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Seismological Research Letters
- © Seismological Society of America
The recent seismicity of the Blida region could not be assessed without due consideration to its earthquake history. We reexamine the 1867 Mouzaïa–El Affroun earthquake, which is one of the largest historical earthquakes that occurred in the region, and use the earthquake history of the last 250 yrs to help decipher the complexity of the active deformation of the Mitidja basin (MB). Newly discovered contemporary accounts are used to assess and discuss the extent and intensity of events considered of particular interest and which occurred before the installation of the Algerian seismic network. The 78 significant earthquakes tabulated with comments, among which are 27 events that were not reported in any previous work or catalog, make it clear that the southern border of the MB has long been markedly more active than the northern border. A main objective of this article is to make available the historical data that can be used in further investigations.
Questionnaire for the observation of earthquakes and case histories for main earthquakes of the Blida region.
In recent times, several moderate earthquakes hit the southern border of the Mitidja basin (MB) in Blida region, particularly at Hammam Melouane (HM), where they caused damage but did not leave evidence of surface faulting that would have allowed a precise identification of the causative geological structure. The MB experienced moderate‐to‐destructive events just before the 1990s and during the 2000s, with large earthquakes at Tipasa in 1989 (Ms 6.0, I0 VIII European Macroseismic Scale [EMS]) and at Zemmouri‐Boumerdes (Mw 6.8, I0 X EMS; Fig. 1; Meghraoui, 1991; Harbi et al., 2007; Ayadi et al., 2008). However, as neither surface traces nor a clear active fault that would have generated this recent seismic activity were observed in any of the events (e.g., the earthquakes of MEA in 1988, Tipasa in 1989, Algiers in 1996, HM in 2013 and 2014), the active deformation pattern of the MB has remained not well constrained and is a subject of debate.
During the course of its history, the Blida region has experienced at least three very damaging earthquakes, in 1760, 1825, and 1867 (Rothé, 1950; Sebaï and Bernard, 2008), to which very few studies were devoted. Generally, authors simply report some details and descriptions about these earthquakes without any in‐depth study (Perrey, 1870; Rothé, 1950). Actually, little is known about the seismicity of the Blida region, and no comprehensive study has been devoted to shedding light upon both its tectonics and its associated seismicity. To understand the recent seismicity of the Blida region and to address issues related to the complexity of the active deformation of the MB, we decided to reexamine the largest historical earthquake of this basin, the 1867 Mouzaïa–El Affroun (MEA) earthquake, which is the first event of the region for which we could reconstruct the macroseismic field, and to use the earthquake history of the last 250 yrs to help decipher the tectonic context of the MB.
At least four reasons prompted us to reexamine the MEA 1867 earthquake: (1) the occurrence of recent earthquakes at the southern border of the MB, a complex field of active deformation; (2) in the course of an extensive macroseismic survey (Harbi et al., 2015) carried out for the reappraisal of historical seismicity of Algeria, we retrieved new records on previously known and newly discovered damaging events that occurred in the epicentral zone showing that, following the 1867 MEA earthquake, this zone remained seismically active for more than 5 yrs; (3) the elusive character of active faults and the rare occurrences of large earthquakes in the region make the study of damaging events the best way to assess the seismogenic potential of the Mitidja basin; and (4) the fortuitous discovery of engravings illustrating the damage caused by the 1867 MEA earthquake. The first picture showing damage caused by Algerian earthquakes was taken in the wake of the 22 August 1856 Djidjelli event (see Harbi et al., 2011) and printed in the periodical l'Illustration in September 1856. This journal, available at the National Library of Algiers, published at least six photos of the damage due to the 1867 MEA earthquake. Further search of historical sources in the archives allowed us to find more photos published in Le Monde Illustré (Fig. 2) and more materials on the effects of the 1867 MEA event, including newspapers, periodicals, and some books. Thanks to the collaboration of two photographers, Pierre Zaragozi and Joël Brenier, we have today the evidence that the engravings were reproduced by artists from real photos, as shown in Figure 3. Hence reliable credit can be given to these documents that attest to the extensive damage caused by the 1867 earthquake.
In this article, we (1) give a thorough report on the MEA earthquake, which we consider the first well‐documented event based on engravings in Algeria; (2) present an intensity map that includes 45 observation points instead of the 38 previous ones of Ambraseys and Vogt (1988); (3) describe macroseismic studies of the earthquakes that occurred on the southern border of the MB using the available historical records which do not go back further than 1760 and extend to 1990 (i.e., before the installation of the Algerian seismological network, Bezzeghoud et al., 1994), with a discussion of 14 events considered of particular interest, assessing whenever possible the macroseismic parameters and providing in most cases EMS intensities maps; and (4) pay special attention to the largest and most recent event that occurred in 1988 in MEA and see how it compares with the 1867 MEA earthquake from a macroseismic point of view.
Besides the above reasons that motivated us to review the seismicity of the Blida region, a second main objective of this article is to make available the historical data so that they can be used in further investigations. Rigorous historical analyses provide insight into the nature of ground shaking and damage possible from moderate earthquakes in the region and thus valuable seismological information on earthquakes that occurred in the preinstrumental era and before the implementation of a modern seismic network in Algeria.
For the sake of the homogenization of intensity estimates (see section 1 of Harbi et al., 2015), we mainly focus on the assessment or reassessment of the macroseismic parameters of the Blida region earthquakes in terms of EMS‐98 by basing our analysis upon all the data sources that we succeeded in retrieving. Going systematically back over the findings of the authors who used the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik (MSK) and EMS intensity scales (Ambraseys and Vogt, 1988; Benouar, 1994; Harbi et al., 2007) in their assessment is not the object of this article except for the significant earthquakes for which we succeeded in retrieving more information that allowed us to increase the number of macroseismic data points and then to better constrain the epicentral location.
The information that we retrieved regarding the Blida seismicity, as for the whole of Algeria, are descriptions of earthquake effects generally contained in three categories of sources (see Harbi et al., 2015, for more details about all the sources used so far): (1) press reports, official correspondence and reports, and history books; (2) questionnaires, which are now available for the period 1954–1990 at the Centre of Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Geophysics (see Ⓔ Part 1, available in the electronic supplement to this article, for more details); and (3) scientific reports and studies, particularly those with first authors who dealt with the earthquakes that occurred in Algeria from 1716 to 1950: Hée (1925, 1933, 1950), Rothé (1950), and Grandjean (1954), the annals regularly published by the Institute of Earth Physics of Strasbourg (Annales de l'Institut du Globe de Strasbourg [AIPGS]) authored for Algeria by Hée (1919–1939), and contemporary studies published in Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences.
The information from the first category of sources was carefully analyzed using the method described in our previous works (e.g., Harbi et al., 2011) and recommended for historical data in Grünthal (2001) because we used the EMS intensity scale. It is worth remembering that the information related to the earthquakes that occurred in Algeria prior to 1847 (Harbi et al., 2015) is sparse and generally concerns one point of observation only. It does not allow a retrospective construction of the macroseismic field and therefore is not suitable for a reliable and complete assessment of the event.
The advantage of the questionnaires when available is that they allow getting a substantial number of observation points of felt and damage effects as well as the localities where the event was not felt; however, the information that questionnaires provide is often poor and stereotyped. The details requested in the available questionnaires do not permit either a very accurate assessment of the intensity following EMS‐98 or a comprehensive description of the earthquake effects. The fact that the effects and damage statistics are lacking in these questionnaires allows only the estimation of an intensity within an interval of values as has been emphasized by Harbi et al. (2010, 2015). Despite these shortcomings, the questionnaires remain valuable, especially if they are analyzed with other data sources that contain a wide range of descriptions not addressed by the questionnaires.
The third category of sources corresponds to the data collected by the first seismologists (Hée, 1925, 1933, 1950; Rothé, 1950; Grandjean, 1954) who assessed the intensity estimates of Algeria earthquakes according to the Rossi–Forel (RF) scale. Instead of converting these estimates into the EMS‐98 scale, we preferred to review the earthquake parameters using the macroseismic information provided by Hée (1925, 1933, 1950), Rothé (1950), and Grandjean (1954). Often, however, Hée (1925, 1933, 1950), Rothé (1950), and Grandjean (1954) estimated the intensity without detailing the information upon which they based their analysis (perhaps overrating or underestimating the intensity estimates), or they attributed intensity values despite a scarcity of data. The intensity estimate is qualitative and often subjective, especially when one uses historical sources and ancient questionnaires, and its conversion into magnitude, as many researchers systematically do nowadays, prompted us to apply as much rigor as possible in our intensity assessments. In the earthquake catalog of Algeria, which is still under compilation and revision (Harbi et al., 2010), we decided to assign to each intensity estimate a coefficient that classifies the estimate according to the reliability and significance of the macroseismic information.
Previous Studies
This event is of particular interest to the southern border of the MB because it is the largest one reported since 1825 for the region. It has been given special attention in previous works. Perrey (1870) was the first author who described its effects at 31 sites by drawing on local newspapers, such as Le Moniteur de l'Algérie and Akhbar, and on the testimony sent to him by Colonel Aucapitaine, who related some information not contained in press reports, especially about the aftershocks. Colonel Aucapitaine experienced the earthquake at la Chancelade (the villa of the Subprefect Chancel, located in the countryside where there was not a stone standing after the earthquake, Aucapitaine said) located 5 km south of Mouzaïa on the first slopes of Mouzaïa Mountain, where he remained 20 min under the rubble until he was saved. He gave to Perrey his opinion about the geological effects, which were related in the newspapers (see the Ⓔ electronic supplement). It was also Perrey who accurately reported the origin time of the first shock by referring to a note of M. Bullard, the director of the Algiers Observatory, stating that the clock indicated 07:13:56.3 at the time of the shaking. In 1892, Chesneau recounted the MEA earthquake by providing more details about the effects recorded at Algiers. In the twentieth century, Galbis (1932) included this event in his catalog by summarizing its effects on the basis of the Perrey (1870) report. Rothé (1950), who represents the main reference on the historical earthquakes of Algeria, reproduced verbatim the descriptions of Perrey (1870) and Chesneau (1892). By referring to what was reported by Colonel Aucapitaine to Perrey (1870) concerning the center of the earthquake, which was located, according to Aucapitaine, at la Chancelade, Rothé was the first author who defined an epicenter assigned to South Mouzaïa at 36.42° N, 2.68° E. Hée (1950) presented a summary of the earthquake by mainly focusing on the aftershocks felt in the epicentral zone around Blida up to the last one that occurred on 29 June 1867, which was felt as far as Aumale (∼100 km distant). Rothé (1970) was the first author who estimated the epicentral intensity at X–XI on the RF scale but without giving any arguments justifying this size. Based on the works of Cochard (1867), Mares (1867), Perrey (1870), Brondel (1874), Fuchs (1886), Chesneau (1892), Achitsch (1908), and Rothé (1950), and on the books of Seguin (1878), Trumelet (1887), and Betham (1912), Ambraseys and Vogt (1988) described the earthquake effects, defined an epicenter at 36.45° N, 2.65° E, and mapped the observation points without intensity estimates. Ambraseys and Vogt (1988) increased the number of observation points from 31 (Perrey, 1870) to 38.
The Present Study
What Has Been Learned from the Retrieved Historical Sources?
The sources of information on which we based our new analysis of the 1867 MEA earthquake (Table 1) provided us with interesting details on how this earthquake has been dealt with by the local scientists. These details give us an idea of the progress in seismology in Algeria at that time. It should be recalled that the 1867 MEA earthquake is the second well‐documented historical event in Algeria after the 1856 Djidjelli earthquake (Harbi et al., 2011).
Most of our sources are contemporaneous with the event. Some of them were used by Perrey (1870), such as the national newspapers Akhbar and Le Moniteur de l'Algérie. These sources are important because they relayed the official release (e.g., Akhbar, Le Moniteur de l'Algérie, Le Toulonnais) and published eyewitness accounts of citizens or officials who experienced the earthquake and/or observed its effects in the epicentral zone at Mouzaïa, El Affroun, Bou Roumi, Ameur El Aïn, La Chiffa, Blida, Dalmatie, Algiers, and El‐Biar (e.g., Le Courrier de l'Algérie, The Times, Le Petit Journal, L'Investigateur, Le Monde Illustré). Other sources bring nothing new, such as l'Orient, l'Almanach Pittoresque, l'Afrique du Nord Illustré, and L'année Scientifique et Industrielle. Some periodicals are full of interesting details, such as Les Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences that published in 1867 the testimony of Cochard. Cochard informs us that there was an apparatus for recording earthquakes at the naval dockyard of Algiers where he worked. He described this instrument as follows: it is a conical pendulum, 1150 mm long, with a strong metallic sphere as a lens; the suspension is made by a steel point resting on a steel bucket; the sphere has a hole where a pencil with a heavy head is freely moving. In this way, the pencil presses on an oriented sheet placed below. Hence, Cochard provided us with the first recording of an earthquake that occurred in Algeria. The reproduction of this recording was published in Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (Fig. 4). The periodical Bulletin de la Société Algérienne de climatologie, sciences physiques et naturelles of 1867 revealed that working sessions were devoted to the MEA event in which experts from the Algerian Society of climatology, physical, and natural sciences, among whom were Cochard and Vatonne, presented their observations. We are told, among other things, that Cochard improved the seismograph of the naval dockyard just after the earthquake. Vatonne mapped the ground cracks caused by the earthquake by indicating their stopping points, extension lines, directions, and so on. The Bulletin de la Société de Médecine d'Alger published a synthesis report on the MEA earthquake that contained physical effects, meteorological phenomena, physiological and pathological effects, number of shocks, duration of the earthquake, date of the mainshock and aftershocks, and perceptibility area. We are told that a heavy rain occurred after the earthquake (this is reported in several sources), which certainly added to the vulnerability of the buildings affected by the mainshock. According to this report, physicians observed some behaviors and physiological disturbances in their patients. These may be the first observations that led to later efforts (from the twentieth century) to tend to the psychological care of earthquakes victims. There is no new information in the books (Table 1) that contain accounts of the 1867 MEA earthquake, except for that by Burzet (1869), who delivered his own testimony. Burzet experienced the seismic event and recounted its effects in a romanticized way, and his report is the only one which reported the earthquake effects at Béni Mered, to which he paid a visit after the first shock. The further in time from 1867, the less reliable the sources become, as we noticed in the newspaper Le Progrès of 20 November 1924 a report, which states that some parts of Castiglione, Bérard, and Tipasa disappeared beneath the sea, whereas other submerged areas were uplifted. In fact, it is difficult to give credit to such late information, even though a coeval source reported that, during the shock, the sea level rose by 1 m in the Algiers port, attesting to some sea movements. In 2010, the journal Mémoire Plurielle (Table 1) published a copy of a letter sent by René Chancel, the Subprefect of Blida (reported by Perrey (1870); see the Previous Studies section), to his cousin Marie. In this letter, Chancel shared his testimony on the 1867 earthquake. A copy of this letter was sent by his granddaughter Jacqueline Gemaehling to the journal. (For further information on 1867 MEA earthquake, see Data and Resources).
The Distribution of the Effects of the Earthquake
The macroseismic information extracted from all the sources available to us increased our knowledge about the effects on the affected region of the 1867 MEA earthquake, including effects on humans, buildings, and the environment. A detailed description of these effects is presented in the Ⓔ electronic supplement.
Foreshocks and Aftershocks
According to Ambraseys and Vogt (1988), the 1867 MEA earthquake had been preceded by foreshocks, felt in central Algeria. However, we found no evidence of the occurrence of such shocks in the available archives. It is true that there was one reported slight earthquake at Aumale at about 4:00 a.m. and another one at about 5:30 a.m. at Boghar on 2 January 1867, located at 100 and 60 km southeast and south of Mouzaïa, respectively, but we think that they are probably linked to different sources. The main event was followed by a long series of aftershocks that continued until the beginning of 1870 (Table 2).
Assessment of Maximum Intensity, Location, and Size of the Event
Generally, it is difficult to exactly know the vulnerability classes of the buildings damaged by an historical earthquake. This also applies to the damage degrees and distribution, especially because many historical reports are often exaggerated. These are essential factors to be taken into account for any intensity assignment. The photos taken after the mainshock and the cross‐checking of the sources of information allowed us to better identify the seriousness of the shaking and to note some exaggerations and inconsistencies in some reports. We noticed that the extent of the damage was exaggerated in the very first reports and that some observers denied some reported information about damage and effects on the environment in some villages. If we examine only one photo illustrating the damage in Mouzaïa (Fig. 3) and give credit to what was reported (of the 180 houses constituting the village of 1600 inhabitants, only the strongly cracked church was left standing), we would allocate an intensity X at a minimum to Mouzaïa, knowing that the vulnerability classes of the traditional houses in this village range from A to B with the predominance of class A. However, other photos of Mouzaïa show that houses of vulnerability class B suffered damage of grade 4; the fully stone build church sustained damage of grade 3, etc. It is unlikely that intensity X (EMS) was clearly reached. Consistent witness testimonies stated that in the most affected villages of La Chiffa, Mouzaïa, El Affroun, Bou Roumi, and Ameur El Aïn, the majority of the collapsed houses were built of unbroken boulder stones, built together with mud or very weak mortar. The buildings built with brick, timber, or hewn stone, such as the church and the Gendarmerie of Mouzaïa, were not destroyed. We are told that the Mouzaïa church was preserved, thanks to its massive masonry and because it was built on a rocky spur. In El Affroun, almost none of the wooden houses were affected. The Blida theater, built with cemented bricks, lime, and sand, sustained no damage. One witness at Blida reported that generally the houses well‐built with bricks suffered less, whereas those built with pebbles from the river, cemented together with mortar without lime, were the most cracked. He also noticed that only the flats with iron chains in the first floor resisted the shaking of the mainshock and suffered from slight cracks, whereas those of the second floor with no chains were destroyed or threatened with immediate ruin. It must be stressed that the final damage patterns were exacerbated by a series of strong aftershocks and the pelting rain that occurred after the mainshock.
After much consideration of the macroseismic data collected and a careful analysis of those data in the context of the historical, cultural, and political background and the building stock characteristics, intensities were estimated for 45 sites using the EMS‐98 scale. Broadly, the maximum intensity IX was attributed to Mouzaïa, Bou Roumi, El Affroun, La Chiffa, and Ameur El Aïn, where serious damage and loss of life were recorded. We often note that the lack of details on the number of people who felt the earthquake (few, many, and most) and how they felt it (slightly and strongly) as well as on the number of damaged structures preclude precise determination of the intensity at different localities. The information on the region of no felt reports allows us to constrain the size of the felt area. Figure 5 represents the spatial distribution of the earthquake effects in the form of an isoseismal map. The map highlights the extent of the perceptibility area of the 1867 MEA earthquake (Fig. 5a) and provides useful information regarding the distribution of damage (Fig. 5b). The macroseismic epicenter was located at 36.47° N, 2.66° E. The Ms magnitude, assessed roughly from the perceptibility area using the empirical relationship derived by Benouar (1994) for Algeria, Ms=−0.04+2.56log(r3) (in which r3 corresponds to the mean epicentral distance of an area within which the shaking was felt with intensity III [MSK or EMS]), could be 5.5≤Ms≤6.5. The depth, inferred considering the Gutenberg relationship r/h=(10I0/3−0.5−1)1/2, in which r is the radius of the macroseismic area, is estimated at ∼10 km.
To help evaluate the seismotectonic context of the 1867 MEA earthquake, we used the data collected from the macroseismic survey to revise the historical seismicity of Algeria (Harbi et al., 2015). This survey allowed us to retrieve information on the earthquakes of the Blida region and to find 27 new events (Table 3) not reported in any of the previous catalogs and related works. Among the most significant earthquakes, about 20 (Table 3) that occurred in the Blida region are discussed and/or illustrated site by site and are presented more fully in the Ⓔ electronic supplement. An attempt is made insofar as possible to attribute or reevaluate a maximum intensity and a macroseismic epicenter for 140 events (among which 55 are the aftershocks of the 1867 MEA earthquake) that we included in the Algerian macroseismic database (see Data and Resources).
The 31 October 1988 MEA earthquake is the only moderate event, which occurred in the same area during the instrumental era, and for which a focal mechanism is available (Harbi et al., 2004). At first sight, we thought that it could be comparable to the 1867 MEA earthquake. This is why we decided to study the 1988 MEA earthquake from a macroseismic point of view following the EMS‐98 scale. This seismic event is known as the Oued Djer earthquake in Mokrane et al. (1994), who located the macroseismic epicenter at Oued Djer (36.42° N, 2.57° E) and allocated the intensity VII (Mercalli) to Boumedfaa, whereas they defined an instrumental epicenter at 36.40° N, 2.50° E and calculated a duration magnitude at 5.4. The instrumental epicenter determined by the International Seismological Centre (ISC) from 438 seismic stations is situated at about 6 km south of Mouzaïa in the Ain Romana area (Fig. 6). Fifty‐seven questionnaires are available for this event and reveal that the earthquake was felt at 83 sites. According to these questionnaires, the most noticeable effects consist of cracks to buildings, damage and fall of tiles and chimneys at Mouzaïa and Boumedfaa, damage at Merad, cracks to old dwellings at Hadjout, and cracks to the Blida buildings, besides some seismogeological effects, such as landslides at Hadjout, cracks in the ground at Boumedfaa, and changes in water flow and level at Miliana. Oued Djer and El Affroun were cited as sites where the earthquake was felt but without any detail reported. To remedy deficiencies in terms of macroseismic information, we carried out a survey of press archives that allowed us to get more details about the 1988 MEA earthquake. At that time, the press was state owned and only very few journals existed. In addition, Algeria experienced social unrest on 5 October 1988, and most journalists focused on that social unrest. The newspapers reporting on this earthquake used information from the official Algerian Press Agency. According to the press reports, the earthquake injured about 60 persons, many severely. It made homeless 150, 5, 15, and 16 families at Oued Djer, El Affroun, Mouzaïa, and Ain Romana, respectively. A school collapsed at Douar Hichem in the municipality of Oued Djer, and two houses and nine rooms of another school of the same locality were cracked. Serious damage was observed in the new dwellings and public infrastructure of El Affroun, Mouzaïa, and Boumedfaa. It seems that the damage at Douar Hichem was mainly associated with the high vulnerability of certain types of construction that prevailed at that time in the Algerian douars. Specific details on the damage caused to buildings are unfortunately missing, and our efforts to retrieve the information on the damage caused by the 1988 MEA earthquake from the institution in charge of building control (the contrôle technique de construction [CTC]), failed. Nevertheless, a careful analysis of all the collected information allowed us to tentatively draw an intensity map (Fig. 6).
Based on historical analysis of 74 felt reports discovered through an extensive macroseismic survey (Harbi et al., 2015), we reconstructed the macroseismic field of the most damaging event that occurred on the southern border of the MB, the 1867 MEA earthquake, to determine its epicenter at 36.47° N, 2.66° E, with a magnitude 5.5≤Ms≤6.5. The depth of focus was likely to have been 10–12 km, and there was no surface rupture associated with the event. The results that we obtained from the reappraisal of the seismicity of the southern border of the MB (see the Ⓔ electronic supplement and Table 3) show a regular occurrence of earthquakes in the Mouzaïa–El Affroun–Oued Djer area. This area experienced no less than seven events with I0≥V during its seismic history, making it the most active zone of the southern border of the MB (Fig. 7). The southern border of the MB (the Blida Atlas) has experienced only 28 slight‐to‐damaging or greater main earthquakes until 1989. It is immediately clear from Table 3 that the area is continuously but moderately active with damaging events, especially in the western section of the southern boundary of the MB (Fig. 7). The earthquakes of MEA (1867, 1988), El Affroun (1888), and Boumedfaa (1959) remain the largest earthquakes of this region (Table 3). HM, where the seismic activity is rather frequent nowadays, experienced only one event that caused some damage before the 2013 and 2014 earthquakes (see Ⓔ Fig. S4). This is not due to a lack of data, because the two last centuries are relatively well documented and provide information about many earthquakes, both felt and damaging (Harbi et al., 2015). On the other hand, we found no evidence for a truly large earthquake of a size comparable to the 1867 MEA earthquake. From Figure 7, which illustrates the most significant earthquakes that occurred in the MB during its history, we may conclude that there has been more historic seismicity in the vicinity of the southern edge of the basin than in the northern edge.
Earthquake data for some events of the 1964–1990 period were downloaded from the International Seismological Centre (ISC) website, http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscbulletin/search/catalogue/ (last accessed December 2016). Archival accounts related to the Blida seismicity were found at the Center of Research of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Geophysics (CRAAG, Algiers, Algeria), the National Library of Algeria, and in searchable online databases; all accounts used in this study and the earthquake catalog of the area are included in the Algerian macroseismic database and may be downloaded from http://naget.ictp.it/PUBLICATIONS/resources/AMD.pdf (last accessed April 2017). Figures were generated using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software (Wessel and Smith, 1991).
This research was conducted in the framework of the E007/08 Center of Research of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Geophysics (CRAAG) project and the MEDYNA FP7‐PEOPLE‐2013‐IRSES project. We are grateful to Pierre Zaragozi for providing useful information about the photography in Algeria in the nineteenth century. We acknowledge Editor John Ebel for his thoughtful and insightful review that significantly improved the article.


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Model International Mobility Convention
While people are as mobile as they ever were in our globalized world, the movement of people across borders lacks global regulation. This leaves many refugees and migrants unprotected in irregular and dire situations. Meanwhile, some states have become concerned that their borders have become irrelevant. International mobility—the movement of any individual across borders for any length of time—has no common definition or legal framework. To address this key gap in international law, and the growing gaps in protection and responsibility that are leaving people vulnerable, the "Model International Mobility Convention" proposes a framework for mobility with the goals of reaffirming the existing rights afforded to mobile people (and the corresponding rights and responsibilities of states) as well as expanding those basic rights where warranted.

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After what looked like a perfect union with bright promise, Square Records, Psquare's label told us this morning that they have parted ways with their first ever signing Akinmayokun Awodumila, the singer known as May D.
This was made known by Square Records boss Jude Okoye in a press statement sent to our editors some minutes ago.
I, JUDE 'ENGEES' OKOYE of Square Records Limited and Northside Entertainment Limited hereby announces to the general public that Mr. Akinmayokun Awodumila, otherwise known as MAY D is no longer an artiste under the aforementioned outfits due to irreconcilable differences.
We at Northside and Square records wish him all the best in his career and life.
Rumours off the breakup had surfaced earlier, but NET investigations led nowhere.
While Psquare's publicist told us then that he wasn't aware of any breakup, May D laughed it off as 'Rumour things' when our reporter contacted him. Before we could probe further, he switched off his mobile phone.
A close friend of May D however tells us that the singer has been for many months unhappy about his stay at Square Records; 'He says they aren't doing much for his career, May D wants to spend big like Davido and co. He's not happy at all as he most times broke', a close friend of the young singer tells NET.
May D is usually seen driving the twins Hummer H2 around town. 'Just because he's riding the Hummer doesn't mean he's happy o' the source offered..
Before signing with Psquare in 2011, MayD was with rapper Alaye's Ice Cream Records. We're told Alaye was impressed with May D's performance on rapper Kel's 'Too fine' which also featured the rapper and asked him to join his label.
'But after he turned to Alaye's personal driver, he got tired and looked elsewhere, Psquare were there and they struck the deal', another MayD friend tells NET.
A graduate of the University of Lagos, May D joined Psquare's Square Records in 2011 and featured on two singles off their fifth album 'Invasion'. One of the songs being 'Chop my money' which had a killer remix and video featuring Akon.
Square Records also shot two videos for May D – 'Soundtrack' and 'Ile Ijo' which were both directed by Clarence Peters.
May D responds to Psquare statement – 'I DON'T KNOW WHAT THEY'RE TALKING ABOUT'
Source: Entertainment.naija.ng


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Women are busy taking care of their family, home and their work and in the meantime they forget to take care of themselves. The busy day-to-day activities keep them so occupied that their health becomes secondary.
They might be silently suffering from several health issues of which vaginal problem among women is one of the major silent killers. So what are the signs of vaginal infection? Or what do women do if they spot a lump around the vagina?
Also Read: Home Remedies For Sleep Apnea
So today in this article we will be discussing the different vaginal problems that can strike women anytime. Being aware of these signs and symptoms is very important so that one can take precautionary measures.
Also Read: Danger: Foods Wrapped In Newspaper
Vagina-related health problems are most common among women in their reproductive age. If these symptoms are not taken care of on time then, it might lead to serious vaginal problems and this also increases the chances of infertility.
Here are a few of the common vaginal problems that can affect women anytime. Take a look.
1. Lumps Around Vagina:
If you feel some lump around the vulva and vaginal region, do not worry. It is nothing but a clogged gland which is quite common. It goes off on its own and can be treated by warm water. But if it hurts and pains then one needs to get it checked by a doctor.
2. Skin Cancer:
It might sound strange but yes you can find cases of skin cancer around your vagina. You could also have psoriasis affecting the vagina as well. This needs to be checked immediately.
3. Varicose Vein:
Few women develop varicose veins around the vulva. This occurs especially among pregnant women and also those who stand for long periods of time. Over a period of time it goes off on its own.
4.Clogged Hair Follicles:
Women can have clogged hair follices down there around the vagina. It appears reddish with bumps and some even have scars around them. This can be a result of shaving or due to uncomfortable clothes too. Warm compress works well for these conditions but if it continues for long, rush to the doctor immediately.
5. Dry Vagina:
A few women have the problem of vagina getting dry often. This is caused due to hormonal imbalance, usage of certain medications, chemotheray and stress. Bringing about a change in lifestyle helps get rid of this problem.
6. Fowl White Discharge:
When there is a bacterial growth in the vagina it starts emitting fowl smell. This is caused when there is an imbalance in the pH level in the body. Check it with a doctor if you are having this problem.
7. Blood Discharge That Is Not Periods:
If you notice blood discharge that is not periods then you need to be careful. A few women experience it while they are ovulating which could be normal. But when it occurs after intercourse then it needs to be checked immediately as this could signify some infection or could be a symptom of cervical cancer too.
8. Blisters Around Vagina:
If you feel that there are blisters around your vaginal area then it needs to be taken seriously. This could be caused by viruses live HPV.
9. Itchy Vagina:
An itchy vagina is caused by fungal and yeast infections. When the pH balance in the body gets disturbed due to certain factors like consumption of antibiotics, diabetes and wearing wet inner wears for long it leads to an itchy vagina.


text: Room/Package Reservation(Booking Date 2016/03/02 ~ ) Room/Package Reservation(Booking Date ~ 2016/03/01) Restaurant Reservation Basic information Basic information Select a Hotel SIGNIEL SEOULLotte Hotel SeoulLotte Hotel WorldLotte Hotel BusanLotte Hotel JejuLotte Hotel UlsanLotte Hotel MoscowLotte Legend Hotel SaigonLotte Hotel GuamLotte Hotel HanoiLotte Hotel St. PetersburgLotte Hotel YangonL7 MyeongdongL7 GangnamLotte City Hotel MapoLotte City Hotel Gimpo AirportLotte City Hotel JejuLotte City Hotel DaejeonLotte City Hotel GuroLotte City Hotel UlsanLotte City Hotel Myeongdong Please select Hotel. Select a Hotel Lotte Hotel SeoulLotte Hotel WorldLotte Hotel BusanLotte Hotel JejuLotte Hotel Ulsan Please select Hotel. Confirmation No. Please enter reservation number. Last name (in English) Please enter the last name (in English) as stated in passport. First name (in English) Please enter the first name (in English) as stated in passport. If you have forgotten your reservation details or have any other inquires, please feel free to contact Reservations Department. Confirm Lotte Hotel Reservations


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Welcome to Baptist Board, a friendly forum to discuss the Baptist Faith in a friendly surrounding.
Your voice is missing! You will need to register to get access to all the features that our community has to offer.
We hope to see you as a part of our community soon and God Bless!
Pakistani complicity or incompetence?
Discussion in 'News & Current Events' started by kyredneck, May 2, 2011.


text: In this accessible and attractive text for undergraduates, Breckler (American Psychological Association) invites students to experience the power of social psychology through real-world examples, from road rage to blind dates, and to understand the practical value of social psychological knowledge. Learning features include chapter opening vignettes, application boxes, real-life examples, color photos, and material on diversity integrated throughout the text. Annotation ©2006 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR


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BufferedStream.SetLength Method (Int64)
The .NET API Reference documentation has a new home. Visit the .NET API Browser on docs.microsoft.com to see the new experience.
Sets the length of the buffered stream.
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
value is negative.
The stream is not open or is null.
The stream does not support both writing and seeking.
Methods were called after the stream was closed.
The buffer is flushed before setting the length of the underlying data source or repository. If the specified value is less than the current length of the buffered stream, the buffered stream is truncated. If the specified value is larger than the current length of the buffered stream, the buffered stream is expanded. If the buffered stream is expanded, the contents of the buffered stream between the old and the new lengths are not defined.
SetLength flushes any buffered writes if necessary.
A stream must support both writing and seeking for SetLength to work.
Available since 1.1


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Diving GamesMost Played Highest Rated Newest
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Parking Fury 3D: Night ThiefParking Fury 3D: Night Thief
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OffRoad Extreme Car RacingOffRoad Extreme Car Racing
Flip DivingFlip Diving
Wreck RaiderWreck Raider
Diving Games - Free Online Games
Do you feel the need to inspect the nature in the most meticulous way possible the incredible universe of the oceans and unknown seas? You now have the chance to dive into this big oceans of games here on VitalityGames.com and see the strange nature how this nature takes place. But there is another way of diving and that is the pro diving. Diving is the sport of jumping or falling into water from a platform or springboard, usually while performing acrobatics.
Diving is an internationally recognized sport that is part of the Olympic Games. In addition, unstructured and non-competitive diving is a recreational pastime. Diving is one of the most popular Olympic sports with spectators. Competitors possess many of the same characteristics as gymnasts and dancers, including strength, flexibility, kinaesthetic judgment and air awareness.
Some professional divers were originally gymnasts or dancers as both the sports have similar characteristics to diving. There are so many things you can explore in these diving games, so what are you waiting for? Get your swimsuit on and we'll see you in the cold water. Have fun!


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Tuesday, August 26, 2008
Openness Works!
This is a picture of my grandson and his birthmother celebrating his 4th birthday - a picture of openness. I love seeing him with her. There is a sweetness and a familiarity that is both amazing and comforting.
Amazing that God has created us in such a way that Justus just knows her - and comforting to know that Justus will never have to wonder if his birthmom loves him.
This relationship began with a few simple visits. After this, his birthmom moved out of state, and everyone had to become more purposeful in maintaining a relationship.
The first year of building this relationship, they bought Kathleen a ticket to fly to Houston to celebrate his 2nd birthday. She stayed at my house where we also had the birthday party.
The second year, they flew her here and she stayed in College Station in a hotel and spent more time at their house.
This year Kathleen flew here and stayed at their house. She was able to put Justus to bed, read books to him, watch movies and eat popcorn together. I am sure that when Kathleen made an adoption plan for her precious son she never could have hoped that she would some day do all of those things with her son.
I am sure that if you have not yet experienced adoption this kind of openness must sound pretty scary.
Is it for everyone? Probably not. Could it be? Absolutely!
It requires that everyone work together to build a foundation of trust. It takes time. It takes sensitivity to each other's needs.
It takes a belief that this kind of relationship will be good for everyone involved.
You can see that this relationship did not begin with total openness. This adoptive family played by our rules - which we believe are in place to help everyone in this process - and then they simply and prayerfully allowed the Lord to guide them through the steps to openness.
As I visited with Kathleen this past weekend, she made the statement that she can now look back on the past 4 years and see how God had laid out a plan to give her son a better life - to give her an opportunity to change and to bring a family into her life that would lead her back to God.
In God's great plan, He has allowed Justus' family to love Kathleen and to help her come back to HIM. What a great God!
Posted by Cindy Seay at 9:33 PM 2 comments:
Labels: open adoption
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Research snapshot: new approach to management of COPD
Lung Foundation Australia believes research is one of the most effective ways to improve the prevention, detection, treatment and management of lung disease. We have provided almost $1 million in the past five years to support COPD research, which is only part of our overall research investment. In each issue we will update you on some of the research initiatives we are supporting.
Congratulations to Associate Professor Vanessa McDonald on the completion of her COPD Research Fellowship. A/Prof McDonald focused on a new approach to the management of COPD by exploring the use of a simple blood test to guide COPD management. This could improve the range of treatment options available to people with COPD by individualising medicine to the specific inflammatory process present in each person. The research is still ongoing, however the support of this two year Research Fellowship has enabled success in additional grants, with A/Prof McDonald recently awarded a 2016 NHMRC fellowship to continue her research. Well done!


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Strictly speaking, TV's not that sexist
The co-host of Strictly Come Dancing has leapt to the defence of the television business by saying it is less sexist than other industries.
Claudia Winkleman, 43, who presents the ballroom dancing series with Tess Daly, 46, said the show is "run by women" and that women had risen to positions of power across British TV.
Asked whether TV was a tough industry for women, she told Radio Times: "Strictly is run by women, the heads of BBC One and BBC Two are women, as are the chief creative officer of Channel 4 and the head of entertainment at ITV. There are many industries where a woman can't even get into the room of decision-making."
However, Winkleman denied that she was in a position of…


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As part of our work to enhance junior doctors' working lives, we undertook a listening exercise to gather together the themes affecting junior doctors' morale and to understand their experiences of the best training environments.Read More
We are committed to developing a supportive, high quality learning environment for all doctors in training, regardless of their personal circumstances. We have launched a call for ideas to help us develop a programme of activities to better support junior doctors returning to training after time out.
We will be developing an innovative, evidence-based programme of interventions to better help doctors "get back up to speed" as they return to training.
The Academy of Medical Royal Colleges' Maternity / Paternity 2016 Survey Results outlined some of the potential difficulties associated with return to training, and recommended that doctors need support with regaining confidence as well as refreshing their technical skills and knowledge of current protocols.
In the ACAS Junior Doctors' Contract Agreement, we committed to develop evidence-based, innovative approaches for supporting junior doctors returning to training after time out, for example after maternity leave, prolonged sick leave, undertaking academic research or other Out of Programme activities.
Call for ideas
We are keen to understand the unique pastoral and training requirements of these trainees. Through a call for ideas, we want to hear views and ideas about the challenges they face, identify where effective support is being provided for these doctors; and consider innovative solutions that are evidenced but perhaps as yet untested.
This could include support with regaining confidence as well as refreshing technical skills and knowledge of current protocols, or involve a range of interventions including, but not limited to, accelerated training opportunities, simulation, mentorship, and signposting to information and support services.
We are seeking the views of junior doctors and their representative bodies, educators, medical royal colleges, employers, and associated professions.
A high quality learning environment is a multi-professional learning environment that values and benefits doctors as well as the other professionals within the clinical team, so we welcome feedback from other clinical professions, particularly where they have developed return to training or practice interventions for their professional group.
Responding to the call for ideas
The call for ideas can be accessed here and will run to 23:59 GMT 4 August 2017.
Next steps
The evidence gathered will inform an Accelerated Return to Training strategy and delivery plan, which we plan to publish before the end of 2017.
As part of our work to enhance junior doctors' working lives, we undertook a listening exercise to gather together the themes affecting junior doctors' morale and to understand their experiences of the best training environments.Read More
We recognise that in the current climate, many junior doctors feel undervalued and morale can be low.Read More


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CG Board 12th Result 2017 Name Wise रिजल्ट जारी 27 April 2017 CGBSE
CG 12th Result 2017 date, Chattisgarh CG Board 12th Result 2017 name wise, CGBSE 12th class Result school wise, cgbse.net 12th class result The CG Board 12th exam is the public exam that is conducted for the students of 12th standard. This exam belongs to the Chattisgarh state only. Students studying in the arts, science… Read More »


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U.S. Senator Tom Coburn, M.D. (R-OK) released the following statement regarding the resignation of Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki:
"The American people and our nation's veterans need reform at the VA, not just resignations. Further, more money is not the answer. Funding for the VA has grown at more than three times the rate of inflation since 2009. My office has also learned that at the end of Fiscal Year 2013, the VA held nearly $35 billion in unspent funds, which is more than the entire annual budget of the National Institutes of Health. It's long past time we gave our veterans the freedom they fought for. I look forward to introducing legislation with Senators McCain and Burr that will accomplish that goal in the coming days," Dr. Coburn said.
At the conclusion of Fiscal Year 2013, the VA held nearly $35 billion in unspent funds. To give this amount some perspective, the entire annual budget of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is $30.1 billion -- billions of dollars less than the excess amount the VA leaves unspent at the end of every year. The department is projected to end 2014 with another larger sum of unspent money, including nearly $5.9 billion in unobligated funds.
The VA "expects to carry over $450 million in medical-care funding from fiscal year 2014 to fiscal year 2015." This is the fifth year in a row the VA has carried over funding for medical care. VA carried over $1.449 billion in medical-care funding from fiscal year 2010 to 2011, $1.163 billion from fiscal year 2011 to fiscal year 2012, $637 million from fiscal year 2012 to 2013, and $543 million from fiscal year 2013 to 2014.
Source: http://www.coburn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/pressreleases?ContentRecord_id=8620ac76-84bd-4046-9f2e-cc83ed8925ef&ContentType_id=d741b7a7-7863-4223-9904-8cb9378aa03a&Group_id=7a55cb96-4639-4dac-8c0c-99a4a227bd3a


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MW BASKETBALL: Bluejays sneak into playoffs with win over Riverland
WORTHINGTON -- The Minnesota West men's basketball team qualified for the NJCAA Region 13 Tournament after defeating Riverland 90-74 on Sunday.
Minnesota West (13-13 overall, 6-8 Minnesota College Athletic Conference), which was fourth in the Southern Division, will play Vermilion (24-2, 12-1), which placed first in the Northern Division, in the quarterfinals at 3 p.m. Friday at Anoka-Ramsey Community College.
"We kept taking advantage of our chances," Bluejays head coach Justin Heckenlaible said. "I was very proud of our players because we played hard and we made big shots --three or four of them came at the end of the shot clock and we had a couple tip-in's. We made our free throws, we rebounded the ball and we got some stops on defense. That is usually the difference in winning games."
But before Minnesota West could make postseason plans, it had to knock off Riverland (12-15, 5-7 MCAC Southern) on Sunday. The Bluejays received help Saturday from Minnesota State-Fergus Falls, which defeated Ridgewater 83-76.
Minnesota West won the head-to-head tiebreaker against Ridgewater after besting the Warriors twice this season.
"It was a dramatic finish for us because we had chances to clinch our playoff spot earlier," said sophomore Orie Brown, who scored a game-high 27 points to lead the Bluejays past the Blue Devils on Sunday. "Even though we made it hard on ourselves, we still pulled through and made the playoffs."
Brown capitalized on a 9 of 16 effort from the field and a 7 of 9 performance at the free-throw line as Minnesota West shot 46 percent (31 of 67) from the field and 85 percent (17 of 20) from the free-throw line.
The Bluejays' Tyler Aquallo added 26 points on 8 of 15 shooting from the field, including a 6 of 10 effort from 3-point range. He made all four of his free-throw attempts.
Minnesota West took a 48-35 lead after 20 minutes and controlled the second half with a 42-39 advantage.
Three more Bluejays scored in double figures. Mitch Hopkins posted 13 points and nine rebounds, Luke Roddy added 12 points and seven assists and Jackson Seitzinger generated 10 points and four assists.
Marcus Ratliff and Guillermo DeDiego both led the Blue Devils with 21 points. Andrew Lau (14 points) and Zach Bunch (10 points) also reached double figures.
Minnesota West took good care of the ball with only nine turnovers. The Bluejays' defense forced 14. MW also won the rebounding battle 39-36.
Minnesota West 86,
Riverland 60
WORTHINGTON -- Minnesota West forced a MCAC Southern Division first-place tie after defeating Riverland on Sunday at Worthington High School.
The Lady Jays (19-6, 10-2) ended the regular season knotted with Anoka-Ramsey (20-5, 10-2), which lost 73-71 to Western Tech on Saturday.
Minnesota West split its pair of MCAC Southern Division games against Anoka-Ramsey this season. According to Lady Jays head coach Mike Fury, further tiebreaking are need before a team is awarded the division title and the No. 1 seed in the NJCAA Region 13 Tournament.
"I don't know how it's going to turn out," Fury said. "We still have to wait and see because of the tiebreaking things that have to happen yet. We should know more (today)."
On Sunday, Tiffany Gehl went 13 of 25 from the field and 9 of 12 at the free-throw line to produce a game-high 38 points in the Lady Jays' victory.
Minnesota West's Lindsey Drooger contributed 24 points on 8 of 23 shooting from the field and 4 of 6 shooting at the free-throw line.
The Lady Jays won their eighth consecutive game by building a 39-24 halftime lead before outscoring the Blue Devils 47-36 in the second half.
Katey Granstra collected a double-double of 17 rebounds and 13 points for Minnesota West, which took the rebounding battle 56-50.
Brittany Hulstein set up her Lady Jays' teammates with seven assists. Granstra added six more helpers.
"We had another strong start by taking a 14-2 lead early in the first half. That was huge," Fury said. "We played pretty steady after that. (Riverland) didn't make a big run at us and we didn't let them."
Fury is happy with Minnesota West's effort, especially over its final eight MCAC Southern Division games.
"We're playing pretty well, heading into tournament time," Fury said.
Skylar Anderson (15), Rebekah Aase (12) and Sophia Hebrink (10) were Riverland's leading point-scorers.


text: Script Pipeline has built one of the most extensive, well-respected networks of film and television producers, agents, and managers in search of talented screenwriters. To become a part of our industry events and to receive information on recent Script Pipeline contest finalists and "Recommends," please fill out the form below. Our Director of Development will be in touch to confirm inclusion.


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My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for GATE Pregnancy Resource Center, Harrisburg, NC, USA
Gate Pregnancy Resource Center provides a critical service to young women who are facing unplanned pregnancies. Clients find support, counseling, education and physical resources as they navigate unknown and some times troubled waters. Pre born children are allowed to live because of the dedication of Gate's staff and volunteers. Gate also provides counseling and support for women who chose abortion in their pasts and are know suffering the emotional consequences of those decisions. Love abounds at Gate PRC!
Review for GATE Pregnancy Resource Center, Harrisburg, NC, USA
I have volunteered with GATE PRC for one year serving as Treasurer of the Board. The impact this organization makes is literally the difference between life and death for the lives of the yet to be born children who come through their doors. As an adoptive mother of a child who could easily have been aborted, I have experienced first-hand the miracle of a totally innocent life that was spared death by abortion. Our son is now a 26-year old adult, has served his country through the U.S. Marine Corps and is own his way to making a difference in the lives of others. GATE PRC empowers young women to realize that allowing their children to live is the best decision they could make. They guide, counsel and care for these mothers during their pregnancies with such passion. Future leaders and outstanding citizens will have a chance at life because GATE PRC exists. Well done, good and faithful servants!
Karen Smith
More Feedback
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
Increase donations by securing ongoing local corporate and church finanical support so that the organization can continue to grow and have such a positive impact on the clients who walk through their doors and on the community at large. A major goal we have is to add ultra-sound equipment and expertise so that mothers can see evidence of their baby. We know this will impact decisions on the life or death of their yet-to-be-born children.
Will you volunteer or donate to this organization beyond what is required of board members?
How much of an impact do you think this organization has?
A lot
Will you tell others about this organization?
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?


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Fibromyalgia since 2007
"Tragedy is a tool for the living to gain wisdom, not a guide by which to live." Robert F. Kennedy
Hi Upbeat and Welcome-
Glad to hear the Amrix is helping. I have not tried the trigger point injections- little leary of it right now, but keeping an open mind to them. You have come to a great place, and I think you will enjoy it here!


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Several European natives hope to make their move up the rankings as the UFC heads to Glasgow on Sunday. Welterweight Gunnar Nelson and Santiago Ponzinibbio square off in the main event with two very different fighting skillsets. Which fighting style will prevail in Scotland?
If you're hoping to turn the event into an opportunity to build your DFS bankroll, DraftKings.com has you covered with a full slate of contests. Players get a $50,000 budget to select five fighters, and the scoring is distributed as follows:
(Please note that DraftKings has altered their scoring system. The new point values are listed below and the rosters will now expand from 5 to 6 fighters).
Moves Scoring
Significant Strikes (SS): +0.5 PTS
Advance (ADVC): +3 PT
Takedown (TD): +5 PTS
Reversal/Sweep (REV): +5 PTS
Knockdown (KD): +10 PTS
Fight Conclusion Bonuses
1st Round Win (1rW+): +90 PTS
2nd Round Win (2rW+): +70 PTS
3rd Round Win (3rW+): +45 PTS
4th Round Win (4rW+): +40 PTS
5th Round Win (5rW+): +40 PTS
Decision Win (WBD+): +30 PTS
Scoring Notes
Significant Strikes are any Distance Strike or Clinch/Ground Strikes that are considered "Power Strikes" by official scorers.
Advances include: To Half Guard, To Side Control, To Mount, To Back Control
Now, on to the fights...


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Customer service rep went the extra mile to make the experience satisfying.
Very friendly personnel in the service department and got my repair done in record time. Great group of ladies working back there.
The salesman listened to my needs and showed me the vehicles that met them. He did not push his ideas on me and there was no pressure.
I would highly recommend McKenzie and always tell others about them. They are always are very friendly and accommodating. We got a great deal on a won...
Loved that chuck Townsend made our purchase very easy and quick!
Great people to deal with !!!!
Technician completed all that was requested car runs great!
Roberta helped us with our service for a battery. Awesome service and so very friendly. I will use McKenzie always as long as the prices don't get out...
Great Service, McKenzie has been awesome since the day we purchased our vehicle.


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Mobile Navigation
Assistant Professor Adjunct Faculty, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Millsaps College Office: R709(601) 984-1642 Email: email@example.com
I was trained as a behavioral neuroscientist at Miami University under Dr. Stephen Berry, where I researched the electrophysiological correlates of rabbit eyeblink classical conditioning. Specifically, I built moveable microdrives with multiple tetrode recording electrodes to analyze the response properties of neurons in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex while rabbits learned to associate a neutral tone stimulus with an airpuff to the eye. In addition, I used a brain-computer interface to trigger each trial in the explicit presence of a well-studied hippocampal local field potential termed theta (3-7Hz), which accelerated behavioral learning and the learning-related neural responses. As a postdoctoral fellow working in the laboratory of Dr. Rick Lin at the UMMC, I researched the long-term neurobehavioral effects of perinatal antidepressant exposure in a rodent model of autism spectrum disorder. Specific areas of research focused on incorporating electrophysiological and immunohistochemical techniques to understand how monoaminergic neural systems (including serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine) and their forebrain efferents are disrupted by exposure to antidepressants during critical periods of neurodevelopment.I am now an educator scholar and concentrate my efforts on the scholarly teaching of anatomy to undergraduate medical students and applying my background of learning and memory to pedagogical research. As a result of my career transition, I am interested in establishing a laboratory that utilizes eye tracking and electroencephalography to better understand implicit mechanisms of feature extraction and developing expertise.
*In last four years
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Testing Whitepapers
Optimize Your Campaign Testing
By SDL | 28/11/2013
Download this now
Looking for guidance on how to properly conduct tests prior to launching any email campaign? This whitepaper discusses important areas for campaign managers to test; the best approaches to managing the testing process, seven key pitfalls to avoid, and specific testing best practice for marketers. The sooner you define and implement your testing program, the sooner you will be positioned to send meaningful communications to your customers through the channels they prefer. The more you test, the more you learn and the more you sell.


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Resto Druids are blessed with a number of competitive legendary items and you might find yourself swapping between them from fight-to-fight. 7.3 added one new legendary, and it's not good.
Always Great
Velen's Future Sight. Strong in all aspects. Combines a heavy helping of secondary stats with a powerful on-use effect.
- The on-use often makes up 5-7% of our total healing, and the overheal re-distribution is great for us.
- The cooldown is a little awkward at 1:15. Pairing the on-use with Essence of G'Hanir is often our best choice since Tranquility heals for enough as-is and Essence lines up best cooldown-wise.
- Mythic+: Top tier. The strong passive stats make Velens fantastic for both healing and Catweaving and the redistribution on-use is incredibly versatile.
Prydaz, Xavaric's Magnum Opus. A noticeable step down from Velens and Shoulders, but still a strong general purpose legendary.
- Tends to be a stronger defensive option than Ekowraith unless you are taking a lot of damage, though Ekowraith offers more Intellect because it isn't in a jewellery slot.
- You can use a WeakAura to track the internal cooldown and then go into Bear Form just before it procs to make the shield even more ridiculous. You should do this as often as possible.
- Prydaz is overbudget by ~800 secondary stats. This is worth an additional ~1.5% throughput in addition to any damage the shield absorbs.
- Mythic+: Top tier. Prydaz is a fantastic option for Mythic+ since it absorbs a lot of damage without the use of any global cooldowns, leaving you more time to DPS. In high end mythic+ it will also save your life from multiple mechanics that would otherwise one shot you.
Great with T19
Aman'Thul's Wisdom. Insane Synergy with the T19 four piece bonus.
- Aman'Thul's should be a situational legendary that excels on fights with periods of no damage between bursts however it's currently a top 2 legendary on every fight due to its synergy with the T19 four piece bonus. There's some math on the interaction here. Contrary to earlier expectations, the shoulders are holding up reasonably well without 4T19 however their location in a tier slot will still remove them from viability for anyone able to run 4T120 + 2T19.
- You can expect the effect to contribute 6-7% of your healing.
- Mythic+: Mid-low tier. Not really necessary in Mythic+ since blanketing the party in rejuvenations is no issue if required and most pulls don't require a blanket in the first place. They do allow you to rejuv up a party prior to a pull to get some extra DPS time but this tends to be of minimal advantage.
Chameleon's Song. Average-to-good now. Worse later.
- The 12 second duration gives you enough time to get a tree-buffed Wild Growth out. You can expect a 12-20% uptime depending on how frequently you cast Wild Growth and how long the fight runs.
- Chameleon's Song uses a "Deck of Cards" system that will guarantee you exactly 3 procs from every 20 Wild Growth's you cast. You can read more about the system here.
- If you leave tree form while the buff is active you aren't able to return to it (unless you are also running the Incarnation talent) which does reduce the helms value a little bit.
- Due to the stats on the piece it can be a decent option while we're still wearing T19, competing well with "The Big Three".
- Competes with 2T19 during ToS since it takes up a tier slot. It's not up to that challenge and you can bank them immediately upon equipping your T20.
- Mythic+: Low tier. Poor interaction with Catweaving and you really need the reliability in Mythic+.
Great with T20
Soul of the Archdruid. Reasonable for AoE heavy fights with T20.
- The legendary ring added in 7.2.5 is missing around ~1000 secondary stats compared to its fellow legendary ring brethren. This is 2-2.5% throughput lost before we look at the proc.
- The Soul of the Archdruid free talent is worth 5-7% healing in most cases when wearing 2T20. That'll vary based on how much HPS you're putting out and how frequently you're able to cast the Swiftmend -> Wild Growth combo. Even with the missing stats this should put it above Tearstone of Elune in most cases which means that this will take its place as our favored legendary for AoE heavy healing fights.
- Has very poor synergy with 4T19 since the T19 proc will actually eat your Soul of the Forest if the timing coincides, leaving you confused and enraged. Save this one for T20.
- Mythic+: Top tier. There's quite a bit of Mythic+ potential here when you need burst AoE healing.
Mid Tier
The Dark Titan's Advice. A strong tank healing option.
- Huge, but somewhat unreliable single target healing.
- A solid option if you lack a healer better equipped for tank healing, or if there is a lot of single target damage going out through a long debuff or other mechanic.
- Mythic+: Mid-top tier. Can almost single handedly take care of the tank on some packs, for a low global cooldown cost allowing you to spend a lot of time DPS'ing.
Tearstone of Elune. Procs on initial Wild Growth cast, not each tick. The ring has several strengths:
- It on average gives you 0.9 free rejuvenations per cast. This is a nice mana boost to Wild Growths already impressive mana efficiency.
- Wild Growth is a smart heal, which means that the free rejuvenation is likely to be added to a low HP target and is unlikely to overheal.
- The rejuvenation immediately buffs the healing of the Wild Growth due to our Mastery (and is likely to add a Cultivation also).
- Currently overshadowed by the Shoulders + Velens combo.
- Mythic+: Low tier. The free rejuvs are much less impressive in a Mythic+ environment where you can easily drop double rejuvenations on everyone if the damage requires it.
Edraith, Bonds of Aglaya. More of a tank healing legendary, but it will save you both mana and global cooldowns.
- Extends all HoTs, including Spring Blossoms, Dreamer, Cenarion Ward(!), Cultivation, Rejuvenation, Regrowth, Lifebloom and Germination.
- Very useful for getting maximum value out of some of your other talents. With Flourish you can get Cenarion ward to a 24 second duration! And you can do that once a minute. Sick of your tanks dying? You should probably get them a good guide, but these will help for now.
- Struggles to keep up with the raw HPS the belt can put out.
- Mythic+: Mid tier. Decent, reliable single target healing is pretty valuable in Mythic+ however the Belt is still a more attractive option.
Ekowraith, Creator of Worlds. A boring, and mostly ineffective legendary.
- Since we'll be taking Guardian Affinity on most fights, Ekowraith is worth +4.5% damage reduction, as well as a nice boost to Ysera's Gift.
- The damage reduction is less than the shield Prydaz offers unless you are taking more than 250,000 damage per second (ow) and even then it'll depend on your HP and if you're using the Bear Form trick.
- Mythic+: Low tier. Big chunk of stats aside, the chest doesn't do anything special in Mythic+ and since we commonly run Feral Affinity for Mythic+ we are mostly getting unnecessary extra movement speed from the effect.
Sephuz's Secret. The most situational legendary in the game.
- On a fight where you can proc the effect on cooldown through a dispel or CC effect it is worth 9.6% flat haste (3600 Haste!) but on a fight where you can't it drops to near-worthless. We're still waiting for a fight where it's even usable.
- Procs off the following CC effects: Mighty Bash, Entangling Roots, Mass Entanglement and Rake (while stealthed).
- Does NOT proc off Typhoon.
- Mythic+: Mid-top tier. A reasonably decent Catweaving legendary since it can be procced every pull for a big DPS boost. Reasonable for healing also, but make sure you're using your CC effects.
"I'm sorry to hear that"
Insignia of the Grand Army. Not very good – but you'll get it for free at least.
- The Insignia buffs the tier 2 traits (shadow and holy) of the new crucible relic upgrade system by 50%.
- Each of these traits is worth ~1.2% extra healing at most which means this legendary caps out at around +2% healing. That's very far behind our good legendaries.
- The Insignia is a quest reward for completing the Argus content, and can be obtained after the release of 7.3.5.
Essence of Infusion. Mediocre.
- While it gives your tranquility a boost on the people who actually need the healing, the damage patterns in Tomb do not offer any clear avenues for their use.
- Two conditions need to be true to make the boots worth wearing:
- Incoming damage needs to have been sufficiently high to drop the raid below 60%.
- More damage is due immediately and your raid is likely to die if they do not receive significant immediate healing.
- Mythic+: Low tier. There are only a few specific pulls where a big tranquility is necessary, and the Boots can be swapped in for those scenarios. Even then, you are likely to survive fine without them.
X'oni's Caress. Turns Ironbark into a stronger tool against large burst damage. Weak at its niche and bottom two in almost all scenarios.
- Heals for a few million over the duration of Ironbark.
- A legendary that targets a single target cooldown should not be so tied to what buffs you already have up. An emergency cooldown that relies on what you did in the last 10 seconds is poor.
- The healing frequently comes in too slowly to save a bad situation anyway.
- The 25% reduction currently applies after Stonebark. This means we get a ~68s cooldown without the talent, and 45s with.
- Mythic+: Low tier. Unfortunately you don't tend to have many rejuvs up at a time in Mythic+ chopping down any potential. Has some niche use on tyrannical boss fights that require frequent tank cooldowns (Oakheart, Ymiron).
Other Legendaries
Boomkin Boots. Fun to play with, but weak as a competitive Resto legendary.
- At max stacks your regrowth will heal for 600% and be instant cast.
- It's too slow a wind up to be a good general purpose spot heal, and you'll reset the stacks every time you get an Omen of Clarity proc which makes saving it for an emergency a little too problematic.


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|13 Dec 2014
BSOD Playing Somewhat Intensive Games, Attempt to Reset Display Driver
I've been having an issue the past couple months in which I will be playing a game for around 5-10 minutes and then the screen goes black. After this, one of the following occurs:
I've tried updating my video drivers, monitoring my temperatures, and stress testing, but I can't find a solution.
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ASBMR 2006 Fall Council Meeting
September 14, 2006 Philadelphia, PA, USA
Call to Order, Introductions, and President's Report
At 9:00 a.m., ASBMR President Elizabeth Shane welcomed participants, announced a quorum, and reviewed ASBMR's confidentiality statement. Dr. Shane reiterated the need for Councilors to review the disclosure spreadsheet and recognize when they are in conflict during the meeting and recuse themselves as necessary.
After self-introductions, Dr. Shane:
Approval of June Council Meeting Minutes
A motion was made to approve the June 9, 2006, Council Minutes. The motion passed.
Approval of August Council Conference Call Minutes
A motion was made to approve the August 8, 2006, Council conference call minutes. The motion passed.
President's Report
Dr. Shane noted that the ASBMR Program Co-Chairs Andrew Arnold and Susan Greenspan did an outstanding job organizing the Annual Meeting program. She also reported on the progress of the Scientific Publishing of Industry Supported Clinical Trials Task Force.
Dr. Shane reported that the ASBMR convened an international, multidisciplinary task force of experts (physicians, oral surgeons, dentists and scientists) to examine the data and facilitate an exchange of information critical to addressing osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and guiding the research agenda. Several NIH Institutes (NIAMS, NIDCR, NCI) are also represented.
In addition to ASBMR, the task force represents The Endocrine Society, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, The International Society of Clinical Densitometry, the American College of Rheumatology, the International Bone and Mineral Society, the National Osteoporosis Foundation, the Paget Foundation, Osteoporosis Canada, and the Canadian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism.
Dr. Shane reported on ASBMR's developing relationships with other societies:
Advocacy (NIH Funding, Bone Coalition, DXA Reimbursement Rates)
Dr. Shane reported that ASBMR continues to move forward with a number of Advocacy efforts. ASBMR continues to work with FASEB, which advocates for increased NIH funding through Congressional visits and other initiatives. ASBMR invited NIH Director Elias A. Zerhouni to speak at this year's Annual Meeting about the realities and future prospects for NIH funding, as well as FASEB's Director of Legislative Relations Jon Retzlaff to speak about effective ways to increase awareness of the importance of scientific research. Other efforts include:
ASBMR Strategic Directions
Dr. Shane noted that ASBMR Council and Committee Chairs met in June 2006 for ASBMR's Strategic Planning Retreat. The day-long meeting allowed the leadership to focus on the strategic directions of the Society for 2006-2008. The five priorities identified, and approved by Council, for the next two years are:
ASBMR will continue to improve the presentation of the quality science at the Annual Meeting to appropriately highlight important presentations. ASBMR will continue to diversify the quality science presented in the JBMR and will adopt AAMC guidelines for the publication of clinical trials sponsored by industry and other funding sources in order to improve confidence in the reporting of clinical trials.
President-Elect Report
ASBMR President-Elect Steve Goldring noted his appreciation of the ASBMR Executive Committee and Council for their work during the past year. He reported:
Discussion noted that the allied health professional category on the Annual Meeting Registration Forms include laboratory technicians.
Executive Director's ReportASBMR Executive Director Ann Elderkin reported:
Secretary-Treasurer Report ASBMR Secretary-Treasurer Marc Drezner reported on the financial health of the Society:
Investment Firm Proposal Dr. Drezner noted:
Dr. Drezner introduced the UBS Investment Manager Chris Jackson. Mr. Jackson provided information about UBS.
Dr. Drezner thanked Mr. Jackson and noted:
A motion was made to approve the Finance Committee recommendation to have UBS manage ASBMR's investment portfolio contingent on the favorable review by the Finance Committee of UBS's track record compared with other indices. The motion passed.
Dr. Drezner reviewed information that UBS submitted in their investment protocol and noted that UBS has a good track record earning more money for firms with more risky protocols than that of ASBMR.
In light of information provided from Mr. Jackson and after further discussion, an amended motion was made to approve the Finance Committee's recommendation to have UBS manage ASBMR's investment portfolio. The motion passed.
Auditor Proposal Dr. Drezner reported that the ASBMR current auditor Wolf & Company (Wolf) has audited the Society for the past six years. Best practice guidelines suggest that organizations should select new auditors every 5-7 years. ASBMR sent four RFPs for auditing services. After careful review, the ASBMR Finance Committee recommends Cocke, Szpanka & Taylor (Cocke).
After discussion, a motion was made to approve the ASBMR Finance Committee recommendation to obtain the auditing services of Cocke for the ASBMR 2006 audit. The motion passed unanimously.
Ethics Policy and Guideline Revisions Dr. Shane introduced ASBMR's Attorney Peter Wolk who reported on the proposed revisions to ASBMR's Ethics Policy and Guidelines. He reported:
Also for consistency, the term "duality" was added to each use of the term "conflict" because that term may be more familiar to and understood by many of our members. Finally, several minor changes in language were made.
Mr. Wolk noted that the EAC recommends that Council approve the revised Ethics Policy and Guidelines and that
Council agrees to disseminate to the membership in an email notice that the Policy has been revised, with a summary of the changes and link to ASBMR Webpage with the Policy/Guidelines.
After discussion, a motion was made to approve the EAC revisions to the Ethics Policy and Guidelines. The motion passed unanimously.
A motion was made to approve the EAC recommendations on how to disseminate the revised Ethics Policy and Guidelines to ASBMR membership. The motion passed unanimously.
IX. Task Force on Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ)Dr. Shane noted that the task force has had three calls and will have a three hour meeting during the Annual Meeting. The task force is making progress and will meet with pharmaceutical companies to discuss ONJ cases. ASBMR Associate Executive Director Douglas Fesler has done an outstanding job coordinating the task force and assisting with compiling information on the website. ASBMR Associates Alison Gershen, Janine O'Donnell also helped him with this task.
X. JBMR Editor's ReportThe JBMR Editor John Eisman reported:
XI. Endorsement of AAMC Principles for Protecting the Integrity in the Conduct and Reporting of
Clinical TrialsDr. Shane provided background on the issues regarding the endorsement of the AAMC Principles for Protecting the Integrity in the Conduct and Reporting of Clinical Trials.
Dr. Shane introduced ASBMR Publications Committee Chair Joseph Lorenzo, who provided an update on this initiative:
After discussion, a motion was made to accept the Publications Committee recommendation and approve the AAMC Guidelines and also for Council to ask the Publications Committee, JBMR Editor and ASBMR President to make a coordinated effort to ask other bone journals to accept the AAMC Guidelines. The motion passed unanimously.
Minority Subcommittee Proposal ASBMR Project Manager Gretchen Bretsch reported on the proposal from the ASBMR Minority Task Force:
After discussion, a motion was made to approve the establishment of the Minority Subcommittee of the Membership Development Committee. The motion passed unanimously.
ASBMR Topical Meetings Dr. Drezner reported on the 2006 topical meeting: Contemporary Diagnosis and Treatment of Vitamin D-Related Disorders, to be held on December 4-5, 2006, in Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A.
ASBMR President-Elect Steve Goldring noted that the 2007 topical meeting will be entitled: Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Bone Remodeling for Treatment of Osteoporosis. He also noted:
ASBMR 29th Annual Meeting in HawaiiASBMR Program Manager Rebecca Myers reported on the progress of the 2007 Annual Meeting that will be held in Hawaii:
ASBMR 28th Annual Meeting in Philadelphia Dr. Shane introduced the 2006 ASBMR Program Co-Chair Andrew Arnold who provided a brief overview of some of this year's Annual Meeting highlights:
EFF-ASBMR Meeting Fellows ForumDr. Shane reported that ASBMR Past-President John Bilezikian is requesting that Council approve doing the EFF-ASBMR Fellows Forum again in 2007 and moving the funds leftover from the 2006 EFF-ASBMR Fellows Forum into an escrow account for the 2007 Forum.
Dr. Shane also noted that if there is a shortfall of funds in 2007, ASBMR will not be required to contribute any funds to cover the shortfall other than what is in escrow.
After discussion, a motion was made to accept the proposal to have an EFF-ASBMR Fellows Forum in 2007 and to use excess funds from 2006 for the 2007 meeting. The motion passed unanimously.
Consent Agenda Reports
A motion was made to approve the ASBMR consent agenda. The motion passed unanimously.
Dr. Shane again expressed her deep appreciation of the ASBMR staff and acknowledged each staff member by name. She also acknowledged the tremendous work during the year by the Executive Committee and Council.
Dr. Goldring acknowledged the dedication and commitment of Dr. Shane. He noted that this was a year of transition for the Society and Dr. Shane faced many challenges during her term as President and she did an outstanding job. ASBMR Council and staff acknowledged their appreciation of Dr. Shane with a standing ovation.
Dr. Shane adjourned the meeting at 3:30 p.m.


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Great for practicing self-defense and martial art forms. Side guards not only provide coverage for the hand, but also for defense by blocking or catching anopponent's attack. Helps teach essential timing and rhythm patterns in real time without the dangers of a live weaponUSA/Imported
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Q. Can you please clarify if and when we can offer comp time to our employees? I'm confused. —S.L., West Virginia
A. Only public-sector employers are allowed to offer compensatory time off in lieu of overtime pay to employees who work more than 40 hours in a workweek. Remember, the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) says private employers must pay overtime at one-and-a-half times the employee's regular rate for all hours in excess of 40 in a workweek. (Employers must select a fixed seven-day "workweek" period for purposes of FLSA compliance.)
While private employers can't offer comp time that allows employees to carry over hours from one workweek to the next, they can establish a "flexible time" schedule. That allows employees who work more than their regular hours on one day to take time off on another day in the same workweek. The key to FLSA overtime compliance is counting hours in a single workweek, then paying OT for hours beyond 40.
Note: Private-sector employees can't "voluntarily" waive their rights to overtime pay and accept comp time whenever they work more than 40 hours in a workweek. Overtime compensation is an "inalienable" right under the FLSA.


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