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Articles from RotoWire's fantasy archives that mention Bobby Rainey's name.
October 15, 2017
Week 6 Reactions: Turning Back the Clock
Adrian Peterson had a vintage performance Sunday against the Bucs, rushing for more than 130 yards and two touchdowns and showing everyone that he's ready to lead a backfield once again.
March 24, 2017
NFL Draft: QB/RB Dynasty Rankings
His film and production alone make him a good bet to go in the first round, but a disappointing Combine pushed Dalvin Cook back a couple spots in the rookie RB rankings.
December 13, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 15 Value Meter
The quarterback rankings are a potential quagmire again, with many of the top options facing great defenses and/or weather concerns.
December 6, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 14 Value Meter
Bye weeks are over, and in many cases the playoffs are starting. Will Mike Evans bounce back this week with a nice home matchup against the Saints?
November 29, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 13 Value Meter
Last week there were too many cooks in New Orleans' fine restaurants, leaving not enough room for Brandin Cooks to dine. Will that change this week against Detroit?
November 22, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 12 Value Meter
No A.J. Green and no Giovani Bernard means no fun for Andy Dalton. That and the rest of Jeff Erickson's Week 12 Rankings are in this week's Value Meter.
November 15, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 11 Value Meter
It's a great week for quarterbacks, as a number of the top passers have plus matchups, including Kirk Cousins at home against the Packers.
November 8, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 10 Value Meter
David Johnson is the overwhelming favorite to be the top flex player this week against San Francisco.
November 1, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 9 Value Meter
Greg Olsen is coming off his worst week of the season, but he's on top of the TE ranks this week anyhow. Check out that and all of Jeff Erickson's rankings for Week 9.
October 19, 2016
Depth Chart Watch: Fallout From Week 6
Andrew Fiorentino reviews a hectic week of injuries, trades and surprising resurgences, but even with Arian Foster healthy he doesn't expect Jay Ajayi to relinquish the starting RB spot in Miami any time soon.
October 18, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 7 Value Meter
Chaos reigns supreme in Pittsburgh with Ben Roethlisberger out. Check out all of Jeff Erickson's rankings for Week 7.
East Coast Offense: Unstoppable Forces
Ezekiel Elliott, Dak Prescott and the Cowboys elite offensive line will pose problems for every defense they face this season. If Dez Bryant ever returns to form, look out.
October 17, 2016
DFS Football 101: Important Tips for New Players, Round 6
Michael Rathburn explains how to find GPP-winning running backs on DraftKings.
October 11, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 6 Value Meter
Rise of the RBs - our Flex rankings have been topped primarily by WRs all season, but the RBs are making a comeback, especially this week.
Depth Chart Watch: Fallout From Week 5
Andrew Fiorentino sees major changes coming to some NFL lineups, including the potential return of Colin Kaepernick to a starting role for the 1-4 49ers.
October 4, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 5 Value Meter
Mike Evans ran into the Broncos buzzsaw last week, but he should rebound nicely against Carolina in Week 5.
East Coast Offense: Can We Dispense With the Small Ball?
Chris Liss argues too many coaches play to maximize their chances for first downs at the expense of scoring touchdowns.
September 27, 2016
Weekly Rankings: Week 4 Value Meter
Bye weeks start, and so do the London games. Meanwhile, Le'Veon Bell is back from his suspension on Sunday night against the Chiefs.
East Coast Offense: The Hidden Perils of Drafting RBs Early
Chris Liss benched Emmanuel Sanders this week ahead of his seemingly tough matchup at Cincinnati. It's easy to leave points on your bench when choosing between middle-round WR options.
July 25, 2016
Team Previews: New York Giants
Chris Liss previews the beginning of a new era for the Giants, now under new head coach Ben McAdoo.
October 6, 2015
It's not easy being Green this week. A.J. Green and Andy Dalton drop in the rankings due to the matchup with Seattle. See all of Jeff Erickson's Week 5 rankings.
September 29, 2015
Carson Palmer's offensive line has given him plenty of time to throw so far this season - will that hold true against the Rams' pass rush? Check out all of Jeff Erickson's rankings for Week 4.
September 22, 2015
Weekly Rankings: Week 3 Value Meter
This week's theme is how to deal with disasters -- Matthew Stafford has a rib injury and a tough matchup. Jeff Erickson breaks down the Week 3 rankings.
September 15, 2015
Weekly Rankings: Week 2 Value Meter
Will Randall Cobb draw Richard Sherman this week? How much should that move the needle? Jeff Erickson breaks down the Week 2 rankings.
September 8, 2015
Weekly Rankings: Week 1 Value Meter
Alshon Jeffery is one of the many difficult calls at wide receiver this week -- how serious is that calf injury? Jeff Erickson ranks players for Week 1.
July 18, 2015
Depth Chart Watch: Training Camp Job Battles
Andrew Fiorentino breaks down the most important job battles across the league as training camp are about to open, including a quarterback battle in Buffalo.
July 2, 2015
2015 Team Preview: Tampa Bay Buccaneers
With two great wide receivers at his disposal, how much success can Jameis Winston find in his rookie campaign?
December 24, 2014
On Target: Wrapping Up the Season
Antonio Brown was a fantasy machine in 2014, averaging more than 10 targets per game.
Weekly Rankings: Week 17 Value Meter
Week 17 always means that certain playoff teams (and non-playoff teams to boot) will bench their starters. So Dez Bryant will be among the handful much lower in the rankings than usual this week.
December 16, 2014
Weekly Rankings: Week 16 Value Meter
There's chaos at quarterback this week, and one of the primary uncertain players is the Panthers' Cam Newton, who has an opportunity to face the Browns when they might be without Joe Haden.
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Skye Wallace & David Newberry
with Wishkicker
Skye Wallace
Skye Wallace is back in Vancouver after a stint in Toronto. Listed as one of Blog TO's Top 20 Folk & Roots Shows in Toronto last summer and hailed as Vancouver's queen of dark folk, Skye Wallace truly is a "national treasure" (Sad Mag). This is a show you won't want to miss.
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David Newberry
David Newberry bring his critically acclaimed thinking-peoples'-rock-music back to BC for the first time in a year. Known for his haunting original lyrics and compelling stage presence, Newberry creates music that is captivating, provocative, and empathetic to our search for connectivity in a complex and at times alienating world. He challenges our notion of what contemporary music feels like, and and places himself at the heart of our cultural dialogue.
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Live performance video of English Bay: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ysw5sPbjXc
Power-pop garage band of your dreams. Debut cassette "Por Que, Y?" coming out on Cherry Tapes.
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+19 Doors: 7:30 PM
$9 +S/C adv, on sale Apr 14
Tickets also available at

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This lesson will explain in detail positive feedback as a control mechanism of homeostasis.
Welcome to today's lesson on negative and positive feedback. In this lesson today, you will learn about negative and positive feedback as a means of maintaining homeostasis in our body. Specifically, you will learn about:
Homeostasis is just that maintenance of our internal environment and the internal environment is maintained by either negative or sometimes positive feedback.
Negative feedback is the most common type of feedback that we experience and negative feedback will reverse a detected change.
Conditions in your extra cellular fluid might experience some sort of change. Maybe the pH changes, or the temperature changes, or the chemical makeup changes, and sensory receptors will detect that change. Then that change will be reversed in order to maintain homeostasis, so cells need to be in an environment that's relatively constant.
If the pH or temperature gets too high or too low, cells aren't going to be able to function properly, and then other body mechanisms aren't going to function properly as well. So it's really important that homeostasis is maintained.
Take a look at the diagram below to see how negative feedback works to maintain homeostasis.
So first, your body will experience some sort of stimulus. Let's say you walk outside today and it's really hot outside. The stimulus would be the heat that you feel and you start to get really hot from being outside. Sensory receptors in your skin will detect that heat and send the information to the main integrator in your body, which is the brain.
Your brain will then interpret what needs to happen in order to lower your body temperature and then it'll send that information to effectors; which are glands or muscles. Those effectors will then carry out the response.
There are different mechanisms in order to cool down your body temperature, vasodilation is one mechanism. Vasodilation is when your blood vessels will widen and they do this in order to expel access heat. Effectors, muscles or glands, will work to carry out these responses such as vasodilation and sweating. When you sweat, the fluids that you sweat out will be evaporated off your body and then by being evaporate off your body, it allows your body temperature to cool. You might experience heavy breathing when you really hot, and when you're really hot, your muscle activity will also be reduced. These are all ways that your body temperature could be lowered.
Then from there, our response would be that our body temperature lowers, so you'll notice how the change that we first experienced, is reversed.
Positive feedback is more rare in our body, and it doesn't have a huge effect on homeostasis. When you're talking about homeostasis, you're talking about the maintenance of our extracellular fluids.
Positive feedback will detect a change, and rather than reversing it, it will actually intensify it.
A common example is childbirth; in childbirth the fetus in the mother will exude pressure on the uterus. The uterus will then exude pressure on the fetus back and forth. This will keep intensifying until, finally, the fetus is expelled. Rather than that change reversing, it is actually being intensified.
So this lesson has been an overview on negative and positive feedback and the maintenance of homeostasis in our body.
Keep up the learning and have a great day!
Source: THIS WORK IS ADAPTED FROM SOPHIA AUTHOR AMANDA SODERLIND
Glands or muscles that carry out the response as designated by the integrator.
The maintenance of the body's internal environment.
The main integrator in the body is the brain. The integrator receives signals from sensory receptors and determines an appropriate response.
A mechanism in which a change in the body is detected and then reversed to maintain homeostasis.
A mechanism in which a change in the body is detected and then intensified.
Receptors that detect a stimulus or change in the body.


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Lord Carter: My Lords, perhaps I may remind the noble Lord that the Companion states that in debates which are not time-limited, speakers are expected to keep to within 15 minutes. There are 30 speakers left. At 10 minutes each speaker, that is another five hours.
Lord Tope: My Lords, I apologise to the House. I was on my last sentence. Perhaps I may just conclude quoting from the letter, which goes on to state:
Lord Warner: My Lords, I rise to strongly support the Bill and I shall be brief. Despite some of the speeches made tonight, the Bill is not about family policy, sexually transmitted diseases, health education or homosexuality and whether we approve of such practices. It is a Bill about human rights and equality under the law. It is about a government's ability to honour its international obligations. As the noble Lord, Lord Tope, indicated, it is also about stopping a minority--homosexuals--continuing to be oppressed by a majority of heterosexuals, of which I acknowledge I am a member.
I add, for the reassurance of the noble Baroness, Lady Young, that I did not feel any ambivalence about my sexuality as a teenager so I speak from a different perspective. In this context I want to emphasise some of the points about the human rights arguments that have been strongly put by the noble Lord, Lord Lester, and to try to demonstrate that, frankly, most of the arguments put forward by the noble Baroness, Lady Young, and her supporters are irrelevant to the character of the Bill.
As long ago as 1994 the European Commission of Human Rights ruled admissible a complaint by three men that the UK was in breach of Articles 8 and 14 of
The commission then ruled that the UK had a case to answer in respect of Euan Sutherland who was 16 at the time and who argued that the reduction in the age of consent to 18 was still discriminatory. When the case was considered by Ministers in this Government after the 1997 election, the Government and the complainant agreed to apply to the court for the case to be deferred pending a vote in Parliament at the earliest opportunity and that the parallel case of Christopher Morris was to be dealt with in the same way.
In practice it is pretty clear that the UK has been in breach of the ECHR under both Articles 8 and 14 for some time and both those articles, together, grant homosexuals the same respect for family and private life and the same rights of freedom secured without discrimination on any grounds as apply to everybody else. In my view the Government are acting wisely in trying to put beyond doubt the outcome of this issue before the United Kingdom is exposed to the ridicule of a court decision requiring it to comply with the European Convention on Human Rights.
All that has been taking place while this Parliament passed the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into the Human Rights Act. If we do not pass this legislation, when the Human Rights Act is brought into operation we will be required by British courts in all probability to comply with the legislation.
The Government have done their best to secure that compliance. In 1998 the House of Commons voted on a free vote by 333 to 129 to support lowering the age of homosexual consent to 16. It was thwarted, in my view, last July by the unreasonable and totally irrational behaviour of 290 Members of this House, 188 of whom were Conservatives and 150 of whom were hereditaries. Reading some of the contributions in that debate, one is struck by the way that some who spoke with great authority on sex and its consequences did so against the background that the likelihood of any recent experience seemed quite remote.
Thus, we had an unelected second Chamber thwarting the elected government of the day in discharging their obligation to bring our domestic law into conformity with an international convention into which we freely entered. That is the nub of this Bill and that is what we will be preventing the Government from doing if the amendment proposed by the noble Baroness is passed.
I want briefly to mention three other issues which seem to me strongly to suggest that this House should show a little more maturity than it showed last July. First, the United Kingdom is completely out of step with
Secondly, and perhaps more significantly, last July this House demonstrated how totally out of touch it was with younger public opinion in this country. We have already discussed the NOP poll and I will not go into the details of that. But perhaps most significantly, the only age group with a clear majority in favour of retaining the consensual age of 18 was the over-55s. My noble friend Lady Mallalieu has already drawn attention to the fact that there are not many under-55s in this House. But what we have by comparison in that poll is the overwhelming majority of 15 to 24 year-olds favouring the lowering of the age for homosexual consent.
There is a world outside this place where the majority of people favour lowering the age of consent subject to the safeguards on people in positions of trust that the Government introduced in the Bill. In the same NOP poll, 60 per cent. of people made it clear that they agreed with the Government's package in this Bill. Another vote by this House like that of last July will simply demonstrate to the outside world how out of touch many Members of this House are and how desperately it needs to be reformed.
Thirdly, the Government responded--in my view handsomely--to the parliamentary concerns expressed last time about the risk of potential abuse of trust for children, for example, in residential care. The excuses for not lowering the homosexual age of consent to 16 have been for the most part removed by the clauses in the Bill on abuse of positions of trust. As a former director of social services, I welcome the changes that the Government have introduced. Moreover, they have been welcomed by virtually all children and health interest groups who now want to see this legislation passed speedily so that 16 and 17 year-old young men are not necessarily criminalised.
The arguments about inadequate safeguards are spurious. I draw attention to the fact that in displaying her dismissive attitude of the views of many of the children's services, the noble Baroness was being arrogant. We must bear in mind that we have the overwhelming balance of expert opinion arrayed strongly against the arguments put forward by the noble Baroness and her supporters.
Finally, I should like to mention that in this country many young men, well under 18, are engaged in homosexual acts consensually and privately. We are criminalising them unnecessarily for acts that would not be illegal in virtually the whole of the rest of Europe. We are condemning them to live in fear for a longer
It is noteworthy that there is an issue here about different attitudes of different political parties to living within the convention. It is worth bearing in mind that there seem to be party differences over respect for the convention. I observe that around 75 per cent. of the breaches found against the United Kingdom since we signed the convention in 1951 took place between 1979 and 1997, with a rapid increase at the end of that period.
The Government have provided adequate safeguards in this Bill and, rightly in my view, are speedily trying to ensure that we do not have the United Kingdom again in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights. I hope that, on reflection, the noble Baroness, Lady Young, will not pursue her misguided amendment this evening.
Baroness Turner of Camden: My Lords, I hope that this Bill will receive the support of this House and that the amendment moved by the noble Baroness, Lady Young, will be rejected. The noble Baroness is opposed to the Bill. That is her right, but I believe she is mistaken. I hope the House will not feel disposed to reject what has received the overwhelming support of the other place.
The main area of controversy is the age of consent, and Clause 1 provides for an equal age of consent for heterosexual, lesbian and gay sexual activity. I emphasise the word "consent". Consent is important because this is about consensual sexual activity, not non-consensual sex.
I find it difficult to understand why this proposition should arouse such hostility, as it obviously does and it did last time round. There is perhaps a generational problem here--a point already made by a number of other noble Lords this evening. In this House we tend to be older than our colleagues in the other place. Sometimes that can be an advantage and I do not wish to decry in any way the wisdom that many noble Lords can bring to the debates we have in this House. But it is not always an advantage, and we have to understand that time moves on and attitudes change.
The Bill provides equal protection and equal treatment for all young people. Surely that is to be welcomed, as is the provision in relation to persons in positions of trust, so ably explained by the Minister this evening. I could never understand the argument advanced by some people, and again this evening, that young women of 16 do not need protection from predatory heterosexual men, but young men up to the age of 18 apparently do need protection from homosexual men. This appears to spring from the notion which we have again heard this evening, that it is more damaging for a young man to have a homosexual relationship than it is for a young girl to have a heterosexual relationship, even though she may become pregnant with an unwanted child as a result. That does not make any sense to me.
However, it does now appear that public opinion has moved on. There has been some discussion tonight about the 66 per cent. poll. I do not want to go into the details of that, but clearly there has been some movement in public opinion, although I agree with those noble Lords who have said that if a Bill is right it should be supported irrespective of what public opinion will say. Many reputable organisations concerned with the protection of children now give their support to the provisions of the Bill. The organisation of which I was a council member until recently, Save the Children, has for many years been outspoken in support of equalisation.
The problem under the present law is that it criminalises young men at an age when they should be receiving support. There is much evidence to show that young people are conscious of their sexuality at an early age: certainly by the age of 16. I suspect that was always so and, as far as my generation was concerned, we tended to keep quiet about it. Certainly I was well aware when I was younger than 16 that I was probably going to like men for the rest of my life, and this sexual orientation led me in the direction of a happy marriage which lasted for some 40 years.
Unfortunately, many gay and lesbian youngsters are not so lucky in their lives. If young men are made to feel criminal about their sexuality, that severely hinders their development. Many organisations professionally concerned with young people attest that this is so and, as many noble Lords have said, the European experience would also appear to indicate that the United Kingdom is out of step. In most countries, heterosexuals and homosexuals are treated equally when it comes to the age of consent, and it is about time that we changed our law so that we reflect changes in thinking.
The strongest objections would appear to come from those who profess strong moral or religious views. Of course such views should be respected, although it should be pointed out that not everyone with strong religious views believes that homosexuality should be subject to this kind of discrimination. I recall that some time ago I was successful in this House in getting support for a Private Member's Bill to protect lesbians and homosexuals against discrimination in employment. I was able to produce a fair amount of evidence to indicate that discrimination at work does take place, and unfortunately our laws do not yet prohibit that. Although the Bill was passed by your Lordships, it did not for various reasons secure support in the other place. Nevertheless, there was quite a lot of support for it in principle and it is something to which we must return.
The fact that there is still such discrimination indicates that there is still a lot of prejudice--and that is a further reason for ensuring that we begin to tackle this at its root--and young men are made to feel that they are somehow different and inferior. That is what happens with our present law, and that surely has to end. To those with religious objections I say that while I respect their views--and I really do--this is not a matter for law. It is essentially a private matter. People with religious and/or moral objections do not have the right, in my opinion, to impose their views on others,
The Lord Bishop of Winchester: My Lords, it is perhaps appropriate that I should find myself following the last speaker in view of what she said. I shall comment on those remarks in a moment but I want first to apologise and to express regret that I missed the first three speeches of this debate. I had a prior appointment, as Protector of a religious community, to receive the profession in life vows of a sister, and to do so in the diocese of the right reverend Prelate the Bishop of Bath and Wells, from whose convictions, as those who were here last July will know and as will become clear from what I have to say, I differ on a number of points. However, I was here in time to listen to his contribution today and it seemed to me that he made a distinguished and brave speech. I much regret that that other distinguished and brave speaker, the noble Earl, Lord Ferrers, whom I have been privileged to get to know in other circumstances as well as in this House and whom I respect, let himself, it seemed to me, be led astray into a really rather unfortunate attack on the Bishop of Bath and Wells. It is important to say that the Church of England would be poorer and less effective if he were not in his present post.
I want to speak briefly to Clauses 3 and 4 and to Clause 2. Amid all the things that have been said about the Christian faith and the Churches it is important to take up what was said by the noble Lord, Lord Plant, and the noble Baroness, Lady Turner. I should then like to approach the central issue contained in Clause 1.
Abuse of trust is a matter that justifies serious law making, but I do not find that what we have now in this Bill can be reasonably described, as the noble Lord, Lord Warner, just described it, as a handsome response by the Government. It seems to me feeble in the extreme, as shown by the extent to which substantial attempts were made to expand its provisions in the other place, both in Committee and on Report. It seems to me right to say that there is no reference to Church organisations. That is an obvious weakness. A range of voluntary organisations are also devoid of any reference. I cannot see that anybody who is not already minded to support Clause 1 could be encouraged to do so by the presence in the Bill of Clauses 3 and 4.
What is more, as others will have noticed--because I am sure that I am not the only one who reads this material--in Research Paper 994, page 29, Mr. Boateng was reported--not in another place but in some other context--as promising that he would make absolutely certain that the two issues of age and abuse of trust were treated as entirely separate. I am unclear really why Clauses 3 and 4 have a place in the Bill at all.
Clause 2 I find, as I am sure others do, superficially attractive. Here we are clearly talking about children although, as I understand it, the Children Act speaks about children up to the age of 18. Here we are clearly speaking about children and it is clearly attractive that
It seemed to me that the admirable reference by the noble Lord, Lord Plant, to the great man Karl Barth was very apt. It is right that he should be referred to in this House. All the same, he has lost his particular position and has sought to import it into what is a very different tradition. I believe that the English tradition of government, both ecclesiastical and political, is symbolised by the presentation to a monarch of a Bible at the monarch's coronation. The clear implication is that it is the responsibility--certainly it has been for hundreds of years when the Churches have, rightly, not had the same kind of powers that they had many centuries ago--both of Christian and of people of other faiths and traditions very specifically to argue for particular positions in public life and public legislation out of a conviction common not only to Christianity but to other major faiths in different ways, although, speaking as a Christian, there are claims of God upon the character and nature of human society which ought to be expressed within and through the law-making process. Those are not to be imposed--the word used by the noble Baroness, Lady Turner--but the points need making. Therefore it seems to me that the noble Lord, Lord Plant, was inaccurate in alluding to Karl Barth in that way and drawing on that as an authority.
Clearly Clause 1 is the heart of the Bill. I find myself in the end no more disposed to agree with it and support it than I was last July. However, I still find myself strongly moved by the arguments in favour of change which I have heard again today as weighing heavily with many Members of your Lordships' House, including the Bishop of Bath and Wells, the noble Lord, Lord Tope, the noble Baroness, Lady Mallalieu, and many others. I think of the argument in particular which note that young gay people and children and young people who worry whether they may be gay can be greatly distressed, ill used, driven to despair and even to suicide by the ways in which they or others understand these provisions. They may be stopped from seeking medical help. All those arguments, experiences and true description weigh heavily with me too. They are powerful arguments.
Then there is the other range of powerful arguments for equality and against discrimination. I take the latter first. For me it simply does not follow from a belief that all human beings are equal--ultimately because they are made by God in His image, loved by Him and destined by Him for a place in His eternal purposes--that everything human beings do with or to each other is
I was grateful to the noble Lord, Lord Lester, for his extreme clarity in speaking as he did about the commission of human rights. However, I was not convinced by either of the arguments of the commission as he reported them, and by the second still less than the first. Both seem to me heavily ideologically weighted, precisely what the noble Lord, Lord Quirk, warned us against--to be accepted with the breakfast cereal, as it were, as if it were the most normal thing in the world and could not be questioned.
As I said, I take seriously the evidence that some children and young people are being hurt, isolated and driven to despair and even suicide by the signs and messages that arise for them and for those around them from the difference in the age of consent. I noted, too, the point, made, I believe, by the noble Viscount, Lord Bledisloe, that there is something of an uncomprehending and alien world as regards those of us who speak as I am speaking. I need to take that seriously too.
But it needs to be said that these questions of a proper concern for younger people's welfare and the questions of equality and discrimination, though proper issues for us to think about--in terms of people's welfare, it is absolutely right that they should be (if I can put it this way) almost the sole matter of attention for statutory and voluntary organisations engaged in the care of young and gay people--are not the only issues that we have to consider as law makers, let alone as Bishops. I take the view that these same young people are potentially being hurt just as much--and many others, both younger and older, are being no less seriously damaged--by the remorseless sexualising of society, for which we all have to share some responsibility. That is a culture that is especially hard on young people and probably especially hard on young gay people in its pressing upon us all to act as if every kind of sexual activity is as good or wholesome as any other if it is what one wants at the time or if one can persuade oneself that it harms no one else.
I continue to judge that we shall do still more harm to more young people and to many older people of whatever sexual orientation or preference by colluding with this culture and further legitimising it, as I believe Clause 1 of the Bill does, than we shall do by holding to the present position, notwithstanding the difficulties to which I recognise it contributes for a number of younger people in particular. I am clear therefore that
Lord Harmsworth: My Lords, it is a pity that this subject is capable of sometimes emotional consideration. From the point of view of a parent, the problems are much more likely to be practical.
I, too, begin from the standpoint that a heterosexual relationship--if that is the way the genetic die have been cast--must surely be not only the norm, but the most fulfilling and beautiful state--certainly no "well of loneliness". Other than in extreme chromosomal situations, I do not believe for one minute that sexuality is, as has been stated by some, determined irrevocably at an age before 16. I think the good Lord was far more subtle when he shuffled the genetic pack. Not only do sexual orientations change during a lifetime, but the swings may be quite strong and quite marked when a child is in his teens and later.
From a parent's point of view, the ability to influence the position must not be removed for as long as it is of value to hold on to it. Lowering the age of consent by two years could make a very crucial and possibly irredeemable difference. Once that crucial experience has been had, made much more easy by legitimisation, the chances of parental help in accelerating a likely swing later the other way may be lost for ever. I would not wish to make it more difficult for the parent to take advantage of that chance.
I remember that in my late school days and early university days the conventional wisdom was that no student of constitutional history--or any other subject for that matter--would fail to flirt with communism before seeing the light. Likewise with a child's body over that period; it is going through much turmoil and evolution. As I have said, I would have trouble believing any physician who might try to persuade me that sexuality was fixed and stable before the age of 16. Indeed, one hears of extreme and wretched cases of perfectly normal heterosexual marriages which break up much later owing to one party deciding that he or she is homosexual.
The Minister pointed to a formidable array of institutional supporters for the lowering of the age of homosexual consent. These included the British Medical Association, the National Association of Probation Officers, Barnados, NSPCC, the Terrence Higgins Trust and the UK Health for All Network. I wonder whether those institutions are in a rather Mandy Rice-Davies type position: "They would say that". They are in the position of dealing with the inevitable problems that result from blunt law applied to subtle chemistry. Parents are in a different position. They--all of them-- are trying to prevent a trend which results later in the discomfiture of those institutions.
Finally, when the Minister winds up, will he help us on the point raised by the noble Lord, Lord Lester of Herne Hill, who laid his professional reputation on the line? He said, effectively, that he would bet his bottom
I would not wish to seal the fate of an extra number of unfortunate children for the sake of legislative neatness.
Lord Davies of Coity: My Lords, I must immediately confess that it is with some trepidation that I rise to my feet to speak in this debate, trepidation prompted by what seems to be perceived as the politically correct stance to take, particularly among Labour parliamentarians. However, my much deeper feelings on this issue far outweigh any feeling of trepidation I experience. In my view, it is the way we feel and the emotions by which we are driven which are of considerable importance. They cannot be simply disregarded and wholly discounted by way of logical argument or intellectual concepts. I propose to expand on this a little later.
Noble Lords may recall that when this question was debated in this House in July last year, I intervened when my noble friend Lord Williams of Mostyn was winding up the debate. I intervened on that occasion because I was moved by the way my noble friend was very strongly using the arguments of inequality and discrimination, suggesting--to me at least--that those of us who opposed the reduction in the age of consent were in fact supporting inequality and discrimination. Indeed, the Home Secretary employed much the same arguments in the other place when moving the Bill in January of this year. However, my intervention in the debate was to ask my noble friend the Minister whether he thought it valid to use these terms when comparing one relationship which is generally considered natural with another which is generally considered unnatural. Although the answer "yes" was brief and to the point, I did feel it was less than satisfactory.
However, in the following week a noble friend of mine, writing in a national newspaper, referred to my intervention, without naming me, I might add, and challenged the description of "natural" and "unnatural", conceding that the two relationships were different but arguing, it seemed to me, that the correct term for the different relationships were "usual" and "unusual".
Before I continue on this point, I wish to pause for a moment to emphasise that this issue is not about homosexuality versus heterosexuality but is clearly and unequivocally about protecting young males from abuse by adults, a protection the Government recognise is necessary for all youngsters which is reflected in the Bill, and to which I shall refer later.
Returning now to the article to which I referred and the differing views of the two relationships, I must confess that the view expressed, which was contrary to
This is where I found the solution to my dilemma. I now return to what I mentioned at the outset of my remarks--feelings, the emotions which influence our thinking about heterosexual relationships and the emotions which influence our thinking about homosexual activity; but, most importantly, the way these feelings impact upon our view of inequality and discrimination.
The views expressed on this issue by homosexuals are not, I suggest, wholly motivated by logical and intellectual arguments but to some extent by the way they feel and by the direction in which their emotions take them. When this issue was debated in the other place in January an honourable Member on the Labour Back Benches confessed his heterosexuality, saying that sex dominated about 1 or 2 per cent. of his thinking whereas it seemed to him that sex dominated the thinking of homosexuals 100 per cent.
I doubt very much whether those figures are correct. But that is not the point. In my view, the point is that, whatever the thinking, it stems at least in part from emotional feelings. That is not something I object to. It is just a demonstration that the approach taken by homosexuals is to some extent motivated by their emotional feelings. Therefore, there must be no complaint about those of us who are heterosexual also being driven by our emotional feelings. It is indeed unjust for us to be criticised and charged with being guilty of discrimination and inequality simply because we do not believe that it is in the best interests of young men to expose them to greater risk by lowering the age of consent to 16 years.
I turn specifically to the terms of the Bill before us. The Bill proposes two legislative changes, as clearly described in the Explanatory Notes accompanying the Bill. The first proposed change is to reduce the age of consent for homosexual activity from 18 years of age to 16 years of age and the second is to introduce particular protection for all youngsters, male and female, under 18 years of age. I have no difficulty whatever in supporting the second proposed change, which makes it a criminal offence for an adult to have sexual intercourse or engage in any other sexual activity with a person under 18 years of age if the adult is in a position of trust in respect of the person under 18 years of age.
My problem arises, as already indicated, in respect of the first change proposed in the Bill--to reduce the age of consent generally from 18 to 16 years in respect of homosexual activity. My concern--I emphasise it again--is that young males will not be at greater risk from abuse than they are at present by anything that we might do. Indeed, I feel that my concern has been reinforced by the Government because of the second proposed change in the Bill. Their proposed protective
At this point perhaps I may digress just a little. I believe that my digression is germane to the essence of this debate. Noble Lords will recall that only recently Chris Woodhead, the Chief Inspector of Schools, was reported as saying that sex between a teacher and a pupil can be "educative", and that a teacher involved should not automatically be drummed out of the profession--and that comes at a time when the Government are introducing legislation to stamp out that kind of relationship. I appreciate that Mr. Woodhead has apologised for his remarks and that the Secretary of State did not sack him, although it was reported at the time that he was seething over the remarks.
The reason I bring this matter to the attention of the House is that if those remarks reflect the thinking of someone as important as the Chief Inspector of Schools, how wide is such thinking among many of those in positions of trust? Should we not be very careful indeed of taking any steps whatsoever that are likely to increase the risk to any young person?
That is where I part company with the Government. Whereas they may well believe that they have done enough in the Bill to reduce the degree of abuse and remove the level of risk, I do not. I also recognise and appreciate that, in framing this Bill in the way that they have, the Government are trying to straddle two horses at the same time with the two proposed changes to the law: first, to increase the protection of all young people under the age of 18, whom they undoubtedly see as being at risk and in danger of being abused by some of those who are in positions of trust; and, secondly, to meet what they believe will be the requirements of the decision of the European Court of Human Rights.
As I have already said, I have no difficulty whatsoever in supporting, as a stand-alone provision, the protection of all those under 18 years of age from the risk of abuse by adults in positions of trust. But it does not follow that equalising the age of consent for both heterosexual and homosexual relationships is a necessary and justifiable course of action.
I have advanced my view that emotions play a considerable part in forming our opinions on all sides of the argument. But I appreciate that logic must also play a part. I know that there will be many heterosexuals as well as homosexuals who take the view, which they see as logical, that both relationships are equal and therefore should be treated as equal under the law. I understand that anyone taking that view will logically move on to conclude that, if the ages of consent remain different, inequality and discrimination will persist.
However, if your Lordships reach the conclusion, as I do, that the two relationships are not compatible comparisons, and hence the different relationships are not to be seen as equal and that to compare them is like comparing apples to pears, we shall not see our stance as one of supporting inequality and discrimination and therefore any charges of that kind are unfair and unjust.
In conclusion, I wish to make two short points. The first is by way of a caution. When legislation was first introduced, the age of consent for homosexual relationships was 21. It was then reduced to 18. It is now proposed to reduce the age to 16. Therefore, I think we can be forgiven for wondering what will come next if we do not make a stand now. Secondly, the Government have given a free vote on this issue. Therefore, if this House opposes the Bill, I certainly hope that the Government will not use the Parliament Act. I know that there is precedent for doing so, but I shall be extremely disappointed if a Labour Government resort to that procedural action.
Lord Gray of Contin: My Lords, it is a great pleasure to follow that brave speech from the noble Lord, Lord Davies of Coity. We have listened to a number of interesting speeches during the debate, some from experts and some from noble Lords who were closely associated with the earlier Bill last year. I cannot claim to belong to either category, but I suggest that some of my comments might find favour with many outside this House and certainly reflect the discussions which I have had with friends and acquaintances over the past few months.
First, I should like to congratulate the noble Lord, Lord Williams of Mostyn, on his Privy Counsellorship, which I think we all agree is richly deserved. When he opened the debate he suggested that minds might already be made up, and I wholly agree. For that reason, and because so much of what I had intended to say has already been said at least once, I shall be brief so that we can proceed more quickly towards the vote and a little respite.
I shall support my friend Lady Young, who spoke with such conviction and whose arguments against the Bill I found compelling. I have always regarded homosexuality with the detachment of a heterosexual male. None the less I fully accept that in a free society everyone has the right to follow the lifestyle of their choice and in doing so to be free from discrimination.
I draw a dividing line between, on the one hand, two adult males who, after consideration, decide to live together and whose homosexuality remains private, known probably to only a handful of close friends, and, on the other hand, the male prostitute or even enthusiastic amateur to be found in gay clubs or even less desirable surroundings. Sadly, it is the latter rather than the former whom the young teenager is likely to encounter and from whom he needs protection.
Of course, the teenage youth may also meet homosexuality with older men in perfectly respectable surroundings, as a result, for example, of hero worship. Sportsmen, actors and musicians are three categories, but anyone whose talents he greatly admires and who happens to have a yearning for young men may prey on his affections.
I need go no further than Clause 1 to find the stumbling block to my giving the Bill my support. The heading of that clause is:
If the Bill is lost tonight and the Government are forced to use the Parliament Act, one consequence will result; namely, present 16 year-olds will probably have at least 18 months before a new Bill could be enacted. That is, in my view, a great advantage for them. It might also give the Government time to think again about Clause 1. I wish my noble friend's amendment every success.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|2 Jul 2002
|Filing date
|30 Jun 1999
|Priority date
|30 Jun 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Joel Roger Davidson, Judith K. Laurens, Alexander Erik Mericas, Kevin F. Reick, Joel M. Tendler
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (28), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to an improved data processing system and, in particular, to a method and system for debugging the execution of a processor within a data processing system.
2. Description of Related Art
In typical computer systems, system developers desire optimization of software execution for more effective system design. Usually, studies are performed to determine system efficiency in a program's access patterns to memory and interaction with a system's memory hierarchy. Understanding the memory hierarchy behavior helps optimize the system through the development of algorithms that schedule and/or partition tasks as well as distribute and structure data. Similarly, the utilization of a processor can be studied to understand the manner in which the execution of a program invokes various functions within the processor.
Many modern processors have the ability to execute instructions in an execution pipeline consisting of multiple stages. An instruction is fetched into a first stage and progresses from one stage to the next stage. Each unit along the pipeline operates on a different instruction by performing a single task for a particular stage of execution of the particular instruction. In addition, many modern processors execute instructions out-of-order with respect to the sequence in which the programmer coded the instructions or in which the compiler generated the instructions. As a result, instructions are completed, or retired, in order but execute as their data dependencies allow.
The debugging of hardware requires knowledge about the use of processor resources. However, in a processor with out-of-order execution of instructions, the out-of-order characteristic increases the difficulty of debugging the execution of a set of instructions. The ability to process instructions out-of-order may be disabled, but this attempt to debug an instruction may mask or avoid the very problem being debugged.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a method and system for accurately monitoring the use of resources within a processor that performs out-of-order execution of instructions. It would be further advantageous to have a method and system for providing knowledge of when the stages of a pipeline execute.
The present invention provides a method and system for debugging the execution of an instruction within an instruction pipeline. A processor in a data processing system contains instruction pipeline units. An instruction may be tagged, and in response to an instruction pipeline unit completing its processing of the tagged instruction, a stage completion signal is asserted. An execution monitor external to the pipelined processor monitors the stage completion signals during the execution of the tagged instruction. The execution monitor may be a logic analyzer that displays the stage completion signals in real-time on a display device of the execution monitor. An instruction to be tagged may be selected based upon an instruction selection rule, such as the address of the instruction.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts a data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented;
FIG. 2A is a block diagram depicting a data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented;
FIG. 2B is a block diagram depicting selected internal functional units of a data processing system that may include the present invention;
FIG. 2C is an illustration depicting an example representation of one configuration of an MMCR suitable for controlling the operation of two PMCs;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram depicting further details of the stages of an instruction pipeline within an out-of-order execution processor; and
FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting a simplified view of a pipelined processor that is capable of monitoring the execution of individual stages of an instruction pipeline.
With reference now to FIG. 1, a pictorial representation depicts a data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented. A personal computer 100 is depicted which includes a system unit 110, a video display terminal 102, a keyboard 104, storage devices 108, which may include floppy drives and other types of permanent and removable storage media, and mouse 106. Additional input devices may be included with personal computer 100. Computer 100 can be implemented using any suitable computer. Although the depicted representation shows a personal computer, other embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in other types of data processing systems, such as mainframes, servers, workstations, network computers, Internet appliances, palm computers, etc. System unit 110 comprises memory, a central processing unit, I/O unit, etc. However, in the present invention, system unit 110 contains a speculative processor, either as the central processing unit or as one of multiple CPUs present in the system unit.
With reference now to FIG. 2A, a block diagram of a data processing system in which the present invention may be implemented is illustrated. Data processing system 250 is an example of a computer. Data processing system 250 employs a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) local bus architecture. Although the depicted example employs a PCI bus, other bus architectures such as Micro Channel and ISA may be used. Processor 252 and main memory 254 are connected to PCI local bus 256 through PCI Bridge 258. PCI Bridge 258 also may include an integrated memory controller and cache memory for processor 252. Additional connections to PCI local bus 256 may be made through direct component interconnection or through add-in boards. In the depicted example, local area network (LAN) adapter 260, SCSI host bus adapter 262, and expansion bus interface 264 are connected to PCI local bus 256 by direct component connection. In contrast, audio adapter 266, graphics adapter 268, and audio/video adapter (A/V) 269 are connected to PCI local bus 266 by add-in boards inserted into expansion slots. Expansion bus interface 264 provides a connection for a keyboard and mouse adapter 270, modem 272, and additional memory 274. SCSI host bus adapter 262 provides a connection for hard disk drive 276, tape drive 278, CD-ROM 280, and DVD 282 in the depicted example. Typical PCI local bus implementations will support three or four PCI expansion slots or add-in connectors.
An operating system runs on processor 252 and is used to coordinate and provide control of various components within data processing system 250 in FIG. 2A. The operating system may be a commercially available operating system such as Java OS or OS/2, which are available from International Business Machines Corporation. An object oriented programming system such as Java may run in conjunction with the operating system and provides calls to the operating system from Java programs or applications executing on data processing system 250. Instructions for the operating system, the object-oriented operating system, and applications or programs are located on storage devices, such as hard disk drive 276 and may be loaded into main memory 254 for execution by processor 252. Often times, hard disk drives are absent and memory is constrained when data processing system 250 is used as a network client.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware in FIG. 2A may vary depending on the implementation. For example, other peripheral devices, such as optical disk drives and the like may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted in FIG. 2A. The depicted example is not meant to imply architectural limitations with respect to the present invention. For example, the processes of the present invention may be applied to a multiprocessor data processing system.
With reference now to FIG. 2B, a block diagram depicts selected internal functional units of a data processing system that may include the present invention. System 200 comprises hierarchical memory 210 and processor 230. Hierarchical memory 210 comprises Level 2 cache 202, random access memory (RAM) 204, and disk 206. Level 2 cache 202 provides a fast access cache to data and instructions that may be stored in RAM 204 in a manner which is well-known in the art. RAM 204 provides main memory storage for data and instructions that may also provide a cache for data and instructions stored on nonvolatile disk 206.
Data and instructions may be transferred to processor 230 from hierarchical memory 210 on instruction transfer path 220 and data transfer path 222. Instruction transfer path 220 and data transfer path 222 may be implemented as a single bus or as separate buses between processor 230 and hierarchical memory 210. Alternatively, a single bus may transfer data and instructions between processor 230 and hierarchical memory 210 while processor 230 provides separate instruction and data transfer paths within processor 230, such as instruction bus 232 and data bus 234.
Processor 230 also comprises instruction cache 231, data cache 235, performance monitor 240, and instruction pipeline 233. Performance monitor 240 comprises performance monitor counter (PMC1) 241, performance monitor counter (PMC2) 242, performance monitor counter (PMC3) 243, performance monitor counter (PMC4) 244, and monitor mode control register (MMCR) 245. Alternatively, processor 230 may have other counters and control registers not shown.
Processor 230 includes a pipelined processor capable of executing multiple instructions in a single cycle, such as the PowerPC family of reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors. During operation of system 200, instructions and data are stored in hierarchical memory 210. Instructions to be executed are transferred to instruction pipeline 233 via instruction cache 231. Instruction cache 231 contains instructions that have been cached for execution within pipeline 233. Some instructions transfer data to or from hierarchical memory 210 via data cache 235. Other instructions may operate on data loaded from memory or may control the flow of instructions.
Performance monitor 240 comprises event detection and control logic, including PMC1-PCM4 241-244 and MMCR 245. Performance monitor 240 is a software-accessible mechanism intended to provide detailed information with significant granularity concerning the utilization of processor instruction execution and storage control. The performance monitor may include an implementation-dependent number of performance monitor counters (PMCs) used to count processor/storage related events. These counters may also be termed "global counters". The MMCRs establish the function of the counters with each MMCR usually controlling some number of counters. The PMCs and the MMCRs are typically special purpose registers physically residing on the processor. These registers are accessible for read or write operations via special instructions for that purpose. The write operation is preferably only allowed in a privileged or supervisor state, while reading is preferably allowed in a problem state since reading the special purpose registers does not change a register's content. In a different embodiment, these registers may be accessible by other means such as addresses in I/O space. In the preferred embodiment, PMC1-PMC4 are 32-bit counters and MMCR is a 32-bit register. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the size of the counters and the control registers are dependent upon design considerations, including the cost of manufacture, the desired functionality of processor 230, and the chip area available within processor 230.
Performance monitor 240 monitors the entire system and accumulates counts of events that occur as the result of processing instructions. In the present invention, processor 230 allows instructions to execute out-of-order with respect to the order in which the instructions were coded by a programmer or were ordered during program compilation by a compiler. Processor 230 may also employ speculative execution to predict the outcome of conditional branches of certain instructions before the data on which the certain instructions depend is available. The MMCRs are partitioned into bit fields that allow for event/signal selection to be recorded/counted. Selection of an allowable combination of events causes the counters to operate concurrently. When the performance monitor is used in conjunction with instructions executed out-of-order in the manner provided by the present invention, the performance monitor may be used as a mechanism to monitor the performance of the stages of the instruction pipeline.
With reference now to FIG. 2C, an illustration provides an example representation of one configuration of an MMCR suitable for controlling the operation of two PMCs. As shown in the example, an MMCR is partitioned into a number of bit fields whose settings select events to be counted, enable performance monitor interrupts, and specify the conditions under which counting is enabled. Alternatively, an MMCR may set an initialization value, such as a temporal threshold value for a time interval in which a stage of the instruction pipeline is expected to execute for a given instruction, which is not shown in FIG. 2C.
The initialization value is both variable and software selectable. The initialization value may be loaded into a table or register when an instruction is first scheduled for execution. For example, given that an event under study is "register accesses", if the initialization value denotes a number of register accesses for an associated instruction, then completion of the instruction allows the number of register accesses for the particular instruction to be added to the total event count in a PMC that counts all register accesses by all instructions of course, depending on the data instruction being executed, "complete" may have different meanings. For example, for a "load" instruction, "complete" indicates that the data associated with the instruction was received, while for a "store" instruction, "complete" indicates that the data was successfully written. A user-readable counter, e.g., PMC1, then provides software access of the total number of register accesses since PMC1 was first initialized. With the appropriate values, the performance monitor is readily configured for use in identifying a variety of system performance characteristics.
Bits 0-4 and 18 of the MMCR in FIG. 2C determine the scenarios under which counting is enabled. By way of example, bit 0 may be a freeze counting bit such that when the bit is set, the values in the PMCs are not changed by hardware events, i.e. counting is frozen. Bits 1-4 may indicate other specific conditions under which counting is performed. Bits 5, 16, and 17 are utilized to control interrupt signals triggered by PMCs. Bits 6-15 may be utilized to control time or event-based transitions. Bits 19-25 may be used for event selection for PMC1, i.e. selection of signals to be counted for PMC1. Bits 26-31 may be used for event selection for PMC2, i.e. selection of signals to be counted for PMC2. The function and number of bits may be chosen as necessary for selection of events as needed within a particular implementation.
With reference now to FIG. 3, a block diagram depicts further details of the stages of an instruction pipeline within an out-of-order execution processor. System 300 shows memory system 302, data cache 304, instruction cache 306, and performance monitor 310, which may be similar to the hierarchical memory, data cache, instruction cache, and performance monitor shown in FIG. 2B. As instructions are executed, they cause events within the processor, such as cache accesses. Performance monitor 310 contains a plurality of PMCs that count events under the control of one or more MMCRs. The counters and the MMCRs are internal processor registers and can be read or written under software control.
Fetch unit 320 retrieves instructions from instruction cache 306, which in turn retrieves instructions from memory 302. Decode unit 340 decodes instructions to determine basic information about the instruction, such as instruction type, source registers, and destination registers. Sequencing unit 350 uses the decoded information to schedule instructions for execution. In order to track instructions, completion table 360 is used for storing and retrieving information about scheduled instructions. As sequencing unit 350 assigns the dispatched instruction to an associated entry in completion table 360, sequencing unit 350 assigns or associates entries to executing instructions on a first-in, first-out basis or rotating manner. As the instructions are executed, information concerning the executing instructions is stored into various fields and subfields of the associated entry of completion table 360 for the particular instruction.
Instructions executed by execution control unit 380 using one of the execution units 1-N, such as execution unit #1 382 or execution unit #N 384, may use load/store unit 386 to cause data to be read from or written to memory 302 via data cache 304. As instructions complete, completion unit 370 commits the results of the execution of the instructions, and the destination registers of the instructions are made available for use by subsequent instructions. Any instructions may be issued to the appropriate execution unit as soon as its source registers are available.
Instructions are fetched and completed sequentially until a control (branch) instruction alters the instruction flow, either conditionally or unconditionally. A control instruction specifies a new data location from which to begin fetching instructions. When fetch unit 320 receives a conditional branch operation and the data upon which the condition is based is not yet available (e.g., the instruction that will produce the necessary data has not been executed), fetch unit 320 may use one or more branch prediction mechanisms in branch prediction control unit 330 to predict the outcome of the condition. Control is then speculatively altered until the results of the condition can be determined. If the branch was correctly predicted, operation continues. If the prediction was incorrect, all instructions along the speculative path are canceled or flushed.
Since speculative instructions can not complete until the branch condition is resolved, many high performance out-of-order processors provide a mechanism to map physical registers to virtual registers. The result of execution is written to the virtual register when the instruction has finished executing. Physical registers are not updated until an instruction actually completes. Any instructions dependent upon the results of a previous instruction may begin execution as soon as the virtual register is written. In this way, a long stream of speculative instructions can be executed before determining the outcome of the conditional branch.
With reference now to FIG. 4, a block diagram depicts a simplified view of a pipelined processor that is capable of monitoring the execution of individual stages of an instruction pipeline. Units 401-406 depict individual stages of an instruction pipeline. Fetch unit 401 fetches instructions from memory, and decode unit 402 decodes the instructions to determine the type of instruction, its operands, and the destination of its result. Dispatch unit 403 requests operands for an instruction, and issue unit 404 determines that an instruction may proceed with execution. Execute unit 405 performs the operation on the operands as indicated by the type of instruction. Completion unit 406 deallocates any internal processor resources, such as the commitment of registers, that were required by the instruction. An instruction pipeline may have more or less stages. For example, the functions of dispatch unit 403 and issue unit 404 may be performed by a single unit, shown as optional sequencing unit 407.
As an instruction is fetched, a single instruction may be selected and marked (or tagged). As the marked instruction flows through each pipeline unit representing a stage of the instruction pipeline, each pipeline unit signals its completion of the processing for the marked instruction by asserting a stage complete signal, such as signal 410. Execution monitor 400 collects the signals and displays the signals, preferably in real-time.
Execution monitor 400 may be a logic analyzer that allows a person attempting to debug the execution of an instruction pipeline to view the stage completion signals. The logic analyzer may be programmable so that the stage completion signals may be manipulated in a variety of ways. The logic analyzer may collect the signals, store the timing of the signals, and then replay the signals for later debugging. In this manner, a user of the present invention may visually inspect the manner in which an instruction pipeline is executing.
An instruction is described as "flowing" through an instruction pipeline, although the execution proceeds unit-by-unit. An instruction commences a process of execution by being fetched from storage and inserted into the instruction pipeline. When an instruction completes its execution within an instruction pipeline stage, it may be described as entering the next stage in the instruction pipeline.
Alternatively, each pipeline unit may signal its completion of any instruction without the requirement that the instruction was previously tagged.
Alternatively, a completion signal may be generated by each pipeline unit at a particular point in time that may depend on other architectural details of the processor. For example, the completion signal may be asserted in response to other signals within the processor.
If only a single marked instruction may proceed through the instruction pipeline at any given time, then the instruction may be simply marked with a single bit. If multiple instructions may be marked, then a tag consisting of multiple bits may identify marked instructions.
Instructions may be marked based on a variety of selection mechanisms or instruction selection rules. An instruction may be selected at random, in which case the execution monitor may capture the instruction address after the instruction has been randomly selected, e.g., by receiving instruction address 409 from fetch unit 401. An instruction may be selected based on a general category of its instruction type, such as any store instruction. A specific type of instruction may be selected, such as a load instruction that uses particular registers. As another alternative, an instruction may be selected based on its instruction address, which provides functionality for a debugging program to store specific instructions at specific addresses and then to allow the processor to execute the instructions without setting interrupts or traps. The above list merely provides some examples and should not be considered an exhaustive list of potential instruction selection mechanisms.
Alternatively, the selection mechanisms or instruction selection rules may be under the control of the performance monitor within the processor. Through a debugging tool, the performance monitor may receive preferences for the instruction selection rules. The performance monitor may then ensure the proper set of instructions are tagged for monitoring by the execution monitor.
The advantages provided by the present invention are apparent in light of the detailed description of the invention provided above. Under certain circumstances, it is possible for the processor to behave unexpectedly during execution of a certain instruction. If that instruction executes unexpectedly, then each time the instruction executes, it may cause a unexpected results for the entire instruction pipeline. The entire performance of the processor may be severely degraded because an instruction pipeline requires a smooth flow of instructions to reduce the average time required to execute a set of instructions.
If the instruction stalls within a particular stage of execution, then the instruction may create a bottleneck only at one particular stage of the instruction pipeline. The present invention allows the detection of unexpected results or unexpected ordering during instruction execution at individual stages of the instruction pipeline.
A more likely scenario is that particular instructions execute unexpectedly only when certain other factors are present that contribute to an execution anomaly. For example, a particular type of instruction may require execute erratically within the decoding stage of the instruction pipeline only when another type of instruction is within a sequencing stage of the instruction pipeline. Since instructions may be processed out-of-order, it may be difficult to debug a set of instructions without knowing the order in which the instructions appear within the instruction pipeline. By being able to monitor the execution of an instruction within individual stages of the instruction pipeline, the entire instruction pipeline may be monitored to determine other factors affecting the performance of the instruction pipeline.
It is important to note that while the present invention has been described in the context of a fully functioning data processing system, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the processes of the present invention are capable of being distributed in the form of a computer readable medium of instructions and a variety of forms and that the present invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media actually used to carry out the distribution. Examples of computer readable media include recordable-type media such a floppy disc, a hard disk drive, a RAM, and CD-ROMs and transmission-type media such as digital and analog communications links.
The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
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|Profile Me: Hardware Support For Instruction Level Profiling On Out Of Order Processors; Dean et al.
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|Method and apparatus for identifying instructions for performance monitoring in a microprocessor
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|Instruction sampling in a multi-threaded processor
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|30 Jun 1999
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DAVIDSON, JOEL R.;LAURENS, JUDITH K.;MERICAS, ALEXANDER E.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:010097/0206;SIGNING DATES FROM 19990628 TO 19990629
|18 Nov 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|8 Feb 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|2 Jul 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|24 Aug 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100702


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Averages for Menorca in June
Weather lowdown
June marks the start of the summer season in Menorca, Balearic Islands (Spain), when the temperatures are warm, the sky is blue and the sun is shining. This month is a great time to visit the island if you want to enjoy fantastic summer weather, but don't want to deal with the crowds that July and August attract. If you're more comfortable with cooler weather and the odd cloudy day, you're best off avoiding June and visiting Menorca in April or May ...
Weather lowdown
June marks the start of the summer season in Menorca, Balearic Islands (Spain), when the temperatures are warm, the sky is blue and the sun is shining. This month is a great time to visit the island if you want to enjoy fantastic summer weather, but don't want to deal with the crowds that July and August attract. If you're more comfortable with cooler weather and the odd cloudy day, you're best off avoiding June and visiting Menorca in April or May when the temperatures are milder.
In June, the average temperature for the island starts off at 19.5°C on June 1st and gradually rises up to 23°C by June 30th. Daily highs and lows follow a similar pattern, increasing from 23°C to 27°C and from 16°C to 19°C, respectively, as the month progresses.
With such warm temperatures, you'll want to make sure you pack plenty of light, airy clothing, as well as sunglasses, hats and sun tan lotion. Beachwear and swimming gear will come in handy during the daytime, if you plan on cooling off by the pool or at the beach. Although June falls within the summer season in Menorca, you might want to bring a pair of jeans and a jumper or a cardigan for the evenings, just in case temperatures are slightly cooler than expected.
Although it only happens on an average of once every ten days, temperatures can sometimes rise above 30°C or fall below 13°C in Menorca in June. The coldest June day in Menorca which has ever been registered is June 7th 1984, when temperatures as low as 10.2°C were recorded. On the other hand, the hottest June day in Menorca ever registered is June 29th 1965, when temperatures as high as 34.4°C were recorded.
Throughout June, the island is subject to an average 16mm of rainfall – that's less than half of May. This precipitation is spread out between five rainy days throughout the month, which means there is a good chance you'll scrape by without seeing a drop of the wet stuff at all during your holiday. With such a small amount of rainfall occurring on so few days throughout the month, you're best off leaving your umbrella at waterproofs at home where they belong.
The possibility of precipitation occurring on an average day in Menorca in June gradually decreases as the month progresses, dropping down from 23% on June 1st down to 14% by June 30th. The most likely types of precipitation you can expect to see during your holiday in Menorca in June are moderate rain, light rain and thunderstorms. Even though drizzle and heavy rain can also occur at this time of year, they're both quite unlikely.
The highest monthly rainfall ever seen in Menorca in June is 78.1 l/m2 which fell in 1996. The greatest number of rainy days ever seen on the island at this time of year is 12, which occurred in 1992. The maximum amount of precipitation ever to fall within a single 24-hour period in Menorca in June is 50.1 l/m2, all of which fell on June 3rd 1996.
Throughout the month, the island boasts an average of 13 hours of sunshine every day – that's one hour more each day than in May. With so many sunshine hours to take advantage of, you'll have plenty of time to soak up the rays by the pool or at the beach.
If you do plan on hitting the beach during your holiday in Menorca, you'll be glad to hear that the average sea water temperature for the beaches in the resort in June is 21°C. Although everyone feels water temperature differently, locals and visitors alike agree that this is the perfect temperature for all sorts of aquatic activities.
Throughout June, the length of the day in Menorca is essentially constant, with a tiny difference of only nine minutes between the start and the end of the month. The shortest June day is June 1st with 14:48 hours of daylight, whilst the longest day of the month is June 30th with 14:57 hours of daylight.
Because the island enjoys a Mediterranean climate, Menorca is fairly humid all-year-round. The average daily humidity for the island in June ranges between 51% (mildly humid) and 95% (very humid) rarely falling below 36% (comfortable) or reaching 100% (very humid).
Menorca is known locally as The Windy Island because – as you'd expect – the conditions are fairly blustery throughout the year. In June, average wind speeds range between 1 m/s (light air) and 7 m/s (moderate breeze) almost never going above 10 m/s (fresh breeze). The highest average wind speed of 4 m/s (gentle breeze) happens around June 9th, when the average daily maximum speed is 7 m/s. At the other end of the scale, the lowest average wind speed of 4 m/s occurs around June 25th, when the average daily maximum wind speed is 6 m/s (moderate breeze).
Where to stay
Families and couples who want to stay close to the beach during their holiday in Menorca should consider staying at Hotel Santo Tomas. This complex is located just a stone's throw away from the coast, which means almost all the rooms come with fantastic sea views. Accommodation is available in the form of 85 spacious rooms, two of which are suitable for guests with disabilities. There is a wealth of services and amenities available onsite, including spa with Jacuzzi and sauna, beauty treatments, gym, swimming pools, solarium, bar-café and two restaurants.
Hotel Mediterrani is another top pick for holidaymakers looking for beachside accommodation. Found only 100 metres away from the beach, this complex is set in a friendly resort with a handful of bars, restaurants and shops.
When it comes to low-cost accommodation, it doesn't get much better than Hostal Jeni. Located in the centre of the island in Es Mercadal, this complex provides the ideal base for exploring – wherever you want to go to. Guests can choose between single, double, junior, highroom and triple rooms, providing something for all budgets and group sizes. Onsite facilities and services are numerous and include gardens, Jacuzzi, sauna, heated swimming pool, meeting room, excursion booking and restaurant.
Hit the beach
Water sport enthusiasts won't want to miss the chance to spend the day at the beach at Son Xoriguer. This bay is famous for its water sports which come in a variety of forms, including scuba diving, snorkelling, pedalo-hire, kayaking and wind surfing, to name but a few. If you prefer to take a more relaxed approach to a day at the beach, the fine white sands provide the ideal location for adults to soak up the sun whilst the children dig holes and build sandcastles. You'll find all the usual facilities and services available here, such as sun loungers, parasols and beach bars, as well as several grassy areas just behind which are perfect for enjoying a picnic on.
When it comes to picture-perfect beaches, it doesn't get much better than Arenal d'en Castell. This golden sandy cove forms an almost perfect semi-circular shape, lapped by calm, aquamarine waters which are just begging to be bathed in. The incredibly clarity of the water makes it not only ideal for swimming, but perfect for snorkelling and scuba diving, too. Since Arenal d'en Castell is a popular family resort, there are loads of useful amenities and services available at this beach, including sun beds, shades and beachside bars, as well as plenty of hotels, shops, supermarkets, bars and restaurants in the area.
If the weather's a bit blustery, try spending the day at Cala Blanca this small bay is protected by tall white cliffs topped with pine trees which block out most of the breeze, even on a very windy day. Here you'll find soft and fine white sands which gently give way to warm, clear waters, providing the ideal place for children to safely play and swim. There are plenty of sun loungers and parasols to choose from if you've got some cash to spare, or you could always just lie your towel down on the sand if you haven't. There is a small selection of beachside bars and restaurants available for when you get hungry, as well as a handful of water sports to try if you get fed up of sunbathing.
Where to eat and drink
Open from Tuesday to Sunday, Smoix is a must-visit during your holiday in Menorca. This small restaurant is tucked out of the way in Ciutadella and offers modern Mediterranean cuisine. Guests can choose to dine outside on the terrace or in the air-conditioned interior – both are stylishly designed. The extensive menu features a wide variety of meat-based, seafood and vegetarian options which are divided between starters and mains. There is also a decent wine menu and wonderful collection of homemade desserts. If you're dining on a budget, check out the affordable menu of the day.
For something a bit closer to home, consider eating at The Smugglers. This Scottish-run bar-restaurant serves a popular selection of British dishes, all of which are served in generous portions, so make sure you arrive hungry! In addition to the food, the Smugglers is also known for its quiz and karaoke nights which are open for the whole family to join in with, as well as its well-stocked bar which is full of international and local beers, wines, spirits and soft drinks.
If you'd prefer something more local, don't hesitate to spend an evening at El Faro. This popular Spanish restaurant serves all kinds of authentic Menorcan dishes, with a top selection of traditional recipes passed down through the chefs' families, as well as modern-day dishes which the chefs themselves have created. If you're feeling hungry but don't want to break the bank, take a look at the affordable three course menu of the day which allows you to sample some of the restaurant's most popular dishes for a reasonable price.
Es Tast de na Silvia is another great choice for families and couples looking for some authentic Spanish cuisine. This restaurant boasts a huge menu with small aperitifs designed to awaken the appetite, individual starters, platters to share, fresh fish, meat-based mains and desserts, many of which are prepared onsite. There are loads of different wines to choose from, each of which is designed to complement different dishes on the menu. Be aware – some items on the menu, mainly the Spanish tortilla and whole Menorcan black roasted pig, can only be enjoyed if they're ordered in advance.
Things to do
If you're looking for a family-friendly evening out, consider spending a few hours at Bowling Son Bou. This entertainment centre is packed full of ways to keep the whole family entertained with games such as ping pong, ten-pin bowling, pool tables and children's play area. Visitors can also take advantage of free WiFi access, as long as they buy a drink or pay to play one of the games. After you've enjoyed playing a game or two, you can take it easy and enjoy a drink, snack or light meal from the onsite café-restaurant. Although Bowling Son Bou provides a great place to escape the midday sun, it doesn't have air conditioning, so things can quickly heat up when it gets busy.
Water sport enthusiasts up for a bit of diving during their holiday in Menorca should check out Blue Islands Diving. This popular diving school is located on the beach at Cala Galdana and offers a variety of different courses to choose from, guaranteeing something for everyone. Whether you're interested in an open-water PADI course, a rescue diver course or a dive master course, Blue Islands Diving is sure to have just the thing. If you're not fully committed enough to sign up for the diving course, you can enjoy one of the diving school's snorkelling trips instead which are led by fully-qualified snorkelling guides. Don't worry if you haven't got the right stuff with you – beachwear, swimwear, snorkelling equipment, flip flops, hats, sunglasses and souvenirs can all be purchased from the Blue Islands Diving onsite shop.
Menorca is packed full of fascinating architectural sites which are definitely worthy of a visit during your holiday. The Talayot village of Trepucó is one of the best and is found 2km away from Mao, close to Sant Lluis. This village was excavated in 1931 by an English archaeologist and today preserves a huge central talayot and a smaller one which is joined to a wall and various stone buildings which acted as control and defence towers, as well as a number of smaller residential houses. The site is completely free to enter, making it perfect for holidaymakers on a tight budget.
If you're looking at going on an excursion during your holiday in Menorca, why not sign up for a boat trip? You'll find loads of water sport kiosks along the coast offering a variety of boat trips, but if you want to book your place before you arrive on the island, you should check out Katayak. This company offers a fantastic half day catamaran trip which takes you to visit a number of the remote and unspoilt beaches of Menorca which can only be reached by boat. For the price of your ticket, you'll get the services of the captain and crew, unlimited drinks, local snacks and all the equipment you'll need to snorkel.
June events in Menorca
Festa d'es Butifarra
17th June 2018
On the third Sunday of the month, Sant Joan hosts the Festa d'es Butifarra – the Sausage Festival. This foodie event is known for its folk dancing displays and traditional music concerts, as well as the huge selection of local sausages which will be available to try.
Sant Joan Festival
23rd June 2018 to 24th June 2018
The Sant Joan Festival takes place in the Plaza del Born, Ciutadella and marks the official start of summer in Menorca. The programme features music concerts, firework displays, bonfires, street parades, horse riding shows and plenty of opportunities to sample the local food and drink.


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