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Volkswagen Phaeton
jb317 Posts: 3Thanks vwguild,
I got my call from 'phaeton care' and they explained that you are correct. If I'd have bought the car in Europe or got one of the 'dozen' random models imported into the US I'd have RDS. With that installed I'd be able to read all the CD's. Once again US buyers of German cars get short changed! That said brilliant car!
vwguild Posts: 1,620Astute Consumer...
If I buy this car I don't care about the resale value because I'll have it essentially forever. All that will matter is how much I pay for it. So with that in mind, and with the car apparently being killed after 2006, can anyone advise me of a buying strategy? What are they going for now, and will there be "irrational" pricing on them at a later date?
bkpawsat Posts: 13I'm also on the lookout for a Phaeton bargain. Last Dec, the Virginia dealers were offering 04's, with 3000 demo models for about $53,000. VW had $10,000 plus $7000 in rebates to dealers that had three phaetons in stock. Given that they were so heavily discounted last year, I'm waiting to see what happens to the used 05's.
The Manheim wholesale auctions have many 04's selling for high $30's to low $40's. By the Spring, this car may be had used for $35,000 with low miles. Given that it will have terrible resale value, you'll have to get a great deal when you buy it and hold it for a long time. :shades:
I doubt it will go in the $35's with low miles. Really doubt it. They tack $5,000 on the auction prices retail... Owners know what they have!
This beautiful Phaeton has Bentley wheels p-shopped. But they do fit! It's a Bentley under the skin.
I see a 2004 W-12 with 12,500 miles advertised on Auto Trader.com for $50K. Some questions: Does anyone think this will get much lower? Are there any differences between the '04s, the '05s and the '06s? And what about the W-12? Is it a meaningful difference between it and the V-8, or is a W-12 sort of like a 100 millimeter cigarette?
Drinks gas but marvelous engineering and bragging rights. But you can only tell the difference by popping the hood or looking at the twin tail pipes in back. 2004 - 2006 pretty much the same but '05 and '06 $20k more. (special discounts for 1st 300 W12s sold in '04)
Visit VWVortex Phaeton for answers to all your questions.
Just did a deal for a 2004 W-12 with 18,500 miles for $53K. Dealer's in the Midwest, I'm in Seattle so it'll be a while 'til I have the car. I'm salivating.
Photoshop. Wheels will be installed next spring.
Not so fast! Wait until I have mine installed. I just got them last week. There are fitment issues in the spare tire well - with binding at the jack, the wiring harness and an air extraction vent. There is also a difference in the wheel hub of the Bentley relative to the Phaeton that needs to be carefully thought out but the bolt pattern is evidently the same at 5x112 - so they will "fit" if that's all you care about. The tires are almost an inch wider and 2/3 of an inch taller than stock. This could cause an issue with the speedometer and clearences may be tight, especially in front. Heck, they are still in my living room except for the spare that is stuck in the trunk. :confuse:
Sure looked pretty in the photoshop... but wait a bit until I'm sure - I haven't tried to mount one on my Phaeton yet.
If anyone else has tried this fitment, please let me know.
I am wondering if the Phaeton TPMS sensors will fit on the Bentley wheel and if the wider wheel and tire will necessatate a relocation of the TPMS antennas mounted on the Phaeton. The system has been tempermental and it's something you want to get right - else the alarm beep keeps going off. At present, my Phaeton doesn't recognize the Bentley spare tire that's in the trunk. I'm very confused about that. Also, will the Bentley TPMS sensors work with the Phaeton electronics?
Regarding the hub fitment concerns... I have been looking at the Bentley wheels you shipped and the Phaeton spare wheel I have - all sitting here in my living room.
There is a taper machined around the hole for the wheel hub on both wheels. The taper has an OD of 2 7/8" on the Phaeton wheel and 2 3/4 on the Bentley and then they taper down into the hub hole in the wheel. If this tapered area fits tightly over the Phaeton wheel hub, then the Bentley tire will ride up on it and not fit flush with the face of the hub.
Another issue is there is a recessed circular "key" about the diameter of a quarter around one bolt hole at the mounting face on each Bentley wheel. The Phaeton wheels don't have it. Might be a worry if fitting Phaeton wheels on a Bentley but should be OK the other way? Unless I'm missing something. The idea that there are difference is what is worrying.
Hi all, I am new to this forum but it has ben EXTREMLY useful thus far. I am strongly considering purchasing a used 2004, V8 Phaeton, Nocturne Aubergine (burganday), Tan Interior, Comfort and Technology package. 12.5K miles and offered at 41,900 (I plan to offer lower). Any thoughts on the value ? How about future depreciation (although I don't expect to sell),
Thanks in advance
That's a great price already with the two most important options and a beautiful and rare color. See a bunch of photos I posted on VWVortex. You will absolutely love this car. Hope you find also a great dealer for service.
Thanks, We have one dealer here (austin, Tx) that is "approved" to sell Phaetons. I don't know much about them but they have been around for awhile. Can any VW service them even if they don't sell them ? Has Service typically been a problem ?
I am increasingly impressed with all I am discovering about this vehicle. I am surprised it hasn't sold well. Goes to show how much stock people put into "badges"..
The service department had to make an investment in tools and training. You might inquire even if the dealership no longer sells them - service and parts may be OK with working on it.
I finally settled on a 2004 vehicle, its 42,500, Burgundy, Tan interior, 18,800 miles, Comfort and technology package, CPO with warrenty extended to 2010 or 74,000 miles.
It seems like a no brainer but I am concerned with Service. There is only one dealer in my area that services Phaetons, is there a sight or method I can get some opinion on this service dept ?
I have a resource for you. Shoot me an email!
To do that, click on "paldi" - that goes to my profile which has a link for my email. Yours is marked "private" or I'd email the list to you.
suave_tequila Posts: 116I cant believe VW actually came out with this car! I was being offered 95K if I'm correct. I like inside and out and was "VERY" disappointed with every thing about it! They tried to lower the price down to 75K since its doing SO BAD but I walked away and said "EWWW" an hour later I bought myself a Mercedes G55 AMG for 95K. My question is to every Pheaton owner out there, " What made you buy this car? And couldn't you have boughten some other (My opinion nicer) car? THANKS
Goodness -- the Phaeton and G55 AMG are a huge leap out of the category you've been shopping according to all of your previous posts ...
I can't speak for new car purchases but in my opinion the Phaeton represents the BEST used car value out there. It is clear a marketing failure vs engineering or technology (sure there are some faults but I can't find one car it this class that doesn't have a few (some more than others)). It is a shame it won't be a platform that is continue to be improved but since the opportunity is there why not capitalize.
I have taken three friends to the local VW dealer to look at the Phaeton and each of them are not looking to buy one since you can get it less than 45K used (low mileage). It would not surprise me now that people are buying up the "deals" that Phaeton will have a spike in popularity before its death...
The Bentley wheels and larger tires are on my Phaeton and everything appears fine during and after a 3 mile drive home in the dark. More news as it comes.
I rode on the expressway next to one of these tonight. Very sleek, conservative car. The owner had that look on his face like nothing else in the world mattered.
Sleek and conservative sometimes. The new wheels and tires are *just* this side of bling. ">:-)
Those are great pictures - they really are! - but they are too wide for the display. Do you see how the text is pushed out to the right under the right sidebar when the pictures are displayed?
Try to keep the width no more than around 500 pixels. If that's not possible, just post links to the pictures. That will keep parts of messages being obliterated.
You don't see the right side overflow? You've got to get them no wider than 500 pixels. I'm not sure what you did, but it doesn't look any different to me.
No right side overflow here on my laptop using the reduced size. I'll go check the size on Photobucket.
[edit] 730 x 550 Yes, a little bigger than 500 pixels. Sorry, next time will use links.
Could be my default font size ... if they are not wider than 500 pixels, they'll be fine for everyone else. :-) Sorry for the confusion, I'll be quiet now.
The wheels look great! They look like original equipment.


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Swallow and cough are complex motor patterns elicited by rapid and intense electrical stimulation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (ISLN). The laryngeal adductor response (LAR) includes only a laryngeal response, is elicited by single stimuli to the ISLN, and is thought to represent the brain stem pathway involved in laryngospasm. To identify which regions in the medulla are activated during elicitation of the LAR alone, single electrical stimuli were presented once every 2 s to the ISLN. Two groups of five cats each were studied; an experimental group with unilateral ISLN stimulation at 0.5 Hz and a surgical control group. Three additional cats were studied to evaluate whether other oral, pharyngeal, or respiratory muscles were activated during ISLN stimulation eliciting LAR. We quantified ≤22 sections for each of 14 structures in the medulla to determine if regions had increased Fos-like immunoreactive neurons in the experimental group. Significant increases (P < 0.0033) occurred with unilateral ISLN stimulation in the interstitial subnucleus, the ventrolateral subnucleus, the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius, the lateral tegmental field of the reticular formation, the area postrema, and the nucleus ambiguus. Neither the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, usually active for swallow, nor the nucleus retroambiguus, retrofacial nucleus, and the lateral reticular nucleus, usually active for cough, were active with elicitation of the laryngeal adductor response alone. The results demonstrate that the laryngeal adductor pathway is contained within the broader pathways for cough and swallow in the medulla.
Central pattern generators are contained in the medulla for many different complex behaviors such as breathing, coughing, swallowing, and vocalization. Each of these behaviors involves vocal fold movement in the larynx. During breathing, the vocal folds modulate airflow by increased opening during inspiration and a more medial position during expiration (Bartlett et al. 1973; Davis et al. 1993; England et al. 1982). For swallowing, laryngeal closing and elevation prevent aspiration (Gay et al. 1994; Kidder 1995), whereas for cough, tight vocal fold closure increases pulmonary pressure prior to forceful expiration to clear the airway (Widdicombe 1980). For vocalization during speech, the two vocal folds meet in the midline for vibration on expiratory flow (Titze 1994). During each of these behaviors, laryngeal movement is coordinated with patterns of respiration and deglutition. The laryngeal adductor response (LAR) is a simple response that only involves vocal fold closure and not the added movements that occur during cough or swallow (Ludlow et al. 1992). The LAR is thought to reflect the pathway involved in laryngospasm (Ikari and Sasaki 1980) and is evoked by single electrical stimuli to the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) both in cats (Sasaki and Suzuki 1976; Sessle 1973b; Suzuki 1987) and awake humans (Ludlow et al. 1992).
More intense and prolonged stimulation of ISLN afferents will also elicit swallow and cough. Pharyngeal stimulation can initiate laryngeal closure and elevation for swallowing (Jean 1984) and stimulation of the laryngeal mucosa can initiate either a swallow, cough, or the LAR (Gestreau et al. 1997; Nishino et al. 1996; Tanaka et al. 1995). Most of the laryngeal afferents are contained in the internal branch of the SLN (ISLN) (Yoshida et al. 1986) and project to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in mice (Astrom 1953), rats (Mrini and Jean 1995; Patrickson et al. 1991), cats (Kalia and Mesulam 1980a; Tanaka et al. 1987; Yoshida et al. 1982, 1986), and monkeys (Beckstead and Norgren 1979). The laryngeal efferent neurons are located in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) (Gacek 1975; Yoshida et al. 1982) in these species. The laryngeal adductor response pathway might involve some of the same interneurons between the NTS and the NA as those activated during cough and swallow (Gestreau et al. 1997; Harada et al. 2002; Jean 2001).
Mechanical stimulation of the epiglottis and arytenoids can produce prolonged inspiration and laryngospasm, which can be life threatening in the clinical setting (Odom 1993). The frequency of repeated electrical stimulation may determine whether a swallow or a cough is produced with ISLN stimulation (Harada et al. 2002). Stimulation at 10–30 Hz produces fictive swallowing (Dick et al. 1993), whereas at 2–10 Hz produces sneezing and coughing (Bolser 1991; Gestreau et al. 1997; Satoh et al. 1998) and at 10–50 Hz produces respiratory slowing (Bongianni et al. 1988, 2000; Lawson 1981; Sutton et al. 1978). Changing both the rate and intensity of ISLN stimulation will alter the behavioral response (Miller and Loizzi 1974) as shown by monitoring the compound action potential from the nerve. During minimal stimulation to activate only the fastest conducting sensory fibers, inhibition of respiration began at 3.2 times threshold intensity and swallowing occurred at 8.4 times threshold when using low frequencies (e.g., 3 Hz). At high rates such as 30 Hz, respiratory slowing occurred at 2 times threshold intensity and swallowing occurred at 2.7 times threshold intensity during recruitment of the same group of axons. Dick et al. (1993) found interactions between breathing and swallowing with changes in SLN stimulation intensity and rate and proposed that some part of the same neural pathways may be involved in each. Our interest is in which part of these pathways are involved when only the LAR is elicited. Because the LAR can be elicited using a single stimulus (Sasaki and Suzuki 1976), we used a very low rate of stimulation, 0.5 Hz, to prevent the occurrence of swallowing, cough and respiratory slowing. We also used a low stimulation intensity, supramaximal for eliciting just the LAR, to provide a similar stimulus intensity across animals.
One approach for studying functional brain stem pathways involves Fos immunocytochemistry. The protein product of the immediate early gene c-fos is regarded as a marker for neuronal activation and can map pathways with single-cell resolution in the CNS (Sagar et al. 1988). Recent studies have used intense and prolonged electrical stimulation (5–10 Hz) of both the internal and external branches of the SLN to identify brain stem areas activated during swallowing in mice (Sang and Goyal 2001) and coughing in cats (Gestreau et al. 1997). In these studies, abdominal, oropharyngeal, and esophageal muscles were active during cough or swallow. Although both of these studies found neuronal activation in some common brain stem regions, certain regions showed neuronal activity during swallowing but not during coughing and vice versa. For example, the interstitial subnucleus of the NTS, (inTS), was activated in both studies, whereas the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) was active only during swallowing. Although both studies used ISLN stimulation, the results indicated that different behavioral patterns and perhaps different brain stem regions were activated. Some of the same brain stem regions may be involved when the LAR is elicited by ISLN stimulation without the induction of cough or swallow.
The LAR is representative of laryngospasm, which occurs during extubation when the endotracheal tube is pulled out from between the vocal folds producing intense stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve afferents under light anesthesia (Ikari and Sasaki 1980; Sasaki et al. 2001, 2003). This can produce a persistent contraction of the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle that closes the vocal folds, causing a life-threatening obstruction necessitating a tracheotomy (Mevorach 1996; Olsson and Hallen 1984; Ricard-Hibon et al. 2003). Prevention of laryngospasm can be provided by a bilateral block of the ISLN (Mevorach 1996). The incidence of laryngospasm is as high as 24% in some populations and is greater in children than in adults (Koc et al. 1998). This study is the first step in identifying the oligosynaptic pathway involved in this response. Once the neural pathways are identified, future studies can begin to determine how to modulate the system to prevent laryngospasm.
This study also addresses the integrative system controlling the larynx. The central pattern generators for central apnea, laryngospasm, swallowing, and cough can all be triggered by stimulation of the same laryngeal afferents. Identifying the neural substrates involved in each is a first step in beginning to identify possible differences between these systems. Although the same sensory triggers can elicit each pattern; the particular neural substrates involved may depend on the spread of neuronal activation within the medulla with continued rapid and intense stimulation. In an initial study, continued tactile stimulation to the laryngeal vestibule induced Fos in the medulla oblongata in similar regions to swallow and cough in the cat (Tanaka et al. 1995). In that study, however, the stimulation level was uncontrolled and no record was provided of which behaviors occurred.
To elicit the LAR alone, without cough or swallow, required close monitoring of a nonparalyzed animal throughout stimulation to assure that the LAR was elicited consistently with each stimulus and that only the laryngeal response was elicited and not the other potential behaviors of cough, swallow, or respiratory slowing. By evoking the LAR, the laryngeal muscle contractions may induce additional stimulation in the larynx via the afferents in the ISLN. Shiba and his colleagues found laryngeal muscle activation feedback was abolished either by cutting the superior laryngeal nerve or by lidocaine applied to the laryngeal mucosa (Shiba et al. 1995, 1997). Afferent feedback due to the elicitation of the LAR therefore would stimulate the same afferents as those being activated by electrical stimulation of the ISLN.
By using the same stimulation conditions across animals, we could then identify which regions in the medulla were activated using Fos immunocytochemistry. Our hypothesis was that when the ISLN stimulation elicits the LAR alone, Fos expression would be induced only in some of the regions previously shown to express Fos during cough in the lower brain stem (Gestreau et al. 1997). Such a result would suggest that the pathways for laryngospasm only involve a subset of those evoking cough, swallowing, and respiratory apnea and that future efforts at modulation of this system should address the neurotransmitter mechanisms within those particular regions.
Fifteen cats of either sex weighing between 2.5 and 5.0 kg were used in this study: 10 were divided into two groups: group 1 (experimental, n = 5) and group 2 (sham operated control, n = 5). Three additional cats (group 3) were used to evaluate if stimulation of the ISLN causes any electromyographic (EMG) responses in muscles other than the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, such as oral, pharyngeal and respiratory muscles. Two anesthetic controls were studied to determine the effects of anesthesia without the surgical procedures. All animals received humane care in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals prepared by the National Academy of Sciences and published by the National Institutes of Health (No. 86-23, revised 1985). Tissues from 10 of these animals (groups 1 and 2) were used in a related study (Ambalavanar et al. 1999).
Surgery and electrical stimulation
To demarcate the NA region that contains laryngeal efferent neurons, 3 days prior to the terminal procedure, a retrograde tracer, cholera toxin subunit B (ChTB), was injected into all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles of each cat on the right side in both groups 1 and 2. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine (25–30 mg/kg iv) and butorphanol tartrate (Torbugesic, 0.3–0.4 mg/kg). The thyroid cartilage was exposed by a midline incision over the larynx. Injections of 1% ChTB (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, CA) were made into the laryngeal muscles on the right side. The TA (2.5 μl) and lateral cricoarytenoid (2.0 μl) muscles were injected through the cricothyroid membrane, the cricothyroid (2.0 μl) muscle was injected under direct observation, and the posterior cricoarytenoid (2.0 μl) and interarytenoid (1.0 μl) muscles were injected through the mouth using a suspension laryngoscope. All injections were made on the right side using a microsyringe in each animal. An analgesic buprenorphine at 6 mg/kg and antibiotics ampicillin at 25 mg/kg bid and gentamycin at 2 mg/kg bid were administered after the surgery.
Surgery and electrical stimulation were as described previously (Ambalavanar et al. 1999). All animals were anesthetized at the same time of day initially with ketamine (25–30 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (.5–1.0 mg/kg) and then maintained on alpha chloralose (40 mg/kg) to effect. Paw withdrawal reflexes were checked every 30 min to ensure that the animal was at an appropriate level of anesthesia. All of the cats except the two anesthetic controls were secured in a supine position with the neck extended, and a tracheostomy cannula was inserted as low as possible to prevent stimulation in the subglottic region. The tracheostomy cannula was connected to the output of an anesthesia machine that supplied oxygen at a flow rate of 2 L/min. The animal was breathing spontaneously through the cannula; inspiration and expiration were under the animal's respiratory control. An intravenous drip was used to maintain fluid volume throughout the study at the rate of 3 drops/min; equivalent to 10 ml /h. Heart rate was measured with a five-lead ECG monitor (SpaceLabs Medical). A femoral artery was cannulated to monitor blood pressure using a SpaceLabs Medical monitor, and 175 μl arterial blood was collected at hourly intervals to measure blood O2 and CO2 and pH levels using a Bayer Diagnostics 865 blood gas machine. The blood pH was maintained between 7.2 and 7.4, pCO2 was maintained between 30 and 50 mmHg, and the pO2 was between 400 and 500 mmHg. Respiratory rates and end tidal CO2 were monitored using an endotracheal sensor connected to a Novametrix CO2SMO ETCO2/SpO2 monitor.
The same surgical and recording techniques were used for groups 1 and 2. Hooked wire EMG electrodes were inserted into both the left and right TA muscles through the cricothyroid membrane (Andreatta et al. 2002), and the ISLN was exposed and secured in a bipolar cuff electrode on the right side.
The cats in group 3 were used to examine the behavioral response in additional muscles at the same rate and intensity of ISLN stimulation. They had additional hooked wire electrodes inserted into the right and left cricothyroid (CT) laryngeal muscles, diaphragm (Diaph), superior constrictor (SC) in the posterior pharynx, masseter (M), and genioglossus (G) muscles to confirm that ISLN stimulation did not cause EMG activity in muscles other than the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (Ambalavanar et al. 1999).
Groups 1 and 2 were kept resting under anesthesia for 4 h without stimulation after surgery to reduce Fos expression due to handling and surgery. In the experimental animals (groups 1 and 3), a single 0.2-ms pulse was delivered starting at a low level ∼0.2 V using a Grass S-88 stimulator. The voltage was gradually increased until threshold was reached for producing an LAR in the ipsilateral TA. The level was then gradually increased while monitoring the LAR on a spike-triggered oscilloscope until the amplitude of the first peak of the LAR remained the same despite further increases in the stimulation level, demonstrating a supramaximal level of stimulation. A short stimulus duration of 0.2 ms was used to limit the stimulus effects (Miller and Loizzi 1974). The threshold levels for eliciting the ipsilateral LAR were usually ∼0.4 V, and the supramaximal levels were usually about two times threshold, ∼0.8–1.0 V.
During the 60 min of single stimuli to the ISLN every 2 s (0.5 Hz), the ipsilateral LAR was closely monitored on an oscilloscope to assure a consistent response. The animal was also closely observed to assure that a consistent LAR was elicited and that no other changes such as respiratory slowing, coughing or swallowing occurred. We selected the rate of 0.5 Hz as a result of previous experience that no change in respiratory cycle duration occurs when stimulation rates are between 0.5 and 1 Hz (Ludlow and Luschei 1997; Tanaka et al. 1995) and because Suzuki reported that 3 Hz was the minimum rate when respiration was first influenced (Suzuki 1987). These stimuli produced a bilateral adductor response in the TA muscles but did not alter respiration or blood gas levels for 60 min; levels were checked again at the end of the stimulation period. No swallowing behavior or coughing was induced during stimulation at this low rate. The control animals in group 2 were not stimulated but rested during this period. The anesthetic controls were maintained on alpha chloralose without surgery for the same duration. In experimental group 1 animals, the animal was grounded, and muscle recordings were amplified using Grass physiological J10 amplifiers. The signals were band-pass filtered between 30 and 3,000 Hz and amplified between 1,000 and 2,000 times before being displayed on a Tektronix TDS scope (Ambalavanar et al. 1999, 2002; Andreatta et al. 2002). The LAR in the ipsilateral TA was displayed using a stimulation spike triggered display so that the amplitude of the initial peak of each response could be monitored. Three animals in group 3 were studied to examine muscle responses in several additional muscles: the right and left TA, CT, SC, M, and G muscles. Signals were displayed on the Tektronix TDS scope in free-run mode before and after stimulation and simultaneously recorded on a multiple channel TEAC FM instrumentation recorder.
Thirty minutes after the completion of either stimulation (group 1) or resting (group 2), the cats were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital (100 mg/kg ip) and perfused transcardially with 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) followed by a mixture of 2% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% picric acid in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.4). The brains and larynges of these 12 animals were removed, post fixed overnight in the same fixative at 4°C, and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose in PB for 48 h at 4°C.
Serial 50-μm transverse frozen sections were made through the medulla oblongata and larynx. From the medulla oblongata odd-numbered sections were immunostained for Fos protein and even-numbered sections for ChTB. The sections were washed well in PBS with 0.3% Triton X-100 (PBST) and incubated in 0.1% H2O2 for 1 h to inactivate the endogenous peroxidase activity. Odd- and even-numbered sections were incubated in normal goat and rabbit serum, respectively, for 1 h. Odd-numbered sections were then incubated in rabbit antibody against Fos protein (Oncogene Science, Cambridge, MA. Ab-2, 1: 2500). Even-numbered sections were incubated in goat anti-ChTB (List Biological Laboratories, 1:7000) in PBST for 2 days at 4°C. After several washes in PBS, the sections from both groups were incubated in diluted biotinylated second antibody solution (ABC Elite kit, Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA; 1:200) for 2 h, then washed and incubated in ABC reagent for 1 h at room-temperature. Bound antibody was visualized as a brown reaction product by incubating the sections in a solution containing 0.02%, 3.3 diaminobenzidine and 0.02% H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature. They were then washed and mounted on chrome-alum-gelatin coated slides. ChTB-stained sections were photographed and then counterstained with cresyl-fast violet. Sections from the larynx were immunostained for ChTB as described in the preceding text and examined to confirm that the injected tracer was confined to the laryngeal muscles.
No immunoreactivity was found in immunohistochemical control sections treated in the same manner except that the primary antibody was omitted and preabsorbed serum was used (1 μg peptide/1 ml diluted antibody).
All quantification was conducted in sections from groups 1 and 2 animals without knowledge of the experimental history of the animals (blinded). Sections were examined at ×40, ×100, and ×200, using a light microscope and Fos-like immunoreactive (FLI) neurons were counted in sections that were 400 μm apart from the level of the caudal end of the NTS to the level of the caudal end of the facial nucleus. Sections at identical rostrocaudal levels were chosen for quantification from both the experimental and control groups. The outline of each section and the location of FLI neurons was marked manually using an image analysis system (Neurolucida, MicroBrightField, Colchester, VT). Anatomical landmarks of the NA and other brain stem structures were determined according to the description in Berman's Atlas (Berman 1968) using adjacent Nissl-stained sections also immunostained for ChTB. The subnuclei of the NTS were delineated as previously described (Ambalavanar et al. 1998) using Nissl-stained sections. At the level of the area postrema (AP), a parvocellular nucleus (Ambalavanar et al. 1998; Loewy and Burton 1978) or subnucleus gelatinosa (Kalia and Mesulam 1980b) covers the dorsomedial border of the medial subnucleus of the NTS (MnTS). This subnucleus contains many glial cells and very small neurons with little Nissl substance. Only occasional FLI neurons occurred in this region, therefore we counted FLI neurons in the MnTS including this region of the NTS (see Gestreau et al. 1997). The marked FLI neurons were then automatically counted using the computer software program (Neurolucida, MicroBrightField).
The number of FLI neurons in the experimental and control cats were compared statistically in 14 structures: commissural (ncom), dorsal (DnTS), ventrolateral (VlnTS), inTS and MnTS subnuclei of the NTS, lateral tegmental field of the reticular formation (FTL), NA, lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), DMV, AP, spinal trigeminal nucleus (5sp), vestibular nucleus (VN), retrofacial nucleus (RFN), and nucleus retroambiguus (RA). Each structure extends to a different distance rostrocaudally. The mean number of FLI neurons was calculated for each structure from counts done from between 3 and 20 sections (depending on its distribution rostrocaudally) that were 400 μm apart, from the level of the caudal end of the NTS to the level of the caudal end of the facial nucleus.
The total cell counts within each of the 14 regions on the ipsilateral (right) and contralateral (left) sides were then computed for each animal. The mean number of sections counted for each structure on the right and left sides was the same for each of the groups. An initial ANOVA compared the number of FLI neurons in the two groups as the main effect. Two repeated factors were examined within animals: first, the differences between regions and second, the differences between sides (ipsilateral vs. contralateral to stimulation). Interactions between group and region and between group and side were also tested. When the initial ANOVA was significant, group comparisons were made on each of the 14 structures while also testing for a group by side interaction. Because group comparisons were being conducted for each of the 14 structures in addition to the original ANOVA, the criterion P value for these planned comparisons was adjusted using the Bonferroni procedure (0.05/15 = 0.0033).
EMG response
In group 1, ipsilateral TA muscle responses began 11.8 ms (range: 10–14 ms) after the single stimulus to the ISLN. Synchronous responses were found in the CT, another intrinsic laryngeal muscle, (Fig. 1A). Because the CT muscle acts to lengthen the vocal folds while the TA acts to shorten the vocal folds, a co-contraction of these two muscles results in an increase in vocal fold tension during vocal fold adduction (closure) (Titze et al. 1989). Contralateral TA responses occurred in four of the five experimental animals; the recurrent laryngeal nerve was tied in one animal and no response occurred in the contralateral TA. Two of the four had very small contralateral TA responses in contrast with the ipsilateral TA response, whereas the other two had equivalent responses in the TA muscles on both sides. No responses to SLN stimulation were found in the Diaph, the SC, M, and G muscles, although these muscles showed either phasic or tonic spontaneous activity. The Diaph was phasically active during inspiration and quiet during expiration, the M had spontaneous activity, and single-unit firing was seen in the G and the SC (Fig. 1B). None showed a reflex response similar to the TA or CT muscles in Fig. 1A. In addition, no long-term changes in muscle activity were observed when the EMG signals were monitored on a Tektronix TDS scope during the experiment in the free run mode. Recordings made a half second before and after stimulation are shown in Fig. 1B. At this slow rate of ISLN stimulation (0.5 Hz) and low intensity (0.6–0.9 V), only the laryngeal muscle responses were observed and no patterns of swallow or cough.
Description of the distribution of FLI neurons
The distribution of FLI neurons in the regions of the medulla in representative animals of both the experimental and control groups are described here and the quantitative results for the groups are presented in the following text. As shown in Neurolucida drawings (Figs. 2 and 3), FLI neurons occurred in the NTS subnuclei in the experimental animal and not in the control at 13.5, whereas similar numbers of FLI neurons occurred in both animals in the VN, RFN, and RA.
Most of the FLI neurons in the NTS were observed in the experimental animals between levels P13.5 and P9.5 of the Berman's Atlas (1968) coordinates, i.e., between +3.6 and +0.4 mm rostral to the obex (Fig. 2). In the NTS, a greater density of FLI neurons was found in the inTS than in any other subnuclei in the experimental group (Fig. 4A). A dense cluster of FLI neurons was found in the inTS at the levels of the AP, between +0.4 and +1.2 mm rostral to the obex around the level P13.5 of the atlas coordinates (Figs. 2, 4A, and Fig. 5A). In contrast, very few FLI neurons were found in this region in the surgical controls (Figs. 4C and 5B) or in the anesthetic controls (Fig. 4E). FLI neurons were also observed in the ncom from the level of the obex to the most caudal level of the NTS in both groups, but the numbers were more numerous in the experimental animal than in the control (Figs. 2 and 3).
In the anesthetic control (Fig. 4, E and F), only a few sparse FLI neurons were observed in the NTS, FTL, NA, or LRN (between 0 and 3 FLI neurons/section) in contrast with the experimental animal in Fig. 4, A and B.
ChTB-labeled neurons were found in the NA between the caudal end of the facial nucleus and the caudal end of the inferior olive mainly in the ventral part of the nucleus (Fig. 5G). At the level of the rostral end of the hypoglossal nucleus, a cluster of ChTB-labeled neurons were found in the ventromedial and the central parts. Although a few FLI neurons were observed in the NA in control cats (Figs. 4D and 5F), many FLI neurons were observed in the experimental cats in the NA bilaterally between the rostral end of the hypoglossal nucleus and the caudal portion of the inferior olivary nucleus (Figs. 2, 4A, and 5E).
Both the experimental and control groups expressed FLI neurons in all sections in the FTL; however, the number of FLI neurons was more in the experimental group at all levels (Figs. 2 and 3). More FLI neurons were found in the region between P11.6 and P14.7 of the atlas coordinates (Fig. 2). Within the FTL, FLI neurons were greatest in the middle region bound laterally by the LRN and medially by the paramedian reticular nucleus in the experimental animal (Figs. 2, 4A, and 5C) in contrast with the surgical control (Figs. 3, 4C, and 5D). No FLI neurons, however, were found in the paramedian reticular nucleus (Figs. 2 and 3).
In other areas of the medulla oblongata, many FLI neurons were consistently observed regardless of the stimulation (Figs. 2 and 3). These areas included 5sp, VN, and LRN. FLI neurons were also observed in AP, DMV, RFN, and RA in both stimulated and nonstimulated control animals. Very few FLI neurons were observed in the anesthetic controls (Fig. 4E).
No FLI neurons were found in the following regions in either the experimental or the surgical control group: the inferior olive, the gracile nucleus, the hypoglossal nucleus, the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, the magnocellular tegmental field, the gigantocellular tegmental field, the Bötzinger or the pre-Botzinger region (Figs. 2–4).
Quantitative results and statistical analyses
The numbers of FLI neurons per section were counted in the experimental (group 1) and control (group 2) animals without knowledge of group identity. The numbers of sections counted per structure were the same in the two groups and varied from: 4 sections per side per animal within each group for the AP; between 6 and 7 for the InTS, RFN, and ncom; between 9 and 12 for DnTS, VlnTS, MnTS, DMV, and VN; and between 14 and 20 for LRN, NA, FTL, 5sp, and RA. The mean number of FLI neurons per section was then computed for each animal in each region on the right (ipsilateral) and left (contralateral to stimulation) sides. The mean counts were transformed into logarithms to normalize the distribution of the data before using a parametric statistical analysis procedure. The repeated-measures ANOVA results (general linear model using SYSTAT version 10 statistical software) were significant for the group main effect (F = 23.519, P = 0.001). The within-animals region differences in the numbers of FLI neurons was significant (F = 128.83, P < 0.0005) as was the region by group interaction (F = 4.402, P < 0.0005). The ipsilateral versus contralateral sides were not statistically significant (4.481, P = 0.067), and the side by group interaction was also nonsignificant (F = 2.232, P = 0.174).
Post hoc F tests were conducted for each of the regions. Using the Bonferoni corrected P value for statistical significance (0.05/15 = 0.0033), significant differences were found in the numbers of FLI neurons between the experimental and control animals on the following structures: ncom (F = 15.755, P = 0.001), VlnTS (F = 36.516, P < 0.0005), inTS (F = 71.61, P < 0.0005), FTL (F = 23.046, P < 0.0005), NA (F = 19.094, P < 0.0005), and AP (F = 22.817, P < 0.0005). Group differences showed a nonsignificant trend on MnTS (P = 0.008). The numbers of FLI neurons were greater in the experimental animals for each of these structures (Fig. 6A). None of the side × group interactions approached statistical significance, demonstrating that the number of FLI neurons was similar on the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the medulla. The FLI neurons were few in the other regions except the VN, which had equally high levels of FLI neurons in both groups (Fig. 6B).
One experimental animal had no contralateral TA response, two had very small contralateral responses relative to their ipsilateral TA response, and two had equal responses on both sides. We examined whether there were side differences in the number of FLI neurons in regions between the cats with different contralateral TA muscle responses. The repeated-measures ANOVA only included those regions that had significantly more FLI neurons in the experimental animals. No significant interaction was found between the number of FLI neurons ipsilateral versus contralateral to stimulation with the three contralateral TA response (F = 0.647, P = 0.607), and no interaction of side × muscle response by region was found (F = 0.677, P = 0.745).
In this study, we identified brain stem regions involved in elicitation of a LAR (without the induction of cough or swallowing) based on immunohistochemical detection of FLI neurons after ISLN stimulation. This is the first demonstration of a LAR pathway that does not elicit neuronal activity in the caudal brain stem regions involved in cough (Gestreau et al. 1997), swallowing (Sang and Goyal 2001), or vocalization (Holstege 1989; Holstege and Ehling 1996; VanderHorst and Holstege 1996; Zhang et al. 1992, 1995). During the study, the animals were monitored to assure that only the LAR occurred. In addition, the rate of stimulation was well below 2–5 Hz, the minimal rate at which cough (Gestreau et al. 1997) or sneezing (Satoh et al. 1998) is induced; <10 Hz, the minimal rate at which swallowing will be induced (Dick et al. 1993); and <20 Hz, the usual rate to induce respiratory slowing or apnea (Abu-Shaweesh et al. 2001; Bongianni et al. 1988, 1996, 2000; Mutolo et al. 1995). Short, low-level electrical ISLN pulses at a slow rate (0.5 Hz) elicited selective bilateral laryngeal muscle responses without coughing or swallowing. The superior laryngeal nerve contains 75% group III A-delta fibers with some group II A-alpha fibers and relatively few unmyelinated fibers (Miller and Loizzi 1974). Miller and Loizzi concluded that the larger A-alpha fibers contributed to the initial action potential invoked with electrical stimulation of the ISLN. They also concluded that these larger fibers were involved in the reflexive changes in respiration and swallowing because the effects of stimulation on these functions were much greater at more rapid rates of stimulation such as 30/s. Because we were only stimulating at low rates 0.5/s but at supramaximal levels for invoking the LAR, our stimuli likely activated both the A-alpha and the more numerous A-delta fibers. Perhaps the smaller group III A-delta fibers play a role in evoking the LAR in addition to the larger group II A-alpha fibers, which can evoke respiratory slowing and swallowing with ISLN stimulation (Miller and Loizzi 1974).
An alternative explanation may be that with prolonged rapid intense stimulation such as that used in studies to elicit swallowing or cough, there is spread of neuronal activation to activate neurons in additional regions to invoke these more complex behaviors. This may explain why our low intensity and slow rate of stimulation may have only involved the LAR and not swallowing, coughing, or respiratory slowing.
The LAR latencies found in our study (10–14 ms) are similar to those previously reported (Ikari and Sasaki 1980; Mochida 1990; Sasaki and Suzuki 1976) and suitable for mapping the pathway in the medulla oblongata. The response delay between the stimulus and the muscle response suggests that the pathway is oligosynaptic. Stimulation of the SLN elicits responses in the NTS between 1.7 and 3.5 ms in the cat (Biscoe and Sampson 1970; Porter 1963; Sessle 1973a), whereas stimulation in the vicinity of the NA, elicits muscle responses between 1.7 and 2.0 ms (Delgado-Garcia et al. 1983). Thus a central processing time of 4.5–8.5 ms implies the presence of several interneurons between the NTS and the NA (Isogai et al. 1987).
Significant Fos activation in the brain stem
Although Fos immunocytochemistry is a powerful technique for the study of functional pathways of different systems (Dragunow and Faull 1989; Morgan et al. 1987; Sagar et al. 1988), neurons in some regions, however, do not express Fos (Dragunow and Faull 1989). Any absence of Fos in neurons, therefore cannot be interpreted as a lack of neuronal activation because hyperpolarizing or inhibitory conditions may not induce Fos. We could not determine, therefore whether or not some neurons in the medulla were inhibited by ISLN stimulation.
In the NA, the rostrocaudal extent of the ChTB-labeled laryngeal adductor motor neurons was consistent with previous studies (Davis and Nail 1984; Gacek 1975; Lawn 1966; Yoshida et al. 1982). Because the form of cholera toxin used was inert, it did not cause motor neuron death. Therefore we were able to record the TA muscle response.
Both anatomical (Hamilton and Norgren 1984; Kalia and Mesulam 1980b; Lucier et al. 1986; Nomura and Mizuno 1983) and physiological studies (Bellingham and Lipski 1992; Jiang and Lipski 1992; Mifflin 1993; Sasaki and Suzuki 1976; Suzuki and Sasaki 1976) have examined the termination of laryngeal afferents in the medulla. The first-order neurons are in the nodose ganglion and transmit sensory information from the larynx to second order neurons in the NTS. Within the NTS, laryngeal afferents terminate mainly in the inTS (Hamilton and Norgren 1984; Kalia and Mesulam 1980b; Lucier et al. 1986; Mrini and Jean 1995; Nomura and Mizuno 1983; Patrickson et al. 1991), whereas the MnTS, VlnTS, and ncom subnuclei of the intermediate and caudal NTS also receive some terminals. Others have shown the neurons in the inTS and VlnTS are monosynaptically activated by laryngeal afferents (Bellingham and Lipski 1992; Jiang and Lipski 1992; Mifflin 1993). The close match between the topographic distribution of laryngeal afferent termination and the distribution of FLI neurons in the NTS found in our study indicates that these are the second-order neurons in the LAR pathway. A nonquantitative study of FLI neurons after tactile stimulation to the laryngeal mucosa also revealed neuronal activation in the inTS and MnTS (Tanaka et al. 1995).
No ipsilateral predominance of FLI neurons occurred in the experimental group; similar increases were found bilaterally in the inTS, MnTS, FTL, ncom, and VlnTS. Anatomical studies have shown ipsilateral projections of laryngeal afferent fibers onto the NTS subnuclei except for the ncom (Hamilton and Norgren 1984; Kalia and Mesulam 1980b; Lucier et al. 1986; Nomura and Mizuno 1983). The bilateral induction of FLI neurons in this study may have been due to bilateral TA muscle contractions deflecting the mucosa on both sides of the larynx in at least two of the five experimental animals. This was examined when we subgrouped animals based on whether they had only an ipsilateral or both an ipsilateral and contralateral TA response. Because no relationship was found between the presence or relative amplitude of the contralateral TA response and the differences between ipsilateral and contralateral numbers of FLI neurons, the bilateral FLI neurons were probably not secondary to the contralateral TA muscle response. Sang and Goyal (2001) found increased FLI neurons bilaterally with ipsilateral predominance after SLN stimulation in mice during fictive swallowing. In an electrophysiological study, Sessle (1973a) suggested that laryngeal afferents may terminate in adjacent regions such as the ncom subnucleus on the ipsilateral or contralateral sides, which then project directly or via interneurons to the contralateral NTS. Thus the FLI neurons in the contralateral NTS in our study may also represent the effects of interneurons. Because the number of FLI neurons were similar on the two sides despite right ISLN stimulation, secondary interneurons of the NTS may be distributed bilaterally to the FTL and NA, probably via the axon collaterals (Otake et al. 1992).
One concern is whether neurons in the NTS and AP activated by electrical stimulation of the ISLN are specific to the LAR. Other cranial nerve afferents terminate in the InTS such as the glossopharyngeal nerve (Ootani et al. 1995) with convergence of afferents from the soft palate and pharynx occurring in this region (Altschuler et al. 1989). The genioglossus and superior constrictor, however, were not activated during the elicitation of the LAR in this study. It is also known that baroreceptor activation induces Fos in the medial, commissural, and dorsolateral NTS subnuclei (Chan et al. 1998). Cardiovascular-related inputs have also been reported to the caudal regions of the NTS (Ciriello et al. 1981). Furthermore, cardiovascular changes occur after high rates (10–20 Hz) of SLN afferent stimulation in dogs (Angell-James and Daly 1975; Kordy et al. 1975) and cats (Tomori and Widdicombe 1969). Perhaps the low rates of ISLN electrical stimulation used here prevented the activation of NTS neurons that normally respond to baroreceptor stimulation. Although some FLI neurons might be due to cardiovascular stimulation these should be few in number because the blood pressure was monitored and did not change with 0.5-Hz stimulation.
Although we found a high number of FLI neurons in the AP in both groups, the number was significantly greater in the experimental group. The AP receives sensory fibers from the vagus nerve (Beckstead and Norgren 1979; Ciriello et al. 1981; Kalia and Mesulam 1980a) and the NTS bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance (Kalia and Mesulam 1980a; Morest 1967; Norgren 1978). There are no direct projections from the SLN to the AP (Nomura and Mizuno 1983), thus the FLI neurons in the AP may be due to heavy bilateral projections from the NTS. The AP is involved in cardiovascular regulatory function (Ferguson and Marcus 1988; Gatti et al. 1985), control of food intake (van der Kooy 1984), and chemoreceptive triggers for emesis in the cat (Belesin and Krstic 1986; Borison 1989). Because no cardiovascular effects or emesis responses were observed at the low rate of ISLN stimulation used here, the greater FLI neurons in the AP in the experimental group may represent secondary interneurons involved in the LAR.
Both the experimental and control animals were maintained on 100% oxygen and consequently had arterial O2 pressures between 400 and 500 mmHg, similar to others using hyperoxia with or without chloralose anesthesia (Eldridge and Kiley 1987; Miller and Tenney 1975). The animals in this study maintained a normal spontaneous breathing rate similar to previous reports of secondary return to air-breathing respiration levels when hyperoxia is maintained over 5 min (Leiter and Tenney 1986). This long-term secondary effect of hyperoxia is thought to be due to some excitation in the ventrolateral medulla (Eldridge and Kiley 1987; Miller and Tenney 1975), although FLI neurons were not prominent in these regions in either group.
Fos expression in both the stimulated and unstimulated control groups
Similar numbers of FLI neurons were observed in both the experimental and control groups in the VN and the 5sp. The same finding was reported by Gestreau et al. (1997). This may be a result of surgically induced nociceptive inputs. Although some SLN afferents project to 5sp (Hamilton and Norgren 1984; Nomura and Mizuno 1983), Lucier et al. (1986) did not find any direct projections from ISLN to 5sp. The lack of enhanced numbers of FLI neurons in 5sp after ISLN stimulation here is similar to Gestreau et al. (1997), who used SLN stimulation to induce cough. This suggests a lack of direct projections from the ISLN to 5sp in the LAR pathway.
Relationship of results to diverse laryngeal functions
The pattern of induced FLI neurons during the LAR had some overlap and some differences from that previously reported during cough, swallowing, and vocalization. Enhanced numbers of FLI neurons were found in the FTL in this study. Respiratory and swallowing-related neurons are present in the medullary reticular formation (Amri and Car 1988; Batsel 1964; Bianchi 1971; Ezure et al. 1993; Kessler and Jean 1985; Merill 1970; Vibert et al. 1976). Respiratory-related neurons are found along the vagal rootlets (Vibert et al. 1976) and in the RA, in close vicinity of the RFN. However, we did not find significant increases in FLI neurons in these regions. Possibly this is because the respiratory rhythm is influenced only when the SLN stimulation is >3 Hz (Suzuki 1987), and we stimulated the ISLN at 0.5 Hz. Thus the enhanced numbers of FLI neurons in the FTL in our study indicates that some of these neurons are involved in the LAR pathway.
Rapid SLN stimulation used by others to induce cough in cats resulted in FLI neurons in the medial FTL, LRN, RA, RFN, and para-ambiguual regions (Gestreau et al. 1997). None of these regions showed significant enhancement of FLI neurons, except the FTL, in our study. This suggests differences in the LAR pathway from that for the cough reflex with some overlap in the FTL.
The RA, a premotor region in the caudal part of the medulla, is thought to play a critical role in the mediation of vocalization based on physiological (Zhang et al. 1992, 1995) and neuroanatomical evidence (Holstege 1989; Holstege and Ehling 1996; VanderHorst and Holstege 1996). The lack of significant numbers of FLI neurons in the RA in our study indicates that the LAR may not involve those brain stem regions controlling laryngeal function during vocalization.
The medullary reticular formation and NA are thought to be involved in patterning for swallowing (Jean 2001, 1984). A recent study using rapid continuous SLN stimulation to induce swallowing in mice (Sang and Goyal 2001) reported increased numbers of FLI neurons in the parvocellular reticular formation, all divisions of the NA and the DMV. Although direct comparisons cannot be made between our data in cats with their findings in mice, the distribution of FLI neurons differs substantially in the two studies. During swallowing, the posterior pharynx, tongue, and esophagus are involved in the patterned muscle response. In addition, afferent stimulation of the glottis is increased as the vocal folds close to prevent substances from entering the airway (Widdicombe 1980, 1995). This might explain why increased numbers of FLI neurons occurred in additional regions of the brain stem during swallowing from those we found while evoking only the LAR. No increase in FLI neurons was found in the DMV and the FLI neurons in the reticular formation were mainly along the axons of the NA motor neurons and not in the parvocellular reticular formation in this study (Fig. 5). Further, within the NA, the distribution of FLI neurons in our study was restricted to the rostrocaudal extent of laryngeal motor neuron distribution.
In conclusion, stimulation of the SLN afferents can evoke a variety of responses such as coughing, gagging, swallowing, laryngeal spasms, bronchoconstriction, apnea, and retching. The type of reflex response evoked depends on the stimulus parameters used (Bellingham and Lipski 1992; Gestreau et al. 1997; Lucier et al. 1979; Sang and Goyal 2001; Sessle et al. 1978). After SLN stimulation to evoke the LAR (this study), cough (Gestreau et al. 1997), and swallowing (Sang and Goyal 2001), FLI neurons are induced in certain brain stem regions such as the inTS, FTL, and NA, indicating that these different reflex responses use overlapping neural circuits. In contrast, differences in FLI neurons are also striking in each one of these types of responses. For example, swallowing involves neurons in the MnTS, DMV, and all the subdivisions of the NA, whereas cough reflex involves RA, RFN, and LRN in addition to the inTS, FTL, and NA. These areas (MnTS, DMV, RA, RFN, LRN) did not show FLI neurons in our study when only a LAR was evoked. Together these studies indicate that the neural circuits involved in the different reflex responses are overlapping but separate.
In summary, we have identified the brain stem regions that are active during the elicitation of a simple LAR. In addition, we have demonstrated that the elicitation of this reflex does not involve all the brain stem regions previously found active during cough, swallowing, or vocalization. Other laryngeal functions such as those involved in swallowing (Barkmeier et al. 2000) and vocalization (Davis et al. 1993; Sakamoto et al. 1993; Shiba et al. 1995; Zhang et al. 1994) may modulate the LAR. Further, abnormal reflex responses have been reported in patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia (Ludlow et al. 1995) and occur during laryngospasm after extubation—a life threatening complication of anesthesia. Future neurochemical characterization of the FLI neurons identified in our study, using double-labeling immunocytochemistry, could provide important information on how this vital reflex pathway may be modulated.
This work was supported by the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grant Z01 NS-002980-4 MNB
The authors appreciate the advice of Dr. Paul Smith, Dept. of Mathematical Statistics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2004 by the American Physiological Society

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Heavy Metal Mater Trailer (2010)
08 October 2010 Animated 4 mins
Mater and Lightning McQueen are ready to rock! When Mater's garage band, Mater and the Gas Caps, records a hit song, Mater becomes a rock legend. Then Lightning joins Mater's band for the rock concert of the century!
Watch the official Heavy Metal Mater 2010 trailer in HD below or find more Heavy Metal Mater videos on Vidimovie.


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The FCA has published Policy Statement 15/23. This reports on the main issues that arose from its Consultation Paper 'CP15/6 Consumer Credit – proposed changes to rules and guidance' and also outlines the final rules and guidance.
The changes proposed in CP15/6 focused on credit broking, lending (including guarantor lending), financial promotions and debt. Following feedback on the publication, the FCA intends to introduce the majority of changes which it consulted on.
However, the FCA has amended some of the proposals, and deferred some issues for further consideration. In particular, the FCA intends to amend the scope of the proposals on guarantor lending, and allow for pre-contract explanations to be provided as part of independent legal advice, subject to appropriate safeguards. It has also modified aspects of its proposals on financial promotions.
The majority of the changes proposed in CP15/6, come into force on 2 November 2015, though some came into force on 28 September 2015.


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|01 Apr 2010
Confused about going from XP to 7.
Hello all, this is my first post. I have thoroughly confused myself about how I want to go from XP to 7 and need guidance.
I'm finally moving from XP to 7, a recent HDD sale (Finally got SATAs 500gb and 750gb) put me over the edge.
EDIT: Total party foul on my part. I bought OEM Windows 7 home premium 64. Also I'm good for 64, did the checker.
Here's my question. Can I pop in the 750 and move all my games (don't want to redownload all my Steam games again), pics, music and whatnot from my old drive and then pop in the 500, make a partition for 7, install it and then be good to go?
Will 7 be fin with reading the stuff off the other drive?
I was recommended doing the Easy Transfer thing, and I only have internal drives, could I use the 750 for that?
Also I was told in another forum to do a backup (something NT) and bring it back in 7. The post gave 2 links to the same thing and it didn't day how to make the backup, so I'm not sure if that road is viable.
Any help would be greatly appreciated, since I'm hoping to get going either tonight or tomorrow on it.
|My System Specs
|01 Apr 2010
That should work. All you have to do is right click on your top folders (games, music, etc.) in your other drive and "include in library". Then you have a path to the folders on the other disk. This is how that would look like (Example Documents)
|My System Specs
|01 Apr 2010
That's once I am in 7 right? Since I plan to just move them by right clicking and then selecting send to the new drive from XP.
Thanks again.
|My System Specs
|01 Apr 2010
I would use Copy to Folder. Works in XP too. And once you have checked that they all arrived safe and sound, you can still delete the originals.
Make a folder structure so that you have one top folder for Documents, Music, Games, etc. That's the easiest for later inclusion into the Win7 libraries.
|My System Specs
|02 Apr 2010
I would use Copy to Folder. Works in XP too. And once you have checked that they all arrived safe and sound, you can still delete the originals.
Make a folder structure so that you have one top folder for Documents, Music, Games, etc. That's the easiest for later inclusion into the Win7 libraries.
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Am quite confused re this
Having just read this article I still not sure what it is telling me. I get the impression that Microsoft want to swallow all the small fish and churn out one big one of it's own. I don't like this idea and would certainly put me off installing 8 - if I was so inclined which of course I am not...
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Little bit confused about RAM
I am confused about this Ram thing.I have Asus N75SF laptop with two graphic cards. One is Intel HD graphic card the other is Nvida Ge Force GT 555M 2 gb with optimus techology. I have 8gb of Ram,when i go in properties on My computer i cant see usebale memory see on the screenshot. so I...
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New & Confused
I'm new to Win7, not new to computers (which may be part of the problem, because Win7 is certainly a culture shock for my poor old brain). I started out in CP/M a few centuries ago, then several flavors of DOS, then Win 3.1, then started networking with Windows for Workgroups, then both Win2K and...
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Very Very confused
Hey All ( thanks in advance for advice ) Im kinda confused? After reading some of the forums i though i would ask the specific questions I had. Which process is the best for having a back up if my hard drive crashes or i want to upgrade to a new one. I dont get the difference between...
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im confused with 64 bit and 32 bit. pls help..
hello guys, i bought a new laptop with Windows 7 Home Premium. i ran "dxdiag" and it says my win 7 home premium is 64 bit, build 7600. My big problem is that, i have 2 program file folders one with "program files" only, and the other with "program files (x86). my knowledge for this is that i have a...
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text: FISSION 2.0.1 can be found HERE! __________________________ FISSION V1.2 Any takers? Team DeFuse Presents: FISSION Vanilla FroYo FRF91 For your Droid2, DroidX & Droid2 WE Brought to You by Team DeFuse - AngDroid & Drod2169 Splitting Blur from your Moto Droid. Donations: We do not have a DX to fully test ourselves yet so donating to project will help us obtain one. We would also like to obtain future devices such as the Droid Pro, Droid2 World Edition and whatever else may come down the pipe that we can port this ROM too. Your help will allow us to do that. If you would like to contribute to our project you may do so by clicking Here HotFix: D2/DX - HotFix for data still functioning when custom battery manager is used to turn off data during certain times. Download HERE. Install from recovery as any other update. Just mount system, do not wipe and select the zip file for update. Twitter: @AngDroid @Drod2169 Web: http://www.teamdefuse.com IRC: freenode Web IRC (qwebirc) #teamdefuse Changelog: 1.1 -> 1.2 Addressed Superuser issue - Not sure if it is fixed for some users. DX Build now has FroYo Android Keyboard stock - Install DX Multi-Touch in add_on folder if you prefer. Addressed USB issue - Not sure if it is fixed for some users. Added ability to overclock from shell. Open terminal (download from market) and type in proper commands. Improved boot animation. Now with hi-res graphics. Updated install script for ROM. DX Build - Fixed displayed version info in about phone. Add Ons have been fixed so all zip files should install fine. More cleaning of code... Not part of the release but I updated darkonion's one click root method. It is now an EXE file. Will fix all broken root issues, update you to latest version of Superuser and install the APK properly in data/app so any future update from market should not cause problems. About ROM: First Vanilla ROM for Droid2, DroidX & Droid2 WE! First ROM for Droid2, DroidX & Droid2 WE that can be overlocked! This is not an AOSP ROM but all stock packages are built from source. It is a complete set of vanilla Android applications. All Blur has been removed so it is the closest you will get to a true AOSP clean ROM for the Droid2/X/WE/Pro right now. This is not a themed ROM to make it look like AOSP ROM. The purpose of this ROM was to remove all Blur and have a real Android experience. Please do not ask to add anything to ROM. Everything that is missing can be found in the Add On folder that was created when you installed ROM or can be downloaded from market. The installed applications are all of your basic Android apps. Gmail, Voice Search, Car Home, YouTube and some other apps are missing since there are more updated versions on the market. ROM has root, deodexed, busybox and zip alligned. How To Report Bugs: Before you report a bug please search through thread and see if someone has your problem and if a fix was found. If you do not find a fix please report bugs using this format. In subject of post place "[Bug Report]" Bug here so it will read [Bug Report]Force Close with X APP. In Body: Device Name: Explain in detail about bug and list anything that will cause it so we have more info when we correct it. Install Insctructions: Installing ROM: This Method works for al supported devices. It is suggested you follow all the steps even if you are coming from previous Fission ROM. If you do not want to perform all wipe steps then at least wipe system. Pre-Installation Tasks: You must have root. You can use our One Click Root in this THREAD. You must have Koush's Bootstrap program for your device. Download from Market or check HERE. Select the ROM for your device (Droid2, Droid2 WE, DroidX or Droid Pro) Download and place ROM on SD Card Open Bootstrap Tap "Bootstrap Recovery" Tap "Allow" if asked to grant SU Persmission Tap "OK' on "Success" screen Tap "Reboot Recovery" You will be booted into Recovery Use Volume up/down keys to navigate through menu. Press Camera button to Confirm selection. Power button to back up to last menu. Create Backup - "backup and restore" then select what you want to do Back out to main menu Wipe Cache Wipe Data Mount System - Screen will read "UNMOUNT /SYSTEM" when mounted Mount Data - Screen will read "UNMOUNT /DATA" when mounted Back out to Manin Menu Install Zip From SD Card Choose Zip From SD Card Select your ROM Yes - Install Wipe Cache Wipe Data Reboot Back into Android Perform a Factory Reset Open App Draw Tap Settings Tap Privacy Tap Factory Reset Tap Reset Phone Tap Erase Everything Your phone will now be rebooted, perform factory reset and then reboot itself when completed. Activate phone when prompted. Enjoy! You may install ROM by not wiping anything and not peform a Factory Reset. You will run into a few problems though. One will be battery manager may force close and Market Facebook App will not sync correctly with contacts. Please do not ask if doing it another way is good. These are the instructions for a proper clean install and we will only accept bug reports if you followed the above instructions. Installing Updates and Add Ons: Open Bootstrap Tap "Bootstrap Recovery" - if you have not installed yet on new ROM Tap "Allow" if asked to grant SU Persmission - If you have not granted it SU permission Tap "OK' on "Success" screen - if you have not installed yet on new ROM Tap "Reboot Recovery" You will be booted into Recovery Use Volume up/down keys to navigate through menu. Press Camera button to Confirm selection. Power button to back up to last menu. Mount System - Screen will read "UNMOUNT /SYSTEM" when mounted Back out to Manin Menu Install Zip From SD Card Choose Zip From SD Card Select your Zip File Yes - Install Reboot If you are installing more than one update zip then please remember to mount system before installing new file. Downloads: DX_Fission_FRF91_V1.2.zip Mirrors: Multiupload.com - upload your files to multiple file hosting sites!


text:
Richard D. JONES
Richard D. JONES
Born in WaKeeney, Ks. Son of Maurice Duane "Joe" & Ruth Mary "Peggy" (Marlin) Jones. He married Ethel Earlene Scheckler on Sept. 25, 1987, in Hill City, He was a oil field tool pusher. Survivors include his wife, three sons, Travis, Chad, & Mitchell Jones, a daughter, Kristina L. Babbitt, his mother, a brother, Michael Jones, two sisters, Deborah Budig & Sandra Jones, & five grandchildren. He was preceded in death by his father.
Burial in
Wildhorse Cemetery
Extracted from obituary
Graham County KSGenWeb Index
Graham County Coordinator
Gayle M. Garrett ....WaKeeney, KS
The KSGenWeb logo was designed and is copyrighted by
Tom & Carolyn Ward
for the limited use of the KSGenWeb Project.
Permission is granted for use only on an official KSGenWeb page.
The USGenWeb Logo was designed by Linda Cole.
KSGenWeb Project


text:
(05-10-2012, 06:45 AM)Ulrika Wrote: I just read:
It is best not use PAP when you have a cold or sinus infection to avoid problems of blocked ear canals and headaches. Sometimes the congestion remains in the ears and sinuses after the acute symptoms of the cold are gone.
I don't know where you read this, but based on my knowledge and experience, I have to say this is a very bad idea!
My sleep doc is also my ENT doc. I'm sure that he would not advise this.
Apnea Board Moderator


text:
My friend from Australia needs an upscale recommendation for lunch tomorrow. He is looking for something with great food, but not to dressy and prix-fixe would be great. Somewhere in Manhattan, prefereably New American or Italian. I know that sometimes lunch service isn't as good as dinner, so can you please suggest places with great lunch options.
Thanks a lot.


text:
Heat Trailer (2000)
03 May 2000 156 mins
Nobody mixes up romance and raunch like TitanMen, and the combo's never been hotter than in Heat. It's the HOTTEST feature we've ever made, and literally the hottest in the actual making-109° in the shade! The cum sizzles when it hits the rocks. Bruce Cam's seductive direction and cinematography documents the chance encounters of powerful, striking men as they roam through the expansive deserts of the Southwest, realizing their fevered sexual fantasies in some of America's most dramatic wilderness areas.
Watch the official Heat 2000 trailer in HD below.


text:
Russia seems to be planning for a future where international co-operation is no longer the norm for space travel.
The issue came up when the deputy chief designer for Russia's space corporation was discussing four new modules the Russians were bringing online for the International Space Station.
"If the need arises, we could undock the new modules [from the ISS], starting with the MLM, and they will serve as a foundation for a new generation Russian space station," Alexander Derechin, deputy chief designer for Russia's space corporation RKK Energia, was reported as saying by UPI.
The move isn't quite as unfriendly as it seems, as the ISS is set to be "deorbited" in 2020. ("Deorbited" meaning, of course, crashing the ISS into the ocean the same way MIR crashed in 2001.) In many ways this is a smart way to save relatively new modules that shouldn't be thrown away after just a few years of use.
However, it is notable that the new space station Russia is ruminating about is not International Space Station 2.0, but another national space station akin to Mir. This could be an indication that the era space co-operation engendered by the fall of Communism is coming to an end.
The new modules are part of the Multirole Laboratory Module (MLM) and are tentatively set to be attached to the ISS in late 2013.
The Russian-developed space station was first brought up in 2009, when the project was suggested as a possible transition way station for future Russian missions to the moon and beyond.
In 2009, the ISS project was extended from 2015 to 2020, lengthening its life by a third. It is possible that the project could be extended again, though that would take many of the station's components well past the lifespan they were designed for.
A Russian space station does not preclude a separate new International Space Station, or another space station presided over privately by companies such as Elon Musk's SpaceX. Many of the private space exploration plans come to a head in the early 2020s when the orbits of Mars and the Earth align several times for shorter space flights. Additionally, Musk hopes to have trips to Mars ready early enough so that he is still fit to travel to the Red Planet.


text:
Coldplay's Game of Thrones : The Musical
Description:Game of Thrones: The Musical. For Red Nose Day on NBC, Coldplay and the cast of Game of Thrones join forces for the band's most important project yet: a musical for HBO's Game of Thrones.
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text:
SDLP must stop dodging issue of gay marriage
I was delighted that Newry, Mourne and Down Council has decided to give its support to marriage equality and I would like to thank the parties that gave this motion full support.
However, I was bitterly disappointed that three SDLP councillors have followed many of their colleagues elsewhere and abstained on gay marriage. I was also disappointed to learn that other SDLP members did not even turn up to the debate.
The SDLP needs to stop dodging this issue. Northern Ireland is seen as a backwater because some of our politicians want to remain in the 1950s.
Margaret Ritchie, Sean Rodgers and Karen McKevitt need to do their jobs and turn up and vote for equality, rather than hiding from this issue and missing marriage equality debates.
By email
Belfast Telegraph


text:
Dance Austin Edwards
Melodic Rhythms28:368Buy for 1.99 Euro Like Reshare Social EmbedAddReshare to Download Downloadto Set to Group to Playlist28:36
A brand new DJ Mixes Series aiming at presenting to you the most melodic side of EDM
And of course, your feedback is more than important
This track was tagged with the following keywords: Dance.
These are the meta information of this upload:
- Type: Mix
- © Creative Commons: Attribution
1 played it.
Listen to all music and sounds of Austin Edwards and follow this user by signing in for free.
- Type: Mix
- © Creative Commons: Attribution


text:
Kate Albert
In studio or on location, on camera or voice over, with autocue or without, Kate has been delighted to represent a wide variety of clients over the last 5 years.
She is currently the "face" of Optus on day time TV, but has also presented and voiced commercials for Hamper King, Kobayashi, DELL, ANZ Bank, CSR Sugar, Insurance Line, Guthy Renker, Million Dollar Woman, International Masters Publishers, Best Direct and Kmart.
Some testimonials:
"Kate's one of the most talented advertorial presenters I have worked with. She's a standout who delivers great results every time!"
Rebecca Marsh, Network 10
"Kate's expertise in all aspects of direct response TV give her an edge over other presenters – not only does she convey warmth & believability in her presenting style, but she also understands how successful scripting can maximize sales for her clients"
Rozz Switzer, DRTV Talent
"It's Kate natural charm and relaxed presenting skills that have made her such a success. Her professional demeanor and her ability to take on any challenge will ensure a very successful future. A pleasure to work with at all times"
Lucy De Luca, Channel 7
"In a world where every second counts, it's an absolute pleasure to work a lady who doesn't waste words and has the ability to work in a precise & focussed manner. If you need to meet a deadline yet still get the message across, you need look no further!"
Stewart Ritchie, Network 9
"Kate has a bubbly personality which definitely comes through on camera"
Kim Hamilton, Optus
"Kate is great to work with; she is very professional and we love the fact that her bright personality shines through on camera"
Martyn Timmer, International Masters Publishers
"Kate invariably delivers a viewer friendly yet powerful performance that delivers results"
Max Compton, Infobreak
"We've been highly impressed with her ability to naturally adapt to differing roles with minimal direction"
James Roberts, Red Hammer


text:
Collver Family Winery
Contact Information
- Address
- 2 Rooster Way
Barry, IL 62312
- Phone
- Web
- www.collverfamilywinery.com
- Wine Tasting
- Tasting offered: Yes
- Mon-Tue: No hours specified
- Wed-Sat: 10:00am - 5:00pm
- Sun: 12:00pm - 5:00pm
- Closed Mondays, New Year's Day, Easter Sunday, Thanksgiving & Christmas
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Winery Journal
Christopher Harris
Location: Ok
Wine: Winery: Ambiance: Jul 31, 2011
Wine: Winery: Ambiance: Oct 16, 2009
Favorite Wine: vignoles
I have been wanting to stop here for a while. The winery is very new looking. The man who served the wine wasn't the most personable person I have ever met, but we all have our off days. There is a limit to how many you are allowed to sample. They have several awards on display for their wine, and provided a nice "carrier" box when I purchase several bottles. I bought Barry Berry because I liked the name . I liked and bought "Vignoles" which is a sweet wine.
kay mcdonald
Location: il
Wine: Winery: Ambiance: Apr 28, 2007
Favorite Wine: pumpkin
wines tend to be sweeter. lots of fruit wines. the pumpkin is a wonderful dessert wine. fun for all at monthly dinner mystery theatres. Nice place for a wedding reception or party
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Wineries / Vineyards Near Collver Family Winery
Eagle's Nest Winery - Louisiana, MO - 17.3 miles
Cave Hollow West Winery - Hannibal, MO - 17.7 miles
Crown Valley Port House - Clarksville, MO - 23.7 miles
Village Vineyard and Winery, The - Camp Point, IL - 24.1 miles
View more Illinois Wineries
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This winery information last updated: Mar 3, 2015


text:
'The year is 1816. In Maine, America, the summer has failed to appear. Instead the summer months bring snow, sleet, and sub zero temperatures. Irish immigrant Abigail O'Gallagher is widowed and alone, and as the snow sets in she finds herself isolated, slowly starving, and an easy target for a psychopath bent on driving Abigail towards insanity.'
Source: Publisher's blurb.


text:
Sharron Angle, the Tea Party favorite who won the Republican Senate nomination in Nevada, has been labeled an extremist for, among other things, wanting to abolish the federal department of education. The Department of Education was signed into law in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter. At the time, however, the new department was criticized by members of the president's own party.
"No matter what anyone says, the Department of Education will not just write checks to local school boards. They will meddle in everything. I do not want that," argued Representative Pat Schroeder (D-CO). Representative Joseph Early (D-MA) stated that a "national Department may actually impede the innovation of local programs as it attempts to establish uniformity throughout the Nation."
Senator Patrick Moynihan (D-NY) condemned the new law as a straight political payoff by Carter to teacher unions for their endorsement in the 1976 presidential election. "This is a back-room deal, born out of squalid politics. Everything we had thought we would not see happening to education is happening here."
For many years after its creation, abolishing the Department was a staple among Republican politicians. Ronald Reagan famously pledged to abolish it in the 1980 presidential election, and even such Republicans in Name Only (RINOs) as John McCain supported cutting the Department during the Republican Revolution of 1994.
As late as 1996, the Republican Party platform stated: "The Federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place. This is why we will abolish the Department of Education." But then came President George W. Bush and No Child Left Behind, which grew the Department by 69.6 percent in just two years.
While there are very good policy reasons why the Department should be abolished, an even stronger argument can be made that Congress just doesn't have the constitutional authority to either fund or regulate education. Among the limited and enumerated powers given to Congress in Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution, not one of them has anything to do with education.
In establishing the Department, Congress attempted to explain its constitutional basis as follows: "The Congress declares that the establishment of a Department of Education is in the public interest, will promote the general welfare of the United States, will help ensure that education issues receive proper treatment at the Federal level, and will enable the Federal Government to coordinate its education activities more effectively."
None of those bases, however, can be found in the text of the Constitution itself. Congress' reasons are quite similar to the Preamble to the Constitution, which reads: "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."
As the Supreme Court noted in Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), "[a]lthough that Preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people ordained and established the Constitution, it has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the Government of the United States or on any of its Departments." The reason for this is simple—if the Preamble itself were a grant of power, it would have been pointless for the Framers to follow that all-encompassing grant of power with a constitution of limited and well-defined powers.
The Tax and Spend Clause of Article 1, Section 8, does provide that "Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States."
But, as with the Preamble, to read the term "general welfare" in this clause to be a broad grant of authority to Congress to tax for whatever purposes it deems would eclipse a written constitution of specific, limited powers given to the federal government. Congress only has the power to tax and spend in furtherance of its limited constitutional powers, of which education is not one of them.
Instead of being criticized, Sharron Angle should be applauded for having the guts as a candidate for elected office to say "no." As unfortunately too many other politicians have discovered, it is all too easy to tell the electorate "yes we can" to win elections rather than, as the Constitution clearly states, "no we can't."
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text:
Philip Allan has been appointed as the new National Fleet and Business Sales Manager for Seat UK as part of the company's efforts to maintain its burgeoning reputation within the fleet sector of the country. He is joining the Spanish brand at the dawn of one of its most exiting periods in history. For one, the recent iteration of its bestselling Ibiza supermini has just hit the showrooms in the United Kingdom.
In addition, a major offensive of new products such as the Mii city automobile is just around the corner. Allan has a wealth of experience when it comes to the fleet industry, as he has served as the National Fleet Sales Manager at Nissan. He later joined Renault UK where he was Head of Leasing, overseeing considerable growth in contract hire share.
Allan will be reporting directly to Steve Robertson, who is Head of Fleet at Seat UK. He will be responsible for turning the company's new models into firm fleet favorites similar to the reputation obtained by the Leon hatchback, acclaimed Alhambra MPV and Exeo executive saloon and estate. He will oversee a Fleet and Business Sales team with nine dedicated members.
Philip will also have a major role in the mission of Seat to be a fleet manufacturer of choice, delivering on its dedication to enhance customer experience and build on the brand's latest growth record in this market segment.
Allan commented that all the "elements are in place" for the automaker to be a "major force" in the fleet sector of the UK. He also expressed that he is "very pleased" to be a part of Seat "at this exciting time for the Brand." Moreover, he stated that the Seat's product range is "already excellent" and its Ecomotive models, which have low carbon dioxide emissions and "incredible" fuel economy, provide them with a "significant competitive advantage in some areas."


text: If you've munched on micro-greens or edible flowers at Fish or O-Ku, you've had Blue Dog Farms' produce. Alicia Callahan grows a micro mix of greens from cabbages, beets, carrots, and onions as well as sweet shoots of sunflower, corn, and pea and pungent basil, fennel, and mint. Red Vein sorrel, Red Garnet amaranth, and Shiso, a Japanese mint, are some of the special varieties she grows-to-order for the chefs of restaurants like the Atlantic Room on Kiawah. Her specialty herbs have various culinary or medicinal uses. The product is available in clamshells of pre-cut micro-greens or live trays that allow harvest to occur moments before supper.


text:
New Boy Trailer (2007)
14 July 2007 11 mins
A young African boy with a haunting back story starts school in Ireland, and finds out quickly exactly what it means to be the new kid. Winner of Best Narrative Short at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival and nominated for an Oscar.
Watch the official New Boy 2007 trailer in HD below or find more New Boy videos on Vidimovie.


text: About us Islington Society History Our people Events News Publications Books Newsletters Discover Islington Did you know? Useful local links Walking guides Membership Contact Enquiry form For any enquires please fill in the form below and submit it to us. Name Email How did you hear about us? ---Word of mouthOnlineMailing / AdvertisingOther Message


text:
936 S Reservoir Street, Pomona CA, 91766 (Residential)
Sold Price:
2 beds , 1 Full baths
837 sqft
Status: Sold
Last Updated: 11/23/2017 6:13 PM
Description for 936 S Reservoir Street Pomona, CA 91766
Property wont last! Great fixer upper opportunity! Property needs some work done! 2 bedroon 1 bath built in 1950. SOLD AS IS!!! NO REPAIRS WILL BE DONE!
Sold Price:
Sold Date:09/28/2015
Los Angeles
1 Full
837 (approx)
Property wont last! Great fixer upper opportunity! Property needs some work done! 2 bedroon 1 bath built in 1950. SOLD AS IS!!! NO REPAIRS WILL BE DONE!
Listing Information
Public Water Service
Sewer at Street
Room Information
Interior Features
No Fireplace
Exterior / Lot Features
1 Garage Spaces, 1 Parking Spaces
No Pool
Financial Considerations
Listing Price History
Pomona Real Estate
Pomona is located in California. Pomona, California 91766 has a population of 153,266.
The median household income in Pomona, California 91766 is $48,993. The median household income for the surrounding county is $55,870 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Pomona 91766 is 30.4 years.
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text:
Master Yi Build Guide by DarrPhlex
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Thank You!
Your votes and comments encourage our guide authors to continue
creating helpful guides for the League of Legends community.
Master Yi Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Greetings all!
First let me say, I am, and this is, a WORK IN PROGRESS, and is my very first time using this presentation tool!
Big ups (props, thumbs-up, etc.,etc.) to all the really experienced Master Yi Champion builders! I, for sure, I'm not one of them. Let me say, I have deep respect for all of you, and humbly submit that I am a newbie. I know there is a lot I have yet to learn, and learn I will...that being said, let's move along.
I am going to be confident and throw my build ideas and experience out here. I believe this will contribute to my learning experience. Ha! I bet you thought I was going to be arrogant and say something unbelievably absurd and arrogant like "my build is better"...
No, I am not going to say that....I think this build presentation tool can help me. How many long conversations have you had after a battle...unless you really know the folks, very few I am sure. Ditto! So...how exactly can one learn? I think by playing, and by sharing your thoughts as you learn, allowing others to give feedback. Viola!
Anyway, here ya go...I humbly submit my build...I've done pretty well with it versus AI, and when I gain more experience in PvP, I'll show my PvP build.
Also, expect that I will update my build presentation here...to bring it up to quality standards. I've seen some nice build presentations...but I didn't want to just copy others...so style will just have to wait until I learn this tool well enough to show my own.
Until then, please be forgiving...
Pros / Cons
Pretty squishy for a melee non-mage/non-assassin.
Seems pretty weak to magic attacks early on...
Against melee bots with nothing more than slow, we can do well...one-on-one...
With proper caution, and awareness, gameplay style will keep you out of much trouble but past 8ish, providing you have not been feeding the bots...this build can quickly take kills, and turrents. It's great for pushing, and does well in the jungle.
So...fine, go ahead and flame away...LoL...
In any case, I push up lane and can do well versus all but the more powerful ranged bots. I grab jungle monsters any time after reaching level 7...I usually grab the red buff to kill quickly..but am wary of getting ganked due to my build being pretty squishy up 'til about 10 when I simply kill too fast to get killed except when I do something stupid like get rolled by a gang of 3 or 4 champs...
I have a lot of fun with this build, destroying bots left and right, like an assassin does...especially once/if you get full build... WOW! Enjoy and pls give constructive feedback.