text:
(Archived document, may contain errors)
908 July 31,1992 HOW WASHINGTON BOOSIS STATE AND LOCAL BUDGET DEFICITS INTRODUCTION while Americans for many years have been accustomed to reading stories in the press about huge federal budget deficits, more recently they have seen news stories lamenting record state budget feficits as well. In 1991, t h e combined deficits of 31 states totaled over $30 billion. New York and California alone accounF for $19 bil lion of that amount. Local governments are suffering similar budget mblems. Ne&rly 40 peynt of all counties with populations over 100,OOO faced bu dget shortfalls in 19
91. Cities also were affected. Bridgeport, Connecticut, almost filed for bankruptcy and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, found its credit rating lowed to junk bond levels.
While some state budgets show improvement this year, the underlying bblems re main.
Some analysts claim that these record deficits occur because state taxes are too low.
Yet three of the five states With monster deficits, New Y k, California! and Connecti- r cut, axe also among the top ten states in per capita taxes. other analys$ poiit to a high rate of spending as the cause of deficits, and this indeed seems to sipcam E ight of the ten biggest spending states in the 1980s faced deficits in lF1.
Harming States. This year, many states used accounting gimmicks, pgher taxes and some spending restraint to trim their deficits. But budget cut debates often have fo cussed on poli ce, teachers, and essential services. And in the long run, Gher taxes I 1 2 3 4 he Sad State of the States Business Week, April 22,1991, p. 2cl. Also see "Sta~-Local Fi Rethinldng Service Delivery at Taxing Authority The Fiscal Newsletter, March/April1992 , p. 1.
National Association of Counties, County Government Budget Shor#aU Report, August 1991, p; 3.
Ad- Commission on Intergovemmental Relations, Significant Features of Fe&alh, Vol. 2,1991 pp. 164-165; Business Week, op. cit.
Stephen Moare State Spend ing Splurge: The Real Story Behind the Fiscal Crisis in State Governmat Cat0 Institute Policy Report, May 23,1992, p. 9. will reduce the productivity of businesses in these states, and the purchasing power of consumers, which will make local economies wor se and reduce tax =venues.
States therefore must find ways to restrain or cut spending in non-essential areas But one important obstacle to spending restraint largely has been overlooked: Federal government grants-in-aid and mandates essentially farce stat e and local governments to spend much more than necessary on everything from medical care to welfm to road building. A complex web of federal programs binds together the treasuries of federal state, and local governments As much as 25 percent of state bud g ets now comes from the federal government, and up to 60 percent of some state budgets is spent on joint federal-state programs. Among the most important joint programs are Medicaid, which will cost the states $44 billion in 1992, and various federal welfm mandates, which will add $15 billion to state budgets.
Most state and local officials welcome this financial assistance from Washington even though the money comes from the very same people who pay statk and local taxes. But the problem is that the money comes with strings attached Tb obtain it, the states and local governments must also spend funds, and abide by costly federal rules Federal government assistance leads to higher budget costs on the sites and local governments through two principal mechani sms: grants-in-aid and direct mandates.
Grants-in-ald provide funds to the states to achieve certain f4 ends. The states themselves must contribute a certain amount of their own funds for the project in question and abide by federal guidelines and regulati ons. Socalled block grants which combine money for several specific programs within one large, more flexible grant, impose looser constraints on the states. For example, the Social Services Block Grant requires states to use funds to help prevent child ab u se and to support emer gency food and shelter programs, but does not prescribe exactly how the state must do this. Other grants, such as federal Medicaid funds or drug treatment grants, place very strict requirements on how the states must spend the funds .
Thm are currently over 500 grants-in-aid programs to states and lochties. The total cost of these programs to the federal government has grown from $10.9 billion in 1965 to $171 billion this year. Estimates for total state costs run as high as $75 billio n? The cost to the state and federal governments combined of Medicaid mandates alone has grown from $5 billion in 1970 to a probable $104 billion this year, with spending for 1995 projected at $200 billion that also push up spending.
I I I Grants-in-aid b oost state spending in a number of ways J States accepting money for a construction project, for example, a subway, usu ally will be left to cover the projects huge operating costs 5 This includes the states contribution to Medicaid and Aid to Families wi t h Dependent Children, as well as other health, income security, and other social services programs. It also includes msportation, agriculhm, land management, conservation, environment, education, criminal justice, and occuI#ltional safety and health progr a ms 2 J States axe induced to spend more money than they otherwise .would, often driv ing up local as well as state taxes 4 When the federal government pays for a program administered by the states the states have little incentive to run the program effici e ntly 9 States axe induced to spend money on projects or programs that do not best serve the local interest Federal mandates simply require the states to provide certain services or p grams. Unlike grants-in-aid, they do not help the states meet the expens e s. These man dates include Cmsscutting requirements that are used to promote various fedaal policies through requirements on federal grants For example, any constru$ion proj ect receiving federal funds must pay union-scale wages because the Davis bacon Ac t requires prevailing wages to be paid, even if less exknsive labor is available, thereby driving up the cost Cmssover requirements that force states to implement federal policy in one area or risk losing funds, usually in a related area. Fq example, state s that fail to meet federal standards in licensing and testing school bus drivers could lose 5 percent to 10 percent of major federal highway grants Direct orders that simply require states to conform with federal &cy whether federal funds are involved or n ot. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, for example, requires local governments to make all public tran sit accessible to the handicapped even when less costly alternatives are avail able that better serve the needs of the handicapped In another e xample, the costs to the states and localities of complying with the federal Cleh Water Act in the 1990s could reach $200 billion Partial preemptions that allow the federal government to override existing state regulations. Some federal health and safety s tandards fall into this caw wY The best way to cut the waste and the misallocation of resources caused by federal grants-in-aid and mandates is to return to the states the responsibilities that 8~e best served by local governments. What is needed is a cle a r delineation of responsibilities with the federal government handling national matters, such as defense and fareignre lations, while state and local governments provide police protection, local infrastruc ture, and welfare. As important, state and local g overnments should not rely on the fed eral government for their funds for exclusively local functions. Rather, the federal gov ernment, in turning over responsibility for certain functions to the states, also must cut taxes by a corresponding amount This w ill allow the states to raise taxes only enough to meet local needs, while cutting out the wasteful spending and inefficiency that come To lift the cmnt costly burden of federal mandates from the shoulders of the states with federal government mandates. I as well as to reduce federal spending and deficits 3 1) Congress should limit itself to legislating on national issues. Programs aimed at state and local problems should be returned to those levels of government 2) Congress should cut federal taxes by an a mount equal to the cost of programs it returns to the state and local governments, thexeby enlarging the tax base of those governments so they can pay for the programs 3) Federal mandates should be fully funded and administered by the federal gov ernment 4) U.S. Senators should be invited by their states le
slatures to explain the costs of newly proposed or enacted federal mandates to a special state joint legislative committee at the beginning and end of each session of the U.S.
The United States began as a federal system with state and federal governments shar ing powers and responsibilities. The division of responsibilities was cly and rational.
The shift in the past three decades toward federal involvement in nearly all areas of public policy has not been good federalism nor has it led in most instanyes to better re sults. Greater federal involvement has not raised education standards, hFld down health care costs, reduced traffic jams, or cut crime. States and cities BT~ experimenting with new ways to provide education, welfare, infrastructure and other public services.
Federal policy makers can help states and local governments to undertake inno vative approaches by reducing federal red tape that raises their budget costs HOW GRNTS-IN-AID HAVE MUSHROOMED The federal governments practice of giving money to the states to coax them into spending resources on federal policies began with the 1862 Md A ct. This act au thorized the transfer of federal land to the states wvh could then sell the tracts if they used the proceeds to fund colleges and universities.
Federal grants grew significantly when Congress in 1916 authorized iarge-scale fed eral aid for state highway construction. This was followed by the Vocational Rehabilita tion Act of 1920, designed to help disabled veterans, and the Sheppard-Fowner (Mater nity) Act of 1921, aimed at reducing maternal and infant mdty rates.
Franklin Roosevelts admini stration greatly expanded the use of granks during the Great Depression. For example, the federal government spent billions of dollars on emergency relief pgrams, helping states to build highways, roads, yd bridges. The Social Security Act of 1935 establi shed numerous grant programs that yontinue today.
These include old age assistance and aid to the blind and disabled, which are now com pletely funded by the federal Supplemental Security Income. In addition, the 1935 Act instituted aid to dependent childr en, as well as maternal health, child health, crippled children, and child welfare programs. These are now funded through the federal-state Aid to Families with Dependent Childm partnership and related programs 6 Victor J. A4iller.A History of Federal Gra n ts-In Aid to State andLocal Governments (Washington, D.C Fedefal Funds Information for States. June 24.1988 p. 2 4a a After World War II, the primary focus of federal grants turned to urban issues. The federal government helped fund ort construction, urba n renewal, urban planning and the interstate highway system. With the passage of the Great Society programs in the 196Os, the federal grant system exploded. The most important and far reaching of these programs was the 1965 addition of Medicaid to the Soci a l Security Act. Medic aid is a program funded jointly by the states and the federal government. It provides medical aid to welfare families, the poor elderly, blind, and disabled. This one grant-in aid program, which in 1970 cost a total of $5 billion, th is year will cost the states $44 billion:m&the-federal govemmene$6O-bfion;h$-l(34-billion-in total spending Reversing the Trend. From 1965 through 1980, the number of grant-in-aid pro grams quickly expanded to 5
38. During that period, the cost to the f& g overnment grew-from-$.lO.~-billion 9.l~~-billion~~un~.of-~grams .helpedlfund-every thing from nutrition for rural school children to housing for the urban eiderly. Then, be ginning in 1981, Ronald Reagan reversed this trend. As a start, under 4s Administr a tion 57 individual grant programs were folded into seven block grants. me concept be hind the block grant is to give mm responsibility and flexibility to the states. Exam ple: Instead of thirteen programs, each dealing with an aspect of education and eac h mandating precise uses for the money, under a block grant all of these bgrams would be rolled into one, and the states would be told, generally, to assess their local require ments and educate children in the way they thought best.
Block grants cut red t ape and give states mm flexibility. However, Aey also have a disadvantage. The most popular programs in Congress are those that allow a Congress man to take credit for solving a specific problem. With block grants, Congress raises taxes so that state and local officials can claim credit for programs.
How this undermines the block grant concept is illustrated by two sets of legislation which were meant to help the homeless. In 1981 the Community Services Block Grant provided money to assist low-income indiv iduals with housing and emergency aid. Ad ditionally, the Social Services Block Grant provided money far emergency food and shelter programs. When, in 1987, homelessness emerged as a significant issue, Con gress could have increased the block grants and l et states deal with homelessness in their own way. Instead, Congress passed the multi-billion dollar Stewart B. McJSinney Homelessness Assistance Act and created redundant and mm expensive programs.
Symbolic Program. Today, there are some 500 grant-in-aid programs. Most cost less than $10 million per year. These smaller programs were created more to symbolize the desire of Washington lawmakers to do something about certain problems, than to have any significant impact. Example: In-home Services for Frail O l der Individuals created in 1988, is meant To provide grants to States for in-home services for vic tims of Alzheimer disease and related disorders 9r10 But the budget obligation for fis- cal 1992 is only $6.8 million, or an average of $136,ooO for each st ate-hardly enough to be of any real help i 8 9 10 Millet, op. cit p. 3.
How of Representatives. Committee on Ways and Means, Overview of Entitlement Programs, 1991 Green Book, p. 14
16. CFDA 93.641, Specid Programs for the Aging-Title III. Part D-In-home Services for Frail Older Individuals 5 HOW GRANTS-IN-AID WASTE MONEY Grant-in-aid programs create incentives that lead to wasteful spending at all levels of povernment. The federal government wastes money because the states contribution to each program Ed uces the explicit cost of a program to Congress. This is in spite of the fact that taxpayers must pay for the entire cost at one level of govemment or another.
Because Congress does not pay the full cost of the program, a grant-in-aid program ap pears a be tter value for the money than if the program were paid for entirely out of fed eral iEds=-in turn mians thXtTongressmati mmjipgfiiins requiring a state contribution that federal lawmaken would consider uneconomic or wasteful if Wash ington were responsibl e for all of the funds The-lure-of-federal-funds-also-encourages-states-and-localities tosuppart and partici pate in capital projects they never would undertake if they had to rely on their own money This causes four problems 1) States or localities accept money to build a project, such as a subway, but are left on their own to pay operating expenses after the project is completed 2) Federal matching formulae give the impression of a buy one, get one free sale. States are encouraged to spend more money than they otherwise would driving up the cost for their citizens and the federal taxpayer 3) States have little incentive to administer effectively a program paid for by the federal government when little of its own money is at risk 4) The promise of federal d ollars induces states to spend money on projects that do not serve local needs as well as alternatives might.
Various grant-in-aid programs illustrate the perverse nature of these spending and Example: Mass Transit Systems. Consider the Miami light rail sy stem, known management incentives as Metromover. It opened in 1984, and was funded mainly through a grant under the Urban Mass Transportation Act. Planners bragged that 100,000 people would ride Metromover each day; they claimed the daily ridership would top 200,000 by 1985.
When ridership proved to be only around 10,OOO people a day, bsident Rea an re marked that it would have been a lot cheaper to buy everyone a limousine. History is repeating itself today as Los Angeles builds a subway system, largely funded by the federal government. The estimated cost is $1 billion a mile. The system eventually will open in downtown Los Angeles, but does not extend to the suburbs, where e bulk of Los Angelinos live. Thus it will have a minimal effect on traffic problems.
Cities like Miami and Los Angeles press for such systems in large part because they do not pay the full cost. Thus, fiom a narrow, local point of view, wasting billions of P 11 12 Zbid Doug Bandow, How Federal Aid Raises State and Local Spending, Cat0 Institute Policy Rep ort.
November/December 1989, p. 10 6 dollars on a huge project can make good economic and political sense if someone else is picking up a large share of the bill. Writes George Peterson, Director of the Urban Institutes Public Finance Center, if forced to become Feliant on their own re sources, states would select very different budget priorities than those coaxed from them by federal aid.13 In fact, one survey of municipal projects nxeiving partial fed eral and state assistance found that 5 1 percent of t h e projects would not have been un dertaken without federal aid.14 Example: Welfare. Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Medic aiii forae non-elderly p-Gr are two of the most expensive components of Americas welfare smorgasbord, costing abou t 130 billion in 19
92. States share these costs with the federal government according to congressionally determined fmuiae. states pay as-much-as. half-of-AFDC-and almost-45-percent of-Medicaid These-programs-suffer-from-the ebu y -one,-get -one-free-temp tation-&at induces some states to provide broader coverage than they would if they weFe spending only their own taxpayers money. States are largely free to set different levels for AFDC payments. Example: In Mississippi the maximum annual grant for a fami l y of three is 1,440 a year, while in California the maximum payment is almost $8,000 The feci eral aid to Mississippi is much less than that given to California. Nevertheless, in their federal tax payments frugal Mississippians must help fund California's generosity.
Similarly, with Medicaid states have the option of providing non-essential senices and sharing the costs with the federal government. Forty-seven states pay for dental coverage, 28 for occupational therapy, and 29 for chiropractors services. M ore ser vices cost more money, which comes from both state and federal taxpayers. In addi tion, for a variety of reasons including efficiency, cost of living, and types of patients served, the average recipient cost varies widely. New York costs are $5,09 9 per recipi ent while the costs in West Virginia are only $1,4
43. If all states deliveied Medicaid as cheaply as West Virginia, the nations Medicaid bill would be cut by 53 percent or some $38 billion per year. l6 Example: Job Trainlng Partnership Act. W hen one level of government pays and the other spends, the= is little incentive for the spending party to spend wisely.
This is documented in a General Accounting Office report on the Job Training Partner ship Act (JTPA JTPA is a $4 billion a year block g rant program where a block of money is sent to each state with general guidelines on how to spend it, rather than pre cise regulations. I The goal of JTPA is to train and find jobs for poor people and dislocated workers.
Yet the GAO report found a number of problems with the programs effectiveness.
Among them: contrary to law, too much money goes to retrain the mod employable workers instead of those most in need, in some instances only 60 percent of the placed 13 14 15 16 George Peterson, Federaism and t he States. in John Palmer and Isabel V. Sawhill, eds The Reagan Record Washington, D.C Urban Institute. 1984 p. 244.
Catherine H. Lovell, et al Federal and State Mandating on Local Governments: An Expbration of Issues and fmpacts (Riverside, California: University of California, Riverside, 1979).
House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, Overview of Entitlement Program, 1992, p. 636.
House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, Overview of Entitlement Program, 1990 p. 1302 7the fed eral govern ment being responsi ble for the full cost In the 1980s, for ex ample, Congress con cluded that there disparities in eligibil ity criteria among the states, and decided to narrow them. Rather gal states and restrict repeatedly ordered broader c o verage. were unacceptable than side with the fru coverage, Congress workers kept their jobs for more than four months; as much as 30 percent of the cost of the program goes to overhead, some-of the money was used improperlym lure copra tions into locating in particular states; and, some of the money was used to purchase expensive equipment rather than to train people for jobs 17 Chart 1 Total Medicaid Spending: An Increasing Burden on Both Federal and State Budgets Billioni of Dollarr 8280 8200 8180 860 80 1970 1976 1980 l988 1990 PO6 Oouffi Natlonal Anaoclatlon of State Budaet O??lcera. HWltM. DaL.Chmrl The Most Costly Example of Grants-In-Aid: Medicaid Medicaid is by far the most expensive of the grant-in-aid programs. Created in 1965 to-assure-health-cm to&-poor, Medicaidxost.$S-billiOn-billion in-19
70. This year Medicaid will cost $104 billion, with $44 billion paid by the states and $60 billion by the federal government. It is estimated by the National Association of State udgei Officers NASBO) that Medicaid willjost almost 200 billion by 19
96. Medicaid consumes 14 percent of state spending 1P I I 17 18 19 JobTraining and Partnership Act: Inadequate Oversight Leaves Prognun Vulnerable to Waste, Abuse and National Association of State Budget Officers Total Medicaid Spending February 1992.
Statement by the National Governors Association Short Term Medicaid Policy March 1991 I Mismanagement," General Accounting Oftke, July 19
91. I 8 The most recent federally mandated expansion of Medic aidoccurredin 1990 Among other things Congress forced stat es to cover all children under the age ofnineteen in families below the poverty level.m The previous year, Con gress forced the states-to provide Medicaid to pregnant women and children up to the age of six Chart 2 By 1995, Medicaid Spending Will Consume O ver a Quarter of State Budgets Medicaid am a Percentage of Budaet Nolo: State SpendlnO bene 8xcIudaa local funda contributed to Medlcatd Drograma 8ourc.: National ABaocIatIon of State Budget Of tlcera. HBrltBOB DBllChBrt all families below 133 percent of t he official level of poverty? These changes have proved very costly to the states Example: In Missouri, 80 cents of every new state dollar invested in the Missouri Department of Social Services over the last eight years has gone into Medicaid, The latest f ederal mandates ma& the situation even worse, forcing Missouri cut all state agencies 5 percent across the board, and put the savings into Medicaid paperwork requirements mandated by the federal Nursing Home Refarm Law of 1987 the state will have to incre a se Medicaid spending by between $400 million and $800 million John Rodriguez, deputy director of medical services at Califdmias Depart ment of Health SeMces, complains that the new federal paperwork will add noth ing to the quality of patient care The sta te claims that its ~edi-~al payment system for nursing homes already substantially complies with the Nursing Home Ref- Law.
The major difference is that the federal paperwork is overwhelming. According to Cali fornia health officials, one new federal farm is 200 pages long compared to 40 pages for the equivalent state form 2P Example: California officials calculate that in der to comply with federal HOW FEDERAL MANDATES INCREASE STATE SPENDING In addition to the strings attached through grants-in-aid, the f ederal government uses regulation to exercise direct control over the states, usually by heatening to withhold money unless the states acquiesce to federal wishes. Often the money to be withheld 24 21 22 23 Ibid 24 25 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, PL. 101-508.
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, P.L. 101-239.
Skate Hedth Notes, February 199 1 Part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987.
The Medicaid Budget Bust, State Legislatures, June 1991, p. 13 9 has no direct connection with the federal mandate to be imposed This type of coercion comes in four forms 1 Crosscutting Requirements aim to achieve a social or economic goal and apply to all federally funded programs or projects. Example: The 1931 Davis Bacon Act requires that l ocally prevailing wages in practice the union scale, be paid to construction workers on federally assisted construction pro jects-hospitals, highways, and housing. This increases the costs of federal projects by.some $1.5 billio&per_year Crossover Require ments compel states to comply with requirements in one program or lose funding in a different program, but usually in a related area.
Example: The Highway Beautification Act of 1965 requhd states to remove billboards from the nations major highways or risk losing 10 percent of their When states and localities complain about the costs of crosscuttihg and cross over regulations, some critics respond that they can avoid the costs by simply refusing the federal money. But this is does not tell the full story. I f a state or locality were to reject federal regulation such as Davis-Bacon, and lose fed eral money for construction contracts, the loss to the state or loc&ty would extend beyond the amount withheld by the government. The citikns would still have to pay their share of the federal taxes that fund Davis-Bacon pm jects in other jurisdictions. Federal spending and federal taxes have shrunk the tax base of states and localities to such an extent that they must go along with the federal regulation, because the y lack the resomes to raise enough Direct Orders must be complied with under hat of criminal civil penal ties. Example: the Fair Labor and Standards Act that farces states to pay their workers the federally established minimum wage.
Partial Preemptions are where the federal government partially overrides a states authority in the areas of health and safety. A program such as the Oc cupational Safety and Health Act is considered a partial preemption be cause the federal government sets minimum health and sa f ety sdndards, but allows states or localities to administer and enforce the federal criteria highway funds. I funds on their own. j The Most Costly Example of Regulation Clean and Safe Water The 1987 amendments to the Clean Water Act are among the most ex p ensive exam ples of federal regulations. The Clean Water Act mandates that wastewater be cleaned at treatment plants before discharge into lakes and streams. The Environmental protec tion Agency estimates it will cost $83.5 billion to bring all municipal w astewater treat ment facilities into compliance with new national standards, and billions of dollars more to operate, manage, and maintain the plants. During the 199Os, state and local governments will spend over $200 billion to comply with current federa l wastewater mandates The mst is so high that some cities, especially the poarer ones, may have to cut services like police, fire, and education to fund the federal mandates 10 Local citizens and authorities might decide that their lakes and rivers, while n ot as clean as they would like, pose no serious health hazard. They might believe that the ad ditional huge expense at a particular time is not worth the small improvement in water quality if this also means reduced police protection or lower teaching sta ndards. Fed eral mandates, however, preclude local authorities from making those decisions.
Another expensive federal mandate emanates from the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, which promulgated new procedures and timetables for setting national drinking water standards. standard poor's, the credit rating agency, predicts enb;;nous costs stemmhg f6m the 'Clean-Ga-Safe W;k%xcts. It says the EPA has hinted that residential water bills could double to as much as two percent of median family income, that is, to 550 a year. History shows that Clean Water Act regulations when-added-to-Safe-Drinhg -Water-lawsrm -very expensive Example: The federally mandated cleanup of Boston Harbor, largely to meet clean and safe water regulations will result in an inc r ease in the average Boston a~ residential water bill from the cur rent $337 a year to $1,300 by the end of the 1990s. Example: It might cost New York City between $4 billion and 5 billion to comply with only the Safe Drinking Water Act, over 500 per resid e nt Approaching $1 Billion. Few jurisdictions have thoroughly analyzed the potential costs of clean, safe water. One that has is Columbus, Ohio, a city of 633,000 with a metropolitan ma population of over 1 million. That city found that the combined costs o f complying with the Clean Water and Safe Drinking Water Acts will approach $1 bd lion-approximately $770 million for Clean Water and $105 million for Safe Drinking Water.The Columbus Health Commission estimates that compliance will cost metropolitan area household an additional $685 per year throughout the 1990s What impact will these costs have on cities? In its careful, almost diplomatic lan guage Standard Poor's says communities may have limited fmancial resources and many demands on these resources to provide And The dt quality of [cities] could be threatened, particularly where wealth indicators are weaker than average Should a city fail to meet Clean Water Act requirements regulators could ban additional sewer connections, stymieing a community's eco nomic development or impose stiff fines, potentially depleting cash reserves."31 In other wards, the poor will suffer because only the wealthy will be able to pay their water bills and also afford other services like garbage collection.
Although everyone f avors clean and safe water too few have asked whether the congressionally imposed standards are needlessly strict, driving up the cost on state and local taxpayers. Congress seems to care little about such an outcome because Con gress does not have to rai s e the money to accomplish its goal. The question arises 36 7 Yrh 26 27 Ibid 28 29 30 31 Ibid The Rice of Clean, Safe Water Standard Poor's Credit Comment July 1990 Environmental Legislation: The Increasing Costs of Regulatory Compliance to the City of Col umbus Report of the Environmental Law Review Committee, City of Columbus (Ohio May 13,1991.
Standard Poor's, op. cit New Clean Water Costs Uncertain Standard Poor's Credit Comment, March 1991 11 whether Congress would have found a cheaper or-more efficient way to clean the nations water if it had to spend federal tax dollars Another Expensive Regulation Access to PublicTransit for the Disabled While Mayor of New York City, Ed Koch wrote a widely read article for The Public Merest magazine explaining the af f ect of federal regulation on state and local govern mentr-Reac~~~man~tes-~m-W~s hington,Koch..listed.our maxims that appeared to guide the mandate mandarins 1) Mandates solve problems, particularly those in which you are not involved 2) Mandates need not be tempered by the lessons of local experience 3) Mandates will spontaneously generate the technology required to achieve them 4) The price tag of the lofty aspTtion to be served by a mandate should never deter its imposition on others.
As an example of these maxims in practice, Koch discussed the crosscutting require 3 ments of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 19
73. He complained that the law mandates total accessibility for the handicapgp to transit system, instead of dealing with thefunction of transportation: mobility. That is, rather than work with New York to devise means for moving the handicapped around th e city, federal regulations ordered the city to make public buses, subways, and subway stations accessible to the handicapped.
The regulations make little sense for two reasons: 1) they impose wi&ly disparate burdens on different communities, and 2) handicapped people have different needs de pending on their location and disability.
Enormous Transit System. New York City is unlike any other city in America. Its public transit system serves 5 million riders on a weekday. Most of them take the sub way, which was designed and built around the turn of the century, but approximately 1.5 million people ride the buses. This is compared to a modem suburban jurisdiction with lo0,OOO public transit passengers a day served mainly by a small fleet of buses.
The difference in size, age of the system, and type of system would argue for flexibil ity rather than the rigidity of Section 504.
The handicapped are not particularly well served either. Four million people work in the southern half of Manhattan, crowding the str eets and making it difficult for wheel chairs to maneuver towards a bus or subway stop. In other parts of New York, long dis tances separate subway stops or bus stops, making them inconvenient for the handi capped, particularly in bad weather. The handica pped might have been better served if the city, rather than retrofitting the subways and buying new buses, instead used vans to provide door-to-door service 32 33 Ibid.
Edward I. Koch, The Mandate Millstone, The Public Interest, Fall 1980, p. 44 12 Able-bo died commuters also suffer because of federal mandates meant to help the handicapped If a handicapped person takes a .bus,-the driver has to get out to operate an expensive wheelchair lift in a process that takes about five minutes. If a handi capped pers on were waiting at each bus stop, this would turn a twenty minute ride into an hour-and-a-half ordeal for the other passengers.
Equally impractical rules apply to subway access. New York City's system was built in the early 1900s and riders enter almost ex clusively by stairway. Federal mandates farce costly retrofitting with elevators to accommodate the handicapped, forcing the city to spend-honey ihat'could be bet& u&d elseiha: G-lT80, Koch estimated the cost of converting the system to confoxm to federal mandates at $1.3 billion over 30 years, plus at least $50 million in operating expenses Everyone Loses.'To provide access 'foi'22,800 people in wheelchairs and'l10,000 semi-ambulatory. people Section -504.left-New York-City -with. the-choice.of-either spe n ding $1.3 billion to fix its transportation system, in a way unlikely to address the problem meant to be solved, or lose all its federal mass transit funding In fact, every body lost: The city unnecessarily will pay $1.3 billion. The handicapped will have ac cess only to the regular mass transit system, which may not properly sefve their needs.
The people who commute by bus face long and unpredictable delays &pending on the number of handicapped needing service. And, the federal mass transit funds buy less than they might have because they are paying for impractical transpodtion.
Mayor Koch estimated a cost of $38 per trip for each wheelchair user or severely handicapped person. Although it would have been cheaper to put them in taxicabs, the real point is that for substantially less money an alternative system, such as a van ser vice, could have been instituted but for the mandates from Washington i I WHAT IS TO BE DONE Starting in earnest during the Great Depression, and continuing for about 35 years thr o ugh the Great Society, Congress created a huge conglomeration of federal grant-in aid programs administered by the states. In the last two decades, Congress inmasingly has used its leverage to order states to fulfill national goals. Congress was helped in this effort by favorable Supreme Court decisions allowing Washington greater control over almost every aspect of state government. The result: The federal budget drives pri orities and determines policies for all levels of government, while all levels of govern ment face periodic budget crises.
The decline of federalism not only has been financially expensive, but also costly in ways difficult to measure. Government programs aimed at helping people too often have reflected a "one size fits all" mentality, ignoring both the differences among states and the benefits of experimentation.
To restore a balanced federal system, to preserve budgeting security, and to ensure that government programs are tailored to the needs of the people they serve, Congress must be removed from the state and local decision-making process. A number of steps would help achieve these goals 1)- Congress should limit itself to legislating on national issues. Programs aimed at state and local problems should be returned to those levels of government 13 The federal government has taken over functions in recent years that the framers of the Constitution never-would havexonsidered !national in scope. According to the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, by even the most leni e nt cri teria of national purpose, it is impossible to justify many existing intergovernmental programs The report goes on to state that The national government over time has acquired an array of functional and financial responsibilities that are more appp ri ately assumed by citizens at the state and local levels 935 Meanwhile, the report con tinues, much of the present grant-in-aid money is in effect used by sta s and locali ties to shift.their-own-iinancial-burdens to a largernatimal---base.
Housing and m edical care for the poor, and welfare are problems that occur at the neighborhood level. They are the antithesis of national problems like national defense international-trade,-interstate commerce,and-polluted-nvers-and oceans 2 Congress should-cut federa l -taxes-by-an-amount equal to the cost of pro 38 grams it returns to the state and local governments, thereby ynlarging the tax base of those governments so they can pay for the programs Gasoline, alcohol, tobacco, telephone, and other sales taxes provide & 5 billion for the federal government. the federal government divested itself of all sales taxes, that would allow the states to take in enough money to fund Medicaid without federal assis tance, or mm than enough money to fund Aid to Families with Depend ent Children and federal housing programs.
The sales tax is traditionally a state and local levy and should remain so. It would make sense for the federal government simultaneously to divest itself of the taxes and the programs. In addition, Congress shoul d cut the income tax to help states fund these programs.
By shedding as many inappropriate programs as possible, the feded government will sa ve money. If states and localities want to maintain the federal prdgrams, they can run them without interference from Washington at a substantial cost savings I 3) Federal mandates should be fully funded and administered by the federal government.
Any pro gram that Congress believes is of national importance should be funded and administered through the national government. The experiment in admkstrative feder alism, where Congress dictates and partially funds pmgrams while the states adminis ter them, has been a costly failure which has left voters confused about what level of government to hold responsible for the failure 4) U.S. Senators should be invited by their states legislatures to explain the costs of newly proposed or enacted federal mandates to a special state joint legislative committee at the beginning and end of each session of the U.S. Congress 34 Devolving Federal Program Responsibilities and Revenue Sources to State and local Governments, Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 1 9 86, p. 8 35 Ibid.,p. 10 36 Ibid.,p.ll 14e Until the practice was changed by the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, U.S. Senators svereslected by state legislams and directly accountable to-them This arrangement helped the states fend off abu s es of federal power. Today, U.S. sena tors still are the principal officials elected statewide and sent to Washington to repre sent the interests of their states. Given the huge burdens that federal mahdates place on the states today, state legislatures w o uld do well to demand formal and public reports from their two U.S. Senators on the effects of washington policies on the states. State legislators would have the opportunity to question the Senators on what can be done to reduce-the-mmdate-burden andsthe - publicwould bemade-better aware of why and how state funds are spent, often against their own wishes and priorities CONCLUSION Progress often comes from recogniiing mistakes and carrecting them. The time has come to recognize that federalism, as it has ev o lved in the last seventy years, is badly off course. A correction must be made. Perhaps the most serious cons4uence of mis guided federalism is the tremendous cost that federal mandates place on state and local budgets. Federal, state and local budgets fa ce recurring crises unless Congress adjusts the relationship between Washington and the other levels of government.
The solution is to return to the states control of those policy areas that are best han dled at a level of government closer to the people. This would include problems such as health, housing, and education. The federal government should handle truly national issues such as defense, trade, diplomacy, the environment, and immigration Time to Surrender. The current form of federalism is so cumb e rsome, wasteful and expensive that the only practical solution requires the federal government to sur render to the states many of the programs under federal control, and pdvide the states the ability to pay for those programs by relinquishing federal con trol oyer the gasoline alcohol, tobacco, telephone, and other excise taxes, and by reducing federal income tax rates so that states can tap that source if they desire.
At the end of his Presidency, Ronald Reagan declared that "while much of the 20th centur y saw the rise of the federal government, the 21st century will be the Century of the state The states today are the engine of domestic policy innovation. But unless Washington relieves them of onerous federal rules, their ability to solve America's do me s tic problems could be suffocated by red tape and mounting deficits I I Andrew J. Cowin Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs 37 Ronald Reagan Flattening Hierarchies in the American Feded System Intergovernmenrul Perspective, Fall 1988, p. 6 15


text:
Free Postage on all Uk Orders
Dog Collar Bow / Bow Tie "Rainbow Red"
Our Design "Rainbow Red" is so colourful. Available in packs of 1,2 or 3 bows. (Bow packs all the same size)
Tiny / Cat = 70mm x 50mm high approx
Matching Collar, Leads and Bandanas available.
We now offer an even smaller bow perfect for our 10mm Size 0 Toy Dog Collar and Cat Collars
Tiny / Cat = 70mm x 50mm high approx
Small = 90mm wide x 60mm high approx
Medium = 110mm wide x 70mm high approx
Large = 130mm wide by 80mm high approx
* Please note with Rainbow Design the Placement and variation of pattern will vary from that shown due to the nature of the print*
Matching Collar, Leads and Bandanas available.
All our products are washable. Please wash with like for like colours !!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Phylum Bryozoa. A. A. Phylum Bryozoa: [Fig. 10.1] Note: lophophore (u-shaped feeding structure) on a zooid (A). B. A. B. A. Phylum Bryozoa: [Fig. 10.2] Lophophore (A), avicularia (B). Excellent example of polymorphism.
Related searches for Phylum Bryozoa
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.


text:
Part I
I have already sung the praises the of the Basic Fantasy Role-playing game. This free RPG is a retro-clone that lends itself to teaching beginners how rpgs work. So, I decided it was the perfect rule set to use to introduce my nine year old daughter, Sydney to RPGs.
The first order of business was for her to roll up a character. We got the dice rolling tray down, she chose some dice and started the process. I had her use the "roll three die six and re-roll ones" method of rolling abilities. There is something about kids and dice luck and she rolled very well. Her worst roll was a 10 and her best was 17. She had rolled it in Wisdom and I told her she could switch any two rolls. This way she would be excited whatever she creates. Her criteria were simple. She wanted to cast spells and wear armor. That made it an easy choice. She would create a cleric.
The creation of the character was pretty quick. The character sheet I printed included the page numbers for each section so it took about 15 minutes. During the time she was creating her cleric, Lusha, I made a party of NPCs to travel with her. The stalwart dwarf fighter, Griff, halfling thief, Perri and magic user, Rags. Now they just needed a task.
Their first assignment was the standard "giant rats in the warehouse" task. A local merchant complained that his entire stock of apples was in danger because of giant rats in his warehouse. He would gladly offer 5 gold each for the party to clear the rats for him. my daughter, speaking for the party, agreed that giant rats were indeed "icky" and should not be allowed to eat the apples. The combat took about 20 minutes mainly because this was Sydney's first experience with a D20 style game. Soon the warehouse was free of large vermin and the party had acquired both a small amount of gold and a little bit of experience.
Now I just had to wait to see if she really enjoyed herself. I didn't have to wait long. The next day she asked when we could play again! Now I just needed an adventure.
I have painted miniature to represent this party. I have linked pictures of them below:


text:
After exhibiting an almost craven fidelity to his source material the first time out, Jackson gets the drama in gear here from the outset with a sense of storytelling that possesses palpable energy and purpose. show more
My advice to "Hobbit" fans is not only to see this one, but to see it as I did, in 3-D projected at the normal rate of 24 frames per second. The film will also be shown in what's called High Frame Rate 3-D, at 48 frames a second, but that made the last installment look more like video than a regular movie. Smaug is scary enough without a turbo boost. show more
Not only eight minutes shorter than its forebear, it's at least eight minutes better - less twee, less chatty, more action, more Elvish. show more


text:
We know that you value your privacy - we do too. The following policy details important information regarding the use and disclosure of your user information collected on our Website.
QTee ("QTee" or "we" or "us") has created this privacy policy (this "Privacy Policy") in order to demonstrate its commitment to user, visitor, subscriber and customer privacy with regard to the QTee web site located at QTee.com (the "Website"). Privacy on the Website is of great importance to us. Because we gather important information from our users, visitors and customers (collectively "Subscribers" or "you" or "your"), we have established this Privacy Policy as a means to communicate our information gathering and dissemination practices. By accessing the Website, you acknowledge and agree to this Privacy Policy and also agree to the Terms of Use of the Website located here.
You can visit most of the pages on QTee without ever telling us who you are, as we do not ask users to register or establish an account with us in order to browse our site. We may track the Internet domain address from which people visit us and look at this data for user trends and statistics, but individual site visitors remain anonymous, unless, at some point, you tell us who you are.
However, when you use our online services like joining our email list, saving viewed products in an online Wish List, leaving a product review, entering a sweepstakes, or purchasing a product from us online, you agree to tell us something about yourself, such as your email address, name and zip code. When placing an order on our site, we ask you for contact information like name and shipping address, and payment information like credit card number, expiration date, and customer card identification number. Without providing information like this you will be unable to order products on our site or use certain online services.
We use the personal information that you provide about yourself for a number of internal purposes, such as confirming your order and maintaining a record of your online product purchases. We also use your personal information to send you mailings, catalogs, and information about special promotions. In addition, we may use your personal information to contact you if we have trouble processing your order.
We also may combine the information you give us online, in our stores, or through our catalogs, including personal information about you and your order. We use that combined information to enhance and personalize your online shopping experience with us, to communicate with you both on and offline about our products and events that may be of interest to you.
We do not sell, share or rent email addresses to any third parties. Furthermore, we do not share the credit card information you provide to us with anyone other than your credit card provider. However, other information about you may be combined with publicly available information, as well as information we receive from reputable companies we have selected to analyze the data we collect.
We do reserve the right to disclose your personal information when we have reason to believe that it is necessary to identify, contact or bring legal action against persons or entities that may be causing injury to you, QTee, or to others. We may also disclose personal information when we believe the law requires it.MARKETING PARTNERSHIPS
We maintain relationships with select business partners whom we have deemed to be trustworthy and responsible and whose privacy policies are aligned with ours. We may share or cross-reference data, including personal information (name, street address and transactional information), about you and your order with our business partners, allowing them to contact you regarding products and/or services that may be of interest to you. We may also share your personal information with any of our subsidiaries, including our flash sales website.
In addition, when we join with another company to offer or provide services, products, sweepstakes, contests, or promotions, we and the other company may cross-reference our customer databases to identify common customers. We and the other company may use that existing information to identify future promotional opportunities and to fulfill promotional or contractual obligations.
If you prefer that we do not share your name and address with other marketers, please email us at email@example.com CALIFORNIA PRIVACY RIGHTS
QTee complies with Section 1798.83 of the California Civil Code – the "Shine the Light Law".
Under Section 1798.83 of the California Civil Code, residents of California that have an established business relationship with QTee and that have provided certain personal information to QTee ("California Consumer") have the right to request certain information from QTee. California Consumers may request that QTee disclose (i) the types of personal information shared with third parties for those third parties' direct marketing purposes, if any and (ii) the identity of any such third party with whom QTee has shared personal information, if any, during the previous calendar year.
California Consumers may make one such request each year.
To submit a request for information please email QTee at email@example.com. Please include "Request for California Privacy Information" in the subject line and in the body of your email. QTee will respond with the requested information, if any, to the email.CONTESTS AND PROMOTIONS
When we offer contests and promotions, or join with other companies to do so, customers who choose to participate in those contests and promotions may be asked to provide personal information to participate. That information may then be used by us and any company offering the contest or promotion to notify winners or to fulfill promotional obligations.PRIVACY AND EMAIL REFERRALS
The above rules and code of conduct applies to emails that you provide us in the course of using one of our "email to a friend" utilities or "refer a friend" promotions. We will send the requested information to the specified third party, who then has the option of not receiving further communications from us.SECURITY
At QTee, we understand your concerns about security and privacy. We protect the sensitive information you give us, such as credit card numbers, by using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) software, which encrypts the information you share with us. This process makes it statistically much safer to shop with us than to use your card in a restaurant or store. This encryption applies to users viewing our site using up-to-date, modern browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari or Chrome.FRAUDULENT CHARGE PROTECTION
QTee offers a "Safe Shopping Guarantee." If a third party obtains your personal information from a purchase made with QTee and uses that information to perpetrate credit card fraud, you are protected. Under the Fair Credit Billing Act, your bank may hold you liable for up to $50 of fraudulent charges. If your bank holds you liable for any portion of the $50, QTee will cover up to the entire $50.
QTee will cover this liability if the unauthorized use resulted through no fault of yours from a purchase made on the QTee secure server. In the event of unauthorized use of your credit card, you must notify your credit card company in accordance with its reporting rules and procedures.COOKIES
Like many other online retailers, QTee uses a technology called "cookies". A cookie is a small bit of data that is sent to your browser and stored on your computer's hard drive that we use to help us retrieve data you may have stored with us. For example, in our "Wish List" section, we use cookies to help us retrieve the lighting products that you have saved in these areas. The "Help" portion on the toolbar of most browsers will tell you how to delete your computer's cookies or how to prevent your browser from accepting new cookies. However, cookies allow you to take full advantage of the QTee website, and we recommend that you leave the feature turned on.
QTee may occasionally use third-party advertising companies to serve ads on our behalf. These companies may employ cookies and action tags (also known as single pixel gifs or web beacons) to measure advertising effectiveness. Any information that these third parties collect via cookies and action tags is completely anonymous and is not relatable to you. These third parties are prohibited by our contract with them from sharing that information with anyone other than us or our advertising service providers. However, QTee respects your privacy and your right to choose whether to be included in such services. If you would like more information or would like to learn about your ability to unsubscribe of this type of practice, please visit the Network Advertising Initiative by clicking here. If you choose to unsubscribe, an "unsubscribe cookie" will be placed on your computer. If the cookie is removed or deleted, if you upgrade your browser or if you visit us from a different computer, you will need to return to the link above to re-select your preferences.UNSUBSCRIBING FROM OUR EMAIL LIST
If you've joined our email list, you may unsubscribe of it at any time. Please visit the QTee Email page and follow the on-screen directions, or you may call 800-408-1488. Unsubscribe instructions are also included with each QTee email.
If you choose to unsubscribe from one of our email Lists, CAN-SPAM legislation stipulates that your address be removed within 10 business days. In most cases, QTee will remove your address within 5 business days, and you will receive no further mailings from us.
Please note that should you order from us in the future, you will receive order and shipping confirmations via email.
If you choose to remove your email address from our mailing list, QTee, in compliance with the CAN-SPAM legislation, may occasionally supply a list of removed email addresses to our advertising partners. This is done to ensure that those email addresses do not receive new advertising offers from us through our advertising partners.UNSUBSCRIBING FROM MARKETING PARTNERSHIPS
If you prefer that we do not share your name and address with other marketers, please email us at email@example.com CHILDREN
We take special care to protect the safety and privacy of children. Our site is for general audiences and we do not permit children under the age of 18 to purchase products. If you are under 18 you may purchase from us only with the involvement of a parent or guardian. QTee does not wish to collect any personal information (or any information at all) from any persons under 13 years old. If you are under 13 years old, you may not use the Website.LINKS TO THIRD PARTY SITES
Our site may contain links or frames to other web sites owned and operated by different companies over which we have no control. Privacy policies on these sites may be different from our own. We advise you to read the posted privacy policy of these sites before divulging any personal information.POLICY CHANGES
If we decide to change our policy in whole or in part, we will inform you by posting a notice on our web site. The new policy will apply to all current and past users of our web site and will replace any prior policies. This policy was posted in 2017 and last updated in 2017.


text:
Active Tags
Click tags to the right to narrow your search. Unclick tags to remove.
A Game Between Cousins Ch. 01— For the next 60 seconds you can do whatever you want to me.
Christmas Break Pt. 01— Elle and Adam learn about their bodies on Christmas Break.
The Brand Ch. 12— Victria and Melody ride the turbulent road to recovery.
My Medical Fantasy Came True— I visited a Dominatrix and we played doctor, at a new level.
It Slipped My Mind— A very special baseball minor league physical exam.
A Second Shot at Love— Female veteran fights war of love & lust at home.
The Cabin Ch. 01— Sex playhouse built by friends is used for the first time.
Good Doctor, Good Neighbor— Dr. Harris's neighborly exam leaves a husband wanting more.
Exposing Katie 008— Continued office exploits with new twists.
Popping Ronnie's Cherry— Bob's old girl friend asks him for a Doctor's Appointment.
Playing Doctor with Sandy— Bob gives Sandy exam on kitchen table.
Unplugging Sandy— Bob unplugs Sandy and then plugs her up again
Active Tags
Click tags to the right to narrow your search. Unclick tags to remove.
Please, separate your tags with comma: anal orgasm, oral sex.
Read the Literotica Story Tag FAQ for more information on these tags.


text:
Retro Machine Vol.I-III for Photoshop (Windows) | 979 Mb
Retro Machine is powerful graphics package, which contains image processing filters, operating on the principle of action in Photoshop. You can wear out your image the way you want - just use your favorite combination of textures. Machine Wash create professional effects, texturing, using masking layers, and leaving intact the original itself. At any time (of course, until you realized rendering), if you do not like the effect, you can revert to the original image.
Mirror Links
Retro Machine Vol.I-III for Photoshop (Windows) Fast Download via Rapidshare Hotfile Fileserve Filesonic Megaupload, Retro Machine Vol.I-III for Photoshop (Windows) Torrents and Emule Download or anything related.


text:
Little Giant 15 Feet 250 Lbs Capacity Alta-One Ladder – Link
Amazon has this marked down to its lowest ever of only $155.19 w/ free shipping.
This has an excellent 4.6 star rating on Amazon.
- Heavy-wall aircraft-grade aluminum construction
- Offers multiple configurations, as an A-frame,staircase,extension, 90-degree ladder or as a scaffolding system.
- Complies with all applicable OSHA & ANSI A14.2 standards
- Rated to hold up to 250 lbs and is lightweight and portable
- Triple-Locking Hinge


text:
Mysore, May 16 (UNI) More than 150 employees, including few executives of two factories in Nanjangud Town have been admitted to various hospitals following food poisoning late last night.
Hospital sources in Nanjangud said all the employees of the two factories located at the industrial area had had lunch served by a caterer in the afternoon.
By night, the employees including, four women, started vomitting and suffered from diarrhoea. They were admitted to various private and government hospitals in the Nanjangud Town.
A few employees from Mysore City were also admitted to private hospitals.
Doctors attending on the patients said they were awaiting laboratory report to ascertain the cause for the food poisoning.
The patients told newspersons at Nanjangud that they were served with rice, chutney and curd rice.


text:
Health Care Agreement Reached with Rep Stupak/
HopeTracker| The House of Representatives is poised to pass historic health care legislation after the White House reached an agreement with Rep. Bart Stupak and his allies, agreeing to issue an Executive Order that reaffirms the fact that the Hyde Amendment governs all federal funding of new health care legislation.
The executive order says:
The executive order will provide "additional safeguards to ensure that the status quo is upheld and enforced," White House Communications Director Dan Pfeiffer said in a statement. The president's order is to ensure that current law that restricts federal funding from going toward abortion, known as the Hyde amendment, is maintained. It will extend those restrictions to the new health insurance exchanges, a marketplace in which people would be able shop for and compare insurance plans.
"It is necessary to establish an adequate enforcement mechanism to ensure that federal funds are not used for abortion services," the executive order states.
In his press conference, Rep Stupak says he believes that Democrats had the 216 needed votes to pass the legislation, without his votes. Besides promoting equanimity among Democrats, the agreement allows Nancy Pelosi to let some Democrats facing tough re-election contests vote against the bill. via ABC News


text:
Winter 2004 Transportation Series: Transit Buses as Arterial Traffic Probes: Empirical Evaluation Using Geo-Location Data
Friday, February 13, 2004 - 12:00pm to Friday, February 13, 2004 - 1:30pm
Speaker: Sutti Tantiyanugulchai, DKS Associates and Portland State University
Free and Open to the Public!
Sponsored by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Center for Transportation Studies, and the Center for Urban Studies.
Tentative schedule - dates and speakers are subject to change.


text:
This is just a quick message to let you know that I've been updating and I've finally opened my Digital Art store. Things are small and humble at the moment, like a line from a Shakira song, but over time, the amount of artwork will grow. Also, as I recover older artwork, I'll be making it available for sale again just in case you missed it the first time.
But to start things off, the first set that I have for sale is the following and you can purchase it buy clicking on the Digital Art Store link to the right on this page:


text:
David's Auto Repair Service LLC
Review for David's Auto Repair Service LLC
PAUL P. on 10/31/2015
"Great service and knowledgeable technicians"
They gave me a reasonable price for the repairs they performed on my car. They even gave me a ride back to my work after dropping off my car!
Vehicle: Toyota Camry
Service Date: 10/29/2015
Review Created: 10/31/2015 05:12 PM


text:
Taking risks has always been an element of any corporate venture. Without risks there would be no gains. A key to successful corporate management is identifying risks that yield the greatest gains and identifying how to hedge and manage those risks. Consider the beginning of the financial crisis in 2008. It took only a few days after Lehman Brothers went belly up and AIG was nationalized for the markets of risky credit to come to a complete halt. Poor risk management allowed these events to spread across the entire banking system.
To properly manage risk, you must first be able to accurately measure it. For corporations with different long-term projects, this requires a measure of risk that incorporates the causes of risk that may or may not be found in accounting statements and that provides data that allows risk managers to assess the extent to which the firm is exposed. For most profit-generating activities of a firm, this means measuring the risk of the cash flows of each project the firm is undertaking. Cash flow at risk (CFaR) is a measure of risk that meets these criteria.
The current environment for high information flow, cheap computing power, and advances in statistical techniques can be combined to measure risk exposure in ways that were unavailable even 10 years ago. Using CFaR to analyze your risk will provide answers to key questions, including:
Your ability to measure and hedge risk affects the overall profitability and competitiveness of your firm. Is your organization doing all it can to properly measure and deal with the risks of the long-term projects it is undertaking? The Accenture Academy course Enhancing Business Decisions Using Cash Flow at Risk (CFaR) can help develop your understanding of CFaR in the context of a production-based business.
By using this site you agree that we can place cookies on your device. See Privacy & Cookies for details.
© 2016 Accenture. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Seemingly a funny story, but ask anyone who worked in the Diocese of Brooklyn in the last 50 years if they've heard the story of the incident at St Mary's on Maujer St in W'burg and the idea of exorcists becomes less amusing.
Tell me more...
And for those of us who don't know anybody who worked in the Diocese of Brooklyn in the past 50 years to ask, what happened?
I asked Google, but it didn't know either.


text:
Norfolk, virginia vegetarians, vegans and raw foodist events and singles dating
is a 24 year old, Atheist female.
Living in Norfolk, virginia
Vegan diet.
I like my humor darker than my coffee and strongly prefer books over most people. I enjoy sarcasm, writing about things other than myself, and baking cupcakes. I watch a lot of Travel channel and HGTV, probably because I always feel more at home when I'm traveling than in my own supposed home.
I'm a current M.S.Ed student studying Higher Education. I hope to eventually work in the study abroad or international student office at a university.
is a 30 year old, Agnostic / not religious female.
Living in Norfolk, virginia
Vegan diet.
I love being a vegan and I am a die hard cat person!
I love horror flicks and books and gaming-kind of a tomboy but I am into getting done up to go out too :)
I enjoy being different-the girl with the shaved head, pink hair, bookworm, laughing with reckless abandon and sayign what's on my mind!
I need real conversation and a deep connection with someone-I feel this would be a good place for that since vegans are already the kind of people who's minds are opening to more than just themselves <3
I want to fall madly in love, I want to have a riduclous amount of fun with someone, i want someone that inspires me to travel and an unquenched thrist for wanderlust
I love intelligent people who aren't afraid to laugh in general or at themselves :)
Search More ads


text:
Minky Pro Compact Ironing Board
Item number 3KYD7
Minky MINKY PRO COMPACT IRONING BOARD
Minky Pro Compact Ironing Board with Prozone II Cover and 122 x 38 cm Worktop
If you're short on space but need your clothes to look crisp, Minky have an ideal solution for you.
Their Pro Compact Ironing board gives you a compact frame that's easy to store without taking up much space, but still has a large top size of 122 x 38 cm for practical, easy ironing.
The 28 mm loop leg grips the floor to ensure a safe, steady base, while the Prozone II cover speeds up ironing with its part-metalised finish, which balances heat reflection and steam penetration. The board also features a repositionable Hot Spot on which you can rest your hot iron. It can be fitted anywhere on the board or removed altogether to make way for large items.
The cover's cool pink and black design gives a fun, contemporary edge that will really brighten up what is often a more boring chore. Plus, it's machine washable to ensure long-lasting colour and efficiency.
Useful info:


text: Classification of Cirrhosis: The Clinical Use of HVPG MeasurementsAgustín Albilllos, G Garcia-TsaoDisease markers2011The modern paradigm considers cirrhosis as a dynamic and potentially reversible disease. It consists of two different entities, compensated and decompensated cirrhosis, each with a distinct prognosis and different predictors of survival. The development of portal hypertension is a hallmark in the history of cirrhosis, and its progression parallels that of… (More)


text: I have to agree with Alan. There's simply no way wine can ever achieve the range of flavors nor the depth and complexity of a well-crafted ale. Wine must generally be consumed before twenty years is gone by, while certain ales simply continue to improve in the cellar for a hundred years or more. In the wine world, only meads come close to matching that ability to age well for long periods of time. Perhaps a more refined palate prefers wine, but a more distinguishing one will prefer beer. ________________________________ From: Alan Haigh <alandhaigh at gmail.com> To: nafex at lists.ibiblio.org Sent: Monday, May 11, 2009 5:33:36 PM Subject: [NAFEX] Fluffy's favorite pear I'm surprised, Fluff, that you make the mistake of assuming your AQ is the same as mine. Very different locations will create as different fruit as different DNA will create different palates. But when someone says that a taste for fine wine is a sign of a more refined palate (not you, FB) than a taste for fine ale, well that's pure French bigotry, or at least snobbery. -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/private/nafex/attachments/20090511/7f77d59d/attachment.html


text:
I've always found it exciting to take photos on a given topic. And it's even better if there is a deadline and other people involved. I've been thinking to run a photo challenge on Instagram and I gave it a chance last week. The theme was 'Street Light' and I asked people to use a hashtag '#kj_streetlight' to tag photos they would like to submit.
I thought no one would participate and I would quietly delete my post announcing this idea. I was so wrong! I got a really positive feedback and I felt a huge relieve that idea was actually interesting. Aaand.. Join us this week with a topic 'Road Crossing'! I put all the instructions here. On Sundays I repost some of the photos on my personal account. Let's do it!
Here are some submitted photos from last week:
Want to know which apps I use to edit my photos? Get the free 'The Ultimate iPhone Photos Editing Kit' below:


text:
GraphicRiver Soccer Field with Soccer Ball and Podium 5251794
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Sports \ Activity
Illustration \ Soccer \ Podium \ Objects \ Grouped \ Possible \ Reflective \ Blends
Stock Vector - Soccer Field with Soccer Ball and Podium 5251794 by aurielaki @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Sports \ Activity
Detailed illustration of a set of Soccer Field with Soccer Ball and Podium
This illustration is saved in EPS10 with color space in RGB.
Where possible, the objects have been grouped to make it easily editable or hidden.
This illustration contains a transparency blends, which makes up the reflective shape under and over some objects.
Layered: Yes; Graphics Files Included: JPG Image, Vector EPS, AI Illustrator; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Isometric Biochemistry Tube Test Complete Set; Isometric People Virtual Shopping Concept; Vintage Minnesota Label Plaque, Black and Gold ; Isometric People Network Concept; Archival Biopsy Complete Tube Set; Isometric Beach Life - Summer Holidays Concept; Isometric White Private Plane.
Keywords: Lay-Out, area, background, ballsport, championship, competition, corner, court, field, football, game, goal, grass, green, ground, illustration, isometric, line, pitch, play, playground, podium, soccer, sport, stadium, stripe, striped, terrain, track, white.


text:
Discussion in 'Strings' started by tnkGod4tns, Dec 18, 2006.
adjust your tension to compensate for the cold weather??
Not really I probly should of tho. I am guessing (probly wrong) that you would drop the tension because the cold weather wouldstop the strings from warming up a bit and stretching, therefore would be stiffer that normal>
Im not sure anyone else kno?
i play inside during the winter so i dont adjust for tension...but when summer comes again, and if i happen to use a multi again, i will string it up 2-4lbs for the hot days...
Nah, too much trouble, and at any rate the temperature varies so much in the winter here, it wouldn't be worth the effort.
Drop the tension two lbs., anyway.
For indoors I go up 2 lbs from my regular tension.
Oh come on, how many of us here are calibrated with such sensitivity to notice? When its cold I'm trying to keep my **** warm, the last of my concerns is the tension on my strings
At present I keep two racquets with 6lbs difference for indoors and outdoors, and use third to replace whichever pops.
My thoughts exactly...
I use a hybrid of gut and Gosen Sheep Micro most of the year. During the winter, I play less and just go with all synthetic gut.
in the summer I string at 65lb since the balls fly quicker in the heat. In the winter around 60lb for a softer stringbed with all that moister making the balls heaviert to ease my arm
I'm playing outside sometimes in 45 to 48 degree temps if there's no wind and I had my pair of LM Prestiges strung 5 lbs apart, the looser one at 50 lbs. At first I thought the looser one was useless when I tried it indoors, but when outside in the cold, the tighter one felt like a brick. The loose one was nice, but I'll probably be indoors for Jan and Feb and keep them up around 58. I'm stringing with a good 17 ga syn gut and may try tensions in the low 60's in the middle of the summer.
Feel sorry for you guys in the northern hemisphere - here in Brisbane, Australia, it's warm sunshine year round. Our winter's are very mild and even at night I play 52 weeks of the year. Be nice to have a bit more rain though even if I missed a few weeks of that 52!!
Actually, some places in the N Hemisphere are also warm sunshine year round, just like some places in the S Hemisphere have winter. Depends on Latitude.
Staying with the same tension works. If you play on slow courts in the summer, you may want a couple pounds less tension there because you have to generate more power on your own ... you opponent's ball comes in slower.
no one on this forum is good enough to even explain why they should string looser/tighter in different seasons. and if you think you are justified in doing so then:
A) you are a pro on the ATP (which you almost definitely arent); or
B) you focus too much on equipment; or
C) you need more work on your game; or
methinks its D for most people...
have a good day
i string at different tensions b/c i can feel the difference between hot and cold days. when its hot the air is thinner thus the ball travels faster and i'll need a tighter string bed to control the ball better. in the winter where there's more moister in the air the balls get heavier and slower so i'll need a looser/softer string bed to produce more power and ease up on the arm
thats total crap because i play some tournaments in florida and some in michigan, and i have to adjust tensions and string to play clay or indoor or for big temp differences.
i am also not either of your choices, although some of the tournaments i play in florida get some number 400's and up form the ATP tour, like the turkey bowl this past november, and a lot of them D1, former ATP players, and futures level players.
so don't make that generalized crap statement about everyone on this forum.
In the cold, a string strings up tighter; in summer, looser, of course.
This is verified, for the skeptics among us. It is another thing whether this *matters* for us--but, when you play enough to tell the difference, you like to think it can. Plus, there are plenty of people who tell you they lose concentration just when missing a vibration damper!
True, but when you are referring to the vibration dampener as being lost? As in playing without a dampener as opposed to none? Because thats a 2 worlds difference really. But if someone were to replace my dampener with another one secretly, i doubt i would notice.
Separate names with a comma.


text:
What is acetaminophen 44175 ?is this a strong pain killer/?
- Asked
- 19 Sep 2009 by dannny
- Active
- 19 Sep 2009
- Topics
- pain, acetaminophen
Responses (1)
The tablet with imprint 44 175 is just plain acetaminophen 500mg.
Acetaminophen is used for:
Treating minor aches and pains due to headache, muscle aches, backache, arthritis, the common cold, flu, toothache, menstrual cramps, and immunizations, and for temporarily reducing fever.
Acetaminophen is an analgesic and antipyretic (lowers fever). It works by lowering a chemical in the brain that stimulates pain nerves and the heat-regulating center in the brain.
Further Information
- Acetaminophen Information for Consumers
- Acetaminophen Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Acetaminophen (detailed)
Search for questions
Still looking for answers? Try searching for what you seek or ask your own question.
Similar Questions
Wat is Acetaminophen Hydrocodone used for and how strong is it?
Posted 15 Jan 2010 • 1 answer
How would I go about asking my doctor for a pain killer that doesnt have acetaminophen in?
Posted 16 May 2010 • 1 answer
I have pain - they gave me acetaminophen-hydrocodone 10/500 is this pill strong enough?
Posted 1 Oct 2011 • 1 answer
I'm 50 years old , has a breast cancer since 2005 and it go up to my bornes, I have a strong pain?
Posted 4 Nov 2011 • 2 answers
Am I Allergic to Oxycodone? And is there an effective pain killer?
Posted 5 Jul 2012 • 4 answers


text:
Follow @DaytimeRoyalty
ZetaBoards gives you all the tools to create a successful discussion community.
|Viewing Single Post From: SOW: A Closer Look: Mia
|Jul 29 2009, 11:35 AM
Thanks Ellie.
It's been more years than I care to count since I was a teenager, but even back in my time I don't remember it being shocking that a 16-year-old was no longer a virgin. :shrug:
|SOW: A Closer Look: Mia · DAYS: News, Spoilers & Discussion


text:
Case Large Carrying Case
Knife Rolls-Packs
Case Large Carrying Case. Brown leather exterior with Case logo imprint and heavy black nylon handle. 100% cotton lining with thick foam padding and center separator to protect knives on each side. Perfect for storage, travel or display. Measures 22" x 15". Holds 66 knives.
143,50 €


text: About This Activity Founded in 1984, Camp Sunshine in Casco, Maine provides retreats combining respite, recreation and support, while enabling hope and promoting joy, for children with life-threatening illnesses and their families through the various stages of a child's illness. Camp Sunshine is the only program in the nation offered year-round with the distinction of having been designed to serve the entire family in a retreat model. The program is free of charge to families and includes on-site medical and psychosocial support. Bereavement sessions are also offered for families who have experienced the death of a child from a supported illness. Event Details and Schedule: Includes t-shirt, refreshments, giveaways, smoothies, a chance to win FREE Smoothies for a year and more! Registration starts at 7am, 5K at 8am


text:
From Our Lenten Recipe Box for Fridays – Falafel Pita Sandwiches
Every Thursday during Lent we will be publishing a meatless recipe to help with your Lenten abstinence.
Recipe and Photography by Archita Patel
Makes 14-15 falafels
Dried Chickpeas (a.k.a. Dried Garbanzo beans) – 1cup
Onion – ½ of a medium, roughly diced
Garlic Cloves – 4-5 medium, roughly chopped
Flat leaf Parsley – ¼ cup, packed
Mint – 2 Tbsp, packed
Cilantro/Corriander leaves – 2 Tbsp packed
Corriander powder – 1 ¼ tsp
Roasted Cumin powder – 1 tsp
Red Chili flakes – ½ tsp or else Cayenne powder – ¼ tsp – don't use if do not desire a little spicy
Black Pepper – ¼ tsp
Salt – ½ Tbsp
Baking powder – ½ tsp
Previous Night: Cover the chickpeas with hot tap water and soak them for 12-24 hours. Remember to use a large enough container because the chickpeas will increase in size.
Next Day:
1. Rinse the soaked chickpeas/garbanzo beans and set them aside to drain.
2. Use a food processor to coarsely grind the chickpeas, onion, garlic, herbs, spices, salt and baking powder. You can add a small amount of water to help the blade move along. If you have a small food processor, do it in batches. All the ingredients should be well incorporated, turning them into breadcrumb consistency don't make it into a paste. Place the mixture in the refrigerator for an hour so that it can firm up
3. Later, form 1 inch balls. Place them on a large sheet and refrigerator for 15-20 minutes. In the mean time, line a plate with paper towel and set aside. Also, start heating the oil to 350ºF. The oil should be about an inch to inch and a half deep. You want to make sure that when you fry the falafels they completely submerge in the oil.
4. Gently fry the falafels, until they are golden brown on all sides 3-5 minutes. Place them on the paper towel.
5. You can either make a salad or a pita sandwich. I generally stuff them into pita pockets with lettuce, tomato, onions, hummus and cucumber yogurt sauce.


text:
App::Chart::Glib::Ex::ChildPid -- object holding child process ID
use App::Chart::Glib::Ex::ChildPid; my $pobj = App::Chart::Glib::Ex::ChildPid->new (pid => $pid); $pobj->kill ('INT'); $pobj->terminate_with_timeout;
App::Chart::Glib::Ex::ChildPid holds the process ID (an integer) for a child process created by
fork or similar spawn.
The fork and subprocess emulation described in perlfork doesn't work with Glib process watching (as of Perl-Glib 1.200) and cannot be used with
$pobj->kill ()
$pobj->kill ($sig)
Send signal
$sig to the
$pobj process.
$sig defaults to SIGTERM, otherwise it's a string or number per the core
kill function (see "kill" in perlfunc).
$pobj->wait ()
$pobj->wait ($flags)
Block and wait for the
$pobj process to terminate, as per the core
waitpid. The
exited signal is also emitted in the usual way if it terminates.
pid (integer, default 0)
The process ID held and operated on. It must be an immediate child of the current process, but can be started by either
fork or any of the several Perl fork/spawn/open modules.
exited (boolean, default false)
The process ID held and operated on. It must be an immediate child of the current process, but can be started by either
fork or any of the several Perl fork/spawn/open modules.
kill-on-destroy (boolean, default true)
If true then when the ChildPid object is destroyed through garbage collection the process is killed and waited if that hasn't already been done.
This is true by default to ensure the child process stops when the parent stops, or when you discard the object as no longer wanted.
exited ($status)
Emitted when the child process exits, either normally or killed by a signal, but not when merely paused by SIGSTOP, SIGTSTP, etc.
This is implemented by a
Glib::Child->add_watch (see Glib::MainLoop). Note that function uses
SIGCHLD and if you install your own
$SIG{'CHLD'} handler then
exited won't run.


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Take a splendid holiday in Turkey and let Antik Motel Alachati host you for the stay! The motel is offering 14 comfortable rooms to guests looking for accommodation in Alachati. If necessary, parking is available nearby. Your valuables may be the safely secured in the safe. You can also bring your laptop for the holiday, for there is wireless Internet connection (WiFi) available at the motel. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by Antik Motel Alachati (including those available for an extra fee) or about the equipment of the rooms, you can find the complete list on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time of check-in is 14:00, the latest time of check-out is 12:00. The personnel can communicate with you in the following languages: Turkish and English.
Antik Motel Alachati rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Free WiFi in shared places
Safe deposit box


text:
lumber in Decatur, GA
Carolina Lumber2290 Marietta Rd Nw, Atlanta, GA map
Brand Vaughan Lumber-Tucker3602 Lawrenceville Highway, Tucker, GA map
Brand Vaughan Lumber Co3602 Lawrenceville Highway, Tucker, GA map
Carolina Lumber & Supply Co504 Plasters Ave Ne, Atlanta, GA map
Very bad experience with Sales. Very serious integrity issues. I would not recommend to do business wit... more
Randall Brothers Inc665 Marietta St Nw, Atlanta, GA map
MID-South Lumber Co Inc6590 Marshall Blvd, Lithonia, GA map
Carlton's Rare Woods & Veneers1130 Hemphill Ave Nw, Atlanta, GA map
Woodford Logistics2300 Jonesboro Rd Se Ste C, Atlanta, GA map
Universal Forest Products5200 Jonesboro Rd, Morrow, GA map
Top Trending Articles
How to Find Sand and Gravel for Home Projects
Cheap sand and gravel can be hard to find if you don't ... more
Why Lambeau Field is Different to Most Sports...
Lambeau Field is special among sports venues. Read on t... more
Learn How to Have Family Fun in Your Backyard
Finding fun backyard family activities can give you som... more
What is the Best Type of Cat Litter Available...
Finding the right cat litter can be time consuming and ... more
How to Build an Art Easel From Scratch
An easel can cost quite a bit of money that artists don... more


text:
Dancing Bear gives facials
Loose moral behavior
Dancing Bear Show
Droppin' loads on beautiful faces
House Par-tay!
Women with loose moral values
Thirty Girls and a Cup
Kendra's Bachelorette party
A club of horny girls
Three girls fucking dancing bear
Party filled with horny girls sharing two guys
Birthday party at work. No sex
Birthday greetings at work
Getting their lips around some cock
Many girls, but just few lucky ones get facials
Fucking her in front of all her coworkers. Facial.
Birthday party at work
Lana's Last Day of Debauchery
Yeah..! Suck this dick!
Last Day of Debauchery
A party and few spermed amateur faces
Many girls, but just few lucky get facials
Everyone loves this bear!
Everyone loves the bear!


text:
La mansion de los muertos vivientes / Mansion of the Living Dead (1985) DVD9on May 21st, 2016 at 05:35
Four topless waitresses book a bargain holiday at a Mediterranean resort hotel. The hotel turns out to be curiously deserted. In fact there's virtually nobody around anywhere, apart from an eccentric gardener and the ever so slightly sinister hotel manager (the fact that he's named Carlos Savonarola should certainly have caused them some unease).
After some investigating (and plenty of softcore lesbian sex), they discover the hotel owner's dark secret - his wife, chained up in one the rooms! She explains that the island was a bastion during the Inquisition, and many lost souls still remain. Maybe that's why people who explore the old "mansion" down by the ocean never return...
DVD9 | PAL 16:9 | 01:32:53 | 7.44 Gb + 3% rec
Language: Espanol, Deutsch
Subtitles: English
Genre: Adult, Horror
Director: Jesus Franco
Cast: Lina Romay, Antonio Mayans, Mabel Escano, Albino Graziani
Country: Spain
Related posts:
- La tumba de los muertos vivientes / Grave of the Living Dead / Oasis of the Zombies / L'abime des morts vivants (1983) DVD5 original Spanish version
- Le notti erotiche dei morti viventi / Erotic Nights of the Living Dead / Sexy Nights of the Living Dead (1980) DVD9
- The Return of the Living Dead (1985) DVD5 Workprint edition
- Zombi / Island of the Flesh-Eaters / Zombie 2: The Dead are Among Us / Island of the Living Dead (1979) Blue Underground 2 Disc Ultimate Edition
- Christine, Princess of Eroticism / A Virgin Among the Living Dead / La nuit des etoiles filantes / Christina, princesse de l'erotisme / Eine Jungfrau in den Krallen von Zombies (1973) 2 x DVD5 Limited Edition – Director's Cut and Producer's Cut


text:
The LGU 360 Suite is designed for today's progressive Philippine LGU. Expertly designed solutions to help local government units boost revenue, support financial management, and generate reports with simplicity and ease.
All modules in the LGU 360 suite are designed with your needs in mind. Whether implemented as an integrated set or distinct modules, you reap the benefits of ease of use, unparalleled functionality, access to real time information and of course, compliance to the continuously evolving nature of policy implementation governing Philippine LGU development.


text:
I know I'm a pretty good home cook. But I also know I have flaws.
Mine are: I keep dried herbs and spices far to long, I keep bottled sauces out of the fridge when I keep should keep them in, I'm impatient I like things faster then maybe they should be cooked, my workspace is to messy, and of course my knife skills are not up to par.
Those are my flaws, what are yours?


text: I am new to this phone and OS as I had a Samsung that was 5 years old 1. When ever I bring up Google maps it shows that I am in Quebec yet I am in Red Deer, Alberta. Any suggestions to set my home page 2. I have Samsung New PC Studio on my PC (AMD QUADCORE X64 WINDOWS 7 16GB RAM) and I cannot get the software to see my phone when connected. Any suggestions as to what I need to do? Thanx