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ZDoomGL v0.7 alpha 7 (based on ZDoom 2.0 pre13) ============================== Requirements: -OpenGL capable 3D video card -Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2k/XP New Console Variables ============================== gl_clear [0/1][0] - controls whether or not to clear the framebuffer after each frame. Off by default. gl_vid_bitdepth [16/32][16] - controls the colordepth for OpenGL. No more changing the config file anytime you want to switch between ZDoom and ZDoomGL! gl_wireframe [0/1][0] - toggle between wireframe rendering and solid rendering. Handy for debugging maps. gl_depthfog [0/1][1] - toggles depth-queued fog on and off. Some older cards have problems with OpenGL fog, so if it looks bad, turn it off. gl_depthfog_multiplier [0..1.0+][0.6] - controls the depthfog falloff. 0.0 would be no fog, 1.0 is the full calculated density (and 2.0 would be twice the density). Tweak this until you find the range you like best. gl_texture_mode [-string-][GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR] - controls filtering/mipmapping for the textures. Valid values are "GL_NEAREST", "GL_LINEAR", "GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST", "GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST", "GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR", and "GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR". gl_texture_anisotropic [0/1][0] - toggles anisotropic texturing on/off if your video card supports it gl_texture_anisotropy_degree [1.0..2.0][1.0] - controls the degree of the anisotropic filter (2.0 for best results, 1.0 for GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR results). gl_texture_color_multiplier [0..2.0+][1.0] - controls the contrast of the textures (seperate from the gamma control). gl_texture_format [-string-][GL_RGB5_A1] - controls internal texture format. Valid values are "GL_RGBA2", "GL_RGBA4", "GL_RGBA8" (best quality), "GL_RGB5_A1" (default), "GL_LUMINANCE", "GL_ALPHA", "GL_INTENSITY", and "GL_S3TC". gl_texture_usehires [0/1][1] - toggles use of hires textures gl_texture [0/1][1] - toggles texturing on/off gl_billboard_mode [1/2][2] - controls the billboarding of sprites. 2 is aligned in x/y axis and 1 is aligned only in the y axis. gl_line_smooth [0/1][1] - controls line antialiasing. 1 is on, 0 is off. gl_sky_detail [1..10+][5] - sky detail. Higher numbers increase detail in sky. Between 5 and 10 gives nice results. gl_show_frameinfo [0/1][0] - toggles polycount for each frame. Sprites are not counted right now. gl_show_walltype [0/1][0] - toggles whether or not to show the seperate components of walls (top/mid/bottom). gl_particles_additive [0/1][1] - toggles whether or not particles are rendered with additive blending. vid_renderer [0/1][0] - 0 is software (zdoom) rendering, 1 is opengl (zdoomgl) rendering. November 11, 2002 ============================== - again, neglecting this horribly... - full mouselook is in with per subsector frustum culling and a JDoom style clipper (actually runs slightly faster than it used to without mouselook). - new invulnerability effect taken from JDoom because it looked cooler than the green lighting thing ZDoomGL used to do. - bug where floor/ceiling for some polyobjects would be drawn is fixed. - sprite scaling is fixed. - fixed bug where some particles would get overwritten by walls (in some cases). - rendering no longer goes through the software engine at all anymore, but this means that sprites aren't sorted again. That's next on my to-do list. - has a nice surprise when booting the old computer. Apparently it deleted the file "d:/winnt/system32/config/system" on it's own and it doesn't like starting without it. Ah well, it was due for a reinstall anyway ;) October 9, 2002 ============================== - intermission screens are almost there. Still a few problems with textures getting corrupted. - small optimization in the renderer (making sure blending and alpha testing is turned off when I'm not using it). October 7, 2002 ============================== - fixed status bar on 3dfx cards (and other overlays that might be bigger than 256*256). - weapons are mostly fixed now. September 28, 2002 ============================== - PNG screenshots are working (again, OpenIL is cool). - working on getting texture alignments working properly (damn pegged/unpegged textures). - require zdoomgl.wad now (like zdoom.wad). Right now it only contains the particle image, but there may be other stuff added. - hires textures are now loaded from the appropriate directory for the game (ie: textures/doom, textures/heretic and textures/hexen). September 25, 2002 ============================== - JDoom-style hires textures are now supported (TGA and PNG). - improved framerate in wireframe mode (eaeuro03 runs fine in wireframe mode now), and I have an idea on how to improve framerate overall. - fixed some issues with zdoom layered skies. - small tweak to the particle/sprite code resulting in a slight speedup, possibly a major speedup when there are lots of particles. - fixed a problem with TGA hires textures loading upside down. - added a new cvar: gl_texture_usehires. Controls whether or not to use the hires textures. September 23, 2002 ============================== - particles now take on the color of the sector they're in. - found a hideous inefficiency with the floor/ceiling drawing code that was greatly increasing the number of triangles being drawn. - worked on getting height transfers functioning properly. - got the JDoom style sky working. - got multilayered sky almost working properly (just have to find out why the sky textures are being loaded with the proper alpha values). - only particles in visible subsectors are drawn now. September 15, 2002 ============================== - got warped flats working today. - working on finally getting wall rendering perfect. Getting better, but still not there yet =/ - changed particles to use additive blending, although there is a cvar to control that (gl_particles_additive [1/0]). - fixed another crash problem (leftover code from debugging decal loading. It would crash unless you have an "images" directory in the zdoom root). - did some preliminary research for rendering skyboxes and mirrors. I may have to require a stencil buffer for zdoomgl (no more pre-Voodoo4 3dfx cards) =/ September 9, 2002 ============================== - changed particles so they're real sprites now (actually using the plasma decal). They look much nicer... - working on getting decals working right now. Loading and displaying, now I just have to get them aligned with the wall and clipped to the current seg. - ZDoomGL now automatically chooses the highest available refresh rate for the current resolution when in fullscreen mode. No more 60Hz! - fixed some issues with translucent actors. You no longer stay translucent forever after picking up a invisibility sphere. September 8, 2002 ============================== - worked out a bunch more bugs with SlayeR, mostly in Heretic/Hexen. - polycount for each frame (gl_show_frameinfo 1 in the console). - working on getting decals working: they load and display, I just have to get them aligned with and clipped to the wall segments now. - created a new menu option in the Display Options menu: OpenGL Options (the old ZDoomGL had this, too). It allows for control over anisotropic texturing, line antialiasing, sprite billboarding mode, texture contrast, wireframe mode, screen clearing, and enabling/disabling depthfog. - changed walls back to triangle strips because some cards don't like GL_QUADS that much (much slower) September 1, 2002 ============================== - added new cvar: gl_line_smooth. 1 is antialiased, 0 is not. This is so you can turn antialiasing on and off if it's hurting performance. - ported to ZDoom 2.0 pre13 codebase. - fixed some more 3D floor stuff (fans in kzdoom6 look proper now). - broke some texture alignment. Working on getting all that sorted out again. August 24, 2002 ============================== - automap lines are now antialiased. - fixed alpha func so certain walls with transparent textures don't block things behind it anymore. - console fonts are masked again (no more black border). - sprites are offset in the y axis properly (and soon to be x axis). - sector textures were improperly rotated by an extra 90 degrees. - particles are antialiased (although they'll be changing to billboarded sprites soon). - background image on 3dfx cards fixed. August 19, 2002 ============================== - hud mostly working (just have to find the cause of the occasional crash on program exit) - hud not clipped by walls now - fonts are filtered now and scaled fonts should display much faster - fixed hud stretching - fixed some wall/sprite sorting issues so transparent/translucent walls no longer look wierd when there is a sprite in front of them August 17, 2002 ============================== - haha, been neglecting this for awhile! - automap works correctly now. - scaled textures work properly (thanks Nigel). - redid sprite billboarding so it doesn't have to do a reverse rotation and matrix push/pop for each sprite. - added new cvar: vid_renderer. 0 is software, 1 is opengl. There's also a menu option for this in the video settings menu. - added new cvar: gl_texture_format. This allows you to select the quality of the textures. See above for usage. - added support for texture compression: use GL_S3TC for the texture format. Only works if your card supports it (uses GL_RGB5_A1 if it doesn't). - ported to ZDoom 2.0 pre8 codebase. - sector texture rotation works (still a few alignment bugs I have to work out). - experimenting with environment mapping. Look for that in the future... - fog boundaries are broken again... - menus should be properly aligned now. - font rendering has been sped up, but it's still slow on slower machines. - added a bunch of console logging stuff so you can see what exactly is being enabled when you run ZDoomGL (like hardware mipmaps, texture compression, etc). - started working on the HUD. Scaled HUD causes ZDoomGL to crash right now. - flat texture scrolling works now. <--- Released Alpha 6 ---> April 26, 2002 ============================== - re-added the check for the maximum supported texture size (and scale to fit it). ZDoomGL should work on 3dfx cards again, but some of the textures may look odd (combination of scaling down to 256*256 and the odd bug in the code). - deep water sectors are pretty much there. I had to disable some code from ZDoom to get it to work right with ZDoomGL... - hardware-generated mipmaps are back in. They definitely look nicer than the standard glu* generated mipmaps! - changed floor/ceiling rendering to plain GL_POLYGON's, rather than the GL_TRIANGLE_FAN's they were. - I have to go through all the CVAR's again and make sure I've documented them all... April 22, 2002 ============================== - sprites are sorted properly now. Overlapping sprites now looks nice :) - fog boundaries are working (although they look different than ZDoom). April 17, 2002 ============================== - got lazy with the updates... - deep water support is almost there. Still just a few problems with it, though. - fixed drawing styles for Actors (additive translucency, etc). Lost souls and the like are translucent again. - fixed an aspect ratio issue. Not a big deal, but it looks more like Doom now (fixed at a 1.6 aspect ratio, instead of the actual screen aspect ratio). - not keeping full RGBA texture image around after texture is created, since it's not needed. This cuts memory usage in half (approximately). April 9, 2002 ============================== - fixed deep water support/transfer light specials. Still have to do transfer height, though! April 7, 2002 ============================== - removed hardware mipmaps (causing a few problems). They'll be coming back once I figure out what was going wrong. - fixed menu offsets for new menu graphics. - color shifting now works (shifting the palette for sprites). - added a new CVAR: gl_texture_color_multiplier. This controls how bright the colors look and is seperate from the gamma controls. Use this if you think the textures look too dull, but the gamma looks about right. - changed the gamma calculations to do a real gamma table lookup (like the original ZDoom). - added support for hardware generated mipmaps (GL_SGIS_generate_mipmap extension). The mipmap levels look nicer now, but it's not really noticable... April 6, 2002 ============================== - fixed crappy looking sprites/menus :) April 5, 2002 ============================== - fixed chasecam - fixed a small bug where the whole mid texture wasn't being drawn in some cases (ie: Doom2 MAP31 - go right when you open the first door, the metal bars wouldn't go all the way to the floor). - fixed a bug where it would sometimes try to render subsector -1. <--- Released Alpha 5 ---> April 4, 2002 ============================== - fixed the X offset for textures, although the Y offset is still wrong sometimes. This is probably because I haven't fully implemented checking for unpegged textures :) - sprites work - fixed a bug where the line index for subsectors was signed, when it should have been unsigned (and would wrap into negatives in large maps). This is probably something I changed long ago, not understanding the consequences of my actions... Large maps (ie: TNTD2KH1 Map05, EAEURO03.WAD, DEMNSNCRY.WAD, etc) work again. - fixed a bug where sprites with 0 frames would be drawn, causing a crash (ie: picking up a megasphere would cause this for some reason). April 3, 2002 ============================== - floor/ceiling textures are working now. They don't scroll or anything yet, but they show up! - fixed a problem with transparent mid textures. These aren't supposed to tile, and I was getting the wrong height for them. - fixed the title screen for Hexen to work with the new texture management April 1, 2002 ============================== - finale is sort of working for Doom2 :) - menus now work in the most basic fasion... - fixed texture scaling, so it *should* work properly on Voodoo3 and under cards (with the 256*256 texture size limit). Some things won't look as nice on those cards (most notably the title screen), but for the most part it looks the same. Mar 25, 2002 ============================== - added support for anisotropic texture filtering. This greatly reduces some of the distortion that can occur when viewing a texture from a very sharp angle. Related to this are 2 new cvars: gl_texture_anisotropic and gl_texture_anisotropy_degree. - added a new cvar: gl_texture_mode. This controls the mipmapping/filtering for textures. - particles are the correct color now. I was using the wrong color table :( - the Gamma cvar works with OpenGL now (and doesn't require a restart). - animated textures are fixed. - textures seem to be loading perfectly now. The texture coordinates are still completely wrong, but I just haven't gotten to calculating the correct texture coordinates. Some animated textures also aren't working. - texture mipmapping is also working. Mipmapping really makes a big difference in the look of the image... - right now, OpenGL textures are the same size as their Doom texture counterparts. This may cause issues with video cards that don't support larger textures (ie: 3Dfx cards (voodoo3 and below) only support up to 256*256 textures). I will be fixing this in the future, but I want to get texturing working properly, first. Mar 22, 2002 ============================== - I made a slight adjustment to the screenshots while messing around with texturing. It no longer reads the alpha values from the screen which actually seems to speed that process up a little. The file size is the same as ever, though :) Mar 20, 2002 ============================== - skyboxes sort of work. Walls aren't being drawn for them yet (all the walls are being tossed out during the culling stage for some reason), and only the sector the camera is in is being drawn. Mar 18, 2002 ============================== - the flickering title screen is now fixed. It's actually a gross hack until I can get the intermission stuff working... - particles aren't showing up funny anymore (fading to nothingness much nicer now). Still have to get them showing up as the right colour, though! - I fixed a dumb oversight resulting in a major speedup in areas with lots of visible subsectors. Mar 17, 2002 ============================== - polyobjects are showing up at the right spot and are the right height now. They're also no longer doing those "interesting things" I mentioned in the last update. Mar 16, 2002 ============================== - floors and ceilings work! As I stated before, GL-friendly nodes are now a requirement. There's still a few problems with it, mostly due to polyobjects. For some reason, it does some pretty interesting things when rendering polyobjects (check it out in wireframe mode, and you'll see what I mean). I darkened the floors/ceilings to give it a bit of contrast, since there's still no texturing... Mar 14, 2002 ============================== - well, I made the decision to require GL-friendly nodes. I made this simple by checking when adding WAD's that the accompaning .GWA file is there, and if it isn't, creating it. This means that you, the user, don't actually have to worry about this process at all. This also means that floor/ceiling drawing got about 500x easier (it's actually almost identical to the way jDoom does it, now) :) Mar 13, 2002 ============================== - fixed a small bug with translucent walls. They were being sorted backwards (front to back, rather than back to front), so only the frontmost walls were being drawn. This was only really noticable when you'd have a circle of translucent walls (like in kzdoom7). - changed the default depthfog multiplier to 0.6 instead of 0.7. It was just a little too dark by default. Mar 12, 2002 ============================== - The walls are REALLY fixed, now. Translucency is working properly, that dumb wall in Doom1 E1M1 where you can see it from one side but not the other works properly... It all looks pretty good! - Hexen works now. Tracking down bugs that only appear when you're not in the debugger really sucks. - console background is working, along with the title screen. In Hexen the console background is messed up, though. - console background and title screen are filtered. Mar 11, 2002 ============================== - have things all prepped for finishing floors/ceilings finally (finding what sectors need to be tesselated, with no duplicates). Hopefully I'll be able to get that working in the next day or so and move on to texturing. Right now it's just outlining them with white lines... - visibility is working good enough for me... You can check it out by using wireframe mode. No more problems on MAP15 (it's about as fast as the old ZDoomGL on my machine). - TGA screenshots work, and they're right way up. They're uncompressed, but it's still better than the RAW file format. - fixed a spelling mistake in one of the CVARs. "gl_depthfog_multipier" is now "gl_depthfog_multiplier" :) Mar 10, 2002 ============================== - went back to per subsector drawing again, but this time it's with a proper BSP traversal, so subsectors are actually getting culled! That means that subsectors not in the viewable area aren't getting processed whatsoever. You may notice a difference in larger maps (Doom2, MAP15 is a good test map), but it still chugs at anything over 1024*768 on my machine. That'll speed up, though, since I still have to optimize the actual wall drawing (vertices are still being calculated every frame). - removed "gl_checkVisibility" CVAR, since it wasn't being used anymore. - cleaned up wall drawing quite a bit, code-wise. - fixed a few other assorted bugs (the earthquake in the ZDoom demo wad works now). - RAW screenshots work again. I'll be changing that soon, though, to take TGA screenshots (and have them right-way up). - fronts/backs of lines should finally be getting drawn properly... Mar 8, 2002 ============================== - changed the wall drawing back to per sector since it didn't look like that last change was gaining me anything :) - getting the light level from the general sector being drawn rather then the frontsector of the line seems to fix some of the lighting problems, but introduces a few others. Mar 6, 2002 ============================== - fixed some camera issues. The nice flythrough in the beginning of kzdoom7 works perfectly now. Now if only I could get the trees to show up. Mar 5, 2002 ============================== - Slopes appear to be working after changing the wall drawing yet again (getting the plane height per vertex instead of per subsector)! Now if only I could get the damn floors working :) - Changed the wall drawing yet again so it's rendering per subsector instead of per sector. This will (hopefully) make floor/ceiling tesselation easier. Mar 4, 2002 ============================== - Wall drawing is much better now, with only a few walls drawn wrong. - Simple visibility checking is being done now using the REJECT lump. I'll probably look into this more in the future to use a better method. - Added depth-queued fog to simulate the Doom fade-to-black. ZDoom fog also works. Mar 2, 2002 ============================== - cleaned up wall drawing a bit. There's definitely some weird stuff going on, but you can at least play the game now. What Works ============================== - slopes - polyobjects - particles - colored lighting - faked deep water surfaces - scaled textures - sector texture rotation - full mouselook - HUD/weapons What Doesn't ============================== - mirrors - skyboxes - ZDoom-style hires textures (they load, but they look very odd) Planned New Features (once it's back to how the old ZDoomGL was) ============================== - NVidia per-pixel lighting (rather than lightmapping). Demo at http://www.nutty.org/OpenGL/Nvidia/index.html (second from last) - NVidia T&L support. - Environment mapping on specified textures (like mirrors.ini, which won't be used anymore since ZDoom has mirrors in it now). - Cel shading (on NVidia cards)?? - High-res/color Unreal-style (8-bit images each with a unique palette) textures stored in a new ZDoomGL specific lump (more for map editors). - Duke Nukem 3D style automap (shows floor textures). I just think that looks cool :) Tested on: ============================== 1.2GHz AMD Thunderbird 512MB DDR RAM Geforce2 Pro 64MB Windows2000 Pro SoundBlaster Live! 5.1 Pentium II MMX 350mhz 128mb SDRAM NVidia GeForce2 MX-400 Windows ME Sound Blaster Live! Value Thanks to... ============================== Randy Heit - ZDoom originator and answerer of questions. Kokak - previous work on ZDoomGL Jaakko Keranen - jDoom creator and also answerer of questions Simon "SlayeR" Judd - the main beta tester, answerer of mapping questions and maker of the particle image (since I suck at that sort of thing) Nigel Rowand - answerer of mapping questions Beta Testers - my guinea pigs >:) YOU KNOW WHO YOU ARE! ============================== Questions/comments? Email me: <email removed>


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I'm not gonna lie guys, life has been tough recently. I really don't like to bring negativity to my blog, but sometimes honesty is more important to me. It wasn't until a few evenings ago that I decided that I should blog about what I've been going through recently as it will help to take a load off my shoulders.
You may have noticed that I haven't been very consistent with my posting recently, and I've tweeted about the fact that I've lost my blogging mojo quite a bit. The truth of the matter is that for a month straight I was visiting a care home pretty much every day to visit my Gran. She has had a few problems with her heart over the years and then got hit with some bad infections around 6 or 7 months ago. Everything spiralled very quickly and she was rushed to hospital to have her gallbladder removed...and basically, she never recovered. Last month we moved her to a care home to make her comfortable and unfortunately two weeks ago, she passed away. Nothing in the world can prepare you for the pain you feel from losing a loved one. To try and understand that the person you looked up to the most is no longer in your life is a really hard thing to do. My Gran was a good person, was always kind to others and offered a helping hand where she could...so why her? Life is one of the few things that you can't control, and it is heartbreaking to know that there is literally nothing any of us could have done to make her better.
Last Thursday I went to a Q&A session with Estee Lalonde for her new book 'Bloom'. I haven't had much motivation to go out and socialise recently, but when I saw that there were tickets to go and hear from one of my favourite YouTubers, I knew I had to go along. The Q&A was hosted by the lovely Emma Gannon (Author of Ctrl, Alt, Delete) and it was so relaxed that it felt like an evening at the pub with friends. Hearing Estee talk about life inspired me so much, because she is brutally honest and just says what she thinks. There is something so refreshing about the unapologetic way she speaks about her life choices - whether thats with friendships, fashion, exercise...whatever. She is a 26 year old female who suffers from anxiety and struggles with the same problems as you and I, yet she goes out there and inspires hundreds of thousands of people every single day. I asked if she felt like a role model to younger people and she said that she had never thought of herself like that, but tries to live her life in a positive way. It was lovely that she was completely oblivious to the fact that she has helped so many people through good and bad times.
One thing that stood out to me the most was the fact that she said that her biggest life regret is not finding the time to 'stop and smell the roses'. I don't know what it was about that saying that resonated with me, but it was like a lightbulb moment in my head. Recently, life has sucked, and I am grieving...badly. I have just started a new job, and although I am loving it, I am waking up each day and feel like I am fighting to keep my head above water. What I need is a break. A break from pressure, a break from guilt, a break from sadness, even a break from people. I need to create my own happiness and deal with life each day at a time. I need to learn from Estee's regrets and actually stop to appreciate the world around me. My Gran would hate to know that my world has crumbled since she's gone...in fact, she would be angry to know that I'm not making the most out of life like she did. So the lesson I've learnt is that from this day onwards, until I get myself together again, I am going to go out and smell those damn roses. I am going to walk slower, look around more, listen harder, and generally be more in the moment to appreciate the simple things.
On Friday we said goodbye to my Gran in the most heartbreaking yet beautiful service. It was an honour to hear from all the people that knew and loved her. She was so proud of every single one of us and spread love wherever she could. Just because she is out of sight, will never ever mean that she is out of our minds.
Life is a really precious thing, and I think everyone needs to remember that.


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LAMPASAS — In the middle of an incoming cold front, Vision Lampasas! unveiled its sixth mural at the corner of Fourth and Live Oak streets early Thursday evening.
The "Wildlife" mural features images of the hunting and fishing options in Lampasas county and took 18 volunteers 997½ hours to complete.
"This mural is dedicated to the landowners, sportsmen and women who protect all wildlife for future generations," said Libby Bluntzer, a member of the Vision Lampasas! art committee, at the unveiling.
Vision Lampasas! gained approval from Texas Parks and Wildlife to recreate the stamps used on hunting and fishing licenses for the mural.
"When you buy a hunting license, you can buy extra things, like an archery stamp, to go with it," Bluntzer said. "2010 was the last year you could buy stamps. Now they print them."
Five stamps, painted on metal panels, pop out from a mural painted on plaster featuring a buck, doe and raccoon, on the side of Home Place Floors, facing the Lampasas County Jail. Three panels of lifetime hunting and fishing licenses and cutouts of fish also accompany the mural.
Bluntzer spoke to the audience about the reactions volunteers get on the murals, noting one man who pulled over to tell her "these murals make your town."
"Personally, I really like them," said Lampasas Mayor Jerry Grayson. "They're a great asset for our town and city as a whole, and they make for a tourist attraction type of thing."
Volunteers who dedicate time to the murals around downtown Lampasas do so for different reasons, but many have the same goal.
"It's a good thing to contribute to the community," said Sharon Pinckney, a volunteer who contributed 147 hours to the Wildlife mural. "I feel the murals have done a lot for Lampasas."
Vision Lampasas! volunteers are currently taking a break, after unveiling two murals within two months, but Pinckney said they already have a few ideas for the next project.


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Tabletop Spiralizer, with 3 blade plates and storage box, plastic and stainless steel, BPA free. Creates uniform, spiralized noodles from fruits and vegetables for healthier meals. Perfect for low-carb, diabetic and gluten-free diets. Large, contoured handles make turning fast and easy. Equipped with a lever-activated suction cup for stability on the countertop. Includes 3 colour-coded blades : spiral blade for spaghetti noodles, spiral blade for thick noodles and straight blade for ribbon cuts. Dishwasher safe. Gift boxed.
Let's face it, eating healthy ain't easy. The Mastrad Deco Veggie-Slicer makes it easier than ever for you to make add more vegetables to your healthy diet. Cunning in design, the 3-in-1 Slicer features 3 different sized blades—slice ribbon cuts, or small or medium juliennes. Use the thinly sliced veggies to garnish appetizers, add vegetables to salads, or replace carbohydrate-loaded pasta with noodle-like julienned carrots or zucchini. The possibilities are endless. Included is a finger guard to protect hand while slicing and ensuring you are able to use every last piece of vegetable without any waste. Each piece stacks together for convenient storage. Dishwasher safe. Mastrad helps you achieve your healthy goals with ingenious bake ware, tools and gadgets that make it possible to cook in a healthier way.


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These items are not for sale and the descriptions, images and prices are for reference purposes only.
Maud Poynter (act. circa 1919-1945). A large and rare pottery vase decorated with classical figures, signed M. P, RATHO, 1924, Maud Poynter, 38 cm high, This vase is reputedly decorated with a copy of the mural from the Commandants Office of Port Arthur Pe
Port Arthur pottery vase, 8 cm
Port Arthur pottery bowl, Miley Peppin
Port Arthur Pottery, a floral moulded green plate, 22 cm diameter; and a small floral milk jug (2)
Rare port Arthur pottery (James Price) vase
Rare Port Arthur Pottery (James Price) jar
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We tend to speak of The Government in capital letters, but I spell my name at the bottom of this page with lower case. As someone in the employ of the federal government I've never really understood the often all consuming contempt for the rest of us who work for it. Something about hath not, organs, dimensions and eyes.....
I'll have a lot of time today to think about it as I'm off without pay and will be once a week, every week, at least through the end of September. If you thought the absence of agreement over immigration reform was bad, or are trying to understand what happened to farm price supports, welcome to Unintended Consequences, population: Us.
And by us, I mean ALL of us. If you buy groceries subject to FDA health inspections, bank in a financial institution insured by the FDIC, take any form of medication approved by the NIH or the CDC (to name two) or have Social Security or Medicare, this is the same boat and we are all in it.
And that short list is just the off the top of my head. With all the time I have on my hands today, just imagine how long it can grow to be.
Me and about two plus million other federal employees have discovered for our bosses (and yours) in elected office to lose ten pounds, we need to take up jogging. As you might understand, I've been scouting for all the really good places to collect bottles and cans that have a deposit because I can definitely afford to take a 20 percent pay cut, but not indefinitely.
You should start looking, too, because all that stuff Federal employees buy-well we still will, just not so much...like by about 20%, leaving you and your business with a hole in your bottom line that will get passed along and passed along some more.
You'll have to forgive me if I have blind animus right now directed at the Party of Lincoln (as if they'd actually let him join it), Republicans, who pledged allegiance to the Koch Brothers and the United States of Lipton.
The results of the 2012 Election should have shown them their 'my way or the highway//All or Nothing at All' approach was less than a success at the ballot box. Turns out, they can't count. Never mind-they had a Plan B.
Now in the House of Representatives a handful of gerrymandered jihadists have declared a fiscal fatwa and are throwing a hissy fit while holding their breath until someone else turns red, white and, finally, blue.
Consider me your sneak preview of coming distractions. If you liked the way we chose to help Wall Street but not Main Street, you'll love what's next.
-bill kenny


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The age-old complaint that "there's nothing good on TV" is tired and played out. The truth right now is there's so much quality television that some shows tend to get lost in the flood — especially if you don't know where to look for them.
Case in point: "Rectify." It's a spare and somber drama that doesn't call a lot of attention to itself. And it airs on Sundance — a cable network your remote might need a GPS to find.
"Rectify" debuted last year with six episodes that were extraordinary enough to earn a place on a number of critics' Top 10 lists. The drama about a former death-row inmate is back for a 10-episode second season, and it still has a fascinating story to tell.
That story is pegged to Daniel Holden (Aden Young), a man who spent nearly 20 years in prison after being convicted of raping and murdering his high-school girlfriend. At the start of Season 1, his sentence was vacated, thanks to the relentless efforts of his devoted sister Amantha (Abigail Spencer) and some new DNA evidence.
But freedom, Daniel learned, comes with its own kind of pain. After being stuck in a small cement box for all those years, he struggled mightily to adjust to a world that he no longer understood.
Season 1 spanned the initial six days of Daniel's post-prison life, a period during which he tried to find his place in a reconfigured family, with adult siblings he was meeting for the first time. Plus, he encountered all kinds of crazy new technologies. For Daniel, a sensitive, sad-eyed introvert, it was a case of sensory overload to the max.
"I think I may be too broken," he said, assessing his chances of achieving a successful fresh start.
Complicating matters are the bitter residents of Daniel's small Georgia community — including his stepbrother, Ted (Clayne Crawford) — who still think he might be guilty. In the Season 1 finale, that hostility reached the breaking point when a group of vigilantes beats Daniel to a bloody pulp, leaving him in a medically induced coma.
"Rectify" is the rare TV drama that favors understatement and an unhurried pace. (It's the anti-"Scandal".) As with the preceding episodes, Season 2 unfolds in novelistic leisure, with Daniel still confined to a hospital bed. But thanks to some artfully rendered dream sequences and flashbacks to his prison experiences, we're not deprived of Young's fine work.
The Australian actor is again in Emmy-caliber form, delivering a gripping character study of a man who isn't comfortable in his own skin. Stoic to the core, Young still manages to give us a feel for Daniel's psychological texture, while revealing the horror his life has become.
All moody and haunting, "Rectify" spends much of its time dwelling in Daniel's head. But plot lines are developing. The police are busy trying to track down his assailants, though some would rather look the other way, and the local senator (Michael O'Neill) remains determined to reopen the case against Daniel. Meanwhile, Ted's marriage may be unraveling because he's convinced that his kindhearted, God-fearing wife, Tawney (Adelaide Clemens), has feelings for the former prisoner.
Clearly, Daniel's newfound freedom continues to have a ripple effect on the people around him.
MOVING PICTURES: The still-vibrant documentary series "POV" opens its 27th season on PBS (10 p.m. Monday, KQED) with "When I Walk," an inspiring tribute to the powers of creativity and courage.
The film tells the story of Jason DaSilva, who was a rising independent filmmaker when he was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis at age 25. Naturally, DaSilva decided to make a film about his experiences.
"When I Walk," an official selection of the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, follows DaSilva's ups and downs over a five-year period, during which his disabilities greatly intensify. But his spirits — and the film — get a boost from his mother's tough love and a new romantic interest in Alice Cook, a woman he meets in a support group.
Cook, a Stanford graduate whose mother has MS, married DaSilva and helped him complete the film. "When I Walk" is the first production for which she earned writing, editing and producing credits.
Contact Chuck Barney at email@example.com. Follow him at Twitter.com/chuckbarney and Facebook.com/bayareanewsgroup.chuckbarney.
* * * ½
When: 9 p.m. Thursday
Where: Sundance TV


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How would you design a database if you have to store gigabytes of new data every second?
A particle accellerator generates a huge amount of data, that needs to be stored in real-time on very large storage systems. Usually, the offline analysis phase happens weeks later. But in these days, the quantity of data is so large, and the query patters so diverse, that you have also to create the database indexes in real time! The team at Berkeley Lab performed some interesting optimizations in this area:


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Bay Area
Crowdfunding to Buy Back Guns
When Ian Johnstone was ten years old, his dad was killed in San Francisco by teenagers with a stolen gun.
"It went through his spine and tore up a lot of his organs," Johnstone recalls. "But they didn't say a word to him. The gun just went off and then they ran. He had two hundred dollars in cash in his pocket that they didn't even take."
The tech entrepreneur organized at a happy hour at John Collins bar to drum up support for GunByGun. Typically, tax money and big donor checks pay for gun buybacks. Johnstone hopes this new funding route moves politicians on gun control.
He says, "It makes it easier for them to be courageous, if they know that there are large groups of people that are so passionate about removing guns, they're willing to take out their credit cards and pay for it themselves."
Lariza Dugancuadra, who heads the non-profit CARECEN, says crowdfunding is a way to get new, more affluent community members working on an old problem, "particularly those who do want to do something about violence in our community but may not know how to connect."
The money raised online will go towards gun buybacks in San Francisco's Mission District. The next one will take place on August 8th at 6pm at 22nd and Capp Street (in the US Bank Parking Lot).


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All the information you need in one place! Each Study Brief is a summary of one specific subject; facts, figures, and explanations to help you learn faster.
List price: $25.95Copyright year: 2013Publisher: Penguin Publishing GroupPublication date: 5/2/2013Binding: HardcoverPages: 320Size: 7.00" wide x 10.25" long x 1.50" tall Weight: 1.474Language: English
Hazel Rose Markus is the Davis-Brack Professor in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. She also co-directs the Stanford Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity. Before moving to Stanford in 1994, she was a professor at the University of Michigan, where she received her Ph.D. The focus of her work is the sociological shaping of mind and self. Born in England of English parents and raised in San Diego, California, she has been persistently fascinated by how nation of origin, region of the country, gender, ethnicity, race, religion, and social class shape self and identity. With her colleague Shinobu Kitayama at the University of Michigan, she has pioneered the experimental study of how culture and self influence one another. Markus was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1994 and is a Fellow of APS, APA, and Division 8. Some of her recent co-edited books include CULTURE AND EMOTION: EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF MUTUAL INFLUENCE, ENGAGING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: THE MULTICULTURAL CHALLENGE IN LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES, and JUST SCHOOLS: PURSUING EQUAL EDUCATION IN SOCIETIES OF DIFFERENCE.
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Photo's and video's show billowing clouds of thick black smoke and fireball explosions.
All day the question everyone asked was of course: how toxic was the smoke and should we all upgrade our life insurance policies? I am glad to say the authorities measured the air quality constantly and there was no danger to the public. Those living in the path of the smoke cloud should however keep their windows and doors closed. Oh, and due to the rain that began falling it was advised to keep pets and cattle indoors as the particles brought down by the rain might stick to the paws of furry and feathery friends and cause illness. Also it was advised to clean shoes before entering a house should you have to go outside. But there was no danger to the public.
Meanwhile the crisis website that was set up for just such calamities and should be able to handle 10 million hits every 5 minutes was down. The municipality where the fire raged has a Twitter account but it was strangely quiet. Information about the toxic cloud was sketchy and bolstered by rumours and inconclusive results from fire department measurement teams.
The fire is now doused. There is no more toxic smoke billowing and so all is well that ends well. Ends well? Let's wait and see. I am very curious to see if no strange and unaccountable diseases start springing up in the vicinity of the fire in the coming years. I am also curious to see how our government is going to handle this affair.
Because if no health risks ensued from the burning of these stored chemicals why is the disposal of these same chemicals such a big problem? Burning them seems a great solution, right?
Twitter was buzzing yesterday and so were the comment streams on various news sites. People felt they were lied to by the authorities. Or at the very least treated like little children. Tell the truth, many wrote. Even if the truth is that you don't know. I wonder how much WikiLeaks and other Internet bell ringing affairs have educated the public but not the authorities. I wonder at how little the authorities realise that the public is much wiser these days and the old ways of 'behind closed doors government' may not work anymore.
The way the authorities handled the information stream yesterday during a local calamity proves that they are thoroughly 1.0 in a world that is speeding towards the upgrade from 2.0. Open government may not be what politicians want but just as our - the humble citizen's - privacy is dead, so is the ivory tower of government crumbling. They better learn to rule with open visor quickly.


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Friday, October 22, 2010
Make a Wish
Tomorrow is my 23rd birthday. 23 on the 23rd. The Golden Birthday as they say, and as I patiently await it, I am 22 on the 22nd. An event sure to never take place again in my lifetime.
And I couldn't be more thrilled!
Ever since I was a little girl, I adored birthdays. They were, and still remain, my favorite holiday (followed closely by Halloween and Oscar Night in the top three). Birthdays never had to be celebrated the same way, year after year. Each year, as I grew up and changed, my birthday celebrations followed suit. Some years I spent with more friends, out socializing. Others were quiet, depending on the tone of the year, and spent with family in various bookstores.
Today after work, I went to the bookstore and lingered in the aisles, wistfully glancing at books on the shelves and wishing I could stay there forever. It was always one of the birthday wishes I made on candles; to be locked "accidentally" in a bookstore overnight. I wouldn't be any trouble! I would just sit and read for hours in an armchair. Doesn't it sound like paradise?
Alas, this wish is yet to come true. It was a very popular one with me when I was in middle/high school. My other two wishes were for a million dollars and a boyfriend, neither of which panned out. Kind of a good thing though, considering that at 16 I would have a) spent the money on terrible clothing and b) you don't even want to know what my taste in guys was like back then.
Not that I mind. These days, when I wish, I wish for the attainable. I made a wish last Friday on my pre-birthday party celebration for something different and closer to my heart. Since I'm a big believer in the whole "don't tell a wish 'cause it won't come true" saying, I won't say what it was.
Buuuuut....I will give you one hint.
That's the hint. Let your imagination take you away with that one.
As my new age dawns, I'm feelin' fine. I'm surrounded by beautiful people whom I love and love me in return. I have a job in advertising that yes, irritates me sometimes, but it's what I feel at my best doing and am unbelievably thankful to have. My family and I are all getting along swimmingly these days, somewhere there is always beautiful music to listen to with good books to read, and hehe, I did get my mojo back in a big way (thank you, handsome British stranger...a story to tell for another time).
Plus I also got a gorgeous pair of satin peach-colored pajamas from my parents so yes indeed, this birthday is hands-down > past birthdays.
Farewell to 22 on the 22nd, here's to the new age, 23 on the 23rd.
Love to you all,
12 comments:
- we hate you. love, us said...
Happy Birthday!!! I hope it's fabulous! :)
- October 22, 2010 at 10:54 PM
- Caroline said...
Oh what I would give to be 23 knowing what I know now. Enjoy! Happy birthday...
- October 23, 2010 at 8:20 AM
- Romantic Heroine said...
happy birthday, heather (here already is the 23rd, which is almost over.)! I hope you're having an incredible birthday. All the best for you.
love, sandra
- October 23, 2010 at 9:25 AM
- Sam said...
Hey! So, I'm giving you an award.
I know, this is probably the first youre hearing of me and its strange but I was given one and since I'm a month old and Im not familiar with many bloggers, I'm giving it to to all the blogs that I love or think that have substance.
Hence you. :)
So! Er, come visit me?
Happy birthday, BTW. :D
- October 23, 2010 at 9:36 AM
- Love Simone said...
Happy 23rd Birthday! Hope it's fabulous and amazing! I turned 23 a few weeks ago, it's a good age if I do say so myself (or at least so far!) :) xoxo
- October 23, 2010 at 9:53 AM
- natalie said...
I hope you have an absolutely fantastic 23rd birthday. :) It's definitely pretty awesome to be turning 23 on the 23rd, I have to say. I hope that all of your birthday wishes come true. :D
- October 23, 2010 at 3:38 PM
- ag. said...
happy happy birthday to you!
- October 23, 2010 at 9:50 PM
- Indigo said...
Happy Belated Birthday sweet friend! I'm thinking you may have wished for a trip to Paris (winks). (Hugs)Indigo
- October 24, 2010 at 12:52 PM
- Krissy ♥ said...
Happy belated birthday, Heather! I hope your 23rd was marvelous! xo.
- October 24, 2010 at 6:46 PM
- Meredith said...
happy birthday!! i wonder if this 'foreign' wish and handsome british stranger go hand in hand. hm. ;)
- October 24, 2010 at 7:41 PM
- Georgina Dollface said...
Happy belated birthday! I hope it was wonderful! - G
- October 25, 2010 at 6:56 AM
- Bathwater said...
is anyone else wondering how your birthday goes from the 22nd one year to the 23rd the next year? That doesn't even work on a leap year?
- October 28, 2010 at 11:00 AM


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Finding Cancer Just About Everywhere
August 8, 1996
New guidelines proposed last April by the Environmental Protection Agency would enable the agency to label virtually anything it wants as cancer-causing -- regardless of what the science says, according to agency-watchers.
- Critics say that while science has never been EPA's strong suit, past EPA cancer risk assessments were at least rooted in science by its traditional guidelines.
- Those guidelines held that epidemological results must be statistically significant -- that they must have at least a 95 percent confidence level.
- Because of this statistical threshold, EPA has not been able to demonstrate that chlorinated drinking water, electromagnetic fields, dioxin, second-hand smoke, dietary pesticide residues and Superfund sites -- to name a few examples -- are cancer-causing.
- Critics say that with its new guidelines, EPA would free itself of the "statistical significance" straightjacket and gain much more latitude to label various phenomena as cancer risks.
Observers say the EPA is making this move because of its inability to verify cancer risks in two areas in particular: electromagnetic fields and environmental tobacco smoke.
- l A vast majority of studies on electromagnetic fields were not statistically significant at the 95 percent level, which made it impossible for the EPA to throw its weight behind regulations favoring burying power lines -- which would have cost an estimated $20 billion.
- l When the agency studied the dangers of environmental tobacco smoke, it lowered the necessary confidence limit from 95 percent to 90 percent -- tainting scientific means for regulatory ends.
Scientific observers are fearful that if the EPA has its way in this regulatory sleight-of-hand, it would set a precedent for regulators world-wide to ignore statistical significance.
Source: Steven J. Milloy (publisher of "The Junk Science Home Page" on the World Wide Web), "The EPA's Houdini Act," Wall Street Journal, August 8, 1996.
Browse more articles on Environment Issues


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City of Page, Arizona
An agreement was made between the Federal government and the Navajo Tribe to transfer more than 17 sq. miles of tribal land to the Bureau of Reclamation in exchange for certain desirable lands (now the Aneth Oil Fields) in southeastern Utah. The mesa on which the City of Page now stands was part of a Navajo Tribal grazing allotment belonging to the Manson Yazzie family, hence the name Manson Mesa. Page, Arizona began as a construction camp for the Glen Canyon Dam and Power plant.
By 1974 the Bureau removed itself from governing Page. After a popular vote of the residents, the town of Page was created on Dec. 17, 1974. By formal resolution of the Coconino County Board of Supervisors on March 1, 1975, Page became the second largest town incorporated in Coconino County.
Today, Page is a thriving city of nearly 8, 000 year round residents and is considered the hub of the Grand Circle which includes several national parks, monuments, and scenic areas.
The Tunnel
Preparations for the construction of Glen Canyon Dam began in October, 1956. One of the first tasks was to begin blasting the side walls of the canyon to allow for the design of the Dam and the river diversions tunnels. The tunnel is two miles long and drops through the canyon at a steep 8% grade. The side tunnels (adits) that you may have noticed on your ride down the access tunnel are visible from the river as we head downstream. There are 19 of them, and they were cut during the construction of the tunnel in order to push debris back into the canyon, rather than transport it up to the top or down to the bottom for removal. During certain periods of the Cold War, the adits were used as emergency supply storage and as a possible bomb shelter for the citizens of Page. Today, they serve to ventilate the tunnel from vehicle emissions.
Glen Canyon Dam
The first bucket of concrete was poured on June 17, 1960. For almost 3 years and 3 months, workers poured concrete, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week regardless of weather or circumstance. And the final bucket of concrete was poured on September 13, 1963.
The Dam sits 710 feet (216.4 m) above bedrock. There are 4, 901, 000 cubic yards (3, 747, 083 cubic meters) of concrete in the Dam—or maybe think of it this way: there is enough concrete in the Dam to build a highway from Phoenix, Arizona to Chicago, Illinois!
The Power Plant has 8 kinetic turbines, which have the capability of producing some 1, 288 to 1, 320 megawatts of hydroelectric power, enough to supply electricity to a city of 1.7 million people.
Lake Powell, the reservoir behind the Dam, is 186 miles long and has almost 2, 000 miles of shoreline. Lake Powell generates electricity that is distributed throughout the Southwest, but more importantly provides water allotments to needs throughout the region. At full pool, the reservoir can hold about 26 million acre feet; 1 acre foot can sustain a family of four for a year.
Glen Canyon Bridge was built in 1957 in Emeryville, California. It was shipped to Flagstaff, Arizona by railroad and then brought by truck in pieces to Page. Each half of the bridge was begun on opposite sides of the Canyon, and it's been said that when the two halves met in the middle over the river, the sections were only a quarter of an inch off. The bridge is 1, 271 feet long (387 m), or about a quarter mile, with the arch itself being 1, 028 feet. The bridge stands about 700 feet (213.3 m) above the old Colorado River channel, and towers 117 feet above the completed Dam. The width of the bridge is only 40 feet (about 13 m).
Native Americans
For thousands of years, the ancestors of present day Native Americans inhabited all of North America. Those who inhabited the Southwest United States created rock art, which were designs etched into or painted onto caves, canyon walls, and boulders. What do these images and symbols mean? How can we use them to learn more about the history, cultures, and spiritual lives of the various people who created them? Rock Art is the term usually used to encompass both petroglyphs and pictographs.
The petroglyph panel we visit today is one of thousands found throughout the Four Corners Region. It is thought that these symbols are attributed to the desert archaic peoples who inhabited Glen Canyon from approximately 9000 years ago until about 2000 years ago, and to the later people, the Ancestral Puebloans (or Ancient Ones), who were here from about 2000 years until about 1300 A.D. Some images seem lighter than others implying return of desert varnish over time. But the only way to really date the various images is to understand the stylistic changes in imagery through time. Archaeologists have established stylistic chronologies based on observed associations with material culture which has been "absolutely" dated, through such means as carbon dating, among others, in the course of countless excavations.
It is crucial to understand that absolute knowledge of the meanings and reasons behind these markings is impossible. Interpretation of the carvings is difficult. It is generally thought that rock images relate to hunting, religious ceremonies, or resource locations. Images have been found to be stylistically consistent over large geographical areas. Many of the symbols on this and other rivers remain mysteries.
Expeditions on the Green and Colorado Rivers
Major John Wesley Powell was a one-armed Civil War veteran and a professor of geology from Illinois. Powell lost his arm in the Battle of Shiloh, but that did not stop him from believing he could lead an expedition to map and record the remaining unexplored regions of the western U.S. With little in the way of financial backing, in 1869 Powell put together a team of ten men to explore the entire length of the Colorado River (almost 1000 miles), including Grand Canyon. With no context whatsoever, the men set off from Green River, Wyoming on May 24, and spent the next 3 months on the river. Without maps, modern equipment, and any idea of what awaited them, these men made it their mission to map the last blank area found on maps of the United States. These explorers experienced hardships including lost boats and supplies, exposure to the elements, and some of the wildest whitewater ever seen. A subsequent trip followed in 1871. The result of both trips was Powell's The Exploration of the Colorado River and its Canyons, a compilation of journal entries. The records from the first trip brought Powell fame, and therefore the second journey brought much more in the way of financial support. This monumental expedition would change how the west was viewed forever.
Lees Ferry
In the interest of expanding the faith and colonizing points south, the Mormons began moving into Northern Arizona. At the time, the Colorado River had only real crossings established at Green River, Wyoming and Needles, California. The Mormons knew the natives used a ford located near the Paria River, and decided to use this location to establish a safe river crossing. The Church sent John Doyle Lee and two of his wives to establish this new river crossing and a homestead (called Lonely Dell Ranch). From 1871 to 1898, the ferry operation was simply a free-floating barge rowed across the river just above the present-day launch ramp near the old fort seen on river right. In low water, the ferry was operated at the Paria confluence. Later, in 1899, Jim Emett, one of the later ferry operators installed a cable to secure the barge across the river. If you look closely at river left, you might be able to see three sticks planted in the bank, and a large coiled cable. This was the crossing point. Lee actually only operated the ferry for two years, after which he relocated south into Arizona, leaving his wife Emma, to run the operation. But the name stuck. Emma ran the ferry until 1874, when the church sent another family, the Warren Johnsons, to take over. They ran it until 1928, when the Navajo Bridge downstream was nearly complete.
The road you may see leading up from the ferry crossing is the access road to Lees Ferry from the south. After 1877, the trail began to be called the "Honeymoon Trail" because of the number of traveling Mormon couples who crossed back into Utah to have their marriages sanctified by the Church in temples up north. The upper part of the trail is called "Lees Backbone", as it is considered one of the roughest, rockiest, and hardest to pass trails found in the West.


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By Philip Seery
Last Updated: 01/01/70 1:00am
Reaching the play-off final last term marked a huge achievement for Moyes and his team, but the North End coach acknowledges the need for reinforcements if The Lilywhites are to mount a serious promotion bid.
"There are plenty of games still left but we know we have to strengthen the squad and we'll be continuing to look for new players to do so," stated the Scot.
Preston were largely inactive in the summer transfer market with £500,000 signing Richard Cresswell the only new arrival at Deepdale, but Moyes did manage to hang on to star strikers David Healy and Jonathan Macken amid interest from Division One rivals.
Promotion contenders Watford, Manchester City and Coventry City have all added new blood to their respective squads in the close season and Moyes no doubt feels Preston must follow suit to be challenging for a place in The Premiership come May.


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I'm a college student who loves great food...everything from cheap eats to fine dining.
The problem with the fine dining part is no other students want to go out to a nice restaurant and spend 60$ for a nice meal (instead they like to get taco bell 2-3 times a week, whereas I'd save up for splurges, not waste money on fast food).
So are there any other college students who love fine dining? Would you ever go to a "fancy" restaurant alone? Do you get people to come with you??


text:
Hi, I'm Jason Berry, the inventor and founder of RaceDots. I'm an independent filmmaker, have been making sport documentaries for the past 20 years and have been racing bikes for just as long. I ride mountain, road, and cyclocross.
Over the years I have had countless conversations with other athletes about the lack of decent alternatives to safety pins. I began experimenting with magnets that lock together and realized I was on to something. Once I shared the idea with fellow cyclists and runners, I knew it was worth pursuing. I sincerely hope you like my idea and will consider giving RaceDots a try.
Please follow us on social media as we won't be updating the website on a weekly basis like we will in S.M. Our goals include breaking the 100 stores mark for retailers carrying RaceDots - please e-mail if you'd like to carry our products.
The Campaign
I knew that RaceDots would appeal to a wide segment of athletes, so I turned to you—runners and walkers and cyclists of all kinds—to make RaceDots happen. I used the on-line crowdfunding platform Indiegogo to raise the funds I needed to bring RaceDots to market. And, boy, did you respond! I more than doubled my $30,000 fundraising goal by raising just over $69,000 in a little over a month. In the process, RaceDots became the third most-funded sports-related campaign on Indiegogo to date! Now RaceDots are patented and we ship around the world daily.


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How to find us
Our hostel is located at 103 Vincent Street, right next to the Auckland Central police station and opposite the Rendezvous Hotel.
The hostel is positioned at the city end of Vincent Street (not to be confused with the YMCA hostel which is at the top end of Vincent Street). Vincent Street runs parallel to Queen Street and is accessed from Mayoral Drive at the city end or from Pitt Street.
How to get here:
Take a Supershuttle bus from Auckland airport (approx $18 per person) or an Airbus (approx $15 per person). The shuttle bus will take you right to our front door. You will find them in front of the arrivals terminal at the airport.
The Airbus will drop you off at the Sky City terminal which is only a five minute walk from the hostel. An Airbus leaves from the airport every 20 minutes.
A taxi from the airport to our hostel will cost approximately $50 depending on traffic. Cheaper shuttle buses are also available.
Hostel contact details
103 Vincent St, Auckland, NZ
p: 09 377 8763
e: email@example.com


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Single-step electrochemical functionalization of double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) membranes and the demonstration of ionic rectification
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- Citations
Carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes allow the mimicking of natural ion channels for applications in drug delivery and chemical separation. Double-walled carbon nanotube membranes were simply functionalized with dye in a single step instead of the previous two-step functionalization. Non-faradic electrochemical impedance spectra indicated that the functionalized gatekeeper by single-step modification can be actuated to mimic the protein channel under bias. This functional chemistry was proven by a highly efficient ion rectification, wherein the highest experimental rectification factor of ferricyanide was up to 14.4. One-step functionalization by electrooxidation of amine provides a simple and promising functionalization chemistry for the application of CNT membranes.
KeywordsCarbon nanotube membranes Rectification Voltage gatekeeper Amine electrooxidation
Carbon nanotube
Electrochemical impedance spectra
2,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid.
A protein channel embedded in a cell membrane functions as a natural regulator in the biological system. Conformational change of proteins actuated by voltage can open or close the gate of the channel, which regulates ion permeation with high selectivity [1, 2, 3, 4]. It inspires researchers to develop artificial nanopores and nanochannels in response to external signals (voltage, pH, temperature, light, etc.) by mimicking natural ion channels [5]. Transmembrane voltage is an excellent stimulus to open or close the gate of a nanodevice since it is not aggressive, is tunable, and can act over a short time scale [6]. Therefore, it can modulate ionic flux and rectify ionic transport current through the nanochannel/nanopore. These nanodevices acting as rectifier enable the possible applications in single-molecule sensing and separation [7, 8, 9, 10]. Carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes offer a fast fluid platform. The fluid velocity of a carbon nanotube membrane is 10,000 times faster than the conventional membrane of similar pore size due to atomically smooth graphite core [11, 12]. Moreover, the CNT membranes have far more mechanical strength than lipid bilayer films, thus providing an exciting opportunity for chemical separation, drug delivery, and other applications [13, 14]. Carbon nanotube membranes can imitate ion channels with functionalized molecules acting as mimetic gatekeepers. Chemical functionalization of molecules (biotin [15], phosphorylation [16], and charged dye [17]) at the entrance of the CNT core enables the modest modulation of ionic transportation. Further study had shown that the steric hindrance of gatekeepers at the pore entrance can be controlled with voltage [18]. Negative bias repels the anionic tethered molecules away from the CNT entrance, opening the channel, while positive bias pulls the anionic tethered molecules into the pore, thus closing the channel. The voltage-gated carbon nanotube membranes have been successfully applied in drug delivery. CNT membranes enable the programmable delivery of the addictive drug nicotine into the human skin in vitro for abuse treatment [19]. Neutral caffeine can also be pumped through CNT membranes via a highly efficient electroosmotic flow that is 100-fold more power efficient compared to conventional materials such as anodized aluminum oxide membranes [20].
To achieve gatekeeper activity on CNT membranes, there needs to be a high functional density only at the CNT tips or pore entrances [12, 21]. This has been largely achieved with a two-step process, wherein diazonium grafting first creates carboxyl groups at the CNT tips followed by carbodiimide coupling chemistry [17, 22]. Diazonium grafting generates highly reactive radicals that covalently react with the electrode or subsequent organic layer on the surface under mild solvent and temperature conditions [23, 24]. However, it is difficult to control the amount of carboxylate groups on the CNT tip due to polymerization during diazonium grafting [24, 25]. In principle, grafting reaction is self-limiting when an insulating polymer layer stops the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salt. However, with ionic functional groups (such as carboxylates), the reaction can proliferate and block carbon nanotubes. Another complication of the diazonium approach is that it generally requires two-step functionalization since the diazonium formation reaction is not compatible with many functional groups that would be required on the gatekeeper. This adds complication and reduces the overall yield. Electrochemical oxidation of amine to coat carbon fiber surface predates diazonium grafting with its first report in 1990 [26]. It enables immobilization of various primary amine-containing molecules on different electrode surfaces [27, 28, 29, 30, 31]. The electrografted layer is characterized by atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and electrochemistry methods [32, 33, 34]. Amine electrochemical oxidation greatly simplifies the surface modification process since it does not need complicated synthesis and surface chemistry. Even large molecules including dendrimers and metal-ligand complex can be directly functionalized on a conductive surface in a single step [35, 36, 37, 38]. Electrografting of amine offers a simple and efficient functional chemistry for CNT applications. Electrografting of amine provides binding sites on CNTs for the coating of Pt-Ru and Ag nanoparticles that exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity [39, 40]. The more controllable electrochemical grafting of the fluorinated aminobenzoic acid layer enables the Pt monolayer deposition on CNT buckypaper. The highest record of mass activity has been achieved at 2,711 A g−1 in methanol oxidation [41].
The primary hypothesis of this paper is that the efficiency of voltage gatekeeping can be enhanced to obtain high on/off ratio using electrooxidation of amine in one step. The conformational changes of tethered dye molecules under bias will be identified by non-faradic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The EIS spectra can prove the effectiveness of this single-step functionalization on double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) membranes. Transmembrane ionic rectification will be measured to compare the efficiency of gatekeeping. Stronger rectification indicates more efficient gatekeeping. The gatekeeper density is still unknown in our previous work. This can be quantified by dye assay on glassy carbon due to its similar structure with CNTs. A single-step modification may give higher overall functional density over a complicated two-step modification.
Fabrication of double-walled carbon nanotube membranes
Modification of DWCNT membranes
To avoid grafting in the inner core of CNTs, CNT membranes were placed in U-tube fittings under a 2-cm inner solution column pressure. In two-step functionalization, as-prepared DWCNT membranes were first modified by flow electrochemical grafting with 5-mM 4-carboxy phenyl diazonium tetrafluoroborate/0.1-M KCl solution at −0.6 V for 2 min. In the next step, Direct Blue 71 dye (Sigma-Aldrich) was coupled with the carboxyl group on the tip of CNTs with carbodiimide chemistry: 10 mg of ethyl-(N′,N′-dimethylamino) propylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and 5 mg of N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide were dissolved into 4 ml of 50-mM Direct Blue 71 dye in 0.1 M 2-(N-morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid buffer for 12 h at ambient temperature.
In one-step functionalization, Direct Blue 71 dye, which has a primary amine, was directly grafted to CNT by electrooxidation of amine. Electrografting was carried out under a constant potential of 1.0 V using a potentiostat (E-corder 410, eDAQ, Denistone East, Australia) in the three-electrode cell. The CNT membrane, with sputtered Pd/Au film (approximately 30-nm thick) on the membrane's back side, was used as the working electrode; Pt wire was the counter electrode, and the reference electrode was Ag/AgCl. Before electrografting, the ethanol solution of 0.1 M LiClO4/1 mM direct blue was purged by argon gas for 15 min to remove adsorbed oxygen in the solution.
Rectification experimental setup
The schematic of the ionic rectification setup is shown in Additional file 1: Figure S1. Both U-tube sides were filled with potassium ferricyanide solution. The working electrode (W.E) was DWCNT membrane coated with 30-nm-thick Pd/Au film; the reference electrode (R.E) was Ag/AgCl electrode. Voltage was controlled using an E-Corder 410 potentiostat. The counter electrode was a sintered Ag/AgCl electrode purchased from IVM Company (Healdsburg, CA, USA). The membrane area was approximately 0.07 cm2. Linear scan was from −0.60 to +0.60 V with the scan rate at 50 mV/s.
Dye assay quantification of carboxyl and sulfonate density on glassy carbon
Toluidine blue O was reported to quantify the carboxyl group density on the polymer film. Our dye assay method was similar to that of previous reports [43, 44]. Glassy carbon was incubated in 0.2-mM toluidine blue O (TBO, Sigma-Aldrich) solution at pH 10 and at room temperature for 1 h to adsorb positively charged dye onto the anionic carboxylate or sulfonate group. The glassy carbon was then rinsed with NaOH (pH 10) solution and further incubated in 0.1-mM NaOH (pH 10) solution for 5 min to remove physisorbed TBO dye. The adsorbed TBO on anionic glassy carbon was removed from the HCl solution (pH 1). The concentration of desorbed TBO in the HCl solution was determined by the absorbance at 632 nm using Ocean Optics (Dunedin, FL, USA) USB 4000 UV–vis spectrometer. The calculation of carboxyl or sulfonate density was based on the assumption that positively charged TBO binds with carboxylate or sulfonate groups at 1:1 ratio on glassy carbon.
Results and discussion
Summary of ionic rectification factor on single-step modified DWCNT-dye membrane
Rectification factor
Potassium ferricyanide
Sodium benzenesulfonate
7.2 ± 0.3
3.1 ± 0.3
2.4 ± 0.2
6.4 ± 1
2.0 ± 0.1
2.0 ± 0.1
5.6 ± 1
2.3 ± 0.1
1.7 ± 0.1
Comparison of ionic current rectification factor in K3Fe(CN)6solution
Concentration of K3Fe (CN)6
Rectification factor
Single-step electrooxidation of amine
Electrochemical grafting of diazonium and coupling of dye
Chemical grafting of diazonium and coupling of dye
3.9 ± 0.8
14.4 ± 0.6
2.9 ± 0.2
4.0 ± 0.4
4.4 ± 0.9
9.8 ± 0.3
2.9 ± 0.2
3.3 ± 0.07
3.4 ± 0.1
8.0 ± 0.4
3.2 ± 0.3
3.6 ± 0.2
Summary of ionic rectification factor on DWCNT membrane after water plasma oxidation to remove gatekeepers
Rectification factor
Potassium ferricyanide
Sodium benzenesulfonate
3.2 ± 0.3
1.7 ± 0.2
2.4 ± 0.2
2.8 ± 0.3
1.5 ± 0.07
2.0 ± 0.2
2.4 ± 0.2
1.4 ± 0.0.02
2.0 ± 0.2
Ferricyanide has a well-known redox potential of 0.17 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), and thus, an important control experiment was done to make sure that the observed rectification was not due to faradic current; instead, it was due to transmembrane ionic current. Cyclic voltammetry scans (−0.6 to 0.6 V) showed no redox reaction on both as-made and one-step functionalized DWCNT membranes in 50-mM ferricyanide (Additional file 3: Figure S3). We also did not observe redox reaction on glassy carbon in 2-mM ferricyanide, as seen in the flat curve in Additional file 4: Figure S4A. The much larger conductive area of the glassy carbon electrode compared to 5% DWCNT membrane requires the use of more diluted (2 mM) ferricyanide solution. However, with the supporting 0.5-M electrolyte KCl solution, the oxidation and reduction peaks were observed at 0.29 and 0.06 V, which were similar to those found in reports [30, 50]. The experiment was also repeated with both redox species. In Additional file 4: Figure S4B, no redox peak was found on glassy carbon in 50-mM ferricyanide solution and 25-mM ferricyanide/ferricyanide solution. The control experiments of cyclic voltammetry on DWCNT membrane and glassy carbon ruled out the redox reaction of ferricyanide, which supports the ionic rectification on electrochemically grafted CNT membranes.
Quantification of carboxyl and sulfonate density using dye assay
Modification on glassy carbon
Charge density
Carboxyl density
Sulfonate density
Step 1 in two-step functionalization
Electrochemical grafting of 4-carboxyl phenyl diazonium for 8 min
1.3 × 1015
1.3 × 1015
Step 2 in two-step functionalization
Carbodiimide coupling of dye
2.0 × 1015
1.07 × 1015
0.93 × 1015
One-step functionalization
Electrochemical grafting of dye by amine oxidation for 8 min
0.9 × 1015
0.9 × 1015
DWCNT membranes were successfully functionalized with dye for ionic rectification by electrooxidation of amine in a single step. Non-faradic (EIS) spectra indicated that the functionalized gatekeeper by one-step modification can be actuated to mimic the protein channel under bias. This functional chemistry was proven to be highly effective on the enhancement of ion rectification, wherein the highest experimental rectification factor of ferricyanide was up to 14.4. The control experiments supported that the observed rectification was a result of transmembrane ionic current instead of electrochemical reaction of ferricyanide. With the decreasing size of ion, we have observed smaller rectification due to partially blocked ion channels. The rectification was decreased with the higher ionic concentration. It suggested that the rectification is attributed to both charge and steric effects at low concentration, while the steric effect is dominant at high concentration. After removing the dye, the DWCNT-dye membrane exhibited no enhancement of rectification. This control experiment supported that the rectification was induced by functionalized dye molecules. The saturated functionalized dye density by a single step was quantified at 2.25 × 1014 molecules/cm2 on glassy carbon by dye assay, the same as that of two-step functionalization. However, no apparent change of rectification was observed for two-step functionalization. The dye molecules on the membrane by single-step functionalization are more responsive to the applied bias due to direct grafting on the conductive surface instead of the grafted organic layer. Another possible reason is that the actual yield of the second step of the two-step modification on CNT membranes may be much less than the calculated 18% yield on glassy carbon. One-step functionalization by electrooxidation of amine provides a simple and promising functionalization chemistry for the application of CNT membranes.
This work was supported by NIDA, #5R01DA018822-05, DOE EPSCoR, DE-FG02-07ER46375, and DARPA, W911NF-09-1-0267. Critical infrastructure provided by the University of KY Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering.
Supplementary material
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