation status={completed}
108 CU>NFC Algorithm # enabler?for 109 opt NFC>CU NSS Authorization for Algorithm #? (Encrypted)
110 opt CU>HS NSS Authorization for Algorithm #? (Encrypted)
111 opt HS>NSS NSS Authorization for Algorithm #? (Encrypted)
112 opt NSS>HS Algorithm # enabler code (Encrypted)
113 opt HS>CU Algorithm # enabler code (Encrypted)
114 opt CU>NFC Algorithm # enabler code (Encrypted) for 115 NFC>CU Algorithm # enabler code
116 CU>NFC Algorithm # enabled
117 CU>NFC Algorithm seed key
118 NFC>CU Algorithm seed key
119 opt CU>HS Algorithm # readied by Policy #
The CU<->NFC operation messaging along the path 35 provides a number of services.
201 CU>NFC Perform Alg # phase # on {data}
202 NFC>CU Alg # phase # {complete} {data}
203 CU>NFC Status Request for 204 NFC>CU Policy # active, Alg # {enabled}, Alg # {busy}
APPLICATION OF THE FRAMEWORK. The invention has various applications. In particular, the framework is ideally suited for various national security schemes and operates consistently across a variety of local laws. For example the framework could be used to support a key escrow policy. Key escrowing is a process where the keys or family keys used for cryptography are kept by a third party, in the national context, typically a government agency. This allows the third party to decrypt information when, for example, a law enforcement agency is required to see the contents of an encrypted message.
For example if the policy of nation-X requires key escrow, then when nation-X NFC's are put into circulation they contain a key escrowed by nation-X. Law enforcement would be able to use the electronic stamp on a message to determine that the message was encrypted under the policy of nation-X. It would also be able to determine unique identification information of the specific NFC used to enable the CU. If nation-X agrees to cooperate, the escrowed key for the NFC involved may be obtained to decrypt the suspicious message.
The actual encryption algorithm used in nation-X may be the same encryption algorithm that is used in nation-Z, such that when a user from nation-X visits nation-Z it is only necessary to put a NFC from nation-Z into the CU. The encryption algorithm in the CU remains the same, but what is governing the use of cryptography is the policy of nation-Z. For example, the policy of nation-Z may require a trap door, such that the government of nation-Z is able to take a back door into the users system to read the deciphered text. In this case the nation-Z NFC provides a back door rather than an escrowed key to Law enforcement. Several such schemes are known in the art and it is a feature of the invention that the framework is readily adapted to accommodate all such schemes as may be implemented in a particular National policy without affecting the basic hardware, software, or data structures of a user system, with the exception of the NFC.
Thus, the encryption algorithms in CU may be the same encryption algorithms used everywhere. The NFCs control the use of these encryption algorithms in accordance with the local law. Because the NSS is a trusted third party that validates proper local use of the framework, it is not possible to use cryptography unless a locally accepted NFC is installed in the CU. In the example above, even though the encryption engine operates properly in nation-X. It would not operate in nation-Z unless the NFC was replaced with a nation-Z's NFC. For international communication of encrypted information, (e.g. where an encrypted message is generated in nation-Z and sent to nation-X. The involvement of cryptography for such messages will be independently controlled by two NFCs--the X flag card in nation-X and the Z flag card in nation-Z. The invention therefore offers the ability to support government policy, whatever that policy may be, and still provide uniform cryptographic services.
In addition to the nationalization issues that are illustrated above, within a certain nation there may be multiple encryption policies (e.g. nation-X might have a policy for banking that is more liberal than its policy for manufacturing). Accordingly, the framework is adapted to operate within each country under several different national policies, or with several different levels of encryption. For example, just as there are different stamps for first class and priority mail, the framework may allow for different levels of encryption based on the type of the NFC installed.
It is a feature of the framework that CUs may have the major standard encryption algorithms built-in (e.g. DES, RSA, DSS, MD5). However, it is also possible to install custom algorithms into the CU providing that the policy in the governing NFC permits this type of activity. Software algorithms can be transferred completely or partially into the CU from either the NFC or the NSS. Hardware algorithms can be added to the CU via the NFC. The actual encryption of a message may involve the NFC, CU, or NSS, or any combination thereof. As soon as the NFC is removed from the CU these custom algorithms are no longer operation, perhaps not even present, in the CU.
Another application of the framework involves the metering of network access. For example, the so-called "Information Highway" may end up to be a toll road. In such tarrifed implementations the NFC could provide the ticket that must be present to allow communication within the network infrastructure. Thus, one might purchase an NFC that allows a predetermined number of messages to be sent over the network. This scheme may be viewed as a form of taxation that helps to pay for the network infrastructure if the network is publicly owned, and as a fee if the network is privately owned.
Another use for the framework is in avoidance of software piracy. For example, an NFC may be packaged with the software when one buys a software product (e.g. integrated into the packages as part of the software manual). To use the product, one removes the NFC from the manual, puts it in a CU or HS, and may then perform a one-time load (or limited number of loads) of the software onto a system. The framework may also be used to protect software because the software is encrypted and may only be decrypted when an NFC that is specific to the software or software manufacturer is present in the CU.
The framework is especially applicable where a trust factor is required between the users site and a networked server. No matter how unreliable intervening systems might be, the NFC and NSS are always able to maintain integrity through the communication channel. This is possible because the NFC is a tamper-proof piece of hardware that cannot be duplicated outside of the factory that manufactured it and the NSS is in a strictly supervised environment. It is possible to build upon this NFC/NSS trust model, to expand the strength of other session bindings.
Another application of the framework involves the use of challenge response protocols to validate combinations of the framework service elements. For example, before the NFC begins accessing the NSS for authentication/verification, the NFC itself will check out whether it is installed properly and if it finds the CU-HS pair to be valid. This would be useful in allowing only certain systems to use a class of NFCs.
Another application for which the framework is well suited is in connection with an entertainment subscription service. The framework is well suited in this environment for the application of renewable cryptography to provide a fast technique for updating system security on a regular basis, such that a new usage policy or new encryption algorithm can be implemented before there is enough time to reverse engineer the old method. This approach keeps the security system one step ahead of pirating. For example, a subscriber is provided with a personalized NFC with each month's statement that allows use of a descrambler for one month. The subscription service may also include some additional NFCs of a promotional value (e.g. an NFC that provides one free hour access to a movie channel).
OPERATING SCENARIO--USERS PERSPECTIVE. Tom is a buyer in the U.S. working for Slam International Inc. He has purchased a Hewlett-Packard palmtop [HS] with which he intends to send quotation and delivery information directly to manufacturing sites worldwide. He will also use the palmtop to access backlog information directly from regional sales centers while negotiating with customers. Tom's business if very competitive and all this information is considered, shod term, very sensitive. Tom purchased a cryptographic option [CU] with his palmtop so he can encrypt and decrypt his messages. However, to activate this capability he must install a United States Class V Smart Stamp [NFC] which he can purchase at a U.S. Post office. Tom's HS-CU-NFC combination is now verified by a FCC-operated Network Authenticator [NSS] in Denver via a local GTE cellular service. Tom uses Lotus-Notes on his palmtop to send and receive his messages. Lotus-Notes encrypts Tom's messages prior to transmission and decrypts the messages after receipt. After 30 days the Class V Smart Stamp in Tom's palmtop expires and so too does Tom's ability to encrypt and decrypt messages until he purchases a new Smart Stamp.
Every now and then Tom has to leave the U.S. to visit manufacturing facilities around the world. Tom is able to take his palmtop in and out of the U.S. with the validated HS-CU-NFC intact. Use of the U.S. policy in non-U.S. countries would, however, depend on the political relationship between that country and the U.S. Public carriers transporting messages have the option to accept or deny traffic encrypted using another countries cryptographic policy. The electronic stamp provided by the NFC insures that message carriers are able to identify the national policy used to encrypt the message.
OPERATING SCENARIO--GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE. Bill is a government agent investigation trafficking of contraband, and Tom (from User Perspective above) has come under suspicion. After considerable investigation, agent Bill suspects that salesman Tom is using his palmtop for more than legitimate business and seeks a court order to investigate further. Subsequently, salesman Tom's messages are recorded of the public carrier facilities. The messages carry an electronic stamp identifying the cryptographic policy used to encrypt the message. Having been encrypted using a United States Class V Smart Stamp, the U.S. government, after due process, is able to provide agent Bill the keys necessary to decrypt salesman Tom's messages for analysis. One additional element of evidence also exists that links Tom's palmtops to the source of the messages. Because each NFC and its electronic stamp is unique, the HS-CU-NFC combination verified by the government run NSS ties Tom's messages uniquely to the NFC in that verified combination.
Although the invention is described herein with reference to the preferred embodiment, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other applications may be substituted for those set forth herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention should only be limited by the Claims included below.
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|Oct 10, 1995
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Miracle dog falls 1,000ft off cliff and lives to tell the tail
A MIRACLE dog has survived falling nearly 1,000ft from one of Britain's tallest cliffs and then spending more than a week clinging to a rocky ledge.
Rescuers say Sprig, a nine-year-old springer spaniel, survived days without food and water - by licking moisture from rocks and moss.
Sprig vanished while his owners Mark and Susie Sanderson, both 50, admired the view from Foreland Point in north Devon.
The distraught couple organised search parties and put up posters as they hunted their missing pet.
But he was finally located eight days later by a passing lifeboat crew who went to the help of a stranded sheep and spotted Sprig marooned on a tiny outcrop 30ft from the bottom of the towering 991ft headland.
The volunteer crew of Minehead's Atlantic 85 class boat climbed up to find the lucky pooch tired, hungry but completely unharmed.
He was lowered on to their ship and taken to safety before RNLI officials put out an appeal on Facebook for his owners, who responded within hours of Sunday's rescue.
Susie Sanders, a farmer from Wheddon Cross, Somerset, said: "We were looking at the view for maybe two or three minutes, and he was gone.
He was eventually found by the RNLI when they were on a training exercise. They couldn't have looked after him any better
"We called the dogs and the terrier popped up beside us, but no spaniel. We never saw him go and didn't hear anything.
"We've been for walks along that coast many times and he's never done anything like this before, it's very out of character.
"We think probably he must have chased a pheasant, that's the only reason we can think he would have gone down there.
"He was found on one of the few places where it's very steep above and below, making it very difficult for him to get off.
"No one knows exactly how he got there. He was a bit leaner maybe he had no marks on him at all.
"He was eventually found by the RNLI when they were on a training exercise. They couldn't have looked after him any better."
Minehead RNLI had taken the boat close in to the cliffs after noticing a sheep that was trapped.
They were just turning away to leave when a crew member saw movement and looked up to see Sprig peering down on them.
Helmsman Andrew Escott said: "We went in as close as we could and then we could see it was a dog.
"It was about 30 feet above the water and we couldn't work out how it had got in that position.
"He had clearly been there for some time because he was licking water off my dry suit. And he did seem rather pleased to see us".