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NEWS UPDATE MAY 2013 - SADLY WE REGRET TO INFORM SEVERAL OF OUR COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPHS, WEBSITE CONTENT , VIDEO's and INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY have been STOLEN FRAUDULENTLY and are being USED WITHOUT OUR PERMISSION on a BYB's website POSING TO USE THE SAME NAME AS US : they go by AUSTRALIAN BREEDER OF RAGDOLL KITTENS - their website is currently shut down. THEIR WEBSITE MAY EVEN BE A SCAM where they collect your money for nothing in return? PLEASE NOTE WE HAVE NO AFFILIATION WHATSOEVER WITH THESE PEOPLE AND LEGAL PROCEEDING ARE CURRENTLY UNDERWAY FOR USE OF COPYRIGHT MATERIALS
As Christian and I were driving home, I couldn't keep the smile off my face. Sasha has to be one of the cutest, most adorable little fluff balls I have ever seen. She happily and quietly slept all the way home. When she settled into our home we found out what a cheeky personality she has; loves her snuggles, playing hide & seek, and loves to explore. She hasn't had any accidents and even takes herself to her litter tray without any help. Our other kitten Tora didn?t like sharing her mummy and daddy, but with time, patience, and persistence they are NOW busy playing chasings 4 days later, while I write this. They both have their 'dinnies' together and will wait for each other before they start eating. They have started to snuggle and groom each other which is adorable. Thank you so much for raising such an amazing little ragdoll. She has such a cute personality and is also very intelligent. I will definitely be recommending FASARA to anyone wanting a ragdoll :)
Recommending FASARA furbabies
From the bottom of my heart, Thankyou for my lovely addition , my second FASARA furbaby Bentley! He is just beautiful, cute and cuddly. He is full of fun and makes us laugh with his antics already! I followed your advice of keeping Bentley in his safe room for the first night until the children were in bed and then I brought him out for cuddles. I put him in the safe room to sleep for the night and he only cried for about 2 minutes and then settled into sleep all night. Bentley settled in very quickly and by Saturday night Bashi and Bentley were running around the lounge room playing. I love how FASARA Ragdoll?s always come so well adjusted. Both of my kittens never showed any separation anxiety and I know this is because of the love, time and effort you spend with each and every baby that is born and you treat them like family. I can see your love for them as displayed when you saw Bashi again after all this time. I will always recommend FASARA to anyone who wants a Ragdoll.
Kimmy and family
Our Second FASARA furbaby
We would love to say a very BIG Thankyou to FASARA. We are the Lucky new owners of FASARA TR Teddy Paws..."Teddy", or as my boys like to call him "Bear". He is the most magnificent kitten we have ever received. His personality from day one has been exceptional. He was never timid or afraid. He even jumped out of his crate, put his paws on my shoulders and gave me a big hug when I first picked him up from the airport. At just 12 weeks old, he weighed a whooping 3.2kg... WOW, and at 15 weeks, after been in a new environment, he still managed to increase his size to 3.5kg. At his first ever cat show he even managed to wrangle a 3rd Best in show out of 26 kittens. I can't wait for 2013 when he will have an entire year to shock the QLD judges. FASARA are wonderful breeders, who has freely shared their knowledge with me and with the help of this magnificent boy I hope we can produce gorgeous bundles of fur like she does. xoxoxo Babyblue Ragdolls
Kate Field
Extremely happy new owner of Fasara TR Teddy Paws
What a joy our little Hephzibar is, she races around the house skidding on the polished wooden floors having a ball with us playing hide and seek. She is defiantly Geoff's baby always sleeping next to his head on the bed and sitting in the chair with him. She knows when he is coming home and leaves me as soon as he walks in the door. Yes, we are wanting another little furbaby, this one will be mine and also a playmate for Hephzibar when we have to go out so she wont be alone. Thank you for breeding such beautiful babies, ours is such a delight! Your kindness and understanding of what we wanted was really special making getting our first baby a real memorable occasion.
Betty & Geoff
Mum & Dad
It's been a couple of months since my little man arrived at his new home, he is just so darn handsome and simply just wonderful. He settled in straight away - pranced straight out of his carry case and went about happily exploring. He loves a game of fetch and is such a snuggler. The way he seeks out and initiates cuddles, is amazing. He follows me everywhere and greets me at the door. Waits for me while showering, then jumps in and splashes around in the puddles when I finish! He is my puppycat. I am so thankful to you for breeding such magnificent Ragdolls and for entrusting me with him. As a first time cat owner, your patience, experience and knowledge was wonderful and so appreciated. I don't know how you managed it but you have matched us perfectly. As I mentioned, I am considering, for next year, adopting a little sister for him as Fasara babies are addictive. He is a testament to your marvellous breeding program with his temperament, looks and size.
FASARA Furbaby Myles- Darcy
Panda went to the vet today for his follow up vaccination needle, the vet just wouldn't put Panda down running his fingers through his coat and admiring every centimeter of him. His comments being he is the most stunning coloured and put together Ragdoll kitten he had ever seen. He was also very impressed by his size and conformity. I knew he was wonderful but it's nice to hear someone else say it. So thankyou Fasara for breeding such a special little man and choosing me to be his mum I feel blessed xx
Bec from VIC
Panda's Blessed and Chosen mummy!!
Firstly I would like to thank you so very much for Alfie. He is the most wonderful little boy. His nature is just as you said - so loving, gentle, affectionate . He is everything I could ever dream of having and more. I am so very grateful to you. So thank you so very much for being who you are, for breeding such beautiful Ragdolls, for giving them the most perfect environment for their development, for having the best mummy and daddies, for your whole program. He's such a joy, has his little play times, still loves to investigate new things and see how everything works - ha! And then, he curls up and has his little naps. At night time we have our cuddles in bed, and then he paws the pillows and blankets and settles down just above my pillow. Thank you so very much for your beautiful Fasara kitten - he is my pride and joy and I know will be my beloved companion for many many years.I love him so very much and will always be grateful to you - thank you. Warm Regards
Alfie's very proud mummy :)
Just like to say a massive THANK YOU! We couldn't be more pleased with little Oliver Winston, in less than an hour after his dual plane transportation arrival he was busy playing and showing just how confident he really is. He happily sleeps in our bed each night, meows if he can't see us, purrs SO loud & loves playing with his toys. He has plenty of character and adores every ounce of attention you give him. Our other cat has taken to him in true big brother form, constantly following his every move, grooming & snuggling. Thank you for your continued support, the way in which you raise & breed your kittens has left us truly smitten! xx
Adoring mum of Fasara Oliver Winston
I wanted to thank you for raising such an amazing furbaby. Charlie is our little pocket rocket, so full of fun, he makes us laugh everyday. We couldn't imagine life without him now. Sofia has taken to him like a mum, and even preteen and cleans him. They wake us up every morning running and playing in our bedroom. Charlie is full of life and a real credit to you and the manner in which you raise the FASARA furbabies. Thanks once again. Teresa, Perry and Sofia
Teresa, Lugarno NSW
Excited new mum
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Vic's Tire & Auto
Review for Vic's Tire & Auto
Linda O. on 12/20/2013
Linda said the people at the business are good, courteous, and prompt. She had a good experience and she has already recommended the business to a friend.
Vehicle: Honda CR-V
Category: Service
Service Date: 12/17/2013
Review Created: 12/20/2013
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.

subset: commoncrawl


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Crazy wet weather in Portugal was @andreasbakkerud's first race in the Focus RSRX. Back to back 1st place races later, we think he's getting the hang of this thing! #focusrs #worldrx #ford


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Australian band "Hunters and Collectors" have received a request from controversy-hungry animal rights group PETA to change their name, despite holding it since the 80s.
They've been urged to consider an animal-friendly name-lift in order to "discourage people from hunting animals"
PETA Associate Director of Campaigns Ashley Fruno sent them a letter to the band which you can read below.
Dear Mark, John, Doug, Jack, Rob, Barry, Jeremy, and Michael,
I hope this letter finds you well. On the eve of the duck-hunting season, we at PETA Australia have a request that may help save lives: Would you consider changing the name of your band to discourage people from hunting animals?
We feel sure that it was never your intention to promote the killing of intelligent, sensitive, and defenceless animals, but your name may nevertheless make hunting seem appealing to your fans.
Nearly 300,000 Australian waterbirds face an agonising death during hunting season, which opens in Victoria and Tasmania next week and is already underway in South Australia. This season, bag limits have increased to 10 ducks per day in Victoria, even though the waterbird population is the lowest it has been in 34 years. Horrifyingly, one in every four ducks shot is left to die slowly and painfully, sometimes of starvation or thirst, and many birds not considered "legal game" will be killed in the crossfire.
As your Adelaide reunion show is coming up, now is the perfect time for a band namelift. Might you consider "Hunters & Collectors of Antiques", "Hunters & Collectors of Vinyl Records", or even "Hunters & Collectors of Beer Cans" as possible replacements? You could even enlist the help of your fans to crowdsource the holy grail of names on social media.
Do you see what we see? By agreeing to change your name, you would help raise awareness of the cruelty inherent in hunting waterbirds and give ducks a fighting chance.
Warm regards,
Ashley Fruno
Associate Director of Campaigns
PETA Australia
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By LogMeIn, Inc.
This app is only available on the App Store for iOS devices.
Disclaimer: LogMeIn announced plans to retire the Cubby product line on October 17, 2016.
This app will no longer be available for download after December 31, 2017 and will be removed from the App Store.
This app will continue to function for current Cubby customers with active subscriptions through the end of 2017.
What's New in Version 1.0.12653
• Fixed a bug experienced by iOS 8 users.
Customer Reviews
An Obituary
The cloud storage space has brought with it a lot of noise in the form of indistinguishable services that very by the minor introduction of features or small variations in their business plan. Cubby stood apart. On desktop clients, it allowed multiple different folders to be synchronized, thus allowing e.g. app configurations to be shared between machine. On both mobile and desktop, it offered a clean, easy-to-use interface. And it offered relatively granular control over synching and sharing. In the broader marketplace, it offered a nice balance between the simplicity (and ubiquity) of Dropbox and the fine-tuned control of Box. You will be missed.
[Yes, LogMeIn, who purchased Cubby, does offer a replacement. Unfortunately, their offering fails to capture the features that made Cubby both valuable and distinct. At this point, you're better going with Dropbox or Google Drive if you're an individual, or Box or Microsoft OneDrive if you're a business.]
Almost 5 stars
Does everything very well as advertised. Only one big oversight. IF you have any files stored on a server or remote NAS device on your network the files do not sync very well or at all.
My workaround for the time being is to turn off sync when i get to the office and then turn it on at the end of the day to force cubby to scan the folder after i have done all of my work for the day. otherwise the changes i make at work do no get synced.
If this issue is fixed it would be a 5 star app in my opinion.
Seamless and fast syncing
I had been looking for a cost effective replacement for Sugarsync so that I could keep my documents and folders in sync across multiple Macs and a work computer and I found it. Cubby allows me to seamlessly and quickly keep everything synced up without having to move everything into a central folder; everything can stay where it is. The price is reasonable and great service.
- Free
- Category: Productivity
- Updated: Oct 21, 2014
- Version: 1.0.12653
- Size: 7.1 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: LogMeIn, Inc.
- © LogMeIn, Inc.
Compatibility: Requires iOS 5.1.1 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


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A big clean room ,ensuite ,comfy bed ,as it was very cold a electric blanket was most welcome .we didn't have a cooked breakfast ,the fruit salad was fresh and beautiful .Michelle we thank you for your hospitality .
Getting you more information on this room
Getting you more information on this room
"We had room 5 ,the birds were a bit noisy ,but that is part of the country ,rather the birds than noisy cars ."
"Back rooms overlooking garden front rooms over looking garden facing a quiet road"
"You will be happy with this B&B, unless you are very hard to please."


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Bedding plant, any of a number of plants that are grown, usually in quantity, in pots or flats in a greenhouse or similar structure and that are intended to be transplanted to a flower garden, hanging basket, window box, or other outdoor planter. Most bedding plants are annuals. They are transplanted outdoors after all danger of frost has passed and are often massed together for a visual impact. Some important bedding plants are impatiens, marigolds, ageratum, pansies, and petunias.
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Australians' love affair with home renovations is underlined by the fact the nationally we are now spending over $100 million every week on renovating properties.
Blogger: Paul Bennion, DEPPRO tax depreciation specialists
The latest ABS figures for the December 2012 quarter show that nationally building approvals figures for home renovations totaled $1.5 billion.
This means on average every week some $128 million is being committed to home renovations throughout Australia.
We are finding that property investors are now leading the charge in home renovations due to rising rental returns and low interest rates.
Overall, DEPPRO recorded a 30% jump in the number of tax depreciation reports we have undertaken during the last year for investors planning to undertake major home renovations.
In many capital cities throughout Australia, property investors are now achieving rental returns in excess of 5%.
These rental returns can be further boosted through selective home improvements especially in the kitchen and bathroom areas.
Even repainting a home and installing new floor coverings can significantly boost weekly rents.
At the same time the overall cost of home renovations has become more competitive due to the fact that interest rates are very low so the cost of borrowing funds to undertake home renovations is now much affordable.
Astute investors are taking advantage of very competitive house prices to purchase older style homes in well located areas where they can significantly boost rental returns through renovations and with this increased cash flow purchase additional investment properties.
However, we are finding that many investors still do not understand that they can qualify for significant tax benefits when undertaking a home renovation on their investment property.
DEPPRO is finding that common refurbishments to these investment properties include renovations to kitchens and bathrooms, which account for around 60% of the budget, with the remaining 40% being spent on lounge, family and bedrooms which would include floor coverings and repainting.
Many investors throw out many items without understanding that they may claim tax benefits on these materials at 100% of its written down value in the year of disposal.
A typical amount spent on a home renovation ranges from $20,000 to $50,000 for a basic refurbishment and the investor can qualify for both plant and capital works allowance as a tax deduction and the residual write off of the disposed item.
However, to qualify for these tax benefits, the investors have to undertake a depreciation schedule for the property as near as to the date of purchase as possible.
About the Blogger
Paul Bennion
Paul Bennion is the managing director of DEPPRO tax depreciation specialists.
DEPPRO Pty Ltd is Australia's leading property depreciation company, specialising solely in the preparation of tax depreciation reports for residential, commercial, industrial and leisure investment properties.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|18 Apr 2006
|Filing date
|5 Mar 2001
|Priority date
|27 Oct 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John Michael Kowalski
|Original Assignee
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (58), Classifications (25), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claim the benefit of Provisional application Ser. No. 60/244,009, filed Oct. 27, 2000.
This invention relates to the addition of an outer coding scheme for any carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) based scheme that uses an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDM) physical layer, such as 802.11a. In particular, it is applicable to some powerline systems being proposed in the HomePlug industry forum.
The IEEE's standard for wireless LANs, designated IEEE 802.11, provides two different ways to configure a network: ad-hoc and infrastructure. In an ad-hoc network, computers form a network "on the fly," with each computer or 802.11 device joining the network as is able to send and receive signals. There is no defined structure in an ad-hoc network; there are no fixed points; and every node in the network is able to communicate with every other node in the network. Although it may seem that order would be difficult to maintain in this type of network, sufficient algorithms, such as the spokesman election algorithm (SEA), are provided and are designed to "elect" one machine as the base, or master, station of the network, with the others machines being "slaves." Another algorithm in ad-hoc network architectures uses a broadcast and flooding method to all other nodes to establish the identity of all nodes in the network.
The infrastructure architecture provides fixed network access points for communications with mobile nodes. These network access points (APs) are sometime connected to land lines to widen the LAN's capability by bridging wireless nodes to other wired nodes. If service areas overlap, handoffs may occur between wireless LANs. This structure is very similar to that used in cellular networks.
IEEE 802.11 standard places specifications on the parameters of both the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers of the network. The PHY layer, which actually handles the transmission of data between nodes, may use either direct sequence spread spectrum, frequency-hopping spread spectrum, or infrared (IR) pulse position modulation. IEEE 802.11 makes provisions for data rates of up to 11 Mbps, and requires operation in the 2.4–2.4835 GHz frequency band, in the case of spread-spectrum transmission, which is an unlicensed band for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) applications; and in the 300–428,000 GHz frequency band for IR transmission. Infrared is generally considered to be more secure to eavesdropping, because IR transmissions require absolute line-of-sight links, i.e., no transmission is possible outside any simply connected space or around corners, as opposed to radio frequency transmissions, which can penetrate walls and be intercepted by third parties unknowingly. However, infrared transmissions can be adversely affected by sunlight, and the spread-spectrum protocol of 802.11 does provide some rudimentary security for typical data transfers. Additionally, IEEE 802.11a allows for transmission in the 5 GHz UNII bands, 5.15 GHz to 5.25 GHz and 5.25 GHz to 5.356 GHz, at data rates up to 54 Mbps.
The MAC layer includes a set of protocols which is responsible for maintaining order in the use of a shared medium. The 802.11 standard specifies a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol. In this protocol, when a node receives a packet to be transmitted, it first listens to ensure no other node is transmitting. If the channel is clear, it then transmits the packet. Otherwise, it chooses a random "backoff factor," which determines the amount of time the node must wait until it is allowed to transmit its packet. During periods in which the channel is clear, the transmitting node decrements its backoff counter. When the channel is busy it does not decrement its backoff counter. When the backoff counter reaches zero, the node transmits the packet. Because the probability that two nodes will choose the same backoff factor is small, collisions between packets are minimized. Collision detection, as is employed in Ethernet®, cannot be used for the radio frequency transmissions of IEEE 802.11, because when a node is transmitting, it cannot hear any other node in the system which may be transmitting, because its own signal will block any other signals arriving at the node. Whenever a packet is to be transmitted, the transmitting node first sends out a short ready-to-send (RTS) packet containing information on the length of the packet. If the receiving node hears the RTS, it responds with a short clear-to-send (CTS) packet. After this exchange, the transmitting node sends its packet. When the packet is received successfully, as determined by a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), the receiving node transmits an acknowledgment (ACK) packet. This back-and-forth exchange is necessary to avoid the "hidden node" problem, i.e., node A can communicate with node B, and node B can communicate with node C. However, node A cannot communicate node C. Thus, for instance, although node A may sense the channel to be clear, node C may in fact be transmitting to node B. The protocol described above alerts node A that node B is busy, and requires node A to wait before transmitting its packet.
Although 802.11 provides a reliable means of wireless data transfer, some improvements to it have been proposed. The use of wireless LANs is expected to increase dramatically in the future as businesses discover the enhanced productivity and the increased mobility that wireless communications can provide.
The IEEE Standard P802.11a, July, 1999 (Supplement to IEEE Std. 802.11-1999), provides background for this invention. Referring to
There is additional FEC proposed for 802.11b in the Joint Proposal for QoS Enhancements, Submitted by AT&T, Sharewave, Lucent, et al., presented Sep. 18, 2000 in IEEE 802.11, and listed as document number 802.11-00/120r1 to IEEE 802.11-1999 standard, however, because its modulation scheme is different from the basic scheme of 802.11, and because its data rates are lower, the Joint Proposal scheme, if used in 802.11a, will impose significant reductions in channel efficiency due to having to transmit parity data for a large payload when oftentimes there is a small payload, such as is the case with many management frames. In the Joint Proposal to 802.11e, additional coding is proposed for high quality transmission. While such a coding scheme was envisaged for 802.11b, that coding scheme is not adequate to work with the 802.11a physical layer requirements.
The use of an outer code in a wireless communication system to provide additional FEC has been proposed in Lin and Costello, Error Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice-Hall, 1983, and in R. McEliece, The Theory of Information and Coding, Addison-Wesley, 1977. However, because of the legacy of 802.11 as an ARQ based system, there is little prior art in this field except for the block coding scheme of the Joint Proposal, which that code is for a complementary code keying/packet binary code keying (CCK/PBCK) modulation system, which has interframe spacing different from that of 802.11a. A different coding methodology is required for 802.11a, which codes data in multiples of 24 data symbols. The proposed CCK/PBCK coding methodology is not applicable to 802.11a, or other CSMA/OFDM wireless networks.
In the IEEE 802.11a standard (1999), the channel link is designed, for various received signal levels, to maintain a 90% packet throughput in the absence of collisions. If a packet is successfully received, an ACK is sent to the sending station (STA). If an ACK is not received, after a suitable time, the packet is re-sent. The loss of packets in 802.11 systems adds considerable latency to the system, as well as jitter, i.e., the packet delivery can vary with time.
Moreover, it is desirable to be able to transmit high quality AV over 802.11a, one of two competing 5 GHz wireless LAN technologies, the other being HiperLAN 2, in the home network. A wireless home network, combined with device discovery features, will enable the home network user to rapidly deploy his network with a minimum of effort. Because of the anticipated earlier market introduction of 802.11a systems, 802.11a is a leading, if not the leading, candidate for home network deployment in the 5 GHz band. However, in order for 802.11a to be successful in this market area, a reliable, low jitter, low latency mode is needed, which mode is not currently provided in the standard. A goal of the invention is to provide less than one frame error in 10 hours of transmission, with at most, one packet retry, assuming the link conditions are met for 802.11a.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,949,796 to Kumar, granted Sep. 7, 1999, for In-band on-channel digital broadcasting method and system, describes an in-band, on-channel digital signal for FM RF broadcasts.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,716, granted Dec. 12, 1995, to Huang, for Method for communicating block coded digital data with associated synchronization/control data, describes blocked coded digital data transmission, but does not describe a CSMA transmission using an OFDM PHY.
A coding scheme for use with a CSMA protocol to enable transmission of high data rate information signals thereover, wherein the protocol includes an OFDM physical layer, a MAC layer and a CSMA protocol inner code, includes providing an outer coding generator; generating outer code words containing coded and uncoded data therein in the outer code generator; wherein, the generated outer code words fit with a small multiple of data bits with an OFDM symbol having a fixed number of data bits, thereby providing fro transmission of high data rate information using the outer code and the CSMA protocol inner code at a data rate of at least 24 Mbps and at a packet error rate of less than 1.5·10−9.
An object of the invention is to provide a minimal increase in interframe spacings specified for 802.11a and other CSMA systems, while maintaining minimum latency.
Another object of the invention is to provide early detection of failed packets.
A further object of the invention is to provide a modification to 802.11a which fits within the framework of currently proposed Quality of Service enhancements for 802.11.
Another object of the invention is to provide a coding scheme suited for use with MPEG transport streams.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a coding scheme for integration into 802.11a and 802.11e packet formatting which allows non-FEC capable devices to read FEC coded packets.
Another object of the invention is to provide less than one frame error in 10 hours of transmission.
This summary and objectives of the invention are provided to enable quick comprehension of the nature of the invention. A more thorough understanding of the invention may be obtained by reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention in connection with the drawings.
The use of an outer code, with error correcting requirements described herein, will enable wireless video transmission with less than 1 frame error in 10 hours due to an error in the MAC protocol data unit, with up to one retry allowed, provided that the contention free mode of 802.11 is used, and yet still not significantly impact channel efficiency. Thus, this invention can enable the use of 802.11a for high quality transmission of audio-visual (AV) signals, such as MPEG-2, as well as other applications, in a uniform manner. It can also provide enterprise networks with "near wireline" equivalent transmission.
The problem of reliable transmission of wireless audio-video (AV) signals, and other data, is solved in a uniform way in a Collision Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) based wireless LAN systems when an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDM) Physical Layer (PHY) is employed, via the use of an additional code. The use of an additional encoding prior to the convolutional code, also known as a "outer code," generated by an outer coding generator, 24 in
The invention differs from the known prior art in (1) the use of an outer coding scheme for the 802.11a PHY, which is consistent with 802.11 MAC parameters, particularly interframe spacing parameters, that produces minimal additional overhead, while meeting requirements for a very low packet loss rate; and (2) the use of a frame format which enables decoding to be done on subsets of the payload, to enable speedy frame transmission, reduce jitter, and to enable aggregated packets to be sent to higher layers separately, assuming separate frame check sums are present on each segment.
Although the preferred embodiment of the invention uses Reed-Solomon (RS) Codes, any systematic code, i.e., a code where code words include uncoded data, block coding scheme that corrects at least two errors in twelve four-bit data symbols, or three errors in twenty-six eight-bit symbols is applicable. Based in the above, in particular, codes which correct eight eight-bit symbols in 239 symbols or less, as obtained through the use of a 255,239 code, may be an (n, k) code, where n symbols are coded and k symbols are uncoded. Nonsystematic codes may also be used, however, they do not provide separate data and "parity" fields, and thus do not prevent non-FEC capable stations, or devices, from reading the uncoded data.
For other non 802.11a CSMA/OFDM systems, the use of an outer block code wherein (1) the code words and the uncoded data are such that they fit with a "small", i.e., less than 20, with respect to interframe spacing, multiple of data bits contained within an OFDM symbol which contains a fixed number of data bits; and (2) the code, combined with an inner code, provides for packet error rates less than 1.5·10−9, may accomplish the same functionality as for 802.11a systems.
Several embodiments of the invention, using Reed-Solomon codes, are described herein, however, for 802.11a OFDM PHYs, and for other CSMA/OFDM networks, any outer block code wherein (1) the code words and the uncoded data fit with a "small" multiple of data bits contained within an OFDM symbol which contains a fixed number of data bits; (2) the code, combined with an inner code, provides for packet error rates less than 1.5·10−9; and (3) the use of different block codes for shorter and longer payloads, so as to minimize overhead; will work successfully. This invention describes the use and structure of additional coding necessary for premium services over 802.11 systems, with special attention to 802.11a and 802.11e. However, the coding scheme of the invention is applicable to 802.11b and higher rate PHYs, which are presently being developed.
Turning initially to the IEEE 802.11a standard, a need for additional coding for high quality, high data rate information, such as AV applications, is required. Various alternative approaches as to where this coding may be performed are described. While a long term solution may favor an extension to current high rate PHY standards, in the short term, additional coding in the MAC may be adequate. The question of whether or not coding can be done at higher layers depends on the various packet correction/retransmission mechanisms that exist in the 802.11e MAC.
Problem Definition
It is desired to have a very low error rate for 5 GHz traffic, particularly for HDTV and high rate MPEG video. As previously discussed, enabling these features in a way that yields near-wireline performance will greatly expand the market for 802.11 technology, e.g., at 30 fps, and 24 Mbps, (HDTV/1394 rates) an error rate of one frame or less in every ten hours is desirable. Although some frames in MPEG/DVD streams, namely I-frames, convey more information and are more sensitive to error degradation than the B and P frames, these frames will be assumed to be of minimal impact in this invention.
802.11a requires, for packet sizes of 1000 bytes, an error rate of 0.1 packets lost. However, in order to cope with an error rate approaching wireline quality, an error rate of <1.5·10−9 is required.
Parameters relevant to the coding problem
for the current implementations of 802.11a.
Data Rate, Mbps
Frames per second
Packet Rate per second at 1000 bytes/packet
Total Number of error-free hours
Number of packets/hour
Packet Error rate desired
1.15741 · 10−9
BER of Present 802.11 a PHY
1.313 · 10−5
The desired error rate may be maintained with nine packet retries; that is, with at least nine packet retries, the probability of successful packet delivery is greater than 1·10−9. This is shown by considering the following sum, which gives the probability that a packet is successfully presented to higher layers after i>0 retries:
where p0=1−P[lost frame]. Eq. (1), for the required packet error rate, conveniently adds a "9" into the (n+1)th decimal place for each sum.
This delay can lead to excessively long buffer sizes/jitter values when MPEG-2 video is to be transmitted. Furthermore, it is wasteful of bandwidth. Therefore, with the present 802.11 system, it is not feasible to transmit high rate video, given identical receiver sensitivities, and the same PHY as presently used in 802.11a. The use of additional coding schemes must therefore be considered.
Where to put the Coding
IEEE 802.11-00/071 discusses the use of an FEC option for protecting MAC headers, with additional FEC provided separately for the MAC service data unit (MSDU). An objection may be raised to this proposal that an outer code more appropriately belongs in the MAC. However, for the applications intended for use with the method of the invention, the coding may as well be performed in either the MAC or PHY, with a caveat that if no additional coding is performed on the Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) header, the signal excesses which virtually guarantee PLCP header decoding at higher rates will not be present at lower rates. The PLCP header is that portion of the packet which, in the PHY, is used to determine the transmitted rate and packet length. It is always transmitted first, and at the lowest data rate, which is 6 Mbps, except for the data scrambling portion of the header. The scrambler portion of the header limits the error rate of the packet, and can be set to an initial value via, e.g., management frames.
It should be noted that the performance for coding schemes recommended here are given for the enhanced contention free point coordination function (PCF), that is, these schemes are currently intended for the contention free mode, i.e., the analysis assumes no collisions. While it is true that performance advantages will accrue for the distributed coordination function (DCF) with additional coding schemes without collisions, the effect of collisions in the DCF and its impact on performance using an outer code are not analyzed herein. Because of the contentious nature of the DCF mode, any possible enhancement in protecting against collisions will require stronger, i.e., longer block length, codes than the shorter ones described herein.
In 802.11a, the bit error rate that yields a forward error rate (FER) of 0.1, from Table 1, is 1.313·10−5. This is computed by assuming that at least one bit in a payload of 8000 bits plus the 24 bit header causes a frame error. Assuming that as a backward error rate (BER), PLCP header failures will occur with probability 3.15·10−4 (=1−(1-P[PLCP header bit in error])24, because there are 24 bits in the header, ignoring the SERVICE field, which at present is used only to synchronize the descrambler for the payload and conveys no information. Using similar reasoning, one can show that up to three retries are required in order to successfully receive the PLCP header and meet the packet error rate requirement of Table 1.
Typically, the number of retries in a current 802.11 system is kept to between about three to fifty; with overhead, for the above system, that corresponds to a delay of 333 μs/retry. If latency is to be minimized and performance guaranteed for highly reliable data transfer, some form of error protection for the PLCP header beyond that which is currently used in 802.11a is required when there is not sufficient signal excess. This is the case when the system is operating at 6 Mbps, near the minimum receiver sensitivity. However, because the specification allows for higher received signal levels at higher rates, this will not be a problem, except for the scrambler "initialization," which may be established via management signalling. If the system is guaranteed to operate with the above packet failure rates at 54 Mbps, than the PLCP header failure probability is approximately 10−17, from extrapolation of curves for probability of error of K=7, rate 1/2 convolutional codes.
At a minimum, coding for those scenarios in which highly reliable high data throughput is required and for which PLCP header error is insignificant with respect to impacting the error rates must be specified. This implies a one-try packet header failure rate of the order of 10−11 or less. Using similar reasoning as above, one can show that there is sufficient signal excess to guarantee this, except at 6 Mbps.
In summary, except for 6 Mpbs, there is sufficient signal excess to guarantee a negligible contribution to FER due to packet header errors; and high bandwidth, very low error rate applications will generally require more than 6 Mbps bandwidth anyway.
Some video coding standards, such as H.260, ITU J standards, specify optional coding schemes. Additionally, application layers implement rate adaptation, error resiliency, and error concealment. However, these schemes are not uniform, and a given coder may or may not have coding built in. Thus, for maximum flexibility, it would be desirable to have additional coding at the MAC or PHY. Furthermore, because QoS mechanisms should effect controls where they are needed—and 802.11a, at this time, is far from wireline quality in behavior—an outer coding option provides uniform transmission quality to applications.
There is an issue of channel efficiency. Outer coding schemes, when applied to 802.11a, may rely upon re-transmission of error-containing frames, which, in 802.11, is typically acknowledged. If an acknowledged mode is supported, as in 802.11, some means of ensuring highly reliable transmission of acknowledgements is required as well.
Alternatives for outer coding locations are given in Table 2.
1. Allows PLCP header
1. Would require a new
protection at 6 Mbps.
PAR, and its attendant
2. Guarantees error rate
time, jeopardizing
independent of application,
time to market,
3. Frame check sequence
and impacting hardware
(FCS) can be done on outer
already in development.
code decoded payload,
2. Code may pose
increasing reliability,
limits on
protocol data unit (PDU)
size since a code of a
minimum length may
have to be specified
to meet
error correction/burst
error robustness
3. Coding delay may
affect 802.11 parameter
settings-e.g., PIFS,
DIFS, etc.
1. Provides protection of
1. Does not protect PLCP
payload, and allows for less
header at 6 Mbps.
communication to higher
2. Code may pose
layers (because bad frames
additional constraints on
aren't sent up).
PDU size.
2. Guarantees error rate
3. Coding delay may
independent of application,
3. FCS can be done on outer
affect 802.11 parameter
code decoded payload,
settings-e.g., PIFS,
increasing reliability.
DIFS, etc.
Higher Layers
1. Simplifies the MAC and
1. Requires possibly FCS
failed packets to be
2. Reduces time to develop a
passed up to higher
2. Would involve
additional retransmit/
fragmentation delays,
since at present, the
standard does not support
sending error-containing
frames to higher layers.
3. Does not protect PLCP
4. Does not provide a
unified, application inde-
pendent solution to low
error rate communication
over 802.11
Thus, either the MAC or PHY is appropriate for high data rate transfer FEC. Relying solely upon the application will not only increase delay, it will cause performance to vary from application to application; however, coding for the MAC, as per the Joint Proposal, seems to be the preferred alternative.
Coding Requirements
If the above FER of 1.1574·10−9 is to be maintained, for a 1000 byte payload, a BER of 1.25·10−13 is required, if no retries are considered. As a practical matter, of course, for CSMA systems, retries are allowed. If one retry is allowed, the required raw FER becomes 3.56·10−7. In either case, outer coding can help reduce this rate. In 802.11a, in order to meet the short interframe spacing time (SIFS) of 16 μsec, required to differentiate transmitted packets in a time, and RxTx turnaround time of 2 μsec, which is required for the receiver to complete a reception of a packet settle internal transients, and prepare to transmit a MAC-level FEC, the system must operate with either a delayed acknowledgement, or no acknowledgement of reception.
The outer code is a block code, capable of correcting up to t symbols of m bits per symbol in a block length of N1 symbols. The packet is composed of N2 symbols, and, to make the computations easier, and also posing a constraint on the packet length for high quality transmission, the packet length of N bits is partitioned into N/N1 blocks. This constraint however, is not unreasonable for streaming transmission.
Assuming the outputs of the convolution decoder for 802.11a, or the equalizer outputs for 802.11b, are independent and identically distributed (iid), which is true provided the STA is operating at or above the signal-to-noise ratio required for a 10% packet error rate (PER); then, P[block error]=P is given by:
where h=—(ceiling(s/m)−t); i.e., h is such that the second summation index s can be written as s=m(t−h)−r, where 0<r<m−1, pe is the packet error rate, t is the number of error bits which the code is capable of correcting, and k is the number of information bits.
In particular, Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are capable of achieving the above coding properties. As an example, consider the use of RS(204, 188), which is capable of correcting up to eight symbol errors, where m=8, for block lengths of 188 bytes. In that case, the probability of a block error can be bounded by:
For such a code therefore, for a packet length of 5*188 bits, the packet error rate is 5.9·10−21.
There are many codes which may be used to obtain the required performance besides the RS codes mentioned above, however, because RS codes are well known to be able to maintain a relatively high rate and correct errors, they are preferred. RS codes also have desirable low latency properties.
For 802.11 OFDM, it is highly desirable that the number of coding symbols fit within an integral number of OFDM symbols. This requires that the rate of the code be a multiple of 24, because, in the original 802.11 MAC, timing synchronizaiton is assumed to be within 2 μs.
If a code is not an integral multiple of 24, a code that fits at least within the traceback length of the convolution decoder can also be used. One code which meets the latter criterion is a (n=31, k=25, t=3) code, where n is the number of coded bits, k=the number of information bits, and t=the number of erorred bits the code is capable of correcting. In this case, using an analysis similar to that presented above, the probability of error within 25 information bits is 4.25·10−16, and the probability of an errored 1000 byte packet is 1.09·10−13. The overhead for this code is approximately 25%. This code can also be extended by appending an information bit to the code to produce a RS code of (n=32, k=26, t=3), which fits in an inetegral multiple of 96 symbols.
Another possibility is a Reed-Solomon code where (n=16, k=12, t=2); which code provides a frame error rate of 6.44·10−10 for a 1000 byte packet. This code is constructed by taking the (n=15, k=11 t=2) RS code and appending an information bit. This code has the advantage, that for rates in the 802.11a standard greater than or equal to 12 Mbps, it fits within a multiple of OFDM symbols. Thus either a (n=31, k=25, t=3), a (n=32, k=26, t=3), or a (n=16M, k=12M, t=2M) code, where M is a constant greater than 1, may be used.
An additional advantage of such codes is that they produce the required frame error rates, and yet do not produce a great increase in latency, which is required in order to have high channel efficiency for a CSMA, system such as 802.11 CSMA systems. This is because signals in a CSMA system provide a "guard time" between packets, also known as frames, sent to reduce the likelihood of collision, due to possible timing errors in contention free modes of thse multiple access sytems. It is desirable to make this guard time, or interframe spacing, as short as possible to maximize channel efficiency. This is achieved by the codes for the point coordination function in 802.11a, or other OFDM systems, where the interframe spacing is shortened for the contention free mode relative to the contention mode.
To minimize overhead, it may be desirable, assuming computational complexity is minimized, to use a combination of Reed-Solomon codes. For frames less than B bytes, either a (n=32, k=26, t=3), or a (n=M16, k=M12, t=2M) code may be used; for frames greater than B bytes, a (255, 239, t=8) or a (204, 188, t=8) code may be used. Here, B is either an administrated parameter, a parameter set in the mangement information base (MIB) of the network, or, simply assigned to certain classes of frames which are known always to be less than B bytes. This scheme is particularly attractive because frames, such as ACKs, association requests, and other managment frames, tend to be small relative to AV frames.
Frame Format
Because Reed-Solomon codes can be implemented as systematic codes, they can be represented using separate data and "parity" fields. A code that intersperses frame and parity check fields is used. This has two advantages: (1) it allows for early discovery of bad packets, if a bad part of a packet is discovered early; and (2) it allows for early decoding of payload information, which can help reduce overall buffer jitter.
One form of the proposed packet format is illustrated in Table 3, which includes separate coding for the MAC header and for the frame body, wherein the middle row indicates the number of bytes in each field in the frame format:
TABLE 3 MAC Header 6 or 12 MSDU or MMPDU 24 or 28 2 0 or 4 FEC 0–4 1 k48 k8 k48 k8 MAC Virtual Security (12 if Secuity FEC MPDU1 FEC . MPDUj FEC . header Stream Field Security . . ID (Opt.) field . . present)
This format utilizes the (16,12) Reed-Solomon code. It also modifies the current Joint Proposal in that the security fields are moved to the front of the packet, so that in cases where it is feasible to initialize decryption before packet reception is complete, such initialization may be performed. MPDUj denotes the jth 48 byte multiple segment of payload. Here, k is a constant greater than one. If payload sizes do not fit in an integral multiple of 48 bytes, padding of zeroes is assumed at the transmitter, and reconstructed at the receiver. Note that the maximum 2304 byte payload is reduced accordingly. This structure allows the MAC header to be separately protected and the MSDU or MMPDU to be protected by systemic code. The structure also allows a device or STA to ignore the fields and instantiate decoding via management frames. The uncoded data portion may be used for transmitting MPEG2, and future MPEG, transports streams. Further, the packet formatting provided FEC, or enhanced FEC, but still allows legacy, non-FEC capable devices to decode the packets.
Thus, a method for providing an outer coding scheme has been disclosed. It will be appreciated that further variations and modifications thereof may be made within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
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|International Classification
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|European Classification
|12 Mar 2001
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It's important to keep searching for new clients as a consultant, but you should also pursue long-term contracts with a retainer agreement that specifies the fees you'll earn. Many freelancers and consulting professionals go through clients quickly. Limited budgets and a lack of long-term strategies mean that most work will be short-term or one-off projects, but it doesn't have to be this way.

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By: Steve Kostan
Grey skies seem appropriate today as the backdrop for the public viewing of Mike Ilitch. Today's viewing at the FOX Theater is from 12 Noon- 8:00pm. I never met the guy, but I DID get to christen his new arena, the JLA, and that huge PA in 1980 at RUSH. What I, and most of you remember about Mr. Ilitch is his dedication to the D. I remember in the mid-80's when he moved the Little Caesar's HQ from Farmington Hills to Downtown at the FOX. NOBODY was thinking like that then. At least it seemed that way. Think back to the early 1980's, seeing U 2 or The Clash at the FOX. Plenty of parking! It was a wasteland. Look around now. Wow. I'm so thankful for Mike Ilitch, Penske, Gilbert, and the others. Thanks again and farewell Mike-Steve Kostan


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OnlinePianist is a young and dynamic company with a very cool piano teaching application. We are looking for like minded interns that are looking to work on a new and
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PRESS: Motives & LDV Featured by 'The Binder Ladies'
December 6th, 2016
Happy holiday shopping, everyone! As we all continue to find the latest and greatest for those on our list, The Binder Ladies have some ideas. Motives and Lumiere de Vie recently made their list for a beauty-themed holiday gift guide. After sampling the products themselves, they enthusiastically relayed that the more is definitely more:
"What do you get the girl has has everything!? MORE of everything! Whether you need some stocking stuffers, gift basket fillers, holiday presents or want to pamper yourself this season, Motives Cosmetics is the perfect way to do it!"
Motives & LDV Featured by 'The Binder Ladies'
Here's what they had to say about our products:
ABOUT MOTIVES LIP CANDIES: Feel the rush as you soak your lips with this luscious lip shine infused with tingling spearmint. Pucker up to the sheer formula layered with specks of glitter, coating your lips with extreme shimmer in sweet and tart shades of pink, brown and purple. Show your sweeter side with candied lips that are irresistible.
ABOUT MAVEN MATTES: From fierce to tender, these trend-setting colors offer a look that Motives has never seen before. Find the shade that speaks to you.
ABOUT VOLCANIC EXFOLIATING MASK: Lumière de Vie Volcanic Exfoliating Mask is formulated to detoxify, enhance skin's glow, and dramatically improve tone and radiance.
Read the full review here. Happy shopping!


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F-35 cleared for flight – Hamas balks at truce plan — HAC-D mulls OCO — DoD submits $4.3B reprogramming request
With Trevor Eischen
F-35 CLEARED FOR FLIGHT: The military is lifting its fleet-wide F-35 grounding but hasn't made a decision on whether the fighter jet can appear at the Farnborough airshow this week in England — which was set to be part of the F-35's international debut this month. "This is a limited flight clearance that includes an engine inspection regimen and a restricted flight envelope which will remain in effect until the root cause of the June 23 engine mishap is identified and corrected," Pentagon press secretary Rear Adm. John Kirby said in an early-morning statement.
Story Continued Below
"We remain hopeful that the F-35 can make an appearance at the Farnborough airshow," Kirby added. "This information is an encouraging step, but no final decision has been made at this time."
MORAN SKEWERS THE PROGRAM: The F-35's grounding came after last month's engine fire during an aborted takeoff at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida — an embarrassing setback for the program that has led to serious concerns on Capitol Hill. Now, Rep. Jim Moran (D-Va.) is asking for a briefing on the investigation into the engine fire, saying the fleet-wide grounding was the latest in a series of "disturbing developments" that "should raise serious concerns about the viability of the program."
"After almost two decades and a projected total acquisition cost upwards of $391 billion, the program has yet to deliver on its promise of a fifth-generation stealth fighter," writes Moran, a senior member of the House Appropriations Committee. His full letter to the Pentagon is here: http://1.usa.gov/1sVfMcy
BUT THE REAL TEST FOR THE F-35 PROGRAM WILL COME IN THE SENATE, where the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee is meeting at 10 a.m. today to approve its defense spending bill for the next fiscal year. The House version would fund 38 F-35s — four more than the Pentagon requested. The big question is whether the program's current troubles will provide an opening for F-35 critics in the upper chamber to scale back the House proposal.
The Senate bill isn't set for release until Thursday, when the full Appropriations Committee is scheduled to take it up, a committee aide tells us. Today's subcommittee markup will stream live here: http://1.usa.gov/1yepwl8
BREAKING OVERNIGHT — HAMAS BALKS AT TRUCE PLAN, via William Booth and Griff Witte of The Washington Post, from Gaza City: "Israel on Tuesday accepted an Egyptian proposal for a cease-fire with Hamas in Gaza after a week of non-stop fire, but the Islamist militant group rejected the deal, saying it had not been consulted on its terms. A senior Hamas official, Sami Abu Zuhri, called the proposal 'unacceptable' and complained that Egyptians have not spoken with the Gaza leadership.
"If the Egyptian initiative fails, it could lead to an intensification of a conflict that has already claimed at least 185 lives in Gaza." http://wapo.st/1jtCjwY
WELCOME TO MORNING DEFENSE, where we're wishing a happy birthday to Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Fla.), former chairwoman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee (hat tip: New York Times). Send us your tips, pitches and feedback at email@example.com, and follow us on Twitter @abwrig and @morningdefense
HAPPENING TODAY — HAC-D MULLS OCO REQUEST: The House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee holds a closed hearing at 8 a.m. on the Pentagon's request for $59 billion next fiscal year in supplemental war funds, called the Overseas Contingency Operations account. The witnesses are Deputy Defense Secretary Bob Work, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Adm. Sandy Winnefeld and Comptroller Mike McCord.
Where do the key players stand? HAC-D Chairman Rodney Frelinghuysen (R-N.J.) has previously said OCO will likely be needed for years to come, possibly even after the war in Afghanistan winds down. Top Democrat Pete Visclosky of Indiana has suggested the supplemental fund will be phased out as the war comes to an end. And both men have chastised the White House for waiting until last month to submit the fiscal 2015 OCO request — a delay the administration attributes to its lengthy deliberations over next year's troop levels in Afghanistan.
The delay has put Frelinghuysen and Visclosky in a tough spot, since the House has already passed its fiscal 2015 defense spending bill, which included a $79 billion OCO placeholder. This gives them few legislative options for altering the OCO request until very late in the game, once the defense spending bill reaches final House-Senate conference negotiations.
ALSO TODAY: Hagel is meeting with President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden at 3:40 p.m. in the Oval Office. Meanwhile, Marine Corps Commandant Gen. James Amos speaks at 10 a.m. at the Brookings Institution in Washington. And at 2 p.m., the House Armed Services Personnel Subcommittee holds a hearing on the Government Accountability Office's review of the Pentagon's efforts to streamline its mission to recover prisoners of war and service members missing in action from past wars.
FIRST LOOK — HOUSE PANEL BLASTS SLOW NDAA IMPLEMENTATION: The House Subcommittee on Contracting and Workforce meets at 1 p.m. today to discuss the slow implementation of small-business provisions in the fiscal 2013 National Defense Authorization Act. A year and a half after enactment, provisions to make it easier for small businesses to team up to pursue federal contracts have yet to be carried out by the Small Business Administration, according to Subcommittee Chairman Richard Hanna's prepared opening remarks, obtained by Morning D.
The New York Republican notes that — after 19 months — SBA still hasn't posted the name of its suspension and debarment officer online, as required under the FY13 NDAA. "That's the one I find most perplexing," a committee aide tells us. Several small business executives are set to testify, along with SBA's associate administrator for government contracting and business development, John Shoraka.
**A message from POWERJobs: Horton's Kids, a non-profit that seeks to empower and prepare children, is seeking a Communications Manager for its Washington, D.C. office. See below or click here for details.**
DoD SUBMITS $4.3B REPROGRAMMING REQUEST: The Pentagon is asking for approval from the heads of the congressional defense panels to shift $4.3 billion within its budget through what's known as a reprogramming request. The document, obtained by POLITICO, is available here, for Pros: http://politico.pro/1tJWYBa
The request includes $100 million for a competitive military satellite launch next fiscal year, reports our colleague Jeremy Herb, opening the door for SpaceX to gain a foothold. The Pentagon is also requesting $27 million to begin developing a rocket engine that could replace Russian-made engines used by the United Launch Alliance, a joint Boeing-Lockheed Martin venture.
In addition, the reprogramming request shows the Army needs half a billion dollars less than anticipated this fiscal year for moving equipment out of Afghanistan, reports POLITICO's Jen Judson. "The service does not need $459 million in retrograde and sustainment dollars because it has decided to remove 'only a portion' of the Army's equipment from Afghanistan, the document explains," Judson writes. "The total cost for retrograde in fiscal 2014 is now expected to be $14.7 billion."
The reprogramming request was first reported by Inside Defense.
TOP TALKER — 'THE RAND PAUL PILE-ON,' by POLITICO's David Nather and Herb: "If you had any doubts about how seriously some Republicans are taking the notion of a Rand Paul presidency, look at how far they're going to shut down his views on foreign policy. In the past three days alone, Texas Gov. Rick Perry used a Washington Post op-ed to warn about the dangers of 'isolationism' and describe Paul as 'curiously blind' to growing threats in Iraq. Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) accused the Kentucky senator on CNN of wanting a 'withdrawal to fortress America.' And former Vice President Dick Cheney declared at a POLITICO Playbook luncheon on Monday that 'isolationism is crazy.'
"The preemptive strikes suggest that many in GOP fear Paul is winning the foreign policy argument with the American people — and that that could make him a formidable candidate in 2016." http://politi.co/1nrawZ4
INDUSTRY INTEL — U.S., QATAR NOTCH WEAPONS DEAL, via POLITICO's Philip Ewing: "Hagel [yesterday] signed an agreement to sell about $11 billion worth of weapons to Qatar, the Defense Department said. Hagel hosted a visit by Qatari Defense Minister Hamad bin Ali al-Attiyah at the Pentagon. The Qataris are buying Boeing-built AH-64 Apache attack helicopters, Raytheon-built Patriot surface-to-air missiles and Javelin anti-tank missiles, built by Raytheon and Lockheed Martin."
MAKING MOVES — BOOZ ALLEN ANNOUNCES CEO CHANGE-UP, via POLITICO's Leigh Munsil: "Booz Allen Hamilton President and Chief Operating Officer Horacio Rozanski is succeeding Chief Executive Officer Ralph Shrader at year's end, the company announced [yesterday]. Shrader, who is retiring as CEO on Dec. 31, will continue as chairman of the company's board of directors and endorsed Rozanski for the promotion, the company said."
-- Iran's chief nuclear negotiator outlines his proposal for a longer-term nuclear deal as the deadline for an agreement approaches. The New York Times: http://nyti.ms/1tKVOFK
-- Ukraine says one of its military cargo planes was downed by a rocket likely fired from Russia. The Wall Street Journal: http://on.wsj.com/1sigMdm
-- The Air Force is cutting 3,500 staff-level jobs over the next five years to save $1.6 billion. POLITICO Pro: http://politico.pro/1mFxWi5
-- The Office of the Secretary of Defense is reviewing the Navy's requirements for its carrier-based drone competition, which has faced criticism on Capitol Hill. USNI News: http://bit.ly/1r0Hpl4
-- Israel's "Iron Dome" is credited with allowing the country to endure more than 1,000 Hamas-fired rockets without a single fatality. The Washington Post: http://wapo.st/1jJMVYO
**A message from POWERJobs: Horton's Kids is seeking a Communications Manager for its Washington, D.C. office. This person will develop and lead the organization's communications strategies and significantly expand outreach in order to raise awareness about and support for the organization. Click here for details.**
**Want to see your employment message in our tipsheets? Email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.**


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Orlando, situated in central Florida, is well known for its theme parks, but that's not all the city has to offer. Mothers and daughters who are looking for some fun activities to do together for a mother/daughter day or getaway will find a broad range of things to do together in the area, ranging from a day at the spa to learning something new in a class.
Animal Attractions
Check out all the animals that call the Orlando Zoo home. When you and your daughter visit this zoo, you'll see all sorts of amazing creatures including tigers, zebras, monkeys, giraffes and elephants. In addition to all the animals, there are also keeper talks, a miniature train ride, a sea lion show and an interactive children's show. Alternatively, you could take your daughter for a visit to the Back to Nature Wildlife Refuge and Education Center to meet some of the injured and orphaned wildlife that live there. You'll see native animals such as owls, deer, goats and squirrels, as well as some exotic creatures.
Learn something new while enjoying some quality time with your daughter at one of the classes offered in the Orlando area. At Truffles and Trifles, you and your daughter can participate in a cooking class, like Girl's Night Out where you'll learn to make delicious dishes like chicken Orleans and a berry torte, or The Tuscan Table to make dishes like Italian cake and fettuccine flank steak. Or, you could take a pottery class together at Super Awesome Cool Pottery. Here, you can choose from classes like Family Clay and Kid's and Family Wheel Class.
Resorts and Spas
Plan a mother/daughter spa day at one of Orlando's amazing spas. At Nickelodeon Suites Resort, you and your daughter can get pampered together in the Kid's Spa. Services include manicures, pedicures, hair styling and airbrush tattoos. The Lighthouse Key Resort and Spa offers the Mother/Daughter Getaway package, which includes lodging and two hours of spa treatments like a facial, massage, manicure and pedicure. You also get a gift card for some shopping at an area mall.
If your daughter loves to shop, you could plan a shopping trip at one of Orlando's shopping malls. Festival Bay Mall features a wide variety of stores, as well as restaurants, theaters and activities like miniature golf, an inflatable play area and a skate park. At The Mall at Millenia, you and your daughter can shop till you drop at the more than 150 stores, enjoy a meal at one of the eateries and perhaps take in an event like the Back to School Fashion Show or Fashion Week. Alternatively, you could visit Orlando Premium Outlets, where you'll find 150 outlet stores, including an assortment of children's stores like Gymboree and OshKosh B'Gosh.


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Evolutionary Bioinformatics 2006:2 183-186
Published on 07 Feb 2007
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1Department of Computer Science; 2Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. 3Department of Biological Sciences and IRMACS, 8888 University Drive, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada.
Abstract: Continuously varying traits such as body size or gene expression level evolve during the history of species or gene lineages. To test hypotheses about the evolution of such traits, the maximum likelihood (ML) method is often used. Here we introduce CoMET (Continuous-character Model Evaluation and Testing), which is module for Mesquite that automates likelihood computations for nine different models of trait evolution. Due to its few restrictions on input data, CoMET is applicable to testing a wide range of character evolution hypotheses. The CoMET homepage, which links to freely available software and more detailed usage instructions, is located at http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/eemb/labs/oakley/software/comet.htm.
RIS citation (ENDNOTE, REFERENCE MANAGER, PROCITE, REFWORKS)
BibTex citation (BIBDESK, LATEX)


text: Andrew Buerger, the founder of B'more Organic, lends his entrepreneurial talents and generosityy of spirit to the Maryland community with a certified B Corporation business which provides a line of bottled organic skyr smoothies. The idea for B'more Organic came to Buerger on a fundraising climbing expedition to Iceland, where he tasted a delicious dairy product that did not aggravate his lactose intolerance. Made from skim milk and health-sustaining probiotics, B'more Organic smoothies are fat-free, rich in protein and complex carbohydrates, and contain no added sugar. With lower lactose content than other dairy products, B'more Organic skyr smoothies are an organic, easy-to-digest recovery drink for athletes, children, and those with dietary restrictions.


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2120 South 72nd Street
Omaha, Nebraska 68124
United States
|Areas of Practice
|1) Employment Law, 2) Litigation, 3) Trial Practice, 4) Labor Relations and 5) Intellectual Property
|Iowa State University (B.A., 1994)
|Most recent firm
|Gross & Welch, P.C., L.L.O.
A. Harrison Barnes is a well-known attorney throughout the United States. As a member of the Malibu community, Harrison is committed to serving the needs of Malibu residents and businesses in legal matters.
Ms. Fitzgerald represents employers in a wide range of industries, including the entertainment, financial services, hospitality, manufacturing, retail, and transportation industries.


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Duration: 3min 15sec Views: 19 061 Submitted: 4 years ago Submitted by:
Description: Julia Ann is a gorgeous blonde MILF and overbearing mother. She wants to help her son out at work as if he was in kindergarten. She goes into his boss's office and gives him a fine blowjob which will surely land him a promotion.
Channel: Brazzers Network
Pornstars: Julia Ann


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Notes / Links
There were 3 conditions to the 5 million dollar inheritance, and they had to be bathed once a week.
When his father - who owned a circus - dies, Oscar inherits 5 million dollars - and 3 orangutangs. However there's a condition connected to the money: if he gives away the apes or just one gets sick or dies during the next 3 years, the zoologic society will get all the money. So he not only has to deal with 3 apes and an annoyed girlfriend, but also with a greedy zoologic society's president.
Release Date: April 10, 1981
Distrib: Paramount
Boxoffice: $5,504,218
Paramount had a disastrous 1981 release calendar where nothing worked except for RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK. GOING APE! was among the worst of a series of box office bombs.
TRIVIA: Despite its horrible year at the box office , Paramount had a distinction that no studio had since 1977. What is that?
Which studio had that distinction in 1977? What was the irony of both studios distinction?
Which cult movie from the 70s was re-released with the title GOING APE?


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The Seagate Barracuda 3TB incorporates technologies such as OptiCache to improve performance by up to 45%, AcuTrac to enable reliable read/write performance even in high touch operating environments, and SmartAlign for no-hassle transition to Advanced Format 4K sector technology.
|Model No.
|Interface & Data Transfer Rate
|SATA 6Gb/s NCQ
|Average Read Seek
|Average Seek
|101.6 x 26.11 x 146.99mm (W x H x D)
|Number of Heads
|Heads/Disk: 6/3
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Dell updates Inspiron 7000 series with 8th Gen Intel Core processors.
Find out how the HT-ST5000 delivers a truly immersive experience.
The 5 things you should know before buying your next TV
Get your daily dosage of everything ROG right here at Hardware Zone.


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The digital cutting tool for flawless photos
– Flawless cutting out and retouching of your digital photos
– "Cut out" or remove individual objects
– Create amazing photo montages
– Insert objects in different photos: "blue screen technique" from the film industry
– NEW! Improved algorithms for cutting out objects
– NEW! Improved cutting out with inside/outside edge matting
– NEW! Supports current camera models for direct RAW editing and more!
3 steps only!
- With CutOut simply select the required part of the photo you wish to isolate and with a click of your mouse CutOut will do the rest!
- CutOut allows you to easily remove any unwanted objects from your photos.
- Use CutOut to position your main object against a new background – creating a completely new photo!
– NEW! Improved algorithms for cutting out objects
– NEW! Improved cutting out with inside/outside edge matting
– NEW! Improved chromakey matting
– NEW! Improved processing for faster results
– NEW! Supports current camera models for direct RAW editing
– Intelligent erasing / touch up flaws
– Lossless scaling
– Albumview for management
– Correct convex distortion
– Size changes considering the content
– Visual exposure correction
– Noise reduction
– Chromatic aberration removal
– Descreening for scanned photos
– Clear skin filter (Digital Beauty)
– Enhanced sharpening
– Batch processing
Professional photo editing
– The program uses traditional masking techniques and even chroma key effects
– CutOut is a professional tool that automatically cuts objects out of photos and detaches them from their existing background
– Position a 'cut-out' object against a new background to create a completely new picture!
– Chroma key: work like a professional film maker or photographer
– CutOut makes creating professional looking photo montages easy
– CutOut is ideal for touching up even the most complex of errors
– CutOut allows you to create perfect soft focus backgrounds – placing the emphasis on your main object. Essential for perfect portraits!
Key features
– Automatic contour detection: chroma key blue screen matting (used in the film industry)
– Level-based montage techniques
– Integrated error correction function
– Instruction video with detailed explanatory tutorials
– Very easy to use
– Detailed PDF manual


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The first indication that this is not your grandpa's version of ABC News is the .co suffix at the end of the website URL.
The second is the displayed photo of ABC News headquarters:
That's in fact a Westboro Baptist Church. And the third hint that David Muir never lunches anywhere near this place is the final portion of the abcnews.com.co "Disclaimer:"
Do you have a problem with self-rape? Are you looking to get off the Devil's playground? Fappy the Anti-Masturbation Dolphin can help! Praise Fappy!
The fake ABC News site has fooled folks before and likely will again. We fell down this rabbit hole after seeing a tweet from someone linking to the site's March 13 report that the IRS had revoked the Church of Scientology's tax-exempt status.
P.S. If you're so inclined, more background on Fappy can be found here.


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Oh what a night! After a great sunny day at The Karancho Resort of boating, island hopping, and eating at a floating restaurant with Jeff's family, I decided to forget my backpack on the seat of the tricycle. I road with Jeff and his dad on the tricycle to the Lapu-Lapu Statue in Mactan, Cebu. Continue reading
Tag Archives: Beaches
Witnessed a Huge School of Fish While Snorkeling on Pamilacan Island
Pamilacan island is about an hour boat ride from Panglao, another island connected to its larger counterpart Bohol, Philippines. Stace had already described its beauty in a previous post but I wanted to also call attention to the marine life that surrounded the island's waters. Continue reading
A Simple Life on Pamilacan Island
The small island of Pamilacan is a province in Bohol, Visayas archipelagos in the Philippines. Its name comes from the word "Pilak," which is a large hooked implement made and used by fishermen to capture whale sharks and manta rays. It is only 8 miles from the famous Alona Beach in Bohol. It's virgin white sandy beaches, mini coves, and solitude of being in your own island paradise makes this island feel like a permanent home. The island is famous for dolphin watching and diving. Its 140 hectares has a population of only 200 families. Our planned trip to visit this island was non other than relaxing and informative. Continue reading
Dolphin Sightings Around Bohol
Bohol, Visayas, Philippines – We left Alona Beach at 5am to set out for our adventure to seek for dolphins swimming around the island. It took us 2 hours to get to the nearby site of dolphin sightings. The guide explained that the boat engine alone attracted the Dolphins, so all the curious dolphins swam closer to us. We all wished we could just jump in the waters to get a closer look at all of them, but of course it wasn't recommended. I snapped a few photos and we headed out to dock on to the nearest island, Pamilacan. Continue reading
A Welcome Dinner on Bali Shores
Finally in Bali, Indonesia and what most people call, the "Honeymooners Getaway."
After our wait in the Indonesian Airport for our Tourist Visas, we were picked up promptly by Nick our driver, Nick for the trip. Out of the entire crowd, we saw him instantly jumping up and down from the back with a huge sign saying "Jeffrey and Stacey." I laughed seeing my name look so big. He brought us to his nice air-conditioned car and asked, "Do you guys want to have dinner on the beach?" Continue reading


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1. Creation of a national organization of spirited citizens, who all put together make an Emergent India possible over the next 10-year period.
2. Initiation of a mass movement to rid the country of the evils of corruption, red-tapism, mal-administration, illiteracy and to provide social security, health care, environment conservation, senior citizens' welfare etc .
3. To ensure that the present and coming generations do not suffer because of the adversities they confront, which is mainly the result of short supply of goods and Your browser may not support display of this image.services, while demand is mounting consistently. Free on-the-job management training to improve productivity so as to accelerate the GDP manifold.
4. To ensure that no family remains Below Poverty Line in 10 years time.
5. Free legal advice to increase awareness among citizens of their rights.
6. To conduct training programmes aimed at moulding ideal leaders.


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Alphaville : 1988, Crime, Punishment, and the Battle for New York City's Lower East Side. / Michael Codella.
Electronic resources
View other formats and editions
Record details
- ISBN: 9781481588379 (sound recording)
- Physical Description: 1 online resource (8 audio files) : digital
- Edition: Unabridged.
- Publisher: Ashland : Blackstone Audio, Inc., and Buck 50 Productions, LLC, 2010.
Content descriptions
|General Note:
| Unabridged.
|Participant or Performer Note:
| Narrator: Keith Szarabajka.
|Summary, etc.:
| A raw, gritty memoir-part true-life cop thriller, part unputdownable history of a storied time and place-that will grip you by the throat until the explosive end.In 1988, Alphabet City burned with heroin, radicalism, and antipolice sentiment. Working as a plainclothes narcotics cop in the most high-voltage neighborhood in Manhattan, Detective Sergeant Mike Codella earned the nickname "Rambo" from the local dealers, as well as a $50,000 bounty on his head. The son of a cop who grew up in a mob neighborhood in Brooklyn, Codella understood the unwritten laws of the shadowy businesses that ruled the streets. He knew that the further east you got from the relative safety of Fifth Avenue, Washington Square Park, and NYU, the deeper you entered the sea of human misery, greed, addiction, violence, and all the things that come with an illegal retail drug trade run wild. With his partner, Gio, Codella made it his personal mission to put away Davey Blue Eyes-a...
|System Details Note:
| Requires OverDrive Listen (file size: N/A KB) or OverDrive app (file size: 268396 KB).
Search for related items by subject
True Crime.
|Electronic books.


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Austrian Garden Tai Pan Village
Select your stay dates to check availability
Austrian Garden Tai Pan Village
About the hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Austrian Garden Tai Pan Village in Patong, you'll be near the beach and minutes from Sphinx Theatre and close to Patong Beach. This hotel is within close proximity of Patong Boxing Stadium and Royal Paradise Night Market.
Make yourself at home in one of the air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and minibars. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Bathrooms have showers and hair dryers. Conveniences include safes and complimentary bottled water, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities
Pamper yourself with onsite massages or enjoy recreation amenities such as an outdoor pool.
Grab a bite to eat at the hotel's restaurant, which features a bar, or stay in and take advantage of room service (during limited hours). Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge. A complimentary continental breakfast is served daily.
Business, Other Amenities
The front desk is staffed during limited hours.
Hotel Facilities
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Bar/lounge
- Outdoor pool
- Restaurant
- Garden
- Free breakfast
- Free WiFi
Room Facilities
- Free bottled water
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Shower only
- Private bathroom
- Cable TV service
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
- Air conditioning
- Room service (limited hours)
- Refrigerator
- In-room safe
- Minibar
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Rollaway bed fee: THB 800 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy