text:
Sunspire Health Recovery Road in Palm Beach Gardens, FL
Treatment Center Setting
- Private/Secluded
- Residential Neighborhood
- Beach Community
Sunspire Health Recovery Road Philosophy
Our goal at Sunspire Health Recovery Road is to offer treatment for adult men suffering with substance use and co-occurring mental health or behavioral disorders. We provide the highest level of clinical care based on abstinence, evidence and holistic-based treatment methods, catering treatment plans to each individual according to their medical, psychological, and personal needs. We respect the spiritual or religious practices of patients as part of the recovery process and offer access to a vibrant and diverse local recovery community. Our team of Board Certified addiction treatment specialists have years of experience working to heal patients from all backgrounds and circumstances, providing them with the necessary tools to lead a successful life in recovery from addiction.
Areas of Specialization
Gambling and Sex Addiction Interactions
With an internationally renowned gambling addiction counselor and a CSAT (sex addiction counselor) on staff, patients with addiction interaction—whose process addictions surface as substance use diminishes—can be treated at Recovery Road.
Internet and Gaming Addiction
Sunspire Health Recovery Road sees many patients with internet and video game addiction and is able to treat patients suffering with these co-occurring process disorders.
Male-Specific Treatment
Because Recovery Road is a male-only facility, the treatment is focused on the unique issues that face men in addiction and recovery. A gender-specific treatment facility can promote a safe environment for patients who may find it easier to open up to and bond with their peers who face similar struggles during addiction. Clinical staff is experienced in treating men and catering to their recovery requirements.
Spiritual Support
At Recovery Road, patients interested in incorporating religion and spirituality into their treatment will have the ability to receive specific counseling from a spiritual advisor. While the spiritual advisor is a Rabbi knowledgeable in Judaism, this does not limit him to these religious beliefs alone and any patient interested in delving into a more spiritual approach to treatment is welcome to do so!
Facility Highlights
At every Sunspire Health facility patients will receive treatment that is individualized to their unique needs and diverse lifestyles. Ongoing assessments allow the treatment to adapt and evolve as the patient progresses.
Sunspire Health utilizes evidence-based treatment methods, meaning that the treatment modalities and therapies are based on clinical evidence and proven success in guiding patients to heal and recover. Patients who would benefit from Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) will receive medications that are proven to aid patients in achieving sobriety.
In addition to individual and group therapies that are based in psychotherapy methods like CBT and DBT, patients will learn to apply new coping skills through experiential therapies like meditative hikes, yoga, fitness programs, nutrition education, and recreation activities that show patients how to find hope and how to prosper in recovery.
Throughout treatment, patients will work with a Discharge Planner and the clinical team to develop a comprehensive aftercare plan that will ensure a successful transition from residential treatment to a life in recovery. All patients who receive care at Sunspire Health will join our nationwide alumni network, giving them access to a support group after treatment.
Each patient will have a dedicated Family Therapist who will focus on issues related to the family, including them throughout the treatment process. In addition, each month there is a Family Weekend to educate the patient's loved ones on the biology of addiction and their role in recovery.
Meet the Staff
Zina Rodriguez, MSW, LSW
Executive Director
Zina brings more than 20 years of marketing and social work experience, both in the private sector and behavioral health care. Her patient-centered approach to the operations of the treatment center ensures the optimal delivery of clinical care to all patients.
Noam Koenigsberg, MD
Medical Director
Dr. Noam Koenigsberg is a board certified psychiatrist trained in both medication management and talk therapy to treat all psychiatric issues including depression, anxiety, panic attacks, ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, substance abuse, eating disorders, personality disorders, work stress, relationship issues and any other psychiatric needs of the patient. Dr. Koenigsberg approaches each patient in a caring, and nonjudgmental manner. He works with the patient together to help decrease and eliminate symptoms and achieve treatment goals. Dr. Koenigsberg integrates complementary methodologies and techniques to offer a highly personalized approach tailored to each individual.
Jenifer Mazer
Director of Admissions
Jenifer Mazer is the Director of Admissions for Sunspire Health Recovery Road, responsible for coordinating with multiple departments to ensure new patients are warmly welcomed to the facility and receive the best possible care during their stay. Jenifer has been an active member of the recovery community sharing her experience and peer support as group facilitator during recovery based groups and 12 step meetings. She is also instrumental in guiding patients through the admissions and orientation process. Jenifer began her career with Sunspire Health as a Senior Admissions Coordinator for Sunspire Health's call center. Jenifer offers a powerful message of hope as well as a wealth of experiential knowledge for our patients and our staff.
Rochelle G. Reynhout, BA, MS, LMHC
Clinical Director
As the Clinical Director at Sunspire Health Recovery Road, Rochelle oversees the clinical staff, manages therapy groups, daily activities, monitors patient charts, and facilitate meetings to ensure patients are receiving the best care for their needs. She comes to Sunspire Health with over 20 years of experience working in the mental health and substance abuse field, specializing in Trauma-Focused Cognitive therapy and Motivational Interviewing. Rochelle takes a patient-centered approach with the intention of creating a safe environment conducive to change while also striving to instill hope and explore the patient's faith. She believes in the power of family and natural support as part of recovery and always includes family and loved ones in treatment, challenging them to consider their thinking and communication patterns.
Rochelle earned her Master of Science at Nova Southeastern University and is a Certified Family Mediator, as well as a Certified Parent Coordinator. She has also completed Trauma Outcome Process Training and Trauma-Focused Cognitive Therapy Training, and she is a member of the American Counseling Association.
Rehabs.com 360 Guide
Located in warm, sunny Palm Beach Gardens, Fla., Sunspire Health Recovery Road offers residential programs for adult men struggling with substance abuse and gambling addictions. The length of stay for most residential programs is 30 days, but some clients stay up to 90 days. Medical detox is not available on-site, but the facility works closely with local detox centers to coordinate smooth transitions from external detox into residential treatment.
Treatment plans include one-on-one counseling, group and family therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and motivational interviewing (MI). Clients with addiction and co-occurring mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, are treated with medications, talk therapy, or both.
Recovery Road is equipped to help residents build a spiritual or religious component into their treatment, though this choice is left entirely to the individual. Educational workshops on relapse prevention and anger management are offered, as well as introductions to 12-step groups. Clients may also participate in holistic therapies, including yoga, meditation, acupuncture, and massage.
After completion of residential treatment, clients can pursue the intensive outpatient program or partial hospitalization program, both of which continue to offer individual and group therapy. Aftercare provisions take the form of an active alumni network with regular meetings.
The facility employs a board-certified psychiatrist and a licensed psychologist. There's also a team of nurses and a clinical staff comprised of licensed clinical social workers, licensed therapists, and a trauma specialist. A holistic team includes a nutritionist and a spiritual counselor.
Recovery Road's environment admits only 30 clients at a time. Residents live in simply furnished apartments (private rooms are available) in colorful, single story buildings surrounded by palm trees. Residents may be transported to a nearby gym several times a week.
Alumni reviews of Recovery Road are mixed, but skew heavily positive. Among negative comments, alumni mentioned lack of one-on-one time, low affordability, and minimal or ineffective aftercare options; however, other reviewers such as Larry cited that although they went through treatment, they "slipped up after returning home and avoiding aftercare recommendations. When I realized I needed help I knew the only place I wanted to go was right back to Recovery Road, They are like family to me and welcomed me back without judgement." J.M. noted that regarding aftercare, "success is mostly determined by a patients willingness to maintain the tools and utilize the resources set up after discharge." In fact, alum SEF noted that "i have learned more here in this month then i have learned in any of my previous 17 other treatment centers."
Most alumni were enthusiastic about the care received at Sunspire Health Recovery Road, describing "top notch care," praiseworthy staff, relationships developed with other clients, and a clean environment.
On Facebook, the mix of feedback reflected those on Rehabs.com, with an average rating of 4.6 out of five stars based on 19 reviews to date.[1]
Feedback from loved ones is more positive. An anonymous Rehabs.com reviewer gave the facility high marks for treatment effectiveness, writing: "This is a good rehab center, it cater well for the patients." On Facebook, five-star reviewer Jamie noted: "Couldn't ask for a better more helpful place for the addict and their family member!"
Yet K.Y., whose husband attended Recovery Road, described the program as "a waste of time." She said: "We were placed here without knowing any real details. He needed immediate help and thought this was going to offer it to him. Sure, while he was there, with the therapy and trips to the beach but all of that didn't help him when he got out into the real world."
Sunspire Health Recovery Road accepts most private insurance and offers financing to clients who qualify.
Updated February 2017
Published on May 2017
User ReviewsReview this Center
Please note: Anyone attempting to manipulate or spam our system or the providers' own listing pages risks having all content removed.
Official Facility Response
Flag For Review
Official Facility Response
Official Facility Feedback
Flag For Review
Rehabs.com does it's very best to publish the most up-to-date treatment prices by requesting this information directly from the facility, or in some cases, sourcing this information from the facility's website. Total costs may vary due to individuals' unique treatment needs. Please contact the facility directly for the most accurate price quote.


text:
Transient receptor potential canonical subtype 4 (TRPC4) is expressed in the magnocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus. In this study, the regulation of TRPC4 expression was investigated in water deprivation and hepatic cirrhosis. We used laser capture microdissection technique for precise dissection of pure AVP cell population in the PVN and SON followed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and immunodetection techniques by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Bile duct ligation elevated TRPC4 transcripts in the SON but not PVN with correlated changes in the protein expression in these regions, as well as increased colocalization with AVP in the SON, with no changes in the PVN. Water deprivation resulted in increased TRPC4 mRNA expression in the PVN, while it decreased channel expression levels in the SON. In both of these regions, protein expression measured from tissue punches were unaltered following water deprivation, with no changes in the number of TRPC4-positive cells. Thus, TRPC4 expression is differentially regulated in physiological and pathophysiological models of vasopressin release.
- vasopressin
- bile duct ligation
- water deprivation
- osmolality
transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels play a role in calcium homeostasis through multiple activation mechanisms (53). They are extensively expressed in the brain (34, 42, 52, 55) and are also present in the adrenal glands, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, testis, uterus, and aorta (41, 42, 49, 51). TRPC channels are involved in the cell differentiation (72), embryonic nerve stem cell proliferation (21), BDNF signaling through TrkB activation (34), inducing dendritic spine formation (3), guidance of nerve growth cones (35), slow synaptic potentials mediated by mGluR1 synaptic signaling in cerebellar Purkinje cells (32), neurite outgrowth (71) and remodeling (6), epileptiform burst firing and excitotoxicity (50), as well as in nociception (2, 16, 17, 40). Of the seven TRPC channel members identified, TRPC4 is the predominant subtype, accounting for 41% of the total TRPC content expressed in the rat brain (22). In vitro systems have demonstrated involvement of TRPC4/TRPC5, belonging to the group 4 of TRPC channels, in triggering robust secretory response in voltage-clamped neurosecretory cells by causing Ca2+ influx (46). TRPC4 appears to act as a receptor-operated channel in these systems since thapsigargin and IP3 did not stimulate TRPC4. Specifically, TRPC4 has been demonstrated to be involved in release of GABA from dendrites through receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx pathways (43). In the rat cerebellum, TRPC4 expression is restricted to granule cells and their precursor and may be essential for normal granule cell development (30). Microarray analysis identified the presence of TRPC4 gene in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and that TRPC4 is increased in these regions following water deprivation (29). TRPC4 mRNA has been detected in the PVN using in situ hybridization (22). The function of TRPC4 channels in these regions of the hypothalamus has yet to be determined.
Both the SON and PVN contain hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cells that project to the posterior pituitary, where their terminals release the hormones AVP and oxytocin into systemic circulation. Circulating levels of AVP, which are primarily determined by the activity of these magnocellular cells in the hypothalamus (4, 7, 20, 38), contribute to body fluid homeostasis. Water deprivation results in increased plasma osmolality and hypovolemia, which activates neurohypophyseal neurons. Plasma hyperosmolality, a characteristic feature of water deprivation, is critical to the regulation of AVP release. Nonosmotic mechanisms, such as changes in blood volume and blood pressure, also regulate AVP release and influence osmotic mechanisms (13, 25, 59, 61, 69). Dysregulation of AVP release contributes to dilutional hyponatremia associated with liver and heart failure (60, 68). Chronic bile duct ligation, a model of liver failure, is associated with elevated plasma vasopressin levels and increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system (5, 9, 36). We and others have previously demonstrated that changes in the expression of TRPV channels occur in AVP neurons during water deprivation (29, 36, 67), as well as inappropriate vasopressin release associated with bile duct ligation (10, 44).
In the present study, 48 h of water deprivation and the bile duct ligation model of hypoosmotic hyponatremia were used to stimulate the SON and PVN. Identifying alterations in TRPC4 in these models indicate a possible mechanism that contributes to the regulation of the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus.
Animal Models
Water deprivation.
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–350 g body wt; Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) were individually housed and maintained in a temperature-controlled (23°C) environment under a 12:12 h light-dark cycle with light onset at 0700. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Public Health Service and were approved by the University of North Texas Health Science Centre Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. The rats in the control group were allowed ad libitum access to water and food throughout the experiment. Rats in the experimental group were water deprived for 48 h (26, 31, 33) and not allowed access to water but with ad libitum access to food.
Bile duct ligation.
Each rat was anesthetized with isoflurane (2–3%), and its abdomen was shaved and cleaned. The common bile duct was isolated and cut between the ligatures in anesthetized rats, as previously described (10, 44, 70). In the sham-ligated control group, the bile duct was exposed but not ligated. All rats were used for experiments 4 wk after surgery. Liver-to-body weight ratio was used to verify the development of hepatic cirrhosis. Visual examination of development of fibrotic liver and jaundice also confirmed effective bile duct ligation. Rats that did not show any of these developments would be considered as unsuccessful bile duct ligations and would be removed from the study; however, for this study, all of the rats met the criteria for successful bile duct ligation.
Following the treatment protocols, osmolality, hematocrit, and plasma proteins were measured in rats. The rats were lightly anesthetized (Inactin 100 mg/kg ip), immediately decapitated, and trunk blood was collected into a 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tube that did not contain EDTA. Two heparin-containing hematocrit tubes (Fisher) were filled from the microcentrifuge tube for measuring hematocrit (Micro-Hematocrit capillary tube reader; Lancer, St. Louis, MO) and plasma protein by refractometry (National Instruments, Baltimore, MD). The remainder of the blood in the microcentrifuge tube was centrifuged for 5 min (at 10,000 g). After the blood was centrifuged, a 200-μl sample of serum was removed for measuring osmolality using a vapor pressure osmometer (Wescor Logan, UT).
Isolation of Proteins and Western Blot Analysis From Brain Tissue Punches
The hypothalamic SON and PVN were micropunched from the forebrain and homogenized, as previously published (10, 44), followed by Western blot analysis. Total protein concentration was determined by the Bradford method. Five or ten micrograms of total lysate were resolved by SDS-PAGE and were followed by Western blot analysis. For Western blot analysis, as reported in our earlier studies (10, 11, 44), total lysates were loaded onto 10% acrylamide SDS gel, electrophoresed in Tris-glycine buffer under denaturing conditions and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) in Tris-glycine buffer with 10–20% methanol. Membranes were blocked for 1 h at room temperature with 5% (wt/vol) nonfat milk in Tris-buffered saline 0.05% (vol/vol) Tween 20 followed by incubation overnight at 4°C with primary antibody raised against transient receptor potential canonical subtype 4 (Anti-TRPC4 produced in rabbit; Sigma, St. Louis, MO). This was followed by incubation in a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody against the primary antibody host species (1:5,000; Sigma) for 1 h. Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL reagents; Amersham, Piscataway, NJ) was used for detection of immunoreactive bands, and digital images for the bands were acquired from Syngene G-box (Frederick, MD). ImageJ (National Institutes of Health) software was used for densitometry analysis of bands. A total of 24 animals were used for this study [six sham and six bile duct ligation (BDL), six control (CON), and six water-deprived (WD)]. Tissue punches from an additional three animals were used for experiments to validate the specificity of the TRPC4 antibody using a TRPC4-blocking peptide (New England Peptides, Gardner, MA) with the same amino acid sequence (-CKEKHAHEEDSSIDYDL-) used to generate the primary antibody. For these experiments, the TRPC4 antibody was incubated with 100 μm of the blocking peptide prior to staining, according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
Colocalization Immunofluorescence of AVP and TRPC4
Transcardial perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde and brain isolation were performed as in our earlier studies (26, 33, 44, 45). AVP/TRPC4 immunofluorescence reaction was carried out with a solution containing both guinea pig anti-AVP (T-5048, 1:1,000; Peninsula Laboratories, San Carlos, CA) and rabbit anti-TRPC4 (1:100; Sigma). After overnight incubation, the sections were sequentially incubated in Cy3-conjugated Affinipure Donkey Anti-Guinea Pig IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) secondary antibody for 4 h followed by Cy2-conjugated Affinipure Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for another 4 h. At the end of the immunofluorescence reaction, the sections were mounted onto gelatin-coated slides and coverslipped with Vectashield Hard Set (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Appropriate negative controls omitting the primary antibody were performed. In addition, a separate set of sections were processed after preincubation of the antibody with the blocking peptide, as described above, to ensure the specificity of the TRPC4 antibody. The blocking peptide, as in Western blot studies, was used at a concentration of 100 μm. A total of 24 animals were used for this study (6 sham, six BDL; six CON, and six WD rats).
Immunofluorescent imaging was carried out with an Olympus IX-2 DSU confocal microscope with appropriate excitation/emission filter sets. ×20 and ×60 magnification images were captured using a Q-imaging Retiga-SRV camera. ImageJ (National Institutes of Health) software was used exclusively to modify brightness and contrast, to pseudocolor, to merge, and to count cells.
Brain areas were identified using Paxinos and Watson (48). As previously published (44, 45), sections containing SON located −0.80 mm to −1.80 mm posterior to bregma were analyzed while for PVN, sections located at −1.60 mm to −1.88 mm posterior to bregma were analyzed. Three coronal hypothalamic sections containing the SON that corresponded to Figs. 21, 24, and 25 from Paxinos and Watson (48) located at 0.80, 1.40, and 1.80 mm posterior to bregma were used for analysis from each rat forebrain. Immunopositive cells from these different levels of the SON was averaged for each individual animal and used for statistical analysis. AVP immunofluorescence was used to determine the rostrocaudal level of the sections. For the magnocellular PVN, coronal hypothalamic sections were sampled at two rostrocaudal levels. Level 1, which is −1.60 mm posterior to the bregma, includes the most rostral and corresponds to ventrally located magnocellular cells, while (64) level 2, which is −1.88 mm posterior to the bregma, demonstrates a prominent posterior magnocellular region, as previously described (65). The number of AVP- and TRPC4-positive cells were then counted by individuals blind to the experimental groups, and then the numbers were averaged.
Fast Immunostaining, Laser Capture Microdissection Followed by Transcript Extraction and Amplification
To identify vasopressin-positive neurons in the PVN and SON for later laser microdissection, we performed a fast immunostaining of these cells as reported earlier from our laboratory (12, 15, 44, 45). Briefly, snap-frozen brains were cut at 10-μm thickness at the level of SON and PVN, using a cryostat and mounted on polyethylene napthalate (PEN) membrane-coated slides (catalog no. LCM0522; Arcturus Bioscience, Mountain View, CA). After 3 min of 100% methanol fixation, the sections were rinsed three times in ice-cold DEPC PBS followed by blocking in 3% horse serum containing 0.25% Triton-X for 5 min. Postblocking, sections were incubated for 3 min in a 1:50 diluted guinea pig anti-AVP antibody (Peninsula Laboratories) and then in Cy3-conjugated Affinipure Donkey anti-guinea pig secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for another 3 min.
For LCM, we used an Arcturus Veritas microdissection instrument, which is enabled with an infrared capture laser and an UV cutting laser. Visible and completely stained neurons were selected for capture. The cutting and capture laser beams were positioned right above the brain tissue, which is placed between the PEN membrane slide and a thermoplastic capture cap. The lasers were then used to cut and capture 7–10 immunostained cells onto this cap. After the capture, the cap containing the cells was immediately placed onto a 0.5-ml tube containing 30 μl of ArrayPure nanoscale lysis solution with 5.0 g of proteinase K (prod. no. MPS04050; Epicentre Biotechnology, Madison, WI). Total RNA was isolated from the 7–10 captured neurons using ArrayPure nanoscale RNA purification kit reagents (Epicentre Biotechnology), as previously described (12, 15, 45). Two microliters per RNA sample was amplified with TargetAmp 2-Round aminoallyl-aRNA amplification kit materials (Epicentre Biotechnology), in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, as published earlier (8). The quality and content of RNA samples were evaluated using a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer (Nanodrop 2000c Spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Samples of 260/280 less than 1.8 were not used further for RT reactions. A total of 26 rats (five shams and six BDL; seven CON, and eight water-deprived) were used in this study.
RT and quantitative real time RT-PCR.
Sensiscript RT kit reagents (prod. no. 205213; Qiagen, Valencia, CA) were used for conversion of aminoallyl a-RNA from the previous step to cDNA. For this conversion, the following components and reaction volumes were used: 2 μl of 10× RT buffer, 2 μl of dNTP mix (final concentration: 5 mM), 2 μl of oligo-dT primer solution (final concentration: 10 μm), 0.25 μl of RNase inhibitor (final concentration: 10 U/μl), 1 μl of Sensiscript reverse transcriptase solution, and 4 μl of aminoallyl a-RNA dissolved in 16 μl RNase-free water to yield a total volume of 20 μl. Real-time RT-PCR were performed in a Bio-Rad iQTM5 iCycler system, with the following cyclic parameters: initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 1.1 min each (40 s at 94°C, followed by 30 s at 60°C for TRPC4 and 30 s at 95°C followed by 1 min at 65°C for GAPDH). The RT-PCR reaction mixture contained 1.8 μl of cDNA, 4.5 μl of RNase/DNase-free water, 1.2 μl of primer mix, and 7.5 μl of iQ SYBR Green Supermix (prod. no. 170–8880; Bio-Rad) to make a final reaction volume of 15 μl. GAPDH was chosen and used as the housekeeping gene for the PCR studies. Melt curve analysis confirmed the integrity of the RT-PCR products as confirmed by the presence of single peaks signifying the absence of primer-dimers. Control experiments and data analysis were performed as previously published (8, 44). The 2−ΔΔCT method was used for quantifying gene expression. ΔCt was measured by calculating the difference between the GAPDH and the corresponding TRPC4 Ct values. For obtaining the ΔΔCt value, this value was then subtracted from the difference between the average of control GAPDH and control TRPC4 Ct values. The primer sequences are shown in Table 1.
Statistical Analysis
All results are presented as means ± SE. For statistical analysis of data, we used unpaired t-test using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). P = 0.05 or P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Effect of BDL on Hemodynamic and Osmotic Responses
Plasma measurements for osmolality and hematocrit for BDL and sham-ligated rats are shown in Table 2. Bile duct ligation resulted in significantly lower plasma hematocrit and plasma osmolality (P < 0.05). There was a higher liver weight-to-body weight ratio (P < 0.001) for BDL rats compared with sham-ligated rats measured at the time of death (28 days post-BDL surgery). BDL induced hepatic fibrotic changes, as well as jaundice, in all the ligated rats evaluated by gross visual examination. These observations are consistent with our previously published reports, implying this is a valid model of reduced plasma osmolality and extracellular volume expansion (10, 15, 44, 70).
Effect of 48-h WD on Hemodynamic and Osmotic Responses
As presented in Table 3, water deprivation for 48 h significantly increased plasma osmolality compared with ad libitum euhydrated controls. (P < 0.01). Plasma protein (mg/dl) was also significantly increased by 48 h of water deprivation. As expected, plasma hematocrit levels were also considerably higher after 48 h of water deprivation (P < 0.001). These results are in agreement with hyperosmolality and accompanying hypovolemia associated with dehydration (11, 19, 26).
Effect of BDL on TRPC4 mRNA and Protein Expression in the PVN and SON Using Real-Time q-RT PCR and Western Blot Analysis
The relative abundance of TRPC4 transcript was measured in laser-captured vasopressin cells from the magnocellular PVN and SON. Figure 1, A and B shows the fold change in TRPC4 mRNA expression in the magnocellular PVN and SON of BDL rats. Expression of TRPC4 was not affected by BDL in the PVN. Even though there was a twofold decrease in the gene expression of TRPC4, this was not significant (Fig. 1A). However, in the SON, there was a 4-fold significant increase in the transcriptional activation of TRPC4 in bile duct-ligated rats compared with the shams (Fig. 1B). TRPC4 target gene expression was normalized by coincident measurements with the expression levels of the ubiquitous GAPDH housekeeping gene. We next examined the effect of BDL on TRPC4 protein levels. The abundance of TRPC4 protein expression was significantly increased in BDL rats in the SON (Fig. 1E), but not the PVN (Fig. 1C). TRPC4-immunoreactive bands were seen at 100 kDa for both the regions investigated (Fig. 1, D and F). GAPDH was used as the loading and normalization control.
Effect of 48 h WD on mRNA and Protein Expression of TRPC4 in the PVN and SON Using Real-Time q-RT PCR and Western Blot Analysis
After 48 h of water deprivation, a significant increase in TRPC4 mRNA was observed in the PVN (Fig. 2A). In the SON, the 48-h water deprivation decreased the transcriptional TRPC4 levels compared with the hydrated rats (Fig. 2B). To investigate whether the changes in the TRPC4 protein during 48 h WD correlate with the levels of its mRNA, we performed Western blot analysis for TRPC4 protein. Representative blots are shown in Fig. 2, D and F. Western blot analysis showed an immunoreactive band at 100 kDa corresponding to TRPC4 protein. Figure 2, C and E shows quantification of Western blots for TRPC4 in both the PVN and SON. Interestingly, no differences in protein levels of the canonical receptor subtype 4 were seen in both PVN and SON. Similar to the BDL study, here, too, we used GAPDH as the endogenous reference control. Preincubation of the primary antibody with the blocking peptide for 1 h eliminated TRPC4 immunostaining in the SON (Fig. 3C) and PVN (Fig. 3D). Similarly, TRPC4-immunoreactive bands were completely abolished after preincubation with blocking peptide in the SON (Fig. 3E).
Colocalization of TRPC4 Channels with AVP
To test whether TRPC4 proteins are colocalized with AVP at the cellular level, we performed double immunofluorescence analysis with antisera to AVP and TRPC4. By this study, we can verify whether in addition to the TRPC4 transcripts seen in AVP-positive cells of the magnocellular neurons, TRPC4 protein is also expressed in the magnocellular vasopressin neurons. There was an absence of TRPC4 staining in negative controls (image not shown). Double immunofluorescence staining of AVP with TRPC4 was performed on both the experimental models of altered vasopressin release investigated. Bile duct ligation and water deprivation had differential effects on TRPC4 and AVP staining in the PVN and SON. Figure 4 shows representative confocal images of AVP, TRPC4, and AVP/TRPC4 colocalization in the SON and PVN. As previously demonstrated, an increase in AVP-immunopositive cells (71% for SON and 81% for PVN) was observed after BDL (44). In the PVN, BDL was associated with unaltered numbers of TRPC4-positive cells, as well as unchanged colocalization counts (Fig. 5A). However, in the SON, BDL increased the number of TRPC4-immunoreactive cells significantly compared with naïve sham control. Here, BDL was also associated with a significant increase in the number of colocalized TRPC4/AVP cells (Fig. 5B).
The number of AVP/TRPC4-positive cells was also unchanged after water deprivation in the PVN (Fig. 6, A–F); however, an increase in the double immunofluorescence for AVP and TRPC4 was observed in the SON (Fig. 6, G–L). Water deprivation did not elicit any significant changes in the semiquantitative immunohistochemical counts of AVP and TRPC4 in the magnocellular PVN and SON (Fig. 7, A and B), respectively.
The present study was undertaken to elucidate the regulation of TRPC4 channels in vasopressin neurosecretory cells during a progressive homeostatic challenge and a model of inappropriate vasopressin release. Using laser capture microdissection to isolate AVP-positive cells and by immunohistochemical studies, for the first time, we demonstrate the presence of TRPC4 channels in AVP-positive neurons of the SON and magnocellular divisions of the PVN. Our observation of significant increases in AVP-positive profiles in both the SON and PVN following bile duct ligation is consistent with our previous published reports (10, 44), suggesting that increased activity of AVP neurons in the magnocellular system leads to elevated systemic AVP during hypoosmotic hyponatremia associated with hepatic cirrhosis. Rats subjected to BDL had significantly higher TRPC4 mRNA expression in the laser capture microdissected vasopressin-positive neurons and elevated protein expression from tissue punches compared with sham ligations in the SON. Even though the magnocellular PVN is a key hypothalamic center involved in the control of osmoregulation, BDL did not alter the TRPC4 levels in the PVN. Similar to our earlier report on TRPV4 (10, 44), where no difference in mRNA and protein levels were observed, we suggest an increased participation of TRPC4 in the SON to elevate circulating AVP levels via Ca2+ entry. Hence, hepatic cirrhosis is associated with upregulated TRPC4 transcriptional activity and elevated translation in the SON but not PVN.
Similarly, the percentage of AVP cells that expresses TRPC4 was significantly increased in SON, but not PVN, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical experiments. These results are consistent with our Western blot and mRNA findings, indicating that the effect of hepatic cirrhosis on TRPC4 expression was regionally localized to the SON.
Water deprivation is a progressive physiological challenge that requires sustained increases in AVP to reduce water loss. Forty-eight-hour water deprivation was characterized by downregulation of TRPC4 transcripts in the vasopressin cells of the SON, with increases in the PVN. It has been demonstrated that TRPC4 gene expression is increased approximately three-fold in the SON after water deprivation (29). The same study also showed the presence of TRPC4 transcript in dehydrated rats in the PVN. There are several methodological considerations that may account for the differences between these studies that include the duration of the water deprivation, tissue collection, and microarray analysis. The previous study employed a longer water deprivation protocol (72 h) and pooled microdissected tissue samples containing the SON or PVN from five rats to conduct a rigorous GeneChip analysis. Progressive dehydration is known to increase the functional activity of the magnocellular neurosecretory system, resulting in a further increase in plasma osmolality, as well as increased secretion of vasopressin. Hence, it seems possible that 72 h of water deprivation may be required to observe increased TRPC4 expression in the SON. The differences in results between the two studies can be also be explained by the possibility of changes in TRPC4 transcripts in oxytocin and/or astrocytes cells that would have been included in the microdissected samples that are comparable to punch technique used for Western blot analysis in the current study. Oxytocin, another predominant neurohypophyseal hormone synthesized in the magnocellular SON and PVN, is implicated in maintaining fluid balance and is stimulated by water deprivation (23, 28). Both the SON and PVN have an astrocytic perivascular system that mediates water fluxes, and astrocytes in these regions express vasopressin receptors (62). Our study quantitatively estimated the TRPC4 mRNA expression in only the vasopressin-positive cells and compared the expression levels between the 48-h water-deprived and control groups.
No change in the protein levels from tissue punches was observed after water deprivation in either the PVN or the SON, despite significant changes in TRPC4 transcript. These differences could be due to differences in the collection method as discussed above. Because of technical difficulties of performing Western blot from low-protein yield laser-captured cells, we used punch samples containing the SON and PVN. TRPC4 protein expression in other cell types contained in the punch samples could be masking the actual TRPC4 translational levels in vasopressin magnocellular neurosecretory cells. Because the PVN is more heterogeneous than SON, this technical limitation could have prevented us from detecting changes in TRPC4 in Western blot analyses. In addition, there may also be TRPC4 posttranscriptional modification, increased protein degradation, or altered protein transport into the axonal terminals in vasopressin magnocellular neurosecretory cells that influence the results of the protein analysis. It still needs to be determined whether the changes in the vasopressin-specific transcriptional TRPC4 content associated with water deprivation are subject to posttranscriptional or posttranslational modification.
Functional characterizations of heterologously expressed TRPC4 have revealed diverse regulatory mechanisms and permeation properties (57). Mammalian TRPC channels can form hetero-oligomeric channels in vitro (37, 73) and in vivo (24, 66). These channels have been demonstrated to be expressed in nerve terminals where the C1, C4, and C5 subunits coassociate in vivo (24). TRPC4 is known to form heteromeric cation channels with TRPC5 based on their sequence homology and functional similarities (14). Coassociation of these channels could result in enhanced channel activity. The mechanism of activation of TRPC channels is still debatable, since it has been shown that depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores activates TRPC channels (22, 27, 47, 52, 56, 74) in contrast to studies attributing the activation of TRPC channels independent of store depletion (1, 46, 54). Also, the presence of splice variants for TRPC4 having different regulatory mechanisms, even with similar mechanism of activation (58), necessitates additional efforts to be directed toward understanding the function and role of TRPC channel proteins in an endogenous system. A previous study had demonstrated the involvement G protein-coupled receptors in TRPC4 activation that contributes to a robust secretory response via Ca2+ influx in neuroendocrine cells (46). Considering our finding that TRPC4 is differentially regulated by progressive homeostatic challenges, such as water deprivation and in a model of inappropriate vasopressin release, endogenous TRPC4 may have regionally specific functions in regulating AVP release in SON and PVN.
This regional specificity appears to be at odds with the more traditional view that magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the SON and PVN are similarly regulated during physiological challenges and pathophysiological states. It could be that these results are a function of the diverse mechanisms that regulate TRPC4 and its participation in heteromeric channels and not due to differential regulation of SON and PVN. Alternatively, the differential effects on TRPC4 expression that occurred in both water deprivation and hepatic cirrhosis could be due to differences in synaptic and nonsynaptic mechanisms that are specific to SON or PVN. For example, it has been demonstrated that in PVN, dendritic release of peptides from magnocellular secretory cells can influence the function of preautonomic neurons in other subregions of this heterogeneous structure (63). This type of "interpopulation crosstalk" could potentially influence the function of PVN magnocellular neurosecretory cells but may not occur in the more homogenous SON.
Water deprivation and hepatic cirrhosis are complex physiological events and that could be the basis for their differential effects on TRPC4 expression. Vasopressin release associated with water deprivation is driven by increased plasma osmolality along with changes in plasma volume and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. In dilutional hyponatremia and inappropriate vasopressin release associated with the bile duct ligation model of hepatic cirrhosis, there is an increased level of circulating vasopressin subsequent to systemic hypotension and functional reduction in effective plasma volume that regulates the activity of the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the PVN and SON. Vasopressin release in this model is traditionally described as mediated by nonosmotic mechanisms, although changes in the osmotic sensitivity of vasopressin magnocellular secretory cells probably play at least a permissive role in this syndrome. Although activation of the renin-angiotensin system occurs during cirrhosis, other nonosmotic factors, such as hepatic-portal receptors and circulating bile, have also been shown to potentially contribute to vasopressin release in this syndrome (18). The differences in the duration of the two models may also be a contributing factor. As mentioned above, 48 h of stimulation used in the water deprivation study may not be sufficient to change TRPC4 in the SON compared with the 4-wk duration of the bile duct ligation studies.
Recently, a high-throughput fluorescent screening identified a novel TRPC4/C5 antagonist ML-204, with higher selectivity toward TRPC4 channels in cell cultures, isolated dorsal root ganglion, and smooth muscle cells (39). Pharmacological blockade using ML-204 might be helpful in understanding the physiological role of TRPC4 channels in vasopressin release and whether TRPC4 might be a useful target for therapeutic interventions in pathophysiological states with altered fluid balance.
Perspectives and Significance
Our study has identified, for the first time, the presence of TRPC4 channels in the vasopressin cells in the magnocellular hypothalamic cells. TRPC4 expression was increased in the SON in association with hepatic cirrhosis, which is characterized by dilutional hyponatremia. Similar changes were not observed in vasopressin magnocellular secretory cell of the PVN. Water deprivation was not associated with consistent changes in either region. Changes in TRPC4 may be specific to chronic activation of vasopressin neurosecretory cells in the SON. A critical challenge for understanding the functional role of TRPC4 in a physiological system is to establish whether TRPC4 channels contribute to the chronic activation of vasopressinergic neurons in the SON. Future experiments are needed to investigate this possibility. This would provide a putative therapeutic target for fluid imbalances and their complications.
This study was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grant HL-62569 (to J. T. Cunningham).
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.
Author contributions: T.P.N. and J.T.C. conception and design of research; T.P.N. performed experiments; T.P.N. analyzed data; T.P.N. interpreted results of experiments; T.P.N. prepared figures; T.P.N. drafted manuscript; T.P.N. and J.T.C. edited and revised manuscript; T.P.N. and J.T.C. approved final version of manuscript.
The authors would like to acknowledge the technical assistance of Joel T. Little, A. Rajulapati, M. Dutta, X. Niu and X. Sun of the UNTHSC laser capture microdissection core facility.
- Copyright © 2014 the American Physiological Society
- 1.↵
- 2.↵
- 3.↵
- 4.↵
- 5.↵
- 6.↵
- 7.↵
- 8.↵
- 9.↵
- 10.↵
- 11.↵
- 12.↵
- 13.↵
- 14.↵
- 15.↵
- 16.↵
- 17.↵
- 18.↵
- 19.↵
- 20.↵
- 21.↵
- 22.↵
- 23.↵
- 24.↵
- 25.↵
- 26.↵
- 27.↵
- 28.↵
- 29.↵
- 30.↵
- 31.↵
- 32.↵
- 33.↵
- 34.↵
- 35.↵
- 36.↵
- 37.↵
- 38.↵
- 39.↵
- 40.↵
- 41.↵
- 42.↵
- 43.↵
- 44.↵
- 45.↵
- 46.↵
- 47.↵
- 48.↵
- 49.↵
- 50.↵
- 51.↵
- 52.↵
- 53.↵
- 54.↵
- 55.↵
- 56.↵
- 57.↵
- 58.↵
- 59.↵
- 60.↵
- 61.↵
- 62.↵
- 63.↵
- 64.↵
- 65.↵
- 66.↵
- 67.↵
- 68.↵
- 69.↵
- 70.↵
- 71.↵
- 72.↵
- 73.↵
- 74.↵

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Please wait…
Now accepting reservations through August 6, 2018.
Just a moment as we search for your
A California vacation package offers beautiful beaches, wonderful family attractions, great golf courses and exciting theme parks. Visit Disneyland® Resort, Universal Studios® Hollywood and SeaWorld® Adventure Park. Book a wonderful California vacation package from Southwest Vacations!
Southwest Vacations makes it easy and convenient to book a California vacation package complete with airline tickets, hotel and car rental as well as admissions to California activities, attractions, shows, theme parks and tours. Book your next California vacation package from Southwest Vacations and save!
© 2017 Southwest Vacations
The Mark Travel Corporation is the tour operator for Southwest Vacations.


text:
GraphicRiver Global shopping concept 2890223
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Commercial \ Shopping
Commerce \ Concept \ Illustration \ Basket \ Global \ Shopping \ Symbol \ Single
Stock Vector - Global shopping concept 2890223 by PixelEmbargo @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Commercial \ Shopping
Vector illustration of global shopping concept with supermarket basket containing globe
Layered: No; Graphics Files Included: JPG Image, Vector EPS; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Cardiogram ; House Layout Planning Concept; Book Icon; Modern Cellphone; Business Concept ; Business Concept; House Layout Planning Concept .
Keywords: basket, blue, business, buy, buying, cart, commerce, concept, design, e-commerce, earth, global, globe, green, icon, illustration, isolated, market, object, plastic, purchase, push, retail, shop, shopping, single, store, symbol, vector, world.


text:
By Neurotica
Sirius leaned against the kitchen table and let out an impatient—but amused—sigh as he looked at the clock. Finally, after letting his impatience get the better of him, he went to the hallway and called down to the closed bathroom door. "Harry James Potter! Hurry up, or we're going to be late!"
He listened to the rustling around in the bathroom, muttered curses that made him raise an eyebrow, and watched the door open to reveal a rather distraught looking Harry. "I can't get my bloody hair to lay flat!" he exclaimed, running his hand over his head in emphasis.
Sirius grinned. "First of all, language. Don't let Moony hear you talking like that, or he'll have my head. Second of all, don't even bother. Do you have any idea how many charms and things your grandmother used to try and get James' hair flat before giving up? It's the Potter curse, deal with it!"
"But... it looks like I just went through a wind tunnel!" Harry said, frustrated.
"What's a wind tunnel?" Sirius asked, raising an eyebrow. "Never mind. Look, just forget about your hair for now; you can fight with it later. And it will be one hell of a battle. Do you have your stuff ready to go?"
"Yes, Sirius," Harry said, rolling his eyes. "I packed two days ago, just as Remus insisted."
"Good. Grab your trunk and let's go. We've got a Ministry car waiting for us," Sirius said, walking to the front door. "And don't roll your eyes at me!" he added over his shoulder.
Harry smiled, shook his head, and went to his bedroom to gather his things. His snowy owl was already in her cage, eager to go. She had been a birthday gift from Hagrid, and Remus had insisted on calling her Hedwig.
Looking around, Harry spotted his broomstick standing by its lonesome in the corner next to his desk. For a moment, he debated on whether or not to bring it along, but in the end, he realized Sirius would bust him. So, with a sigh, Harry grabbed the end of his trunk, picked up Hedwig's cage, and headed out to the living room.
Sirius smiled proudly at the sight. "Look at you! All ready for your first year at Hogwarts! You have no idea how much I've been looking forward to this."
Harry laughed. "Oh, but I do. You've only mentioned it a hundred and sixty-five times since I got my letter."
"Oh yeah," Sirius said thoughtfully. "Well, come on, then. We've only got forty-five minutes to get you to London and settled on the train."
Sirius led the way outside to the awaiting Ministry car.
"Can't you magic my trunk? This thing is kind of heavy!" Harry panted, struggling with his trunk and owl.
Sirius just grinned. "Nope, it's all a part of the Hogwarts experience!" he said happily.
Harry glared and continued dragging his trunk across the path to the car. Finally, Sirius took pity on his godson and helped him stow his trunk and owl for the trip. The two climbed in the back of the car and waited for the driver to begin the journey to King's Cross Station.
"Okay, how do I do this again?" Harry whispered, staring skeptically at the solid brick wall between platforms nine and ten.
"Just walk straight at the wall," Sirius said after a small group of Muggles were out of earshot. "I swear, it's not a joke," he added at Harry's raised eyebrow. "What? Don't you trust me?"
"Not after that time when I was eight and you told me the wall in Remus' closet led to Zonko's Joke Shop," Harry said dryly.
Sirius grinned. "You're not still mad about that?" he asked. One look at Harry's face said his godson was in fact still angry over said event. "This isn't like that time. Look, do you want me to go first?"
Harry nodded, obviously wanting to see his beloved godfather make a fool of himself in public.
"Fine." Sirius sighed. "See you on the other side."
Harry watched as Sirius waited for another group of traveling Muggles to pass. He whistled casually and walked straight at the wall. And disappeared.
"Hmm," Harry said thoughtfully.
He looked around again and pushed his trolley straight at the barrier. When he didn't hit solid brick, he smiled and come out on the other side.
The scarlet steam engine that was the Hogwarts Express gleamed beautifully in the light. Sirius was staring at it wistfully with his hands deep in his pockets. Harry pushed his trolley forward and stood next to him.
"Took you long enough." Sirius grinned, not looking away from the train.
"Ha ha," Harry replied, grinning back, but not taking his eyes off the train. This was the first time he had ever set eyes upon the Hogwarts Express. It was magnificent.
"So," Sirius said, clapping his hands together and turning to Harry, "guess we better get you a compartment, huh?"
Harry dismissed the slight sadness in Sirius' voice for the time being and nodded. The two made their way forward through the crowd of families wishing their younger children good luck at school, and warning the older ones to stay out of trouble. They walked the length of the train before they were able to find an empty compartment. Sirius helped Harry heave his trunk overhead and sat Hedwig on the bench.
"Well, this is it..." Sirius said. At Harry's less-than-excited look about finally getting to attend Hogwarts he asked, "What's wrong, kid?"
Harry hesitated and turned to look outside the train. "What if I don't like it?" he mumbled.
"You're kidding, right?" Sirius said with a short laugh. When Harry continued to stare out the window, he said quietly, "Come here, Harry."
Harry turned away from the compartment door and into the awaiting arms of his godfather. "You're going to love it there," Sirius said into Harry's hair. "Remember all the stories Remus and I have told you?" Harry nodded into Sirius' shirt. "It'll be great!"
"Wish Remus could've come," Harry said sadly.
"He wanted to, he really did, but he had to go to work."
"You're here."
"Well, yeah. But being the Head of the Auror Department, I can make my own hours. Remus' job isn't that flexible, unfortunately," Sirius said, rubbing Harry's back.
"I know."
"Besides, you'll be seeing him soon," Sirius said, pulling away from Harry slightly.
"Yeah, I guess." Harry sighed.
"Okay, before I go, do you have everything?"
"You've got the map?"
"And the cloak?"
"And all the prank supplies I bought you?"
"Yes, Sirius," Harry said, grinning up at his godfather. Not many parents would actually buy their kids pranking supplies and then tell them exactly what to do with them.
"Good," Sirius said, checking his watch. 10:50 am. He sighed. "I've got to get going. I want a letter first thing tonight when you get to your dorm telling me how everything went."
Harry nodded. "Okay."
"You take care of yourself. And don't cause your professors any more grey hair than most of them have," Sirius said. After a moment of thought, he added, "Except Snape. Cause him all the grey hairs possible!"
Harry laughed as Sirius pulled him in for another hug. Sirius kissed the top of his godson's head and pulled away. His grey eyes were oddly bright. "I'll talk to you soon," he said, moving towards the compartment door.
"Kay," Harry said, watching Sirius leave sadly.
"Love you, Harry," his godfather said.
"Love you, too, Sirius," Harry replied.
Sirius smiled, winked, and jumped from the train, closing the compartment door behind him. Harry sat down on the bench closest to the window and waved at Sirius, who waved back. This would be the first time he would be without Sirius for a long period of time. And while both he and Remus assured him time would go rapidly, Christmas seemed an eternity away.
The compartment door opened and three redheaded boys entered, grinning at Harry.
"Hey, Weasleys." Harry grinned back.
"Hey, Harry, what's up?" Fred Weasley asked, sitting across from Harry. George sat next to him, Ron next to Harry.
"Not much, what about you?"
"Oh, you know, the usual," George said. "Percy's still bragging about being Prefect, Mum won't let us tease him, Ginny's all upset because she can't come with us..."
"That reminds me," Fred said, standing up and opening the window. He stuck his head out and called, "Oy! Ginny! We'll send you a Hogwarts toilet seat!"
Harry and the others laughed. They could hear Mrs. Weasley's voice reprimanding Fred, and Sirius' booming bark-like laugh.
"Only joking, Mum!" Fred called, pulling his head back in.
At that moment, the train lurched forward. Harry leaned out the open window and smiled at Sirius, Mrs. Weasley, and Ginny. They all waved and he waved back as they disappeared around the corner.
He brought his head back into the compartment and sat down.
"So," George said, reaching into his cloak, "who's up for a game of Exploding Snap?"
Remus sat patiently at the long table looking out at the sea of first years that had just entered through the tall Great Hall doors. He scanned the nervous looking children for the familiar mop of black untidy hair. Finally, he landed his eyes on the bright red hair of Ron Weasley. And as to be expected, Harry was right next to him. Harry caught his eye and smiled widely. Remus smiled back and gave a little wave.
Harry had absolutely no idea how he was to be sorted. Both Sirius and Remus flat out refused to tell him, though Sirius had gone on in great detail—with a straight face—about the lake and giant squid. When asked, Remus only smiled and changed the subject to the weather, or something equally as evasive.
Remus sat back in his chair and listened as McGonagall gave the usual speech about the students lining up in front of the staff table. She went to the side of the hall, retrieved the stool and Sorting Hat, and placed it before the first years. Remus hid a grin in his goblet at Harry's perplexed look. Even after all the times he had been in the headmaster's office, Harry had failed to ask what the hat was for.
The hat's brim opened and began to sing about the different houses. Once it had finished, Remus clapped along with the rest of the hall. McGonagall stepped up once more with her usual long roll of parchment.
"When I call your name, you will step forward, I will place the Sorting Hat upon your head, and you will be sorted into your houses," McGonagall said to the first years.
Remus had to bite his lip hard not to laugh at the look of indignant shock on Harry's face.
"And what was that all about?" Dumbledore whispered from the corner of his mouth.
"Sirius told him he would have to fight the giant squid," Remus said, his voice trembling in laughter.
The Headmaster chuckled and shook his head, now focusing on the sorting.
To Remus, it seemed like just yesterday that he and Sirius had gone to Surrey for the five-year-old. While there had been many hard times before things had finally settled down, Remus would not have traded any of it in for all the gold in Gringotts. Harry had grown into a fantastic young man, much like his father. He was confident, but not overly so, smart, brave, and loyal. The shy little boy they had begun with was not gone, but only showed himself at the rarest of times.
Remus' life had changed so drastically over the last five years, he often wondered if it was all a long wonderful dream. He now had his family back, some of them anyway, and he was happier than he could ever remember being in his life.
Sirius felt the exact same, Remus knew. The deadened look Sirius had as a result of five years in Azkaban had not gone, either, but, like Harry's shyness, it only revealed itself every so often. There were many times the two friends had reflected on how they nearly lost Harry to Wormtail and Voldemort, and that was when the look was most prominent.
But as Remus had half-heartedly predicted during the time of Harry's kidnapping, things turned out to be okay in the end.
Though Lucius Malfoy was still on the run—there was still no hint as to where he had gone—and Voldemort was still out there biding his time, waiting, life was grand.
The day the Dementor's Kiss was administered to Wormtail, Sirius and Remus traveled to Azkaban to witness it. ("Auror's privilege," Sirius had said darkly.) It was something Remus wouldn't forget until the day he died. He still, to this day, had nightmares about the scene. He shivered at the mere memory of it.
Coming back to the present, Remus focused himself on the sorting. He narrowed his eyes as a blond boy stalked up to the Sorting Hat. Remus hadn't heard the boy's name, but there was no mistaking that face.
"SLYTHERIN!" the Sorting Hat yelled before it had even touched the head of Lucius Malfoy's son.
Narcissa Malfoy—one of Sirius' many cousins—had denied any knowledge of her husband's whereabouts. Sirius himself had questioned her numerous times, and had even searched Malfoy Manor thoroughly. Sirius' job was dedicated to finding the Death Eater who had tortured Harry those years ago, and when he did find him, Remus wanted to be present—it would be a sight to behold.
"Potter, Harry!"
Remus snapped his head from the Slytherin table and onto Harry. He was slowly walking forward, still visibly nervous. Remus smiled at him reassuringly, receiving a shaky smile in return. Harry sat on the stool and McGonagall place the Sorting Hat on his head. Remus crossed his fingers under the table. He frowned slightly when the hat didn't shout the name of Harry's house after a full two minutes.
Finally, after seeming like an eternity, the hat shouted for the Hall to hear, "GRYFFINDOR!"
Remus had to fight not to jump and cheer with the rest of the Gryffindors. He conceded to a large smile and clapping hard while Hagrid whistled. Harry took off the hat and went to sit with his new housemates.
When he turned to Remus, he was grinning from ear to ear. Remus grinned back and slightly raised his eyebrow in question. Harry's grin faltered a bit for a half-second, but he shook his head and was drawn into a conversation with Percy Weasley.
The only person Remus had ever seen the hat take that long with was Sirius in their first year. Sirius had only recently admitted that the hat wanted to place him in Slytherin, but after a long debate in his mind, Sirius convinced the hat Gryffindor was best for him.
He would have to ask Harry someday what the hat had said to him. Ron Weasley was sorted into Gryffindor, much to Harry's relief. Those two, along with the twins, had been practically inseparable since they had met years ago.
Once Blaise Zabini had been sorted into Slytherin, the sorting ended. Dumbledore stood, stretched out his arms in welcome, and beamed at the students. "I have only four words for you at the moment, and they are: Nitwit! Blubber! Oddment! Tweak!"
The students and a few teachers laughed. The Weasley twins chanted "Hear, hear!" as their feast appeared before them. It was just as magnificent as Remus remembered it to be. He would have to go congratulate the house-elves later.
Once the food had been demolished by the hungry students, the golden plates cleared and Dumbledore stood to begin his welcoming speech. It was the usual speech about the forest being out of bounds (Remus sent Harry a pointed look; Harry just grinned back sheepishly), and the dangers of the Whomping Willow. Filch's list on banned objects had increased since Remus' days, and he had a good feeling the Weasley twins were mostly responsible.
"Finally," Dumbledore said to the students, "I would like to introduce our new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, Professor Remus Lupin." Remus chuckled as Harry and the Weasley children cheered loudly—he ignored the glares from the Slytherin table. He waved politely as Dumbledore continued, "Now, it is time for bed! Lessons begin bright and early tomorrow morning! Chop, chop!"
Some of the older students groaned, but began filing out the hall's doors.
Harry looked like he wanted to ignore Percy's call for the first years to follow him and come talk to Remus. Remus shook his head and mouthed, I'll see you tomorrow. Harry frowned slightly, but waved good night to Remus and followed Percy out into the hall and up to Gryffindor Tower.
Yes, Remus thought smiling, things will work out just fine. And this is only the beginning.


text:
An investigation by the Sheriff's Office Corrections Division discovered a planned attack using an improvised weapon to cause serious injury to the victim.
[Read the rest of this article...]
The City of Batavia Fire Department is joining nearly 6,000 fire departments nationwide in promoting the annual Change Your Clocks, Change Your Batteries campaign on Sunday, November 2.
A committee is moving plans forward.
Both separate alleged incidents involved teens.
State Police are patrolling for pranks on the Thruway, while local departments are giving out tips -- and in one case, a trick-or-treat bag to keep kids safe.
Four persons are detained, two are arrested on unrelated warrants.
The sheriff's office the driver went to pass the combine with another vehicle coming the opposite direction. She went back to the lane but struck the combine, causing both to spin out of control.
After about two hours, everything is back to normal at UMMC.
In Batavia the Department of Transportation says it will benefit sidewalks on Summit, Liberty and South Liberty Streets and Washington Avenue.
Bruce Reid, 52, was arrested on charges of possession of burglary tools and attempted petit larceny.
As part of a writing assignment several weeks ago, two classes sent cards to the department showing their gratitude, along with a "survival kit" including candy. BPD wanted to return the favor and showed up with two police cars, answering questions and showing them the equipment up close.
State Police say 24-year-old Casey LaFleur was spotted fleeing from the scene on Main Street, Clarence.
Residents and businesses in the general area north of West Main Street and west of Bank Street may experience a temporary discoloration of the water.
The Genesee County Economic Development Center board approves a land sale in Bergen to a national company specializing in auctioning totaled cars.
Fire EMS personnel were called to a report of a heroin overdose at an Exchange Street apartment yesterday. There they found a 24-year-old resident unresponsive and in cardiac arrest. An officer began CPR while EMS personnel administered intranasal Nalaxone which revived the victim.
it's a familiar program to local residents, but now is partnered up with one of the most prominent cancer centers in the state.
A father is facing charges after troopers say he falsely reported an incident involving the mother of his child as a form of retribution.
Minutes after a planned K9 sweep exercise completed, the school was notified of a 'call of concern' from the community and went into lockout.
Heather Castrechino, 38, of Warsaw pleaded guilty in Wyoming County Court Thursday to first-degree criminal sexual act in a fast-moving process that saw her arrested just two weeks ago and indicted two days ago.
Citywide leaf collection is under way and will continue until Nov. 21.
New York State Police Troop T and citizen volunteers will conduct their 38th annual "Pumpkin Patrol" aimed at preventing Halloween pranks and protecting motorists along the New York State Thruway on Oct. 30 & 31.
A big rig was traveling north on Oak Street with the SUV facing south preparing to turn left onto Richmond. The SUV sustained damage on the passenger side.
Now all three -- who were training with U.S. military when they escaped to Niagara Falls in September -- can released if bond is posted.
The document states that Robert Hertz allegedly unlawfully entered the building and stole several digital cameras, Microsoft Office software, wireless speakers and BOSE headphones.
State Police is investigating the larceny of almost 400 flag holders which were discovered missing over the weekend. It's unknown when the larceny may have taken place.
It stood at 4.8 percent for September 2014.
The office will be open until 7:00 PM on Tuesday, October 21st, Wednesday, October 22nd, Tuesday October 28th and Wednesday October 29th. The office will also be open Saturday October 25th and November 1st from 9:00 AM until 12:00 Noon.
The Batavia Blue Devils (Friday) and Alexander Trojans (Saturday) will play first round matchups on WBTA.
They "hard sell" on the telephone to convince taxpayers to send money.
Mark Maltese is accused of robbing Best Western and Days Inn in the Town of Batavia as well as the 7-Eleven in Oakfield back in November 2013. He also allegedly burglarized the Rent-A-Center in the City and a Hutchins Street home months before.
Along with the Town of Batavia's Inclusive Playground, Genesee County boasts two rare public spaces that encourage everyone to get involved.
He designated eight hospitals equipped to care for potential patients including Rochester's URMC.
Effective Monday, Oct. 20, the seasonal Yard Waste Station hours are 11 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Saturday. Also, leaf pick-up will tentatively start on Oct. 20.
Two 20-year-olds were arrested after officers broke up an in-progress alleged heroin sale at a Lewiston Road business.
The report from the Department of Labor indicates that much of upstate still suffers from a decreasing work force.
Thanks to students at Byron-Bergen elementary school, it is now the official New York State snack.
United Memorial Medical Center has adopted all of CDC and Department of Health guidelines and is holding unannounced drills.
The separate incidents involve the sale of prescription pills, cocaine and heroin in the Towns of Batavia and Elba and the Village of Attica.
The company cites the early termination of one of the company's "principal contracts."
The City of Batavia says water service will be shutoff in the late morning for a few hours.
The bill a year in the making and created from start to finish by the 4th-now 5th graders at Byron-Bergen Elementary School is on Governor Andrew Cuomo's desk.
While filling up the tank of his patrol vehicle last week, a trooper noticed a male subject handling a small quantity of pills on Park Road in the Town of Batavia.
The area north of Main Street and west of Bank Street will be affected from approximately 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Those with incomes less than $58,000 can file returns online for free at tax.ny.gov.
So far, deputies say there is no evidence of forced entry.
Emergency crews were called before 2 p.m. by the teen's fellow hikers, his father and a young friend. He was confirmed dead about an hour later by rescue workers.
With reports of car larcenies over the past several months across the county, officers say that simply locking cars significantly deters thieves from stealing valuables from inside.
Heather Castrechino, 39, of Warsaw was arraigned and committed to the Wyoming County Jail on no bail on a charge of predatory sexual assault against a child.
Most areas will be at or near peak.
Officials say it's part of a joint community effort to fight opioid addiction. There will be a presentation Wednesday at Batavia High School.
To celebrate the completion of this project, an open house will be held on October 25, 2014 from 10 am to noon.
The sheriff's office also conducted child safety seat inspections.
Only one, Sylvania's Restaurant on Jackson Street, reported anything missing.
Sen. Charles Schumer's office says this will allow the company to increase production 40 percent.
The Attica Police Department responded to a report yesterday afternoon for a log tractor trailer that struck the Norfolk/Southern Railroad Overpass on Route 98 in the village.
The friendly pitbull has been living at the county animal shelter for nine months as the litigation continued. With his former owner pleading guilty to a count of torturing an animal, officials hope he'll be adopted soon.
The youngest of the trio remain in custody. They're next due in court Oct. 22.
The honorees this year include Jean DIFilippo (1971), Kevin Hanley (1971), Tom Rapone (1979), Bill Tretter (1982), Eileen Welch Zilliox (1983), Tom McCulley (1992) , Christine Vole (1999) , and Dan Bobo (2000).
It was the first order of business and Terry and Kim Pegula were unanimously and quickly approved as the second ownership group in Buffalo Bills history.
Federal authorities accused 38-year-old Robert Talbot of plotting to blow up government buildings and kill police officers in the Houston area.
According to the DEC investigation, liquid manure seepage was linked to E.coli contamination in the wells along Lewiston Road and Oakfield-Batavia Townline Road this spring.
Downtown traffic slowed
Calin Fly was inside when a pick-up truck slammed through the living room of the Dansville home.
New York State Education Commissioner John King says the low scores reflect a disturbing opportunity gap that must be closed.
Dennis Snow, the former treasurer, was charged with dozens of felonies upon his arrest in July.
In the case of a medical emergency call 9-1-1.
To make sure your vote counts, hit these deadlines.
Roy Lane is accused of having sexual contact with a person under the age of 11.
Sarah Saile is charged with DWAI drugs and second-degree assault as well. According to the indictment they stem from a Feb. 4 incident on Oak Orchard Road in the Town of Batavia.
The Dansville Police Department reports that Calin Fly passed away at Strong Memorial Hospital last night. He had been trying to battle back from severe injuries suffered in the crash Monday.
BPD is investigating the harboring of a minor and taking her across state lines.
How harsh the winter weather is is still a big factor.
The event, which welcomed Rep. Chris Collins, is a local kick-off to National Disability Employment Awareness Month held each October.


text:
You'd be hard-pressed to find people who genuinely love commuting to work. Most just endure their journeys because they know there's no other option.
If you can relate, rest assured there's no need for your commute to feel like complete drudgery.
In fact, you can use that time to become a better person.
Keep reading to learn how…
1. Mentally Sort Out the Day's Responsibilities
Statistics indicate 89 percent of workers waste time at the office by taking part in non-work activities.
Some of that time might be used up on activities that aren't truly related to work, such as chatting with coworkers by the water cooler or checking in on Facebook notifications.
However, some time-wasters may have trouble getting into the work mindset because they're unsure which tasks to tackle first.
Instead of just diving into responsibilities head-first, they use minutes or even hours planning or prioritizing their task lists.
Enable yourself to start working as soon as you arrive at the office by mentally making a task list and prioritizing items that need completing.
By using part or all of your commute to do that, you should find you're not under as much pressure.
Once you get to the office, people will likely start pulling your attention in all directions, but when you're confined to a car or other mode of transportation, your time is still mostly your own.
The more you create mental to-do lists, the easier it'll be to continually improve your work output because you'll know precisely which tasks to start first.
2. Learn a New Language
Maybe you're headed to a foreign place for a vacation soon, and still don't know even the most basic phrases in the native tongue.
If that's true, devote your commute to expanding your linguistic skills.
Many manufacturers offer language-learning materials in MP3 or CD format, so they work well for listening in the car.
Even if you see no practical need to learn a new language, there are numerous reasons why doing so is good for your brain.
Researchers have found that, compared to people who only speak one language, individuals who are at least bilingual tend to have better memories, find it easier to switch between tasks quickly and demonstrate better listening skills.
3. Practice Mindfulness
Driving is the most stressful way to commute, but even if you get into the car every day and head to work, there are things you can do to avoid feeling frazzled upon arrival.
One of them is mindfulness.
People often misunderstand mindfulness and think it's about emptying the mind and entering a hypnotic state.
In reality, mindfulness is based on being present, rather than thinking about the past or future.
That's the safest state of mind when behind the wheel, because it could help you stay alert.
Mindfulness may also encourage a healthier perspective that carries over into your work.
When practicing mindfulness in the car, start by simply being more aware of the things you hear, see and feel.
You could even add gratitude to this practice by realizing how thankful you are for seemingly simple things – like the feeling of warm sunshine on your skin, or the fact that you can travel to work inside a warm car on a cold winter day, rather than walking.
4. Listen to an Inspiring Podcast
A podcast could offer a great pre-work soundtrack, especially if you choose one delivered by someone you look up to in your industry.
Data shows 21 percent of people listen to podcasts, which is the same percentage of individuals who use Twitter.
Realizing how popular podcasts are, many notable figures in the worlds of business, self-help and pop culture regularly release podcasts.
By listening to one of them on your way to work, you could gain words of wisdom to help you feel more positive and informed.
5. Set Goals
Maybe your commute has you feeling so frustrated you've nearly had enough, or perhaps frequently find yourself thinking – "There's got to be more to life than this!".
In those cases, set goals during your commute that could take you from where you are to where you want to be.
Americans spend approximately 42 hours stuck in traffic each year, so you may as well use some of those hours to figure out what you can do to make life more bearable.
It should be clear that your commute doesn't need to be wasteful, and could even be wonderful if used well.
Change your mindset about getting to work, and start using the time to your advantage and become a better person.
How To Practice Self Improvement During Your Drive to Work:
- Create a mental to do list.
- Consider learning a new language.
- Practice mindfulness.
- Listen to an inspiring podcast.
- Set goals that matter
Have a question? Share your thoughts!


text:
Do This! Charleston Culinary Tours!
Want to make your best decision about where to dine in Charleston, but not satisfied with just reviewing menus or reading reviews? Charleston Culinary Tours was created to help solve this problem. Combining a walking tour of downtown Charleston with an appreciation for fine food, Charleston Culinary Tours allows the discriminating visitor to sample some of Charleston's finest restaurants while enjoying an informative, and fun, historical tour of the downtown historic district.
All our restaurant partners are selected based on their commitment to high quality, innovative cuisine. Restaurant stops vary on each tour, making every tour unique. All Charleston Culinary Tours are limited to no more than 12 guests in order to deliver an intimate, personalized experience. Over the course of 2 hours, each tour stops at four restaurants. The relaxed pace of our tours allow guests the time to savor the dishes prepared specifically for that tour group. Each of our restaurant partners provide an array of appetizers and entrees, from the signature items of each kitchen, to specialty or seasonal dishes that are one-of-a-kind! Water and other non-alcoholic beverages at each stop are included in the tour, and alcoholic beverages are available for purchase. Since the tours are between the lunch rush and dinner service, chefs and managers are available to discuss the dishes provided with guests, explaining their methods, the sourcing of ingredients, and the philosophy behind the incredible food they have prepared.
"With so many truly great restaurants in historic Charleston, and since walking is the best way to enjoy the charms of this beautiful city, we thought a combination culinary and historical walking tour seemed like a perfect idea" explains Glenn Morehead, one of Charleston Culinary Tour's founders and guide. Approximately half of each tour is spent walking. For this reason, guests should wear comfortable shoes and clothing. Tours are held rain or shine.
All Charleston Culinary Tours start and finish at the Southend Brewery located at 161 East Bay Street, Charles- ton. The Southend Brewery is located within easy walking distance of all downtown Charleston hotels and is in close proximity to several public park- ing garages. Tours start at 2:15 p.m. "I've lived in Charleston a few years now and each time I walk down the streets and alleys of the historic district I discover something new" says Oscar Hines, tour co-founder. "It's much the same with our culinary tour. Every stop is a surprise, every visit reveals something new – a new dish, a new ingredient, a new interpretation of a classic recipe. Charleston has a special, almost magical quality and it is a pleasure to share that with the guests on our tour." We take great pride in showing our city to guests whenever they come to visit or to remind the locals of what we may take for granted.


text:
I have default oldstyle figures and lining figures in a font. Due to its particular constructed nature, the glyphs for 6 and 8 are each identical in both styles. Can anyone think of a reason why I shouldn't leave out six.lnum and eight.lnum altogether, and omit their substitutions from the feature?
Redundant numeral glyphs
Primary tabs
If the "6" and "8" look identical don't you have a more serious problem? :-/
Oh, OK! Duh. Sorry.
Just make components, instead of omitting them. It is always nice to have a clean logical structure in the font file.
With the caveat that I think Frode is right, no. You write the lnum and onum GSUB code. As long as everything is in the default number style, it should work. But why not own a copy of, say, InDesign and MS Word, so you can check such things out?
Odd that an eight (in particular) is the same. Usually the old-style 8 has to be condensed a bit more than the full-size lining, to fit with the other os numbers.
In the end though, what is saved? Which is at least one more reason Frode nailed it.
Can anyone think of a reason why I shouldn't leave out six.lnum and eight.lnum altogether, and omit their substitutions from the feature?
If shapes happen to be identical, a single occurrence in the font is enough.
A good question, in my opinion. It is adding redundant info to fonts that asks for a damn good reason, not omitting redundant info.
On the other hand, by enforcing the "elegance" of redundancy for the sake of consistency, you might for example save yourself trouble if you ever changed your mind about the shapes being the same.


text: I've been working with a bunch of Thai recipes that call for the root of cilantro/coriander. In the summer, I found some bunches with the roots attached, but lately all of the cilantro I can find is cut higher up, so I only have stem. Stem is apparently the best substitute, but I keep wondering if there is a good source for the root, maybe frozen? Has anyone seem it around, maybe at an Asian market? Thanks in advance.


text:
Volyn-Podilsk Upland, also spelled Volyn-podolsk, plateau extending between the Dniester and upper Bug river valleys in the west and the Dnieper River in the east in western Ukraine. In the north, where it is bordered by an escarpment, the plateau reaches to a line between the cities of Zhytomyr, Kremenets, and Lviv, while in the south it is terminated by the Zaporizhzhya-Balta line, beyond which lie the Black Sea lowlands. The northwestern part near Lviv is highest, reaching 1,545 feet (471 m). The plateau is composed of loess and horizontal rocks, with outcrops, in the river valley and especially in the east, of crystalline rocks. The eastern area between the Southern (Pivdennyy) Buh and the Dnieper rivers is sometimes called the Dnieper Upland.
Keep Exploring Britannica
We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind.
- Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience.
- You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered.
- Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources.
- At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.)
Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions.
Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article.
Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed.
There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later.


text:
Finding Beauty In the Brokenness: Something Tangible {Giveaway}
One thing I really struggled with in the hard days of grieving over our loss, was that I had nothing tangible to remember this precious life with…yes, its days were much shorter than we desired, but they still COUNTED. There was LIFE that lived, and it shouldn't be forgotten.
I had kept myself from the baby aisles during the first trimester, even though I was so anxious to start hunting for deals. {We had gotten rid of everything – and I mean EVERYTHING that even slightly represented "baby" in our home either through handing things down to other multiples moms and friends, or via garage sales. Who has room for 4x the baby stash? And we thought the door was closed on having any other children.} Now I regretted not having something. Just something that I had especially for this baby – an outfit, a stuffed animal, a blanket…something that said "we couldn't wait to meet you, and loved you from the beginning". Brad had this desire on his heart too, but we just didn't want to settle for a trinket.
The thought of returning to the baby aisle to pick something out now isn't really something I've entertained, or been physically up to…but when I it became heavy upon my heart to write these "Finding Beauty in the Brokenness" posts, I came across my sweet friend Lisa Leonard's necklace.
There it was…
Simple. Perfect. Unspoken. Beautiful.
I showed it to Brad, not knowing if he would feel the same, and as tears welled in his eyes and began overflowing, I knew this wasn't just a piece of jewelry.
I texted with Lisa and in her kindness shipped one out right away.
I went to the mailbox, seeing her sweet logo, and held my breath as I opened the envelope. It was mine – a treasure to wear on my heart with a "5" to remind me of this life that once lived inside of me.
A promise of a heart that will be made whole again…never quite the same, but restored.
I tenderly held it in my hands and sat on the curb as hot tears started to roll down my cheeks.
Beauty in the Brokenness…A heart that is painfully broken, but will be mended with God's tender stitching.
So MANY of you have shared your stories with me – your own heartbreaks and brokenness over a loss of a life. I've shed tears and prayed for you, and I wanted to give you something tangible too…so Lisa generously is providing one of these necklaces to giveaway to one of you. Our grief may be different in size or appearance, but I'm learning more and more that grief is a shared commonality.
I'm honored to have this opportunity, so if you would like this "Beauty in Brokenness" necklace to represent the life lost through miscarriage, stillbirth, or death, please leave a comment, and I will draw a winner on Friday. (April 11th)
{If you know someone who you think this necklace may speak to, please share this post with them.}
Other Posts in This Series:
- Finding Beauty in the Brokenness: Books
- Finding Beauty in the Brokenness: Bible Verses
- Finding Beauty in the Brokenness: Music
- Finding Beauty in the Brokenness: The Everyday


text:
In this video posted by Rumble Viral wherein as the owner started singing the Birthday song, the dog seemed to sing with him.
Zeney, the dog in the video is a rescue pit/boxer mix that loves singing together with the family he's in. We can really see how Zeney tries to sing! So lovely, indeed!
Watch this video that will show a dog that sings "Happy Birthday!" with his owner. Amazing!
So what can you say about this one? Let us know your thoughts in the comment section below, and don't forget to share this blog post to your family and friends online. And also, visit our website more often for more updates.


text:
FREE SHIPPING on orders of $85 or more
An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2017
Origins Available: French, Irish
patronymic derived from the personal name Eochaidh.
Gagen Early Origins
Westmeath (Irish: An Iarmhí) in the Irish Midlands, province of Leinster, in the barony of Moycashel at Kilbeggan where they held a family seat from ancient times. Traditionally, the Gagens are said to descend from Fiacha, son of Niall of the Nine Hostages.
Gagen Spelling Variations
Gagen Spelling Variations
Scribes and church officials, lacking today's standardized spelling rules, recorded names by how they were pronounced. This imprecise guide often led to the misleading result of one person's name being recorded under several different spellings. Numerous spelling variations of the surname Gagen are preserved in documents of the family history. The various spellings of the name that were found include Geoghegan, Gagahan, Gahagan, Gahaghan, Gaghan, Gegan, MacGeoghegan, Geohan and many more.
Gagen Early History
Gagen Early History
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Gagen research. Another 465 words (33 lines of text) covering the years 1172, 1186, 1291, 1580, 1600, 1603, 1650, 1689, 1702, 1763, and 1800 are included under the topic Early Gagen History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Gagen Early Notables (pre 1700)
Gagen Early Notables (pre 1700)
Prominent amongst the family at this time was Conal MacGeoghegan (circa 1580-1650) Chief of the sept MacGeoghegan, historian who translated the Annals of Clonmacnoise; James MacGeoghegan (1702-1763) of Westmeath...
Another 28 words (2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Gagen Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration
In the 18th and 19th centuries, thousands of Irish families fled an Ireland that was forcibly held through by England through its imperialistic policies. A large portion of these families crossed the Atlantic to the shores of North America. The fate of these families depended on when they immigrated and the political allegiances they showed after they arrived. Settlers that arrived before the American War of Independence may have moved north to Canada at the war's conclusion as United Empire Loyalists. Such Loyalists were granted land along the St. Lawrence River and the Niagara Peninsula. Those that fought for the revolution occasionally gained the land that the fleeing Loyalist vacated. After this period, free land and an agrarian lifestyle were not so easy to come by in the East. So when seemingly innumerable Irish immigrants arrived during the Great Potato Famine of the late 1840s, free land for all was out of the question. These settlers were instead put to work building railroads, coal mines, bridges, and canals. Whenever they came, Irish settlers made an inestimable contribution to the building of the New World. Early North American immigration records have revealed a number of people bearing the Irish name Gagen or a variant listed above, including:
Gagen Settlers in United States in the 17th Century
Gagen Settlers in United States in the 19th Century
Gagen Settlers in United States in the 20th Century
Contemporary Notables of the name Gagen (post 1700)
Contemporary Notables of the name Gagen (post 1700)
Gagen Family Crest Products
Gagen Family Crest Products
See Also
See Also
Other References
The Gagen Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Gagen Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 29 January 2014 at 07:45.
Sign Up
FREE SHIPPING on orders of $85 or more


text:
Tagged: Canaries, House prices, Ibiza, Tinsa
This topic contains 2 replies, has 2 voices, and was last updated by Mark Stücklin 3 years, 3 months ago.
- AuthorPosts
- August 20, 2014 at 1:34 pm #182890
Mark StücklinKeymaster
I'm not a big fan of the price data published by the valuation companies like Tinsa and Sociedad de Tasación because I suspect they are too subjective, and tend to reflect what their paymasters the banks want them to. However, they are worth keeping an eye on so long as you keep their faults in mind.
It's interesting to see the latest house price index from Tinsa shows that, whilst the general index is down 4.3pc, and the coast a hefty 7.7pc, the Balearic and Canary Islands were up 4.2pc over 12 months to the end of July. There might actually be a grain of truth in that figure. I've done a lot of work on real estate prices in Ibiza for international funds this year, and my guess is that prices there will go up.
Not to gloss over the -7.7pc on the coast. However, that's the average. I wouldn't be surprised if prices in prime areas are stable or close to.
It also depends on the property. There is hardly any attractive new property for sale on the coast. What little there is sells well in my experience.
You can see the latest Tinsa report here:
Talking of Ibiza, I was there last Thursday. Weather was bad, but the food and atmosphere in the Nassau Beach Club on Playa d'en Bossa was great.
- This topic was modified 3 years, 3 months ago by Mark Stücklin. Reason: Link corrected
- August 21, 2014 at 9:45 am #182909
FYI Mark, the link to the report doesn't work.
- August 21, 2014 at 10:20 am #182910
Mark StücklinKeymaster
Thanks for pointing that out Gary. This link should work:
- AuthorPosts
You must be logged in to reply to this topic.


text:
Kota University Admission
Want to Know, What Is Procedure For Kota University Admission? Don't Go Anywhere and Check Complete Details Through This Page. Candidates, who are aspired to take the admission in under graduate or post graduate course offered by Kota University, may get entire information regarding this from below segment. Applicants with required eligibility criteria may apply by submitting the Kota University application form against this notification on or before the closing date.Be in touch with us on our web portal to grab latest updates regarding Kota University Admission 2017.
Kota University offers education programs in Arts, Commerce & Management, Education, Law, Science and Social Science fields. University conducts entrance examination for providing admission in most of the courses.Candidates who are going to apply must read the complete details concerning to Kota University Admission from here which is well mentioned by the team of recruitmentresult.com.
Kota University Admission
|University Name
|Kota University
|Courses Offered
|Last date To Submit Application Form
|Check Below
Offered Courses
- M.Com. (Accounting & Finance)
- M.Phil. (Commerce)
- M.Phil. (Library & Information Science)
- B. Sc.
- B. P. Ed.
- B. Ed
- LL.B. etc
Check this:- Best Career Opportunities
Eligibility Criteria
- For UG Courses- Contenders are required to pass 12th class in related field from recognized board.
- For PG Course- Candidates who are willing to take the admission in Post Graduate Course must have qualified Graduation from an authorized institution/ university.
Also Read :- How to Start a New Life In College
How to obtain the form:
Candidates can obtain the Admission Form along with Prospectus for each of the courses either of the one way.
Students can obtain the Admission Form by downloading from the official website and submit filled form to the Head of the Department of the respective course along with Demand Draft of Rs 300/-
Contenders can also purchase Admission Form by cash / DD of Rs 300/- from the following places: (i) Postgraduate Studies, Room No. 312, Administrative Building, University of Kota (ii) Office of the Head of the Departments of the respective courses, University of Kota.
For getting Admission Form by post send a DD of Rs 350/- to address given below. Demand Draft should be made in favor of the "Registrar, University of Kota" payable at Kota and send to Dean, Postgraduate Studies, Room No. 312, Administrative Building, University of Kota, Rajasthan-324005.
Read Here: Ways to Get Education Loans for Students
Kota University Admission Procedure:
University conducts the written test called entrance exam for the admission of eligible contenders in desired courses. Qualified candidates will be selected for admission in the university.
Read Here: Preparation Tips for written exam
How To Fill Kota University Admission Form:
- Students who are willing to take the admission in Kota University are required obtain application form by following above mentioned process.
- After that, must fill application form with required information and attach Xerox copies of all documents (if required).
- At last filled application form along with all required documents/ certificates must be sent to the concerned address before the last date should be reached.
Important Date(Tentative):
|Last date for submission of application form
|February, 2017
|Date of entrance examination
|February, 2017
For more details about Kota University Admission, you may visit this Official Link and stay connected with us on our web portal to get latest updates regarding same.
Something That You Should Put An Eye On


text:
This luxurious 100% mercerised white cotton is a yarn for all seasons. It's supple, which means it's very easy to knit with - and it's perfect for crochet, too.
Care Instructions: Machine wash up to 40°C.
Order before 1pm on Monday to Friday and we'll aim to dispatch your order on the same day, if the items are available. Orders received after 1pm will be dispatched on the next working day.
Standard UK delivery: From £1.00 per order
Express UK delivery: From £5.99 per order
Various delivery options available at checkout.
International Delivery Available on every item
Further info on delivery times and charges.
Not happy with an item? We have a simple no quibble return policy.
Home >Knitting & Crochet>All Kniting Yarns>Patons 100% Cotton Dk White - 02691


text:
Duane Reed Gallery is pleased to present a body of new paintings by Brian Smith. This Pop-Up exhibition opens Thursday, September 10th and will be up for two weeks, on display through September 24th. The opening reception is on Thursday, September 10th from 5 until 8 pm.
Brian Smith studied painting at Boston University; where he received his BFA, and continued on to receive his MFA in Painting from The University of Chicago. Smith's work evokes a sense of nostalgia as one gazes at the implied forms and shapes reminiscent of places, objects, and figure; creating an intimate and personal experience between the painting and viewer.
Brian writes in his artist statement: "The act of painting is a vital experience. I see my art as a record of the subconscious and the painting process. The result is an interaction of imagined forms and spaces. Each work is intuitively developed through a personal method and logic. The reactions I have to the natural world and to the art that inspires me inform their meaning. Unique arrangements of colors, marks and textures are fundamental characteristics of my art. When integrated they convey a dazzling optical effect and a spirited emotional quality. The sensuous characteristics of paint make these aspects arresting, and the images themselves are distinctly abstract."