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Original paper
Water level fluctuations as a major determinant of chironomid community structure in the inshore zone of a large temperate river
Reckendorfer, W.; Keckeis, H.; Winkler, G.; Schiemer, F.
Large Rivers Vol. 11 No. 1 (1996), p. 3 - 9
20 references
published: Dec 17, 1996
DOI: 10.1127/lr/11/1996/3
ArtNo. ESP142011501004, Price: 29.00 €
The chironomid communities of two gravel banks in the free-flowing section of the River Danube were investigated from May to August 1994. The two sites differed significantly in grain size composition, current velocity, chironomid abundance and species richness. Seventy-four species of larval chironomids could be identified, most of them belonging to the subfamily Orthocladiinae. Sampling sites were characterized through an index that incorporates duration and intensity of dessication. This index is considered to express the level of disturbance. Chironomid densities were negatively correlated to index values. Species richness and diversity were highest at intermediate values as predicted by ecological theory. Evenness was positively related to the index, suggesting dominance of a few species in undisturbed, permanently flooded sites.
chironomid • larval • inshore zone • ecological • River Danube


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A team of nearly 30 lawyers is leaving a Los Angeles firm that is merging with Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld to join Howrey Simon Arnold & White.
A third of the lawyers from Troop Steuber Pasich Reddick & Tobey will join Howrey's California offices. The firm claims that the moves make it the biggest insurance coverage practice in the world.
The defecting group comprises Troop's insurance recovery and commercial trial practice group. The team boasts clients such as MCI Worldcom and Sony, and has generated an average of $18m (£11.95m) in annual revenues for the past four years.
The new Howrey partners include Troop name partners David Steuber and Kirk Pasich, along with eight others.
Late last year Howrey boosted its insurance recovery group with two partners from Jones DayReavis & Pogue – Lester Brown and Thomas McMahon (The Lawyer, 11 December). This new group will increase the practice to 75 lawyers, based in California and Washington DC.
Clients of the firm include Texaco, Mobil, International Paper and Verizon Communications.
Managing partner of Howrey's Southern California offices Tom Nolan says: "We've got a good business in this, and it will make us the largest insurance coverage practice in the world. We've always taken the view that if we're going to be in a particular area we want to be the number one or number two."
The firm opened an office in London last week with the former chief patent counsel at Proctor & Gamble Koos Rasser (The Lawyer, 9 October). He intends to build a practice focusing on intellectual property (IP), with broader litigation capability.
Nolan says: "We have IP, complex commercial litigation, anti-trust and the insurance coverage group as a component of the commercial trial group.
"The large litigation may often comprise looking at insurance companies to provide the insurance that [companies] thought they purchased. Wherever you get big litigation, often insurance policies are implicated."
Howrey is taking on Troop's west Los Angeles premises, which will give it an entry into the lucrative entertainment law market.

subset: commoncrawl


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Miami, FL (PressExposure) December 23, 2009 -- Libido is the ability to have sexual desire. This ability varies from person to person. Some people may experiences problems with libido loss. There are lots of ways to deal with it naturally while promoting your overall health as well. Here are some of the common herbs you can take to increase your libido:
1. Horny goat weed - this herb originated and was discovered in china during the ancient times. It was proven to increase sperm production and promotes blood testosterone level among tested animals.
2. Kola nut - it helps the body rejuvenate naturally and replenish energy level. The human body needs to cope up with stress and tiresome activities; this will be very helpful to those exposed in these types of elements.
3. Tribulus terrestris- studies have shown that tribulus naturally improves the body's production of testosterone and contains the ability to promote muscle health and strength in men.
4. Sarsaparilla -contains steroidal saparins that acts as a supportive tonic to male reproductive system and boosts sex drive
5. Siberian ginseng -supports and boosts the ability of the hypothalamus to modulate hormone increase.
There are various other herbs that have shown to increase libido naturally. I've used tongkat ali, as well as the tribulus terrestris mentioned above, and have experienced a significant increase in libido.
You're body is also capable of boosting its production of testosterone naturally. Lifting weights, especially performing squats, have been shown to boost the body's natural production of testosterone. Some sunlight helps as well.
For a guide to natural activities and exercises to boost your testosterone levels, and therefore increase libido naturally, click here...
I no longer take any herbs, however, my libido is at an all time high, thanks to my natural increase in testosterone production. You might want to give that a shot.
Have a good one! -Dave Carreras aka Mr. Manpower Sex Blog for the Ultimate Male & The Ultimate Sex Guide for Men


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Do you silently admire the virtuosos, such as Hendrix, Satriani, Vay, or probably dreamed to play freestyle guitar picking like Sungha Jung? This time, you have a chance to learn from the very basic until you reach the guitar lords position! (Yeah, keep dreaming!) by using Guitar and Bass application.
Guitar and Bass is a Windows-base application which made you possible to learn playing fret-basis instruments (strings instruments). This application will give you various exercises to train tone, chord, and scale. Moreover, this application has so many tools such as tuner, metronome, key finder, chord finder, and others, which makes you possible to train by yourself. A Tab (Tablature) Editor can also be used to learn tab from various songs, also makes you possible to create a new tab!
Interesting? Feel free to download and install Guitar and Bass in:
In setup process, you will be offered to install SweetIM toolbar, also RegClean. Just click on decline for both applications, since I'm pretty sure it's not your intention to get those toolbars.
When the application is launched, you'll get welcome dialog box with 4 tabs. Each tab makes you possible to customize the program according to your need. For example, the first tab makes you possible to select instrument, tuning, and set the instrument with lefty style if you're a dominant left-hand user.
Main interfaces provide Reference, Exercises, Tools and Tablatures menu on the left part, while music instruments you will pick, presented in the main window of this application interface.
There are also File, Reference, Exercises, Tools, Tablatures and Options menu on the upper side. Each menu has several options related with music learning. Some of them (Reference, Exercises, and Tools) also available on the left side. Reference menu provided access to dialog box of Common Chords, Intervals, Chord Builder, Scales and Keys, while exercise tab makes you possible to train playing the instruments using some forms of Fretboard, Keys, Scales and Ear Training exercise.
Tools menu feature consisted of Tuner, Metronome, Jam Band, Key Finder and Chord Finder.
Click on Options and select setup to change application setting related with Instruments, Tuning, Sounds, Tablature, Scales, Chords, Audio and Exercises.
Exciting, isn't it?! Let's learn guitar or other string music instruments by this application! Don't let your guitar dusted just because you cannot play it! You can impress your girlfriend or other friends by playing song to reveal your feeling. Surely, practice diligently is absolutely needed!
Don't forget to click on like, tweet, or plus one for this article! Share it to other friends who have intention to learn string music instruments too!


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ITALY'S laid-back ambience had a magical, enchanting charm that Federica Cortezzi and Dean Lapthorne couldn't resist.
After living for more than a decade in Shanghai, the couple decided to return to Italy. They purchased a house in the country surrounded by a vineyard to start a new chapter in their lives with their young sons and reconnect with nature.
"After many months of searching we found our ideal house in the hills of Cesena, 20 minutes from the beach and less than one hour to the mountains for skiing. A strategic position but even more important, we are in the heart of the food and wine capital of the country: the Emilia Romagna region," said Cortezzi, who works as project leader of the Emilia Romagna region's tourist board for the Asian market.
Her husband Dean, who has worked in the wine industry and is now export manager for Ferrari Trento, always wanted to own a vineyard and they thought the terroir here was ideal. They own 20 acres of land with an olive grove, along with cherry and persimmon trees.
"Down the track it could represent a future business, together with a B&B with farmhouse accommodation," she said.
After acquiring the land, it took around seven months to renovate the house and it wasn't easy, according to Cortezzi. Being in the countryside made it a little more difficult during the winter and the rainy season due to the dirt roads.
"We had to completely renovate the inside to make it 100 percent livable to cater to our family," Cortezzi said. "Having a 1-year-old and a 3-year-old at the time, coming almost every day to check the progress of workers was the toughest part, but it paid off in the end. We ended up with a brand new house inside."
The couple once had a lane house apartment in the former French concession area of Shanghai. They blended Chinese and Southeast Asian elements with an Italian style to create something unique in the Emilia Romagna region.
"We loved our flat in Shanghai, very 1920s style when Wukang Road was part of a foreign concession, but we had decided to go with a completely different style here back in Italy," Cortezzi said. "Surrounded by nature we chose to stay subtle and let the interior design objects along with the structure of the house stand out."
"Most of the time you find houses like this having a traditional Italian interior design, more rustic and country, but we thought of combining the rustic feeling of the exterior with the modern flavor inside," Cortezzi said.
Natural colors and materials like stone, steel, cement and wood have been used to recreate a modern style where white and grey are the predominant colors while wood stands out to add a warmer ambience. Many elements are also stainless steel to give a modern touch in the traditional country house.
All the ceiling beams have been painted white to make the space brighter; a glass sliding door was made so the family could enjoy the view from the living room, particularly in winter when snow blankets the area.
Their design was based on respecting nature while providing a pleasant place to live for the family of four.
"We went for pure white so our furniture from China creates the ambience," Cortezzi said.
The kitchen has a stainless steel island with white cabinets and Chinese style wooden dining table.
The dining lights were made from jam jars by a friend who is an architect. They also love the fireplace, which revolves 360 degrees, making for a cozy feeling, particularly in winter, that can be enjoyed everywhere in the room.
The family loves to spend most of the time between the open kitchen and living room.
"We have also a puppy Labrador who loves to go outside and play in the open and down in the vineyard. Being completely open we have a 360 degree view of nature that is refreshing and recharging, considering our busy schedules," Cortezzi said.
Turning outdoors, the couple opted to have a gazebo and wood-burning barbecue to entertain friends during the warmer months.
"As we are in the heart of nature, we only needed to do minimal landscaping but we will add some personal touches such as old wine barrels around the gravel courtyard to brighten up the outdoor space," added Cortezzi.
From ¥280
From ¥35
沪公网安备 31010602000209号


text: This hat is knit with 100% angora yarn. Angora yarn is extremely soft and is 7 times warmer that wool. "Snow Drift" will fit a toddler/child head circumference up to 18". This pattern is worked completely in the round with no seaming, no increases and no decreases. The hat is closed at the top with a piece of scrap yarn. Care instructions: Hand wash ONLY, lay flat to dry. Washing tip: use your child's favorite shampoo. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Pattern and photos are owned by: CRCjaxknits This pattern is for your own personal use. Reproductions or sales of this pattern and/or the finished product are prohibited without the expression written permission of the designer. (c)2013 BASIC SKILLS NECESSARY knitting in the round GAUGE 6 stitches and 8 rounds = 1" in lace pattern SIZING / FINISHED MEASUREMENTS fits up to an 18" head circumference SUGGESTED YARN 105 yards of DK weight PREFERRED BRAND/YARN Plymouth Yarn Angora COLORWAY 710


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"Cooking Light March 2003"
Pear Apple and Cherry Crumble
0 recipe photos
READY IN:1hr 15mins
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1⁄2 cup dried tart cherry
- 1⁄3 cup apricot preserves
- 1 teaspoon grated lemon rind
- 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice
- 2 lbs bosc pears, peeled, cored, quartered, and cut crosswise into 1/2-inch-thick slices (about 4 1/2 cups)
- 1 lb braeburn apple, peeled, cored, quartered, and cut crosswise into 1/2-inch-thick slices (about 2 1/4 cups)
- cooking spray
- 1 cup all-purpose flour
- 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1⁄4 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄4 teaspoon ground mace (optional)
- 6 tablespoons chilled butter, cut into small pieces
- 1 cup oats
- 3⁄4 cup turbinado sugar
- Preheat oven to 375°.
- Combine first 6 ingredients in a large bowl, tossing well to coat. Spoon mixture into an 11 x 7-inch baking dish coated with cooking spray.
- Lightly spoon flour into a dry measuring cup, and level with a knife. Place flour, cinnamon, salt, and mace, if desired, in a food processor; pulse 5 times or until well combined.
- Add butter, and pulse 20 times or until mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Add the oats and sugar; pulse 5 times or until well combined.
- Sprinkle oat mixture over pear mixture. Bake at 375° for 1 hour or until topping is golden and filling is bubbly.
- Cool on a wire rack 10 minutes. Serve warm or at room temperature.
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These 9 Rooms All Get One Thing Right
As the most foundational piece of the home, floors are something we typically approach with a high degree of caution. And with good reason: They're expensive to replace, so they need to work with different décor schemes as our tastes change. So, naturally, we err toward the neutral—dare we say boring. Adventurous floors are definitely not for the faint of heart, but when done well, they can give your space that extra magazine-worthy oomph. Still not convinced? Keep scrolling to see our roundup of the most gorgeous floors we've ever seen, and get inspired to take the plunge!
Roger Davies for Architectural Digest, designed by Kelly Wearstler
It's no surprise that one of our favorite floors also happens to be the brainchild of pattern-mixer extraordinaire Kelly Wearstler. The L.A.-based designer's maximalist approach to design is evident in her choice to incorporate wood and stone into not one but two different patterns in this grand entryway. The urchin chandelier hanging overhead and gold and glass table echo the circular pattern that dominates the foyer. Yes, the room could feel overdone. But hewing closely to a neutral color palette while adding thoughtful pops of color and texture makes the space feel well considered and incredibly chic.
Kelly Wearstler Organic Vase ($695)
At first glance, this apartment is spare and a bit stark. The painted ceiling and modern light fixture keep the space from feeling dull, but the real hero piece of this room is the elaborate floor. The use of three different types of wood in a square pattern punctuated by beautiful stars gives the floor an almost three-dimensional feel, and the mix of midcentury furniture in a variety of textures coupled with a traditional, ornate fireplace and soft white walls makes the space feel layered, eclectic, and thoroughly modern.
Fiber Store Origami Paper Lamp Shade ($49)
This blue tile comes out of nowhere and stops us dead in our tracks. Continuing the graphic tile from the floor up the wall is a decidedly audacious choice, but it works thanks to the relative simplicity of the rest of the room. By sticking to classic materials such as reclaimed wood accents, timeworn brick, simple stainless steel appliances, marble countertops, and classic white dishes set atop exposed shelves, this kitchen feels layered, collected, and cohesive.
CB2 Sterling Side Table ($129)
From top to bottom, there is nothing we don't love about this kitchen. The natural light! The matte black cabinetry! Those beams! That classic subway tile! The elegant vintage island! This room has no shortage of eye candy. But it's the floor that makes the room and ties it all together. The black-and-white tile is a nod to the checkerboard floors of yore but feels distinctly modern and gives the kitchen a global attitude.
Radio Guy & Early Electrics Hand-Hewn 1800s Cabinetmakers Workbench ($1800)
We'd be remiss if we didn't give a shout-out to the classic New York floor, characteristic of pre-war apartments throughout the city. We'd live in the world's smallest studio if it had this floor. The rich wood tones reflect light beautifully and give the room a sense of history that is impossible to replicate in new construction. This home maintains many of its original architectural details, including the crown molding and original door. But these elements are attractively complemented by modern furniture and industrial pendant lamps over the island.
CB2 Reed Chair ($169)
Hex tile is gorgeous in nearly any incarnation. The unique shape is a nice departure from traditional square tiles, and the larger size makes any space feel bigger. What we love about this iteration is the white penny tile accenting each of the larger hexagonal shapes. It adds a sense of symmetry to the space without being overtly geometric. The matte black cast-iron tub and simple white walls ensure the floor is the primary focus of this striking bathroom.
Popham Design Hex Crossroads Tile (price upon request)
Eric Piasecki for Elle Decor, design by Steven Gambrel
Only Steven Gambrel could pair light blue with orange, brown, and white to such stunning effect. Contrary to throwing the space off balance, the dark brown–and-white geometric floor actually grounds the space and makes the room feel cohesive. With a pumpkin-hued range and bright orange accents throughout, the geometric floor also prevents the space from feeling too matchy-matchy. The thin marble island provides additional workspace, as well as a central place for the eye to rest.
Design Within Reach Serge Mouille Three-Arm Ceiling Lamp ($6759)
Masters of some of the world's most beautiful stonemasonry, the Moroccans do tile like nobody else. Walking on this cerulean floor feels like you're stepping into the ocean. The pattern of this tile is actually relatively simple, but the diamond pattern and myriad blue hues throughout the room make the space feel elaborate and luxurious. We'd expect nothing less from the Royal Mansour, one of the most exclusive hotels in Morocco.
Chairish Antique African Stool ($870)
Richard Powers for Elle Decor, design by Darryl Carter
This gorgeous floor has us rethinking our aversion to the most ubiquitous trend of the past five years: chevron. This simple bath gets a dose of restrained yet luxurious pattern thanks to thin strips of marble tile in various shades of white and gray. The space feels reminiscent of a hammam and is utterly refined.
For more design inspiration by Ashley Trudeau, check out her blog, BohemeSF, and find her on Instagram.
Have you incorporated fabulous floors into your home? Tells about it in the comments below!


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Category: Stock Graphic, Icons
Stock Graphic >> Icon - Sweet life element 128606 by Microvector @ CreativeMarket
File Size: 7.22 MB; Vector: Yes.
Round badge of ice creams, candies, donuts and cakes with place for your text. Vector illustration
Keywords: advertisement, badge, baking, bright, business, cake, candy, caramel, chocolate, cold, colorful, cone, cook, cream, culinary, cute, dairy, decorative, delicious, design.


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Transporting her fairy friends, Sophie the beautiful Pegasus pulls Princess Catania's chariot through the sky in the Barbie™ Mariposa and the Fairy Princess movie. Princess Catania™ hasn't flown for many years and chooses to fly through her kingdom with the help of her beautiful and loyal flying friend Sophie.
The beautiful Pegasus has a long pink mane and wings that flutter up and down as the chariot is pushed forward, while the clouds and sprite on the wheels move to create a flying effect. Create your own fairy-tale adventures with this Barbie™ Mariposa Pegasus horse and chariot that has room to carry 2 dolls standing. Dolls sold separately.


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Finland and small arms
|Fredag, 27. Juli 2012 0 kommentti(a)
Charly Salonius-Pasternak
Äldre forskare - forskningsprogrammet Global säkerhet
Like many other countries, Finland is pushing for a robust and comprehensive treaty at the UN sponsored arms trade treaty negotiations in New York; small arms and light weapons (SALW) may also be included in the treaty.This must be highly commended. The purpose of the treaty is ultimately to alleviate human suffering and reduce access to tools which continue to feed it. It would be heartening to see Finnish politicians lobbying as aggressively for the banning of handguns and other semi-automatic weapons in Finland.
Finland ranks near the top in per capita gun ownership in the world, and has experienced a number of tragic school shootings during the past decade. A new law making it hard to gain a gun permit has reduced the number of handguns sold, but continual possession and ownership is still legal. The question is, why?
Why does Finland feel it is important to seek international treaties to reduce the number of weapons which can be used for human rights abuses and other illegal ends, yet, deems the ownership and continual possession of weapons developed solely for killing other humans by regular citizens as being ok? Unfortunately it is not the only disconnect between stated Finnish foreign policy goals and domestic behavior. Obviously the Finnish foreign minister Erkki Tuomioja cannot be held responsible, but his fellow parliamentarians may want to consider how far Finlands foreign and domestic policies can diverge without being accused of hypocrisy by others.
Inläggen representerar skribenternas egna åsikter
Osallistu keskusteluun


text: Extraordinary Machine It's a bit different from the version released on the web last year. It's been remastered and changed a bit. Definately worth the $10 at Best Buy. The only problem is that it won't play on some CD players (it's a CD/DVD dual disk). It wouldn't play in my car.


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I'd like to post a list of what I've been thankful for over the past year (mostly to remind myself not to be so grumpy), but if I don't get to that, I'll at least post this video of Paul Rudd dancing on The Daily Show. Because I'm definitely thankful for the laughs it brings me.
Ah, yes - the joy of dance. Do it like no one's lookin'. This also proves that almost anything looks good when set to Primal Scream's "Rocks."
I'm hoping Role Models will be part of my holiday, non-eating itinerary. I hear it has little kids swearing. And there's nothing funnier - nothing - than little kids swearing.
And clearly, Rudd has to do Dancing With the Stars next.


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Return to Never Land Trailer (2002)
"The Classic Continues" 14 February 2002 Adventure, Fantasy, Animated 72 mins
The classic tale of 'Peter Pan' continues in Disney's sequel 'Return to Never Land'. In 1940 on a world besieged by World War II, Wendy, now grown up, has two children, one of them is her daughter, Jane.
Watch the official Return to Never Land 2002 trailer in HD below or find more Return to Never Land videos on Vidimovie.


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GraphicRiver Group of Elephants 7862933
Stock Vector \ Characters \ Animals
Background \ Swimsuit \ Stripes \ Playful \ Playing \ Swimwear
Stock Vector - Group of Elephants 7862933 by interactimages @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Characters \ Animals
Illustration of a group of elephants on a white background
Layered: Yes; Graphics Files Included: JPG Image, Vector EPS; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Wooden House; Six Young Girls Playing; Kids; Various Hands; Animals and Books; Green Monster in the Garden; Garbage.
Keywords: animal, background, ball, big, bikini, blue, cartoon, collection, creature, elephant, giant, gray, grey, group, isolated, living, mammal, mammoth, many, play, playful, playing, set, sets, stripes, swimsuit, swimwear, ten, white.


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Buy - Tickets
Q:I seem to have lost my les miserables raleigh tickets. Can you give me some replacement tickets?
A:Our company does not take responsibility in case of lost, stolen or damaged Les Miserables Raleigh Tickets. You will have top buy replacement tickets.
Q:Can i buy les mis raleigh tickets from the will call window?
A:Yes, you can buy Les Miserables Raleigh Tickets from the will call window if the option is available.
Policies | Contact Us | Terms
© Copyright 2009-2017


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|Home > Music Genre > Rock Music > Symphonic Rock > Track Summary >
Track Summary
Music Track Title: Brand New Day With Guitar Lead
Catalog ID: 452882 ISRC: US5UL1105391
Description: Very upbeat and positive track. Great for sports, celebration, commercials, promos, trailers, video games, themes, and more. Solid and steady. Orchestral strings over rock drums and bass. Music that just makes you happy! This version adds a soaring electric guitar lead line and melody. Vs w/o avail.
Social Media Link: https://www.audiosparx.com/sa/archive/Rock/Symphonic-Rock/Brand-New-Day-With-Guitar-Lead/452882
Artist or Group: Adam DiTroia
Keywords: Production Cue Television TV Radio Film Movie Score Soundtrack Underscore Application App Power Powerful Emotional Positivity Strength Honor Winning Victory
Music Genre > Sub-genre
Rock Music
Symphonic Rock
Extended Properties
Duration: 1:11 Tempo: Med Fast BPM: 133
Arrangement: Symphonic Band
Instruments: Guitar, Contra-bass, Cello, Cymbals, Drum Kit, Drums, Bass, Electric Guitar, Percussion, Strings, Viola, Violin, Bass Guitar, Drum
Vocal Mix: Instrumental
Moods: Bold, Bouncy, Brave, Bright, Celebratory, Confident, Determined, Dramatic, Dynamic, Energetic, Epic, Excited, Heartwarming, Heroic, Hopeful, Inspiring, Motivational, Patriotic, Powerful, Proud
Styles: Anthem, Documentary, Fanfare, Film Instrumental, Hollywood, Movie Trailer, Radio Production, Section / Credits, Sports / Olympics, TV Instrumental
Extended Keywords: Victorious Grand Big Large Sporting Event Olympics Hero Heroic Epic Sweeping Building Melody Melody Emotions Ad Advertisement Advert Advertising Campaign Educational Corporate Free Freedom Military Patriotic Proud Happiness Summer Spring Animated Animation Cartoon Show Play Stage Composer Classical Orchestrated Symphony Symphonic Cinematic Uplifting Motivate Motivating Motivational Inspire Inspiring Inspirational Uptempo Pulsing Driven Driving Rocking Rockin Rhythm Fierce Bigness Hugeness Standing Tall Beyond Perseverance Persevere Persevering Overcome Overcoming Odds Adversity Win Victor Rousing Crowd Song Library Stock Royal Royalty Joe Satriani Steve Vai 80's Anthem Tribute Fanfare Leadership Political


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- Home
- Other Makes
- Ford
- Focus RS/ST
- Intercooler
- mountune Charge Pipe Upgrade for Ford Focus ST
The mountune complete intercooler charge pipe upgrade kit features a massive 39% improvement in airflow compared to the original factory Ford system. mountune's engineers optimized the charge air ducting and lower hot side charge pipe to reduce the pressure drop from a power robbing 8.4kPa to an impressive 6kPa. The mountune complete intercooler charge pipe upgrade kit is easy to install and complements the performance of the mountune Intercooler upgrade for the Focus ST. This kit is also compatible with the original intercooler and systems that use the original intercooler charge pipes.


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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] With production of USA, this film of 2012 has been directed by Wally Wallace and Sean Williams. You can watch Tokeasy online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in English at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2012.
Rating: 5 by 21 users./
Runtime: 90 minutes
Joshua Ray, Chaz Grundy, Scott Jones, Arthur Martinez, Jacolleun Christianna Madron, Rhea Amos, Zach Antonio, Swann Christopher, Joanne Cole, Zack Cooper, Carlyn Crispell, Morgan Davis, Randy Diamon, Bill Douglass, William Elder and Alfred Ferraris.
90-minute film (full movie) directed by Wally Wallace and Sean Williams.
The original audio of Tokeasy has dialogues in Dolby Digital, it was produced in USA.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2012.
Screenplay written by Wally Wallace.
Sean Williams.
Justin Sutherland, Elizabeth Holloway, Wally Wallace and Sean Williams.
This film was produced and / or financed by RMO Films.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Tokeasy has a duration of 90 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in EnglishDolby Digital in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Tokeasy in FULLTV Movies.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 8, 1983
|Filing date
|Apr 11, 1980
|Priority date
|Apr 11, 1980
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas A. Davis, William J. Asher
|Original Assignee
|Exxon Research And Engineering Co.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (32), Classifications (22)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a process for preparing artificial red cells. More particularly, this invention relates to process for preparing artificial red cells of aqueous hemoglobin solution encapsulated in membranes of polymerized hemoglobin. Still more particularly, this invention relates to preparing artificial red cells comprising microdroplets of aqueous hemoglobin solution encapsulated in membranes of polymerized, cross-linked hemoglobin by forming microdroplets of hemoglobin solution in oil and cross-linking the hemoglobin at the surface of the microdroplets with a suitable cross-linking agent.
The search for blood substitutes has been prompted by many serious drawbacks to the use of donor blood. One of the most serious problems relates to the fact that an adequate supply of compatible donor blood may not be available at the time and place where it is needed. This would be a particularly serious problem during periods of disaster or war when blood is most needed. The incompatibility of different blood types and the relatively short storage life of whole blood limits the practicability of collecting and storing large amounts of whole blood. According to some estimates, as much as 30% of human blood collected is not reinfused into human patients. Although red blood cells have a relatively short storage life which contributes to a large amount of wasted blood, the hemoglobin contained in the red cells appears to be unaffected if stored under the proper conditions. However, the red cell membranes tend to degrade in storage. Further, the transmission of disease, especially hepatitis, is a problem that makes physicians hesitant to transfuse whole blood or plasma into patients under conditions that are not life-threatening to the patient. Thus, there is a definite need for effective blood substitutes.
The primary function of a plasma expander or blood substitute is to maintain an adequate circulation volume of a solution that is nontoxic to the human body and which will transport oxygen throughout the body to sustain life until the body can remanufacture a supply of natural blood. Artificial blood substitutes have received considerable attention during the last decade. The development of fluorochemical emulsions that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood stream offered hope of a viable blood substitute. Unfortunately, however, a number of problems have limited the use of fluorochemical emulsions in human patients.
Aqueous hemoglobin solution is the main constituent of red blood cells and is the blood's oxygen carrier. It has also been demonstrated to be safe when used in human patients. However, its intravascular persistance and oxygen-release characteristics have proven to be inadequate. Free hemoglobin completely disappears from the blood stream in less than about eight hours and its affinity for oxygen is much greater than that of an equivalent amount of hemoglobin encapsulated within the natural red-blood-cell membrane. This greater affinity makes liberation of oxygen to the tissues much more difficult. It is the red-blood-cell membrane that contains the antigenic material which causes problems when mismatching of donor and recipient occurs. Problems of intravascular coagulation and renal damage have been demonstrated to be caused by the stroma present in such membranes and not the hemoglobin molecule itself. Thus, the use of stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS) as a blood substitute offers many potential advantages regarding immunology, storage and bio-compatibility. Also, since free hemoglobin is not toxic to the kidney, SFHS seems an ideal starting material for a blood substitute.
A number of attempts have been made using standard encapsulated techniques employing various polymeric materials such as celluloses, polystyrenes and polyamides to create artificial red cells by encapsulating hemoglobin therein. However, these standard encapsulation techniques have produced red cells non-biodegradable by ordinary metabolism. Alternatively, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,001,401; 4,053,590; and 4,061,736 disclose blood substitutes and plasma expanders comprising polymerized, cross-linked, stroma-free hemoglobin in either the oxyhemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin form, said polymers having a molecular weight ranging from about 64,000 to 1,000,000. These blood substitutes are prepared by cross-linking stroma-free hemoglobin in bulk solution with a suitable cross-linking agent that is at least bifunctional in nature. However, the hemoglobin polymers are not artificial red cells, because they are merely polymeric molecules as such and do not consist of a membrane encapsulating a fluid phase which can reversibly combine with oxygen. In another attempt at creating artificial red cells, Miller et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,133,874 disclose forming artificial red cells by encapsulating hemoglobin in liquid lipid materials comprising phospholipids, and optionally cholesterol, to form cells typically ranging from 0.1 to 10 microns in their greatest dimension. The lipid material is said to form a continuous membrane around the hemoglobin solution. However, phospholipids have a tendency to release their contents into other cells in the body. Kitajima et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,510 show reinforcing the naturally-occurring membrane around red blood cells by reacting the membrane with an isocyanate such as toluene diisocyanate. In reinforcing the naturally occurring membrane, red blood cells are dispersed in a suitable isotonic or hypertonic saline solution to which is added an oil-in-water emulsion of liquid polyisocyanate which reacts with the membranes, thereby reinforcing same. However, it is the red blood cell membranes which contain materials that cause short storage life, and incompatibility problems between different blood types.
Thus, there is a need for artificial red cells comprising an encapsulated, stroma-free hemoglobin solution of a suitable size, strength and flexibility to permit same to be used effectively as blood substitutes.
The present invention relates to a process for preparing artificial red cells comprising microdroplets of stroma-free, aqueous hemoglobin solution encapsulated in membranes of cross-linked, polymerized hemoglobin, said process comprising forming microdroplets of hemoglobin solution in a continuous oil phase, cross-linking hemoglobins at the surface of the microdroplets with a suitable cross-linking agent to form the artificial red cells and recovering the cells. In one embodiment of the process of this invention a liquid membrane technique employing a water-soluble cross-linking agent is used to form the cells. In this process, a stroma-free, aqueous hemoglobin is emulsified in oil, the emulsion is suspended in an aqueous suspending phase containing the cross-linking agent to form the red cells and the red cells are recovered. In another embodiment of the process of this invention, microdroplets of the hemoglobin solution are formed in an oil phase and an oil-soluble cross-linking is added to the oil phase either before or after contacting the oil phase with the hemoglobin solution and forming the dispersion of microdroplets of hemoglobin solution in the oil phase.
It should be understood that the process of this invention extends to encapsulating any cross-linkable proteinaceous material, in which case the cell size may broadly range from about 0.1 to 100 microns.
As a further embodiment of this invention, the artificial red cells or encapsulated proteinaceous material made flexible and readily deformable in nature by contacting them with an aqueous solution with respect to which the encapsulated material is hypotonic.
One process for preparing the artificial red cells of this invention is by the use of a liquid membrane encapsulation technique. In this method, the stroma-free hemoglobin is emulsified in a surfactant-containing oil to form discrete, red-cell-size microdroplets of hemoglobin in a continuous oil phase. In general, this process comprises the steps of:
(a) emulsifying a stroma-free, aqueous hemoglobin solution in a surfactant-containing oil to form an emulsion comprising discrete microdroplets of said hemoglobin solution in a continuous phase of said oil;
(b) forming, in an aqueous suspending phase, liquid membrane capsules comprising globules of said emulsion formed in (a), said globules comprising an aqueous interior phase of discrete microdroplets of hemoglobin solution and an exterior oil phase immiscible with both said aqueous interior phase and said suspending phase and wherein said suspending phase contains a water soluble cross-linking agent capable of polymerizing hemoglobin;
(c) forming artificial red cells suspended in said globules of oil phase by maintaining said capsules in said aqueous suspending phase for a time sufficient for said cross-linking agent to polymerize hemoglobin at the surface of said hemoglobin solution microdroplets present in said capsule to form an artificial membrane around each of said microdroplets of hemoglobin solution;
(d) separating said suspending phase from said oil phase containing the artificial red cells; and
(e) recovering the artificial red cells from the oil phase.
However, it should be noted that if the oil used to form the emulsion is a lipid, such as a phospholipid, it may not be necessary to use a surfactant in the oil. As a further note, if the hemoglobin is emulsified in a phospholipid instead of in an oil/surfactant combination, the liquid membrane capsules formed in step (b) could be regarded as being similar in structure to certain types of liposomes.
The cross-linking agent may be in the suspending phase when the liquid membrane capsules are formed or it may be added to same after said capsules are formed. The amount of cross-linking agent added to the suspending phase may be just enough to form an artificial membrane of polymerized hemoglobin around each microdroplet of hemoglobin emulsified in the oil globule or it may be present in amounts substantially in excess of that required to form the artificial membranes. In the latter event the reaction will be stopped or quenched after a suitable predetermined period by separating the aqueous suspending phase from the oil phase containing the artificial red cells, by diluting the aqueous suspending phase, by adding a material which reacts with the remaining cross-linking agent, or by a combination of these methods. It is believed that the cross-linking agent dissolved in the oil diffuses to the interface between the oil and the microdroplets of hemoglobin solution. As has hereinbefore been stated, the cross-linking agent or agents must have at least two functional groups capable of reacting with the amine groups of lysine residues which are located at numerous sites of the hemoglobin molecule. The cross-linking agent must form intermolecular cross-links, although some intramolecular cross-links can be tolerated. The cross-linking of the hemoglobin at the surface of each microdroplet forms a film or membrane of polymerized hemoglobin that effectively encapsulates the stroma-free hemoglobin solution, thereby forming artificial red cells.
Important to the process of this invention is separating the artificial red cells from the oil phase in which they were formed. This may be done by separating the suspension of artificial red cells in the oil phase from the aqueous suspending phase and washing the suspension several times with an appropriate solution such as isotonic saline solution to remove any unreacted cross-linking agent. The washed suspension is then contacted with a second aqueous phase in the presence of a second surfactant under conditions of agitation to form, suspend and break globules of the artificial red cell-containing oil phase in said second suspending phase. Alternatively, the second surfactant can be added directly to the artificial red cell-containing oil phase prior to its contact with the suspending phase. However, better results appear to be obtained if the second surfactant is added to the second aqueous suspending phase. In practice it has been found that a saline solution is an effective second aqueous suspending phase and that when the breaking emulsion is agitated with a large quantity of the saline solution to which the second surfactant has been added, the artificial red cells become suspended in the saline suspending phase. At this point, the artificial red cells may also require treatment with one or more reagents to deactivate unreacted functional groups of the cross-linking agent or to modify the surface characteristics of the membranes. The artificial red cells may be recovered from the suspending solution by centrifugation, filtration, decanting or any suitable separation technique and may then be either freeze-dried or resuspended in a suitable solution.
Optionally, if the first suspending phase contained only enough cross-linking agent to form the artificial red cells, it is not required that a second suspending phase be employed to free the cells. In this case, the second surfactant may be added to the first suspending phase to free the red cells.
It is extremely important in the process of recovering the artificial red cells from the oil that the surfactant employed with the second suspending phase (or added to the first suspending phase if only enough cross-linking agent was present therein to form the artificial red cells) have an HLB at least 9, preferably at least 11 and more preferably at least 13. That is, the surfactant added to the aqueous suspending phase which breaks up the oil phase and frees the artificial red cells must be preferentially soluble in the aqueous phase and not the oil. As is known in the art, this preferential water solubility can readily be defined in terms of HLB. It is believed that the second surfactant having an HLB of at least 9 destabilizes the suspension of artificial red cells in the oil thereby releasing the red cells and forming a three-phase system comprising an aqueous, surfactant-containing suspending phase, an oil phase and the artificial red cells.
Yet another process for making the artificial red cells of this invention comprises emulsifying a stroma-free aqueous hemoglobin solution in a surfactant-containing oil to form an emulsion comprising microdroplets of hemoglobin solution dispersed in a continuous phase of said oil wherein said oil phase contains a cross-linking agent which polymerizes the hemoglobin at the surface of said microdroplets to form artificial red cells dispersed in said oil phase. In this process, the cross-linking agent can either be initially present in the oil or can be added to the oil after the hemoglobin microdroplets have been formed therein. In this process, it is quite naturally necessary for the cross-linking agent to be oil soluble. As was the case for the liquid membrane encapsulation technique described above, just enough cross-linking agent can be added to the oil to effectively cross-link the hemoglobin at the surface of the emulsified microdroplets, or the cross-linking agent or agents can be present in sufficient excess such that the reaction has to be quenced by diluting the oil, by quickly separating the so-formed artificial red cells from the oil, by adding to the oil a material which reacts with the remaining cross-linking agent, by contacting the emulsion with an aqueous suspension phase containing the second surfactant under conditions of agitation to break the emulsion, or a combination of these methods.
The artificial red cells of this invention may also be formed by starting with liposomes containing hemoglobin solution suspended in a suitable suspending phase. In this case, the liposomes are contacted with a suitable cross-linking agent to form artificial red cells therein using the same procedure as with the liquid membrane encapsulating technique, except that one would start with step (c) of said procedure after adding the cross-linking agent to the suspending phase. The so-formed suspension of artificial red cells in lipid may then be broken and the artificial cells freed by contacting the suspension with an aqueous solution in the presence of a surfactant having an HLB of at least 9 as hereinbefore set forth.
The artificial red cells of stroma-free, aqueous hemoglobin solution encapsulated in membranes of cross-linked, polymerized, stroma-free hemoglobin produced by the process of this invention are permeable to oxygen and impermeable to hemoglobin. These artificial red cells can be prepared having diameters of less than 8 microns in their greatest dimension, preferably less than 4 microns and are able to maintain their individual integrity under conditions of flow with shear rates of up to about 2�105 sec-1. If desired, they may consist essentially of a stroma-free, aqueous hemoglobin solution encapsulated in cross-linked hemoglobin, thus consisting essentially of stroma-free hemoglobin and minute amounts of cross-linking agent. Alternatively, other ingredients such as drugs, nutrients, hormones, enzymes and antibodies may be incorporated into the hemoglobin solution prior to the encapsulation thereof. These artificial red cells may be prepared by emulsifying stroma-free hemoglobin solution, as microdroplets, in an oil phase, reacting a suitable cross-linking agent with the hemoglobin at the surface of the microdroplets of emulsified hemoglobin solutions thereby forming a suspension of artificial red cells in the oil and then recovering the artificial red cells. It should be understood however, that the scope of this invention also extends to encapsulating any cross-linkable proteinaceous material, in which case the cell size may broadly range from about 0.1 to 100 microns. Further, the artificial red cells or microdroplets of encapsulated proteinaceous material of this invention may be made flexible and easily deformable in nature simply by contacting them with an aqueous solution to which the encapsulated hemoglobin solution or solution of proteinaceous material is hypotonic. Thus, contacting same with an aqueous solution with respect to which the hemoglobin or proteinaceous material solution is hypotonic causes some of the water in the encapsulated solution to osmotically diffuse through the membrane into the aqueous solution which depletes the interior of the artificial red cell or microdroplet of encapsulated proteinaceous material of a portion of its contents, thus rendering the cell flexible and readily deformed.
Hemoglobin solution useful for the artificial red cells of this invention is prepared by starting with red blood cells separated from freshly drawn human blood, from outdated whole blood, packed red cells obtained from human donor centers or from red blood cells obtained from animal blood such as bovine blood. There are many known ways to prepare stroma-free hemoglobin. In one particular method, whole blood is drawn into bottles containing an anticoagulant, centrifuged and the supernatent plasma withdrawn. Next, the resultant red cells are washed in about 1 to 4 volumes of cold, isotonic or hypertonic sodium chloride solution to form a suspension of red cells which is then centrifuged and the supernatant removed and discarded. The red cells are generally washed an additional two to three times with the wash being discarded after each centrifugation. Procedures for preparing stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS) involve hemolysis, centrifugation, filtration and, optionally, dialysis. To obtain stroma-free hemoglobin, the red blood cells are first lysed in about one to four volumes of cold water or other lysing solutions such as hypotonic phosphate buffers or hypotonic saline. After lysing, the red cell suspension is shaken and cold toluene is added at about 10-200 volume percent of the red cells, usually about 10-30 volume percent. This mixture is then shaken for four to ten minutes and left standing at from 4� C. to 6� C. for 24 to 72 hours to produce a triphasic mixture. A lower, clearer, red layer is isolated and centrifuged at about 40,000 to 50,000 g for at least 60 minutes at about 4� C. to 6� C. Then, the upper supernatant is separated and filtered through a suitable filter such as a diatomaceous earth filter. If desired, residual low molecular weight salts and metabolites may be removed from the stroma-free hemoglobin by dialysis against standard or medically acceptable buffers which are well known to those in the art. The method used to prepare SFHS to demonstrate the instant invention is set forth in Example 6 supra.
Suitable cross-linking agents include those which are at least bifunctional and, for the case where one desires to form artificial red cells, those which result in a cross-linked hemoglobin membrane which is biodegradale in a mammalian body so that the cells can be eliminated from the body after their function has been performed. The bi or poly-functional cross-linking agents must have at least two functional groups which can be the same or different. These groups must be capable of reacting with and cross-linking the functional groups of the proteinaceous material which, in the case of hemoglobin, are primarily amino groups. By amino groups is meant the N-terminal alpha amino group of the hemoglobin chains and those of the basic amino acid residues such as lysine and arginine. The following are intended to be illustrative, but non-limiting examples of various categories of suitable cross-linking agents.
The functional groups of the cross-linking agent can be covalently bonded to each other or they can be separated by an aliphatic or by an aromatic ring. Exemplary aromatic stabilized functional groups are azo and halo activated with a nitro group. These include compounds having a heterocyclic ring with reactive groups bonded to the ring. For example, triazines of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R1 is halogen including fluoro, chloro and bromo, and R2 is a nucleophilic substitute such as an aliphatic or aromatic group, a halogen, a lower alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons, and amino. Cross-linking agents embraced by this formula are 2-amino-4-,6-dichloro-s-triazine and chloro-s-triazine. The cross-linking agents include aromatic stabilized agents prepared by the diazotation of an aromatic diamine, for example, benzidine and its derivatives with nitrous acid to yield bis-diazobenzidines of the formula: ##STR2## wherein R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, alkylene of 1 to 5 carbons, phenylene, ether, sulfone and secamine, R4 is halogen or nitro. R5 is hydrogen, nitro, lower alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons, sulfonate (SO3 H) and carboxylate, and R6 is halogen, diazo (--N:N--), isocyanate (NCO), and isothiocyanate (NCS). Representative agents embraced by the formula include bisdiazobenzidine 2,2'-sulfonic acid, 4,4'-difluoro-3,3'-dinitrophenylsulfone and diphenyl-4,4'-diisothiocyanate.
Cross-linking agents suitable for the invention include compounds of the formula: ##STR3## wherein R7 is halogen and R8 is nitro, or hydrogen with at least one R8 a nitro, as represented by the commercially available activated halogenated reagent 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.
Cross-linking agents suitable for the purpose of the invention also include compounds of the formula (R9)2 C=O wherein R9 is hydrogen or halogen, and compounds of the formula R10 --(CH2)n --R10 wherein R10 is the same or different and n is 1 to 8. The agents also include compounds having a functional group bound to an aromatic moiety either directly or through an alkylene bridge of the formula R10 --(CH2)m --C6 H4 --(CH2)m --R10 wherein R10 is the same or different and m is 0 to 3. Cross-linking agents include the compounds having the functional groups bonded to a cycloalkyl as represented by the formula: ##STR4## wherein R10 is the same or different, p is 0 to 4, and q is 1 to 4. The cross-linking agents include compounds having functional groups bonded to an aliphatic chain interrupted with a nonfunctional group or having nonfunctional groups bonded to the chain as represented by compounds of the formula R10 --(CH2)x --R11 --(CH2)x --R10 wherein R10 is the same or different, R11 is selected from the group consisting of an ether bridge, an divalent amine and a sulfone, and x is an alkylene of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, which each x the same or different. Representative of the functional group embraced by R10 include isocyanate, vinyl, imine, isothiocyanate, isocyanide, aldehyde, epoxide, chloroformate, thiochloroformate, and imido lower alkyl ester, and thiolactones of the formula: ##STR5## wherein a is 1 to 3. Also, R10 can be an activated group formed by reacting the carboxylic acid with a thionyl halide or phosphorus halide, or an activated group formed by reacting an amide or an alkyl ester of the carboxylic acid with hydrazine and then with nitrous acid to yield the corresponding activated group COR12 wherein R12 is halogen or azide. The activated group can also be formed by reacting the carboxylic acid with N,N'-carbonyl diimidazole or a carbodiimide of the formula R13 --N═C═N--R13 wherein R13 is the same or different and are a lower alkyl, a lower cycloalkyl, di(lower)alkyl amino lower alkylene, and heterocyclic lower alkyl including morpholino ethyl. R12 can also be a ##STR6## lower alkyl, and a ##STR7## wherein n is 1 or 2.
Exemplary commercially available cross-linking reagents embraced by the above formula include divinyl sulfone, epichlorohydrin, butadiene diepoxide, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, dimethyl suberimidate dihydrochloride, dimethyl malonimidate dihydrochloride, and dimethyl adipimidate dihydrochloride.
Representative of compounds bearing a functional isocyanate or isothiocyanate group are the compounds listed below. Additionally, the isocyanates or isothiocyanates can be synthesized by reacting an alkyl or aryl amine with phosgene or thiophosgene. The isocyanates used for cross-linking are diisocyanates and they react with the free amino groups of hemoglobin producing urea or thiourea cross-linked sites. Typical compounds include diphenyl-4,4'-diisothiocyanate-2,2'-disulfonic acid, toluene diisocyanate, toluene-2-isocyanate-4-isothiocyanate, 3-methoxydiphenylmethane-4-4'-diisocyanate, propylene diisocyanate, butylene diisocyanate, and hexamethylene diisocyanate.
Exemplary of cross-linking agents having an aldehyde or dialdehyde functionality include formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, formaldehyde activated ureas such as 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl) urea, N,N'-di(hydroxymethyl) imidazolidinone prepared from formaldehyde condensation with a urea according to the formula CH2 O+R16 HN--NHR16 →HOCH2 NR16 --CO--NR16 --CH2 OH wherein R16 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic ring. Other dialdehyde cross-linking agents include dialdehydes of the formula OCH--R17 --HCO wherein R17 is member selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond and a straight or branched chain alkylene of 1 to 8 carbons. Dialdehydes embraced by the formula include glyoxal, malonic dialdehyde, succinic dialdehyde, glutaraldehyde, adipaldehyde, 3-methyl glutaraldehyde, propyladipaldehyde, phthalic dialdehyde, terephthaldehyde and malonic dialdehyde.
Other cross-linking agents include derivatives of carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid residues of hemoglobin activated in situ to give a reactive derivative of hemoglobin that will cross-link with the amines of another hemoglobin. Typical carboxylic acids useful for this purpose have the formula CO2 H(CH2)n CO2 H, and {(CH2)n COOH}3 CH wherein n is 1 to 8. The carboxylic acids include citric, malonic, adipic and succinic. Carboxylic acid activators include thionyl chloride, carbodiimides, N-ethyl-5-phenyl-isoxazolium-3'-sulphonate (Woodward's reagent K), N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole, N-t-butyl-5-methylisoxazolium perchlorate (Woodward's reagent L), 1-ethyl-3-dimethyl aminopropylcarbodiimide, 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholino-ethyl) carbodiimide, metho-p-toluene sulfonate. The cross-linking reaction using a carboxylic acid can be represented by the equation ##STR8##
Other cross-linking groups that can be used are prepared from esters and thioesters activated by strained thiolactones, hydroxysuccinimide esters, halogenated carboxylic acid esters and imidates. The above functional reagents or methods for preparing them are reported in Bull. Soc. Chem. Fr., Vol. 12, pages 4615 to 4617, 1971; Biochemical Aspects of Reactions on Solid Supports, by Stark, George R., Chapter 1, published by Academic Press, 1971; Chemtech, pages 47 to 55, 1974; Rev. Pure and Appl. Chem. Vol. 21, pages 83 to 113, 1971; and British Pat. No. 1,252,770.
The oil used in the process of this invention may be any oil such as mineral (preferably paraffinic), refined vegetable refined animal oil, etc. to which the surfactant is added. It is obvious of course that the oil used in preparing the hemoglobin emulsion should be of a type which is inert with respect to the hemoglobin, the surfactant used and the cross-linking agent. It is also obvious that the oil should not contain materials that are toxic to mammalian bodies and which will diffuse into either the hemoglobin solution or into the artificial red cells. Some examples of suitable oils which can be used as a oil for emulsifying the hemoglobin solution include hydrocarbon oils that have been refined to remove toxic ingredients and which have molecular weights up to 1000, such as paraffins, iosparaffins, naphthalenes and non-polynuclear aromatics. Particularly suitable are mineral oils which have been highly refined for use in human ingestion. Additionally, oils or treated oils from animal or vegetable sources may be used provided they meet the criteria set forth above. Silicon fluids can be used. Also, lipids such as phospholipids may be used as the oil. Oils used in the process of forming the artificial red blood cells of this invention may have a viscosity broadly ranging from between about 0.3 to about 1,000 centipoise at normal temperature. A preferred range is from about 1 to 150 and particularly preferred in from about 2 to 20 centipoise.
The oil-soluble surfactant must not dissolve in the hemoglobin or react with the cross-linking agent. This surfactant must be oil-soluble and may be present in the oil from about 0.01 wt. % up to about 50 wt. % and preferably from about 0.5 to 5 wt. % of the oil. A wide variety of surfactants may be used in the oil to emulsify the hemoglobin solution including those described in "Surface Active Agents and Detergents" by Schwartz, Perry and Bush, Inter-sciences Publishers, Inc., New York and in "Surface Chemistry" by Osepow, Reinhold, New York, 1962, Chapter 8. Of course not all the surfactants included in these publications meet the non-toxic and inert or non-transferring criteria set forth above. Surfactants that have been satisfactorily employed to make the artificial red cells of this invention include Santone 10-10-0 which is a decaglycerol decaoleate and is available from the Durkee Industrial Foods Group of SCM Corporation and polyamine derivatives having the general formula: ##STR9## where n varies from 10 to 60, x varies from 3 to 10 and Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and oxygen-containing hydrocarbyl radicals having up to 10 carbons. In particular, higher molecular weight polyamines with the structure of: ##STR10## wherein m is an integer of about 40 have been found to be particularly effective. This latter compound was commercially available as ENJ-3029 from Exxon Chemical Company.
The invention will be more readily understood by reference to the examples below.
Stroma-free hemoglobin solution (SFHS) was prepared from fresh whole blood from slaughterhouse cattle (bovine blood) which was collected in sterilized 500 ml polypropylene bottles containing 80 ml of an anticoagulant-antibiotic solution comprising 0.73% of citric acid, 2.2% of sodium citrate, 2.45% of glucose, 0.93% of Penicillin "6" USP Potassium (Grant Island Biological Supply Company) and 0.735 g of Streptomycin Sulfate (Grant Island). The blood was immediately refrigerated. Red cells were isolated by centrifuging, washing four times by resuspending them in 1.6% saline solution, centrifuging again, and discarding the supernatant. The packed red cells were then lysed (osmotically ruptured) by the addition of an equal volume of distilled water. Then the stroma (lipids and debris from the red-cell membrane) was removed, from the hemolysate by extracting with cold toluene, centrifugating for 30 min at 4� C., and filtering through membranes of progressively finer porosity down to 0.2 μm to produce the SFHS.
An emulsion of the SFHS in oil was prepared in a mixer comprising a 120 ml glass jar, a shaft-mounted, 3-blade, 3.75-cm-diameter, propeller-type stirrer positioned 0.5 cm from the bottom of the jar, and a 0.32 cm OD dip tube extended through a cap which covered the jar to within 0.5 cm of the bottom of the jar. The distance between the dip tube and the propeller was 0.3 cm. The oil phase was an isoparaffinic mineral oil having a viscosity of about 2 centipoise at 38� C. (Exxon Isopar M) containing 4% of an oil-solube polyamine surfactant (Exxon ENJ 3029). The SFHS was injected through the dip tube over a period of 1 minute into an equal weight of oil contained in the jar while stirred at 4000 rpm. Stirring was continued for 5 minutes to form red-cell-size microdroplets of SFHS in oil.
Liquid membrane capsules were formed in a second stirred-jar device identical to the one used to form the emulsion. The suspending phase was 75 ml of an aqueous solution containing 0.4% of glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffered saline (1% of sodium chloride and 0.74% of sodium biphosphate). A 25-ml batch of the SFHS-in-oil emulsion was injected through the dip tube into the suspending phase which was being stirred at 1,000 rpm. After 5 min the stirrer was stopped, the phases were allowed to separate, and the suspending phase was removed through the dip tube. The artificial red cells remained in the oil phase. To remove unreacted glutaraldehyde, the oil phase was washed three times by the addition of 75 ml of phosphate buffer solution, agitation for 1 min, phase separation, and withdrawal of the aqueous phase.
A water soluble surfactant was used to eject the artificial red cells from the oil phase. Five grams of Renex 30 (polyoxyethylene (12) tridecyl ether supplied by ICI Americas Inc.) were dissolved in 75 ml of saline solution and added through the dip tube. The mixture was stirred for 3 min and allowed to stand. Within 5 min most of the oil had risen to the top of the jar and a dark band containing the artificial red cells appeared at the bottom of the aqueous phase. The artifical red cells were withdrawn through the dip tube, washed 3 times in saline to remove the surfactant, centrifuged and decanted. No free hemoglobin was observed in the supernatant.
To demonstrate the mechanical strength of the artifical red-cell membrane, a portion of the artificial red cells was suspended in saline solution, and the suspension was drawn into a 10 cc syringe. A 22 ga needle was placed on the syringe and the contents were forced out over a period of 30 sec to produce a shear rate of 3.63�104 sec. The ejected suspension was centrifuged and examined for the presence of free hemoglobin. There was no evidence of hemolysis. The artificial red cells were resuspended and forced through the needle over a period of 6 sec to produce a shear rate of 1.84�105 sec. Again, there was no evidence of hemolysis.
This example demonstrates the use of an oil soluble cross-linking agent in the preparation of artificial red cells. An aqueous hemoglobin solution was prepared by the procedure described in Example 1. The hemoglobin concentration of the solution was determined to be 18.4 g/dl by the Cyanomethemoglobin Method (Henry, Clinical Chemistry, 242-3, 1969). A 45 ml portion of this hemoglobin solution was injected into an equal volume of stirred Isopar M containing 4% of ENJ 3029 in the same stirred-jar device, and stirring was continued at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes to form an emulsion of hemoglobin solution in oil. In a second, identical stirred jar device, 0.42 ml of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was added to 75 ml of the Isopar M containing 4% of ENJ 3029, and this mixture was stirred at 200 rpm while 20 ml of the above emulsion was injected into the oil/surfactant/TDI solution. Stirring was continued for 5 minutes to allow a membrane of cross-linked hemoglobin to form around each microdroplet of hemoglobin in the emulsion. Then 0.5 g of a second surfactant, Renex 690 having an HLB of 13.5 (polyoxyethylene alkyl aryl ether from ICI Americas Inc.), which is preferentially soluble in water, was dispersed in the emulsion to break it. Also 20 ml of a 1.6% saline solution was stirred into the breaking emulsion to provide an aqueous medium for the ejected droplets. When the mixture of phases in the broken emulsion was separated by centrifugation, the artificial red cells collected in the bottom of the tube and no dissolved hemoglobin was observed in the aqueous phase. When the artificial red cells were suspended in a 5% solution of carboxymethyl cellulose, their shape changed from spherical to elipsoidal, indicating flexibility of the membrane when water was removed osmotically.
This example demonstrates that artificial red cells can pick up and release oxygen. A hemoglobin solution prepared by the procedure described in Example 1 was deoxygenated by bubbling a stream of nitrogen through it for one hour to form a deoxyhemoglobin solution. The remainder of the procedure for forming the artificial red cells was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere. The deoxyhemoglobin solution (19.5 g/dl) was emulsified in an equal volume of Isopar M, containing 4% of ENJ 3029 at a stirrer speed of 4000 rpm in the stirred jar device.
An aqueous suspending phase was prepared by adding 0.4% of glutaraldehyde to a phosphate buffer solution (1% of sodium chloride and 0.7% of sodium biphosphate). A 25 ml portion of the emulsion was injected into 75 ml of the suspending phase, and the mixture was stirred for 5 min at 800 rpm. The emulsion was washed three times with the phosphate buffer solution and broken by adding 0.5 g of Renex 30 (HLB of 14.5) and 40 ml of water with manual shaking. The broken emulsion was centrifuged to recover the artificial red cells.
The artificial red cells thus formed were dispersed in phosphate buffer and equilibrated with air. A 20-microliter sample of this dispersion was injected into a Lex-O2 -Con-TL (Lexington Instruments) and its oxygen content was measured as 4.2 volume percent. The hemoglobin content of the sample was gravimetrically determined to be 6.25%. After correcting for O2 dissolved in water, the O2 content was calculated to be 0.6 ml/g of hemoglobin.
To demonstrate the use of another oil soluble solution in the preparation of artificial red cells, the procedure in Example 1 was repeated with 1% of Santone 10-10-0 (decaglycerol decaoleate from SCM Durkee Industrial Foods Group) instead of 4% of ENJ 3029. The Santone 10-10-0 is a preferentially oil soluble surfactant having an HLB of 2.0. The artificial red cells produced with either of these surfactants were similar in appearance.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 11, 1972
|Apr 22, 1975
|Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd
|Modification of red blood cell membrane with polyisocyanates
|Sep 27, 1976
|Dec 6, 1977
|Alza Corporation
|Pharmaceutically acceptable intramolecularly cross-linked, stromal-free hemoglobin
|Feb 10, 1978
|Jan 9, 1979
|The University Of Illinois Foundation
|Lipid encapsulated hemoglobin cells
|Jun 22, 1971
|G. Mason Stanley
|Encapsulated hydrophilic compositions and methods of making them
|Title not available
|Chang et al.: "Semipermeable Aqueous Microcapsules", Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 44 (1966), pp. 115-128.
|Chang: "Artificial Cells", Chemtech, Feb. 1975, pp. 80-85.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 4, 1983
|Sep 25, 1984
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Preparation of stroma-free, non-heme protein-free hemoglobin
|Aug 9, 1982
|Jun 4, 1985
|Mars, Incorporated
|Microencapsulation process
|May 29, 1984
|Jul 2, 1985
|Biotest Pharma Gmbh
|Method of preparing highly purified, stroma-free, non-hepatitic human and animal hemoglobin solutions
|Jun 27, 1984
|Jul 1, 1986
|University Of Iowa Research Foundation
|Alpha-alpha cross-linked hemoglobins
|Mar 18, 1985
|Jul 15, 1986
|University Of Iowa Research Foundation
|Production of alpha-alpha cross-linked hemoglobins in high yield
|Feb 4, 1986
|Jun 9, 1987
|University Of Florida
|Microspheres for incorporation of therapeutic substances and methods of preparation thereof
|Apr 3, 1987
|Dec 22, 1987
|Flow Cytometry Standards Corporation
|Fluorescent calibration microbeads simulating stained cells
|Jan 17, 1989
|May 22, 1990
|Liposome Technology, Inc.
|Liposome extrusion method
|Jan 18, 1989
|Sep 17, 1991
|The Liposome Company, Inc.
|Osmotically dependent vesicles
|Jul 23, 1991
|Feb 8, 1994
|Temple University
|Salt film encapsulated perfluorocarbons
|Oct 7, 1992
|Jun 25, 1996
|The Board Of Regents The Univeristy Of Texas System
|Gels for encapsulation of biological materials
|Mar 1, 1993
|Nov 12, 1996
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
|Gels for encapsulation of biological materials
|Oct 3, 1994
|Feb 18, 1997
|Baxter International Inc.
|Method of binding recognizing substances to liposomes
|Jun 14, 1995
|Oct 7, 1997
|Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Hemoglobin-encapsulated liposome
|Dec 1, 1995
|Nov 18, 1997
|Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Hemoglobin-encapsulating liposome and method for making the same
|Jun 7, 1995
|Nov 25, 1997
|Biopure Corporation
|Separation of polymerized hemoglobin from unpolymerized hemoglobin on hydroxyapatite using HPLC
|Jun 7, 1995
|May 19, 1998
|Biopure Corporation
|Method for producing a stable polymerized hemoglobin blood-substitute
|Jun 7, 1995
|Sep 1, 1998
|The Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
|Gels for encapsulation of biological materials
|Jun 6, 1995
|Dec 1, 1998
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
|Gels for encapsulation of biological materials
|Dec 10, 1996
|Dec 8, 1998
|Baxter International Inc.
|Method of binding collagen recognizing substances to liposomes
|Jan 25, 1995
|Jan 12, 1999
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
|Gels for encapsulation of biological materials
|Jun 7, 1995
|Sep 21, 1999
|Biopure Corporation
|Method for producing a stable polymerized hemoglobin blood-substitute
|Jan 13, 1997
|Jul 10, 2001
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas Systems
|Gels for encapsulation of biological materials
|Mar 3, 1998
|Oct 15, 2002
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas Systems
|Treating medical conditions by polymerizing macromers to form polymeric materials
|Oct 23, 2000
|Oct 14, 2003
|The Board Of Regents, University Of Texas System
|Coating substrates by polymerizing macromers having free radical-polymerizable substituents
|Nov 29, 2004
|Nov 14, 2006
|Biopure Corporation
|Method of forming a polymerized hemoglobin solution from stabilized hemoglobin
|Jun 25, 2003
|Dec 26, 2006
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
|Implantable substrate coated with a macromer having free radical polymerizable substituents
|Oct 19, 2006
|Dec 2, 2008
|Biopure Corporation
|Method of forming a polymerized hemoglobin solution from stabilized hemoglobin
|Jun 25, 2003
|May 6, 2004
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
|Gels for encapsulation of biological materials
|Oct 19, 2006
|Sep 20, 2007
|Page Thomas C
|Method of forming a polymerized hemoglobin solution from stabilized hemoglobin
|Dec 1, 2008
|May 28, 2009
|Biopure Corporation
|Method of forming a polymerized hemoglobin solution from stabilized hemoglobin
|May 24, 1990
|Jun 1, 1993
|University Of Iowa Research Foundation
|Production of alpha-alpha cross-linked hemoglobins in high yield
|U.S. Classification
|264/4.1, 424/450, 530/410, 436/10, 424/499, 530/385, 514/13.4
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Dentons has named Warsaw partner Pawel Debowski as the sole chair of its European real estate group in the wake of co-chair Eric Rosedale's departure to Greenberg Traurig.
Debowski was appointed as co-chair of European real estate earlier this year (6 February 2014) alongside Rosedale. Greenberg Traurig announced Rosedale's hire as chair of its international real estate practice yesterday (17 June 2014).
Prior to its tripartite merger with SNR Denton and Fraser Milner Casgrain last year (28 November 2012), Debowski was head of real estate in Central and Eastern Europe for European firm Salans. He joined the firm in 2010 from Clifford Chance with a team of lawyers (13 July 2010).
Rosedale held the dual role of co-chair of both the European and global real estate teams at Dentons, with fellow legacy Salans partner Evan Lazar jointly heading up the global real estate team. Prague-based Lazar will remain in this position at Dentons, as well as chairing the firm's European board. The replacement for Rosedale as global co-chair is yet to be decided.
The firm said the merger had created a real estate team consisting of over 600 people worldwide, including over 200 lawyers in its 15 European offices. Clients include Starwood Capital Group, Tristan Capital Partners, Heitman International, Deka, Union Investment and GLL Real Estate Partners.


text:
Having an idea is half the battle, but in order to write a story you must understand the basics of creative writing and how to write a novel from just an idea.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
by Luis Valentino
Many people have good ideas for writing a story, but without writing tips
and help on how to write a story are unable to even start. Having an idea
is half the battle, but in order to write a story you must understand the
basics of creative writing and how to write a novel from just an idea.
Reading a short story is 1 thing that most of us have enjoyed during our
childhood. It's good method to relax oneself and to unwind. The attention
binding short stories can conveniently indulge you completely. It is not a
surprise that such story books are perfect gifts in every sense. While all
love reading stories, writing the same isn't everybody's cup of tea.
However, in case you're interested in writing short stories, do not be
disappointed as it is no big ordeal. Let's shed some light on tricks that
can help you out with the same.
You need to be very clear about your principles before you begin writing the story.
Your tale should have a correct beginning, middle and an ending. You may shine these
parts and furnish them with further information as you head through it. Nevertheless,
be certain that you've a well thought out and appropriate story line for each of the
several parts.
Sticking to a particularly simple and essential thought would work very best for your
short stories. The more tough and complex themes are better integrated in full fledged
novels. Hence, your short story ought to ideally be centered on fairly uncomplicated
premises, to work. Given that you are penning a short story, too many twists and turns
may confuse the reader.
The next in line crucial element of a short story is characters. If you involve complex
characters in your story, you must write more to provide a detailed explanation of the
characters. It is always in your interest to include simple and easy to comprehend
characters. This will assist indulge the readers far better. Additionally don't include
many heroes in the story if you don't desire to heighten the confusion levels of the
Paint your tale in a short time frame. You may utilize small periods of daily life such as a
voyage and the experiences your lead figure goes through on this journey as the plot
line. Using a shorter time figure will help you create a more concise ending and
beginning for your tale. As a result, you'll additionally not face any troubles with giving
detailed descriptions of the time frame you've provided in the narrative.
Lastly, get your creative juices flowing like never before. Try and involve a minimum of a single
unique element within your story. Short stories usually give you enough opportunity to exercise your
imagination and creativity. Don't be afraid of experimenting and explore your tips extensively. This
will support you write an engaging and smooth ending.
The strategy of writing a small story ought to not become a source of stress for you. Just follow the
mentioned tricks and you are sure to come up with a short story that is truly enchanting.
Luis Valentino is a publisher and has set Try and involve a minimum of a single
up Valgar Institute: A Publishing Company.
Jean Luc Godard said that "sometimes
reality is too complex. Stories give it
form." Luis Valentino and his co-founder
are hoping to create a community for
writers and readers who believe that
everyone has a story to tell.
Visit him www.valentino.org


text:
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Thread: Problem with Western characters
12-08-04, 08:16 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Dec 2004
- Posts
- 1
Unanswered: Problem with Western characters
I'm new with MySQL and I have some troubles with some Western characters. If I populate a table with "MySQL command line" with some French characters (é, à) and there after query the table with "MySQL command line", the characters are correct. If I query the table with "MySQL Query Browser" the characters are corrupted.
The server, table and field are character set latin1.
My OS is Windows XP french version.
Many thanks for your help.


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text:
Spike Attack Free
by: Silvanite • 32
All Android applications categories
by: Silvanite • 32
You think you have good reactions, coordination and patience? Prove your skills in this addictive casual arcade game! But watch out, you're very likely to get angry at those spikes and we're not responsible for any damage you may cause to your phone!
So put away your doodle pad and jump straight in. Show off your skills by submitting your score to the Global Scoreloop Leaderboards and post them straight to your facebook profile or twitter feed to challenge your friends.
Customize the controls from the options menu to suit your personal preference or turn on the Low Graphics (Compatibility) mode if your phone is struggling to deal with those spikes.
Now with Cross-Platform Highscores. Compete against iOS users and show your iPhone buddies what your Android can do!
Keywords: Spike Attack, Accelerometer, Balance, Reaction, Casual, Arcade, Stars, Coins, Flowers, Falling, Jump, Roll, Ball, Coordination, Retro
Tags: игра на андроид spike , spike attack
from 32 reviews
Download Spike Attack Free
Free - 1.0 b183 - 3M
Share this app


text: Learning new software can definitely be a challenge. Right now, our guys are working around the clock trying to become proficient in 3 particular platforms/applications/programs. The funny thing about it is, whenever it comes time for us to take on a new skill set, it's like drawing straws! There are pros and cons to it. For example, the downside is that the team member has to spend hours and hours and HOURS watching tutorials and becoming familiar with the uses of the new tool. But the upside is — the member doesn't have to work so hard to translate the concepts to the rest of the team, because we're all pretty knowledgable — (esp. since we all had an equal chance of pulling the "short straw"). In the end, we work hard to pick up these newbies and add them to our repertoire. Straws anyone?


text:
The Polish fighter pilots of the Kosciusko Squadron played a singular role in the Battle of Britain and other World War II engagements, gaining, for a time, fame and admiration from the British people. Journalists Olson and Cloud combine their story with a narrative of the political and military fate of their home country during and after World War II, condemning the way these "forgotten heroes" and their hopes for Poland's independence were betrayed by Allied forces. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
This is indeed a tale of heroism, camaraderie and glory. The dashing, gallant, impetuous Poles became the darlings of British high society and were lionized by the press in Britain and America. The authors vividly recreate the airmen's daily bouts with death and nights of partying, their lost lives and loves, and their frustrations with English fastidiousness and idiosyncrasies -- everything in the British planes seemed to be the opposite of where it was in Poland. John Whiteclay Chambers II


text:
In the poorly lit waiting room, Valerie dear,
Of the 9th precinct, down in the basement,
The last words you'd spoken still ring in my ear,
As I give the policeman my statement.
If only you'd played a bit harder to get,
This fell tragedy, we'd have averted.
Waxing appetites whet, we'd not had dinner yet,
And "Go down on me. Now." you asserted.
Ah, yodeling deep in your gully, my mind
Drifted back to the last time I'd eaten.
That stale Peanut Chew in the ashtray defined,
For me, such a delectable treat then.
Then 'round my head, feeling your quaking thighs tighten,
Twixt nethers so gently, I pulsed.
"So far, so good," thought I, my sense of pride heightened,
I loved how you thrashed and convulsed.
But when next I glanced up, I was puzzled to see you
Assailing yourself with an Epi-Pen.
'Twas precisely that instance, beloved, I knew
How the both of us teemed with adrenaline.
Resolute, I returned to the task I had started,
Urged on by your whooping and wailing,
"Don't stop!" the choked, swollen command you imparted,
Deciphered though seizing and flailing.
Wearied, I watched as your windpipe constricted.
Oh, would that I could have been, Valerie,
More considerate of (just a lick) those afflicted
With clearly severe peanut allergies.


text:
So you've finally decided to become a blogger... You want a life where no one will have the right to tell you what to do, how to do it, and when to do it. That's what we all want, right? And the truth is that blogging can afford us such freedoms and luxuries. But in order to be able to get there, we need to make sure that what we're doing is done right. So after you've set up your blog, you'll need to start writing posts. Your first blog post will serve as the primary basis of your blogging business. Get it wrong and you're doomed to fail. (42 comments)
Top 10 New Year's Resolutions for Bloggers in 2017
This is the first month of the year, and every one is busy making their new year resolution. Some of them make a resolution to improve themselves; some of them make the resolution to quit a bad habit, and some of them are busy making new year resolution for their business. As a Blogger, we should also have some serious commitment and new year resolution for our Blog. It could be anything from writing a blog post every day, replying to comment or publishing over 100 guest post in this year. Read: ShoutMeLoud Top Articles from last Year To help you (15 comments)
Use Popular Blogs Polls to Create Killer Blog Posts
Whenever we talk about quality content, we're usually referring to evergreen content. Nothing against news bloggers, but evergreen posts usually create a longer-lasting impression. Here I'm going to share a dirty little secret which many of us have been doing for a long time, and it's one of the easiest ways to create a listified post (and without much work). Now, everyone LOVES list posts. Even before they open the post, a reader knows approximately how much value they're going to get out of it, and will know how far into the content they are (16 comments)


text:
Scotty Mccreery World Series Flub
November 24, 2011 by staff
Scotty Mccreery World Series Flub, Scotty Mccreery, the reigning American Idol champion, made a major lip-synching error at MACy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York today (24, November 2011). The country star was left red-faced after he missed his cue to sing while riding atop a giant float, reports the Huffington Post.
Wearing a warm winter coat and red-scarf, Scotty was introduced to the screaming crowd by an announcer who yelled "And here to sing The Trouble with Girls, it's the bigger than life reigning American Idol champion, ladies and gentleman Scotty MCCreery". But that's when things started to go wrong – with the singer's voice filling the streets of Manhattan despite the fact he still had the microphone by his side. Looking momentarily stunned, the 18-year-old quickly realised his error and began singing, albeit looking sheepish. The flub once again brings up the debate of live versus lip-synching – both of which present their own problems in front of big crowds. Teen star Justin Bieber performed a special Thanksgiving set for the Today Show on Wednesday (23 November, 2011) and although singing live, he appeared to forget several lines of Santa Claus is Coming To Town and sounded out-of-breath has he paraded around the stage and gave out high-fives.
Unfortunately it's not the first time MCCreery has been involved in a singing flub – at the World Series he sang the 'Star Spangled Banner' while his microphone was turned off, before messing up the notorious lyrics.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


text:
My is a resident of this facility. I am very happy with the care he receives here, and he is too. I would recommend Evergreen Knoll to anyone.
Evergreen Knoll
Top Nearby Assisted Living Facilities
Reviews of Evergreen Knoll
April 21, 2017
I am a friend or relative of a current/past resident
December 02, 2016
I am a friend or relative of a current/past resident
My Father has lived in this facility for two years. We couldn't be happier with the care. I would say his health has improved greatly since this move, now that he doesn't have to worry/remember about medications. Caring Staff, Great Food.. Wonderful Nurses.
November 23, 2016
I am a friend or relative of a current/past resident
I looked at a number of Assisted Livings before choosing Evergreen. It is a great place! The nurses or top notch, the resident assistants are friendly and caring. The only bad thing was some of the meals were not the best, but in the last year this has improved greatly. Now the meals are as good as any restaurant in the area.
March 16, 2016
I am writing this review so that it will change things. Once you have been exposed and can no longer hide , you can only change. My mother is tentatively a resident in the assisted living. At first I had a few problems with them sending the wrong medication home with me.. A huge HIPPA violation. I let that go. Because she is self pay, they were pushing for the cares unit before time. Because the time will come and they may not have it available. But what I have noticed that upsets me the most id the rudeness of the RN Ginger. She is short with the residents and the family. Just mean spirited. I called one of the Managers and he said, he trust her because she has been there from day one. We have discussed several things regarding my mothers cares. Later she will say, "I didn't say that". So frustrating. I can't trust a lier that covers up mistakes instead of owning them. So if you take a loved on there, it is a nice place, the residents are sweethearts. But what out for your love ones. Stand up when they are wrong. And watch out for nurse Ginger.
January 21, 2012
I am a friend or relative of a resident
Price, the facility is moderately priced as compared to older facilities in the area. The program offers both apartments in the Assisted living side, A locked down nursing home side, and adjacent to the facility are the cottages,*one story homes w/ attached garage. The property is in the back yard of the towns Wal Mart. But the separation use of the resident parking garages makes for a comfortable bearer of the mega store and the living space. Staff is constantly changing, every week you will see a new face, often a happy face though ^-The Manager and her husband (he is the buildings maintenance) They are often not involved with the residents, but they make their existence known.There are a few ladies whom have worked within the facility for a few years whom are cheerful and hold wonderful personalities. Construction is left to wonder, as the facility is newer than most, it is a pre fab constructed building, including windows that frost over do to not capable of being closed, doors unable to close and latch, walls displaying cracks from settled foundation. and minor complications, but after a large series of robberies within the building, they installed dead bolts and cameras making living safer for residents.range score of 7/10 as it is a decent place to live it has had a few minor faults, non large enough to force our grandmother to move, but some to consider if looking between places. Ameds. such as room cleaning once a week, laundry service once a week, and breakfast,lunch and dinner served to you in a main dinning hall where you are served at a table with other residents, many whom are fairly sociable.
About Evergreen Knoll
Evergreen Knoll is an assisted living facility in Cloquet, MN that offers residents independent living options and daily support services. Contact Evergreen Knoll for more details on housing, services, and rates.
Map of Evergreen Knoll
Request Info


text:
- Card Style:
- Layers
- Card Size:
- 5¼" x 7¾"
- Paper Quality:
- Medium
- Printing Technique:
- Thermography (raised)
- Manufacturing Time:
- 3 days + shipping
- Manufacturer:
- Checkerboard, Ltd.
Additional InformationThe designer of this item selected:
- Ink Color:
- Black
Black, cream, and luxurious all over, featuring curvaceous script, sumptuous creamy satin bows, and rich textural embossing. Cream Wallet Flap envelopes come standard with these invitations. Shown here are the optional Raven black liner.
From the BRIDES Fine Wedding Papers collection by Checkerboard.
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How it's Made
Thermography is a contemporary form of raised printing that creates a visual and tactile impression. A clear powder is dusted onto the flat ink of lithography just after it is printed, then heated with the result being a rich raised effect. A wide array of papers are available in various textures, finishes and sheens. The combination of papers and raised ink makes thermography stand out.


text:
When organizations are benefitting from dynamic growth, they often look to renovations. New space isn't always available, and when you're in business, your building often becomes a home. AmeriHealth approached us to help them manage a renovation and restacking of their existing space as well the strategic expansion of their departments.
As the owner's representative, our project team assisted in the development of a full scope of work for the space at the Airport Business Center. We also helped strategize the phasing variations and cost options for the best short- and long-term use of money.
Our job included developing an approach for the International Plaza fit out, design oversight to expedite design process, facilitating team meetings, managing interactions between the property owner and AmeriHealth, and managing the budget and schedule. When completed, the company will have expanded to nearly 500,000 square feet in five buildings on two campuses.


text:
NANO AntiVirus Free 22.214.171.124575 Final
- Last update: 2 Feb 2017
NANO AntiVirus is a new security product made in Russia. It has a major advantage of being free and pretty easy to use.
It offers basic protection against all kinds of threats, like worms, viruses, trojans, backdoors, spyware and adware.
It's pretty configurable and offers both realtime protection for local drives: HDD, USB devices and website protection (Web Guard module) against any malware trying to infect your PC while browsing the internet.
On-demand scanner offers several quick options like Complete system scan, Express system test (scanning memory, boot sectors, registry) and Media test for removable drives like CDDVD and USB devices.
This program resides in the memory and either alerts when something suspicious is found or quarantines it automatically and you will be able to see each action in the Event log recorded.
It does not incorporate cloud scanning or behavioral detection as some other major products, but offers decent protection using the classic method of signatures and a good heuristic engine for detecting new and unknown threats.
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text:
Green Cleaning
Charleston Eco-Friendly Cleaning
ServiceMaster of Charleston offers green cleaning services for carpets, upholstery and tile and grout. Using our proprietary brand of Green For® products, we are proud to offer green cleaning services that are just as effective as our traditional cleaning methods. In addition to being highly effective, our products
- Have a reduced environmental impact
- Are approved by leading environmental organizations
- Are odorless and solvent-free
We provide eco-friendly cleaning services throughout the greater Charleston area including North Charleston, Summerville, Mt. Pleasant and Goose Creek. Contact us to learn more about the benefits of eco-friendly cleaning in your home.


text:
The "Ynot Superhero" American Apparel Crew T-Shirts are back!
Designed not in Gotham City but in San Francisco's Mission District [ 94110 ] by Yoga Teacher, Tony Eason.
Created to remind & empower individuals to:
Release the Inner Superhero.
Live life to it's fullest.
Strive for the Unimaginable.
Think "Out of The Box!"
You don't need Comic Book Heroic Beings like Batman, Superman, Flash Gordon, Mighty Mouse or Wonder Woman.
Get the Limited Edition Ynot Superhero T-shirt while it's HOT!
"Have the courage to be the superhero you already are ……..ynot?" – tony eason
[ Preorder: 1.) Visit Link. 2.) Press "I Still Want One." ].
- Available in Men's, Woman's Sizes.
- Limited Edition.
- Superhero Tee: http://teespring.com/ynot