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- lukman nulhakim
hi, fatima afridi, you're awful, i have been knowning you about 3 years ago, i admire your job, because your website unussually, but yesterday i surprised about your new way for download, just 2 step to get data receive for downloader, why?. but anyway thanks alot of you're creativity work on website best than another from i known, especially for free software give to the visitor such as me and i appreciate for that,i just pray i hope God, Allah SWT (moslem god) bless you,healthy and financial in any time, anywhere you're. I 'm Sorry if i talk too much because i have been waiting for so long to express this just for you Fatima about 3 years ago and sorry too if my expression in english writing doesn't good enough.
I have changed the hosting provider. Please click the purple button on filehostguru site which says "Click here to proceed." Then your download will be started after 3 page loads. Please wait a few seconds after FinalStep and download will automatically start.


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[DEEP BREATH] Once again, the Archaeoestablishment criticises an archaeological project that markets itself sufficiently to reach the ACTUAL WORLD…
Whilst those commenting in this article are busy splitting hairs, the demographic-busting appeal of this story will be out in the world doing unquantified good for archaeology, for history, even for the public perception of academia.
Appearing as the top story on the Daily Mail will not detract from the all-important seriousness or 'worthiness' of this project – which, by the way, is a stunning example of archaeological practice from documents to the dirt to the lab – but what it will do, maybe, just a little, is shift public opinion about archaeology towards a cooler, hipper, more relevant position.
Less beardy-weirdy, more Gangnam style perhaps, but this story could wedge the door open for more archaeology in the media, which eventually means more bums on seats in universities, which in turn creates careers for the very people criticising Leicester's "self-promotion" of this event.
We're watching the promos on Channel 4 right now, and lemme tell you something: it's EXCITING.
I hope there's millions people across the UK who are watching too, especially the kind of people used to being so constantly over-stimulated by the media that nothing gets noticed unless it's naked, bleeding, or illegal.
If there isn't a recognisable logo involved, most things don't exist, for most of the world. So I would say to Mary Beard that yes – there are a lot of logos involved here. But how else does work like this fabulous project get done, if not through alms from these modern city-states? We can only hope they continue to think archaeology is cool enough to provide value for their brands.
If for one second this publicity makes anyone think favourably about archaeology, it's all worth it.
Keep shouting, Leicester!
Want to do some archaeology?
Crowdfund a dig and make a real discovery!

subset: commoncrawl


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We have calculated that the total cost of hotels booking in Sa Pa is lower than cost of accommodation in United StatesPrices in restaurants are usually lower than in United States
Read more about prices: Prices in Sa Pa
The second thing you'll probably want to know is fuel price in Sa Pa:
Health care ranking is based on an index of factors like: speed of service, protection of privacy, quality of amenities, health care professionals, equipment, staff, doctors, and cost. Health Care Index for Sa Pa is 49. On the basis of these data we can say that health care system in Sa Pa is worse than in United States.
In Sa Pa is more dangerous than in United States. And life quality is worse than standard of living in United States.
Those charts show detailed comparison about Safety, Health Care, Prices in Sa PaYou can compare these important stats with other countries: Cambodia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Malaysia
The most important indexes for travellers are:
Other indexes:


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Federal Jury Clears BP Supervisor Of Violating Clean Water Act
(Verdict sheet available. Document #08-160311-026V.)
Following a two-week trial, a jury cleared Robert Kaluza of one misdemeanor charge of violating the CWA. According to published reports, the jury deliberated for less than two hours before reaching its decision.
Most Charges...
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The Stoker Trailer (2010)
13 October 2010 Drama, Crime 83 mins
A shell-shocked Afghanistan war hero named Ivan Skryabin (Mikhail Skryabin) spends his days stoking the fire in a giant coal furnace. When he isn't tending the flames, he keeps busy with other activities. He works on a historical novel. His adult daughter Sasha (Aida Tumutova) comes to visit. Local kids come to gaze at the flames. Gangsters, including a former Army sergeant (Aleksandr Mosin) and a sniper known as Bison (Yuri Matveyev), drop by to add special kindling to the fire.
Watch the official The Stoker 2010 trailer in HD below or find more The Stoker videos on Vidimovie.


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SPEEDING is becoming the quickest way to increase insurance premiums by as much as 80%, according to an internet-based insurance company.
Research by Confused.com reveals that drivers caught speeding are increasingly frowned upon not only by the authorities, but also by insurers who see speeding as a sure sign of worse to come.
Currently a quarter of internet insurers refuse cover for drivers with two convictions, rising to almost half for people with three convictions or more.
For couples with more than five convictions between them, the percentage of insurers refusing to offer cover jumps dramatically to more than three quarters of the insurance market.
In many cases insurers add up to 20% on premiums for one conviction, 30% for two convictions, and up to 80% for three convictions - if they will insure the driver at all.
With the number of speed cameras currently standing at 5,000, more drivers than ever are getting caught out, typically costing them £196 on top of their normal premium rate for their first three points.
With more than 16% of drivers carrying points on their licence, they must slow down or face insurance hikes.
Kate Armstrong, managing director of Confused.com says, "Until recently, most insurers ignored the occasional speeding conviction.
"Now many insurers see a direct link between even one speeding offence and an increased likelihood of accidents and claims.
"As a result they are starting to penalise speeders more severely."


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sort by best latest
No i think there is some misunderstanding. Hubbers dont need to add followers email id anywhere in hubpages. If you want to follow some hubbers just click on follow this hubber tag.
You can help the HubPages community highlight top quality content by ranking this answer up or down.


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For those of you who don't know what Ipsy is, it's a beauty subscription service currently only available in the States. The bags cost $10 a month and you get products based on the questionnaire you filled out. Usually we receive 5 items with one of them being a full sized item. I haven't been disappointed with any of my bags so far (I joined in Dec and started getting them in Jan) and I see myself continuing with this service until they start sending out rubbish products.
This month's bag is white with a pink zip (I think they did a similar bag for April) but this one has writing on it and it says - "Love of beauty is taste. The creation of beauty is art.". Deep, I know. But I'm not going to say no to another lovely mini makeup bag. I actually do use mine sometimes.
The first product that I pulled out was by Sexy Hair and it's their Spray Clay (50 ml). I am a little scared of this as I've never heard of a spray clay before. I think this is just a texturising / volumising spray and I plan to use it as such. Let me know if you know what this is meant to be used for? The full size is 150 ml and retails for $18.95.
The second product was a Bella Terra Mineral Cosmetics mineral shimmer in Emotion (full size) retails for $14.99. I love the colour and the multicoloured shimmer in the product, I have another one from this brand which is also lovely. But I am not in love with these loose shimmery shadows as they are so messy to use and I think the best way to apply these is to use your fingers. Below are my swatches (used dry).
|In direct sunlight
|In normal day light
The final product that didn't actually fit in my bag was the Coastal Scents medium shadow brush BR-C-NO2 ($2.49). It's a decent shading brush and I think I will get some use out of it. I have always wanted to try these brushes as they are so affordable but I was skeptical about their quality given their price. So I am glad to have a chance to try one of their brushes and see if I am willing to take the plunge and purchase others.
So that was my October 2013 Ipsy Glambag. I am quite happy with the products I received. I will definitely get some use out of all of them. Looking forward to next month!


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Category: Stock Graphic, Icons
Stock Graphic >> Icon - 55 Illustrated Icons 199815 by Chris Vogel Design @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 8.63 MB; Layered: Yes; Vector: Yes.
55 illustrated icons with a three-quarter perspective.
Vector pure.
Built exclusively of layered, closed shapes, no strokes, clipping paths or other fancy Illustrator effects.
Spot color setup.
Single color with multiple overlapping shades allows you to change colors with a single click. 8 colors included in Zip folder.
- Latte
- Olive
- Denim
- Rust
- Eggplant
- Pacific
- Burgundy
- Smoke
Keywords: icon set, illustration.


text: Human Rights Observatory Cuban Dissidents Out of Prison But Not Entirely Free Most of the 53 Cuban prisoners released from jail under a historic U.S.-Cuba accord remain bound to the justice system under conditions that could easily return them to prison, dissident leaders say. While they doubt Cuba's communist government would risk its rapprochement with the United States by putting former prisoners back behind bars, they say the 53 released are not entirely free. "It was done with the sword of Damocles hanging over them," said Rafael Molina, a...Read complete article© Voice of America - Tuesday, January 13, 2015


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 13, 2008
|Filing date
|Jul 29, 2003
|Priority date
|Jul 29, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kenneth M Williams, Albert Wang
|Original Assignee
|Stretch, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (91), Non-Patent Citations (32), Referenced by (17), Classifications (24), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The subject matter of this application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/404,706 filed on Mar. 31, 2003 and titled "Extension Adapter" which is incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of programmable computer processors, and more particularly to application specific instruction sets.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Computer processors can generally be sorted into two classes: general purpose processors that can be adapted to a multitude of applications; and application-specific processors that are optimized to serve specific applications. General purpose processors are designed to run a general instruction set, namely a set of instructions that the processor will recognize and execute. Such general instruction sets tend to include a large number of instructions in order to support a wide variety of programs. Application-specific processors are designed to run a more limited instruction set, where the instructions are more tailored or specific to the particular application. While an application-specific processor can enable certain programs to execute much faster than when run on a general purpose processor, they are by definition more limited in functionality due to the limited instruction sets they run. Further, instructions for an application-specific processor must be defined before the processor is manufactured.
Accordingly, what is desired is the ability to write a program in a convenient programming language and to extend an instruction set of a computer processor with instructions tailored to that program so that the program can execute on that computer processor more efficiently.
As general-purpose processors typically do not have programmable instruction sets, the present invention provides a method for programming a processor instruction set to include new instructions, and for replacing a critical code segment of a computer program with a function that causes the new instructions to execute. A programmable logic device (PLD) includes logic for enabling application-specific instructions ("instruction extensions") to be stored and executed, so that a user can add new instructions that change with software on different implementations of the same silicon. These instructions are not hard-wired into processor core, but rather implemented using the programmably configurable logic of the PLD.
The present invention provides in various embodiments a system and method for revising a program to allow the program to execute on a processor system that includes a programmable logic device. In a method according to an embodiment of the present invention, a program is compiled to produce an executable file and an instruction is programmed into a programmable logic device of the processor system. The method includes profiling a program to identify one or more critical code segments, rewriting a critical code segment as a function, designating the function as code to be compiled by an extension compiler, replacing the critical code segment with a statement that calls the function, and compiling the revised program.
In one embodiment, compiling the program includes compiling the code with an extension compiler to produce a header file and an intermediate file that provides instructions for the programmable logic device. In another embodiment, compiling the program includes using a standard compiler to compile the remainder of the program together with a header file to generate an executable file.
Further aspects of the inventive method include evaluating the performance of the revised program, and comparing the performance to timing requirements or to prior performance. In one embodiment of the method, the function replacing the critical code segment is selected from a library of pre-defined functions. In another embodiment, the program is written in a program file and the function includes writing the code to an extensions file.
In a further embodiment, the program is written in a program file and designating the function as code to be compiled by an extension compiler includes writing the code into the program file and demarking the code. In a still further embodiment, compiling the revised program includes compiling an extensions file including the code to produce a header file and an intermediate file written in a hardware description language, for example in Verilog HDL.
A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the inventions herein may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the attached drawings.
The present invention provides a method for programming a processor instruction set to include new, extended instructions and for replacing a critical code segment of a computer program with a function that causes the new instruction to execute. As general purpose processors typically do not have programmable instruction sets, the present invention will be described with reference to the programmable processing hardware of
Programmable logic device (PLD) 130 includes programmable logic for enabling application-specific instructions ("instruction extensions") to be stored and executed. Because it is programmable, the instruction set of programmable logic device 130 can be readily configured to include instruction extensions that are tailored to a specific application. In some embodiments the programmable logic device (PLD) 130 runs at a slower clock speed than processor core 120. In these embodiments the cycle length of the programmable logic device 130 can be a multiple of the clock cycle of the processor core 120.
Extension adapter 140 provides an interface between the programmable logic device 130 and the processor core 120. Extension adapter 140 receives instructions and determines whether the instructions should be directed to the programmable logic device 130 or the processor core 120. In some embodiments extension adapter 140 provides an interface between a plurality of programmable logic devices 130 and processor cores 120. Extension adapter 140 can be implemented, for example, in Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) logic.
Extension adapter 140 in combination with PLD 130 provide logic that allows users to extend the native instruction set defined by the processor core 120. It is noteworthy that the instruction execution itself is implemented in one or more of programmable logic devices 130. Extension adapter 140 interfaces one or more programmable logic devices 130 to processor core 120 and controls dataflow.
Although not necessarily part of PLD 130, and preferably separately provided, also shown is configuration memory 206. Configuration memory 206 stores static configurations for PLD 130. The term "memory" is not intended to be construed as limiting. Rather, configuration memory 206 can have various implementations including CMOS static random access memory (SRAM), fused links and slow speed electrically erasable read only memory (EEPROM).
Programmable logic device 130 is described in more detail in U.S. Patent Publication Number US 2001/0049816, which is incorporated herein by reference. A suitable programmable logic device 130 is available from Stretch, Inc., of Mountain View, Calif.
Referring to
Load/store module 410 is created via a compiler, such as, for example, the Tensilica Instruction Extension (TIE) compiler, which can be obtained from Tensilica, Inc., of Santa Clara, Calif. TIE is a language that allows a user to describe the functionality of new extended instructions. A designer uses TIE to create a standard set of functions that extend the normal functionality of processor core 120. The TIE code that a designer writes describes the functionality of a series of resources that aid in the interface between processor core 120 and extension adapter 140. Users can therefore add new instructions pre-silicon. Extension adapter 140 functions such that processor core 120 treats user-defined post-silicon, extended instructions as if they were native instructions to the processor core 120.
Load/store module 410 interfaces with processor core 120 via interface 414. Register file 420 is coupled to interface 414 via processor control and data interface 421 and via PLD control and data interface 423. Adapter controller 412 interfaces with processor core 120 via interface 416. Adapter controller 412 interfaces with PLD 130 via interface 418.
In an exemplary embodiment according to the present invention, load/store module 410 comprises register file 420. Register file 420 is a register file, or collections of registers, that is added by using, for example, the TIE compiler. Register file 420 interfaces with adapter controller 412 via interface 424. In one embodiment, register file 420 is 128 bits wide. In another embodiment, register file 420 is 64 bits wide. However, register file 420 can be of varying widths. It is contemplated that the system can comprise one or more than one register file 420. Adapter controller 412 accesses register file 420. Adapter controller 412 is then used to interface with PLD 130.
Load/store module 410 provides fixed instruction functionality. A set of fixed instructions includes instructions for moving data to and from external memory (not shown), into and out of register file 420. This collection of functionality is defined in one embodiment in the TIE language, and is implemented through Tensilica's TIE compiler. It is contemplated that languages other than TIE can be used with the present system. Load/store module 410 contains one or more register files 420 and a set of fixed instructions that give register files 420 access to external memory via load and store instructions. Again, these instructions will be fixed once the silicon is created, and are fully implemented using the standard TIE flow. It is a function of the extension adapter 140 to encapsulate the fixed functionality and manage it with the configurable interface logic.
A purpose of load/store module 410 includes declaring the functionality of register file 420, which is basically temporary storage for data that is going to end up being transferred from processor core 120 to PLD 130. Load/store module 410 defines not only register file 420, but also defines how to load and store generic instructions (e.g., Tensilica instructions) of processor core 120 into register file 420. Adapter controller 412 performs the function of interfacing with register file 420. Adapter controller 412 also operates on the data from register file 420 and interfaces register file 420 with PLD 130.
In one exemplary methodology, standard load and store instructions are used to move data to and from register file 420. Load instructions issued by the extension adapter 140 retrieve data from memory into register file 420. PLD 130 instructions operate under the control of extension adapter 140 to retrieve stored data from register file 420 to PLD 130 for use in PLD 130 computations or other functional execution. Data resulting from PLD 130 instruction execution is then returned to register file 420, where store instructions move data from register file 420 to memory via interface 414.
PLD 130 and adapter controller 412 allow a user to add new instructions that change with software on different implementations of the same silicon. For example, a user can add specialized instructions to perform video or audio encoding/decoding. These instructions are not hard-wired into processor core 120, but rather are implemented using the programmably configurable logic of PLD 130. Extension adapter 140 operates as a data and control interface between processor core 120 and PLD 130 by routing extended instructions (i.e., those instructions not part of the original processor core 120 native instruction set) to PLD 130 for execution. Since the logic of PLD 130 is configurable, it is entirely within the scope of the present invention that the configuration of PLD 130 can be changed as frequently as needed to accommodate the inclusion of various extended instructions in application programs being run on the processor core 120.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the inputs and outputs to the extended instruction, as executed in PLD 130, are limited to data transfers between register file 420 or some equivalent special purpose register (processor states) location. In such an embodiment, the number of register file 420 inputs to the PLD 130 computation is limited to a finite number such as three (3), and the number of special purpose register inputs is eight (8) 128-bit registers. The outputs of the PLD 130 computations are directed to register file 420, to equivalent special purpose register, and/or by-passed to processor core 120 for use in execution of the subsequent instruction. In the above embodiment, the number of register file 420 outputs is two (2) and the number if 128-bit, special purpose register outputs is up to eight (8). The extended instruction of the present invention of such an embodiment does not have direct access to data and instruction memories and caches of the processor core 120. Any data residing in the data and instruction memories or caches of processor core 120 must first be brought into the register file 420 or equivalent special purpose registers using load instructions, before being used by the extended instruction as executed in PLD 130. Such a restriction in the I/O of the extended instruction of this embodiment enables compiler optimization and improved performance. The exact input and output dependencies of the extended instructions are programmed into the C compiler (discussed with reference to
It is noteworthy that extension adapter 140 handles the multiplexing of data among register file(s) 420 and PLD 130. Extension adapter 140 manages the timing relationships between register reads and register writes, which are functions of instruction execution length.
It is also noteworthy that the processing system 110 comprises means for ensuring the proper configuration of PLD 130 prior to the execution of a specific extended instruction in the PLD 130. In one example, if the system tries to execute an instruction not included in the instruction set of processor core 120 that has yet to be configured in PLD 130, an exception is generated by the extension adapter 140, resulting in either the proper configuration signals being sent to PLD 130, or in an alternative process, being initiated to deal with the missing configuration.
In keeping with some embodiments according to the present invention,
If the instruction description data 512 describes a normal add, subtract, etc. contained in the native instruction set of processor core 120, then configuration memory 510 does not do anything with the instruction. However, if the instruction description data 512 describes an extended instruction that PLD 130 is to execute, then configuration memory 510 returns configuration information 514 back to processor core 120 to indicate this is a valid instruction. Extension adapter 140 will thereafter operate on the extended instruction in cooperation with PLD 130 so that to processor core 120 it appears that the extended instruction is identical in form to a native instruction of processor core 120.
Configuration information 514 is a sequence of data from configuration memory 510, some of which goes to processor core 120 via interface 516. Some of configuration information 514 is transmitted to the ReadAddr 518 (read address) input of register file 420 via interface 424. Data from ReadData 520 (read data) of register file 220 is also carried on interface 424. In this example, configuration information 514 includes the address within register file 420 that an extended instruction needs to be sent to PLD 130 via interface 418.
Thereafter, in step 620, the program is compiled to convert the program from the programming language in which it was written into a machine language that is recognizable by the processor core 120 (
Next, in step 630 the compiled program is profiled. Profiling includes executing the compiled program and determining how much time would be expended executing each of the various operations of the program. Profiling in step 630 is preferably performed using a software simulation tool (not shown) that mimics the operation of the processor core 120. Such processor simulators are well known in the art, and each simulator is unique to the processor core 120 being simulated. Alternatively, profiling 630 can occur using a hardware emulator (not shown) or some combination of hardware and software. Hardware emulation is particularly useful in applications where specific timing issues are of concern to the designer.
As in step 620, because the method is iterative, the first pass through step 630 is different than in successive iterations. In the first pass through step 630 the compiled program is executed or simulated solely on the processor core 120 to provide a baseline against which improvements in successive iterations can be measured. It should be noted that some of the more time consuming operations that are typically identified by profiling involve nested loops.
In step 640 a determination is made as to the acceptability of the performance of the program. If the performance is acceptable then the method ends. Otherwise, the method continues to step 650. Generally, in the first pass through step 640 the performance will not be acceptable since no effort has yet been made to optimize the program. In successive iterations, performance can be judged against either subjective or objective standards. In some instances the program needs to be optimized so that it can return data according to the timing requirements of other programs with which it interfaces. In other instances merely a faster processing speed is desired from the program. In these latter instances, at each iteration the performance is compared to the performance from the prior iteration to determine whether the most recent iteration returned a further improvement. If no further improvement is achieved by a successive iteration, or if the improvement is sufficiently trivial, the performance is deemed to be acceptable and the method ends.
In step 650 one or more critical code segments are identified by reviewing the results of the profiling performed in step 630. A critical code segment is a portion of the program's code that took excessive time to execute in step 630. Typically, those code segments that took the longest time to execute are considered to be the most critical and are addressed first by the method. As noted elsewhere, nested loops are frequently identified as critical code segments. If addressing the most critical code segments does not produce acceptable performance in step 640, then in successive iterations the next most critical code segments are identified in step 650.
Next, in step 660, the critical code segment identified in step 650 is preferably rewritten as a separate function. An example is illustrative of this process. The following original code segment written in C++ includes a nested loop as the critical code segment:
a = 0 for (i = 0; i < 100; i ++) {for (j = 0; j < 8; j ++) {a + = x[i + j] * y[j];} z[i] = a >> k;}
The critical code segment can be rewritten as a function, which in the following example is given the name "inner":
int inner (short*x, short*y) {for (j = 0; j < 8; j ++) {a + = x[j] * y[j];} return a >> k;}
Advantageously, the function can be written using the same programming language as before. In some embodiments the function does not have to be written from scratch but can instead be selected from a class library (not shown) of pre-defined functions. A class library of pre-defined functions can include functions that might be particularly useful in a certain type of application, such as functions for working with pixel data in video processing applications.
In an alternative embodiment, step 660 markers (in C programming, such markers are conventionally referred to as PRAGMAS) are used to demark the beginning and ending of a section of code to be rewritten. Once identified, the demarked section of code is replaced by one, or alternatively, multiple instructions. It should be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the rewriting step of 660 can be performed either manually, or by using an automated conversion tool. Such a conversion tool would be similar to a decompiler; rather than compiling a high level instruction into multiple lower level instructions as in a compiler, the automated conversion tool would convert multiple lower level instructions of the processor core 120 instruction set into one or more complex extended instructions for implementation in PLD 130.
Once the critical code segment has been rewritten as a function in step 660, in step 670 the program is revised. The revision includes two operations, designating the function as a code segment to be compiled by an extension compiler and replacing the critical code segment with a statement that calls the function. In some embodiments the function is placed into an extensions file, separate from the program file, that contains the code meant to be compiled by the extension compiler. In other embodiments the function is placed in the program file and demarked in such a way that it can be recognized as intended for the extension compiler so that the standard compiler will ignore it. Demarking the function in this way can be achieved by a flag before the instruction (e.g., # pragma stretch begin) and a flag after the function (e.g., # pragma stretch end).
As noted, revising the program also includes replacing the critical code segment with a statement that calls the function. Continuing with the prior example, the original code segment that includes the critical code segment can be rewritten by replacing the critical code segment with the statement {z[i]=inner (x +i, y);} as follows:
a = 0 for (i = 0; i < 100; i ++) {z[i] = inner (x + i, y);}
Once the program has been revised in step 670 the method returns to step 620 and the program is again compiled. In those embodiments in which the function has been placed in the program file and demarked from the remaining code, a pre-processing tool first finds the function and copies it out to an extensions file.
When the extension adapter 140 encounters a processor core 120 instruction that is not part of the native set, but is rather an extended instruction generated by extension compiler 720, the processor core 120 sends a configuration bit stream to the PLD 130 to appropriately configure the PLD 130 to execute the extended instruction. Thus, the executable file 780 can call the function and the programmable logic device 130 contains an instruction that can perform the function.
Thereafter, in step 630 the program is again profiled. In this and subsequent iterations of the method, in contrast to the first pass through step 630, the extension adapter 140 (
Returning to step 660, a critical code segment can alternatively be rewritten by selecting a pre-defined function from a class library. The following example is illustrative of pre-defined functions that might be found in a class library according to an embodiment of the present invention, and of an instruction that would be defined from these functions. Typical graphics applications define a pixel by an 8-bit integer for each of three colors such as red, green, and blue. According to the present invention, a class library for graphics applications can include a pre-defined function for red, for example, that defines an unsigned 8-bit declared integer, R, by the function se_uint<8>R; and another pre-defined function would define for the pixel an unsigned 24-bit declared integer, P, by the function se_uint<24>P=(B, G, R); where B and G correspond to blue and green, respectively. In the C++ programming language integers are generally limited to standard bit lengths such as 8, 16, 32 and 64. Accordingly, the ability to create a 24-bit integer, or any integer with a non-standard number of bits, is a beneficial feature of the present invention. Without the ability to define a pixel as a 24-bit integer, one would have to define the pixel as a 32-bit integer, but at the expense of having to carry 8 unused bits.
The advantage of not having to carry unused bits can be further seen when a number of pixels are assigned to a register with a pre-defined width. For instance, a register, W, that has a 128-bit width can accommodate four 32-bit pixels, but the same register can handle five 24-bit pixels. Expressed as an instruction for a programmable logic device 130, assigning five 24-bit pixels to register W would be expressed as WR W=(P4, P3, P2, P1, P0).
In the foregoing specification, the invention is described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited thereto. Various features and aspects of the above-described invention may be used individually or jointly. Further, the invention can be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the specification. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.
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Think with me: What do you think would have happened if Adam after he sinned, instead of running away from God he ran towards God? What if Adam and Eve when they heard the footsteps of God in the garden ran and fell at God's feet asking for His forgiveness? Do you think God would have kicked them off?
Sin brings shame and guilt, therefore they hid themselves. But think of it, all our lives would have been different if they were not tricked by the enemy to run away from God. Has not the God in the Old Testament forgiven many wicked kings and the Israelites themselves when they did truly repent?
Truth is that there is no action retake of what happened in the garden of Eden. But there is still an option to what happens in your life. We see multiplied grace and mercy through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross. Let's resist the devil and he will and have to flee.
Don't you think the enemy does use the same trick, trying to chase us away from God? What about you, have you felt that the enemy pushes us to such shame that we don't want to pray or read the Bible?
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Meet the Bugash and Abaningo family!
We have been planning for this shoot for months. Chichi hails all the way from New Zealand. The place I was supposed to live, but life happened! That's another story to tell.
While editing this set, I realized that hiring the services of a professional photographer to document a family reunion isn't the usual practice. I tell you it'll be a different ride. There'll be more photos and captured memories to last you a lifetime.
It was a refreshing break. From weddings to family sessions! Sometimes, I think, it is healthy to break a pattern. Shifting gears is always nice.
To Chichi and the rest, we had FUN photographing your family. "Thank you very much. Till we meet again."
Bugash & Abadingo Family // Plantation Bay Resort // August 5, 2012 // Styling by Angelo Kangleon
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Barrow County authorities are asking residents of Athens and Statham to be on the lookout for a 66-year-old Statham man who they believe wandered away from his personal care home on Saturday.
Frank Comer Starr, who was being treated for dementia at Bowles Personal Care Home in Statham, was last seen at the Jefferson Road facility wearing a checkered green and white, button-up shirt, green pants and brown sandals, according to a statement released by the Barrow County Sheriff's Office.
Starr is a white man with blue eyes, thinning grayish brown hair, standing about 5 feet, 6 inches tall and weighs 150 pounds.
Investigators believe Starr may be trying to visit his mother, who lives in a nursing home in Athens, according to the statement.
Starr could become violent if he is startled, said Barrow County Chief Deputy Murray Kogod. Anyone who sees Starr should call 911 and report the sighting rather than trying to approach Starr themselves, Kogod said.
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I got the chance recently to chat with Thomas Carter, director of "When the Game Stands Tall."
Spake: Do you think sports films have significantly evolved in the pasty decade or so?
Carter: I haven't really tracked them. I guess in "Friday Night Lights" we saw an edgier look. It was more of a critical eye of our obsession with sports and the damage it can do.
Spake: What draws you to sports movies like "Coach Carter" and "When the Game Stands Tall?"
Carter: "Coach Cater" I was interested in because I'm a big champion of education. That movie was very much about a coach who took a bold stand to focus on student rather than athlete. "When the Game Stands Tall" is just an inspiring story because coach Bob Ladouceur is interested in building young men or character not just on the field, but off the field. A sense of loyalty, commitment, brotherhood, selflessness, discipline, personal responsibility, he wants to instill these principles in these kids. He's as much a teacher as he is a coach.
Spake: I find it interesting that most sports movies focus on a team's rise to victory, but in "When the Game Stands Tall," the Spartans are already on top and have everything to lose. Then when their streak does finally end, the film plays like a tale of redemption.
Carter: You're absolutely right. The challenge of making the film was figuring out how do you make a movie about a team that never loses. That's why we chose to start the movie towards the end of the streak to see where the team would grow and come to together as brothers. It gave me something to stretch for as a storyteller.
Spake: What do you think is the greatest sports-related movie ever made?
Carter: I'm a big fan of "Remember the Titans." I also really like "Moneyball," which isn't purely a sports movie, but it is another way of looking at sports.
Spake: Many years before you directed "Coach Carter," you played a character in "The White Shadow," a television series about a basketball team at an inner-city high school. How did your work on that show impact your career in show business?
Carter: "The White Shadow" is where I first began to direct. I was afforded the opportunity to go to film school on the job.
Spake: Did you play basketball at all before landing a role in "The White Shadow?"
Carter: I did play basketball. Strangely enough, I didn't play high school sports because I was in the theater department. But I was playing a lot of sandlot basketball and those games are very aggressive in Los Angeles.
Spake: Do you play basketball anymore or any other sports for that matter?
Carter: No, but I am a huge basketball fan and am a season ticket holder for the Lakers.
Spake: In addition to sports, a lot of the projects you take on seem to have a dance-related theme. You notably directed "Swing Kids," "Save the Last Dance," and even a couple episodes of "Fame." What's your attraction to the dance genre?
Carter: I've just always been excited by music. Even when I did the pilot for "Miami Vice" I put music in a television show in a way it hadn't really been used before. I just find it to be a great way to accentuate the drama or create great psychological subtext.
Spake: Was the Spartans 151 game winning streak a story you followed or did you first read about it in Neil Hayes novel, which inspired this film?
Carter: Neil Hayes' book is a great account of that. He followed them for a whole year. I first heard about it by reading an early draft of the script and from there I jumped in to do the research.
Spake: Did you ever get to meet coach Bob Ladouceur or any of the real life players who inspired this story?
Carter: Yeah, I met Bob Ladouceur and went to two state championship games in the course of developing this movie. I think that we caught the essence of them.
Spake: Is there a particular figure or event in sports history you would love to bring to the screen?
Carter: For years I was interested in developing a project about Jackie Robinson. I became friends with Rachel Robinson, his widow, and she's such a fantastic lady. Other than that I don't have a particular movie I'd like to do, although I am interested in doing something with the San Antonio Spurs.
Spake: As a basketball fan, how do you feel about LeBron going back to Cleveland?
Carter: I was never routing for Miami so I think it's fantastic he's playing for Cleveland again.
• Ahwatukee native and Arizona State University graduate Nick Spake has been working as a film critic for nine years, reviewing movies on his website, NICKPICKSFLICKS.com.


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Feature: Women and drink driving: a growing problem?
A report published earlier this year highlighted the growing proportion of drink driving convictions received by women - up from 9% in 1998 to 17% in 2012. The report, co-authored by Kris Beuret, Claire Corbett and Heather Ward, calls for the drink drive limit to be reduced "to reflect the effect of alcohol on women's bodies" and for road safety messages to make clear that drink driving is not a just a male problem. While we covered the study in a news item at the time, we thought readers may be interested in a more in-depth look at its findings.
The study was based on a combination of a literature review, face-to-face surveys with 430 women drivers, 20 in-depth interviews with convicted women drivers and statistical analysis of data relating to more than 150,000 motorists with a drink driving offence.
The literature review found that while overall rates of alcohol consumption are falling, among affluent older women drinking is on the increase. It also identified evidence of a lack of awareness among women of what constitutes a unit of alcohol, and how much they can drink before being above the legal drink drive limit.
Key findings
A quarter of the women in the survey drank either most days or every day, with three quarters citing wine as their usual drink.
The most usual place for these women to drink is in the home - either their own or someone else's. In terms of quantity, respondents claimed to drink less at home than when out, although they acknowledged it is harder to know what measure is being used at home.
Almost 60% of respondents claimed never to drive after drinking alcohol, with women above the age of 50yrs the least likely to do so. Comparison with a small male sample indicated that men are nearly twice as likely to drive after drinking alcohol than women.
Respondents' knowledge about how much they can drink and remain under the legal limit was described by the researchers as "poor overall, and in some cases potentially inaccurate".
More than a third of respondents thought they could drive legally after drinking a pint or more of beer which the study says "could place at least some women at risk of a drink-drive offence". And almost 15% thought they could drink more than a standard (175 cc) glass of wine – which equates to at least two units - and still drive safely. This lack of awareness of the risk of being over the limit was also apparent among some of the women convicted of drink driving.
While driving when 'over the limit' appears to be infrequent for most respondents, 5% of those aged 40-49yrs indicated it was a more frequent occurrence.
Comparison with the male sample indicated than men were more likely to occasionally drive when they considered they were over the legal limit (42% of men against 15% of women).
The most common reason given for driving over the limit was not necessity, but that they felt it was 'OK' to drive – in other words they thought they could drive without an incident or accident, and without getting caught.
The researchers say that, to some extent, this is reinforced by the fact that anti-drink advertising predominantly features men, which led to a view that women are relatively 'under the radar' in terms of being breathalysed.
Almost all of those questioned (90%) said they would be concerned or very concerned by the prospect of being driven by someone who they thought was over the limit. However, interestingly, those who indicated they had driven while over the limit were very much less likely to be very concerned than those who had not (30% compared with more than 80%).
Conclusions and recommendations
The researchers concluded that several important messages relating to drinking and driving "are not getting across sufficiently well", and suggest a need for greater emphasis on communicating how drinking alcohol seriously impairs driving ability.
They call for messaging to convince women that "driving carefully is no solution", that getting caught is a real risk, and that there is "almost always an alternative to drink driving".
The report also suggests that the recommended maximum consumption limits for alcohol in the UK "may reflect average male metabolism and be too high for women's bodies".
Finally, it says "the emphasis on advertising and education about drink and alcohol needs to redress the male bias and develop campaigns and projects specifically targeted at women".
'Drinking among British women and its impact on their pedestrian and driving habits' is authored by Kris Beuret (SRA), Claire Corbett (Brunel University) and Heather Ward (UCL). The research was funded by the Rees Jeffries Road Foundation and Direct Line Insurance Group. It is available for download from the Social Research Associates website.
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In my experience very few people (regardless of age or gender) know what constitutes a unit of alcohol. This is a huge issue in people knowing what they have consumed, especially when you look to the morning after in terms of drink driving and calculating when your body is free of alcohol.
Also, the research "identified evidence of a lack of awareness among women of ... how much they can drink before being above the legal drink drive limit". This implies that it is possible to know, which is unlikely. Surely the answer is to drink no alcohol if you are going to drive! Everyone is different and everyone is unpredictable. Be safe, go for zero tolerance. One Unit = One Hour!
Rhiannon, Lancashire
My own seat of the pants feelings are confirmed by this study. Alcohol use seems to have become the norm for many modern women in the same way as it always has been for a lot of young men.
With the differences in the speed with which male and female bodies process alcohol, would it be better to move towards a zero limit for all, rather than a lower limit for women? At least then we would all know exactly where we stood in relation to how many drinks we could consume while remaining beneath the drink/drive limit.
David, Suffolk
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