text:
|Numķro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numķro de demande
|Date de publication
|7 dķc. 2010
|Date de dķp¶t
|7 juin 2006
|Date de prioritķ
|7 juin 2006
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|Autre rķfķrence de publication
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|Marek Meyer, Andreas Faatz, Tomas Hildebrandt
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|Sap Ag
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|Citations de brevets (12), Citations hors brevets (32), Rķfķrencķ par (4), Classifications (9), ╔vķnements juridiques (3)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
This patent application relates generally to generating searchable keywords.
Documents (and other data-bearing items) often contain embedded metadata Learning objects metadata (LOM) is a particular type of metadata that serves as a structured description of learning objects including, e.g., text, Web pages, graphical elements, video, animation, and interactive tests. Metadata, including LOM, is typically searchable. For example, a user may input one or more keywords into a searching application. The searching application compares the input keywords to keywords stored in the metadata, and retrieves document(s) (or other information-bearing item) that contain keywords that match, or are closest to, the input keywords. In the case of LOM, for example, the searching application may retrieve a learning object.
This patent application describes methods and apparatus, including computer program products, for generating searchable keywords.
Processes for generating searchable keywords may include obtaining sets of parameters comprising weights, where the weights correspond to actions for changing first words into predicted keywords, using the sets of parameters to obtain predicted keywords from the first words, determining a prediction value for each set of parameters, where the prediction values are based on an extent to which predicted keywords for a set of parameters match predefined keywords, ranking the sets of parameters based on prediction values, and applying a selected set of parameters to a second word to obtain a new keyword, where the selected set of parameters is applied based on rank.
The selected set of parameters may have a prediction value that indicates a best match between predicted keywords and predefined keywords. The prediction value may be determined for plural predicted keywords. The plural predicted keywords may correspond to keywords that are related to the first word hierarchically.
The processes for generating searchable keywords may also include receiving feedback indicating whether the new keyword is acceptable and, if the new keyword is not acceptable, applying another set of parameters to the second word to obtain an additional keyword. The other set of parameters may have a prediction value that indicates a next best match between predicted keywords and predefined keywords.
The weights may include costs assigned to actions required to change the first words into the predicted keywords, where the actions comprise character transitions. The character transitions may comprise one or more of: deleting an end position character, deleting a middle position character, deleting a beginning position character, editing the end position character, editing a middle position character, editing the beginning position character, inserting the end position character, inserting a middle position character, and inserting the beginning position character. The end position may comprise a last character position in the first word, the beginning position may comprise a first character position in the first word, and a middle position may comprise a position in the first word between the end position and the beginning position. A weight for a set of parameters may be based on whether a first word is part of a title of data or a body of the data.
The new keyword may be part of metadata for a learning object, and the learning object may be stored in a repository that is part of an electronic learning system. The process for generating searchable keywords may also include storing the new keyword as metadata for a data object, receiving a search query, and returning information relating to the data object if at least part of the search query matches the new keyword.
In the process for generating searchable keywords, the first words may be obtained by removing stop words from text that includes the first words. The feedback may be received from a user, and the process may further comprise receiving feedback indicating whether the additional is acceptable, and if the additional keyword is not acceptable, applying another set of parameters to the second word to obtain a next keyword. Receiving and applying may be repeated until an acceptable keyword is obtained.
The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Further features, aspects, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.
Like reference numerals in different figures indicate like elements.
The ranked sets of parameters are then used during a runtime phase to generate new keywords for other existing information that does not have pre-existing keywords. The existing information may include metadata, such as a title or a description (e.g., abstract). In certain implementations, the metadata is associated with items such as learning objects, documents, images, or video. The keywords generated may, for example, allow a user to search these items. The learning object metadata (LOM) may follow a standard format, such as the standard defined by the Learning Technology Committee of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) in their standard designated 1484.12.1. For example, the title, description, and keywords may be organized in structures, such as LOM.general.title, LOM.general.description, and LOM.general.keywords, respectively.
The training phase may be performed by process 10. The ranked sets of parameters generated during the training phase by process 10 will be used in a runtime phase to generate new keywords. Process 10 may be implemented on a computer system.
Process 10 analyzes (12) selected text. The analysis may include identifying components as described above, such as a title and a description (e.g., an abstract). The components may be in the form of metadata associated with an item, such as a learning object, a document, an image, or video. The text may be expressed in a natural language format. For example, a title of a learning object may include, "How to create a new presentation." A description associated with the title may include, "Select the New button or the New command from the File menu."
Process 10 removes (14) "stop words" from the text being analyzed. For example, the text may include articles, such as "the" and "a," or pronouns, such as "he" and "she," which do not have associated keywords in the keyword vocabulary and, are therefore not used for generating keywords. The stop words include a list of words to be removed from the text. The removal of stop words may be governed by one or more rules, such as remove all articles or remove all pronouns. For example, the list of stop words may include the words "to," "a," and "the" included in the title and description example above. Occurrences of "to," "a," and "the" are then ignored when processing the words in the title and description to obtain keywords in the method described below.
Process 10 obtains (16) a set of parameters. A set of parameters is used in determining how words in the text will be translated into keywords from the predefined keyword vocabulary. In the example, the keyword vocabulary is a controlled language, as apposed to the text which may be natural language. For example, the United States Library of Congress Subject Headings may be used as a keyword vocabulary. Each set of parameters also contains weighting information ("costs"), as described below, to rate the success of the keywords generated using a particular set of parameters.
The actions used to transform a word in the text into a keyword, such as adding, removing, or editing (e.g., substituting) a character, may be rated using Levenshtein or edit distances. The Levenshtein distance or edit distance between a word and a keyword is given by the minimum number of operations needed to transform the word into the keyword, where an operation is an insertion, deletion, or substitution of a single character. A low edit distance indicates a close match between a text word and a keyword, while a high edit distance indicates a distant or rough match. For example, if the text contains the word "kitten" and the keyword vocabulary contains the word "sitting," then the edit distance between the text word and the keyword is three, including one for a substitution of "k" with "s," one for a substitution of "e" with "i," and one for the addition of "g" to the end. In addition, each action (i.e., adding, removing, and substituting) may be weighted so that additions, for example, result in a higher edit distance than substitutions. For example, each action may be multiplied by a weight chosen from the interval from zero to one ([0;1]).
Further, the location within the text word where the action occurs may be weighted. For example, a particular vocabulary may include keywords that could have suffixes when used in the natural language context of the text words, but they do not include suffixes within the vocabulary. Removing characters from the end of text words, including the suffixes, may result in a good keyword match even though the edit distance is not low. In this case, a weighting that lowers the edit distance of removing characters from the end of a text word may increase the success of keyword generation. The locations may be defined by a fixed number of characters, such as beginning, ending, and middle portions defined by a first character, a last character, and characters in between the first and the last, respectively. For example, character transitions may include one or more of: deleting an end position character, deleting a middle position character, deleting a beginning position character, editing the end position character, editing a middle position character, editing the beginning position character, inserting the end position character, inserting a middle position character, and inserting the beginning position character
The following table shows an example of a set of parameters associated with three character actions and three word locations.
The set of parameters shown in Table 1 has low costs associated with adding characters to the beginning of a text word (i.e., edit distance of 0.5) or removing characters from the end of a text word (i.e., edit distance of 0.2). Each addition of a character performed in the beginning portion of a text word represents half of a full edit distance unit. Each removal of a character from the end portion of a text word represents one fifth of the full edit distance unit. The seven other action and location combinations carry a full weight (i.e., edit distance of 1). Another set of parameters may have different costs associated with one or more of the nine action and location combinations. The costs (e.g., weights) may be generated randomly. Alternatively, cost values may be generated manually or through a combination of manual and automatic processes.
In addition to parameters for weights of character actions at particular word locations, the sets of parameters may include other weights. Keyword generation may be weighted based on whether a text word under consideration originated from a title portion of the metadata or a description portion of the metadata. The title and description weighting factors may be represented by two numbers, respectively, in the range from zero to one. For example, the title portion of the metadata may contain more accurate text words or words that more completely exemplify the subject matter than words in the description. In this situation, the edit distance for a keyword generated from the description may be shorter (i.e., a closer match) than a keyword generated from the title, but a stronger weighting of keywords from the title portion may produce an overall result favoring the keyword from the title.
The keywords in the vocabulary may be organized in a hierarchy. For example, a keyword of "apple" may have a parent keyword of "fruit" and a child keyword of "seed." A number of levels below or above a generated keyword may be defined from which to obtain additional keywords. The hierarchy may be defined in the keyword vocabulary. In this example, a text word of "apples" may result in a generated keyword of "apple." If one level above and one level below "apple" are retrieved from the vocabulary hierarchy, then "fruit" and "seed" are also determined to be possible keywords. Each hierarchy level may be assigned a weight in a method similar to the metadata portions and word transformation actions described above.
The keywords may also be weighted according to the number of keywords generated for a particular text word. For example, the three keywords with the shortest edit distance may be generated for each text word and each of the three keywords may have a corresponding weighting factor.
The number of sets of parameters may be given by:
N S =N H ūN K ūN Cū10N TD
where NS is the number of sets of parameters, NH is the number of hierarchical levels chosen, NK is the number of keywords chosen for each text word, NC is the number of sets of costs chosen for the actions at each location within a word, and NTD is the number of pairs of title and description weighting factors.
The keyword with the shortest weighted edit distance resulting from all word transformations within a particular metadata item, which may include portions such as a title and a description, may be chosen as the keyword to represent the metadata item. In other implementations, more than one keyword may be chosen. For example, a predefined number of keywords may be chosen and/or keywords meeting one or more edit distance criteria may be chosen.
Process 10 obtains (18) predicted keywords using the sets of parameters. As described above, the sets of parameters, including the randomly/manually generated weights, are used to predict keywords. For example, one set of parameters may result in the text word "apples" having a keyword "apple" with a shortest edit distance. A second set of parameters may favor addition of characters over removal resulting in a keyword of "applesauce" having the shortest edit distance for the same text word "apples." While a third set of parameters may favor words in a different portion of the metadata item, such as the title, resulting in a keyword unrelated to the text word "apples." One or more keywords may be determined for each metadata item. In general, edit distances may be calculated between each remaining word in, for example, LOM.general.title/description and each entry in the vocabulary.
Process 10 determines (20) a prediction value ("evaluating mean value") for each of the sets of parameters. The prediction value expresses the quality of the predicted keywords generated by its associated set of parameters. In order to generate a prediction value, the predicted keywords for each set of parameters and metadata item are compared to pre-existing keywords for each of the metadata items. An average prediction value is determined for each set of parameters over the prediction values for each metadata item.
The average prediction value (also referred to as the "prediction mean value") may be a precision value, a recall value, or a combination of the two (e.g., an average of the two, a maximum of the two, a minimum of the two, or the like). In this context, a precision value is a number of predicted keywords that are also in the predefined keyword vocabulary relative to the total number of predicted keywords. The recall value is the number of keywords in the predefined keyword vocabulary that are also in the predicted keywords relative to the total number of keywords in the predefined keyword vocabulary. By way of example, the predicted keywords (in total) may include "see", "sea", and "three", and the predefined keyword vocabulary may include (in total) "see", "fly", "high", and "sea". In this example, the precision value is 0.66 (i.e., 2"3) and the recall value is 0.50 (i.e., 2"4). Either of these prediction values, or others, may be used in this implementation.
Process 10 ranks (22) the sets of parameters based on the average prediction values for the sets of parameters. The highest (i.e., most accurate) average prediction value may be determined using non-parametric statistical significance tests such as a Friedman test and a paired Wilcoxon text. A Friedman test is a test that reduces false positives that occur when statistical tests are used repeatedly and is similar to parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a non-parametric test for the case of two related samples or repeated measurements on a single sample. The Wilcoxon test involves comparisons of differences between measurements, so it requires that the data be measured at an interval level of measurement. However, the Wilcoxon test does not require assumptions about the form of the distribution of the measurements.
Process 10 stores (24) the rankings. The rankings are stored for use during a runtime phase. For example, the rankings may be used when predicting keywords for metadata items that do not have pre-existing keywords, such as new metadata items added to a system. The use of the stored rankings will be described below with respect to
The process 50 selects (54) a set of parameters based on rankings of sets of parameters. For example, the rankings may be based on prediction values generated during the training phase, as described above with respect to
The process 50 obtains (56) new keywords using the selected set of parameters. The keywords may be obtained in the same manner as the keyword predictions described with respect to
The process 50 presents (58) a new keyword. The most likely keyword is presented to a user for review. For example, the process 50 may present the new keyword in a graphical user interface (GUI) (not shown).
The process 50 receives (60) feedback regarding the new keyword. The feedback may be the result of a user review of a suggested new keyword. The feedback may include an acceptance or rejection of the suggested new keyword via the GUI.
If the feedback indicates (62) that the new keyword is not acceptable, then the process 50 selects (54) another set of parameters based on the rankings. For example, the process 50 may select the next highest ranked set of parameters as determined by the matching between the predicted keywords and the predefined keywords during the training phase. If the keyword is acceptable, then the process 50 stores (64) the new keyword. The stored keyword may then be used, for example, as a search criterion when searching for items of the type associated with the keyword. The process of suggesting keywords and receiving feedback may continue until the keywords are deemed acceptable.
The processes described herein including, but not limited to, processes 10 and 50 (hereinafter referred to collectively as "the processes") may find applicability in any computing or processing environment. The processes may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination thereof. The processes are not limited to use with the hardware and software described herein; they may find applicability in any computing, processing or networking environment and with any type of machine that is capable of executing machine-readable instructions.
The processes may be implemented using digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations thereof. The processes can be implemented via a computer program product, i.e., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in one or more machine-readable storage devices/media, for execution by, or to control the operation of, one or more data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. A computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.
Actions performed by the processes can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform the functions of the processes. The actions can also be performed by, and the processes can be implemented via, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., one or more FPGAs (field programmable gate array) or ASICs (application-specific integrated circuit).
Processors suitable for execution of a computer program include, e.g., both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. Elements of a computer include a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from, or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example, semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.
The processes can be implemented via a computing system that includes one or more back-end components, e.g., a data server, or that includes one or more middleware components, e.g., an application server, or that includes one or more front-end components, e.g., a client computer. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network ("LAN") and a wide area network (WAN"), e.g., the Internet.
The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.
The processing described herein may be performed in a different order and/or portions thereof may be omitted. As such, operations performed in furtherance of the processes are not limited to the flows described herein.
In one implementation, the keywords are associated with knowledge items within an electronic learning (e-learning) system and the keywords may be used to locate the knowledge items within the e-learning system. That is, process 10 may be used to rank sets of parameters and the process 50 may use the ranked sets of parameters to obtain keywords for use in the e-learning system. A description of an e-learning system in which the keywords may be used is set forth below.
E-Learning System
The e-learning system and methodology structures content so that the content is reusable and flexible. For example, the content structure allows the creator of a course to reuse existing content to create new or additional courses. In addition, the content structure provides flexible content delivery that may be adapted to the learning styles of different learners.
E-learning content may be aggregated using a number of structural elements arranged at different aggregation levels. Each higher level structural element may refer to any instances of all structural elements of a lower level. At its lowest level, a structural element refers to content and may not be further divided. According to one implementation shown in
Starting from the lowest level, knowledge items 140 are the basis for the other structural elements and are the building blocks of the course content structure. Each knowledge item 140 may include content that illustrates, explains, practices, or tests an aspect of a thematic area or topic. Knowledge items 140 typically are small in size (i.e., of short duration, e.g., approximately five minutes or less).
A number of attributes may be used to describe a knowledge item 140, such as, for example, a name, a type of media, keywords, and a type of knowledge. In certain implementations, the attributes form metadata associated with the knowledge item 140. The name and/or keywords may be used by a learning system to identify and locate the content associated with a knowledge item 140. The type of media describes the form of the content that is associated with the knowledge item 140. For example, media types include a presentation type, a communication type, and an interactive type. A presentation media type may include a text, a table, an illustration, a graphic, an image, an animation, an audio clip, and a video clip. A communication media type may include a chat session, a group (e.g., a newsgroup, a team, a class, and a group of peers), an email, a short message service (SMS), and an instant message. An interactive media type may include a computer based training, a simulation, and a test.
A knowledge item 140 also may be described by the attribute of knowledge type. For example, knowledge types include knowledge of orientation, knowledge of action, knowledge of explanation, and knowledge of source/reference. Knowledge types may differ in learning goal and content. For example, knowledge of orientation offers a point of reference to the learner, and, therefore, provides general information for a better understanding of the structure of interrelated structural elements. Each of the knowledge types is described in further detail below.
HTML may be used to describe the logical elements and presentation of a document, such as, for example, text, headings, paragraphs, lists, tables, or image references.
Flash may be used as a file format for Flash movies and as a plug-in for playing Flash files in a browser. For example, Flash movies using vector and bitmap graphics, animations, transparencies, transitions, MP3 audio files, input forms, and interactions may be used. In addition, Flash allows a pixel-precise positioning of graphical elements to generate impressive and interactive applications for presentation of course material to a learner.
Learning units 130 may be assembled using one or more knowledge items 140 to represent, for example, a distinct, thematically-coherent unit. Consequently, learning units 130 may be considered containers for knowledge items 140 of the same topic. Learning units 130 also may be considered relatively small in size (i.e., duration) though larger than a knowledge item 140.
Sub-courses 120 may be assembled using other sub-courses 120, learning units 130, and/or knowledge items 140. The sub-course 120 may be used to split up an extensive course into several smaller subordinate courses. Sub-courses 120 may be used to build an arbitrarily deep nested structure by referring to other sub-courses 120.
Courses may be assembled from the entire subordinate structural elements including sub-courses 120, learning units 130, and knowledge items 140. To foster maximum reuse, all structural elements should be self-contained and context free. Here, the courses, sub-courses 120, learning units 130, and knowledge items 140 form the hierarchical levels, which may be weighted when determining keywords.
Structural elements also may be tagged with metadata that is used to support adaptive delivery, reusability, and search/retrieval of content associated with the structural elements. For example, learning object metadata (LOM) defined by the IEEE "Learning Object Metadata Working Group" may be attached to individual course structure elements. The metadata may be used to indicate learner competencies associated with the structural elements. Other metadata may include a number of knowledge types (e.g., orientation, action, explanation, and resources) that may be used to categorize structural elements.
As shown in
The four knowledge types (orientation, action, explanation, and reference) may be further divided into a fine grained ontology as shown in
Dependencies between structural elements may be described by relations when assembling the structural elements at one aggregation level. A relation may be used to describe the natural, subject-taxonomic relation between the structural elements. A relation may be directional or non-directional. A directional relation may be used to indicate that the relation between structural elements is true only in one direction. Directional relations should be followed. Relations may be divided into two categories: subject-taxonomic and non-subject taxonomic.
Subject-taxonomic relations may be further divided into hierarchical relations and associative relations. Hierarchical relations may be used to express a relation between structural elements that have a relation of subordination or superordination. For example, a hierarchical relation between the knowledge items A and B exists if B is part of A. Hierarchical relations may be divided into two categories: the part/whole relation (i.e., "has part") and the abstraction relation (i.e., "generalizes"). For example, the part/whole relation "A has part B," describes that B is part of A. The abstraction relation "A generalizes B" implies that B is a specific type of A (e.g., an aircraft generalizes a jet or a jet is a specific type of aircraft).
Associative relations may be used refer to a kind of relation of relevancy between two structural elements. Associative relations may help a learner obtain a better understanding of facts associated with the structural elements. Associative relations describe a manifold relation between two structural elements and are mainly directional (i.e., the relation between structural elements is true only in one direction). Examples of associative relations include "determines," "side-by-side," "alternative to," "opposite to," "precedes," "context of," "process of," "values," "means of," and "affinity."
The "determines" relation describes a deterministic correlation between A and B (e.g., B causally depends on A). The "side-by-side" relation may be viewed from a spatial, conceptual, theoretical, or ontological perspective (e.g., A side-by-side with B is valid if both knowledge objects are part of a superordinate whole). The side-by-side relation may be subdivided into relations, such as "similar to," "alternative to," and "analogous to." The "opposite to" relation implies that two structural elements are opposite in reference to at least one quality. The "precedes" relation describes a temporal relationship of succession (e.g., A occurs in time before B (and not that A is a prerequisite of B)). The "context of" relation describes the factual and situational relationship on a basis of which one of the related structural elements may be derived. An "affinity" between structural elements suggests that there is a close functional correlation between the structural elements (e.g., there is an affinity between books and the act of reading because reading is the main function of books).
Non Subject-Taxonomic relations may include the relations "prerequisite of" and "belongs to." The "prerequisite of" and the "belongs to" relations do not refer to the subject-taxonomic interrelations of the knowledge to be imparted. Instead, these relations refer to the progression of the course in the learning environment (e.g., as the learner traverses the course). The "prerequisite of" relation is directional whereas the "belongs to" relation is non-directional. Both relations may be used for knowledge items 140 that cannot be further subdivided. For example, if the size of the screen is too small to display the entire content on one page, the page displaying the content may be split into two pages that are connected by the relation "prerequisite of."
Another type of metadata is competencies. Competencies may be assigned to structural elements, such as, for example, a sub-course 120 or a learning unit 130. The competencies may be used to indicate and evaluate the performance of a learner as the learner traverse the course material. A competency may be classified as a cognitive skill, an emotional skill, a senso-motorical skill, or a social skill.
The content structure associated with a course may be represented as a set of graphs. A structural element may be represented as a node in a graph. Node attributes are used to convey the metadata attached to the corresponding structural element (e.g., a name, a knowledge type, a competency, and/or a media type). A relation between two structural elements may be represented as an edge. For example,
The above-described content aggregation and structure associated with a course does not automatically enforce any sequence that a learner may use to traverse the content associated with the course. As a result, different sequencing rules may be applied to the same course structure to provide different paths through the course. The sequencing rules applied to the knowledge structure of a course are learning strategies. The learning strategies may be used to pick specific structural elements to be suggested to the learner as the learner progresses through the course. The learner or supervisor (e.g., a tutor) may select from a number of different learning strategies while taking a course. For example, the learner or the supervisor may perform a search of knowledge items contained in a repository by inputting a search query containing keywords. The search results are generated by matching the keyword query terms with keyword metadata associated with knowledge items. In turn, the selected learning strategy considers both the requirements of the course structure and the preferences of the learner.
In the classical classroom, a teacher determines the learning strategy that is used to learn course material. For example, in this context the learning progression may start with a course orientation, followed by an explanation (with examples), an action, and practice. Using the e-learning system and methods, a learner may choose between one or more learning strategies to determine which path to take through the course. As a result, the progression of learners through the course may differ.
Learning strategies may be created using macro-strategies and micro-strategies. A learner may select from a number of different learning strategies when taking a course. The learning strategies are selected at run time of the presentation of course content to the learner (and not during the design of the knowledge structure of the course). As result, course authors are relieved from the burden of determining a sequence or an order of presentation of the course material. Instead, course authors may focus on structuring and annotating the course material. In addition, authors are not required to apply complex rules or Boolean expressions to domain models thus minimizing the training necessary to use the system. Furthermore, the course material may be easily adapted and reused to edit and create new courses.
Macro-strategies are used in learning strategies to refer to the coarse-grained structure of a course (i.e., the organization of sub-courses 120 and learning units 130). The macro-strategy determines the sequence that sub-courses 120 and learning units 130 of a course are presented to the learner. Basic macro-strategies include "inductive" and "deductive," which allow the learner to work through the course from the general to the specific or the specific to the general, respectively. Other examples of macro-strategies include "goal-based, top-down," "goal-based, bottom-up," and "table of contents."
Goal-based, top-down follows a deductive approach. The structural hierarchies are traversed from top to bottom. Relations within one structural element are ignored if the relation does not specify a hierarchical dependency. Goal-based bottom-up follows an inductive approach by doing a depth first traversal of the course material. The table of contents simply ignores all relations.
Micro-strategies, implemented by the learning strategies, target the learning progression within a learning unit. The micro-strategies determine the order that knowledge items of a learning unit are presented. Micro-strategies refer to the attributes describing the knowledge items. Examples of micro-strategies include "orientation only," "action oriented," "explanation-oriented," and "table of contents").
The micro-strategy "orientation only" ignores all knowledge items that are not classified as orientation knowledge. The "orientation only" strategy may be best suited to implement an overview of the course. The micro-strategy "action oriented" first picks knowledge items that are classified as action knowledge. All other knowledge items are sorted in their natural order (i.e., as they appear in the knowledge structure of the learning unit). The micro-strategy "explanation oriented" is similar to action oriented and focuses on explanation knowledge. Orientation oriented is similar to action oriented and focuses on orientation knowledge. The micro-strategy "table of contents" operates like the macro-strategy table of contents (but on a learning unit level).
In one implementation, no dependencies between macro-strategies and micro-strategies exist. Therefore, any combination of macro and micro-strategies may be used when taking a course. Application of learning strategies to the knowledge structure of a course is described in further detail below.
As shown in
The learning station 610 may include a browser to connect with a learning portal that allows a learner to access the learning system 620. A link 621 between the learning station and the learning system 620 may be configured to send and receive signals (e.g., electrical, electromagnetic, or optical) that convey or carry data streams representing various types of analog and/or digital content. For example, the communications link 621 may be implemented using a plain old telephone service (POTS) line network, a digital user line (DSL) network, an integrated services digital network (ISDN), and a synchronous optical network (SONET), or combinations of one or more of these networks. In addition, the communications links may include a wireless link using electromagnetic signals, such as, for example, radio, infrared, and microwave signals, to convey information. The communications link 621 also may include two or more networks or network devices (e.g., servers, routers, switches, hubs, repeaters, and storage devices).
The learning system 620 may include one or more servers. As shown in
A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made. For example, advantageous results may be achieved if the steps of the disclosed techniques are performed in a different order and/or if components in a disclosed system, architecture, device, or circuit are combined in a different manner and/or replaced or supplemented by other components.
Elements of different implementations may be combined to form another implementation not specifically set forth above. Other implementations not specifically described herein are also within the scope of the following claims.
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|Classification aux ╔tats-Unis
|707/723, 706/12, 706/47
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopķrative
|Classification europķenne
|24 juil. 2006
Owner name: SAP AG, GERMANY
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text:
Stevenage, United Kingdom (PressExposure) March 11, 2011 -- Lantin's new book "Come Here and I'll Show You' has now received 12 rave reviews on Amazon, seven of which awarded the book a top 5-Star rating.
The latest review by Shawn Kovacich describes the book as "a thrilling read in the genre of the pulp novels and more recently series like War Against the Mafia (Mack Bolan: the Executioner.)"
Pulling no punches, Kovacich quips "Do yourself a favor and read it, you won't be disappointed!" Come here...and I'll Show You" is adventure novel that takes readers for a wild ride through the jungles of Laos and Cambodian, - and what a ride!
A veteran of the CIA's "Secret War' in Laos is hired to return to the jungles to find some missing property. He knows his client is not to be trusted, but she is beautiful, sexy, beguiling, and she offers him a fee of US$200,000; the combination wins him over, and then the wild ride begins.
The action is continuous and the book is hard to put down. Get ready for fisticuffs, fire-fights, ambushes, exotic locations and a bevy of exotic Asian ladies. This is not a book for the faint-hearted.
The book is 'pulpish' and follows the best traditions of the vintage 'Pulp novels' by writers like Mickey Spillane and John MacDonald. The similes and metaphors are outrageous; the language is clipped and colloquial. The men are men and the women are darn glad of it. Needless to say, the women are fast and dangerous, and the hero is a two-fisted man of action.
Come Here... and I'll Show You" is an adventure-thriller. The action is not graphic and the seduction all happens 'off the page' - although there is plenty to excite the imagination. The book is often amusing, often surprising and always entertaining.
The novel is available as an e-Book on Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and Google Books. There are also unconfirmed rumours about a film deal, but no details have been published yet.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Generating leads is a marketer's single most important objective. Yet, only 1 in 10 marketers say their lead generation efforts are highly efficient and effective.
Our Methodology
How we create marketing that people love.
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88% of prospects have read reviews to determine the quality of a business
Traditional Marketing is Broken
Buyers are taking control and tuning out impersonal and interruptive old-school marketing tactics. We're able to skip commercials, screen calls, and largely block out unwanted communications. This means that outbound marketing methods like cold calling, direct mail campaigns, and purchasing email lists are steadily losing their effectiveness. Wouldn't it be great if instead of hunting down your buyers, you could swoop in and answer their questions while they're making purchasing decisions? Inbound marketing turns your website into a magnet and pulls people towards your company by aligning your content with their interests.
Inbound Marketing Delivers 54% more leads into the tunnel than traditional outbound leads
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Companies are 3x as likely to see a higher ROI on inbound marketing campaigns than outbound
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Patrick Shea, Director of Partnerships
HubSpot, Inc.
"I have had the pleasure of dealing with Justin and the team for over 12 months and can attest to the continually great service they provide - spanning all aspects of creative, design, strategy, execution and account management. Their high levels of service are second to none and I have full confidence in the team. If you are looking for a world class Hubspot partner who can also power you with associated services to maximise your investment in the platform you can't go wrong with ALSOF Publishing!"Nina ChristianMarketing Director
Start a Conversation
Change the way you generate leads online, and enjoy stress free marketing.


text:
The season of Lent is now upon us. Probably the most recognizable tradition for Lent is to give up something for six weeks. Personally, I'll be fasting from several things because I'm holy like that. My Lent will be free from Rachael Ray, grape soda, Hugh Grant movies, In-a-Tub restaurants, Anime, and the game of 'Cranium.'
Come to think of it, I've been fasting from all of these for several Lents in a row…as well as all year long. We all have to make sacrifices though. Depriving myself of these pleasures is my cross to bear.
There was a time when my roommate and I lived nearby a predominately Hispanic neighborhood. One day we decided to wander over to their seemingly everyday grocery store. It was a chain store, and seemed normal enough. But once inside, we spent literally an hour gawking at all the 'ethnic' foods (as they like to be called.) I'm talking about cow tongues sitting right next to the steaks, 5 gallon buckets of lard, random entrails bagged up, festooned with bright 'ESPECIAL' stickers. It was an entertaining day at the store. The Chinese grocery store was also memorable, but in a much different way…
One day, which happened to be about a month before Easter, I happened to stop in at the local Taco Bell (in the same neighborhood.) Since the neighborhood was Hispanic, it was also primarily Catholic. Taco Bell had a prominent sign by the menu.
Customer: I'd like an Apple Empanada.
Taco Bell employee: Yes sir. Beef, chicken or steak in that?
Customer: Oh no, hold the meat. I'm…"lenting."
Lenting" is the word for observing Lent. Look it up. It sounds weird to say you're 'celebrating' Lent. What is Lent about? Repentance and solemn inner reflection? Woooo, LENT! Doesn't sound like a party to me.
Second, I think about what if Taco Bell had been around in Jesus' time. What if Jesus really fed 5,000 people with 5 soft tacos and two packets of hot sauce? Or Satan tempted Jesus to turn stones into Nachos Bell Grande.
Now just because I feel Taco Bell is making an innocent and innocuous business choice, that doesn't make it a good choice for lenting Christians to buy. I have never been surrounded by people who are serious about giving stuff up for Lent. My impression is that it's supposed to remind us of Christ's sacrifice. If there's anyone who can correct me on this, please do.
Regardless, how awesome is it to say:
Friend 1: 'Hey, we're going out for burgers, you in?'
Friend 2: 'Aw, no. No meat for me. It's Lent.'
Friend 1: 'I don't know how you do it. You are dedicated.'
Friend 2: (Unintelligible speech. Mouth and both fists are full of CinnaTwists
There's a lot of us who ought to fast from hamburgers and tacos and a lot of other stuff for Lent. But those old reward receptors in our brains keep firing off. Seems we can't make one sacrifice without rewarding ourselves for our piety by indulging in something else. Let's say I give up take out pizza from Domino's. How holy is it to do that, if I just replace it with an Oreo pizza from Domino's? I may have a beard, and beards look holy. But it will be made out of Oreo crumbs fused to my face, which may betray my piety.
What are you giving up for Lent? Will you be filling the hole in your heart left by McDonald's with mass-produced, mexican-style foodstuffs? What's your interpretation of the meaning of Lenten fasting? How many of you were offended that a mega-corporation actually acknowledged a religious observance? How many of you noticed that my story about the grocery store was completely irrelevant? Have you ever poked a cow tongue through a thin layer of plastic wrap?
Have a great weekend, and a great Lent, everyone.


text:
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I was very lucky to be asked to be a guest designer for My Creative Scrapbook this month. I worked with their Creative Kit and just loved it. This is one of the layouts I made. Thanks for looking! Journaling reads: How is it that with just one quick flash of this grin Claire, you can erase all the crazy antics and trouble you got into during the day? At 20 months it's a good thing you can because you certainly are one spunky, curious, and messy little monkey lately! March 2014
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text:
Advert space Sales Person
- Posted
- Proposals 2
- Remote
- #29728
- Expired
Experience Level: Intermediate
We are a newly formed company in Worcestershire, who specialise in Digital Screen Advertising in the Local area. The main purpose of this role would be to approach local or web-based companies in the veiw to selling those spaces.
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text:
David Villa linked to Arsenal (Mail), Chelsea (Mirror) & Man City (Star), United may sign Ronaldo-Mourinho in 2013 & PSG eye Baines
Comment & analysis round-up
Quote of the day: "I think Mike Dean might feel slightly disappointed he didn't do something about it [Sir Alex Ferguson's ranting]. I think the pressure that was on him was tough for a referee to take. Sometimes when you reflect on a game you think you might have acted differently. You do that as a manager and I think he might have done that as a referee. But it's an emotional game and apparently they had a cordial discussion. I've had a few of those myself and sometimes I've ended up in the stands as a result of that cordial discussion." – Alan Pardew.
Runner-up: "Really and truly this window is the key because, if Demba goes in this window, it will cause us a problem. I think he will stay, but there's a possibility he could go because of the clause that's still in force. I won't let it run until the summer. I'll do something about it. We will either move Demba on or we will secure him in the summer." – Alan Pardew.
David Villa: Three Reports, Three Destinations
Yours for £16m! Arsenal handed price for Villa as race with Chelsea for Barca ace hots up (Mail) Arsene Wenger would prefer a short-term loan for the former Valencia star, who is also a target for Chelsea, but is willing to offer a permanent move if the price is right. However, the fee quoted by Barca is likely to be deemed too much by Arsenal because of Villa's age.
Villa perk? Fed-up Barcelona striker David is eyeing a January move to Chelsea (Mirror) David Villa wants to quit Barcelona next month – and is targeting a move to Chelsea.
Manchester City in shock David Villa raid from Barcelona (Star) Mancini is also looking to bolster his attacking options as City struggle to defend their Premier League title. The Italian has hit out at his misfiring strikers after seeing his side fall seven points behind leaders Manchester United. Now he could make a move for Villa in the hope the Spanish superstar can revive his faltering title defence. Villa is available on loan and City can easily match his £110,000-a-week wages. Mancini wants to make room for Villa in his star-studded squad by getting rid of Mario Balotelli… Arsenal are also interested in signing Villa but Starsport understands the 31-year-old wants to link-up with fellow World Cup winner David Silva. Villa has not started a league game for Barca since November and wants regular first-team football.
Manchester United: Champions Elect
Ronaldo and Mourinho in, Fergie out? Speculation rife duo could be manager's leaving gift to United (Mirror) With a growing belief this could be Fergie's last season, United may gazump PSG to bring in both Ronaldo and Mourinho, who is among the favourites to succeed Fergie, in an amazing coup. Ronaldo remains in touch with former United team-mate Patrice Evra, who said: "He's done amazing things in Madrid, but has not received the respect he deserves."
Will anything stand in the way of Man United and a record 20th title? (Ian Ladyman, Mail) The only team that can stop United winning this title is United. Manchester City's challenge lacks the conviction of last season and that makes United clear favourites at this stage. However, United are so unpredictable that I can envisage them dropping enough points to give their rivals a chance between now and the end of the season.
Manchester United and Manchester City are not in a two-horse title race (Paul Wilson, Guardian) Manchester United are seven points clear at the halfway stage of their Premier League season, and still people are asking the same question. Can a team who keep coming from behind and staging dramatic late recoveries really keep it going for a whole campaign, or at least long enough to secure another title? A glance at the table would suggest the answer might be yes.
Rafa: From Interim To Permanent?
Rafa the gaffer for good (Rob Beasley, Sun) Rafa Benitez is in line to land the Chelsea manager's job permanently. The news will shock fans who have slated the ex-Liverpool boss since he took charge last month. But sources inside Stamford Bridge's corridors of power say the Spaniard is on course to become 'Rafa the Gaffer' full-time after some superb results… Chelsea's top target Pep Guardiola is being linked with a return to Barcelona after his year-long sabbatical.
Chelsea are starting to thrive under Rafa… but it won't last so long as fans are ready to pounce if things go wrong (Matt Barlow, Mail) Can Chelsea really succeed in the long-term against a backdrop of animosity (or even ambivalence) towards the manager? It never really worked for George Graham at Spurs, despite some success on the pitch. It ended badly for Steve Kean at Blackburn despite the support of the owners. The slightest downturn at Stamford Bridge will regenerate the protests. What if Chelsea win the Premier League with the "interim manager" just as they won the Champions League with the last "interim manager"? Will that change anything? Will they embrace Benitez as one of their own? Will they sing his name and support him to lead the club in the long-term? Probably not, if those sample comments are anything to go by.
Rodgers the dodger: Liverpool won't sack boss even if his record gets as bad as Hodgson's (Mirror) Just like Roy Hodgson two years ago, Brendan Rodgers has 25 points from 19 Premier League games. And if Liverpool lose at QPR on Sunday, Rodgers will have the same points total from 20 games which cost Hodgson his job as Liverpool boss. But unlike Hodgson two years ago, Rodgers will NOT be sacked by Liverpool's principal owner John W Henry for possessing such a record.
Messi Could've Moved
Messi snubs £205m offer (Sun) Lionel Messi turned down a monster £460,000-a-week offer to quit Barcelona. The Argie superstar was stunned when an unnamed Russian side, believed to be big-spending Anzhi Makhachkala, triggered his £205million release clause. Messi, 25, was also offered a mind-boggling salary totalling £24m a year AFTER tax, according to reports in Spain. Barca were obliged to accept the offer, but Messi swiftly rejected the move after discussions with president Sandro Rosell and his family.
Blackburn: Berg Out, Ali (Who?) In
Two years of misery as Blackburn slither from top-flight comfort zone (Ewan Murray, Guardian) Taken in isolation, Thursday's sacking of Henning Berg does not rank among the poorer decisions taken by the Indian owners of Blackburn Rovers.
Farce at Blackburn again as owners turn to untested duo (Ian Herbert, Independent) Blackburn Rovers descended into one of the most farcically run football clubs in Britain today, with minimal prospect of finding anyone credible to manage the club in tandem with two coaches – one of them a novice at this level – who are expected to start work imminently. With no one else lined up for the manager's role, British Indian Judan Ali – who has been involved in a Bollywood football movie and was assistant manager of a London Sunday league side three years ago – is expected to take over the running of the Championship team alongside the former Aston Villa assistant manager Kevin McDonald. Ali would be assistant to McDonald, who is in talks about a No 2 head coach role.
Bollywood star to be Rovers coach after Berg axed (Sun) Bollywood star Judan Ali is set to take a lead role in Blackburn's new coaching set-up — after another day of high drama at Ewood Park… The appointment of British-born Ali is certain to alarm beleaguered supporters, who are fuming at the way the Indian poultry firm has ruined the club. Ali is a big star in India, having played a footballer in the 2007 feature Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal — a rags-to-riches story set in West London's Asian football-playing community. He has no pedigree in English football management, yet is likely to pick the team for the game at Oakwell along with academy management duo Colin Hendry and Gary Bowyer.
It's comical Ali! Blackburn linked to former India Under 15s and Dagenham community coach (Mail) Blackburn's Indian owners are preparing to appoint English professional football's first British Asian coach, a 39-year-old former Arsenal trainee who until recently was running a community youth programme in Dagenham.
McLeish At Forest: Fans Get Angry
Alex Nott welcome (Sun) Alex McLeish faces a fans' backlash after being named as Nottingham Forest's new boss last night. The ex-Birmingham and Aston Villa chief has been told to take them back into the Premier League.
Forest fans vent anger as McLeish lands manager's job ahead of Di Matteo just ONE day after O'Driscoll axing (Mail) News of McLeish's appointment was met with a lukewarm reception in Nottingham. A local newspaper poll ran a list of candidates in the wake of O'Driscoll's shock exit and McLeish received no votes by way of support. A number of supporters also took to Twitter to voice their frustration after being linked with the likes of Roy Keane and Roberto Di Matteo, who lifted the Champions League trophy with Chelsea last season.
Transfer Lies
Leight move (Sun) Leighton Baines has emerged as a shock £15million target for moneybags French outfit Paris St Germain. PSG have increased their interest in the Everton left-back as they fear losing out on Chelsea's Ashley Cole.
Chelsea add Baines to shopping list for January (Independent) Chelsea have joined Manchester United and Paris St-Germain as the leading clubs who are considering a move for the Everton and England left-back Leighton Baines, who is valued at around £15m by his club.
I'm going nowhere: Chelsea target Falcao to remain in Spain until end of season (Mail) Chelsea have been dealt a blow in their pursuit of Atletico Madrid striker Radamel Falcao as he has indicated he wants to remain in Spain until the end of the season.
Fergie in pole position (Sun) Robert Lewandowski is set to complete an £18million move to Manchester United in the summer. The Borussia Dortmund striker will be offered a contract worth £80,000 a week over five years.
Craig's listed? Frustrated West Brom defender Dawson is a Bolton target (Mirror) Bolton are planning an ambitious swoop for West Brom's England Under-21 defender Craig Dawson.
Ba takes £2.5m cut (Sun) Newcastle will bank just £5million when top scorer Demba Ba leaves next month. Ba has a clause in his contract stating he can go if a club offer £7.5m — but SunSport understands £2.5m of that will go to the player himself. That leaves Toon boss Alan Pardew with virtually nothing to spend on a top-class replacement.
Puppy Drog (Sun) Chelsea want £10million-rated Lyon and France striker Bafetimbi Gomis, who is nicknamed 'Baby Drogba'. Gomis, 27, has hit 11 goals in 19 league games this season.
Pot, Kettle… Balotelli
Balotelli in threat to his ex (Sun) Mario Balotelli has threatened to take his baby's mother to court after she accused him of being irresponsible. The Man City ace, 22, split with fellow Italian Raffaella Fico, before the birth of daughter Pia this month. Balotelli has now reacted with fury after model Raffaella, 24, branded him "irresponsible" and "unconcerned" about Pia in a magazine interview. The footie ace insisted: "I can't tolerate my honour as a man being damaged." He has instructed his lawyers to take action against Raffaella if she criticises him in print again.


text:
Burnsville Auto Repair
ReScore Reviews™ (2)
95% Would Recommend
Latest Review 2 days ago
Review for Burnsville Auto Repair
Mike N. on 01/10/2015
Mike said this business does a good job. Their work is above standard.
Vehicle: Hyundai Elantra
Category: Service
Service Date: 12/01/2014
Review Created: 01/10/2015
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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Tuesday, May 25 2010
ANF 25.05.2010- Director Hüseyin Karabey, who has been selected at the 63. International Cannes Film Festival with his film project 'Sesime Gel' (Come to my voice), is adapting a real story in Kurdistan in 1980's into a film. Karabey was selected by the 'Cinefondation-Atelier' of the festival with his film project.There was no Turkish or Kurdish film at this year edition of the French festival. Karabey has been meeting international companies and producers for his film and said there is quite a deep interest in his film. 'Cinefondation-Atelier' is one of the important official offspring of Cannes. Hundreds of directors apply to the atelier every year to make their film projects become a reality, but only 15 qualified and compelling projects are approved. Director Karabey's project is among the approved ones this year. Karabey spoke to ANF; "We have met with nearly 30 film makers from various countries. We still haven't given a certain decision about who we will work with due to the high interest in the project."FILM WILL IN BE KURDISHThe set of Karabey's new film is Kurdistan. The 90 minute-long feature film will be in Kurdish. This film will also be both fictional and documentary like 'Gitmek' (To Go) and it will be shot in Hakkari. The story is told by a blind dengbej (a Kurdish storyteller, a bard). The film begins with gendarmes carrying out raids on houses in a village looking for guns.THE STORY OF A VILLAGE RAIDThe script has been written by Karabey with Abidin Pırıltı. Karabey says about his new film that "during the raid on the village, everybody gathers at the square. The soldiers then take a man from each family and say to the women "Bring your weapons to us and we'll release them." But there are no guns in the village. It is here that the heroes of the film enter the scene. Seventy years old Berfê set on a trip with her 8 year old grandson Jîyan to find a gun and so save his detained son. Despite all their efforts, our heroes can't find a gun without going to the city. And now the problem is how to take the gun to the village because they will certainly get into trouble if they are seen carrying a gun. That's why they prefer the ridge way, where the blind storyteller (dengbej) give them a hand." Setting also on the psychology of the soldiers who raid the village in the script Karabey observes; "The behaviour of the soldiers who raid the village is also being questioned. For example, a soldier is comparing Berfê with his mother while writing that he 'can't make sense of what he is doing' in a letter to his own old mother.I WANT TO TELL THE STORY IN KURDISHAsked why he set on this project? Karabey replied that "the wounds of the crimes committed have not been healed yet. My aim is to report a real event through cinema." About the language he says; "The story is taking place in Kurdistan, that's why it will be in Kurdish. I also hope to help people in the West and Turks to like Kurdish. We must use Kurdish poetically and richly to give audience a wish to learn the language."TURKISH CINEMA STILL DOMINATED BY CONSERVATISMAsked about his opinion about the Turkish government so called "democratic opening" Karabey says; "Alteration, solution, status quo and blockage are all telescoped together. You sometimes have a optimistic look and sometimes can't make any sense of what is happening. As a part of this process, to give my contribution to the solution, I am trying to tell what the Kurdish people live. The tragedies Kurdish people live contain many stories, which must be told." Criticizing the film makers and artists in Turkey, Karabey notes that "artists are remaining passive, they are even behind the bureaucracy while they must be brave. The young generation is making an effort but in general, Turkish cinema is still dominated by conservatism."


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Lewis Buzbee looks back over a lifetime of experiences in schools and classrooms, from kindergarten to college and beyond. He offers fascinating histories of the key ideas informing educational practice over the centuries, which have shaped everything from class size to the layout of desks and chairs. Buzbee deftly weaves his own biography into this overview, approaching his subject as a student, a father, and a teacher. He credits his success to the well-funded California public school system and bemoans the terrible price that state is paying as a result of funding being cut from today's budgets. For Buzbee, the blackboard is a precious window into the wider world, which we ignore at our peril.
©2014 Lewis Buzbee (P)2014 Dreamscape Media, LLC
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Panic Attacks : What They are, Why the Happen, and What You Can Do About Them [2016 Revised Edition] Paperback
by Christine Ingham
The bible for people who experience panic-attacks, this new edition, released in 2016, has been updated to include the latest research findings.`Panic Attacks became my bible.
It explained how to face up to attacks and deal with them ...
I carried it around in my bag, left a copy in my desk draw at work, and dipped into a chapter before I went to sleep.
Miraculously, it seemed to do the trick.' SUNDAY TIMES, STYLE SECTION.This authoritative guide explains what panic attacks are, why they happen, and what every reader can do to empower themselves and regain control over their panic.Containing a helpfully broad range of topics including:* What to do during an attack* What's happening during an attack* Self-help to prevent attacks from developing* Updated research on diet, neurotransmitters, pH balance and how these impinge on panic attacks* Lifestyle, therapies and complementary therapies* Useful `Summary' box at the end of each chapterPanic Attacks is consistently straightforward, informative and reassuring.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 208 pages
- Publisher: HarperCollins Publishers
- Publication Date: 06/11/2000
- Category: Coping with personal problems
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North Bay Imports
Review for North Bay Imports
Ray D. on 03/13/2015
Ray said this business was a little confused about what he wanted done to his vehicle, but in the end it was not a problem. It was not exactly what he was looking for, but it was fine.
Vehicle: Mercedes-Benz ML350
Category: Service
Service Date: 03/10/2015
Review Created: 03/13/2015
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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New Delhi, Sep 3 (IANS) The government will give top priority to developing modern infrastructure for boosting exports and spurring economic growth, Commerce Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said on Thursday.
"I know all of you have concerns about infrastructure growth among others. I assure you we will give maximum priority to infrastructure growth and development," she said at the diamond jubilee celebrations here of the Engineering Export Promotion Council of India.
Sitharaman asked engineering exporters to build a brand for the sector in the global market.
Besides North America and Europe, engineering exports have spread to areas like Africa and the Asean region, she said.
The Federation of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO) said last week that the country is likely to miss the exports target for the fourth year in succession, unless the government steps in with corrective measures.
Last year, India recorded exports of $310 billion against a target of $340 billion. The current year export target is set at $310 billion.
From April to July, 2015, the country exported goods worth $89.88 billion.
In view of continuous decline in exports over a half-year period, the government has recently set up a promotion council chaired by the union commerce minister and comprising state trade and commerce ministers and other officials as members.
The Council for Trade Development and Promotion was notified by the commerce ministry in July.
Cumulative exports for the period April-June 2015-16 at $66.69 billion registered a 16.75 percent decline over that in the corresponding quarter ($80.11 billion).
The FIEO has earlier this year warned that the continuing decline in exports would result in layoffs, besides putting pressure on the current account deficit (CAD).


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Red Sox Swept By Tigers in Season Opening Series
To say that the Red Sox did not start off well this season would be an understatement. The team was swept by the Detroit Tigers this weekend to start off the 2012 regular season. Amid speculation that the Sox did not have enough pitching, and with new closer Andrew Bailey out indefinitely after getting surgery on his thumb, the team is looking for someone to close out games.
There's no use in thinking what could have been or what once was with Jonathan Papelbon as he is settling in nicely with his new team, the Philadelphia Phillies. The Sox will have to turn in-house for an effective closer or go out and spend money trying to get one elsewhere.
Many have questioned whether the Sox should move Daniel Bard back into the bullpen and make him the closer, but he has prepared all Spring Training for the role of a starter. These are questions for new manager Bobby Valentine who is trying to inspire his team to play better.
On Opening Day, the Red Sox met up against 2011 MVP Justin Verlander. Red Sox left-hander, Jon Lester, held up just fine against him and the Tigers on his end, and neither team was able to score until the seventh inning when the Tigers broke the 0-0 tie. They got a second run in the eighth, but the Sox came back in the top of the ninth and tied the game. New pitcher Mark Melancon quickly allowed to base-runners so Valentine pulled him for Alfredo Aceves who was named the closer in Bailey's place. Aceves allowed a walk-off single to Tiger's Austin Jackson and the Sox lost 3-2.
Josh Beckett was hoping to continue Lester's success, but instead let up five home runs, two to Miguel Cabrera and two to Prince Fielder. The fearsome back-to-back hitters may remind Sox fans of the one-time duo of David Ortiz and Manny Ramirez. The pair of hitters could not be stopped and the Red Sox offense couldn't get anything going against starter Doug Fister, who left the game with an injury after three innings, or any of the following Tigers pitchers. They lost 10-0 in the blowout.
Game three is one the Red Sox will also like to forget as they lost 13-12 in eleven innings. The Sox started off behind with the Tigers taking a 4-0 lead against Clay Buchholz in the first. The Sox offense did get something going with a two-run home run from Adrian Gonzalez in the second and added five more runs in the third to take a 7-5 lead. The Tigers tied the game in the fourth, but the Sox made it 9-7 in the sixth. Adding an insurance run at the top of the ninth inning, the Sox turned to Aceves once again to try to close it out. And once again, Miguel Cabrera could not be stopped when he hit a game tying three-run homerun. Neither team did anything in the tenth, and the Sox had one positive in their pitching on the day with a good outing by Franklin Morales. In the eleventh, the Red Sox finally thought they caught a break with two more runs with an RBI-singles from Nick Punto and Pedroia. Thinking they had a win, Melancon came in and was two outs and two strikes away from giving the Red Sox their first win of the season. Following a sacrifice fly for Tigers' DH Delmon Young, catcher Alex Avila hit a two-run home run to win the game.
It's a tough series for the Sox and to start off 0-3 after the devastating end to the 2011 season was not something anyone wanted or expected. Once they get going, hopefully their pitching can come together because we know the offense will, and has after scoring 12 runs in yesterday's defeat. Maybe a change of scenery and a new opponent in the Blue Jays will help the Sox turn it around, so that they don't come into the home opener on Friday April 13 looking quite as bad as they did last year. Let's hope Friday the 13 brings good luck for the Sox and is not an ominous sign.
At the very least, Red Sox fans can take solace in the fact that the Yankees too have started the season 0-3.
Categories: Boston Red Sox, detriot tigers, MLB Baseball, Sports


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Woman's horror at waking to find naked weirdo intruder standing at end of her bed
A SLEEPING woman woke up to find a nude and drunk burglar leering at her from the end of her bed.
Police say the 28-year-old weirdo walked through the door of the woman's house because she left the door open.
The man entered the home at about 1.30am yesterday morning as the householder slept in her bed.
Once inside the burglar decided to make himself at home.
First he helped himself to alcohol from the fridge before stripping off his clothes until he was stark naked.
He then crept into the woman's room.
"Upon being arrested, police found he had a bottle of champagne hidden in his clothes"Police spokesman
Police say the woman screamed and woke up her boyfriend who then chased the intruder out of the room.
The burglar then got dressed and left – but as he did so he stuffed his stolen loot down his Y-fronts.
A police spokesman said: "Upon being arrested, police found he had a bottle of champagne hidden in his clothes."
The incident happened in Darwin, Australia.


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|20 Nov 2011
Restore Image and Scheduled Tasks
If I restore an Image will my Scheduled Tasks convert to the next scheduled date and time? Or, do I have to edit them in Task Scheduler?
|My System Specs
|20 Nov 2011
Hello rwmol,
If you mean doing a system image recovery, then your scheduled tasks will be the same as they were at the time and date when you created the system image backup that you are restoring your system to afterwards.
Hope this helps,
|My System Specs
|20 Nov 2011
I've been giving this a little thought. If you schedule a System Image Recover Backup every day in the early morning, It shouldn't be an issue. Correct?
PS: I decided to give System Image Recovery a trial run. I did a System Image Backup. In that system were web sites of forums where I was a member and set up to log on automatically each time I visited the forum.
After I recovered the image, and revisited the forums, I had to log on again. Are not the cookies saved?
|My System Specs
|20 Nov 2011
A system image backup is a complete clone/copy of the selected drives when created. That would take up a lot of HDD space if you created one every morning. I would only recommend to only create a system image backup every so often as needed instead.
Cookies expire or may not work after a system image recovery, so this would be normal.
|My System Specs
|20 Nov 2011
Ah. It doesn't write over the previous image. Too bad.
|My System Specs
|20 Nov 2011
Prevent Multiple Windows Image Backup Files When Backed Up Daily
If you would like to do a Windows Image Backup daily, there is one thing to consider. I've been told, a separate image file is created each time a backup is performed. I felt, if I backed up each day, only one backup file would be necessary.
To solve this issue by I installing Eraser. A free very easy utility to configure. Simply, select the files and folder you want to delete, select a day and time and you are done.
I scheduled a Windows Image Backup daily at 6:15AM (before I'm on the computer) and scheduled the Backup files to be deleted 5 Minutes before that. You can fine Eraser Here
|My System Specs
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|Similar help and support threads
Win7 Scheduled Tasks
Starting to Deploy Win7Pro and found Task Scheduler different from XP. We run a command that powers systems off at a specific time. The command will shut the system down when no user is logged in and gives a logged in user a pop up cancel window to abort if they're working. I cannot seem...
|General Discussion
Scheduled Tasks
Good Morning everyone. I hope everyone's Thanksgiving was pleasant and safe. I am trying to create a task to run Wtvwatcher at a specific time. Unfortunately it is not working. I have searched several forums and blogs and I still cannot do it correctly. When the scheduler asks for a program I...
|General Discussion
Scheduled Tasks in Win7
Hi, how can I access and disable scheduled tasks in Windows 7 Ultimate? Thanks.
|Performance & Maintenance
View Scheduled Tasks via VNC
I am running windows 7 RC in our corporate environment. We hope to start deploying in october. One issue I have is the ability to view the Scheduled Tasks for an XP machine via UNC path seems to be gone, I can't find any information about re-enabling this. Anyone have any insight?
|General Discussion
Changing scheduled tasks
I am attempting to adjust settings in the Task Scheduler to have a Restore Point created daily. I am using the approach as defined here. However, I have no "New", "Edit", or "Delete" tabs at the bottom of the Triggers page. I have full admin rights on my account (I think) Thanks in...
|Performance & Maintenance
Scheduled Tasks (what to remove)
Hello, This should do it for today. Have this problem with my new HP PC of Windows Explorer Stopping and starting periodically. Have been looking into everything I, and others here, can think of, but no real luck yet finding the problem. Thought that perhaps it is related to things...
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6 Questions To Get On The Path To Success In the MSP Marketplace
Looking to grow your MSP business? MSPCFO breaks down what questions to ask to get started.
2013 Best Companies To Partner With
Get a first look at CRN's third annual exclusive new research study, Best Companies To Partner With, which asked solution providers to rank their must-have technology vendors.
Michael Dell Makes His Bold Case To Partners: Why Dell?
Michael Dell takes the CRN hot seat, fielding hard questions about the future of the channel and how the company hopes to move the needle on growth.
5 Companies That Had A Rough Week
For the week ending Nov. 22, CRN looks at IT companies that were unfortunate, unsuccessful or just didn't make good decisions.
5 Companies That Came To Win This Week
For the week ending Nov. 22, CRN looks at IT companies that brought their 'A' game and made moves to beat out competitors.
The 10 Worst States To Do Business In
Entrepreneurs seeking to start or expand a solution provider business might think twice before selecting one of these 10 states to call "home."
5 Ways To Keep Big Data From Going Bad
Big data has potential societal benefits, but, left unchecked, the information could be used for nefarious purposes.
Holiday Gift Guide 2013: 25 Hot Ideas For Your Techie
Searching for that perfect gift for your techie this holiday season? Check out these 25 gift ideas sure to make any gadget lover smile.
Phish Food For Thought: 10 Ways To Identify A Phishing Attack
Phishing attacks will increase significantly over the next few months as attackers try to take advantage of online buyers during the holiday shopping season, security experts told CRN. Learn how to stop them with this guide.
10 Ways FishNet's New CEO Plans To Capture The Security Market
New FishNet Security CEO Rich Fennessy admits he's new to the security industry, but the IBM veteran said he will look to bolster the company's managed services, make targeted acquisitions and grow technology partnerships.
Best And Worst States: Information Technology Jobs
Looking for the states with the biggest pools of IT workers? Here are the best and the worst states to go recruiting.
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6 Tips For Sales Success In The Channel
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Chevrolet's most popular models-Again, for 1961, the Impala, Bel Air and Biscayne have what it takes to make it America's most popular model! Chevy's new slim finless design made it easier than before to drive, park and garage. With clean lines promising lasting beauty and value. Such comforts included a glove box light, automatic dome light, foam cushioned seats front and rear, color-matched carpet and rubber floor mats, deluxe door handles and window cranks, twin rear ashtrays and de luxe steering wheel with a thumb button horn. The Parkwood Station wagon had the same trim as the Bel Air, but displayed a "Parkwood" script on the rear fender.
1. Production was recorded by body style only: 4dr Sedan
= 452,251, Sport Coupe = 177,969, Sport Sedan = 174,141,
4dr Station Wagon = 168,935, 2dr Sedan = 153,988, Convertible
= 64,624. There were 142 Super Sport models. Roughly 330,000 were produced in 1961.
In 1961 Chevrolet introduced the famous 409 V8 engine that launched the Big Three auto manufacturers into the horsepower race that lasted well into the 1970s.
A WIDE RANGE OF V8's-ECONOMY TURBO-FIRE V8 makes gas-saving a V8 virtue! This standard V8 engine features an economy-contoured camshaft that gives more torque, more efficient operation, in the low and middle speed ranges you use most. A finely calibrated 2-barrel carburetor also helps mete out the fuel miserly fashion. Still another money-saving feature: this husky engine delivers its V8 "go" on regular gas! Full-flow oil filter is standard. 283-cu.-in. displacement, 8.5 to 1 compression ratio, 170 h.p.
Four-barrel carburetion gives Chevy's 283-cu.-in. SUPER TURBO-FIRE V8 an extra measure of get-up-and-go whenever the occasion calls for it. At normal driving speeds you operate economically on just 2 barrels. Cylinder head design helps boost oil economy. 9.5 to 1 compression ratio, 230 horsepower.
Chevy's 348-cu.-in. TURBO-THRUST V8 is sized and equipped for performance! Its wedge-shaped combustion chambers are precision machined to deliver smooth, quiet power ... efficient fuel burning. Four-barrel carburetor, high-efficiency air cleaner, full-flow oil filter and dual exhaust system are standard equipment. Compression ratio, 9.5 to 1; 250 h.p.
Triple two-barrel carburetion puts extra muscle in the 348-cu.-in. SUPER TURBO-THRUST V8*. At normal cruising speeds you run on just two barrels, but when you need peak performance just step - on the accelerator and all six barrels go into action. Dual exhaust system, high-efficiency air cleaner and full-flow oil filter are standard. Compression ratio, 9.5 to 1; 280 h.p.
Standard equipment on every Chevrolet is 3-SPEED SYNCHRO-MESH ... as smoothly coordinated and dependable a manual shift as any ever made. Chevrolet OVERDRIVE* will give you top economy over the long haul. It cuts the number of engine revolutions for each turn of the wheels ... reduces engine wear, saves on gas. You can select 4-SPEED SYNCHRO·MESH* as a performance partner for anyone of Chevy's spirited 348-cu.-in. V8's. It has a floor-mounted shift lever, and is fully synchronized in all forward speeds for smooth up- and down-shifting.
For the most popular automatic transmission in the low-price field, look no farther than Chevrolet's POWERGLI DE*! Its low initial cost, dependability and liquid-smooth shifting have made it the biggest selling automatic in its class. For the ultimate, try TURBOGLlDE*. With its triple-turbine action, you never feel a shift in "Drive" -the only sensation is a whisper-smooth flow of power. Chevy's built-in grade retarder provides an exclusive assist in downhill braking.
923 - Roman Red
Lucite® Code - 2931LH
Dulux® Code - 93-93037H
912 - Jewel Blue Metallic
Lucite® Code - 4143L
Dulux® Code - 181-94696
938 - Almond Beige
Lucite® Code - 2964L
Dulux® Code - 93-93110
920 - Fawn Beige Metallic
Lucite® Code - 4146L
Dulux® Code - 181-94697
940 - Sateen Silver Metallic
Lucite® Code - 4023L
Dulux® Code - 181-94009
914 - Midnight Blue Metallic
Lucite® Code - 4147L
936 - Ermine White
Lucite® Code - 4027L
Dulux® Code - 93-93774
903 - Seafoam Green
Lucite® Code - 4148L
Dulux® Code - 93-94296
948 - Honduras Maroon Metallic
Lucite® Code - 4034LH
Dulux® Code - 181-17182H
925 - Corona Cream
Lucite® Code - 4151L
Dulux® Code - 93-94079
915 - Twilight Turquoise Metallic
Lucite® Code - 4141L
Dulux® Code - 181-94695
900 - Tuxedo Black
Lucite® Code - #88L
Dulux® Code - 93-005
905 - Arbor Green Metallic
Lucite® Code - 4142L
Dulux® Code - 181-94694
Duco® Code - 2967H