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Prior studies indicated that a Ca2+-dependent release of ATP can be initiated from the soma of sympathetic neurons dissociated from guinea pig stellate ganglia. Previous studies also indicated that Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) can modulate membrane excitability in these same neurons. As Ca2+ release from internal stores is thought to support somatodendritic transmitter release in other neurons, the present study investigated whether CICR is essential for somatic ATP release from dissociated sympathetic neurons. Caffeine increased intracellular Ca2+ and activated two inward currents: a slow inward current (SIC) in 85% of cells, and multiple faster inward currents [asynchronous transient inward currents (ASTICs)] in 40% of cells voltage-clamped to negative potentials. Caffeine evoked both currents when cells were bathed in a Ca2+-deficient solution, indicating that both were initiated by Ca2+ release from ryanodine-sensitive stores in the endoplasmic reticulum. Sodium influx contributed to generation of both SICs and ASTICs, but only ASTICs were inhibited by the presence of the P2X receptor blocker PPADs. Thus ASTICs, but not SICs, resulted from an ATP activation of P2X receptors. Ionomycin induced ASTICs in a Ca2+-containing solution, but not when it was applied in a Ca2+-deficient solution, demonstrating the key requirement for external Ca2+ in initiating ASTICs by ionomycin. Pretreatment with drugs to deplete the internal stores of Ca2+ did not block the ability of ionomycin or long depolarizing voltage steps to initiate ASTICs. Although a caffeine-induced release of Ca2+ from internal stores can elicit both SICs and ASTICs in dissociated sympathetic neurons, CICR is not required for the somatic release of ATP.
- nonclassical transmitter release
- autonomic neurons
- asynchronous transient inward currents
- slow inward currents
classically, it was proposed that calcium (Ca2+)-dependent neurotransmitter release primarily occurs at highly organized active zones in nerve terminals (11, 19, 24). However, neurotransmitter release is also now known to occur from somatodendritic areas of neurons (9, 10, 16, 17, 26, 27, 30, 31). Although nonclassical transmitter release is Ca2+ dependent, it can occur from areas lacking highly organized release sites. Even though well-documented to occur, the mechanisms regulating somatodendritic transmitter release are not yet clearly established.
Previously, our laboratory demonstrated the regulated release of ATP quanta from guinea pig sympathetic neurons dissociated from the stellate ganglion (26). The released ATP activates P2X receptors on the same cell to generate asynchronous transient inward currents (ASTICs) in cells voltage-clamped to negative potentials. The ATP release is Ca2+ dependent and blocked by inclusion of botulinum toxin E in the patch pipette, suggesting the requirement of snare proteins in the release process. A quite similar Ca2+-dependent release of ATP has been observed in dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells (31).
Midbrain neurons release dopamine from somatodendritic sites, as well as from their nerve terminals (10). In guinea pig midbrain neurons, the somatodendritic release of dopamine is reported to be facilitated by mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores (16). These results from central nervous system (CNS) neurons suggest that Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) might be involved in somatic transmitter release. In contrast, Ford et al. (6) have recently reported that, in the case of mouse midbrain neurons, somatodentritic dopamine release is primarily dependent on Ca2+ entry, with little contribution from mobilization of Ca2+ from internal stores. Thus the contribution of Ca2+ release from internal stores to somatodentritic transmitter release may be species as well as cell dependent.
Previously, our laboratory showed that caffeine can release Ca2+ from ryanodine-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores in the dissociated guinea pig stellate neurons and also that a rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) due to CICR activates a tetraethylammonium-sensitive conductance that suppresses action potential generation by depolarizing ramps (12). Consequently, the dissociated sympathetic stellate neurons make an excellent model system to test whether CICR is required for the initiation of somatic ATP release.
The present study was done to test whether a caffeine-induced rise in [Ca2+]i without Ca2+ influx can elicit ATP quantal release and also whether depletion of [Ca2+]i stores eliminates somatic ATP quantal release evoked by Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) or by transport through the plasma membrane by ionomycin.
Ganglion dissection and cell culture.
The studies were performed on sympathetic neurons dissociated from the guinea pig stellate ganglia. Animals were killed by isoflurane overdose, followed by exsanguination using procedures approved by the University of Vermont Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and in accordance with guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used and their suffering. The methods for cell dissociation were slightly modified from those described previously (12, 26). In brief, the right and left stellate ganglia were exposed rostral to the first rib, removed, and placed in Krebs solution containing (in mM) 120.9 NaCl, 5.9 KCl, 25 NaHCO3, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 2.5 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, and 11 glucose (bubbled with 95% O2-5% CO2). The isolated ganglia were pinned to the Sylgard-184 (Dow Corning, Midland, MI) floor of a 35-mm Petri dish, and the connective tissue capsule was removed. The ganglia were minced and enzymatically dissociated in 2 ml of a low-Ca2+ HEPES-buffered salt solution containing 121 mM NaCl, 5.9 mM KCl, 26 mM Na-HEPES, 1.2 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM CaCl2, 8 mM glucose, 3 mg/ml trypsin type XII-S (11,500 BAEE U/mg; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and 15 mg/ml collagenase A (0.25 U/mg; Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN). The tissue containing enzyme solution was rotated on a nutator (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) in a 37°C incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO2-95% air for 1 h. Immediately following the incubation period, the tissue was transferred to 1 ml of "wash" solution for 30 min to decrease enzyme activity. The wash solution contained Eagle's MEM (M7278; Sigma-Aldrich) plus 10% fetal calf serum, 0.1% bovine serum albumin, 0.1 mg/ml pyruvic acid, 1 mg/ml DNase, 200 U/ml penicillin, 0.2 mg/ml streptomycin, and 0.2 mg/ml gentamicin. Tissue was then transferred to 1 ml of the low-Ca2+ HEPES-buffered Krebs and gently triturated to break up the remaining tissue fragments. As the cells were dispersed by trituration, the remaining tissue pieces were transferred to another tube with low-Ca2+ Kreb's for further trituration. Tubes were centrifuged at 100 g for 5 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the remaining pellet was resuspended and kept overnight in medium containing MEM, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 8 mM glucose, 1 mg/ml DNase, 200 U/ml penicillin, 0.2 mg/ml streptomycin, and 0.2 mg/ml gentamicin. Dissociated neurons were seeded on glass coverslips (15 mm; Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH) and stored in the incubator overnight until used for experiments.
Measurement of intracellular Ca2+ transients.
The cells were bathed in a buffered physiological solution, which contained (in mM) 121 NaCl, 5.9 KCl, 2.5 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, 26 Na-HEPES, 8 glucose, pH 7.3. All experiments were done at 37 ± 1°C.
Changes in [Ca2+]i were determined from variations in the fluorescence intensity of fluo 3, as described previously (12). Cells were loaded with 5 μM fluo 3-AM with pluronic F-127 [both from Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, and stored as stock solutions in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)]. Both the loading (15 min) and AM-ester cleavage steps (at least 15 min) were performed at room temperature. Images were acquired (sample rate 0.33–1 Hz) on a DeltaVision deconvolution microscopy system. Filter sets appropriate for FITC were used. For the imaging studies, tetrodotoxin (TTX; 300 nM, Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO) was included in the bath solution to eliminate any spontaneous action potential firing, which might cause a rise in intracellular Ca2+ due to Ca2+ influx. Caffeine solutions were freshly dissolved in the physiological buffer solution each day and were applied by bath perfusion for ∼60 s.
Regions of interest corresponding to the cytoplasm of the neurons were selected from the raw image files, and average brightness over time plots were generated. Files were corrected for variations in lamp intensity (recorded by a diode simultaneously with image acquisition). The data sets were then corrected for dye bleaching using a single- or double-exponential decay algorithm and normalized to this decay curve to give the fluo 3 fluorescence ratio, as shown in Fig. 1. Because caffeine often induced multiple Ca2+ transients, all of the caffeine-induced peaks in the fluo 3 fluorescence ratio were integrated over time. Integrating the Ca2+ transients was considered more appropriate than simply measuring the peak amplitude of the increase in fluo 3 signal (Fig. 1). All corrections and integrations were performed with Microcal Origin 7.0 (Northampton, MA).
Electrophysiological recordings.
Recordings were made from neurons 24 h after dissociation. All experiments were conducted at 33–34°C, with the temperature maintained by an in-line heater (Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT). Whole cell currents were recorded under voltage-clamp conditions using the perforated patch configuration of the patch-clamp recording technique (8), as described in our laboratory's prior studies (14, 26). Cells were superfused with a HEPES-buffered salt solution (extracellular solution) composed of (in mM) 121 NaCl, 26 Na-HEPES, 5.9 KCl, 1.2 MgCl2, and 2.5 CaCl2 (pH 7.36). In some experiments, cells were bathed in a Ca2+-deficient solution in which the Ca2+ was replaced by magnesium or a Na+-deficient solution in which Na+ was replaced by N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMG). TTX (300 nM) was added to block voltage-dependent Na+ channels. Patch pipettes were backfilled with a CsAsp/CsCl recording solution containing 140 mM aspartic acid, 30 mM CsCl, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM MgCl2, and 0.2 mg/ml amphotericin B (pH 7.15–7.20 with CsOH). Cesium was used in the pipette solution to block voltage-dependent K+ currents. Pipette resistances were 3–5 MΩ when pipettes were filled with the recording solution, and the electrode shanks were coated with dental wax to reduce electrode capacitance. Voltage commands were applied, and currents were recorded using the Axopatch 1-C amplifier coupled with the pCLAMP software (version 9.2) and the Digidata 1322A acquisition board (Axon Instruments, Union City, CA). The analog signal was filtered with a low-pass Bessel filter (2 kHz) and digitized at a sampling rate of 10 kHz for caffeine- and ionomycin-induced currents and 5 kHz for currents evoked by voltage steps. Recordings were stored on the hard drive of a personal computer.
Liquid-junction potentials existed between intracellular and extracellular solutions. The reported membrane potentials have not been corrected for these potentials.
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
Methods for determining transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) transcript levels were similar to those described in prior studies (29). Stellate ganglia were dissected under RNase-free conditions, and total RNA was extracted using Tri reagent (Sigma). The total RNA quantity for each ganglion was determined with a Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Nanodrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE). One microgram of RNA per sample was used to synthesize complementary DNA with the M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (Promega, Madison WI) and a mix of oligo(dT) and random hexamer primers. Amplified stellate DNA product from specific primers was ligated into pCR2.1 TOPO using TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) to generate plasmid standards. The nucleotide sequences of the inserts were verified by automated fluorescent dideoxy dye terminator sequencing (Vermont Cancer Center DNA Analysis Facility). Amplification of the guinea pig cDNA templates was performed using HotStart IT SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (US Biochemical) with the following primers: TrpC-1 sense: 5′-TCTATGATAAAGGGTATACACCA-3′; TrpC-1 antisense: 5′-AAGCACGATGACAACCACAACAT-3′; TRPC-3 sense: 5-AACTCTGCTTTTACCACTGTAGAAGAAA-3′; TRPC-3 antisense: 5′-GATCATATTTAAGCACAACTGAAGTCACT; TRPC-4 sense: 5′-GGCATACGATGTGAAAAGCAGA-3′; TRPC-4 antisense: 5′-AGCCCAAATATTGACCAAAACAGT-3′; TrpC-5 sense: 5′-TTTAGACTCCTCAGATGATGT-3′; TrpC5 antisense: 5′-TTGTTCTTCCTGTCCATCA-3′; TrpC6 sense: 5-CACGTCCGCATCATCCTCAATTTC-3; TRPC6 antisense: 5-CGAGGTGCAAAGTACAACCCA-3.
All drugs were obtained from commercial sources: thapsigargin (1 μm), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA; 10 μM) and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 1 μM) from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA); pluronic F-127 and fluo 3-AM from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR); TTX (300 nM) from Tocris; ionomycin, pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2, 4-disulfonic acid (PPADS) (10 μM) and caffeine (10 mM) from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Thapsigargin, CPA, PMA, fluo 3-AM, and pluronic F-127 were diluted each day from frozen aliquots of concentrated DMSO stock solutions. For a vehicle control, DMSO was added at the final concentration to the control solution. All drugs were added to the extracellular solution and applied by gravity flow perfusion.
Data analysis.
Data are reported as means ± SE. Statistical significance of responses to different concentrations of caffeine was determined by ANOVA. The χ2 analysis was used to determine if the frequency of cells with ASTICs was statistically different between control and test conditions. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Caffeine elicits a concentration-dependent elevation of intracellular Ca2+.
Caffeine can elicit release of Ca2+ from ryanodine-sensitive internal stores in guinea pig sympathetic neurons dissociated from the stellate ganglia (12). We used caffeine in this study as a tool to test whether a rise in [Ca2+]i, which was due to the release of Ca2+ from ryanodine/caffeine-sensitive internal stores, could elicit ASTICs. To determine the appropriate caffeine concentration to use, experiments were done to establish the concentration dependence of the caffeine-induced change in [Ca2+]i in the dissociated guinea pig stellate neurons.
Measurements of the fluorescence ratio (F/Fo) of the Ca2+ sensitive dye fluo 3 were used to determine the concentration dependence for the caffeine-induced change in [Ca2+]i in the dissociated stellate neurons (Fig. 1A). Different cells from multiple dissociations were challenged with 5, 10, or 20 mM caffeine (a single concentration for each cell), and the fluo 3 F/Fo was determined. The averaged caffeine-induced increase in F/Fo was concentration dependent, with the caffeine-induced increase in F/Fo smaller at 5 mM than with either 10 or 20 mM (Fig. 1B). As reported previously, the pattern of the caffeine response differed between cells. In some cells, a single caffeine-induced Ca2+ transient rose quickly and declined, whereas, in other cells, multiple Ca2+ transients were produced (Fig. 1A). Because multiple peaks were noted in many cells, we integrated F/Fo over time to quantify the rise in Ca2+ (Fig. 1A). Given that the averaged results suggested 10 mM caffeine elicited a maximum rise in [Ca2+]i, this concentration was chosen for subsequent experiments.
Caffeine elicited both a slow inward current and ASTICs.
Application of 10 mM caffeine for 30–60 s could elicit two different types of inward current in cells held at −60 mV. In ∼85% of the neurons, a caffeine-induced slow inward current (SIC) was produced. This current generally peaked within 1–6 s and lasted <15 s (Fig. 2A). In 33% of cells that responded to caffeine, a second SIC was recorded either just before or shortly after the caffeine application was terminated (data not shown). In ∼40% of the cells, caffeine also elicited much faster and briefer inward currents, which were superimposed on the SIC (Fig. 2A). These transient inward currents were similar in time course to the ATP-generated ASTICs described previously (26). Caffeine could elicit both SICs and ASTICs in cells that were bathed in a Ca2+-deficient solution in which Mg2+ was substituted for Ca2+ (Fig. 2B). Thus both of these currents were initiated by a caffeine-induced rise in [Ca2+]i caused by the release of Ca2+ from internal stores and did not require Ca2+ influx.
Na+ influx contributes to the generation of both SICs and ASTICs.
Previously, Tompkins and Parsons (26) demonstrated that Na+ influx through an ATP-gated cationic channel was required for generation of ASTICs in cells voltage clamped to negative potentials. We tested whether the caffeine-activated SICs also were dependent on Na+ influx. To test the potential involvement of Na+ influx, caffeine was applied to cells maintained in a Na+-deficient solution in which the Na+ was replaced in the bath solution by NMG. No SICs or ASTICs were recorded during a 30-s exposure to caffeine in seven cells voltage clamped to −60 mV and bathed in the Na+-deficient solution.
PPADS blocks the caffeine-induced ASTICs, but not the SICs.
Tompkins and Parsons (26) reported that exposure to 10 μM PPADS essentially eliminated ASTICs, indicating that these transient inward currents were mediated by the activation of P2X receptors. In the present study, we tested whether PPADS would also block the caffeine-induced SICs, as well as the caffeine-induced ASTICs.
Cells were perfused with bath solution containing 10 μM PPADS for ∼3 min, and then the solution was switched to one containing PPADs plus 10 mM caffeine for 60 s. Caffeine stimulated SICs in 7 of 10 cells tested. However, caffeine did not elicit ASTICs in any of the cells pretreated with PPADS. The lack of ASTICs in PPAD-pretreated cells was significantly different than that found in control cells (ASTICS in 5 of 12 control cells, no ASTICS in 10 PPAD-treated cells, χ2 = 5.39, P < 0.05). These results indicate that the caffeine-induced SICs appear to be generated by a mechanism independent of P2X receptor activation and confirm that ASTICs activated during caffeine application are also mediated by P2X receptor activation.
PMA does not potentiate SIC or ASTIC initiation by caffeine.
Phorbol esters, such as PMA, are known to enhance transmitter release in a variety of preparations (13). In our laboratory's initial report, we demonstrated that, during PMA exposure, the frequency of ASTICs evoked by ionomycin increased significantly (26). As part of the present study, we tested whether PMA would enhance ASTIC generation evoked by 10 mM caffeine. Cells were pretreated with 1 μM PMA for 2 min and then perfused with a solution containing 10 mM caffeine and 1 μM PMA for 60 s. In companion control experiments, caffeine was applied to cells exposed to DMSO, the vehicle for PMA.
PMA treatment did not affect SIC or ASTIC generation by caffeine, as determined by χ2 analysis. In 10 cells treated only with DMSO, caffeine elicited a SIC in all cells tested, and ASTICs accompanied the SIC in 4 of the 10 cells. Caffeine evoked a SIC in seven of eight cells pretreated with PMA, and in four of these seven, ASTICs were evident.
The activation of ASTICs by ionomycin requires external Ca2+, but not release of Ca2+ from internal stores.
In our laboratory's previous study, we demonstrated that ASTIC frequency was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ (26). During experiments in which ASTICs were activated by ionomycin application, ASTIC frequency was enhanced when the external Ca2+ concentration was elevated. When external Ca2+ was replaced by Mg2+, ASTIC generation ceased. It has been suggested that ionomycin raises intracellular Ca2+ by first depleting Ca2 from intracellular stores, which, in turn, stimulates store-operated Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane (15). Two different experimental protocols were used in the present study to determine whether the ionomycin-induced initiation of ASTICs required an initial phase of Ca2+ release from internal stores followed by Ca2+ influx. In the first series of experiments, we bathed the cells for 5 min in a Ca2+-deficient solution that contained 3 μM ionomycin, and in which the Mg2+ had been substituted for Ca2+. During a 5- to 6-min exposure to ionomycin in the Ca2+-deficient solution, there was no increase in ASTIC activity above that seen before exposure to the ionophore (Fig. 3A). When the bath solution was changed to the control solution containing 2.5 mM Ca2+ and 3 μM ionomycin, ASTICs were initiated within 30–60 s. When the ionomycin-containing solution bathing the cell was changed back to the Ca2+-deficient solution, ASTIC activity quickly ceased again (Fig. 3A). Thus the presence of Ca2+ in the bathing solution was required for the stimulation of ASTICs by ionomycin. Identical results were obtained in three cells.
We also noted that, when external Ca2+ was present, a −5- to −30-pA change in the holding current commonly developed during the ionomycin treatment. This shift in holding current was not observed when ionomycin was applied in the Ca2+-deficient solution. Although not studied further, we suggest that the Ca2+-dependent inward shift in holding current that occurred during ionomycin treatment might result from activation of a current similar to the SIC, which is activated by the caffeine-induced transient rise in Ca2+.
A second series of experiments tested further whether Ca2+ released from internal stores was required for the ionomycin-induced initiation of ASTICs. Previously, our laboratory reported that exposure to 10 mM caffeine, along with 1 μM thapsigargin, quickly depleted internal ryanodine/caffeine-sensitive Ca2+ stores (12), which did not refill following treatment with thapsigargin, a potent inhibitor of the SERCA pump (25). In the present study, we used caffeine/thapsigargin pretreatment to deplete the intracellular Ca2+ stores, and then tested whether ionomycin treatment could stimulate ASTIC activity. First, cells were exposed to caffeine and thapsigargin for 2–5 min, followed by a solution containing 3 μM ionomycin and 1 μM thapsigargin. The results presented in Fig. 4B are representative of results from 8 of 10 cells tested and demonstrate that ionomycin initiated ASTIC activity in cells depleted of their caffeine/ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ stores. In the other two cells, ASTICs were recorded at a low frequency throughout the recording, even before caffeine and thapsigargin or ionomycin was applied. No obvious increase in ASTIC frequency was detected after ionomycin application in these two cells.
The generation of ASTICs by depolarizing voltage steps does not require Ca2+ release from internal stores.
Our laboratory also demonstrated in our previous study that initiation of ASTICs occurs in response to depolarizing voltage steps that activate VDCCs to allow Ca2+ influx (26). Ca2+ influx through VDCCs also can initiate Ca2+ release from internal stores by a CICR mechanism in the dissociated guinea pig stellate neurons (12). Furthermore, the rise in Ca2+ concentration near the inner surface of the plasma membrane due to CICR activates a membrane conductance, which regulates excitability (12). Depletion of ryanodine/caffeine-sensitive stores disrupted the CICR-induced modulation of excitability (12). In the present study, we hypothesized that a rise in [Ca2+]i due to CICR might be required along with Ca2+ influx for the initiation of somatic ATP release during voltage steps. Thus we tested whether depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ suppressed the generation of ASTICs initiated by depolarizing voltage steps (26).
The following protocol was used in the experiments. A series of depolarizing steps, either 250 or 500 ms in duration, were applied from a holding potential of −80 to 0 mV to activate VDCCs before and following pharmacological-induced depletion of the internal Ca2+ stores. Two different drug treatments were used to deplete the internal Ca2+ stores: pretreatment with 10 mM caffeine and 1 μM thapsigargin (2 cells), or pretreatment with 10 mM caffeine and 10 μM CPA (3 cells). With thapsigargin treatment, the thapsigargin remained in the bath for 10–15 min and then was washed out before the voltage steps were applied. The recordings were made after removing thapsigargin to avoid any possible inhibition of Ca2+ currents by thapsigargin. When CPA was used, it remained in the bath when the second series of depolarizing steps was made. With the depolarizing steps, the inward current generated during the step was followed by a large tail current, when the voltage was returned to the holding potential (19). Both before and following the drug treatment, ASTICs were superimposed on the decay phase of the tail current and after the current had ended (Fig. 4). In all five cells, the apparent frequency of ASTICs was similar before and after depletion of the internal Ca2+ stores.
Guinea pig stellate ganglia express multiple TRPC channel transcripts.
Members of the canonical TRPC channel family are thought to form nonselective cation channels, which can be activated by multiple mechanisms, including a rise in intracellular Ca2+ (2, 18). Consequently, we established using RT-PCR what transcripts for TRPC channels are present in extracts of the guinea pig stellate ganglia. As shown in Fig. 5, transcripts for multiple TRPC channels are expressed by the guinea pig stellate neurons. Thus the combination of TRPC channels is a possible candidate for the nonselective cation channel activated to give rise to the SIC.
The key result of the present study is that CICR is not required for the generation of ASTICs, even though a caffeine-induced release of Ca2+ from internal stores can elicit both SICs and ASTICs in dissociated sympathetic neurons voltage-clamped at negative potentials. Rather, we suggest that a rise in [Ca2+]i due to Ca2+ influx, either through activated VDCCs or via transport across the plasma membrane by ionomycin, is the primary mechanism for somatic release of ATP in the dissociated stellate neurons under the different conditions of the present study. Similar to the ASTICs, the tail currents that followed long depolarizing steps remained after depletion of internal Ca2+ stores, indicating they too were not dependent on CICR.
It has been suggested that ionomycin raises [Ca2+]i by releasing Ca2+ from internal stores, which, in turn, activates store-operated Ca2+ entry (4, 15). Ionomycin also can act as a mobile Ca2+ ionophore (4). The present study was not designed to investigate the mechanism by which ionomycin increased [Ca2+]i. However, any initial ionomycin-induced release of Ca2+ from internal stores apparently did not raise [Ca2+]i sufficiently to initiate SICs or ASTICs when external Ca2+ was replaced by Mg2+. In contrast, 10 mM caffeine, which consistently stimulated Ca2+ release from internal stores, also stimulated SICs and ASTICs.
Although measured in different cells under different conditions, there were many similarities in the properties of the caffeine-induced rise in [Ca2+]i and the SICs generated by caffeine. First, caffeine elicited a rise in global Ca2+ and generated a SIC in a comparable percentage of cells. In addition, caffeine elicited multiple Ca2+ transients in 50% of cells tested, whereas 33% of the voltage-clamped cells exposed to caffeine elicited more than one SIC. Third, caffeine could initiate SICs (this study) and could elicit a rise in [Ca2+]i in a Ca2+-deficient solution, which Mg2+ was substituted for Ca2+ in the external solution (12). Thus both types of caffeine response could be generated by release of Ca2+ from internal stores.
Previously, Tompkins and Parsons (26) found that, during exposure to PMA, ionomycin-induced ASTIC generation was increased. Ionomycin was used in the prior study to stimulate ASTIC generation to avoid any potential effects of PMA on VDCCs. In the present study, we found that PMA had no noticeable effect on SIC or ASTIC generation by caffeine. The lack of potentiation of caffeine-induced ASTIC generation by PMA quite likely is due to differences in the time course of the change in intracellular Ca2+ generated by ionomycin vs. caffeine. During exposure to ionomycin, intracellular Ca2+ rises and remains elevated for the duration of exposure. ASTIC activity is initiated, gradually reaches a steady-state level, and then remains roughly constant over the duration of ionomycin exposure. Under these conditions, ASTIC activity was increased during exposure to PMA. In contrast, caffeine evokes a transient elevation of [Ca2+]i. We suggest that the duration of Ca2+ elevation was too brief for PMA to significantly enhance ASTIC generation. Phorbol ester treatment also is suggested to enhance neuronal clearance of cytosolic Ca2+ (28). This latter action could potentially shorten the duration of the caffeine-evoked Ca2+ transient and counteract any potentiating effect on ASTIC generation.
We suggest that the caffeine-induced SIC, the tail current elicited by depolarizing steps, and the small inward shift in holding current during ionomycin application (when Ca2+ was present) most likely represent a nonselective cation current activated by a rise in [Ca2+]i. Both the tail current and SIC were recorded in cells treated with PPADs, suggesting that neither results from the activation of P2X receptors by ATP. Previously, Tompkins and Parsons (26) demonstrated that the tail current was Ca2+ dependent, not being present when barium (Ba2+) replaced Ca2+ as the charge carrier traversing activated VDCCs. In addition, the tail current was either not present or greatly reduced in amplitude when NMG was substituted for external Na+, but remained in a chloride-deficient solution (J. D. Tompkins and R. L. Parsons, unpublished observations). We show here that the SIC was not seen in the Na+-deficient solution. Thus both the SIC and the tail current are activated by a rise in [Ca2+]i and require Na+ influx in cells voltage-clamped to negative potentials. The inward shift in holding current was only apparent during ionomycin application in the Ca2+-containing solution.
Subunits of the canonical TRPC channel family are suggested to comprise a number of nonselective cation channels, which can be activated by variable mechanisms (18). It was considered plausible that members of this cation channel family, some of which can be activated by rise in intracellular Ca2+, might form the ionic pathway responsible for generation of the SIC. RT-PCR analysis indicated that multiple TRPC channel transcripts are present in extracts of guinea pig stellate ganglia. The TRPC channel transcript expression indentified for the guinea pig stellate neurons is similar to that found previously for rat superior cervical ganglia (1). Future studies, which are outside of the scope of this study, need to focus on a potential role of TRPC channels in SIC generation.
Previously, Tompkins and Parsons (26) noted that depolarizing steps elicited ASTICs and a tail current when Ca2+ was the charge carrier through activated VDCCs. In contrast, only ASTICs, but not the tail current, were recorded when Ba2+ replaced Ca2+ in the bath solution. This suggests that the ionic selectivity of the "Ca2+ sensor," which gates ASTIC generation, is different from that gating the depolarization-activated tail current. ASTICs and the tail current also were recorded when Ca2+ was replaced by strontium (Sr2+) (J. D. Tompkins and R. L. Parsons, unpublished observation), indicating that Ca2+ and Sr2+, but not Ba2+, can activate the underlying putative nonselective cation conductance suggested to be responsible for the depolarization-activated tail current.
In a number of neurons, CICR is known to contribute to the rise in Ca2+ that supports neurotransmitter and/or neuropeptide release from active zones in nerve terminals or from ectopic release sites (5, 23, 30). In some instances, there is a critical need for a CICR-induced rise in [Ca2+]i to support release. For example, the somatodendritic release of dopamine from neurons in the substantia nigra is greatly enhanced by Ca2+ released from both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor and ryanodine receptor-sensitive endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores (16). However, the need for Ca2+ release from internal stores to support somatodendritic dopamine release appears to be species dependent, as pharmacological depletion of internal Ca2+ stores did not affect somatodendritic dopamine release in slices of mouse midbrain (6). In contrast, data obtained in the present study demonstrate that CICR is not a requisite for somatic quantal ATP release from dissociated guinea pig sympathetic stellate neurons under the conditions of the present experiments. Thus, although these neurons have a demonstrated CICR mechanism, the rise in [Ca2+]i due to this mechanism is not required for quantal ATP release. The differing requirements for the participation of Ca2+ release from internal stores in different neurons indicate that mechanisms regulating somatic transmitter release very likely are specific to each neuron type.
Both Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release from internal stores can initiate ASTIC generation. However, from comparison of the prior work of Tompkins and Parsons (26) and results of the present study, it would appear that ASTIC generation may be more effectively initiated by Ca2+ influx, suggesting Ca2+ elevation in local domains may be important in regulating the somatic release of ATP. This question cannot be answered with the imaging techniques used in the present study. Rather, elucidation of changes in local domains vs. global elevations in the activation of ATP release requires more sophisticated imaging approaches such as total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, a technique used previously to analyze Ca2+ domains, and changes in cytosolic Ca2+ in astrocytes (21, 22).
Conclusions and physiological relevance.
ATP is a key signaling molecule in both the CNS and peripheral nervous system (3). Although known for some time to be involved in classical neurotransmission, ATP now is thought also to mediate communication between neurons and adjacent nonneural cells. This was initially suggested for neuron to glial cell signaling in the CNS, but recent studies document ATP signaling between neurons and glial cells in the enteric nervous system (7). ATP can be released from the soma of dissociated DRGs, an observation suggesting that ATP might mediate local communication between sensory neurons and satellite cells (31). Likewise, somatic release of ATP within autonomic ganglia could be a signaling mechanism between adjacent neurons or nonneural cells. The potential somatic release of ATP within intact sympathetic ganglia needs to be investigated in future studies.
Results reported in this paper were obtained using multiuser research core facilities supported by National Center for Research Resources Grant 1 P20 RR-016435.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the author(s).
- Copyright © 2010 the American Physiological Society


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Work samples
Community service
Records, pictures, or displays of accomplishmentsWhat Should a Career Portfolio Contain?
You will complete basic application form that can be used as a reference for all those hard to remember facts:
You will create a "standard" cover letter that can be used:
Your portfolio should multiple copies of your "Traditional Resume"
Which will be a summary of your:
Do not use: Friends, Relatives, or any one under the age of 21 years!
At least one letter of recommendation from an Instructor, Guidance Counselor, Employer, Community Service, Youth Leader, or Minister
If you lack work experience these can be a very valuable tool. Please be thoughtful in asking for these!
In the spring each of you will prepare for and be interviewed by a professional from your CTE field.
The review of that interview, with preparation and hard work, will be a positive reflection on you!
Tell who you are, by what you do!
Capture your best work on these pages:
Sexual Harassment School?
Interest Inventory
Career Awareness
Job Searching
Cover Letters
Ready for Work?
Portfolio Development
Interviewing Skills
Dressing for Success
Mock Interviews
Portfolio Reviews and RatingsCareer Seminar Certificates of Attendance
Note: Student Award and Certificates are often lost as quickly as they are handed out! Save these! Especially any awards that reflect you abilities as an employee- such as:
These students raised elk and visited area elementary classes to tell about their experiences and answer questions.
These Students took part in an mock simulation of a bus accident with area EMT's, Firefighters and Police. Moments caught on camera can tell of the student's commitment and understand of crisis management.
Each day you may be accomplishing wonderful examples for your portfolio–
Take this time to brainstorm with your neighbor what they may be!
Record our list of examples in your portfolio binder!
Great Work!

subset: commoncrawl


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LightStim is a handheld LED device that delivers low intensity light energy similar to a process called plant photosynthesis whereby plants absorb light energy from the sun.
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If you stick with it for a few months you will see some results. However, don't expect Lightslim to smooth out wrinkles and increase collagen production. However, LED light therapy has been shown to improve skin tone and texture with continued use. In recent clinical studies, LightStim has shown to improve skin elasticity. This just hasn't been our experience.
LightStim can be used anywhere on the face, neck, chest, hands, arms, back legs. LightStim claims to "reduce and eliminate fine lines and wrinkles, restore your skins youthful appearance and stimulate the production of collagen and elastin." LightStim is approved by the FDA for the treatment of periorbital wrinkle (think crow's feet). In our experience, LED devices are ineffective in promoting collagen production or smoothing our wrinkles.
We have been using led devices for over two decades and have seen little or no results from very sophisticated devices that cost hundreds of times more than LightStin and operated by qualified cosmetic physicians. This makes us sceptical about what a small handheld LED device can achieve. We have, however, found LED devices to be quite useful in refining pores, softening scarring and promoting an even texture.
Therefore, we encourage regular use of LED devices as part of your skin care routine. LightStim can be purchase directly through lightstim.com, Ulta, QVC, SkinStore, Blissword, Macy's, Nordstrom, Dermstore, Ebay and Amazon. We suggest looking at the retailers money back guarantee policy before making a purchase. LightStim has numerous media mentions, including write ups in Elle, NewBeauty, InStyle, Self, Extra, Redbook, NewBeauty, The Talk and Departures. There are no side effects, downtime or pain associated with LightStim treatments. There are three unique handpeices that each target a specific issue. The orange handpiece has been designed to target Fine Lines and Wrinkle. The blue handpiece has been specifically developed to target acne breakouts. The red handpiece has been developed to target inflammation. We have concentrated on the red handiece as part of our LightStim review, We may review other LightStim products but for now we are focusing on anti aging solutions. LightStim is priced between $199 and $249.
Our review leads us to conclude that LightStim is a good tool to help improve skin tone. Thank you for taking the time to read our review of LightStim. I'd love to know what you think about LightStim. Please feel free to share your LightStim review below. Hope you enjoy LightStim, if you buy it.
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Jimmy Ruffin - Motowns Greatest Hits (Music CD)
Shipping Destinations for this item
Sorry, this product is currently unavailable.
Track Listings
1. What Becomes Of The Brokenhearted
2. Baby I've Got It
3. I've Passed This Way Before
4. Gonna Give Her All The Love I've Got
5. World So Wide Nowhere To Hide
6. Don't You Miss Me A Little Bit Baby
7. Everybody Needs Love
8. It's Wonderful (To Be Loved By You)
9. Gonna Keep On Tryin' Till I Win Your Love
10. This Guy's In Love With You
11. Farewell Is A Lonely Sound
12. Stand By Me - Ruffin, Jimmy & David
13. As Long As There Is LOVE Love
14. Sad And Lonesome Feeling
15. I'll Say Forever My Love
16. Don't Let Him Take Your Love From Me
17. Maria (You Were The Only One)
18. Living In A World I Created For Myself
19. Let's Say Goodbye Tomorrow
20. He Ain't Heavy (He's My Brother) - Ruffin, Jimmy & David
For more information and our Delivery Policy see here.
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When an image is scaled, each individual pixel is squashed or stretched, and if scaled in only one direction, rather than proportionally, the image is distorted. Content-aware scaling attempts to analyze the image, based on user-specified criteria, and preserve areas of detail. Content-aware scaling can be applied to RGB, CMYK, and gray-scale images. It doesn't work on layer masks, adjustment layers, 3-D layers, or Smart Objects.
This feature works the same in Adobe Photoshop CS6 and CC versions.
Take our Introduction to Photoshop Creative Cloud (CC) Training course for free.See the Course Outline and Register
Kate Cahill is a graphic designer, writer, and creative director who has developed content for print and web. As creative director, she has produced award-winning work for agencies focused on the pharmaceutical and health and beauty aid industries. She has also served as production manager, with responsibility for the successful fulfillment of long-run print contracts. Kate has been delivering training for Webucator clients since 2010. Her enthusiasm for cutting-edge technology, combined with hands-on practical experience, brings an added benefit to her classes. Kate teaches real-world techniques and integration of Adobe software, as well as Microsoft PowerPoint, to produce a fully developed and cohesive brand identity.


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Fhemie E.
Olongapo, Philippines, 2200
Joined on February, 2011
Gender: Female
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EducationA.B. Masscommunication
ExperienceComputer Literate
HobbiesI like reading and watching movies and television specially korean dramas.
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|17 Nov 2011
Problems after installation on a SSD
I had to install Win XP Pro first and then upgrade in order to keep my activation.
I didn't do anything special about partition. There is a possibility that partition wasn't aligned optimally.
For 2 months, I experienced quite a handful of anomalies. A lot of chkdsk requests on starting. Then, problems with slow Office 2010 specially Access. The windows of W7 features (optionalfeatures.exe) was blank (solved) and then yesterday Windows Media Center quit working, no matter I followed various instructions on internet.
So I am on the verge of reinstalling AGAIN. 3rd time.
I read that I should be using DISKPART to clean and redo the partition.
How do exactly I proceed? Can I do it directly from a commsnf windows (with admin privileges) from my W7 before I put back my Win XP Pro installation CD? Or do I have to put that utility on a CD/DVD/USB or even my 2nd hard drive?
I read a few versions (not always precise) on internet but I the partition part is still very nebulous to me. I tried LIST DISK in DISPART mode (from my current installation) and here is the result.
DISKPART> list disk
Disk ### Status Size Free Dyn Gpt
-------- ------------- ------- ------- --- ---
Disk 0 Online 111 GB 10 MB
Disk 1 Online 232 GB 1024 KB
|My System Specs
|17 Nov 2011
You do not need to install XP to use Win7 Upgrade version.
Follow these steps to get a perfect reinstall and maintain it perfectly: Reinstalling Windows 7
There is no need to wipe the HD unless you have installation problems requiring the boot sector to be cleared. You can use Custom Install>Drive Options to delete partitions on your SSD, create New, Format and begin install, or just select the SSD and click Next and the installer will create and format your partition.
|My System Specs
|17 Nov 2011
The 1st time I did what you said. Could never activate it. This is when I decided to reinstall XP first and then upgrade to W7. Activation worked again.
|My System Specs
|17 Nov 2011
If any OS is on the HD when you boot Win7 to install, it will see it to pass a flag allowing use of Upgrade version key.
If no OS is on the HD you'll need to leave the Product Key blank during install, then afterwards do the quick registry edit here to activate Upgrade version: Clean Install with a Upgrade Windows 7 Version
You should have checked back if/when you had activation problems so we could help you through them. You can always use phone activation as a last resort: How To Activate Windows 7 by Phone Step-by-Step Guide
|My System Specs
|18 Nov 2011
If any OS is on the HD when you boot Win7 to install, it will see it to pass a flag allowing use of Upgrade version key.
If no OS is on the HD you'll need to leave the Product Key blank during install, then afterwards do the quick registry edit here to activate Upgrade version: Clean Install with a Upgrade Windows 7 Version
You should have checked back if/when you had activation problems so we could help you through them. You can always use phone activation as a last resort: How To Activate Windows 7 by Phone Step-by-Step Guide
Here is the result of my LIST PARTITION of my SSD drive using DISPART;
DISKPART> list partition
Partition ### Type Size Offset
------------- ---------------- ------- -------
Partition 1 Primary 100 MB 1024 KB
Partition 0 Extended 111 GB 103 MB
Partition 2 Logical 111 GB 103 MB
|My System Specs
|18 Nov 2011
Windows 7 Pro x64 -- PCLinuxOS KDE4 FullMonty 2011
It's hard to know what advice to give if your system specs are not filled out.
You have a ssd. It has a reserved partition & two others. How did that happen? Does it have a recovery partition??????
System specs!
|My System Specs
|18 Nov 2011
Looks OK to me. The boot partition shows 1024KB offset, which is what you want.
|My System Specs
|18 Nov 2011
|My System Specs
|18 Nov 2011
It's certainly OK to have a boot partition, an extended, and a logical. The logical is inside the extended.
You are limited to 4 primary partitions, but if you use an extended partition (like you have), then you can have a dozen partitions or more inside the extended partition---not sure what the absolute upper limit is.
But you don't really need to use an extended partition if you are only going to have 3 partitions total. You could just have 3 regular primary partitions. It doesn't really matter.
Just realized that I don't think you can install Windows in a logical partition.
So, I'd redo things, and get rid of that extended/logical setup.
You CAN use extended/logical for your personal data, but I don't think you can install Windows in a logical.
I stand to be corrected on that.
The most common setup on a 120 GB SSD would be to have a single primary partition for Windows, along with that little 100 MB boot partition that it likes to make.
|My System Specs
|18 Nov 2011
You can install Win7 to the Logical within the Extended partition (which allows for more logicals as needed), as long as the 100mb System Reserved partition is Primary since that's where the System boot files are placed?
Have you already installed Win7? If so, post back a screenshot of your maximized Disk Management drive map with listings showing all columns.
If not, then follow the steps given here to get a perfect clean reinstall based on thousands done here: Reinstalling Windows 7
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
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Five irritating things about staying with my inlaws(182 Posts)
MNHQ have commented on this thread.
Sigh. Am four days into a visit to the PILs and am at the point of maximum irritation. They are lovely people, and I realise I am very lucky not to have married into one of the toxic families I read about on here, but nonetheless every visit results in my inevitable descent into tetchy madness by about this point. So for the purposes of catharsis, here are just some of the minor annoyances which are currently elevating my blood pressure:
1. They live in a three-bedroom house, but due to a moderate-level hoarding tendency, only their bedroom actually contains a usable bed. Me and DH have to sleep on a sofa bed downstairs, which is completely open plan. No privacy, no space to put any stuff, and the hum of the fridge all night. Just this lack of a cave to retreat to when it all gets too much is enough to make me a bit stabby by day two.
2. MIL serves up exactly the same meal every night, just with different meat at varying levels of cremation. She started boiling the veg thirty minutes ago and it isn't done yet. I would offer to cook but the kitchen is a total nightmare due to the aforementioned hoarding.
3. The shower is lukewarm and dribbly.
4. No mirrors, anywhere. Probably for the best as I am in dire need of a proper hot shower.
5. I'm made to feel like some kind of weirdo for wanting a glass of water with my dinner (or indeed at any time - tea is offered at 20 minute intervals from breakfast until bedtime). I have to drink my water from a mug because they appear to have no tumblers, despite their kitchen cupboards being stuffed with every other conceivable object known to man.
Thank fuck we are going home tomorrow. Anyone else want to vent about the small things that make you want to murder your relatives?
As we are just about to visit MY family and I will feel appropriately guilty, I will take this opportunity to talk about HIS family.
1) Dribbly shower? Pfft. My ILS DO NOT HAVE a shower. Furthermore, they have a small boiler so I have to wash in a few inches of water.
2) They have twin beds of DIFFERENT heights pushed up against each other for us, and the lower one is sunken and the higher up one is super firm. We both cuddle fiercely in the night on the higher up bed trying not to fall out, under SINGLE sized blankets.
3) Although the house is clean, they are old, and I come across things they've missed, a hair in something, a smudge on my glass. I'm squeamish about this stuff. I am well behaved about it but I usually end up losing some weight because of not being hungry or wanting a further drink.
4) I'm not that educated about wine but I know how to choose something I'll enjoy, and it's more often than not NOT stuff from the 70's. They in turn are very kind and try to buy what I like, they get it wrong, and then we sit there drinking something none of us likes out of politeness. It took me years to get them back to buying the 70's stuff that they at least will enjoy and meanwhile I have turned to pale ales!
But can I really complain? My family? Hell, some are religious zealots who are similar to Mennonites and speak to OH about going to hell. Others are, perhaps unsurprisingly, Hell's Angels. The ones in the middle are ok but we have to sleep on the floor. Luckily the dog with the weak bladder has died since we were last there.
I'm stuck home with a cold today and this thread has entertained me no end. Might as well add my own gripes...
My MIL is quite a feisty, opinionated old hippie type. Quite an interesting person, really, though totally different from me. We've always got along fine, but I think that's because of a mutual "must get along with this person!" kind of attitude and lots of polite talk about weather etc. These days we go to a B&B when we go over, but from past visits and daytime visits my issues are...
1. Smoking in the house. Not just cigarettes either, but weed. This is actually my only big issue. I have asthma so I can't stand it from the health point of view, and I really really don't want our clothes and stuff to stink of weed!
2. MIL is a vegetarian who never learnt to cook veggies. When she's by herself she lives on tea and toast, and when she cooks a dinner it's usually just a "soup" of water and overboiled, unseasoned veggies. I don't understand how she doesn't starve, the poor thing. We get sneaky 2nd dinners later after one of hers.
3. Constant moaning about how everything in the world is horrible, especially politics and capitalism and the establishment etc. Everything is out to get you and we're all doomed. It just gets a bit tiring after a while. Smile and nod...
4. She's not very hygienic and there's a lot of general grime, dust, cat hair and ash everywhere at her place. She also doesn't allow anyone else to help with washing up or tidying. I'm resigned to it and bring my inhaler and just try not to think about it.
5. Just to continue the tea theme. I don't really like tea, which MIL can't get her head around at all. It's all very Mrs. Doyle with the fecking tea. I always end up drinking gallons of the stuff just to be nice.
Really she's actually very nice and I feel a bit guilty moaning. I'm sure she'd have a long list of things that annoy her about me and our house, too. We're just so different.
1. FIL won't eat fruit or veg and likes everything cooked to a cinder.
2. House smells of cigarettes.
3. FIL v tactile and I am not - hate it when he hugs me. My problem, not his.
Can't think of anything else, they are lovely
My parents:
Refuse to admit they are going deaf and TV always at top volume.
My mother is a cleaning obsessive and had endless, inflexible routines. She once demanded I get out of bed at 7 am, despite me having flu, so she could put my sheets in the wash. She would not take "No" for an answer.
My dad still treats me like a child, even though I am 45. He tells me off for such crimes as walking too loudly, for example.
They go to bed vv early and demand we do the same. One New Year's eve, they demanded we turn in at 7.30 pm.
1. The smell of smoke
2. The bathroom window opens into the conservatory so any relaxing in the conservatory is punctuated with noises!
3. Their right wing rantings about immigration, the death penalty, gay marriage to name but a couple
4. The house is kept clean almost OCD style but open any drawer or cupboard and they are full to overflowing with rubbish so we have nowhere to put anything
5. Mil's "cooking". Gammon or beef in gravy with dissolve in the mouth veg. That's it, every time we stay
I could go on..........
Oh my I'm bracing myself to visit the PILs at christmas. Fortunately SIL and her family live right next door so I'm working on hubby to stay with them!
1 - MIL believes that it is HER house and therefore she's free to go into the room we're in, looking at our belongings and shutting any windows I've opened (cos we both prefer it cooler).
2 - MIL believes that nobody could possibly be happy sitting reading by themselves. Oh No. They need to be "spoken to". Actually, make that "spoken AT".
3 - MIL is snappy and snarly and argumentative when she's stressed (which is all the time, cos FIL has Parkinsons and heart problems) and ends up driving us out of the house to get away from her, instead of letting us help her.
4 - Life revolves around cups of tea, buttered rolls and inedible meat and two veg type meals.
5 - Woe betide you if you crush a cushion, ruck a mat or drop a crumb on the floor. And books should always be kept on the shelf, even the one you're currently reading. Put it down to go for a wee, and it's on the shelf in seconds.
6 - MIL is, when relaxed, fun and funny and I hate seeing her stressed, but honestly, her behaviour was so bad last time we visited I almost came home alone after 2 days.
When PILs used to visit us (it's too far now that FIL is ill) we also had problems.
1 - We have an old back boiler in our old house. MIL would regularly empty the hot water tank (at least once a day) for a bath. Fine, but it was a bath that she'd stay in for less than 5 minutes. Grrrrrrrr. Eventually had to tell her that she couldn't do that and she'd have to shower like the rest of us, cos it was costing us a flaming fortune.
2 - They'd borrow my car when they were here (travelled by train here) and every single time, it would need work done afterwards. They'd burned out the brakes, or knocked the alignment out by bouncing of kerbs, or the windscreen wipers would suddenly not work. Grrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr.
3 - They were equally rough with our furniture and fittings. They broke our built-in fridge. Now this was inherited with the house and I'd never do it myself, but we can't afford to change it and they broke the door off the thing!! Grrrrrrr.
4 - FIL would commandeer the telly and have it on sports. All the time. Thank goodness for Sky + so I could record what WE wanted to see and watch it when they'd gone.
Lets face it, I neither like being a visitor nor a host. I'm antisocial!
When I visit MiL and SiL:
1) MiL smokes weed. I don't really care. However, when you choose to get stoned on Christmas Day then go to bed just before Christmas dinner is being served and then call down half-way through dinner for a ham sandwich your 'habit' becomes rather rude.
2) Being asked to lend them money within 2 hours of arriving. Every time.
3) Being fussy eaters. I can actually deal with that. What winds me up is assuming it's a family trait and telling me what the man I've lived with for 9 years does or doesn't eat and moaning at me for 'forcing' him to eat something which I know he likes but they think he doesn't because they don't.
4) Telly on all of the time. Sky + rules the roost. If you're enjoying a program but Sky + needs to record a different channel what you're enjoying is turned off and we all have to watch what's recording.
5) Having a go at me each time I give DS some fruit. It's really bad for his stomach, don't you know?
These are fab!
My in laws are lovely an they're local so we don't really stay over, however I could write a book about staying at my own mums. Top 5 gripes are -
1. She goes to bed at 9pm, which means she wakes up at 6am (despite having no job) and doesn't make an effort to be quiet. We stay in her extension when we go and she does housework first thing so were often awoken by the Hoover going at 6.30am. I've asked her to do it later so we can sleep and she pretty much says if we weren't so lazy and got up earlier it wouldn't be a problem.
2. Her dog is an arsehole. Hes mums henchman and he rule the roost, he has his own chair in the living room which were not allowed to kick him off (we have actually sat on the floor before when there's no seats and he's on the chair). He also gets fed steak most nights whilst mum eats beans on toast. And he's very whiny an clingy, me and DH joke that if he could talk he'd suck up to my mum and tell tales on us all the time like a little snitch! Lol!
3. Mum is utterly obsessed with what time we get up on a morning. Due to her habit in point 1 she considers anything past 8am a lie-in. She lives abroad so when were there we very much consider it a holiday and so we don't get up before we're ready. Usually no later than 9am, and we'll walk through to the main house and she'll sarcastically pipe up "good afternoon!". Once, years ago, we decided to have a long lie-in, then we laid in bed
shagging talking before we had showers and watched a bit of TV. So it was 1pm by the time we went to the main house and mum was extremely pissed off. The best thing was the henchman dog was also in a mood too and refused to even look at me for the rest of the day!
4. There's a tradition in my family where, if you make a mistake once, they'll assume you'll make the mistake again forevermore. So I was once late for a family do aged 17 and now with absolutely everything I'm told "don't be late again like LAST TIME because it's very rude you know!". Were always ready on time and my mum and stepdad are still faffing on. They when the faffing finally stops they say "come on, we need to go you know!"
5. Mum is very into etiquette and her and her faux-posh mates throw dinner parties and similar contrived events which we have to go to when were there. If we don't get the etiquette right - such as the amount of kisses on cheeks (really is one kiss even necessary with strangers?!) - she gives me the "disappointed" look. She has friends who were
pen pushers in the navy and there's a tradition that Navy folk have about port (the drink) - something about passing it around the table. I was meant to be psychic apparently and know the rules of this tradition as when someone passed me the port I placed it back down after pouring myself a glass (rather than giving it to the next person). For the way mum banged on about it you'd think I'd taken a dump in the middle of the table.
Just as an aside my MIL has a shit shower too. Maybe in the UK when your son marries your shower naturally knackers???
My ILs have to do everything together. Need some bread for breakfast? FIL about to get in the car to pop to the shop and get some, when MIL says "ooh, wait for me to have a shower, and I'll come with you". Really??? We just want some flipping bread and now we have to wait while you have a shower before you even go to the shop? Does he really need accompaniment to go the Co-op?!
Now ex mil canno literally cannot go any where outside the home for longer than an hour without stopping for a "little sandwich" She's a slave to her diabetes,which is type two,tablet only diabetes then proceeds to embarrass us in resteraunts by insisting on diabetic pudding then fucking eats all everyone else's sugar laden concoctions in front of the poor waiting staff that she has harangued for a good ten minutes about her special bloody diet.
Tiny meals and I mean tiny.Ive had food poisoning twice from the muck she has reserected from the depths of the freezer and served.
Oh and her cat is neurotic god help you if you upset the cat.
My children when they visit with their dad come home starving and laden down with charity shop shite.
Oh and she gives the children one pound pocket money and can t understand why they are puzzled.She is loaded and very very careful about spending money on anyone but herself.
I love this thread! Just one to add from me:
You are only allowed a drink at the allotted times. It doesn't matter if you are thirsty and have just driven 2 hours to see them, you need to wait another 45 minutes until FIL is putting the kettle on again which means you will then have another 30 minute wait whilst he carried out the most long winded routine of making a cup of tea ever!
You lot are talking about rubbish showers my pil didnt have a bathroom ,when we visited it was a quick wash in the kitchen sink and if i wanted a pee i had to ask fil to move out of the garage so i could us the toilolt he wasnt happy about this -he was a misserable old git
I think she buys her furniture from those dealers who do undersized stuff to make a room look bigger in photos. This is fine for her - she's under 5 foot tall. I'm 6ft, and DH is 6 6. It's like spending a week on primary school furniture, you've always got your knees around your ears.
Shower - I'd get wetter by going out in a light drizzle.
Tea - there is only one sort of tea, and only one way to make it - stewed to all hell, enough milk to make it the same colour as my pasty winter skin, and three sweeteners. Not sugar, sugar is evil and more deadly than heroin. Aspartame is fine though. No water, only poor people drink tap water, and bottled water is a rip-off. The alternative to tea is (really bad) red wine. I leave her house with either a raging hangover, or massive dehydration.
Goose fat potatoes are vegetarian, aren't they?
I habitually wake at 6am. I can't get up, move, or anything of that sort, or I'll wake the dog. The massively, massively, overindulged dog.
I love her dearly and I'm lucky to have her in my life!
::nods at dehydration::
Coffee, beer or wine only, and Fruit Shoots or possibly very strong and cheap NAS squash for the DC. If you're very lucky there might be a half-empty bottle of diet lemonade that's a bit flat, to make shandy with.
Nowadays I've learned to take several bottles of fizzy water, Schloer, etc with us otherwise I get a banging headache.
My pils are lovely but there are 3
things which drive me mad when we go to stay (I know I'm lucky it's only 3)!
1. Telly on full blast - they are both quite deaf but won't admit it.
2. Decaf coffee. Each to their own but frankly it tastes like shit!
3. Gas fire on highest setting from the time they get up till bedtime in both the main reception rooms. Plus central heating. Apart from maybe a couple of
days weeks in July. Even then it still goes on in the evenings.
Message withdrawn at poster's request.
My in-laws are absolute angels. I am deeply embarrassed that DH has my DF for an in-law, though.
1. House hotter than the inside of the sun. Central heating AND TWO GAS FIRES on at once. Sitting room door must be kept closed in order to conserve heat, turning sitting room into Phantom of the Opera-style killer oven trap. On arrival the first thing we have to do is go to the spare room we'll be sleeping in, turn the radiator off (careful not to touch the metal, it'll take your skin off) and open a window.
2. Kitchen unspeakably filthy. Hob top coated in months of grease and food bits; pride of place in centre of hob taken by batchelor's skillet with half an inch of congealed animal fat in the bottom. That's what your breakfast's going to be cooked in.
3. Fishing maggots in the fridge. Just hope he's got the thermostat down low enough or they hatch.
4. Meals are dumped on the table without ceremony and devoured by DF in a symphony of snorting, open-mouthed chewing and jaw clicks. Any effort at presentation or table manners is seen as hysterical fussing, as is any attempt to clear up. Manky remains of dinner must be left scattered over the table whilst you return to the Oven of Death.
5. Bathroom resembles crematorium. DF likes to burn scented candles but never cleans the walls, meaning they are covered in thick black sooty deposits, apart from the smeary patch above the bath where leans his hand against the wall whilst getting out.
My ILs have a lovely power shower, but no one is allowed to use it for longer than 20seconds for fear of using all the hot water. The shower screen is minute, as are the towels, and people sharing the bathroom is frowned upon.
The aim of a family dinner is to get the table set, meal served and eaten, table cleared and folded down, and all the washing up done,, preferably in under five minutes. Then you have a cup of tea, and a slice of cake or biscuits. I am not allowed to help in any way as I am on holidays
MIL has a mortal fear of undercooked veg, this fear of raw food does not extend to chicken....that's fine pink AND bloody.
She also gets in a mucksweat about cooking for any more than two people, but will not accept any assistance whatsoever
Wine will be served, but not with the meal....after eight thirty only. And just the one glass.
Doors are all shut at every available opportunity. Ditto curtains after five pm. Ideally all windows must be closed too, lest any fresh air get in.
I haven't been there for years, I send dh and the children and stay at home because it is impossible to get time off work.
a blatant lie
they really are lovely lovely people but so stuck in therr old people routines it drives me to insanity.
Boiled potatoes with every main meal. Every sodding day. Rice, pasta etc very much frowned upon.
When MIL decides she's going to bed everyone must go to bed. This year my parents stayed with them for Christmas. After Downton she turned the tv off and said 'night then!' leaving my Mum and step dad staring about in bewilderment (I was already in bed due to being pregnant and knackered)
Wine is offered, one glass with a meal. After 11 years I'm now confident enough to help myself but nobody thinks to offer any other guests another drink (even a soft one, even when we've all been talked into playing board games for hours)
The shower is fine but I like long, hot baths. Especially after a few days. Invariably after twenty minutes there comes a knock on the door and 'Are you ok in there?' this is then repeated at regular intervals. They have two other bathrooms so it's not like they're subtley trying to tell me they need the loo.
All veg is boiled until it resembles thick soup. All meat, even very good cuts of venison that she gets from a local butcher, are cooked until charcoaled.
I am constantly offered parenting advice. I am mainly able to ignore it but that doesn't stop it being bloody irritating.
They've recently moved so they're only 15 minutes away so no more overnight visits. I am very pleased
I'm sure my parents have their moments that DH would just love to complain about as well though!
unlucky lucky e nought to have 2 sets if in laws as his mum and dad divorced and remarried when he was young. They are not as bad as some but ..
At fil and smil house -
1) Their house isn't messy but its quite lived in, except for washing up, fil has OCD when it comes to washing up! You cannot finish a cup of tea without it being whisked out of your hand, scrubbed to death and put away. He doesn't trust dishwashers to clean things properly.
2) in the summer he likes to sunbathe in his y fronts. He claims they are just like swimming trunks and there's nothing wrong with it.
3) the dog loves to hump everything, they don't seem to notice. The DC don't even sit on the floor or he will hump them.
4) smil likes to wear semi see through tops and no bra
5) fil is right about everything.... Full stop!! Smil is totally lovely and I don't know how she puts up with it!
At mil and sfil house
1) the shower is too powerful!!! Yes that's right I'm the opposite. It's one of those digital ones that squirt from all angles and my skin is red raw when I get out.
2) sfil is convinced I don't drink hot drinks so I never get offered a coffee, ever. Nor any other drink for that matter.
3) mil always moans abut me being vegan and how DP needs to remind her I'm a funny eater as she forgets. Usually I'm sat with various veg on my plate and some kind of fruit chutney.
4) the cats sit at the table at dinner... Nuff said
5) the house is over 400 years old and a death trap but mil thought it was a good idea to remove all hand rails from steps. Because its in the country it's pitch black at night. Don't even think about getting up for a drink of water because you will fall and a&e is miles away!
Oh I totally get the water thing. I'm the only one who will drink water at ILs, its wine or juice, and the sight of me with my glass of water apparently moves DMIL to tears. She tries to spice it up with bubbly water, and just won't believe that I actually prefer the taste of plain water to other things. There was a while they thought I was angry with them because I drank water at their house. I started drinking wine every now and then just so the discussion about water would stop. Even so every sodding time I ask for a glass of water I get a dramatic sigh, then a list of all the other things I could have instead.
Yes, lots of those things, hoarding to ridiculous extent- like empty soap powder boxes stacked like lego all around the cooker which ought to catch fire but never does.
But the worst (after being expected to KISS everyone every time you enter or leave their company) is MIL little groppy hands. I do not mind a hand on my back and I can put up with the toddler style tugs on my arm but GET YOUR CLUTCHES OFF MY BUM.
(And stop going through my bags.)
Mine are really lovely, with a few quirks
FIL is very garden proud and you are only allowed on the patio and must NEVER walk on the lawn.
Lovely power showery thing in massive glass cubicle. Which must be squeegied and dried off with a special towel, in a special way. And you mustn't get the mat next to the shower damp when you stand on it. I go first and let OH deal with it after me. By the time he's finished he's all sweaty and needs another shower.
Bathroom is full of carefully arranged toiletries, bowls of wrapped soaps, rolled flannels arranged in colour patterns in baskets. I'm terrified of moving any of it a millimetre, let alone using it.
When Mil asks how much I want of any food item I now half the quantity as she always doubles it. ie if she asks how many roast potatoes I want and I say 3 please, I get 5 or 6. If I want 2 yorkies, I get at least 3. I'm a size 16 so don't need feeding up.
Nothing but sport on TV. Last time FIL watched football in the evening and was watching football in morning too. I got a deja vu feeling - yes he was watching the repeat of the match he'd watched the night before.
MIL loves a good
gossip chat about what her friends have been up to. I do not know these friends. I will probably never meet these friends. I'm definitely unlikely to meet the neighbour of the daughter of her friend, the one who is thinking of going on holiday to Turkey but can't decide whether to buy new suitcases or not. And if I do ever meet the unfortunate friend whose partner left her last year - but never mind because he was awful - and she had to have a hysterectomy before Christmas, and she's had some complications (blanked details from my mind) so she's feeling a bit depressed about it all, I won't know where to look.
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text:
Champion Road: Arena Trailer (2010)
"The battle has been won, now... the underground war begins" 28 June 2010 Action 120 mins
John, Abel and a few new fighters compete in "The Supreme fighting Arena". a competition where fighters face one another in a contest to the death. Jupiter, Neesa, Kyo, Conner as well as many new enemies appear and the final battle for control over the city begins. Written by Shadow Multimedia
Watch the official Champion Road: Arena 2010 trailer in HD below or find more Champion Road: Arena videos on Vidimovie.


text:
Radio Liferay Episode 35: Greg Amerson and David Truong on Developer Tooling
General Blogs November 13, 2013 By Olaf Kock Staff
At Devcon 2013 I've met with Greg Amerson, main Author/Team Lead for the Eclipse-based tooling (Liferay IDE & DevStudio) and David Truong, one of the very early employees of Liferay, Product Manager for Platform an Tooling. The topics we covered were all around Developer Tooling. There's a bit of background noise as we were recording this session in the break area of the conference. We had to limit ourselves to the time when some sessions were on, in order to find the quietest possible environment.
- Ray, a very new command line project that has been shown and discussed at DevCon, aiming to bring the ease of Application Development of Rails, Play Framework, Grails etc. to Liferay.
- Ray is obviously a very new prototype, designed to rather gather feedback than to demonstrate a ready-for-use environment.
- Ray will be Development-platform-agnostic, e.g. not tied to our eclipse-based developer offering. It's (currently) maven based, built on top of Spring Roo
- Play with Ray and give feedback: Fork or Clone Greg's github version, the release will take at least half a year, but you now can influence what it will be able to do for you in future.
- Ray is aiming to be cross-version compatible, due to this aim, the release plan will be completely independent on Liferay Portal's.
- Liferay IDE 2.0 finally supports Maven, check the latest Milestone if the final version is not yet out.
- Greg needs feedback (link forums) on typical Liferay-Maven-project structures to continue work on the maven integration
- IDE 2.0 is scheduled to be out two weeks after Liferay Portal's GA for 6.2, but the Milestones are supposed to be stable. New features for 2.0: Maven, Freemarker-Debugger (for Themes in M1, for ADT in M2), new Project Wizard with support for more than the SDK
- Underlying Topic in this episode: Feedback is key - if you give feedback early, you can bring your favorite things in.
- IDE Roadmap: Tools that work across different environments - e.g. commandline tools like Ray, IntelliJ Idea, Netbeans or others.
- Greg's move to china that we discussed back in Episode 15 and how to say "cheese" in mandarin.
Follow David, Greg, RadioLiferay or me on twitter
Again, shoutout and big thank you to Auphonic for postproduction help. This is a fantastic service!
You'll find this episode - and make sure that you don't miss any of the future episodes - by subscribing to http://feeds.feedburner.com/RadioLiferay. You can also subscribe on itunes.: Just search for "Radio Liferay" or just "Liferay" in the podcast directory.


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We were thrilled to honor the following Outstanding Women at this year's 37th Annual OWA luncheon, on April 28, 2017 at the Greater Richmond Convention Center.
Want to join us in celebrating these outstanding women?
ARTS – Lynnelle Ediger-Kordzaia
- Lynnelle is being honored with an Outstanding Women Award for engaging underserved youth, the elderly, individuals with illness, youth with disabilities and individuals with limited access to art in innovative programming that inspires and transforms the Richmond region.
- Lynnelle is the founder and director of numerous arts organizations including The HARPS Foundation/ American Youth Harp Ensemble, the largest harp program in the nation with performance ensembles and outreach programming.
- Her ensembles have performed 22 national and international tours with feature concerts in Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall, Lincoln Center, the Kennedy Center and the White House.
- She has piloted and established several tuition-free music outreach programs to promote social justice, creating new opportunities for young people in underserved communities to learn an instrument and master skills that will help them succeed in music and life.
- She is responsible for bringing complementary music and music therapy to healthcare institutions, children's hospitals, hospice care and senior centers, and has established a peer mentorship program for ensemble students.
- Accolades: Outstanding Arts Educator of the Year, awarded by American Alliance of Performing Arts Educators at the Kennedy Center; 2016 Outstanding String Teacher Award for the State of Virginia; Top Forty Under Forty awards from Style Weekly and Inside Business; quarter-finalist for the 2017 Grammy's Music Educator Award
BUSINESS – Aurelia Lewis
- Aurelia is being honored with an Outstanding Women Award for empowering women in the workplace as a senior leader in marketing and media, and for her involvement in raising awareness and capacity for several environmental and nonprofit initiatives.
- She is the founder and president of Lewis Media Partners, a media agency serving national and regional clients including the National Basketball Association (NBA), Hamilton Beach and Dominion Energy, among others.
- Aurelia's agency was the first in Virginia to have a completely in-house digital team that was recently selected by Google to be part of its exclusive Brand Council. Lewis Media Partners was one of only a few agencies on the East Coast that received this recognition.
- Aurelia's volunteer activities have generated nearly $200,000 in donations for The Salvation Army and the Boys & Girls Clubs of Richmond.
- She has developed and led innovative volunteer initiatives that are making lasting improvements to the City of Richmond's natural environment through programs like the "Bag of Fresh Air" campaign to raise awareness for the environmental hazards of plastic shopping bags.
- Aurelia co-founded Capital Trees, a non- profit organization which improves Richmond's natural beauty and provide greater public access to the city's public spaces on behalf of Richmond's neediest citizens.
EDUCATION – Julie McConnell
- Julie is being honored with an Outstanding Women Award for extending pro bono representation for immigrant children and incarcerated youth through her leadership of The Children's Defense Clinic at University of Richmond, juvenile justice reform efforts and work to educate law professionals.
- As a clinical law professor at the University of Richmond School of Law she teaches young law professionals how to handling complex cases of domestic violence, sexual abuse and elder abuse affecting vulnerable, but resilient populations.
- Julie is a Director of the Children's Defense Clinic. Through the clinic, she teaches law students to best represent children and families facing extreme poverty with delinquency cases and special immigrant juvenile status hearings.
- Julie is a highly sought after speaker on best practices in juvenile representation, trauma-informed practice, elder abuse, the impact of child abuse and sexual abuse on children, and clinical education.
- Governor McAuliffe recently appointed McConnell to serve a four-year term on the Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice and the Virginia Bar Association just appointed her to serve on the Commission on the Needs of Children.
- Julie serves as a Certified National Trainer for the Juvenile Training Immersion Program (JTIP), the Richmond Trauma Informed Care Network and the Oliver Hill Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court's Juvenile Justice Collaborative, amongst others.
- Accolades: In 2011, Julie received the Oliver Hill Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court's "Unsung Hero" Award.
HUMAN RELATIONS & FAITH IN ACTION – Cassandra Reynolds
- Cassandra (Sandy) is being honored with an Outstanding Women Award for her devotion to connecting thousands of low-income individuals in with legal assistance through Hunton & Williams' Church Hill Office and the resource partnerships she's built and fostered. As a volunteer, she empowers at-risk youth and young girls as a mentor and tutor, and has inspired her coworkers to get involved in Richmond.
- Sandy is thesenior legal administrative coordinator at Hunton Williams & manager of Hunton Williams Church Hill Pro Bono Legal Clinic.
- She is the boar chair of SupportOne, a network for adults with intellectual disabilities, and has served in leadership positions on the board of Richmond Metropolitan Habitat for Humanity.
- Sandy has mentored six girls (grades 5-8) through the Higher Achievement program and she tutors women through The READ Center. Today she is assisting one woman through the National External Diploma Program to obtain her high school equivalency diploma.
- She is an avid softball player. Sandy also coaches and manages a competitive softball team that includes a number of Hunton & Williams employees. She also remains active with her church in her hometown of Berryville, commuting back regularly to the Shenandoah Valley town.
LAW & GOVERNMENT – Heather Mullins Crislip
- Heather is being honored with an Outstanding Women Award for her tireless commitment to ending systemic discrimination and segregation throughout Richmond and the commonwealth through fair housing enforcement, education and advocacy.
- Heather is currently president and chief executive officer of Housing Opportunities Made Equal of Virginia (HOME), a statewide fair housing and housing counseling agency. She also serves on Board of Directors for Housing Virginia, a statewide partnership to promote access to high quality, affordable housing in suitable locations.
- She works to advance social justice by protecting marginalized populations under fair housing law and by create housing and economic opportunities for low-income individuals and families.
- Heather is a gubernatorial appointee to the Board of Visitors at the University of Mary Washington, where she serves as Secretary of the Board and Chair of the Academic and Student Affairs Committee.
- Accolades: Heather has been recently been named The Community Foundation of Greater Richmond (2016) Stettinius Award for Nonprofit Leadership. She received a Virginia Housing Alliance (2016) Game Changer Award and was a finalist for the Richmond Times-Dispatch "Richmonder of the Year" in 2015.
MARKETING & MEDIA – Clovia Lawrence, community outreach director, Radio One
- Clovia is being honored with an Outstanding Women Award for using her broadcast talents and advocacy to promote civic engagement in the Richmond region and help thousands of ex-offenders with restoration of rights.
- She has been in radio and broadcast media for 30 years in the Richmond region, spending the last 17 years with Radio One.
- Clovia was instrumental in starting Radio One! Rolling for Freedom, an organization that has assisted more than 8,000 individuals with submitting applications and petitions for the restoration of rights. She also developed the Radio One Send-a-Kid to Camp Radio-thon, which has raised more than $80,000 to provide opportunities for safe, engaging summer programs to inner-city children.
- Clovia was appointed to Mayor Dwight C. Jones' Anti-Poverty Commission and was appointed by Governor Bob McDonnell to serve on the Supply and Diversity Council and received a proclamation for her annual Cancer Survivors Day Gala by Mayor Jones
- Accolades include: three Virginia Association of Broadcasters Awards, Valentine Museum Richmond History Makers Award for Innovative Justice in 2014; Legends in the Community Urban League of Greater Richmond; Best Human Interest Series by Doug Wilder and more.
NONPROFIT MANAGEMENT – Jane Helfrich
- Jane is being honored with an Outstanding Women Award for more than thirty years of excellence in Richmond area nonprofit leadership. Under her leadership, she has engaged women in volunteerism and built a stronger community by creating affordable housing opportunities for families in Richmond.
- She is the chief executive officer of Richmond Metropolitan Habitat for Humanity. Prior to that, she served as the vice president of resource development and marketing for the Better Housing Coalition, and she was the Executive Director of the Junior League of Richmond for nine years.
- During three years of her leadership in the Junior League of Richmond (JLR), the Family Resource Program at Sacred Heart Center (SHC) was developed and funded to offer adult GED education, parenting support and daycare to low income families in the Bainbridge and Blackwell communities
- Accolades: She has been honored by both VAFP (2006) and JLR (2014). Jane was named to the inaugural classes of the Emerging Nonprofit Leaders Program and Capital One's nonprofit leadership program.
VOLUNTEERISM – Talley Baratka
- Talley is being honored with an Outstanding Women Award for her grassroots community building as a volunteer, specifically in encouraging women to collaborate to transform the Richmond region.
- Talley founded and currently leads Impact 100 Richmond, a grassroots donor-education and grant-making organization. Each year the giving circle of women create $100,000 grants and collectively selects visionary nonprofits to invest in for community benefit.
- Currently in its eighth year, Impact 100 Richmond (a partner of The Community Foundation) has invested more than 1 million dollars in Richmond. Talley currently serves on the executive committee.
- Talley has held numerous community volunteer positions including serving on program and pro bono committees, advisory groups, and nonprofit boards.
- She was invited by TEDxWomen Richmond to share her story in 2013. Since 2012, Talley has served as a Senior Consultant for Rhudy & Co., where she focuses on strategic planning, organizational culture and more with Fortune 500 companies and top-tier nonprofits.
- Talley held multiple roles, prior to 2012, within Capital One's Community Relations team at the national, state and local level. In her most recent role at Capital One she led the Community Relations team that provided philanthropic investments and volunteer programs on behalf of the 10,000+ associates in Richmond.
- Accolades: NAWBO recognized Talley in 2014 with its Enterprising Woman of Excellence Community Leader award.


text:
Elizabeth Taylor, who died Wednesday, was an actress of extraordinary range and longevity. As an NFL coin flipper, she left a lot to be desired.
"First time I've ever gotten mad at the coin flip," Joe Gibbs spewed, according to Tom Friend's account in the Sept. 29, 1989, Washington Post. And it takes a lot to make Gibbs spew.
Taylor was making an appearance to promote her perfume in Dallas when Jerry Jones got the idea of having her do the coin toss before the Redskins-Cowboys game, won 30-7 by the Redskins. Jones escorted her onto the field "like a prom queen and her beau," the referee was unnerved, she seemed somewhat unfamiliar with the workings of the coin flip and, frankly, Dexter Manley wanted nothing to do with her or Jones. ("To hell with Elizabeth Taylor. That new owner Jim Jones — what's his name? -- he was gonna let her call the coin toss, like we were some kind of idiots. They tried to make this out to be some big Hollywood thing. This is Dallas, Texas. Country folks.")
The Dallas Morning News has the play-by-play:
She was led to the 50-yard line, where she shook hands with Cowboys coach Jimmy Johnson. She walked with owner Jerry Jones to midfield for the toss, and her presence seemed to fluster those present.
Evidently,referee Pat Haggerty considered her more important than the Cowboys' players. Here are his opening words: "Captains from Dallas, meet the captains from Washington. Captains from Washington, meet Liz Taylor and Jerry Jones."
Haggerty then flipped the coin. Liz, who was supposed to flip it, instead called it. "Heads," she said.
It landed heads up, but one of the Redskins protested that the visiting team is supposed to make the call. "It's our ball, man," said tight end Terry Orr.
Said Haggerty to Liz: "You've got me all shook up."
He flipped it again. The Redskins called heads and won. Liz and Jones then went to his luxury box to watch the Redskins win, 30-7.
"You can see with Liz Taylor being there, I was a little nervous," Haggerty said after the game."


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text: Hi, Newbie here. I'm Jops from the Philippines. Don't have an android phone myself, but I joined this group so that I could play with my gf's Samsung i5700 Spica My gf and I are primarily interested in a working offline GPS app for the Spica Hoping we would find the answers here Jops