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Bravo to Bob Lange of North Coast County Water District, who heard my concern about swimmers wasting water in the Brink Pool showers. Bob went to the pool and gave the supervisor laminated drought-alert signs to hang in the showers. Bob also met with Gary Hoffschneider, superintendent of Oceana High School facilities, and gave him low-flow showerheads and timers to install. I told Bob we should pray for rain. He said we might also do some rain dances.
Gary Aasland (The Flag Man) left me a message at the Tribune about the American flag controversy I covered in recent columns. He professes great love for our country and flag. He has placed American flags on the Highway 1 pedestrian overpass in Manor, but notes that someone defaced them with peace signs. Bridget of the Bridge admitted to such in last week's column, performing her own version of patriotic license, which got letter writer Bob Hutchinson in high dudgeon. Oh my! Aasland says he and his wife think Sleepless in Paradise made a "derogatory" comment about the flags. Aasland justifies placing American flags on public property, and says it "brings joy and a renewed feeling of patriotism to all." Fair enough. I hope this brings the matter to an end. Everyone had a say — the essence of free speech in a democracy. Perhaps none of the individuals named above are happy with the outcome, but it's a free country, isn't it? Personally, I love beautiful, waving flags of all stripes and stars and scimitars. It makes no difference to me which country or religion the flag stands for. Honestly, folks, a flag is just a scrap of cloth with pretty colors on it. What matters to me, and what I think is important to remember, is what our country and flag stand for: protect the earth; prevent human suffering; promote life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Richmond City Council has had it with foul-mouthed hecklers at its public meetings. The council votes July 15 on a proposal to ban disruptive speakers. "Allowing a handful of troublemakers to take control of public meetings has consequences beyond just inappropriately insulting elected officials," writes San Francisco Chronicle columnist Chip Johnson (June 20). "This kind of behavior is the antithesis of free speech and expression — it's a toxic practice that thwarts the democratic process…it discourages public participation, the very essence of democratic rule. People stop listening and watching, and soon enough they might stop caring altogether." Anyone who has watched the freak show at Pacifica City Council "oral communications" (sounds like a dental procedure!) can appreciate how Richmond proposes to protect democracy from demagogues. Take a hint, Pacifica City Council: Stand up to bullies.
Apply by July 15 to Healthy Communities Leadership Academy (healthycommunitiesbayarea.org). Inspired by Acterra's "Be the Change" program and started in 2013 by Sierra Club Loma Prieta Chapter, the academy is a nine-month advocacy training program. Scholarships available.
"You know that tingly little feeling you get when you really like someone? That's common sense leaving your body." (forwarded by Pierre Messerli)
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Focus-group and photo-voice methodology were used to identify the salient factors of the neighborhood environment that encourage or discourage walking in older, urban African Americans. Twenty-one male (n = 2) and female (n = 19) African Americans age 60 years and older (M = 70 ± 8.7, range = 61–85) were recruited from a large urban senior center. Photographs taken by the participants were used to facilitate focus-group discussions. The most salient factors that emerged included the presence of other people, neighborhood surroundings, and safety from crime, followed by sidewalk and traffic conditions, animals, public walking tracks and trails, and weather. Future walking interventions for older African Americans should include factors that encourage walking, such as the presence of other friendly or active people, attractive or peaceful surroundings, and a sense of safety from crime.
The benefits of physical activity are well documented and include significant reductions in the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance, as well as improvements in muscle mass, bone density, psychological function, and cognition (Andersen, Schnohr, Schroll, & Hein, 2000; Bassett, Fitzhugh, Crespo, King, & McLaughlin, 2002; Mazzeo & Tanaka, 2001; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1996). Regular physical activity also helps prevent gait disorders (Alexander & Goldberg, 2005) and maintain walking ability (Simonsick, Guralnik, Volpato, Balfour, & Fried, 2005). Current physical activity recommendations for older adults include 150 min of moderate-intensity or 75 min of vigorous physical activity per week in addition to strength training, as well as engaging in balance training as needed (USDHHS, 2008).
Despite the well-recognized benefits of physical activity, many older adults do not achieve the recommended physical activity levels, and participation decreases with advancing age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005; Shaw & Spokane, 2008). Only 27% of older adults achieve 150 min or more of leisure-time physical activity per week (Hughes, McDowell, & Brody, 2008), and no more than 25% walk on a regular basis (Eyler, Brownson, Bacak, & House-mann, 2003). Physical activity levels are lower in older African American adults, with approximately 14% over 65 years of age reporting participation in regular moderate-intensity physical activity compared with 23% of older White adults (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2004).
Walking is the most common type of moderate-intensity physical activity chosen by older adults of all ethnic backgrounds (Bassett et al., 2002; Hughes et al., 2008; Wong, Wong, Pang, Azizah, & Dass, 2003) and has many of the same health benefits as other forms of moderate-intensity physical activity (King, 2001; Manson et al., 2002). Walking is a good form of moderate-intensity physical activity in that it does not require specific skills, clothing, or equipment and can be easily adapted to daily activities and a variety of fitness levels (Henderson & Ainsworth, 2000; Lockett, Willis, & Edwards, 2005; Mazzeo & Tanaka, 2001; Wong et al.).
Older adult walking may be influenced by factors at both the individual and environmental level (Conn, 1998; King, Rejeski, & Buchner, 1998; Sallis et al., 2006; Satariano & McAuley, 2003). Individual factors may include demographic and behavioral characteristics including knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about walking; behavioral skills; self-efficacy; outcome expectations; and perceived barriers to walking (Conn; King et al., 1998; Resnick & Nigg, 2003). Neighborhood environmental factors that may be relevant for older adults include aesthetics, sidewalk conditions, lighting, traffic, perception of neighborhood crime, or the presence of desired destinations within walking distance (Cunningham, Michael, Farquhar, & Lapidus, 2005; Strath, Isaacs, & Greenwald, 2007).
The influence of the environment has gained increased attention, in part because of the inadequacy of individual factors to fully explain or change physical activity prevalence (Saelens, Sallis, Black, & Chen, 2003; Sallis et al., 2006). Walking, because it can occur in one's own neighborhood, may be more influenced by environmental factors than other forms of physical activity. Older adult walkers may be more influenced by the neighborhood environment than younger adults because of differing perceptions of which environmental barriers are relevant (Lockett et al., 2005). Changes in functional capacity also may heighten the influence of environmental barriers on walking. For adults over the age of 65 years, 23% reported difficulty walking even a short distance without an assistive device (CDC, 2006). Mobility limitations, as well as deficits in hearing and vision, may limit older adults' ability to safely navigate their physical environment (Frank, Engelke, & Schmid, 2003). Avoidance of walking because of environmental constraints may limit opportunities for regular physical activity, potentially hastening the development of chronic disease or disability (Balfour & Kaplan, 2002; Clarke & George, 2005).
Traditional urban neighborhoods, with both pedestrian infrastructure and a mix of stores and services within walking distance, are associated with increased levels of walking or physical activity in older adults (Michael, Green, & Farquhar, 2006; Patterson & Chapman, 2003). For older adults with mobility limitations, crosswalk speed, presence of curbs or uneven surfaces, and other factors that increase the risk of falls or injury may be particularly relevant (Shumway-Cook et al., 2003).
Most research on the neighborhood environment's influence on physical activity in older adults has included samples of primarily middle-class Whites and has focused on leisure-time physical activity, without specification or examination of whether the physical activity takes place within or outside of the neighborhood environment. Few studies have examined how neighborhood factors specifically influence neighborhood walking, particularly in older African American adults (Belza et al., 2004; Bopp et al., 2007). Inclement weather, transportation, safety, dogs, traffic, and lighting have been identified as barriers to participating in physical activity (Belza et al.; Bopp et al.; Henderson & Ainsworth, 2000), and places to walk or be active were identified as physical activity enablers in ethnically diverse samples of older adults (Bopp et al.). The purpose of this study was to identify the environmental factors associated with neighborhood walking in urban African American adults over the age of 60, using photo-voice and focus groups.
Focus-group and photo-voice methodology were used in this exploratory, qualitative study. Photo-voice is a technique in which photographs taken by community members are used to facilitate discussion between community members and others (Lockett et al., 2005; Wang & Burris, 1997). It can promote identification of environmental factors such as sidewalks or neighborhood stores that may be relevant for neighborhood walking but may not emerge during traditional interviews or focus groups (Lockett et al.; Wang & Burris). Because the participants take the photographs, select those to be discussed, and provide relevant context, variables may be identified that are critical to the participants but may not be as readily evident to the researchers (Lockett et al.). This may be particularly vital when working with older adults, who may identify different factors relevant to walking than younger adults (Lockett et al.), or with understudied groups such as older African Americans (Henderson & Ainsworth, 2000). The use of photographs also can enhance focus-group discussion by aiding recall of events or evoking related associations or ideas (Aschermann, Dannenberg, & Schulz, 1998; Nowell, Berkowitz, Deacon, & Foster-Fishman, 2006).
A convenience sample of older African Americans was recruited for this study from an urban senior center with an active outreach program across the city of Detroit. The largest city in Michigan, Detroit is home to approximately 834,000 individuals who are predominantly African American (81.6%), with 10.4% age 65 years and older (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). Compared with national physical activity rates, Detroit residents are less physically active, with 33.4% reporting no participation in leisure-time physical activity, compared with 22% of adults nationally (Michigan Department of Community Health, 2008).
Study inclusion criteria included being an African American over 60 years of age who lived within the Detroit city limits, able to walk either with or without an assistive device, and able to speak and read English. Potential participants were excluded if they were unable to walk outside of the home because of their health. This study was approved by the university institutional review board.
In this study, photo-voice was used in combination with focus groups. After providing informed consent, participants were instructed to use disposable cameras we provided to take pictures of anything that encouraged or discouraged neighborhood walking. They were instructed to take pictures in areas where they felt safe and be accompanied by another individual to minimize fall risk. Participants were asked to keep a log of the photographs taken with a description of why they took each picture.
Four focus groups of 2–11 participants each (total N = 21) were conducted for 60–90 min in the senior center using an outline of guiding questions. Sample prompts included, "Please explain why you took this picture" and "How does this encourage or discourage you from walking in your neighborhood?" During the ensuing discussion, all participants were invited to contribute their thoughts and experiences. Photographs were displayed on a tabletop poster board or passed around to each member of the focus group. Approximately 30–50 photographs taken by participants were discussed at each session. Interpretation of each photograph was provided by the participant who had taken the photograph, with additional observations and discussion among the other participants.
Focus-group data collection and initial analysis overlapped until saturation of responses was reached (Morse, 1994). Audiotapes of the focus-group sessions, supplemented with written notes, were transcribed, and transcripts were checked against the recordings for accuracy. Initial content analysis, performed by the first and third authors, consisted of reading and rereading the transcripts followed by line-by-line coding of neighborhood factors that influenced walking (Burns, 1989). The neighborhood factors were then independently grouped by the two researchers into categories of themes that reflected similar concepts (Sandelowski, 2000). Neighborhood factors categorized differently by the two researchers were discussed within the research team until consensus was reached. Themes included both encouraging and discouraging neighborhood factors. For example, the theme neighborhood surroundings included attractive buildings as a characteristic that encouraged walking, whereas vacant lots discouraged walking. A few factors were included in more than one theme, depending on the context in which they were discussed. For example, people walking, biking, or jogging was included in the themes of presence of people, safety from crime, and public walking tracks and trails. The research team, including content experts in physical activity, environment, and aging minority populations, provided checks on content validity by examining the factors and themes. To minimize the impact of possible bias from the researchers, analysis of the photographs was provided by the participants during the focus-group discussions. The photographs taken by the participants and discussed in the focus groups were consistent with the themes identified during data analysis.
Participants ranged in age from 61 to 85 years (M = 70 ± 8.7). Most (90%) were female and not married and had attended some college or vocational school (81%). Forty-three percent reported walking more than one block in their neighborhood on a regular basis (see Table 1).
The common themes that emerged during the focus groups included presence of people, neighborhood surroundings, safety from crime, sidewalks and traffic, presence of animals, public walking tracks and trails, and weather (see Table 2). Each theme included factors that either encouraged or discouraged walking.
For many participants, the presence of people in the neighborhood encouraged walking. Seeing familiar faces and neighbors (38%); people walking, biking, or jogging (33%); and smiling, friendly people (28.5%) were most frequently reported, followed by the presence of families with children (14%) or visitors and downtown employees enjoying the local parks (9.5%). One woman said, "I walk every morning. There are people out there at this time of year, at 5:30 or 6:00 [a.m.], as soon as it's light. They will say, 'Hey, you're late!' Everybody knows each other."
The presence of people was also was mentioned as an inhibitor of walking, although less frequently. Large crowds (14%), people from outside the neighborhood generating criminal activity (14%), and individuals asking for or demanding money (9.5%) or young people fighting (9.5%) were mentioned as impediments to walking.
The most commonly reported enablers of neighborhood walking included quiet, peaceful surroundings (43%); buildings or statues with personal or historical meaning (28.5%); beauty or scenery (28.5%; Figure 1); parks (28.5%); and gardens, trees, and shade (28.5%). One participant stated, "I like looking at trees, nice homes being kept up well, gardens, and all that." Another commented about the personal meaning of the buildings that he photographed in his neighborhood, "Most of these are of historical places. The old places…. This is the old Kresge's five and dime." Other factors that encouraged neighborhood walking included the presence of water and attractive buildings (24%); places to rest, eat, or use the toilet (19%); and a variety of sights and activities (19%).
Vacant houses, overgrown lots, and trash were identified most frequently (38%) as inhibiting neighborhood walking, followed by inadequate lighting (14%) and fallen trees or branches (9.5%). One participant noted, "Poor street lighting would prevent me from walking in the evening. Overgrown bushes, shrubs … sometimes you have abandoned homes, and the shrubbery has gotten out of control."
People biking, walking, or jogging (33%); a safe walking area (24%); presence of a senior patrol, police, or security (19%); and walking early in the morning (15%) were identified as factors that encouraged neighborhood walking. A personal history of criminal victimization, either recent or in the past (38%); current neighborhood criminal activity (28.5%); a sense of an unsafe walking area (19%); and slow or inappropriate police response to neighborhood crime (9.5%) were identified as impediments to neighborhood walking. One regular walker said, "We walk around [the outside of] the hospital, because they have all kinds of cameras, and police there, and it's safe, very safe."
The presence and condition of neighborhood sidewalks influenced walking for many participants (48%). Six participants (28.5%) identified shoveled sidewalks as facilitating walking, whereas broken sidewalks (24%), sidewalks overgrown with weeds (24%; Figure 2), icy sidewalks (9.5%), and the abrupt ending of sidewalks forcing individuals to walk in the street with traffic (9.5%) were identified as barriers to walking. One woman said, "In some areas, there are no sidewalks, so you kind of have to go into the street. And you have to be careful of traffic, because it is coming both ways."
The presence of birds and squirrels in the area encouraged walking (24%), whereas fear of loose dogs (28.5%) discouraged participants from walking in their neighborhood. Comments included, "I love to hear the birds singing in the morning" and "If there was a track, I would still be leery of walking, because of animals, dogs…. I'm afraid of dogs."
The presence of public tracks and trails encouraged walking for 38% of the participants. Seeing others walking, biking, or jogging (33%); attractive scenery (24%); and a sense of safety (14%) encouraged walking along the tracks and trails. One walker said, "I walk around the track…. It is really nice, and you see people are running or jogging." Few participants identified tracks or trails as deterrents to walking, but those who did stated that isolated trails (9.5%), poor visibility in wooded areas (9.5%), and trails that were dangerous because of crime (9.5%) inhibited walking.
A desire to walk in the fresh air (14%) promoted walking, and cold or rainy weather (14%) and fear of falling on ice (9.5%) inhibited walking. One participant said, "I like [walking] both outside and inside, because when you're outside you're getting that fresh air, plenty of fresh air, but I don't like to walk in the rain."
Only 2 of the 21 participants were male. They (n = 2) reported neighborhood environmental factors that were similar to those of the female respondents. In contrast to the female participants, the men did not discuss any factors related to safety from crime or sidewalks and traffic that discouraged neighborhood walking. The male participants also indicated that the presence of animals or public walking tracks and trails did not influence their neighborhood walking either positively or negatively. They were regular walkers and lived in the downtown area, whereas most of the female participants lived in neighborhoods with single-family homes or duplexes.
The predominant themes that emerged for neighborhood walking in this sample of older, African American adults were the presence of people, neighborhood surroundings, safety from crime, sidewalks and traffic, animals, and public tracks and trails. Factors were included within these themes that both encouraged and discouraged neighborhood walking for this sample.
Similar to other findings (Chad et al., 2005), the presence of physically active people encouraged walking in this study. In addition, one unique finding was that the presence of familiar or friendly people in the neighborhood, whether or not engaged in physical activity, influenced walking. The presence of friendly or physically active people may be important to consider when planning physical activity or walking interventions or potential neighborhood changes designed to encourage physical activity or walking. For example, incorporating walking trails with other park features used by families, such as playgrounds, may facilitate neighborhood walking.
Some participants in this sample mentioned that people demonstrating potentially threatening behavior such as criminal activity, fighting, or asking for money discouraged neighborhood walking. This is consistent with the finding by Strath et al. (2007) that a sense of safety from harassment was important for older women who walked. This characteristic also overlapped with a sense of safety from crime.
The quality of the neighborhood surroundings, including the aesthetics of the natural and built environment, influenced walking in this study. Some factors related to the aesthetic character of the environment encouraged walking (quiet, peaceful surroundings; meaningful buildings/statues; parks; gardens, trees, and shade; and beauty/scenery), and others discouraged walking (vacant lots and houses, vegetation overgrowth, trash/litter). The aesthetic qualities of the environment, defined as landscape/aesthetics or pleasant surroundings, are commonly identified as factors that encourage walking and physical activity in older adults, although they are not always as influential as expected. Bopp et al. (2007) found that a nice place to walk was an important enabler of physical activity in African American women, but Eyler et al. (1998) did not. These studies did not focus on urban areas exclusively, and both focused on overall physical activity rather than neighborhood walking. Including different types of physical activity may have affected the influence of aesthetics in the studies. For physical activity that takes place outdoors, such as urban neighborhood walking, examined in this study, the positive influence of attractive scenery and buildings, as well as the negative influence of vacant lots or litter, may be stronger.
Other unique findings in this study included the importance of quiet, peaceful surroundings and buildings or statues with personal or historical meaning. Several participants reported walking early in the morning and in local parks to experience the city landmarks and peaceful surroundings. Parks, public spaces, and city landmarks can serve not just as places for recreation but also as concrete reminders of an individual's history with and connection to the community (Nowell et al., 2006). Many participants were longtime residents of the city, perhaps heightening the relevance of personal and city history and landmarks.
The presence of a variety of local sights, destinations, and amenities (places to eat, rest, and use the bathroom) encouraged walking in this study. Others have reported similar findings, including the importance of convenient destinations such as shops, businesses, and transit stops in encouraging walking (King et al., 2005: Lockett et al., 2005; Suminski, Poston, Petosa, Stevens, & Katzenmoyer, 2005). In contrast, Strath et al. (2007) did not find these characteristics to be as important an influence on walking as safety from traffic and falls.
An individual's reason for walking, whether recreation or transportation, may influence which neighborhood characteristics are relevant (Giles-Corti, Timperio, Bull, & Pikora, 2005; Saelens & Handy, 2008; Suminski et al., 2005). Although diversity of destinations and land-use mix have been associated with transportation walking in adults, the relationship with recreational walking is less consistent (Saelens & Handy). In this study, no differentiation was made between recreational and transportation walking. Because both can contribute to moderate-intensity physical activity, future research should examine the relevance of different neighborhood characteristics for recreational and transportation walking.
In most studies, perception of crime has been found to negatively affect physical activity or walking in the general adult population (Huston, Evenson, Bors, & Gizlice, 2003; Wilson, Kirtland, Ainsworth, & Addy, 2004) and in middle-aged and older women (Belza et al., 2004; Bopp et al., 2007; Eyler et al., 1998; Henderson & Ainsworth, 2000; King et al., 2000; Michael et al., 2006; Wilson et al.). A sense of safety from crime was identified as a facilitator of walking in older adults but was less influential than traffic, fall hazards, and sidewalks (Lockett et al., 2005). Strath et al. (2007) found that safety from crime and harassment was a problem among women but was identified less often than expected. In contrast, safety from crime was reported as a predominant theme in this study and was not limited to participants with a history of criminal victimization. Although most crimes (with the exception of personal larceny) are less common in this age group, older adults who are victims of a violent crime are more likely to suffer a serious injury than younger adults (U.S. Department of Justice [USDJ], 2006). The lower reporting of crime in this age group may reflect their reluctance to go out during nighttime hours (USDJ), rather than reduced vulnerability. In this study, neighborhood crime did not serve as an absolute deterrent to walking. Some participants developed strategies to walk safely in their neighborhoods, such as walking only in the daytime or early morning hours when others were asleep. Awareness of safety is critical for planning and implementing effective interventions and policies designed to increase physical activity and neighborhood walking in older adults (Roman & Chafin, 2008).
Similar to other studies (Bopp et al., 2007; King et al., 2000; Lockett et al., 2005; Michael et al., 2006; Strath et al., 2007), participants in this study identified the presence and condition of sidewalks as influencing walking. Sidewalk continuity and maintenance (keeping clear of ice, snow, and overgrown weeds) encouraged walking in this sample, although it was not found to be as important as neighborhood surroundings, presence of other people, and safety from crime. Strath et al. found that infrastructure, including the presence and maintenance of sidewalks, paths, and trails, was an important determinant of walking for older adults. Most outdoor falls in older adults participating in leisure-time physical activity (73%) are caused by environmental factors related to sidewalk maintenance, such as uneven surfaces or tripping or slipping on objects (Li et al., 2006).
Safety from street traffic was noted less often than expected in this sample. Older adults account for 23% of all pedestrian fatalities, although they represent only 13% of the total U.S. population. Older adults face a higher risk of injury during winter months, as well as while crossing intersections and walking behind vehicles (Federal Highway Administration, 2006). High-speed traffic, incomplete sidewalk networks, and crosswalk lights timed for younger individuals can add to the dangers older adults face while walking in their neighborhoods (Frank et al., 2003; Langlois et al., 1996). Despite these risks, traffic was not identified as a predominant theme for neighborhood walking in this study as long as the sidewalks were intact and well maintained. Many participants reported the use of local tracks or trails where street traffic may not have been encountered. Others reported walking at times when traffic was light, such as in the early morning.
In this study, loose dogs roaming the neighborhood were reported as a barrier to walking, which is consistent with the findings of other studies of older adult walking (Bopp et al., 2007; Michael et al., 2006). In contrast, King et al. (2000) found the presence of loose dogs to be positively associated with physical activity in women over 40 years of age, perhaps due to an increased awareness of dogs by those who are physically active outside.
Walking tracks or trails, associated with either local public schools or public parks, were used by some of the participants in this study. Others engaging in physical activity, attractive scenery, and a perception of safety associated with tracks and trails encouraged walking, whereas a perception of some trails as isolated, unsafe, or too deeply wooded for easy visibility discouraged their use. These findings are consistent with other studies. Although we identified no studies that examined trail characteristics that specifically encouraged walking in older adults, trail use by all adults has been found to be associated with trail safety and scenery (Gordon, Zizzi, & Pauline, 2004; Granner, Sharpe, Hutto, Wilcox, & Addy, 2007; Reynolds et al., 2007). Continued research on factors that encourage track and trail use may help identify important factors that promote walking in older adults. The relatively uniform and obstacle-free surfaces of tracks and trails may make these especially appropriate for use by older adults, including those with early deficits in functional capacity (Shumway-Cook et al., 2003).
Some studies have identified inclement weather and rainfall as deterrents to walking (Cervero & Duncan, 2003; Henderson & Ainsworth, 2000). Other than the negative influence of icy or unshoveled sidewalks in the winter, weather was not mentioned as frequently as we expected by participants in this study. Most of the participants did not report mobility difficulties, which may have increased confidence for walking in slippery conditions and diminished the influence of weather. In addition, several of the most active participants lived in the downtown area where the sidewalks were reported to be well maintained during the winter months. Finally, the focus groups were held in late summer when cold and rainy weather may not have been salient. Future research should explore seasonal effects on walking in this population. Weather may also become more relevant as declines in functional capacity occur. Deficits in vision, hearing, musculoskeletal strength, or balance may make it more difficult to navigate the environment and meet challenges such as slippery conditions (Frank et al., 2003).
The participatory nature of photo-voice, used in combination with focus groups, provides a unique process for identifying environmental variables relevant to walking among older, African American adults. Variables may be identified that are not apparent to the investigator but that may be important from the perspective of the participant, making it particularly useful in working with understudied groups such as older adults or African Americans (Henderson & Ainsworth, 2000; Lockett et al., 2005).
Interpretation of the photographs was provided by the participants to focus on their perception of their neighborhood environment, rather than on the researcher's ideas about what might encourage or discourage walking. For example, 1 participant who walked regularly in her neighborhood took photographs of her usual route. One photograph showed a vacant lot, a characteristic that had been cited by others in the focus groups as discouraging neighborhood walking. When the participant explained her photographs, however, she noted that two vacant houses had previously stood on the vacant lot, and the lawns and sidewalks had become overgrown. She avoided the lot due to the overgrowth on the sidewalk and fear of people who might be in the vacant homes. Recently, however, the houses had been torn down and the lots mowed, and she now felt much safer when she walked there.
As Wang and Burris (1997) note, "photographs are easy to gather but difficult to analyze" (p. 375). providing a large amount of complex data that can be difficult to digest. Because we left analysis of the photographic data to the participants describing characteristics that encouraged or discouraged walking, a framework for organizing the material grew out of the experiences of the participants rather than those of the researchers.
With the exception of the presence of animals and weather, each of the themes was captured by the photographs taken by the participants. However, some characteristics that discouraged walking were not captured by the photographs, particularly if they involved other people. For example, within the theme safety from crime, photographs showed other people walking, but no photographs were taken of people begging for money or fighting. Similarly, no pictures were taken of isolated or heavily wooded areas where participants felt unsafe or of neighborhood criminal activity. This was consistent with the instructions to the participants to take pictures only of situations where they felt safe.
Photo-voice is designed not only as a method of qualitative research but also as a means of increasing participants' knowledge and awareness (Wang & Burris, 1997). The photo-voice technique, through its emphasis on participants' perceptions, values the knowledge and expertise of the participants and allows for discussion of community assets and strengths, as well as needs and deficits (Wang & Burris). Lockett et al. (2005) found that the process of photographing hazards increased awareness of environmental hazards. Participants in this study expressed an increased awareness not only of the barriers to neighborhood walking but also of how and why the barriers influenced their own walking behavior. When participants discussed a barrier identified in a photograph, other members of the group often suggested strategies they had discovered for dealing with that barrier. Examples included walking early in the morning, finding an alternative route to a particular track, or using the senior center's older adult advocacy program for transportation services. Photographs were returned to the participants.
There are several limitations to this study. The sample was small and limited to older African Americans living in the city of Detroit; therefore the results may not be generalizable to other regions or those living in nonurban settings. The knowledge of neighborhood characteristics gained in this study can be used, however, in planning walking interventions and developing policy in this region.
Selection bias may have been present because of recruitment from one senior center in the city. Although the senior center draws participants from throughout the city, those who attend may differ from other city residents in socioeconomic or educational status, level of disability, or characteristics that may be relevant to neighborhood influences on walking. In addition, those at the center who chose to participate may have differed from those who did not. However, during recruitment it was emphasized that the researchers were interested in recruiting those who did and did not walk regularly. The sample was fairly evenly divided between walkers and nonwalkers, although most of the participants enrolled were women and had some college education.
The use of photo-voice, although intended to capture the perspective of the participants rather than that of the researcher, may be limited by what participants choose to photograph, or not to photograph, and why (Wang & Burris, 1997). This was likely minimized by the use of focus groups to discuss the photographs taken by the participants in this study. Typically, 30–50 photographs were discussed in a focus-group session, thereby creating a diverse discussion of the characteristics that promoted or inhibited neighborhood walking. Finally, a seasonal effect may have resulted from data collection only during the summer months.
Future research on older adult neighborhood walking should incorporate environmental factors into existing theoretical frameworks and examine the interaction between environmental and psychosocial factors, as well as the factors related to reasons for walking (recreation or transportation). Further instrument development is needed for quantitative assessment of neighborhood influences on walking. Finally, examining the influence of functional capacity and mobility limitations on neighborhood walking will help inform future interventions for older adults.
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Kelty is such a little sponge ... taking in everything around him. Apparently he doesn't just learn from his mommy, daddy and other family/friends in his life ... he also learns little tricks from the dogs! Kelty likes to watch the dogs eats treats off the floor and has decided it's a trick he wanted to learn too ... before trying to put a stop to this little trick of Kelty's I had to capture it on video. He ate all of his snacks from his little snack cups like this ....
Tuesday, January 20, 2009
Our Son the Dog .... What?
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Gibson Dunn & Crutcher is investigating whether to introduce a salaried-partner tier, ending its reign as one of the US's last single-partnership firms.
The West Coast firm has created a committee tasked with analysing whether to introduce a non-equity or salaried-partner tier, including whether to move existing partners across to the new tier, or whether it should be used as a tool for lateral hires and associate promotions.
A source at Gibson Dunn explained that the "high-level" committee had just started the process and had not yet debated its considerations with the firm's 250 equity partners.
However, the source revealed that many within the partnership were pushing for the non-equity tier to be only "a narrow tool used just for lateral hires".
This is the likely outcome of the review, as the firm is also overhauling its partnership and fee-earner recruitment process in a bid to increase the firm's global leverage to three lawyers for every partner.
The committee reviewing the non-equity tier is expected to report to the partnership on its findings early next year, although no formal timeline has been set.
Managing partner Kenneth Doran said: "We're aware that many of our peer firms have had a non-equity structure in place for many years and we're simply evaluating whether we should consider a change."


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Year Established:
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Management Certifiation:
Operational Address:
No.1 Building, Creative Island, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
Trademark:Dalian Xinzhi
Packing:Standard Export Carton+Polyfoam Inside
Production Capacity:3000 Sets/Month
Modern wood office executive desk XZ-ED-02
Modern&elegant design, made of high-class wood material, durable, free from deforming or slitting, well painted and finished, easy to clean, friendly environmental, in line with Europe E1 grade and Japan F4*grade. Colors and dimensions can be diversified. We are a professional office furniture manufacturer such as office desk, executive desk, conference desk, file cabinet, etc. If you are interested, please feel free to contact me.
1. Material
Internal material: E1 grade MDF, went through insect-prevention, antisepsis and damp-proof treatments.
Wood veneer: 0.6mm high-class imported solid wood.
Paint: Friendly environmental paint imported from Germany
Hardware accessory: Imported from Germany, famous brand " Grass" and "Blum"
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Red walnut
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Welcome to Ian's Fundraising Page!
Thank you for visiting our TEAM SUPERGRAEME Congenital Heart Walk fundraising page. Did you know that 1 in 110 babies is born with a congenital heart defect? And, that more babies die from CHDs than all childhood cancers combined? It's also severely UNDERFUNDED.
We didn't know any of this either, until Graeme was diagnosed with a congenital heart defect. CHDs do not discriminate - it can happen to anyone, and there is no known cause. There is also no cure, which is why funding is so important!!! Funding leads to RESEARCH and research leads to medical BREAKTHROUGHS!
Graeme was born in December 2012 with transposition of the great arteries (TGA), a VSD, and pulmonary stenosis. He has had two open-heart surgeries with Dr. Spray, and we are forever grateful to him, our cardiologist Dr. Szwast, and the entire CHOP team. Parts of Graeme's heart (the conduit) won't grow with him, and he will need that replaced as he gets bigger.
You would never know, though, that Graeme has a heart condition. He continues to act like a typical wild four year old. He loves to play and then fight and then play again with his older brother. He loves to play soccer, to listen to the Beatles, and Nirvana, and Bowie. He loves to get angry when its not his birthday every day. He loves going to the pub. He loves going outdoors, he loves watching TV indoors. He loves balloons. He even loves his greens. Simply put, Graeme loves life. We hope that modern medicine will help him stay that way.
To join our team or make a donation, please use the button on this page. The money raised will go toward research that will help Graeme live a long, healthy and happy life.
Not all superheroes fight their battles on the outside.
If you think this page contains objectionable content, please inform the system administrator.


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My Maker Philosophy
Handmade books have an intimacy and immediacy. They are more than content transmission, they become objects worthy in their own right. Like other book artists, my goal is to balance form and content to enhances the book. I try to meld digital and analog processes and incorporate recycling elements.
Octopus Pop-Up
Made a video for a test project for Tokyo Art Book Fair 2016. This is my first pop-up page.
Pop-up Test Page 2
MaiNichi Mushroom is a 12 issue zine project. The goal for each 8 page zine is to include mushroom fancy, mushroom fact and mushroom fiction. Some project updates can be found here and here.
The Milk Shallows is getting reformatted. I want to express light and shadow and the idea of a rippling river. So far I envision an accordion book. I like this mock-up but I want to have some kind of hard-cover.
What Goes In My Coffee
What Goes In My Coffee is a revisional book. The book is made from created pages and found items. It has illustrations, musing and moveable object. Readers can move items around in the book to revise it and create their own meaning. The book can a bit of fun or used as a reflection or meditation tool. This is planned to be a series of three books.
STATUS: In progress
AmuseMEnt is a handmade photography collection of shots taken at amusement parks and Aka Renga Souko. AmuseMEnt examines the effect of nostalgia on memory. The old and the new and the fabricated are part of the subject matter and the development technique. The photo creation technique revolves around the interplay between analogue and digital processes. Photos are taken with a Polgaroid (a Holga camera modified with an instant-film back), scanned and edited with software and put back into an analogue format when printed. The pages are printed on Japanese paper and bound using traditional Japanese hand-stitching.
STATUS: In progress
Dark and Stormy Morning is a children's book I wrote combining photography and hand-drawn illustration and Adobe Illustrator.
STATUS: In progress
Kinjiro examines life through the fishbowl. Made from a combination of Adobe Illustrator and Copic Markers.
STATUS: In progress
Something Fishy Series (in progress)
This is a series of poems using text and graphic design.
STATUS: binding stage
For a PDF of this invite with links to artist websites, Zinesmate and a google map click this link: artbyte_artbookfair_invites_2014
豆本 Mame Bon (Bean Books)
Named for their tiny size, mame (mamay) bon are tiny little books of happiness. They are easy to carry or to keep secret and to pull out whenever you need a smile.
Seasons of Estello
This is a series of bean books based on my character, Estello. They are concertina folds in a hard cover binding. The images are a mix of photographs, hand-made stamps and hand illustrations.
Star Books
Named for their folding pattern and the 3-D shape that can be achieved with this book.
This is a collection of macro photographs of snowflakes. Photos were taken during the snowstorm in Tokyo in 2014. The cover is hand embossed and uses recycled card and a Starbucks carrier bag.
Concertina Fold
Photographs attached to a concertina fold and placed in a cover made of paper, old felt attached with glue and machine sewing, with a hand-sewn button.
Kandachime Uma
Kandachime Uma is made in zine format for immediate production and hand made rather than mass printed to promote intimacy with the topic. Horses are not something one thinks about when it comes to Japan, yet Japan has eight indigenous breeds of horse. Horses were once an integral part of daily life but become easily forgotten these days. I am working on a project to photograph and document these horses. Covers have a front plate or embossed kanji. I also pursued this project during my artist residency at Shiro Oni Artist Residency in Onishi, Gunma.


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I have a Samsung Focus and I was recently in areas of the Southwest where I knew cell service would be spotty. I would turn on airplane mode on the phone every morning, thinking this would save battery life. However, by the evening, my battery would be down to almost nothing. I wasn't using the phone at all; never even turned the screen on until the end of the day.
So after a few days of this, I left the phone in "regular" mode. Sure enough, at the end of the day I had almost a full charge.
I didn't have Wi-Fi or Bluetooth turned on at any time.
Any ideas on why the phone uses more power when it's supposedly "off"? On a long flight, I'm afraid I'm going to arrive with a totally dead phone.
It may be one of the apps that you have installed going nuts when there's no available coverage. There's an app in the marketplace called Spare Parts that will help point out to you what's using up your resources (might wanna Google that in case I'm wrong....my girl uses Android, not me ;P), so you may want to check that out. Worst case, if you end up hard resetting the device and still have a problem, it's coming from some bit of hardware.
Is the iPhone X worth it? Find out why it totally is!
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Easter standouts also are highlighted among upcoming foodie events. – Santa Rosa Press Democrat
Flamenco Friday: This Friday, April 18, the Arlene Francis Center (99 Sixth St., Santa Rosa) hosts a lively fete, Flamenco Friday. Doors open at 6:30 p.m., when you can enjoy tapas, paella and sangria for $25 (kids under 12 are admitted free).
The show starts at 8 p.m.; admission, should you not want dinner, is $17.
The performance by Sol Flamenco features dancers Joelle Goncalves and Hilit Maniv and guitarists Geoff Hawkins and Mark Taylor. The group has performed together throughout the Bay Area for years and is widely praised for its passion and precision. You can check them out at solflamenco.com.
Tickets are available at the door the night of the show.
The performance is a joint production by Sol Flamenco Dance Troupe and 100 Thousand Poets for Change.
Easter at our Farmers Markets: Although farmers markets typically close on major holidays like Christmas Day and New Year's Day, most are open for business on Easter Sunday.
The West End Farmers Market, open from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., will raffle off two big beautiful baskets featuring a bounty of goods from market vendors, including handmade soap and body butters, flowers, bread, honey, sausages, eggs and spring produce.
Kids can search for Easter eggs hidden at vendor stalls and there will be holiday surprises, too. T-Luke and the Tight Suits provide live music throughout the market.
You can enjoy breakfast or lunch — or hang out and enjoy both — from Goodman's Jewish Deli, Happy Jack's Taco Co. and Starting From Scratch.
The West End Farmers Market is located on Donahue Street, between West Eighth and Boyce streets and adjacent to the DeTurk Park and Round Barn in Santa Rosa.
The Sebastopol Farmers Market, which is open from 10 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. and takes place in the town plaza at the corner of McKinley and Petaluma avenues, will celebrate both Easter and Earth Day. There will be free books and garden seeds for kids, a clothing swap for adults and an opportunity to hang out with and pet baby animals.
If you have not yet tasted the market's paella, offered by Cesar Vernier's Bone Broth Company, this is a great opportunity. Vernier gets to the market early, shops for ingredients and prepares his delicious paella on the spot.
There will also be a cooking demonstration, tasting and book signing by yours truly; the focus will be on spring-friendly vinaigrettes and dressed-up deviled eggs.
More Easter Options: If you feel like a little road trip on Easter Sunday, you might consider Nick's Cove in Tomales, where executive chef Austin Perkins is now harvesting spring crops from the on-site farm. You'll find Dungeness crab Benedict and Fra'mani ham and cheese sandwiches on the menu, along with their classic grilled oysters and full oyster bar.
We've also heard there will be special hunt in the Boat Shack, at the end of the public pier; whatever kid finds the Easter Bunny — a stuffed toy — will receive a bag full of Easter goodies.
Nick's Cove is located at 23240 Highway 1 in Marshall. For reservations, call (415) 663-1033.
Costeaux French Bakery (417 Healdsburg Ave.) is open for brunch Easter Sunday from 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. but if you're looking for the Easter Bunny, you need to stop by on Saturday, when he's expected to be hopping about around 10 a.m. The bakery has a number of Easter specialties, including hand decorated cookies, fruit basket cakes, hot cross buns and more.
West County Easter Tea: There is still time to enjoy Patisserie Angelica's special Easter tea, which is being served today through Saturday, April 19, from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Tea will include buttermilk biscuits with honey-glazed ham and fruited mustard, deviled eggs, cucumber sandwiches, warm cream scones, Meyer lemon curd, cream, savory pastries and little sweets and your choice of tea. Cost is $28 per person and reservations are essential.
Patisserie Angelica is located at 6821 Laguna Park Way, Sebastopol; to make a reservation, call 827-7998.
Ark of Taste Dinner: On Sunday, April 27, from 5 to 8 p.m., Slow Food Sonoma County North hosts an Ark of Taste Dinner at Shone Farm (7450 Steve Olson Lane, Forestville).
Louis Maldonado, executive chef of Spoonbar and Pizzando in Healdsburg and a finalist on Bravo TV's Top Chef, is the event's chef.
The dinner focuses on foods that have been taken onto Slow Food's "Ark of Taste," which honors traditional and endangered foods from around the world. At the center of the fete is an Ossabaw Island hog from Black Sheep Farm.
The evening begins with nibbles, including crispy pig's head and trotter terrine. A first course of lettuces, country ham, beet and pork gelee comes next and is followed by Geoduck clam and Gulf prawn ceviche with turnips, smoked daikon, yuzu and Carolina Gold rice.
Then comes the pork, with the rack and loin glazed with Meyer lemon honey and slowly roasted, crispy pulled pork shoulder, smoked pork ribs and shanks and bountiful accompaniments, including potatoes roasted in pork fat, and marrowfats, one of the most delicious of all shell beans. Dessert is a Meyer lemon tartlet with peach leaf meringue.
The event also includes a silent auction — highlights include ceramics from Soule Studio, a vintage Japanese tea set, local wines and meals at local restaurants — and live music by Vantini, a local trio.
Tickets are $85 for the general public and $75 for members of Slow Food. Space is limited, so if you want to attend, visit brownpapertickets.com soon.
Moonlight in Your Backyard: On Thursday, April 24, Backyard (6566 Front St., Forestville), hosts a very special beermaker dinner with Moonlight Brewing Company's Brian Hunt, often called "a brewer's brewer" for the scope and depth of his knowledge and talent.
The dinner features a prix fixe menu that includes three very special brews — Toast, Uncle Ollie and Previous Life — that you will never taste anywhere else, as Hunt is making them for this event and does not plan to make them again.
Things begin with a pretzel from nearby Nightingale Bakery, paired with Jorge Matos Beer Cheese and the brew called "Toast." Next comes a salad of young lettuces, pickled root vegetables and olive vinaigrette, paired with Lunatic Lager.
Moonlight's Saison will be served with beef tartare on Nightingale spent grain.
A third course features Twist of Fate paired with wild boar sausage, pheasant confit, white beans and kale.
Strawberries with toasted maringue, ricotta and orange blossoms will be paired with Uncle Ollie and the extravaganza wraps with with toasted anise biscotti and Previous Life brew.
Cost is $55 per person plus tax and gratuity. Seating is standard, with reservations available until 9 p.m. Brian Hunt will be on hand, eating, drinking and telling stories. If you love beer, you do not want to miss this opportunity.
For reservations, call 820-8445.
Clay Wood Cloth: This Saturday, April 19, the collaboration of three local craftswomen known as Clay-Wood-Cloth hosts its semi-annual sale at Mix Garden (1531 Healdsburg Ave., Healdsburg) from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
The sale features woven cotton kitchen towels and table linens by Marilyn Webster, wood cooking and serving utensils by Holly Jordan and porcelain dinnerware by Amy Halko.
For more information, visit sonomakitchenlinens.com, whimsyandtea.com and amyhalko.com.
A portion of the proceeds of every collaborative sale is donated to a local nonprofit chosen by the sale's host. This year, it will go to the Healdsburg Education Foundation, specifically their internship program with offers all high school juniors a six-week internship with a local business.
Michele Anna Jordan hosts "Mouthful" each Sunday at 7 p.m. on KRCB 90.9 & 91.1 FM. Email Jordan at email@example.com. You'll find her blog, "Eat This Now," at pantry.blogs.pressdemocrat.com.


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Okay I'm just going to come out and say it! I hate shopping for the men in my life! There, now it's out lol. When holidays or birthdays roll around dread falls upon me because I have NO clue what to get them. Shopping for girls or women is way much easier for me and wish it was the same when I am buying gifts for males. Anyway, there is one place that always gets me out of that rut and that is Daddy & Co.!
Daddy & Co. sells tons of different gifts for expectant dads, new dads and even expert dads! They offer clothing, books, gift sets, hats and more. If your shopping for a daddy this holiday season Daddy & Co. has you covered!
My husband has a few clothing pieces from Daddy & Co. already but didn't have a hooded sweatshirt from them yet. Weather has been turning cold here lately and what better for my hubby then to have a nice warm sweatshirt. =)
The hooded sweatshirts are made of 100% cotton fleece, they are hooded, pre-shrunk and come in a few different color options. On the front has the word Daddy proudly displayed and on the back has the words I'm the Daddy.
My husband loves his new sweatshirt and says it's really comfortable and perfect on these chilly Fall days. He wears it quite a bit! =)
To purchase or learn more visit daddyncompany.com
Connect with them on Facebook and Twitter.
One lucky reader is going to win a Daddy & Co. sweatshirt! Enter for your chance in the rafflecopter below. Giveaway open to U.S. Must be 18+ to enter. Winner has 48 hours to respond to winning email or another winner will be drawn.
Good Luck everyone. =)
Which color hooded sweatshirt is your favorite?
This giveaway is not endorsed, sponsored or affiliated with Facebook, Twitter or Pinterest, WEMAKE7 is not responsible for prize fulfillment.


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Camp Cove Beach House
House, Watsons Bay
Confirmation within 24hr
From $913 per night {{quote.pricing.message}} Total {{quote.pricing.price | format:'currency':'short'}} for
Min 3 - 7 nights stay
Please note: Minimum stay is 7 nights - calendar and prices are up to date up to end 2018.
A beautifully designed 4 bedroom, 3 bathroom fully furnished house in wonderful Watsons Bay - seconds walk away from breathtaking Camp Cove. Just the place for an unforgettable family holiday And double secure parking – a necessity this close to the beach
With all the features one would expect for a luxurious beachside holiday in Sydney's exclusive Watsons Bay, a beautiful harbourside enclave nestling below South Head. Magnificent living and fully-equipped kitchen leading onto a large deck overlooking a very private rear garden – perfect for that morning coffee – made on the classic La Pavoni coffee machine
Camp Cove Beach House has everything one needs for a perfect summer holiday.
The master bedroom with ensuite and its own private deck with views to South Head, two more double bedrooms upstairs and a further bedroom on the garden level opening directly onto a covered terrace. There is an additional upstairs bathroom and a powder room on the main level; a large open plan living, dining and kitchen area on the ground floor opening out to a large north-facing deck ideal for outdoor dining with BBQ.
When you return from the beach, be sure to try the outdoor shower hot and cold water, of course in the delightful side courtyard.
Downstairs is a separate entertaining area or fourth bedroom leading onto the garden, plus a fully-equipped laundry and bathroom.
Camp Cove Beach House has ducted air-conditioning throughout, wifi internet connection, Foxtel, TV, DVD, and a sound system throughout the house just plug in your iPhone/iPod or use the CD player.
Camp Cove Beach House is located close to all the features that Watsons Bay has to offer. Walks in the harbour-side national park, restaurants: the famous Doyles for seafood, or try breakfast on the terrace at the new Dunbar House Restaurant, the Watsons Bay Pub. And why not take a ferry or a water taxi on the harbour to Circular Quay, Manly or Darling Harbour.
Available for holidays
Rent $5250 pw
Minimum lease 7 nights
Departure clean $500
Dec/Jan $7000 per week
Bedroom configuration
The bedroom configuration is as follows: First Floor: The master bedroom suite has a ensuite with bath and separate shower and private balcony and a queen size bed. There iare two other bedrooms on this floor, one with a single bed and the other with a double bed and a balcony There is another bathroom/shower room associated with these bedrooms. Lwr Ground Floor: On the lower ground floor is another space with a queen size bed. There is a bathroom on this level combined with the laundry. The total sleeping accommodation is for seven people.
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Select request booking to access the quote calculator and to check availability.
Enter your check in and check out dates to see availability and a total price.
Special offer
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Note: Pricing is subject to change, and a minimum stay period and other conditions may apply. You should confirm pricing with the property owner.
Prices listed based on 6 adults. Property has 5 beds and can sleep a maximum 7 people.
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The Fender Marcus Miller Jazz Bass perfectly compliments Miller's combination of soulful groove and astounding technical ability that has made him one of the jazz world's preeminent virtuoso bassists. The Marcus Miller signature J-bass features an ash body for great resonance and punch, distinctive black pickguard/control plate and one piece C-shaped maple neck with maple fingerboard featuring white binding and white pearl block inlays.
Incredible tone comes from dual vintage-style Jazz Bass single-coil pickups, and the two-band active EQ has an active/passive mini-toggle switch. Other Marcus Miller selected features include chrome neck pickup cover, knurled chrome-dome knobs on the volume controls and black Jazz Bass knobs on the tone controls, a Badass Bass II bridge and three-bolt neck plate. Deluxe gig bag included.
What started as a simple string and pedal sales catalog has grown exponentially over the past thirty years. The early days were a time where catalogs didn't have much of a presence in the industry, but what began as a college dorm room operation grew rapidly. In 1986 we moved to a full product offering and 64-page catalog, which over the years has grown to 162 pages. Join the AMS family and get your free catalog now!
Copyright © 1996-2017 American Musical Supply, Inc. All rights reserved. American Musical Supply reserves the right to correct pricing and/or product specifications in the event of typographical errors found in our print catalog or on our website. If a product is listed at an incorrect price due to such errors or because of inaccurate information received from a supplier, American Musical Supply shall have the right to refuse or cancel any orders placed, whether or not the order has been confirmed and your credit card charged. If your credit card has already been charged for the purchase and your order is canceled, American Musical Supply will issue a credit to your credit card account in the amount of the charge.


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No doubt, members of the Francis Party, which doesn't officially exist but has had the run the city since 2003, are in the doldrums. The Party's interim mayor, Drew Dilkens, was found considerably lacking in a national popularity test of mayors running the ten largest cities in the nation.
Mainstreet Research did the poll for Postmedia, owner of the Windsor Star. The paper, on January 16, reported 14% are unsure of Dilkens. It added another, "… 35 per cent said they disapprove of him – the third highest disapproval rating among the mayors in the survey."
It is rather odd to see Windsor among the top ten cities. Wikipedia places it at sixteenth in a list based on population.
Nonetheless being on the list could see the intrepid Dilkens take credit for the bump up.
Without question, Dilkens' national recognition for poor performance is probably discouraging for the Francis Party. This is negative publicity the city can ill-afford and could cause the Party to drop Dilkens before he becomes a greater political liability.
Arguably, until now, things have been fairly smooth for the Party as it prepares to coronate Freddie Francis as the city's next mayor. Francis is entitled to the position with Dilkens simply keeping the mayor's seat warm until stepping aside before the next election.
However, his low approval might scuttle the plan.
By failing at endearing himself to the city, reversing his situation is probably out of the question. He is not winning any new friends with his bad attitude and his plan to end the Eddie Francis myth of holding the line on taxes.
A commentator on the paper's story, Norm Taylor, opined, "… too much importance was put on a 'zero tax increase' during the last election (which we should all know does not really exist)."
Taylor speculates people were voting for, "… Dilkens based on that part of his platform alone, ignoring the fact he had been Eddie's right hand man."
If the Francis Party is to salvage the 2018 election it has to move quickly. Dilkens must step down to give Francis time to become a voter darling.
Sadly, it probably won't work because Francis will continue the Party agenda.
If voters are upset now, a continuation of its irritating actions will have them looking to drain the swamp and seek a council and mayor dedicated to working to improve the city. Such a council is long overdue.


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inbriefNovember 2003
Royal Bank of Scotland has produced its first corporate social responsibility report. The unverified document concentrates on community investment and environmental protection, but the company says it will cover a much wider range of issues in future. The report shows that RBS invested £27.5million ($46m) in community work in 2001 – £21m in cash and £6.5m in kind.
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text:
A driver who was almost three times over the limit had to be chased and caught by police when he tried to flee.
Jonathan Collin first came to the attention of the police after he cornered his Range Rover with the tyres screeching.
Collin, 26, of Grosvenor Close, Poulton, pleaded guilty to driving with excess alcohol. He had a previous drink-driving conviction from 2008.
District Judge Jeff Brailsford, sitting at Blackpool Magistrates' Court, told him: "It is a huge shame you did not think first. Cars and alcohol simply do not mix."
Nicola Corney, prosecuting, said the incident happened on September 13 at 3.30am, when police saw Collin driving on Cookson Street. He had two passengers and took a corner with tyres screeching.
Collin stopped his vehicle on Dickson Road and walked towards the police patrol, but then turned and fled.
He was caught after a short chase. A breath test showed 93 micrograms of alcohol – 35 is the limit.
Brian Williams, defending, told the judge: "He behaved foolishly and appears before you with a considerable sense of shame, because he has let himself and his parents down.
"He made a stupid decision. When he saw the police his heart sank. It was not a serious attempt to evade the police."
Collin had now lost his job as an electrician because he was required to drive. He had taken courses to work off-shore, and was waiting for a vacancy.
He was sentenced to do 80 hours' unpaid work, put on 12 months' supervision, must take a drink-impaired driver's course, was banned from the road for 42 months and ordered to pay £85 costs with £60 victims' surcharge.


text:
GraphicRiver Leather Notebook 8011828
Stock Vector \ Objects \ Man-made Objects
Vector \ Notebook \ Isolated \ Vintage \ Texture \ WriteLeather \ Render \ Editable
Stock Vector - Leather Notebook 8011828 by robuart @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Objects \ Man-made Objects
Leather notebook isolated on the white vector illustration. Editable EPS and Render in JPG
Layered: Yes; Graphics Files Included: JPG Image, Vector EPS; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Workplace; Top View Of Workplace; Real Estate Investment; Internet Banking; Icons Set for Business; Top View Of Workplace; Internet Business And Payment Concept.
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text:
Active Tags
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Tricia's Summer Project— A Domme with a gift transforms a shy virgin into a sissy.
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text:
4-Door Sedan
MSRP based on 4-Door Sedan
MSRP based on 4-Door Sedan
MSRP: $42,950View Classifieds
Quick Specs
Gas Mileage 18 mpg City/27 mpg Hwy
Engine Gas V8, 4.6L
EPA Class Full Size
Style Name 4dr Sdn
Drivetrain Front Wheel Drive
Passenger Capacity 6
Passenger Doors 4
Body Style 4dr Car
Transmission 4-speed automatic transmission w/OD
EPA Classification Full Size
Weight Information
Base Curb Weight (lbs) 3978
Interior Dimensions
Front Head Room (in) 39.1
Second Leg Room (in) 43.2
Passenger Capacity 6
Front Hip Room (in) 56.4
Front Leg Room (in) 42.4
Second Shoulder Room (in) 60.1
Passenger Volume (ft³) 115.3
Second Head Room (in) 38.4
Front Shoulder Room (in) 60.4
Second Hip Room (in) 56.7
Exterior Dimensions
Width, Max w/o mirrors (in) 74.5
Liftover Height (in) - TBD -
Wheelbase (in) 115.3
Track Width, Rear (in) 62.2
Height, Overall (in) 56.7
Length, Overall (in) 207.2
Min Ground Clearance (in) 5.8
Track Width, Front (in) 62.7
Cargo Area Dimensions
Trunk Volume (ft³) 19.1
Fuel Economy
Fuel Tank
Fuel Tank Capacity, Approx (gal) 18.5
EPA Fuel Economy Est - City (MPG) 18
EPA Fuel Economy Est - Hwy (MPG) 27
Performance Specs
Displacement 4.6L/279
Engine Order Code LD8
SAE Net Torque @ RPM 300 @ 4000
Fuel System SFI
Engine Type Gas V8
SAE Net Horsepower @ RPM 275 @ 5600
Trans Type 4
Third Gear Ratio (:1) 1.00
Clutch Size (in) NA
Drivetrain Front Wheel Drive
First Gear Ratio (:1) 2.96
Sixth Gear Ratio (:1) NA
Trans Description Cont. Automatic w/OD
Fourth Gear Ratio (:1) 0.68
Final Drive Axle Ratio (:1) 3.11
Trans Order Code NA
Second Gear Ratio (:1) 1.63
Reverse Ratio (:1) 2.13
Trans Description Cont. Again NA
Fifth Gear Ratio (:1) NA
Seventh Gear Ratio (:1) NA
Disc - Front (Yes or ) Yes
Rear Drum Diam x Width (in) NA
Brake Type Power
Rear Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness (in) 10.94 x 0.43
Disc - Rear (Yes or ) Yes
Brake ABS System Yes
Drum - Rear (Yes or ) NA
Front Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness (in) 11.85 x 1.26
Lock to Lock Turns (Steering) 2.65
Steering Type Pwr Rack & Pinion
Turning Diameter - Curb to Curb (ft) 41.0
Steering Ratio (:1), Overall 15.6
Turning Diameter - Wall to Wall (ft) 44.0
Spare Tire Order Code NA
Front Tire Order Code QPX
Spare Tire Size Compact
Front Tire Size P225/60SR16
Rear Tire Order Code QPX
Rear Tire Size P225/60SR16
Spare Wheel Size (in) Compact
Front Wheel Size (in) 16 x 7
Spare Wheel Material Steel
Front Wheel Material Aluminum
Rear Wheel Size (in) 16 x 7
Rear Wheel Material Aluminum
Suspension Type - Front (Cont.) w/Coil Spring
Stabilizer Bar Diameter - Rear (in) 0.55
Suspension Type - Front MacPherson Strut
Shock Absorber Diameter - Rear (mm) 35
Suspension Type - Rear (Cont.) w/Coil Spring
Suspension Type - Rear Short/Long Arm
Stabilizer Bar Diameter - Front (in) 0.75
Shock Absorber Diameter - Front (mm) 35
Safety Features
Air Bag-Frontal-Driver Yes
Air Bag-Frontal-Passenger Yes
Air Bag-Passenger Switch (On/Off) No
Air Bag-Side Body-Front Yes
Air Bag-Side Body-Rear No
Air Bag-Side Head-Front No
Air Bag-Side Head-Rear No
Brakes-ABS Yes
Child Safety Rear Door Locks Yes
Daytime Running Lights Yes
Traction Control Yes
Night Vision No
Rollover Protection Bars No
Fog Lamps No
Parking Aid No
Tire Pressure Monitor Yes
Back-Up Camera No
Stability Control No
Other Features 4-wheel anti-lock braking system
Driver & front passenger airbags
Front seat-mounted side-impact airbags
Front seat belts-inc: 3-point outboard seat belts, center lap...
Rear seat belts-inc: 3-point seat belts for all positions
Child lockout rear windows
Child safety rear door locks
Full-range brake & engine traction control
Brake/transmission shift interlock
Daytime running lamps
Driver & front passenger airbags
Front seat-mounted side-impact airbags
Front seat belts-inc: 3-point outboard seat belts, center lap...
Rear seat belts-inc: 3-point seat belts for all positions
Child lockout rear windows
Child safety rear door locks
Full-range brake & engine traction control
Brake/transmission shift interlock
Daytime running lamps
Basic Miles/km 50,000
Basic Years 4
Corrosion Miles/km 100,000
Corrosion Years 6
Drivetrain Miles/km 50,000
Drivetrain Years 4
Roadside Assistance Miles/km 50,000
Roadside Assistance Years 4
Other Specs
Cooling System
Total Cooling System Capacity (qts) 12.5
Cold Cranking Amps @ 0° F (Primary) 770
Maximum Alternator Capacity (amps) 140
Wt Distributing Hitch - Max Trailer Wt. (lbs) NA
Dead Weight Hitch - Max Trailer Wt. (lbs) 1000
Wt Distributing Hitch - Max Tongue Wt. (lbs) NA
Dead Weight Hitch - Max Tongue Wt. (lbs) 100
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text:
robust control
From The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition, 2008
Edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume
Back to topBack to top
Robust control is an approach for confronting model uncertainty in decision making, aiming at finding decision rules which perform well across a range of alternative models. This typically leads to a minimax approach, where the robust decision rule minimizes the worst-case outcome from the possible set. This article discusses the rationale for robust decisions, the background literature in control theory, and different approaches which have been used in economics, including the most prominent approach due to Hansen and Sargent.
ambiguity; ambiguity aversion; control theory; error modelling; Kalman filtering; Lagrange multipliers; linear quadratic control; max-min expected utility; minimax; model uncertainty; optimal control; perturbation; probability distribution; risk aversion; robust control; uncertainty aversion; unstructured uncertainty
Back to topBack to top
See Also
How to cite this article
Williams, Noah. "robust control." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition. Eds. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. Palgrave Macmillan. 22 November 2017 <http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_R000250> doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1451


text:
This picture was taken the same weekend last year! Fritter was so little! I love those squishy cheeks! :)
We brought the cap back out this year & it still fits! LOL
Same sweet little face though! :)
I hope everyone has a great weekend! There will be lots of big changes happening to my blog soon so stay tuned! :)


text:
Ergonomic Controls
Product Overview
Digichain controls are ergonomically designed handle control allowing LK hoists to be used as an extension of the operator's arm. Ergonomic control designed specifically for one-handed operation.
About Ergonomic Controls
Available on LK02 and LK05 model hoists
- 1/8 to 1/2 ton capacities
- Single fall only
- Standard E-stop button
- NEMA type 3R (IP-55) protection rating


text:
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act celebrated its 10th birthday yesterday, a milestone that has triggered a flood of assessments. A Reuters analysis credits the law with strengthening companies' internal controls on their financial reports and boosting the penalties for executives who commit financial fraud. It points to the initial climb and subsequent decline in the number of companies restating their financials as a sign that Sarbanes-Oxley is working. The article points out, though, that while Sarbanes-Oxley established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and increased oversight of the accounting industry, it did not eliminate the conflict of interest inherent in public companies paying the accounting firms that audit their books.
Allison Frankel, a legal blogger for Thomson Reuters, notes that Sarbanes-Oxley's requirement that CEOs and CFOs certify their company's financial results hasn't provided prosecutors with muchhelp in going after executives in cases of financial fraud. Regulators have brought few such cases and won even fewer, she says, blaming that in part on companies' having set up systems in which lower-level executives provide subcertifications that the CEO and CFO rely upon.
Read the full Reuters story here; see Allison Frankel's blog posting here and a New York Times collection of short pieces about the legislation here.


text:
Developing a spatial- and technology - policy to provide domestic comfort to the urban inhabitants of North Western Europe. Karel Mulder,. Problem. climate change, 3-5 ˚ C until 2100 urban heat islands, up to 7 ˚ C warmer Enhanced urban heat effect, 1 ˚ C. More heat waves
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Industry: ban on cooling water discharge if water temperatures exceed 28˚C
Utilities: no new demand peak in electricity
Consumers: ?
All: less CO2
Sufficiency of passive measures?
What if industry has less waste heat in future?
A centralized cooling grid in combination with aquifers or sea water?
Will there be efficient, smaller scale absorption coolers?


text:
Once you've digested our latest news, all you have to do then is log out and walk in!
We have a wonderfully authentic and welcoming Inn that we just love to show off, so if there's anything else we can do for you, or any question we have left unanswered, please don't hesitate to get in touch.
We look forward to welcoming you to the First & Last Inn.
The traditional inn at Sennen has seen a £20k investment over the winter with the kitchen being refurbished and a new pizza oven installed.
Read more
Be the first to find out
Find out what we've got in store
Images from the pub and the local community
Keep an eye out for exclusive promotions


text:
GraphicRiver Fitness Flyer Poster Vol.1 5016346
Category: Print Template | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Fitness Flyer Poster Vol.1 5016346
Print Template \ Flyers \ Events \ Sports
Flyer \ Sports \ Promotion \ Ready \ Print \ Poster \ Practice \ Sport \ Yoga \ Work
Print Template - Fitness Flyer Poster Vol.1 5016346 by dkcreative @ GraphicRiver
Print Template \ Flyers \ Events \ Sports
Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD; Layered: Yes; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS2; Print Dimensions: 8.3x11.7.
Fitness Flyer / Poster Vol.1
- PSD – for Photoshop | Full Layered
- CMYK | 300 DPI | Print Ready
- A4 – 210mm x 297mm (8.3" x 11.7") + 3mm bleeds
- 3 Colors Version | Easy to edit color, text, logo, photo
- Images are not included! (Image and Font Link inside the help file)
Font Used.
- Font: Ubuntu
Please rate, if you like it ! Thank you!
Corporate Business Flyer Bundle Vol.3; Corporate Business Flyer vol.9; Infographics Elements Flat Design; Corporate Business Flyer Vol.8; Fonoma Media Logo; Pix Finder Logo Template; Road Line Logo Template.
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text:
West Side, Canisius rowers among crews to advance to nationals
SARATOGA SPRINGS — Mother Nature made her presence felt all weekend at the New York State Scholastic Rowing Championships, but several Western New York boats earned rewards for braving the elements and earned trips to nationals by finishing either first or second in their respective races here on Sunday.
West Side Rowing Club Women's varsity four finished first among club teams and second overall Sunday to earn the right to compete next month in the USRowing National Championships in Sacramento, Calif. The crew of Ashley Johnson (Clarence), Emily Radziwon (Orchard Park), Emily Evans (City Honors), Erica Lister (Sacred Heart), and coxswain Claire Conrad (Buffalo Seminary) finished in 6:31.702 – roughly five seconds behind first-place scholastic team Manhasset.
Canisius boats asserted themselves well as usual at states, with the Crusaders' lightweight eight taking first in 5:06.060. The crew of Ben Zabel (cox), Patrick Bohen, William Mangan, Casmir Garrison, Dylan Sabuda, Allan Collins, Michael Braun, Matthew Flejtuch and Corey Luksch finished more than 8.5 seconds ahead of second-place Pittsford.
Canisius A boat took second in the senior eight as the boat of Ryan Flynn, Michael Battaglia, Daniel Jordan, David Militello, Brian Hamp, David McCormick, Max Paterson, Joe Ebner and Jake Filby (cox) finished in 4:59.563, just 1.5 seconds behind Chaminade A. Canisius boats also took second in the freshman boys eight, boys second eight and novice eight.
St. Joe's boys novice four of Andrew Gehman, James Krolewski, Adam Trimper, Connor Logal and coxswain Erich Thur placed first, while the Marauders' junior eight and novice four also took seconds.
Mount St. Mary novice eight featuring Grace Cambria, Hannah Lawrence, Olivia Cianchetti, Maria Mankowski, Sophie Carroll, Gabriella Congi, Molly Frauenheim, Alissa Miller and Emily Ngo (cox) won in 6:10.4. Nichols' freshman girls four of Samantha Lazar, Gracie Newman, Victoria Krentz, Kayla Sienkiewicz and Hailey Miller (cox) also took first.


text:
Information represents an asset for any organization. Managing sensitive information and ensuring that it remains secure is key for companies and governments alike. Information security involves people, processes, IT systems and management processes. Training on information security and management systems is much needed, as it will translate into better businesses and more efficient public sectors.
This seminar will facilitate approaches for building secure informatization infrastructure in cities. It aims to promote knowledge exchange on management methods, laws and regulations related to information security, and to foster cooperation among developing countries.
- Recognize the significance of information security
- Increase the capability of information risk control
- Increase the efficiency of information management
- Upgrade the safety and reliability of information management systems
The seminar will include lectures and presentations on the following key topics:
- Strategic management of information security
- Policy, law and regulations on information security
- Information security management systems
- International internet security management
- Information security standards
- Information security crisis and emergency management
- Principles and practices of Information assurance
- Information security assessment
- Information security standard
- Ethics and norms
Through integration of thematic lectures, special subjects, open discussions and on site investigation, participants will be introduced to Shanghai's achievements in the area of law and regulation of information security, while also learning about advanced experiences on information security and law formulation from around the world.
Senior government officials working in the field of information security from African French Speaking countries including Benin, Burundi, Togo, Congo, Guinea, Gabon, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Republic of Senegal, Chad, Burkina Faso, Equatorial Guinea, Comorin, Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, and Guinea-Bissau.


text:
If there is one thing we love more than spinning those reels and putting on our best poker face in table games, it is winning lots of cash!
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text:
| Recently found by viaLibri....
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Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1921 A fine first US edition in a very good dust jacket missing a 3/4 inch piece at the bottom of the spine. 1921 on title page and no mention of later printings on the copyright page. Housed in a custom-made collector's slipcase.. 1st Edition. Hardcover. Fine/Very Good.
[Bookseller: Bookbid Rare Books]
Last Found On: 2016-09-30 Check availability: Biblio
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