text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 23, 1999
|Filing date
|May 30, 1997
|Priority date
|May 30, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yinon Degani, Thomas Dixon Dudderar, King Lien Tai
|Original Assignee
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (55), Classifications (39), Legal Events (14)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to packaging memory chips and in particular to new designs for flip chip packages which protect memory arrays from alpha particle hazards.
The susceptibility of dynamic random access (DRAM) and static random access (SRAM) devices to alpha particle degradation has long been recognized. The problem was discovered early in the evolution of semiconductor memory devices but has become severe since the advent of very high density MOS transistor memory arrays. These arrays store data in the form of electrons or holes (usually electrons in n-channel devices) and a very few charges represent a data bit in a very high density array. Thus a single alpha particle "hit" in a storage capacitor of one of these devices will generate enough hole-electron pairs that the charge state of a capacitor in e.g. the "zero" state (no charge) will be read as a "one".
A variety of approaches have been used for protecting these devices from alpha particle exposure, typically from alpha particle sites outside the device package. Thus packaging designs are known which shield the package contents, i.e. the memory arrays, from alpha particle exposure. It has also been recognized that certain types of device packages, e.g. certain metal containers, can be sources of alpha particle contamination and either are to be avoided, or steps taken to insulate the chip from the alpha particle source. Generally, the art of memory chip packaging is well developed and the conventional memory chip packages are largely free of alpha particle problems.
Standard memory chip packages, which now have essentially proven alpha particle immunity, are dual in-line packages, and more recently, surface mount quad packages. Both of these device packages often use solder connection between the leads or pads on the encapsulated IC, and printed wiring boards or other interconnect substrates. Typically the solder is standard lead-tin solder.
The conventional memory packages, i.e. die- and wire-bonded leaded packages, impose a cost in terms of performance and size that is now being seen as too high for certain applications, and more sophisticated memory chip packaging approaches are sought. For many years the trend in semiconductor device and package design was in ever higher levels of integration, which in memory technology took the form of integrating memory and logic on the same chip. Power modules and driver circuits are conventionally part of DRAM and SRAM devices, and many memory device designs have application specific logic embedded with the memory arrays on a common chip. However, while logic and memory semiconductor elements share many common features, there are differences. For example, a critical feature of a memory element is the storage capacitor. This element must be made optimally small, and essentially without defects or leakage. Logic devices have no comparable element, and are more forgiving in some device aspects. Consequently a wafer fabrication process that is tailored for memory device optimization is not usually optimum for logic devices. Thus, compromises are made in order to have different device species on the same semiconductor chip.
Current developments are proceeding in the direction of "disintegration", where memory devices consist mainly of memory cells, and the "on-board" logic and other transistors are put on another chip. These chips can be processed optimally for the size and nature of their components. In this technology, the "integration" is performed at the package level, and the key to its success is a packaging technology that produces a final product that is superior to a chip integrated system in performance and cost, and at least comparable in size.
A leading candidate for this packaging technology is flip chip bonding and assembly. Flip chip bonding is a well developed technology and is characterized by bonding bare silicon IC die upside down on an interconnect substrate such as a printed wiring board. Several bonding techniques have been developed, e.g. ball bonding, ball grid array (BGA--a form of ball bonding), and solder bump bonding. These techniques lead to reduced I/O pitch through smaller contact surfaces, and area rather than perimeter interconnection arrays. Moreover, electrical performance is enhanced because lead lengths are reduced. Typically, the bonding method in these techniques is solder bonding.
We have recognized that the miniaturization of interconnections in these advanced technologies introduces new and unexpected consequences. Essentially unknown to the developers of wire bonds, and extended leads typical of through mounted and surface mounted packages, is that the leads in these techniques are inherently long enough to provide beneficial isolation of the active circuit elements, i.e. transistors, from alpha particle sources in the solder interconnections. As those leads are shortened, as they are in the improved technologies described above, the active elements of the ICs are brought closer to the solder interconnections. We have recognized that a consequence of very close proximity of a solder interconnection to a susceptible IC component is that alpha particles emitted from the solder can impact the semiconductor substrate in the vicinity of the active element and cause alpha particle damage as described earlier. The alpha particle problem is most severe when the interconnection comprises a lead based solder.
One approach to overcoming the alpha particle problem is to locate the I/O leads far enough away from the susceptible circuit elements to spatially isolate the latter from alpha particles emitted from the solder. To some extent this is achievable in large packages with perimeter I/O pads. However, in the new packaging technologies of interest to state of the art designers, the best interconnection approaches use area arrays of I/O pads, where I/O pads are located directly adjacent potentially susceptible circuit elements. Moreover, even perimeter I/O pads are situated very close to active elements in the very small packages currently being designed.
With the recognition of the alpha particle problem that is now associated with flip-chip interconnection of memory chips, and particularly in flip-chip packages that contain a memory chip in a multi-chip package, we have devised an interconnected strategy which has produced advanced flip-chip interconnect packages that reduce or eliminate the alpha particle problem. This strategy, and the resulting package designs, are based on the elimination of lead-based solders. We have also developed a more robust pad metallization adapted for lead-free solders. Since the primary pad material in virtually all ICs is aluminum (part of the last metal interconnect level of the IC), the aluminum pads must be coated with a solder compatible material prior to solder bonding the chip to a substrate. In solder bump interconnect methods, which are the preferred embodiments of this invention, the solder compatible material is referred to as under bump metallization (UBM). Existing UBM materials are tailored for lead solders. Thus we have devised new under bump materials for use with low lead or lead free solders used in the interconnect strategy of this invention.
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a multi-chip package containing memory chips;
FIG. 2 is a section view at 2--2 of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the under bump metallization of the invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic plan view of a multi-chip module (MCM) tile is shown with interconnection substrate 11 and three semiconductor chips 12, 13, and 14 bonded to the substrate. Chips 12 and 13 are memory chips, as indicated, and chip 14 is a logic chip, e.g., a microprocessor. The interconnection substrate 11 may be a ceramic, a semiconductor wafer such as silicon, an epoxy board, or other suitable substrate. It may be single or multi-layer, and may itself be interconnected to another interconnection substrate. The invention is applicable to any IC package containing at least one memory chip, and is most advantageously used where the memory chip is interconnected to the immediate substrate supporting the memory chip with fine pitch area arrays as will be described in more detail below. Alternatively, the memory chip can be flip-chip bonded by the described technique to another chip or component that in turn is bonded to the interconnect substrate. Such multi-chip arrangements are known in the art.
The memory chip may be a static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic access memory (DRAM) or other memory type that stores data in a semiconductor in the form of electrical charge. The invention particularly addresses memory devices in which very few charges represent a data bit, i.e. the charge is stored in a very small capacitor. This condition prevails in memory devices at the megabit level and higher, i.e. at least a million transistors per chip.
The interconnection for the multi-chip arrangement of FIG. 1 is shown in more detail in the section view of FIG. 2, taken along 2--2 of FIG. 1. Here bonding pads on the interconnect substrate are shown at 15, bonding pads on the chips at 16, and solder bump pillars at 17. The bonding pads 16 on the semiconductor chip are typically aluminum and are coated with under bump metallization to impart solderability as described earlier. The pads 16 shown on the substrate are typically part of a printed circuit and may or may not require a UBM for solderability. The solder pillars 17 are typically formed from solder bumps, although solder pads or balls, or solder paste, can also be used. As is known in the art, the space between the chip and the interconnect substrate and the pillars 17 can be filled with epoxy or other suitable material, often referred to as underfill, to seal this region and improve adhesion of the chip to the substrate. The use of an adhesive underfill is especially useful when bonding silicon chips to organic laminates to avoid bond failures in service due to differential thermal expansion between silicon substrate and the typical organic laminate materials. A preferred expedient to address this problem is to use a silicon interconnect substrate. The adhesive underfill should consist of a material that does not emit alpha particles.
The section 2--2 is taken across the interior of the chips 12 and 14, showing interior (area array) interconnections between the chips and interconnection substrate 11. The invention is most advantageously applied to memory chips with area array solder interconnections because the memory cells in this arrangement are most susceptible to alpha particle exposure from solder material located directly adjacent the cells.
A primary feature of the invention is the recognition of the deleterious effect of alpha particles that are emitted from conventional solders, and the susceptibility of high pitch area array interconnections to this deleterious effect. According to this aspect of the invention the solder used in bonding memory chips to interconnection substrates is essentially devoid of alpha particle emitting materials. Since lead is an alpha particle source, the invention involves the use of low lead or lead free solders. In the preferred embodiment the solder is lead free, but low quantities of lead, i.e. less than 5%, can be tolerated in some package configurations. Lead free solders that are recommended are tin based solders at or near eutectic points. Most tin based solders are higher melting than the eutectic tin-lead solders typically used in PWB assembly, so the process of the invention generally requires higher solder reflow temperatures. These temperatures are usually above the recommended processing temperature for conventional PWBs. Typically, FR4 PWBs will deteriorate if heated above 220� C. for a few minutes. To overcome this problem the PWB with a high melting point tin solder can be reflowed in an inert gas or, stated alternatively, in an oven that has low oxygen levels, i.e. <approximately 100 ppm. Since low reflow temperature are desirable, it is recommended that the lead free solder compositions be chosen at the eutectic point or within 5% thereof. Tin based solders that are especially suitable are given in the following table.
TABLE______________________________________ COMPOSITION - wt. %EXAMPLE Sn Sb Ag Bi M.P. � C.______________________________________I 95.0 5.0 230II 96.5 3.5 220III 43.0 57.0 139______________________________________
These lead-free compositions are given by way of example. The high tin solders typically have 75% or more tin, and preferably 90% or more tin. Other lead free solders may be used in this invention as well.
The preferred interconnection method for this invention uses flip-chip solder bump technology. The solder bumps are formed on arrays of I/O contact pads prior to assembly. To facilitate localized or selective application of solder to the array of contact pads, the surface of the pads should be solder wettable. The metal interconnection pattern typically used for integrated circuits is aluminum and, while techniques for soldering directly to aluminum have been tried, it is well known that aluminum is not a desirable material to solder. Consequently the practice in the industry is to apply a metal coating on the aluminum contact pads, and bond the solder bump or pad to the coating. As mentioned above, this coating is referred to as under bump metallization (UBM).
The metal or metals used in UBM technology must adhere well to aluminum, be wettable by typical solder formulations, and be highly conductive. A structure meeting these requirements is a composite of chromium and copper. Chromium is deposited first, to adhere to the aluminum, and copper is applied over the chromium to provide a solder wettable surface. Chromium is known to adhere well to a variety of materials, organic as well as inorganic. Accordingly it adheres well to dielectric materials, e.g. SiO2, SINCAPS, polyimide, etc., commonly used in IC processing, as well as to metals such as copper and aluminum. However, solder alloys dissolve copper and de-wet from chromium. Therefore, a thin layer of copper directly on chromium will dissolve into the molten solder and the solder will then de-wet from the chromium layer. To insure interface integrity between the solder and the UBM, a composite or alloy layer of chromium and copper is typically used between the chromium and copper layers.
The aforementioned layers are conventionally sputtered, so several options for depositing them are conveniently available. The layer can be sputtered from an alloy target. It can be sputtered using a chromium target, then changing to a copper target. Or it can be sputtered using separate chromium and copper targets, and transitioning between the two. The latter option produces a layer with a graded composition, and is a preferred technique.
Techniques for patterning these layers, including etch processes, are given in copending application Ser. No. 08/825,923 filed Apr. 2, 1997 (Degani Case 31), which is incorporated by reference herein.
The melting point for eutectic Pb/Sn is approximately 40� C. lower than for the typical high tin solders used as the preferred embodiment of this invention. This factor, coupled with the high tin content, causes significant erosion of conventional UBM materials.
To avoid excessive erosion of UBM when using high tin solders a specific UBM layered structure has been developed. This special UBM has a five layer structure comprising a chromium layer and a copper layer with a relatively large transition layer. The transition layer preferably has a thickness of at least 4000 Angstroms and, in a preferred form, comprises three layers of mixed Cr/Cu.
The preferred under bump metallization compositions are represented in FIG. 3. The UBM shown comprises five layers. Layer 1 is a chromium layer, 1000-2000 Angstroms in thickness, for adhesion to the underlying aluminum bonding pads. Layer 5 is a copper layer, 1000-6000 Angstroms in thickness, for solderability. Layers 2-4 represent the transition layers. The thickness of the transition layers, and the number of layers, can very significantly but the preferred ranges are those given. In layers 2 and 4, the relative amounts of chromium and copper are graded by, e.g. co-depositing chromium and copper, and varying the output of the chromium and copper sources. In the figure, the transition is essentially linear, and approximately linear is the preferred embodiment. However, non-linear gradations can also be used as long as the composition eventually transitions from approximately 100% chromium in layer 1 to chromium/copper with 33.3-66.7% chromium in layer 3, and from the composition of layer 3 to approximately 100% copper in layer 5. Normally this transition would be monotonic.
The preferred embodiment is a five layer structure essentially as shown as the dashed line in FIG. 3. This structure has approximately 1500 Angstroms Cr for layer 1, approximately 750 Angstroms for transition layer 2, approximately 4000 Angstroms of 50%--50% Cr/Cu for layer 3, approximately 750 Angstroms for transition layer 4, and 3000 Angstroms for copper layer 5. Variations from this preferred specification are preferably within the boundaries shown in the figure. The upper boundary defines a layered structure with a center layer of 66.7% Cr and the lower boundary defines a layered structure with a center layer of 66.7% Cu. The range as shown in this figure is 33.3%-66.7% Cu, 33.3%-66.7% Cr. These are regarded as the essential ingredients, but other additions may be found useful by those skilled in the art.
The UBM described here is frequently surface coated with Au, or other relatively refractory or noble material to inhibit oxide formation on the copper surface of the UBM. This coating is optional.
Although the invention has been described in the context of flip-chip solder bump technology it is applicable to other varieties of interconnections, e.g. surface mount (SM), and ball grid arrays (BGA). These and other interconnect technologies typically use edge arrayed interconnections. However in future work modifications of these technologies may adapt them to use with area array interconnections, where at least a plurality of interconnection are arranged in the interior of the chip or element being interconnected. Edge arrayed interconnections typically have a single row of bond sites along one or more edges of the element being bonded. Arrangements where dual rows of bond sites are provided at and near the edge of the chip are considered in the context of this invention as area arrays, since the interior row bond sites on a memory package is likely to reside adjacent a alpha particle susceptible memory cell.
Although the invention has been described as particularly advantageous for area interconnections, in its broadest form it is applicable to edge arrayed interconnections. In some chip configurations bond sites even near the edge of the chip are still situated very close to memory cells, and high lead solder applied to those bond sites can be a source of harmful alpha particles. The invention in its basic form involves using low lead or lead free solder interconnections where lead solder is situated sufficiently close to a memory cell that alpha particle damage is a hazard. This can be defined most meaningfully in terms of the distance from the bond site to a charge storage site in a semiconductor memory capacitor, and a hazardous condition is present if that distance is less than 150 μm.
Various additional modifications of this invention will occur to those skilled in the art. All deviations from the specific teachings of this specification that basically rely on the principles and their equivalents through which the art has been advanced are properly considered within the scope of the invention as described and claimed.
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|U.S. Classification
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|May 30, 1997
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A profusely illustrated digital (pdf) version of Kevin's popular guide describing 15 circular walks exploring the fascinating forgotten history and heritage of Wales.
Downloading this digital version allows you to view the entire book on your computer or tablet, and to print off individual chapters as required.
Individual chapters of this book are also available as dowloadable walks (Forgotten Wales walks numbers 1 to 15).

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In the quiet town of Seneca Falls, New York, over the course of two days in July 1848, a small group of women and men, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, held a convention that would launch the woman's rights movement and change the course of history. The implications of that remarkable convention would be felt around the world - and indeed are still being felt today.
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McMillen tells the stories of their lives, how they came to take up the cause of women's rights, the astonishing advances they made during their lifetimes, and the lasting and transformative effects of the work they did. At the convention, they asserted full equality with men, argued for greater legal rights, greater professional and education opportunities, and the right to vote - ideas considered wildly radical at the time. Indeed, looking back at the convention two years later, Anthony called it "the grandest and greatest reform of all time - and destined to be thus regarded by the future historian."
In this lively and warmly written study, Sally McMillen may well be the future historian Anthony was hoping to find. A vibrant portrait of a major turning point in American women's history, and in human history, this book is essential for anyone wishing to fully understand the origins of the woman's rights movement.
The "Pivotal Moments in American History" series seeks to unite the old and the new history, combining the insights and techniques of recent historiography with the power of traditional narrative. Each title has a strong narrative arc with drama, irony, suspense, and – most importantly – great characters who embody the human dimension of historical events. The general editors of "Pivotal Moments" are not just historians; they are popular writers themselves, and, in two cases, Pulitzer Prize winners: David Hackett Fischer, James M. McPherson, and David Greenberg. We hope you like your American History served up with verve, wit, and an eye for the telling detail!
"McMillen...presents a fine history of the 1848 Seneca Falls convention...a well-written and cogent synthesis accessible to the general reader while remaining firmly grounded in primary sources." (Publishers Weekly)
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Letters to the Editor
The New York Times
To the Editor:
Your editorial correctly warns of the pyrrhic victory the Palestinians will enjoy from their upgraded status at the United Nations ("The Palestinians U.N. Bid" November 29).
This status change may garner President Abbas headlines, but it brings the Palestinian people no closer to statehood, nor does it bring Israel closer to peace and security. Indeed, if anything, it demonstrates to the majority of Israelis who support a negotiated peace agreement that the Palestinian Authority has little interest in engaging to promote negotiations, reconciliation or peace.
The Anti-Defamation League


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If you have a lot of elderly relatives or friends, it doesn't take long for the stories of abuse and exploitation to pile up.
My great-aunt, lonely and bereft after her husband died, became a target for telemarketers and a handyman who charged hundreds of dollars to install towel racks. Another elder suffered bullying and neglect at the hands of a family member. A nonagenarian friend, a veteran who'd survived the Battle of the Bulge, spent his final months fighting his son's attempt to become his guardian. Each story seems more disheartening than the last.
Saddest of all, most of the victims I've known were mistreated in their own homes, often by people they knew or even loved.
The state's Adult Protective Services agency investigated 87,487 reports of in-home elder abuse, neglect and exploitation during fiscal 2012. Investigators validated two-thirds — almost 60,000 — of those complaints. Dallas County had 4,610 confirmed incidents of in-home abuse, neglect or exploitation during that time.
"It seems like when you turn 65, you've got a bull's-eye on your back," said Suzanne Cobb, who directs the guardianship and money management program at the Senior Source, a local nonprofit group that serves older adults.
According to state statistics, the most common perpetrator of elder maltreatment is the victim's adult child. Half of perpetrators are older than 45, and they're almost evenly split between men and women. Two-thirds of validated allegations involve physical neglect.
Older adults are at risk of abuse or neglect for the same reasons young children are. The elderly often are isolated at home and may have difficulty communicating. Because of the victims' age, relatives and friends may discount bruises or behavioral changes as normal. Older adults, like infants and toddlers, have fragile bodies.
Senior citizens have two additional risk factors. The first is assets. People older than 65 typically have homes and bank accounts, cars and pension checks. The size of the assets doesn't matter.
"It is amazing that a small Social Security check can mean so much to unscrupulous people," Cobb said.
The second risk factor is the right to self-determination. An older widow may be aware that she's being used by her worthless adult nephew who moved in and spends his days buying beer with her money and watching television. But he's family, and having him there may feel better than living in an empty house.
"People who are elderly have the right and the ability to make decisions for themselves," said Kez Wold, director of field operations for Adult Protective Services. The key is to make sure older adults understand their situations and have freely chosen to live that way.
Every Texan should know two things about elder abuse: neglect and exploitation. State law requires anyone who suspects or sees maltreatment to report it. The law provides enhanced penalties for many crimes, such as theft, robbery and assault, when the victim is older than 65.
The most effective way to prevent elder abuse is to end social and physical isolation. The more friends, relatives and neighbors who call and stop by, the lower the chances of a shady contractor or greedy grandchild showing up.
Concerned family and friends should stay alert for signs of abuse, neglect or exploitation — fear or agitation, a sunken appearance, poor hygiene and dirty clothes, bruises, new friends who visit frequently. Bank employees can sensitively inquire about sudden large withdrawals or changes in financial practices; mail carriers can ask questions about a deluge of sweepstakes entry forms.
With 2.6 million Texans 65 or older and a few million more baby boomers behind them, our state has an abundance of potential victims. We need to plan for their protection now.
Dallas freelance writer Jennifer Nagorka may be contacted at jennifer.nagorka@


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Benylin Chesty Coughs (Original)
Last Updated on eMC 28-Jan-2015 View document | McNeil Products Ltd Contact details
When a pharmaceutical company changes an SPC or PIL, a new version is published on the eMC. For each version, we show the dates it was published on the eMC and the reasons for change.
Updated on 28-Jan-2015 and displayed until Current
Reasons for adding or updating:
- Change to section 6 - manufacturer
Updated on 17-Jul-2009 and displayed until 28-Jan-2015
Reasons for adding or updating:
- Change to warnings or special precautions for use
- Change of contra-indications
- Change to dosage and administration
Updated on 11-Jun-2009 and displayed until 17-Jul-2009
Reasons for adding or updating:
- New PIL for eMC ie a PIL for an existing product but one that is new to the eMC
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Results 1 to 2 of 2
Thread: Error in Filtering
10-25-05, 11:41 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Jan 2003
- Location
- New York
- Posts
- 160
Unanswered: Error in Filtering
I have a form based on a query in access 2k3.
i have a combobox that is bounded to a column called MoveID which is used to search for people. There can me multiple MoveIDs, but each record has a unique field called TicketNumber.
When a user choose the record (moveid), i code in the Private Sub cboSearch_BeforeUpdate(Cancel As Integer) and lookup other tickets with the same MoveID and dislpay it into an inputbox. I prompt the user to enter the ticketnumber they want to see or 0 for a new ticket.
Set conn = CurrentProject.Connection sql = "Select a.[Ticket Status], a.[Category], a.[Task], a.[Issue Description], a.[MoveID], a.[Ticket Number]" sql = sql & " FROM [Current Help Desk Tickets] a WHERE a.MoveID=" & cboSearch.Value rs.CursorLocation = adUseClient rs.Open sql, conn If rs.RecordCount > 0 Then str = "This user has " & rs.RecordCount & " Ticket(s) already existing" & vbCrLf Do While Not rs.EOF str = str & vbCrLf str = str & "Ticket Number: " & rs(5) & vbCrLf str = str & "Ticket Status: " & rs(0) & vbCrLf str = str & "Category: " & rs(1) & vbCrLf str = str & "Task: " & rs(2) & vbCrLf str = str & "Issue Desc: " & rs(3) & vbCrLf rs.MoveNext Loop str = str & vbCrLf & "Enter the ticket number you wish to use. Enter 0 for a new ticket" ans = InputBox(str, "Ticket Already Exists")
If ans = 0 Then 'new ticket Me.FilterOn = False Exit Sub Else 'pull up existing ticket via ticket number entered 'check if the ticket number entered is valid Me.cboSearch.Undo Me.FilterOn = True Me.Filter = "[Ticket Number] = '" & ans & "'" Me.Requery End If
"the changes you requested to the table were not successful because they would create duplicate values in the index, primary key, or relationship. Change the data in the field or fields that contain duplicate data, remove the index, or redefine the index to permit duplicate entries and try again."
I understand that you cannot have a dupe of a unique number (ticket number) but i am trying top do an UPDATE to that record, not insert a whole new record
I was also thinking, if i can do just a "go to record" type of thing, and based on the TicketNumber, if that is possible. So i did this:
Me.Recordset.FindFirst "[Ticket Number]='" & ans & "'"
But got this error --> This action was cancelled by an associated object.
I searched left and right and have yet to find a working solution.
Plz help
Last edited by vextout; 10-25-05 at 12:06.Beyond Limitation
08-29-06, 21:02 #2Registered User
- Join Date
- Jun 2003
- Posts
- 19
Try this
Without seeing your DB, here is a suggestion. Use the combo box to look up MoveIDs, but do not use it as the control source. Depending how things are set up, I think you are creating a new record when you select a MoveID from your combo box. The associated Ticket value is probably being set as either a '0' or "null" (which is probably a duplicate). You are getting the error when you filter because you are leaving the record, which has the duplicate Ticket value.
Let me know if this works for your situation...otherwise, there are other options of running checks prior to duplicate records being created.


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Top 10 Solar System factsSolar System quiz
planets facts »
This is the aurora of Jupiter. What are the visible bright spots caused by?
Jupiter moons. Jupiter's moons, especially Io (spot on the left), are powerful sources of auroras on Jupiter. These arise from electric currents along field lines, generated by a dynamo mechanism due to the relative motion between the rotating planet and the moving moon.
Created by: globalquiz.org
Moon facts »
What kind of 'natural disasters' happen on the moon?
Moonquakes are produced by tidal forces. Moonquakres are much less common and weaker than earthquakes, although they can last for up to an hour - a significantly longer time than terrestrial earthquakes - because of the absence of water to damp out the seismic vibrations.
Created by: life-o-holic
astronomy facts »
The Moon takes just as long to rotate around its own axis as it does to revolve around the planet (Earth). How many other moons in the Solar System share this feature?
Most of them. If the rotational frequency of satellite is larger than orbital frequency, a small torque counteracting the rotation arises, eventually locking the frequencies in a tidal lock. Pluto and Charon are the extreme example, being locked to each other.
Created by: globalquiz.org
theater facts »
Where do the names of Uranus moons (Ariel, Umbriel, Miranda, Titania, Oberon) come from?
Shakespeare's characters. William Herschel, Englishman, discoverer of Uranus and its major moons, was very patriotic for naming. He originally named Uranus as "George Star" to honour king of England, but the name was changed later.
Created by: Cleo
volcanoes facts »
Olympus Mons is the largest known volcano. Where is it?
On Mars. Olympus Mons (Latin for Mount Olympus) is a large shield volcano on the planet Mars, having a height of nearly 22 km (14 mi). Being a shield volcano, it has a very low profile. The average slope on the volcano's flanks is only 5°. Because of that, an observer standing on the Martian surface would be unable to view the entire profile of the volcano, even from a great distance.
Created by: Trương Ngọc Hùng
space facts »
What is the name of first in history cosmic tourist (astrotourist)?
Dennis Tito. Dennis Anthony Tito is an American engineer and multimillionaire, most widely known as the first space tourist to fund his own trip into space. Tito paid a reported $20 million to the Russian Federal Space Agency.
Created by: Paweł Kołodziejczyk
astronomy facts »
Which is the only moon with active volcanoes?
Lo is a very tiny moon that is enormously influenced by the gravity of Jupiter. The great forces of Jupiter and its other moons exert such long pulls on lo that it deforms continuously from strong internal friction. These tides produce tremendous amount of internal friction, which heats the moon and enables its volcanic activity
Created by: ippili_ch
Play Solar System quiz and see all the questions.


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Man at Myrtle Avenue, Bushwick (7/01)
Man at Myrtle Avenue, Bushwick (7/01)
From a series of photos called "Brooklyn from the Car," this is a 20x24 C-Print that was darkroom printed by the artist on Fuji Crystal Archive paper.
There are a limited number of prints of each of the photos in this series. The photos are not numbered, but are marked as Artists Proofs and signed on a separate card enclosed with prints for shipping.
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Rain Fucks and Destroys Lyla
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My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for National Child Safety Foundation, Saint Louis, MO, USA
On behalf of myself, my family, and my community, I would like to thank the National Child Safety Foundation and all of their volunteers for their countless hours dedicated to helping to rebuild the parks, computer lab and other child friendly facilities in New Orleans. Their selflessness and desire to serve over the last 5 years should serve as a meter for other nonprofits to strive to achieve. THANK YOU NCSF!!!!!!!!!
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Walking down the local streets looking a the stark improvements due to the direct involvment of the National Child Safety Foundation.
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Guttuga puttillu Jaya Malini Romantic Video Song - Puli Bebbuli
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How To Create A Floral FantasyWords by Courtney Cox
Photos courtesy of Ron Wendt Design
Planning and designing the destination wedding of your dreams involves potentially endless decisions. To help you in making some of these choices, we love to bring you tips and tricks from wedding industry experts. Today, we're sharing helpful tips from Ron Wendt Design. RWD offers full service event and design production and specializes in creating sophisticated décor environments comprised of the best in floral and interior ambience. Their clients include Cartier, Chanel, Swarovski, The School of American Ballet and more. We asked the talented team at Ron Wendt Design to share their top tips for pulling off a floral fantasy come W-Day.
Incorporate a Theme
Pick a flower scheme as a thorough look, one that works well in the location or venue.
Be Inspired by Nature
Use a flower that is representative of your location: tropical if you are in the islands, alpine in the mountains or meadow flowers in the country. Peonies & roses don't belong on a tropical island anyway.
Think Outside the Box
Don't be a flower snob; the most simple flower can be the most elegant.
Embrace Your Destination
Be aware of importation taxes. Try to source items locally if possible. Local flora or foliage can make a bouquet feel so much more special. You have spent extra effort to get away, so let your flowers reflect that!
Bring the Drama
A mass of flowers is more impactful than small amounts of flowers all over the place. The use of lots of candles can elevate the experience even more.
Frame the Picture
Always frame the view of the bride as she approaches the aisle. It is the first image that your guests see and is always photographed. After that, it's important to find a wonderful distant view to feature beyond the ceremony.
It's All About Balance
If your dress is detailed, then have simple flowers in the bouquet. If your dress is simple, then have a more detailed bouquet. This holds true to any location in which you host your wedding.
Make It Personal
Don't discard adding a personal touch to your bouquet. For example, you can take an antique handkerchief and use it to wrap the bouquet (if it makes sense for the location and theme).
Incorporate Local Customs
Inquire about local wedding customs if you've picked a location that offers unique traditions to the culture. It can add a fun dimension to your wedding!
For more information on Ron Wendt Design, visit ronwendtdesign.com.
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Mini Maglite LED Hack
Introduction: Mini Maglite LED Hack
I recently found a Mini Maglite flashlight in one of my dad's desk drawers. I replaced the old batteries and attempted to turn it on. As it turned out, the bulb was dead (at that time I didn't realize that I had a replacement bulb). I wanted it working and looking cool, so I went to Radioshack a few blocks away, got a SuperBright blue LED, did some fiddling, and ended up with this...
Step 1: Gathering Materials
First thing you'll want to do is gather the tools and supplies for the project:
-Electric Drill/Drill Press
-Wire Snips
-Mini Maglite Flashlight
-SuperBright 5mm LED*
*I went to Radioshack and got a 5mm 2600 mcd SuperBright blue LED (catalog number 276-316. I really don't like going to Radioshack because they mark everything up so much ($4.49 for the LED at Radioshack, compared to $0.33 for a similar one from Jameco), but if I need something quick or want to browse, it's okay.
Step 2: Disassembly
Now we will disassemble the major components in the flashlight. These include the main handle, the batteries, the little screw-in thing in the back, the head, the reflector the front cap, and of course, the original bulb. No tools are necessary for this, it is all screwed together and easily comes apart.
Step 3: Light Comparison
Let's take a moment to compare the original bulb with our new LED. For one, the bulb is glass and is prone to breaking while out of the flashlight, while the LED is, for the most part, a solid hunk of plastic. In addition, the bulb heats up a lot really fast, while the LED will take a while to start warming up. Also, the LED is much brighter than the bulb and does not diverge as rapidly. It's pretty blue color catches attention and is very visible in the dark, as well as light. One thing I noticed later on was that the blue color of the LED is fairly near ultraviolet, so it lights up bright colors quite well, especially highlighters (Florescent dye, I suppose). Now let's get back to business, shall we?
Step 4: Reflector Modification
For the LED to fit snugly in its new home, we will need to bore the hole out in the reflector wider. In my case, because I had a 5mm LED, I bored the hole out a bit larger. I would recommend a drill press for this job if you have on, but if you don't, you can use a standard electric drill.
Step 5: Fitting the LED
Now comes the easy part (as if the rest thus far hasn't been). To make the new LED as nicely fitting as possible, we will cut the leads shorter. We don't want them too short, or else they might not contact the insides of the flashlight properly. I left mine at about 1 centimeter.
Step 6: Putting It All Back Together
1. Put the batteries back in the handle so you can test for polarity and screw in the end piece.
2. Try the new LED in the two little holes (see image). If you got it right, the LED will light up (Duh). Keep the LED in its spot so you can fit things properly.
3. Place the newly modified reflector back where it came from in the head of the flashlight.
4. Screw the front cap on over the reflector and head. Don't forget the little clear plastic shield.
5. Screw the head onto the handle and turn it on again.
If you did everything right, you should end up with a very bright flashlight that is not good to point in anyone's eyes!
Step 7: Finished Comparison
The first picture shows the flashlight before, and the second shows it after the modifications (same with the front views)...
Have fun with your own!
I'm in the process of getting five each cool bright white and UV in both round top with narrower beam width and flat top with wider beam width to test them in a pair of incandescent AA Mini MagLites (20 total). They're all 3mm dia., 3V (nominal) LED's. It's hard to judge how bright they will be from their brightness specs in candellas, but won't be difficult after I get the LED's. At most the slightly wider base flange will have to be filed down to the 3mm bulb diameter but they should be a direct fit as they're the T-1 spec for the Xenon bulb is 3mm. As others have commented, the smaller 3mm LEDs can be a cleaner conversion that avoids having to enlarge the stock reflector hole. Regardless of LED diameter and whether or not you enlarge the reflector hole, I see this conversion as much better than the Nite Ize and TerraLUX conversions, which are as expensive as buying a LED AA Mini MagLite on Amazon.
digital cameras that have a manual mode should allow you to compare the difference in the lights by noting the change in f stops while using the same shutter speed. 1 f stop up is 100% more light , one f stop down is 50% less.. you should also be able to use the shutter sped preferred option (auto mode) if it displayed the aperture in the lcd; using the spot meter can get you all sorts of info on bulbs abilities ... FYI
Good 'ible', well done. May I suggest using a cone drill or reamer to enlarge the hole in your reflector? It will be a lot neater and you have a heck of a lot more control over the final size of the hole.
Take care.
I did this exact same thing a few months back. I put a UV LED in mine. One tip though, use a scotch bright pad or some fine sandpaper to "frost" the LED. This will help diffuse the light more and allow the reflector to work better.
It didn't seem to have any effect on distance. Over a long distance (30+feet) it might be different, but for up close stuff within 10ft., all it did was spread the beam out.
i dont have drill so i had to use a drill bit and make the whole by hand :/ fits perfect though :D
What is the advantage of using the 5mm led insteadof using a 3mm? After a quick search it looks like a person can geta 3mm led that is just as bright as a 5mm. What is the approximtesize of the original hole?
Well, I happened to have 5mm LEDs lying around, and for me they tend tobe more powerful and accept a broader range of inputs. Theoriginal hole is approximately 3mm in diameter.
mie is the opposite i think. the LED is 3.3 volts, but the AA batteries r only 1.5 volts each. and the light isnt bright at all, barely enough to light up a room. also today my flashlight got very hot i was worried the batteris were gonna explode and blow half the city away :/
Oh, and I thought putting a Joule Thief into an AA case, so I can reuse "dead batteries". Has anyone ever done that?
Lol, I went out and bought a Maglite 2AA just to do this. Best flashlight I've ever owned. Same color as yours, lol. Still waiting for my shipment of LEDs to come in, so I will post a copy of your instructable when i get mine in. You know, everyone on instructables does that.
A couple of things: 1. Why is the anti-roll device/lens holder being used? 2. If you used one of those tiny 3mm LEDs, you wouldn't need to bore the reflector. I know this because in my own experiments, the LED I used was just big enough to fit through the original hole.
This worked well for me. I used a 3mm Red LED that ran at 2.5v. Since I used the 3mm LED, I had to drill out less of the reflector.
Now you can have a IR or UV min-mag! I just bored out my reflector with a knife. I wanna make a UV one that would be cool!
i cant get my led to fit in the little black holes the wires are to far apart(it would appear, i know not much about flashlights, i mean duh, why else would i read your review, no offense) help good review tho
nevermind, i dont know how you guys did this but, my led worked then i drilled the whole and then i put it in, it didnt work. so i tried 2 other leds, they did not work either, well they work just so dim you might as well not really have it. then i put the regular light in it and it was bright as day (exageration) and now im out a mini mag
nvm my new unopened duracell batteries were not strong enough i used some wicked wierd not common AA and its like 1000000000000 times brighter than duracell no duracell
Did you make sure it was a 3-volt LED? You could have been using a 1.7V or something similar.
well if you shine torches with LEDs on a bench on an angle (like almost flat) then all the dust on the desk (you would be surprised how much there is) starts glowing white like in those CSI-like shows, but I don't know if it will actually detect bodily fluids. There is a chance though... Maybey someone else can elaborate on this (please reply to my comment cause I'm interested too)
From what some websites say, it can, while others say they can't. If they can, it means LEDs, Ultraviolet lights and black lights are on the same playing field. Seeing as how LEDs can cost less than 5 bucks and UV lights and black lights up to 20, they aren't the same. Plus you have to spray luminol or something on the things you want to inspect. I'm so confused.
Hmm with my limited research I would say that you would a UV light, but you can buy UV LEDs (and UV LED torches). And use something like luminol, how does luminol work though? Do you just spray it around the room or something? Or do you have to actually paint EVERYTHING with it? Also I'm presuming its a liquid...
so long story short, this Instructable will not be used for purpose of "scientific" research. on an episode of dexter, i saw him spray something on the carpet using one of those spray bottles. i guess the idea is that the mist is enough. oh well.
I have a maglite, and I fiddled with my falshlight, but how do you get the maglight lightbuld out? I tried pullin it a little, but I don't want to break something...
It comes out. Just try wiggling it side to side as you pull, it should pop out. The bulbs are very small and are made of relatively thick glass, so you should be fine.
Ok, I got it apart :D Only problem is getting a new bulb... I have a blue one, but it takes 5v... And the yellow and green ones I have aren't bright.
I hate to say it, but for ease of getting the LED, you should probably go to radioshack. They have quite a few LEDs in different colors. I actually find that their superbrite white ones (they come in a 2-pack for around $1.69) are the brightest for the money. Or, you could go to Rite Aid into their halloween section - I picked up a 4-pack of little finger flashlights, they have fiberoptic thingies on the ends which pop off easily. Best of all, the flashlights are very bright and the pack only costs $3. The colors are white, blue, red, and green.
Did you check the polarity? It's hard to get an led to stop working unless out severely over-voltage or amp it. Just try turning it 180 degrees in the flashlight (just to swap the lead positions).
I ended up using an Ultrabright red LED, I found that it was brighter( in my case) and illuminated more detail.
That's good to know. After I made this Instructable I tried it with a SuperBright white LED from Radioshack. It, too is brighter than the blue one I used, but I still like the look of the blue LED.
This is a whole lot of work when you can go to Walmart and buy a LED conversion with a white LED for about $5.
I realize that that would be easier in terms of work, but I already had this flashlight and LED, and I thought it would be fun to share what I made. And the whole thing could take you under 5 minutes to make if you have everything in front of you. It's also cheaper considering the price of gas (I don't know where you live, but here in the SF Bay Area it's as much as $4.50 a gallon) to drive to Walmart and get the flashlight.
Any flash light Instructables are cool in my book. Would you mind taking some close-ups of the place where the krypton bulb wires were and where the LED wires go (same place)? The only flash lights I'm familiar with are the regular fattie bulbs. Since this worked so easily, I'll have to look into the inexpensive krypton bulb lights. As you know LEDs come in all varieties, so this could be fun. I just got a pair of LED flash lights at Sam's Warehouse. They came two to a blister pack for $30. They are listed as 4-watt bulbs and they seem to be brighter than anything else I have, including my 3-watt Mag-lite. I am pleasantly surprised at the light output. Now we'll see how long the switch lasts. One thing you'll notice when you look down into the reflector of the new LED lights is the reflector is very deep. This is apparently the secret for making the cheaper LEDs work. LEDs produce a directional light and the plastic dome helps disburse it. They tried to make highly directional bulbs but then the reflectors don't do anything. The solution seems to be to keep with the wide pattern disbursion LED and correct (columnate) with the reflector. It's better than trying to use the regular bulb reflector.
Glad you like it. I'll post more pictures soon, hopefully tonight (maybe a video, too. Thanks for commenting!
As others have mentioned, I would also like to see something lit up rather than a flat wall. Does the battery life suffer greatly with this mod as well?


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As a former Board member and volunteer, I have been fortunate to experience the dramatic effect of client services provided by the New Hampshire Association for the Blind.
Having been involved with several other organizations, I can readily
attest to the fact that this Association ranks higher than any others.
The total focus on client services and well being has enabled the Association to set the "gold standard" for all non-profits.
The management and staff are the most dedicated and professional individuals with whom I have had the pleasure to be associated.
Being new as a valunteer I was pleased at how the directors listen to the volunteers as to their thoughts for everything necessary going forward I am impressed as to the facility and the dedication by everyone who works for the betterment of all blind and impaired who need services. They have a true feel for the needs of their clients. Keep up the good work


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People face severe water crisis in Ranchi
December 25, 2010 - Ranchi
People in Ranchi are facing severe water crisis due to the bad climatic condition and drought like situation in the region.
Nitish Priyadarshi, an environmentalist, said that due to continuous drought from the past two years and shortage of water in the dams the water crisis has surfaced in the region.
"There is continuous drought from last two years. Last year also there was no rain and this year too. Due to that there was no storage of water in dams and this situation has occurred after almost forty years. The water level has never gone so down," said Priyadarshi.
"So, we are trying to figure out what we can do with water crisis; three days water supply in a week and we will see further what will be the situation. Accordingly we will act," he added.
Extensive deforestation, urbanisation and industrialisation have led to scanty rainfall because of which the water level of the region has gone down over the years.
Ramprit Yadav, a resident, said if people would get water once in three days, they would be forced to die.
"We are facing lot of trouble because of water crisis. There is a small tap for water supply and the population of this area is around ten thousand. We get water by filling our vessels from here. Now, we are getting water once in four to three days," said Yadav.
"In big colonies people have water tanks in which they store water but here we fill water in the morning then consume it in the evening," he added.


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text: I was wondering if anyone knew of an app that could make an Android phone act as as a bluetooth receiver. The phone being a deactivated Droid ERIS I have laying around that I'm not using. What I want to be able to do is connect my laptop to the ERIS with bluetooth (laptop has bluetooth connectivity) and have my laptops audio go to the ERIS (ERIS would be plugged into a set of speakers through it's 3.5mm headphone jack). In essence, the opposite of what people usually use a phones bluetooth connectivity for. Anyone know of an app that can do this?


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"Was there any consideration before you sent this aircraft carrier out to the Gulf of Aden to send a War Powers Act request up to Congress?" a reporter asked the White House press secretary on Tuesday.
"I don't believe so," spokesman Josh Earnest replied. "But if — let me check with the lawyers on that before I — before I completely rule that out. My suspicion is that, based on the fact that there are — is already a military presence there, that a War Powers Act would — or notification would be unnecessary."
Earnest said he "may not have done justice to the full legal explanation," and he told the reporter he would follow up on the question.
The 1973 War Powers Act limits the president to a unilateral military commitment of no more than 60 days before he must request congressional authorization. However, President Obama did not seek congressional authorization for U.S. military involvement in the Libya's civil war in 2011. He said the U.S. was acting as part of a "broad coalition" that was enforcing a U.N. Security Council resolution.


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text: looking for something pretty specific, I've found the motorola T505 to be a great bluetooth transmitter, but i'm looking for a line in as well. Googled around and couldn't find anything.. wondering if anyone has seen something like this. Need Bluetooth AND a 3.5mm in jack (for non bluetooth connections) any recommendations?


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If you think you're pregnant you probably want to confirm the news as soon as possible. Taking a pregnancy test can tell you that you are pregnant. Figuring out when to test for pregnancy can be confusing. What if it's too soon for a positive result to show? Keep reading for Stork Mama's advice on when to take a pregnancy test.
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When to Test For Pregnancy
Understanding your Cycle
Knowing your menstrual cycle will help you to pinpoint when is best for you to take a test. Let's cut through all the medical jargon.
Cycle Length
This is the number of days from the first day of bleeding until the next. The average cycle length is 28 days. Your cycle length may be longer or shorter than this.
This is when the egg is released and your most fertile time. This usually happens around 14 days after your first day of bleeding. You are usually only fertile for 12-24hours.
Luteal Phase
Also known as the 'two week wait'. This is the time between ovulation and the start of your bleeding. If you are pregnant your body will begin to release pregnancy hormones and you will miss your period. If you have a short luteal phase an early pregnancy test will usually show inaccurate results.
Most women will not get a positive pregnancy test until they are at least 10 days past ovulation (10 DPO). If you have a short luteal phase you won't usually get a positive tests until your period is missed.
Pregnancy Tests
A pregnancy test by measuring how much pregnancy hormone (hCG) is in your urine. Increased level are only present in your urine when you are pregnant. Normal levels are around 5 mIU/ml but will double every 2 days when an egg is fertilized. Early pregnancy tests will detect levels of 25 mIU/ml which means pregnancy can be detected as early as 5-7 days before your period is due. It's important to remember test results are more reliable to later you take the test.
>> Check out the Best Early Home Pregnancy Tests <<
Missed Period?
A late period is one of the main signs which indicates you may be pregnant. By the time you've missed a period the levels of hCG in your urine are usually high enough to give a result which is 99% accurate. This is the best time to test for pregnancy, as you are most likely to get a true result.
Testing Early
If you are actively trying for a baby, waiting for your missed period can drive you crazy. It's tempting to test early and you may be lucky and get a positive. The earlier you test the less accurate the result will be. Check out how accurate early testing can be, before your period is due:
- 6 days before – 53%
- 5 Days before – 62%
- 4 Days before – 74%
- 3 days before – 83%
- 2 days before – 92%
- 1 day before – 98%
If you take a pregnancy test this early there is always a chance of a false negative. That is when the test is negative but you are actually pregnant. A test will stay negative until you have enough hCG hormone for the test to pick up.
If you get a negative test before you are late for your period you should test again. Testing early can quickly add up with the cost of pregnancy tests. If you insist on testing early we recommend buying cheap pregnancy tests in bulk; and then confirming with a reliable brand or blood test if you get a positive.
Negative results before your period can put emotional stress on you by giving you false hope. Also consider how you will feel if you get a positive but then your period arrives. This often means you have had a very early miscarriage which would have otherwise gone undetected.
False Negatives
There are many reasons why you may not get a positive test at the early stages of your pregnancy including:
Ovulation – You may ovulate earlier or later than the average 14 days after your period. The best way to know is to monitor your cycle symptoms. This includes checking cervical mucus, using ovulation tests or taking your basal temperature.
Fertilization – It's possible for your egg to be fertilized up to 24 hours after ovulation. This can through off any tests result by a day.
Implantation – You won't start to produce raised levels of hormones until your egg implants into the womb. This can take anywhere from 5-12 days, which is why some women get positive tests earlier than others.
Incorrect testing – If the instruction were not followed they may not show true results. Always check your pregnancy test is in date. If you are unsure get a professional to do the test for you.
Symptoms of Pregnancy
You may start to notice changes caused by pregnancy before your miss your period. These changes are caused by hormones affecting the body and how you feel. Some of these sign include:
Tender breasts. Your breast tissues may feel heavier or tender as they adjust to hormone levels. This sign is more common if you've already had a baby.
Fatigue. You may feel exhausted in early pregnancy.
Sickness. Feeling nausea or sickness is a common sign of pregnancy. This usually happen after the 4 week mark, however it can happen earlier if you are hormone sensitive.
Peeing more. The pregnancy hormones relax your soft tissue and can cause you to go to the toilet more often.
Emotions. You mood may be all over the place flitting between happy and sad. It's complexly normal, even if you really wanted to be pregnant. It's natural to worry especially if you have health concerns or pregnancy losses before.
Time of Day
If you wait until your period is due to take a test, it should not matter what time of day you take the test. If you decide to take the test very early, then its recommended you take the test in the morning. Your urine will be more concentrated and is more likely to detect the HGC in your urine.


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Riot at Bedford jail over - Prison Service
A riot at Bedford Prison which reportedly saw up to 200 inmates go on the rampage has been "successfully resolved", the Prison Service said.
Scores of prisoners flooded the prison's gangways in chaotic scenes after the disturbance broke out shortly after 5pm.
But after an operation that lasted more than six hours, the situation was brought under control.
A Prison Service spokesman said: "Specially trained prison officers and staff from the emergency services have successfully resolved an incident involving a number of prisoners at HMP Bedford.
"An investigation into this incident will take place. We are absolutely clear that prisoners who behave in this way will be punished and could spend significantly longer behind bars."
There were no injuries to staff but two prisoners were treated for injuries that were not thought to be serious.
Specialist riot officers were deployed at the category B prison in Bedford town centre on Sunday afternoon, with police cordoning off an area outside and emergency services on standby.
Steve Gillan, general secretary of the Prison Officers Association (POA) said some guards had been forced to retreat to a "safe place" while large numbers of prisoners ran amok.
Sources told the Press Association the riot spread over more than wing inside the prison, and footage supposedly from inside the facility - though unverified - posted online revealed chaotic scenes with scores of prisoners shouting and bellowing in walkways and gangways.
At around 11pm, about half an hour before the riot was brought under control, there were reports of loud bangs or explosions coming from inside the prison.
It comes after the head of the POA Mike Rolfe last week warned British jails had been engulfed by a "bloodbath".
Mr Gillan said: "The POA has been warning about this situation of violence in our prisons - it would appear it's coming to fruition.
"I just hope there's no prisoners or indeed prison officers injured in the violence."
HMP Bedford, which has been on its current site since 1801, currently holds around 500 inmates, according to a HM Inspectorate of Prisons report in September.
The watchdog's report found inmates claimed it was easier to get drugs than clothes or bedsheets at a prison where standards had deteriorated to "unacceptable levels".
A survey found the number of prisoners saying it was easy or very easy to get drugs had almost doubled since the last inspection of the jail in February 2014.
The number saying they had developed a drug problem while at the prison increased from 4% to 14%.
The HMP inspection in May also found that the physical condition of the prison was poor, with many inmates living in cramped conditions. The report detailed damaged furniture, graffiti, shortages of clothing and dirty, unscreened showers.
The report also said: "Arrangements for managing violent and bullying behaviour and supporting victims were weak."
Shadow justice secretary Richard Burgon said on Twitter: "More troubling news concerning our prisons. The Justice Secretary needs to do more urgently to tackle crisis."


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What purpose does mother guilt serve? The chains of mother guilt can threaten to overwhelm us, so the question is, how can we unlock the confines of this paradigm? Can we motivate ourselves outside of self-flagellation towards what our subconscious is trying to reveal to us? In this episode we provide a different perspective and a toolkit to awakening what your mother guilt holds in store for you.
Nourishing The Mother –
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The Pleasure Nutritionist
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Valentine's Day has just passed, and while the cards and flowers are always nice, my heart belongs to the boxes of chocolates.
As an avowed chocoholic, I find something mildly erotic in the discoveries to be made on the inside of a box of chocolates. Starting with the packaging; that smart, elegant tautness of tightly wrapped cellophane harnessing all those goodies within begging to be rent asunder either by ripping it off with all the gusto of a Latin lover or peeled gently to one side to reveal the edge of the box. Some boxes have one of those pull and peel sections that allow a more subtle access like gently tugging a garter down a stocking.
The whispering rustle of paper promises a tender moment as you lift the lid and sense that first aroma, captivated and held prisoner since the day it was wrapped, now free to assault the olfactory nerves and increase the expectations to come.
Finally, the reveal; lifting back the lid and that first layer of petticoat-like, thin, corrugated paper corseting the beautiful matte, smooth shapes below. Brown can be so intoxicating a color, accentuated by the nubile shapes sitting so pertly in their very own compartments beckoning to be picked one before the other. Milk chocolates sitting suavely persuasive with raised lines to improve the textured look in circles or squares. Or dark chocolates sitting by their side, shinier and bolder-looking, boisterously boasting what might be secreted within.
Where do you start? Put away that little pirate's map of where the treasures are – that's cheating. Let the shapes and suggestive bulges lead you into temptation and tease.
A Russian caramel to get the juices flowing, dark and square with a teardrop swooped over the top prodding you to despoil the perfect layout. As the outer coat melts smoothly away there is an initial protest against the bite but soon gives way to an unctuous, oozing, sweet, almost cloying embrace with your tongue. You can make this first caress last as long as you can or move right along to make the next selection.
Something a little more solid on the tooth, perhaps. A Rubinesque almond enrobed in coffee cream – surely the best of both worlds. The nut slithers out of its robe to be nibbled, gently at first but then with more urgency in a satisfying grind of munching molars. The coffee cream lubricating the experience as chocolate's favorite bedfellow.
On to French nougat, that naughty nutty chew that taunts the taste buds, three slashes across the top of the oblong confection show no real evidence of the fruitful flavors locked inside to be swirled around till it dissipates into your mouth coquettishly leaving little reminders of its presence as you chase the crumbled nuts around.
The dark round bosom of a strawberry crème beckons to be popped right on top of the tongue and rudely crushed against the roof of your mouth, squishing the luscious contents everywhere. What a delightful delectation full of spring like promise, sweet and tart all at once – pure decadence.
So goes the seduction till all appetite is sated and spent. Empty paper wrappers strewn around as the only evidence of the encounter. The box now pushed to one side, a once willing accomplice now broodingly waiting till a sweet tooth returns.
One last question remains. A tall glass of cold milk or a snifter of double oaked bourbon?


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An Arab American Christmas Story
One of my favorite activities to do with a tour group at the AANM is to take them into our Making an Impact exhibit, gather them around a case with an opaque glass cover, and tell them about Robert George. … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Leave a comment
Researcher's Visit Proves Invaluable to Dissertation
The following blog post was written by Martina Koegeler-Abdi. She received the 2015 Evelyn Abdalah Menconi Travel Grant to visit the Arab American National Museum and conduct research. Koegeler-Abdi describes her experience in this post. Learn more about the 2016 … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Collections, Travel Grant Leave a comment
Happy Halloween with Kathy Najimy
How do you celebrate Halloween? One of my favorite Halloween traditions is to sit down with a bowl of popcorn and watch Hocus Pocus, the 1993 movie about three witches from Salem, Massachusetts who come back to life to terrorize … Continue reading
Posted in Artifact of the Month Tagged Artifacts, Collections, Elyssa B Leave a comment
Artifacts as Memories of Home
We recently received a very interesting collection from a donor in Houston, Texas. The collection consists of three large photographs from Syria and Palestine, brought to the U.S. by a family that immigrated in the 1960s. Two of the photographs … Continue reading
Posted in Artifact of the Month, New aquisition Tagged Artifacts, Elyssa B Leave a comment
The Youth//Dhallinyarada
At the end of July, we opened a new exhibit in one of our temporary galleries. The Youth//Dhallinyarada is a photography exhibition by Mohamed Mumin featuring the stories and photographs of 13 Somali American men living in Minneapolis. The goal … Continue reading
Posted in Temporary Exhibits Tagged Art, Elyssa B, Exhibits Leave a comment
Oral History Project in Memphis
Earlier this month, AANM staff attended the 2015 convention of the Southern Federation of Syrian and Lebanese American Clubs in Memphis to record oral histories and digitize family photographs for our Family History Archive. The event was a huge success, … Continue reading
Posted in Artifact of the Month Tagged Elyssa Leave a comment
Happy 10th Anniversary, AANM
Did you know the Arab American National Museum turned 10 years old this month? We've had 10 years of fascinating exhibits and exciting events in our building, and we are celebrating this whole year! Learn more about our many upcoming events … Continue reading
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14KT White Gold 17.64 ctw Tanzanite and Diamond Bracelet Lot 637
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Seller's Estimate: USD 8,900 - 11,855
One electronically tested 14KT white gold ladies cast tanzanite and diamond bracelet with a hidden box clasp with safety closer with a bright polish finish. Measurements: 6.75" in length Identified with markings of "14K". Condition is new. Containing: Twenty-five prong set oval modified brilliant cut natural tanzanites, measuring 7.00 x 5.00 x 3.25mm, approximate total weight of 17.64ct., clarity is eye clean, type I, medium light, very slightly grayish, violet color, (GIA V 4/3), cut is good. One Hundred prong set round brilliant cut diamonds, measuring 2.00 - 2.00 x 1.20mm (depth est.) approximate total weight of 100 Stones = 3.25ct. Clarity: SI-1 to I-1. Color: H - I, Cut is Good. All diamonds and colored gemstones are graded in the mounting, unless otherwise stated. Colored gemstones are presumed to have been subjected to commonly used enhancement processes. Total Weight of Colored Stones 17.64ct. Total Weight of Diamonds 3.25ct. Total Weight of Bracelet 26.90 grams. GGL Appraised at $11,855.00. We ship internationally. FREE SHIPPING in the USA!Payment:
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Duration: 3min 20sec Views: 3 612 Submitted: 1 year ago Submitted by:
Description: Dillion Harper grabs a large dick and she kisses and pulls it like a pro. The teen with a kinky look in her eyes is polishing the head of the penis with her mouth and she is making sexy sound as she rubs the penis close up.
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Pornstars: Dillion Harper


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Oasis 18
2 bedroom Holiday apartment for rent in Hamilton Island
$321.00 - $484.00*per dayprice range estimate for 6 guests*
Oasis 18 is a modern and bright apartment on Hamilton Island with lovely water views. Great location close to the Hamilton Island marina village. The new owners have refurnished the apartment to their exquisite taste. Beer and Bubbly on arrival!!!
The living area is open and spacious and has DVD, Plasma TV and stereo. Beautifully furnished, open and bright apartment. Fully air-conditioned or enjoy the beautiful Hamilton Island breezes.
The balcony is large and spacious with beautiful Whitsunday water views. Private bbq on the balcony.
Modern kitchen includes dishwasher, microwave, oven, stainless steel appliances.
Dining area has a 6 seater dining table.
Two King Size Bedrooms!
Main bedroom with King Bed. TV and DVD in the master bedroom also.
Large bathroom with spa bath.
Second bedroom has King bed or 2 singles. Also has a double sofa bed and a rollaway bed.
The apartment sleeps up to 6 adults plus a baby. A cot and highchair is also available. There is also a separate powder room with toilet and basin. Full laundry with washing machine and dryer.
Little extras included in your price:
- Each apartment has its own buggy for your use during your stay. This is a real bonus as they are usually $80 per day to hire! Oasis 18 has a brand new electric buggy - all you need to do is plug it in each night.
- Valet return Hamilton Island Airport transfers. Look for the sign with your name on it! You and all your luggage are taken for a quick tour of Hamilton Island and then to your apartment for a hassle free start to your holiday.
- Champagne on arrival
Great pool area!
The shared pool is for exclusive use of Oasis on Hamilton Island guests only.
You are also welcome to use the main resort pools on the beach - only a 3 minute drive in your complimentary buggy!
Make a booking request now
Guests met at Hamilton Island Airport or Marina and taken directly to apartment. Valet service has keys to property and buggy. 2pm check in applied in most cases. Pack a day bag in case housekeeping has not finished prior to 2pm.
(Note:Valet service included in rate is for up to 7 people. Any additional should be collected by guest in the buggy).
Check out time is strictly 10am unless prior arrangement has been made and no same day or next day booking coming in. The valet service will confirm your departure collection time with you on arrival.