text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 15, 2003
|Filing date
|Mar 13, 2001
|Priority date
|Mar 13, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Craig Litherland, Rob Burnside, Kamran Behzadian, Michael Klimowicz
|Original Assignee
|Aerogen, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (188), Non-Patent Citations (20), Referenced by (83), Classifications (18), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for controlling piezoelectric vibration, and in particular for controlling piezoelectric vibration of aerosolizing devices, including, but not limited to, those that are configured to atomize liquid medicaments to be inhaled.
A wide variety of procedures have been proposed to deliver a drug to a patient. Of particular interest to the present invention are drug delivery procedures where the drug is a liquid and is dispensed in the form of fine liquid droplets for inhalation by a patient. A variety of devices have been proposed for forming the dispersion, including air jet nebulizers, ultrasonic nebulizers and metered dose inhalers (MDIs). Air jet nebulizers usually utilize a high-pressure air compressor and a baffle system that separates the small particles from the spray. Ultrasonic nebulizers generate ultrasonic waves with an oscillating piezoelectric crystal to produce liquid droplets. Examples of two such ultrasonic nebulizers are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,261,601 and 4,533,082. Typical MDIs usually employ a gas propellant, such as a CFC, which carries the therapeutic substance and is sprayed into the mouth of the patient.
One exemplary atomization apparatus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,740, the complete disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. The atomization apparatus comprises an ultrasonic transducer and an aperture plate attached to the transducer. The aperture plate includes tapered apertures, which are employed to produce small liquid droplets. The transducer vibrates the plate at relatively high frequencies so that when the liquid is placed in contact with the rear surface of the aperture plate and the plate is vibrated, liquid droplets will be ejected through the apertures. The apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,740 has been instrumental in producing small liquid droplets without the need for placing a fluidic chamber in contact with the aperture plate. Thus, small volumes of liquid are delivered to the rear surface of the aperture plate.
Modified atomization apparatus are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,586,550 and 5,758,637, the complete disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. The two references describe a liquid droplet generator, which is particularly useful in producing a high flow of droplets in a narrow size distribution. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,586,550, the use of a dome shaped aperture plate is advantageous in allowing more of the apertures to eject liquid droplets.
A variety of drive circuits have been proposed for vibrating piezoelectric crystals. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,109,174 describes a drive circuit for a piezoelectric crystal stack. The drive circuitry includes an inductor that allows the mechanically resonant structure to be electrically insensitive to a change in operating frequency. Therefore, the drive circuitry gives rise to operation at a mechanically non-resonance frequency (adjustable between 120 and 145 kHz).
U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,698 describes a methodology for driving piezoelectric vibrated mechanical structures by monitoring certain electrical characteristics, namely voltage, current and the phase difference therebetween. The electrical characteristics are measured at a first frequency where there is no significant vibration, and again at a second frequency where there is a significant vibration. The measured electrical characteristic are used to calculate the current component not relating to vibration, and this in turn is used to calculate the current component attributable to vibration. The calculated vibration current component is then adjusted so that the mechanical structure is driven at the most efficient and stable amplitude. The adjustment is achieved by comparing the calculated vibration current component with a present value, and increasing/decreasing the applied voltage when the calculated component is smaller/greater than the present value, respectively.
The present invention is related to the operation of an aerosol generator at the resonant frequency for as much of the aerosolization process as possible. Given that resonance frequency will change when a load, such as a liquid medicament, is placed on the aperture plate, there is a need to identify and change to the instantaneous resonant frequency as quickly as possible. Hence, in one aspect, the present invention is related to methods and apparatus for readily identifying and changing to the instantaneous resonant frequency of an aerosol generator.
The invention provides exemplary aerosolization devices and methods for aerosolizing liquids. In one aspect, a method is provided for aerosolizing a liquid utilizing an aerosol generator comprising a plate having a plurality of apertures and a piezoelectric element disposed to vibrate the plate. According to the method, a liquid is supplied to the plate, and the piezoelectric element is energized to vibrate the plate at an initial frequency. The amount of energy supplied to the piezoelectric element is then adjusted to vibrate the plate at a desired frequency during aerosolization of the liquid through the apertures. In this way, the liquid may be aerosolized at the highest volumetric aerosolization rate. In some embodiments, the desired frequency is the instantaneous resonant frequency of the plate, while in other embodiments, the desired frequency is an offset from the instantaneous resonant frequency. In some embodiments, the desired frequency is the anti-resonant frequency.
In one aspect, the energy adjusting step comprises detecting a first value of one or more electrical characteristics (e.g., voltage, current or phase difference between voltage and current) of the piezoelectric element at the initial frequency. The piezoelectric element is then energized to vibrate the plate at a second frequency, with the initial and second frequencies differing from each other by a predetermined amount. A second value of one or more electrical characteristics of the piezoelectric element are detected at the second frequency. The first and second values of the electrical characteristics are then compared before energizing the piezoelectric element at a third frequency. The third frequency is selected based on the comparison between the first and second values of the electrical characteristics. Hence, the change in frequency between the second and third frequencies may be different than the frequency change between the first and second frequencies. For example, the frequency change may be substantially equal to the predetermined amount if the first and second values of the electrical characteristic are substantially equal. When such values are substantially equal, the implication is that the resonant frequency is still some way off, and so there is no need to waste time by changing the frequency by anything less than the predetermined amount. Indeed, the predetermined amount could even be increased. However, if the first and second values significantly differ, the frequency change may be less than the predetermined amount, e.g., inversely proportional to the change in the measured characteristics. Such a difference in the first and second values would be indicative of proximity to the resonant frequency, and thus there is a need to change the frequency by a reduced amount in order to allow accurate determination of the instantaneous resonant frequencies.
The change in frequency may differ from the predetermined amount according to a number of algorithms. For example, as just described the change may be inversely proportional to the change in measured characteristics. Alternatively, other algorithms that may be used to find the resonance frequency include step doubling, bisection, first and second derivative tracking, and the like.
In one aspect, the method may further comprise detecting a third value of the electrical characteristic of the piezoelectric element at the third frequency, and comparing the second and third values. The piezoelectric is energized at a fourth frequency, with the third and fourth frequencies differing from each other by an amount dependent upon the comparison between the second and third values of the electrical characteristics. In other words, the procedure is iterative, with each iteration bringing the vibrational frequency closer to the instantaneous resonant frequency. In some embodiments, the iterations continue until the desired frequency is achieved. In other embodiments, a predetermined number of iterations are done.
In one aspect, the method may further comprise comparing the phase difference between voltage and current at each step. If the phase difference flips or reverses, the resonant frequency has been passed. In some embodiments, a phase locked loop circuit is used to control the frequency at which the piezoelectric plate is vibrated. As such, the frequency may be reduced and the process continued. Further, in some cases the impedance may be measured and analyzed to detect sudden changes in impedance. In this way, the end of the aerosolization event may be detected and, for example, may be used to reduce energization of the piezoelectric element.
In another embodiment, the method may further comprise energizing the piezoelectric element to vibrate the plate at or near its resonant frequency while using minimal power such that liquid is not aerosolized. In this way, the plate is maintained at or near a resonant while using minimal power. Power consumption may be increased to cause the liquid to aerosolize, and the frequency at which the plate was resonated under the minimal power situation may be used as the starting point to locate the resonant frequency under the increased power condition.
In yet another aspect, the method may comprise comparing a parameter indicative of instantaneous resonant frequency with a predetermined range of values. If the predetermined range corresponds to the limits of acceptable aerosolization, an indication of gross device failure may be given when the parameter falls outside the predetermined range of values.
In another embodiment, an aerosolizing apparatus is provided that comprises an aerosol generator having a plate with a plurality of apertures and a piezoelectric element disposed to vibrate the plate. A liquid supply is provided to supply liquid to the plate. The apparatus also comprises an energizing unit that is adapted to energize the piezoelectric element to vibrate the plate at an initial frequency and a controller for controlling the energizing unit. The controller is configured to control energization of the piezoelectric element such that the plate vibrates at its instantaneous resonant frequency during aerosolization of supplied liquid through the apertures. In some embodiments, such controllers comprise a phase locked loop circuit, while in other embodiments, operation of such controllers is primarily controlled by software.
In one aspect, the controller may comprise a detector that is configured to detect a first value of an electrical characteristic of the piezoelectric element at the initial frequency, and a second value of the electrical characteristic of the piezoelectric element at a second frequency. A comparator may be used to compare the first and second values of the electrical characteristic, and a selector may be provided to select a third frequency of energization, with the third frequency differing from the second frequency by an amount that is based upon a comparison of the first and second values of the electrical characteristic.
In other embodiments, a piezoelectric vibration control system is provided in an apparatus having a piezoelectric vibrating element and a vibratable structure to which the piezoelectric vibrating element is attached. The system comprises a detector configured to detect values of an electrical characteristic of the piezoelectric vibrating element at first and a second frequency of vibration. A comparator is configured to compare the detected values of the electrical characteristics, and a selector is configured to select a third frequency of vibration, with the second and third frequencies differing by an amount based upon a difference between the first and second frequency and a comparison of the first and second values of the electrical characteristic.
In yet other embodiments, the piezoelectric vibration control system comprises a phase locked loop circuit capable of tracking operation of the piezoelectric vibrating element and providing a frequency signal to drive a piezoelectric plate.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of an aerosolization device according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing typical impedance versus frequency plot of a piezoelectric-based electromechanical resonant structure.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the aerosol generator of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method for aerosolizing a liquid according to the invention.
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a phase locked loop (PLL) for tracking operation of a piezoelectric plate, and providing a frequency signal to the piezoelectric plate.
The invention provides exemplary aerosolization devices and methods for aerosolizing liquid supplied to an aerosol generator. The invention may be used with essentially any type of aerosol generator having a variable load, regardless of Q-factor. In some embodiments, the variable load is a resonant structure comprising an active piezoelectric element. Particular embodiments are configured as piezoelectric resonant structures.
A wide variety of atomizers include piezoelectric resonant structures and may therefore incorporate the techniques of the present invention. Merely by way of example, the invention may be used with atomizers, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,140,740, 5,938,117, 5,586,550 and 6,014,970, incorporated herein by reference. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is not intended to be limited only to these specific embodiments.
Particular embodiments of the present invention involve operating the aerosol generators at a desired frequency that produces the appropriate volumetric aerosolization rate and results in the most efficient operation. In some embodiments the desired frequency is the resonant frequency or a frequency near the resonant frequency, while in other embodiments this frequency is offset from the resonant frequency. Such an offset frequency can be either lower or higher than the resonant frequency. In one particular embodiment, the desired frequency is fa, which provides the highest volumetric rate for a given amount of input power.
Advantageously, aerosolization devices embodying the present invention aim to determine the instantaneous resonant frequency of the aperture plate during aerosolization of liquid in a highly reliable manner. In all cases, frequency is the variable that is swept and the voltage, current, impedance or phase difference, or any combination of these electrical variables or characteristics are tracked. An accurate determination of instantaneous resonant frequency may be accomplished by performing a high density of electrical variable sampling in the vicinity of the instantaneous resonant frequency. In other words, in the region of the instantaneous resonant frequency, electrical characteristics may need to be measured about every 100 Hz. However, when the frequency is far removed from the resonant frequency, electrical characteristics may need only be measured every 1-5 kHz. In other words, the density of electrical characteristic sampling may be much lower.
With the aerosolization devices of the invention, an indication of proximity to the instantaneous resonant frequency may be gained by comparing values of the electrical characteristics measured. Where there is little or no difference between measured values for two frequencies differing by a predetermined amount, any increment in frequency may be as large (or even larger) than the predetermined amount. However, when there is a difference between such measured values, the next increment in frequency is made smaller than the predetermined amount. The size of the next increment may be reduced proportionally to the change in characteristics. Further, if a reversal of phase between voltage and current is detected, the resonant frequency may have been passed. In such cases, the previous frequency may be returned to, and a smaller step selected. Other techniques that may be used to find the resonant frequency include step doubling, bisection, 1st and 2nd derivative tracking, and the like.
Referring now to FIG. 1, one embodiment of an aerosolization device 10 will be described. Device 10 comprises a housing 12 to hold the various components of aerosolization device 10. Housing 12 further includes a mouthpiece 14 and one or more vents (not shown) to permit air to enter into housing 12 when a user inhales from mouthpiece 14. Disposed within housing 12 is an aerosol generator 16 that comprises a cup-shaped member 18 to which is coupled an aperture plate 20. An annular piezoelectric element 22 is in contact with aperture plate 20 to cause aperture plate 20 to vibrate when electrical current is supplied to piezoelectric element 22. Aperture plate 20 is dome-shaped in geometry and includes a plurality of tapered apertures that narrow from the rear surface to the front surface. Exemplary aperture plates and aerosol generators that may be used in aerosolization device 10 are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,086,785, 5,157,372 and 5,309,135 incorporated by reference.
Aerosolization device 10 further includes a canister 24 having a supply of liquid that is to be aerosolized by aerosol generator 16. Canister 24 may include a metering valve to place a metered amount of liquid onto aperture plate 20. Although not shown, a button or the like may be employed to dispense the volume of liquid when requested by the user.
Housing 12 includes an electronics region 26 for holding the various electrical components of aerosolization device 10. For example, region 26 may include a printed circuit board 28 which serves as a controller to control operation of the aerosol generator 16. More specifically, circuit board 28 may send (via circuitry not shown) an electrical signal to piezoelectric element 22 to cause aperture plate 20 to be vibrated. A power supply P, such as one or more batteries, is electrically coupled to circuit board 28 to provide aerosolization device 10 with power.
FIG. 2 shows an impedance versus frequency plot for a typical resonant structure, such as a piezoelectric structure. In the plot, fr denotes the resonant frequency, and fa denotes anti-resonance with the difference in frequency between the two indicated by Δf. The basic character of the plot is largely independent of quality factor (Q=fr/Δf).
The basic character of the plot may be described as follows with reference to points A, B, C and D in FIG. 2, assuming a constant voltage driver source:
Frequency A refers to a point well below resonance where current has a lower magnitude less than that of the drawn signal at resonance. The current and voltage may have an unrelated phase difference.
Frequency fr refers to the resonance frequency of the stack. At resonance, current signal grows to its highest amplitude.
Frequency B refers to a drive frequency between resonance and anti-resonance. At this frequency, the current is less than the maximum current drawn at fr and �, the phase angle, behaves similar to � at fr.
Frequency fa refers to anti resonance frequency of the structure. At fa, a structure exhibits a high impedance and therefore does not draw much current.
Frequency C refers to a point beyond fa. At this frequency, the structure does draw a higher current than at anti-resonance. However, the � between the current and the voltage is "flipped" or reversed in comparison to � at frequency B. In other words, a circuit may recognize if it is operating at point B or C by comparing phase angles. At Point C � would have a value closer to � at resonance. And � at point C could be over 180� off from � at resonance.
Frequency D refers to a point beyond point C. Although impedance is lower at this point than at point C, its � behaves similarly to � at point C, and it may be recognized based on a similar technique to the one pointed out for frequency C recognition.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing detail of the aerosol generator 16. The piezoelectric element 22 is energized by an energizing unit 30 which is powered by power source P. The energizing unit 30 is capable of energizing the piezoelectric element 22 to vibrate the plate 20 across a range of frequencies. The energizing unit 30 is controlled by controller 32. The controller 32 is configured to control energization of the piezoelectric element 22 in order to vibrate the plate at its instantaneous resonant frequency or other desired frequency during aerosolization of supplied liquid through the aperture plate 20. The controller 32 includes a detector 34 for detecting values of an electrical characteristic, such as the electrical current I in the piezoelectric element when operating across a range of frequencies. Detected values for the electrical characteristic are compared by a comparator 36 and the results of the comparison are relayed to a selector 38. The selector 38 selects the magnitude of any change in vibrating frequency of the plate 20, and the controller 32 controls the energizing unit accordingly. The selector 38 makes its selection on the basis of the comparison made by comparator 36. For example, if the compared values are substantially equal, the selector 38 may increase vibrating frequency by a predetermined amount (i.e. a fixed frequency step or increment). On the other hand, if the compared values differ significantly, the selector 38 may increase vibrating frequency by a fraction of the predetermined amount. The fraction may be proportional to the relative difference between compared values. For instance, assuming a generally constant voltage, at each step the current and phase difference between current and voltage may be measured and compared. If compared current values differ significantly, the frequency step may be reduced in proportion to the change. If, however, the phase angle is "flipped", the resonant frequency may have been passed, and a smaller step may be selected. Hence, by also monitoring the difference in phase angles, the resonant frequency may be rapidly tracked.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method of operation of the aerosol generator in FIG. 1. When the device is actuated, it may optimally begin vibrating in "silent" mode where minimal power is consumed. When in the silent mode, an approximation of the resonant frequency under full power conditions may be determined. The frequency determined in the low power mode can be used to narrow the searching bandwidth covered to find the resonant or desired frequency when power is increased to aerosolize the liquid.
At the start 100, a frequency bandwidth (e.g. 10 kHz) around the vicinity of the as yet undetermined desired frequency for the device is selected. The desired frequency may then be determined by having controller 32 coordinate a rapid sweep through the frequency bandwidth to obtain the desired frequency. For example, at step 102, the aperture plate is vibrated at a first frequency well below the desired frequency. A value of one or more electrical characteristics (e.g., current and phase difference between voltage and current) of the piezoelectric element are measured and stored at 104. The vibrational frequency is changed at 106 by a predetermined amount. The value of the electrical characteristics for the new frequency are then re-measured and stored at 108. A comparison is then made at 110 between the two sets of values. If the difference between at least one of them (e.g. current) is below a preset value, the frequency is again increased 112 by an amount generally equal to the predetermined amount before repeating the measuring step 108. On the other hand, if the difference between the current values is greater than a preset value, the frequency is increased 114 but by an amount less than the predetermined amount before repeating the measuring step 108. Conveniently, the new frequency step may be inversely proportional to the magnitude of the change in current. In this way, as the current begins to rapidly change, the sampling size may decrease. The phase difference between voltage and current may also be compared to ensure that the resonant frequency has not been passed.
Hence, the desired frequency of the aperture plate may be determined readily and rapidly, particularly if the predetermined amount of frequency increment is relatively large (e.g. at least as great as the difference between anti-resonance and resonance frequencies). This is because as little time as possible is wasted repeating measurements in regions where there is little change in electrical characteristics. At the same time, there is little or no tendency to overlook the desired frequency altogether, since the frequency step size decreases (sampling rate increases/unit frequency) when approaching the resonant frequency to enable its accurate determination. This same procedure may then be used to find the desired frequency under increased power conditions when liquid is being aerosolized. However, a resonant frequency found when the aperture plate is operated in the silent mode may be used as a rough estimate of the desired frequency when operated at full power. Moreover, during operation the amount of liquid on the aperture plate may vary. Hence, the process may be repeated during aerosolization to maintain operation at the desired frequency.
Alternatively, the process illustrated in FIG. 4 may be used to determine a resonant frequency of the aperture plate when it is unloaded (not in contact with a liquid). The unloaded resonant frequency may be used as a rough estimate of the desired frequency when loaded. Again, the process may be repeated during aerosolization to maintain operation at the desired frequency as the amount of liquid on the plate is varied.
Further, determining the resonant frequency when the plate is unloaded can be used to determine if the device is degrading. For example, when the device is initially produced, the resonant frequency of the plate under unloaded conditions can be measured and recorded. Later, after the device has been in operation, the resonant frequency of the plate under unloaded conditions can be determined. This newly determined resonant frequency can be compared with the initially recorded resonant frequency. If the difference between the two frequencies is significant, a device failure may be indicated. Such a failure can include, but is not limited to, fluid clogging and/or a crack in the piezoelectric plate. This process of testing for device degradation can be repeated throughout the lifetime of the device to assure proper operation.
As previously mentioned, the controller 32 includes circuitry 50 to use minimal power prior to the supply of liquid to the aperture plate 20. The power consumption is increased when the supply of liquid to the aerosol generator commences. The resonant frequency for the unloaded aperture plate will generally be different to the instantaneous resonant frequency when the aperture plate is loaded with fluid for aerosolization. For instance, when a load such as drug fluid is placed on the aperture plate, its resonance and impedance characteristics change: frequency tends to decrease and impedance tends to increase. The instantaneous resonant frequency when the aperture plate is loaded is determined using the same iterative procedure with variable-sized frequency steps as described with reference to FIG. 4. However, the first frequency employed at step 102 may be based upon the resonant frequency of the unloaded aperture plate.
The difference in the resonant frequency for the unloaded aperture plate and the desired frequency for the aperture plate loaded with fluid may also be used to determine the end point of drug delivery. The controller 32 includes circuitry 52 for monitoring a change in a parameter, such as impedance, which is linked to device resonance. A sudden change in impedance occurs when the load on the aperture plate changes. A visible indicator 54 linked to the circuitry 52 will provide a visible sign to the user of the aerosol generator when the impedance drops below a threshold level. The visible sign will inform the user that drug delivery has been completed.
In some embodiments, differences in the resonant frequency are used to prevent "back puff". Specifically, back puff is the phenomena where a portion of the drug to be delivered is ejected back into the device rather than out of the device where it would be inhaled. Back puff occurs just prior to the end point of delivery when the aerosol generator is transitioning from a loaded to an unloaded state. To eliminate back puff, energy to the aerosol generator is reduced just prior to the transition from the loaded to an unloaded state.
In one embodiment where energy is reduced to avoid back puff, the resonant frequency is about 140 kHz when the aerosol generator is unloaded and about 135 kHz when loaded. As the aerosol generator aerosolizes the load, the resonant frequency begins to shift from the loaded frequency of 135 kHz to the unloaded frequency of 140 kHz. As this occurs and the frequency approaches 140 kHz, the voltage amplitude to the aerosol generator is reduced. Thus, when the end point of drug delivery is ascertained, the voltage applied to the aerosol generator has been reduced sufficiently to either eliminate or minimize back puff of the load still remaining on the aerosol generator. This advantageously minimizes the loss of drug during aerosol generation, improves overall efficiency, and reduces the cleaning requirements of the inhaler as less of the drug remains in the device.
The comparator 36 may also compare the selected value of the electrical characteristic with a range of reference values defining maximum and minimum acceptable operation. If the detected value should fall outside the range, warning device 56 will be activated to alert the user to potential gross device failure.
Controller circuit 32 can be implemented in either hardware, software, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, controller circuit 32 comprises a phase locked loop (PLL) circuit as illustrated in FIG. 5. Referring to FIG. 5, a PLL circuit 500 comprises an error amplifier 502, a microprocessor interface 504, a phase detector 506, a frequency source 508, a comparator 510, a PWM latch 512, steering logic 516, a signal conditioner circuit 514, a toggle flip-flop 560, and a phase feedback circuit 522. Conditioner circuit comprises a push-pull transformer 518, a matching component 520, a voltage shift circuit 530, and a low pass filter 532.
In operation, error amplifier 502 amplifies a difference between an amplitude 558 of a signal driving an aerosol generator 590 and a desired amplitude 550 received from a microprocessor based controller (not shown) via microprocessor interface 504. The amplified difference is compared in comparator 510 to a reference frequency 554 from frequency source 508. Output from comparator 510 resets PWM latch 512 while an actual oscillator output 562 sets PWM latch 512. Actual oscillator output 562 is divided by two by toggle flip-flop 560. Both phases of the divided oscillator output 562 are input to steering logic 516. In addition, a set/reset output 595 from PWM latch 512 and an aerosol generator enable signal 556 are input to steering logic 516. The outputs from steering logic 516 drive signal conditioner 514. To provide an oscillating signal to signal conditioner 514, aerosol generator enable signal 556 must be asserted by the microprocessor based controller (not shown) via microprocessor interface 504.
Signal conditioner 514 receives a square wave output from steering logic 516 and creates a sinusoidal signal which drives the piezoelectric plate of aerosol generator 590. Amplitude feedback signal 558 is output from conditioner circuit 514 to error amplifier 502. In addition, conditioner circuit 514 drives phase shift circuit 522 which in turn creates a frequency and phase feedback signal 570. Phase detector 506 compares frequency and feedback signal 570 to the positive phase output of toggle flip-flop 560. The result of the comparison is fed to oscillator source 508 via a low pass filter 540 to either increase or decrease actual oscillator frequency 562 depending on the desired frequency.
Thus, by using a circuit similar to that described in relation to FIG. 5, generating the desired frequency for a piezoelectric plate is done iteratively with very little software control. Changes in desired frequency can then be monitored to detect changes in liquid loading or detect degradation in the device, as in the previously described embodiments.
The invention has now been described in detail for purposes of clarity of understanding. However, it will be appreciated that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.
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|International Classification
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|Sep 17, 2001
Owner name: AEROGEN, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LITHERLAND, CRAIG;BURNSIDE, ROB;BAHZADIAN, KAMRAN;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:012189/0760;SIGNING DATES FROM 20010725 TO 20010809
|Sep 19, 2003
Owner name: SF CAPITAL PARTNERS, LTD., WISCONSIN
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:AEROGEN, INC.;REEL/FRAME:014491/0108
Effective date: 20030908
|Sep 26, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 13, 2007
Owner name: AEROGEN, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:SF CAPITAL PARTNERS LTD.;REEL/FRAME:019419/0577
Effective date: 20050513
|Dec 2, 2008
Owner name: STAMFORD DEVICES LIMITED, IRELAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NEKTAR THERAPEUTICS;REEL/FRAME:021912/0191
Effective date: 20081008
|Sep 7, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 11, 2013
Owner name: ULSTER BANK IRELAND LIMITED, IRELAND
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:STAMFORD DEVICES LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:031516/0054
Effective date: 20130830
|Oct 16, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Oct 16, 2014
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 11


text:
Being in a foreign country on a free and easy trip is very fun. You never know what you may encounter. This was the case when we were in Hong Kong a couple of weeks ago. Although many people say there isn't much to do at Times Square, we decided to go for the picture-taking opportunity and to try out the food at Food Forum. So we stood in front of the board and wondered which restaurant to pick. There were quite a number of them, all looked really classy and nice, and no prices were mentioned. Oh-oh! So based on eeny, meeny, miny, moe – we picked Hunan Garden!
As we turned towards the lift, we got a shock! It was probably the lunch crowd, but the queue going towards the lifts that would bring us up to the restaurants were a mile long. Ok, I'm exaggerating a bit, but the queue was by no means short! In my life, I've never had to queue to get into a lift before. At least not such a long queue. For a moment, we contemplated if we should really go to Hunan Garden, but in the end, we decided we should. And Hunan Garden did not let us down.
As we entered the restaurant, beautiful interior decor greeted us. The tableware were beautiful with motif of horses. As we looked closely, each plate has a different design of a horse. The silver teapot was reflecting the lights off the beautiful chandelier while the silverware were glistening in the light. For a moment, we felt utterly underdressed for the restaurant. We were like typical tourists in our shorts, tee, sandals, and backpack and felt really out of place at Hunan Garden. Every other customer were neatly dressed in suits and dresses. However, that did not deter us from our quest.
EAT! (we were super hungry after that long walk around Central).
We opened up the menu but our meal had been predetermined by my kiddo Shane, who had only one thing in mind.
"I want oodle!" he exclaimed.
So oodle it is. We ordered 3 bowls of noodles. Minced meat in spicy sauce, grilled eel and seafood noodle and so forth. Ordered some fried dumplings too. The taste? Excellent. The noodle texture? Soft and springy. It was absolutely wonderful. The broth from the grilled eel noodle was fabulous. Shane loved every bite of it. So did we.
The overall meal cost us only HKD$130. Not too pricey, but not exactly cheap as we only had 3 bowls of noodles, 1 plate of fried dumplings and chinese tea. But for the taste, Hunan Garden definitely deserved every cent. The service was excellent too.
We left the place feeling satisfied and happy. If you are ever around Times Square and can't decide which place at Food Forum you want to go to, try Hunan Garden. You won't regret it.
Hunan Garden Restaurant
13F, Times Square, Matheson Street, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Practice Areas
More Fresh Fruit from Mexico Authorized for Import Into U.S.
Effective Aug. 13, the Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has authorized the importation into the continental United States of fresh pitayas and pomegranates from Mexico. Such imports will be subject to the following phytosanitary measures.
- The fruit may be imported in commercial consignments only.
- The fruit must be irradiated in accordance with 7 CFR part 305 with a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy.
- If the irradiation treatment is applied outside the U.S., each consignment must be jointly inspected by APHIS and the national plant protection organization of Mexico and accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate attesting that the fruit received the required irradiation treatment.
- If the irradiation treatment is applied upon arrival in the U.S., each consignment must be inspected by the NPPO of Mexico prior to departure. For consignments of pitayas, the inspection must include a sampling procedure mutually agreed upon by APHIS and the NPPO of Mexico.
- The phytosanitary certificate must include an additional declaration stating that the consignment was inspected and found free from quarantine pests.
- The fruit is subject to inspection at the U.S. ports of entry.


text:
The term 'HempFlax-grade fiber' is used to define the finest possible quality of product. This category covers both finished and semi-finished hemp fiber products, and also technical grade flax fiber.
Technical grade flax fiber
Our flax fiber is available in bulk as a raw material. Used in the manufacturing of automotive parts, our technical-grade flax fiber is produced according to industry specifications.
HempFlax flax fiber is made from high quality flax grown in Europe and processed without the use of chemicals on our custom-built processing lines.
- Fibre length: 80 mm average
- Fiber strength in cN / tex 30.43 cN/tex
- Humidity: <12%
- Ingredients: Fiber > 98% , dust shives etc, <2%
- Retting and retting degree: dew retted, well retted
- Components: Cellulose: 66%
- Hemicellulose: 16%
- Pectine: 4%
- Fat and wax: 1%
- Minerals: 2%
- Aggregates: additives possible


text:
You have seen the sprinkles of hints and previews into my yearly Climb With A Cause event from various social media; and as incredible of an experience as it was it's something I truly wish could be shared by many more cyclist and friends' of cyclist over the years to come.
I began my trek up Highway 38 to end in Big Bear Lake. Parking at the Mill Creek Ranger Station located at the base of the mountain and riding the 40 – ish miles to Onyx Summit and then cruising down into the city.
I couldn't have asked for a more encouraging group of guys to join me on the ride and to tag along in the support vehicles, because at the end of the day, and after all the questions regarding logistics, ratios used, training required, weather, etc. what it really amounted to was the old clichés: Mind Over Matter and Slow and Steady.
What I love most about hosting this event is the joy it brings to other cyclist who put their passion to work for the aid of others. And, the inspiration it brings to everyone else in proving you can do some good with the craft that defines you, and a little bit of hard work! 🙂
Click the photo above to view the full gallery!
Thank you to:
Media Team
– Sam Arechiga
– Eli Ayala
– Martin Fuerte
Support Vehicle Drivers and Personnel
– Seth Wallace
– Pablo Diaz
– Manuel Peralta
– Daniel Cervantes
This Year's Attendees
– Beto Serafin
– Peter Reyna
– Oscar Ochoa
– Luis Perez
This Year's Sponsors
– Jarritos
– Kufe Studios
– Knog
– Upness
– The Alley Rats
– Opprime Cycling
– Aventon
– TakeoverLA
– Quad Lock
– Jakroo
– Eli Ayala Photography
– Soon Media
– SPF Films


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Travelling to Italy and looking for accommodation? Take a look at what Palazzo del Vice Re Lezzeno has to offer! The hotel is offering five tastefully furnished rooms to those seeking accommodation in Lezzeno. The bar has excellent atmosphere for a relaxed evening talk or a personal meeting. Your valuables may be the safely secured in the safe. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by Palazzo del Vice Re Lezzeno (including any available for an extra fee), you will find them on the information sheet below.
Payment Credit card guarantee or advance bank card payment may be necessary for finalizing your reservation, depending on the exact room, date and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest check-in time to your room is 14:30, the latest check-out time from your room is 12:00. Italian and English languages are spoken by the personnel.
Palazzo del Vice Re Lezzeno rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Pet friendly, Bar, Safe deposit box
Bathrobe, Hairdryer, Desk in the room, Mini-bar, Tea/coffee-maker


text:
September 17, 2013: 1:00 p.m.–2:00 p.m., EDT. Visit www.cdc.gov/about/grand-rounds/.
Recent Posts
- MDS Items O0600 (Physician Examinations) and O0700 (Physician Orders)
- SNF QRP Confidential Feedback Reports for Claims-Based Measures
- Update: SNF QRP Review and Correct Reports & Confidential Feedback Reports Issues
- TMF QIN Nursing Home Quality Improvement Spotlight on….
- New Section Administrators within the Division of Regulation and Licensure


text:
Below, potential designs are carefully reviewed before printing them out onto blank screens.
Old screens are cleaned in order to burn the new design and prep for printing.
Screens are then measured and placed into the automatic press.
Now the fun (and messy) part begins. Ink colors are chosen and poured onto the screens. After everything is lined up correctly, the automatic press takes over, printing our original designs on several shirts every minute.
After the first layer of ink is printed, the shirt swings over to the heating station, setting the ink so more colors can be added.
Even the machines are Made in America!
The M&R press can hold up to 8 shirts at one time.
Embroidery files are created from scratch, then saved on a jump drive to import on the Tajima embroidery machines.
After 8 different styles, we finally landed on our signature blue loon.
8 embroidery heads work in unison to stitch our loon emblems.
Inspired by Northern living and made right here in Minnesota.


text:
Danes Temple Grandin
October 2, 2011 by USA Post
Danes Temple Grandin, It's spy vs. spy in the series "Fatherland." Or not? Based on the Israeli series "prisoners of war" and renewed "24″ producer Howard Gordon and Alex Goose, this fascinating psychological drama pits two spirits damaged each other.
Months ago, a CIAanlyst Carrie Mathison (Emmy Award winner Claire Danes, "Temple Grandin") was expelled from Iraq after a failed mission, but not before an informant whispered a warning: "An American POW has become. "
When Sgt. Nicholas Brody (Damian Lewis, "Life"), a Marine missing in action for eight years, is rescued in Afghanistan, the CIA, the Pentagon and the press heralded a hero. Claire is true, however, she is looking for an al-Qaeda planning the next terrorist attack on U.S. soil.
It departs from her mentor, Saul (Mandy Patinkin, "Criminal Minds"), risks her career and even her freedom to keep under surveillance, Nick.
Is heroic overzealous or something completely different? Her secrets spill out quickly, and she does not seem to be able to deliver pizzas. And yet, hours later, Carrie makes a surprising observation.
Nick, meanwhile, was reunited with his wife Jessica (Morena Baccarin, "V"), who hides her own indiscretion, and two children (Morgan Pace Saylor and Jackson), who barely remember.
Despite a forced smile and a stoic attitude, who suffers from nightmares and is haunted by the trauma he sustained as a prisoner. The flashes of what he endured – and what he did to survive – are horrible. The next week, which erupts violently to the attention of the media.
Lewis is excellent as a wounded soldier struggling to keep the past at bay. Expect the Emmys next year.
Danes capture someone so resolutely tenacious, it seems – at first glance – to be completely unpleasant. Baccarin is land and land as the woman trying to do for a man who is now a stranger. Patinkin is the perfect foil in the energy profile of the Danes "maniac.
What seems a simple question – is Nick a traitor to his country? – It could be devilishly difficult thing to answer, and definitely worth pursuing in this complex show.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


text: My scag tiger cub 2003 is not starting. The last time i used it was this past fall and the engine would slow down and a puff of black smoke would come out. It is now early spring and it wont start at all. The engine just clicks but does not turn. Any suggestions on what is wrong and how to fix it?


text:
Top juco defensive tackle Stuckey won't enroll at ASU
TEMPE, Ariz. — Arizona State has lost another key 2014 signee, as top-ranked junior college defensive tackle Dalvon Stuckey won't enroll at ASU due to academic reasons.
Stuckey's status had been uncertain in recent weeks as he attempted to get academically qualified, and he indicated via social media Monday he had enrolled at NCAA Division II University of West Georgia.
Stuckey is the second junior college recruit to fail to qualify this summer. Linebacker Darrius Caldwell, like Stuckey a product of Pearl River Community College in Poplarville, Miss., also did not enroll because of academic reasons.
Losing Stuckey, rated as the nation's No. 1 junior college defensive tackle by one recruiting service, is perhaps a greater blow than losing Caldwell, but combined the losses will presumably make ASU's defensive rebuild even more challenging. Caldwell was expected to compete for the starting job at Devil-backer, and Stuckey was seen as the likely starter at the defensive tackle position vacated by two-time Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year Will Sutton.
Stuckey, 6-foot-3 and 308 pounds, had the potential to be an instant difference-maker in ASU's pass rushing efforts, which must be reestablished after the losses of Sutton, Carl Bradford and nose tackle Davon Coleman.
More Sun Devils
Stuckey signed with Florida State out of high school over offers from Alabama, Clemson, Florida and others. He never made it to Florida State, however, and over two seasons at Pearl River he tallied 28 tackles for loss and 10 sacks. He chose ASU over Auburn and others, including many that recruited him out of high school.
ASU will likely look now to redshirt junior Demetrius Cherry at Sutton's old spot, with incoming freshmen Tashon Smallwood and Connor Humphreys possibly contributing as well. ASU is replacing nine defensive starters this fall and opens camp Aug. 1.
FOX Sports Go


text:
04 Flair MARSHALL FAULK AUTO JERSEY PATCH 15/15 Guts And Glory
Sold for:
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or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Sold Date:
- Source: eBay
You are looking at
2004 Flair
Guts and Glory Auto Patch 15/15
Marshall Faulk
MUST SEE for All Buyers
*Please judge the cards' condition from the scan attached.
*Unfortunately, I will not be accepting any offers to end my auctions early.
� All of my auctions will be carried out until the end. � There will be no exceptions.
*If you currently have outstanding negative feedback rating, or zero to ten feedbacks please email prior to bidding,
� otherwise I reserve the right to retract your bid.
*I will only combine shipping on items ending on the same day.
Please do not ask for me to combine on other auctions as I will not under any circumstances.
*This is FREE SHIPPING & HANDLING Auction anywhere all around the world.
*Final Price under $50 - First Class Airmail (No Tracking Number,No Insured.Around 7 to 14 business days Delivery)
Final Price over $50 - Express Mail Serivice (Tracking Number,Insured. Around 3 to 6 business days Delivery)
*Payments not received within 5 days will result in the bidder receiving NEGATIVE feedback,
� and a refund request for fees from ebay. Thanks for your understanding.
*I can accept PayPal only
*If you would be concern that item is in Japan, Check my feedback before you� bid.
� You will


text:
A GOP chairman said Tuesday he is troubled by Turkey's "creeping authoritarianism" after President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared victory this week in expanding his powers.
House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Ed RoyceEdward (Ed) Randall RoyceFive things to know about the elephant trophies controversy Pelosi blasts California Republicans for supporting tax bill Trump will declare North Korea a state sponsor of terror MORE (R-Calif.) argued that Sunday's referendum vote in Turkey should be an international cause for concern.
"Turkey's creeping authoritarianism continues," Royce said in a statement. "All who value democracy, pluralism and Turkey's key role in the region should be concerned about the elimination of important checks and balances in the Turkish system."
The vote — contested by opposition parties — gives Erdoğan broader powers to appoint ministers and top judges, as well as takes away the position of prime minister, transferring executive power to the president.
The GOP chairman pledged to "review the full body of facts when they are released in the days ahead."
House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer (M.D.) also expressed concern for the "vital NATO ally" and President Trump's quickness to endorse the results.
Trump called Erdoğan after Sunday's vote to "congratulate him on his recent referendum victory and to discuss the United States' action in response to the Syrian regime's use of chemical weapons" earlier this month, according to the White House.
"I am deeply concerned that the close and disputed constitutional referendum this weekend will weaken democracy in Turkey and lead to a further weakening of the Turkish people's right to a free press, free expression of dissenting views, and freedom to hold their elected leaders accountable," Hoyer said in a statement Tuesday.
"[Trump's] call to President Erdogan seemed premature and may possibly have undermined the work of international election monitors," he said.
Hoyer urged Erdogan "to show appropriate restraint in the exercise of his new powers in order to reassure the Turkish people and the world of his commitment to real democracy and secular government" if the referendum has indeed passed.
Updated: 3:45 p.m.


text:
Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 136263
Konqueror denies access to directories with invalid unicode name
Last modified: 2007-11-30 17:10:52 EST
Description of problem:
If a directory has invalid unicode name, Konqueror locks the
directory. When user tries to access the directory (double click),
konqueror complains that the directory seems to not exist.
Nautilus seems to handle this quite well. It slaps "(Invalid Unicode)"
text at the end of the garbled unicode name and allows user to access
and even change the directory name.
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
KDE that comes with FC2 (3.2?)
How reproducible:
Steps to Reproduce:
1. Name a directory with some invalid unicode characters.
2. Try to access the directory using konqueror.
Actual results:
Konqueror complains that directory seems to not exist.
Expected results:
Konqueror behaves and accesses the directory
Additional info:
Problems seems to be in Mandrake too. After googling a bit, here are
some more info:
i have tried to reproduce this problem with your above instructions in
FC2 and FC3test3.
cp startkde-afs.patch "äüöÃfileä.patch"
mkdir "äüöÃfileä"
konqueror can access/change/rename this file and directory without any
problem. sorry, it works for me. please reopen it again if you have
exactly instructions how to reproduce this problem. Thanks
Created attachment 105976 [details]
Try opening this torrent file. It will create an invalid unicode directory as I
mentioned above.
strange, i have opened this file with konqueror, it does not create
any invalid unicode directory!
could you please give more details? thanks
Hmm.. I found out that Azureus correctly create the unicode directory
(with valid Unicode), but shad0w's client (using wxPython gui) created
the invalid Unicode directory name.
In any case, it's fixed with FC3. Konqueror is now able to access the
invalid unicode directory.


text:
He's done it again.
President Barack Obama released his daytime and evening playlists for the summer.
"Been waiting to drop this: summer playlist, the encore. What's everybody listening to?" Obama tweeted on Thursday with two photos of his 2016 playlists.
Similar to his 2015 Spotify lineup, Obama's taste in music varies, including hip-hop, rap and pop. He even dabbles in some classics, like the Beach Boys' "Good Vibrations" and relaxing tunes, like Sara Bareilles' "Many the Miles."
If you want to jam out like a president, try turning up one of these tunes.
Obama's daytime playlist:
"LoveHate Thing," Wale
"Smooth Sailin'," Leon Bridges
"Elevator Operator," Courtney Barnett
"Home," Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros
"Many the Miles," Sara Bareilles
"Tightrope" Janelle Monae
"Classic Man," Jidenna
"So Ambitious," Jay Z, featuring Pharrell
"Me Gustas Tu," Manu Chao
"Forever Begins," Common
"The Man," Aloe Blacc
"As We Enter," Nas & Damian "Jr. Gong" Marley
"Sinnerman," Nina Simone
"U Got the Look," Prince
"Rock Steady," Aretha Franklin
"Good Vibrations," Beach Boys
"Don't Owe You A Thang," Gary Clark Jr.
"Man Like That," Gin Wigmore
"II B.S.," (edited) Charles Mingus
Evening playlist:
"If I Have My Way," Chrisette Michele
"Espera," Esperanza Spalding
"Tell It Like It Is," Aaron Neville
"Alright," Ledisi
"Trapped By A Thing Called Love," Denise Lasalle
"Lady," D'Angelo
"So Very Hard to Go," Tower of Power
"Midnight Sun," Carmen McRae
"Cucurrucucu Paloma," Caetano Veloso
"Green Aphrodisiac," Corinne Bailey Rae
"I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need," Mary J Blige and Method Man
"Lover Man," Billie Holiday
"Criminal," Fiona Apple
"Acid Rain," Chance the Rapper
"My Funny Valentine," Miles Davis
"Do You Feel Me," Anthony Hamilton
"I Get Lonely," Janet Jackson
"Lean In," Lizz Wright
"All Day Music," War
"Say Yes," Floetry


text: Few Scottish artists have won as many prizes and gained recognition as quickly as PATRICIA CAIN. Her work is always about seeing, about the point where a mass of abstract marks come together like a scientist's date to reveal previously unseen truths. Cain was drawn back to the art world in 2000 after running her own legal practice. She completed a PHD on drawing (2006) and has a solo exhibition in Kelvingrove Gallery (Glasgow, 2011.)


text:
Описание книги Professional Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Programming:Master the increasingly complex feature set of the latest release of Microsoft SQL Server with the information in Professional Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Programming. Review the new features of SQL Server that will be of interest to you as an experienced developer and move on to more detailed, practical code examples.Learn how to write complex queries, build different types of data structures, improve application speed and performance, manage advanced scripting and errors, and design advanced databases the latest edition of this valuable programming guide.
By incorporating significant improvements to the core components of the database engine, Microsoft SQL Server 2008 will change the way you build database applications. Written by one of the leading authorities on SQL Server, Professional Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Programming will help you master this increasingly complex feature set so that you can manage data more efficiently.Robert Vieira discusses the new features of SQL Server 2008 and progresses to more detailed, practical code examples. He then shows you how to write complex queries, build different data structures, and improve application performance. Plus, you'll discover how to manage advanced scripting and databases, as well as how to identify and correct scripting errors.This book provides you with the information you need to quickly create and deploy data-driven solutions to meet your business needs. It covers everything from the new data types and indexing structures to the manageability features and advanced time zone handling so that you can get the most out of your database.What you will learn from this book:
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text:
- Details
Maidenhead Regatta will be held on Saturday, 5th August 2017
A big thank you to all the Competitors, Umpires and Maidenhead Rowing Club volunteers who made the day such a success.
See you again next year!
Race Timetable:
The final version of the Race Timetable may be found here.
Notice of Regatta:
The Regatta poster may be found here.
On the day, follow us on twitter for the latest results at https://twitter.com/MaidenheadRC
- Details
01/08/17 - Final version of Race Timetable posted: minor changes from v2
01/08/17 - Race Timetable v2 posted
31/07/17 - Race Timetable v1 posted
23/07/17 - Added Masters Novice 4x+ events
02/06/17 - Notice of Maidenhead Regatta 2017 published


text:
Overview An "all-day dining" restaurant in the heart of the marina 2 district. A stunning 50m living plant wallat the entrance to this extremely popular modern restaurant. The client wanted a lot of greenery without compromising the available floor- space. They approached Planters to provide a solution. We suggested a living plant wall, which suited their requirements and provided a main focal point in the restaurant.
Designer Planters Interiors
Architect Star Corporation
Maintenance contractor Planters Horticulture
Suppliers Greenfortune, Fertiplant


text:
Stamford University Result 2014
Student of the Stamford University who appeared in their different examinations and now they all are waiting for their Results. Students can check their results at the official website of the Stamford university result portal. You can check your result by your Student ID at the official site stamforduniversity.edu.bd/SearchResult.
You can check your result by your student ID which is provided by the university at the time of the registration. Candidates can download their result by download as PDF format from the official website of Stamford University.
Stamford University Bangladesh Result:
The Stamford University established in 1994 by the private university Act in Bangladesh. The Stamford University running with more than 350 Academic staff and university have higher numbers of students among the private universities of Bangladesh it is more than 26000 students. The Stamford University urban campus is situated in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
The Stamford University is affiliated by the University Grants commission Bangladesh. The university offers courses in English, computer science, Administration, Law, pharmacy, Microbiology, environmental Science, civil engineering, Electrical and electronic engineering, architecture, film and media, economic and Journalism Media studies.
The university conducts the examination for all faculties every year. The university conducts the semester wise examination for each program. University completes the examination three times in a year Spring semester- Feb to May, Summer Semester- June to September and Fall semester- October to January.
Stamford University Exam Result:
Candidates who appeared in the summer semester and Fall semester and now they all waiting for their result they can download their results at the official website of the Stamford University. You can also get the information about the University timetable, examination and all other information from here.
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