text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 1, 2011
|Filing date
|Mar 21, 2008
|Priority date
|Mar 23, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Abhishek D. Saxena, Paul N. Segit, Stephen E. Gross
|Original Assignee
|Lydall, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (84), Non-Patent Citations (10), Classifications (34), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This Non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. �119(e) on U.S. Provisional Application No(s). 60/896,573 filed on Mar. 23, 2008, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates, in a preferred embodiment, to a substrate capable of carrying uniformly dispersed, finely divided, particularly, solid catalyst and sustaining temperatures in excess of 1200� F. More particularly, it is directed to such substrates that can carry catalytic particles that are so finely divided that the catalytic particles can cause a catalytic reaction at very close but spaced apart loci on the substrate. As a notable example thereof, the substrate can carry finely divided particles suitable for catalyzing a chemical vapor deposition of carbon nano fibers in such spaced apart relationship and with such close proximity that filters made thereof are capable of filtering minute particles, for example, virus particles.
Catalytic substrates are well known in the art and vary from solids to liquids and, more particularly, to fabric type substrates. The invention, in preferred embodiments, is directed to this latter type of catalytic substrate, and in a further preferred embodiment, to such catalytic substrates that can be used for carrying out catalytic chemical vapor deposition at high temperatures, especially temperatures in excess of 1200� F. At such temperatures, most catalytic substrates become unsuitable. Some such substrates will simply burn or melt, while other such substrates will lose the necessary physical properties required to function as a catalytic substrate. The present invention provides such catalytic substrates that can function at temperatures of 1200� F. and greater, while maintaining sufficient physical properties to function as a catalytic substrate. Therefore, the present substrate is capable of carrying out chemical reactions at elevated temperatures, especially chemical vapor depositions temperatures, such as that in producing nano tubes, especially carbon nano tubes.
High temperatures substrates that are formed of high temperature particulate ceramics are capable of sustaining such chemical vapor deposition reaction temperatures, but the reaction products are spaced at relatively far apart positions, because of the relatively large particulate size of the catalytic substrate, e.g. 100 mesh particles and the like.
Therefore, in order to provide very closely spaced loci for such catalytic reactions, the general approach in the art is to provide a porous substrate, generally a nonwoven, fibrous substrate, in which finely divided particulate solid catalyst can be dispersed. With such dispersion of finely divided particulate material, the loci of the catalytic reaction can be very closely spaced apart. Thus, the distance between the products of the catalytic reaction can be quite small, and filters, for example, made of such substrates can filter very small particles. This approach is quite satisfactory for many catalytic reactions, but some catalytic reactions, such as chemical vapor depositions for forming carbon nano tubes, require high temperatures, generally in excess of 1200� F. Accordingly, the substrate must be capable of sustaining those temperatures in order to carry out the catalytic reaction.
It is known that single layered substrates of carbon or ceramics in conventional form, e.g. fabrics, felts, cloths, tows, et cetera, may be used as substrates for catalyzed, high temperature vapor deposition growth of "whiskers" of materials such as carbon, silicon carbide and titanium nitride thereon for improving filters made of those conventional forms, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,390,304. However, such single layered conventional substrates are merely treated with a solution of a precursor of the catalyst that is reduced to catalytic form. As such, there is no controlled deposition of the catalyst particles, and the "whiskers" are generally randomly displayed with greatly varying distances therebetween.
Thus, the art simply has not provided such porous substrates, made of nonwoven fibrous materials, that are capable of carrying uniformly dispersed, finely divided, particular solid catalyst and which can also sustain temperatures in excess of 1200� F. Of course, substrates of that nature would be of considerable value to the art.
The present invention is based on several primary discoveries and several subsidiary discoveries.
First of all, it was found that in order to provide a suitable substrate for such high temperature catalytic reactions, it was not practical for the substrate to be a single nonwoven layer of material. If a single layer of nonwoven material is constructed such that it has the ability to uniformly carry and disperse the finely divided, particulate, solid catalyst, then that material, according to present experimentations, could not successfully retain the particles and also sustain temperatures in excess 1200� F. while retaining the required physical properties. It is necessary for the substrate to sustain that temperature in order to function in the reaction and subsequently function as a practical product, e.g. a filter. Thus, it was discovered that a practical substrate of that nature must contain at least two layers. One of those layers is designed for carrying and retaining the catalyst particles, and the other layer is designed as a support for the catalyst containing layer, which support layer provides the required physical properties to the combination of the two layers when functioning in excess of 1200� F., and thereafter in practical applications, e.g. as a filter.
As a second discovery, it was found that the top catalyst-containing layer should be composed of staple quartz fibers with very small diameters, and may have microglass fibers having a softening point of about 1000� F. It was found that the staple quartz fibers could sustain temperatures in excess of 1200� F., but could also be disposed, by certain processes described hereinafter, in such an array that the fibers can carry and retain the uniformly dispersed, finely divided, particulate, solid catalyst therein, with that disposition placing the catalyst particles in very close proximity to each other, but at controlled spaced apart locations. This is an important finding.
As another discovery, it was found that while the staple quartz fibers could form a layer which could uniformly disperse the catalytic particles, the quartz fibers may not sufficiently intertwine as to form a layer with sufficient physical properties for carrying and retaining the catalytic particles during a chemical vapor disposition and subsequent use as a product, e.g. filter. Therefore, it was found that, for some top layer configurations, the staple quartz fibers may, but not necessarily, have a heat resistant binder therein.
As another discovery, it was found that the heat resistant binder is quite satisfactorily microglass fibers having a softening point of about 1000� F. Thus, when the top layer is subjected to temperatures in excess of 1200� F., the microglass fibers will soften and adhere the staple quartz fibers together, thus, providing sufficient physical properties to the top layer of quartz fibers that the top layer, in almost any configuration, can function in the above described manners.
As another feature, it was found that to perform that binding function, the microglass fibers, when used, must be quite small, i.e., have average diameters of between about 0.1 and 4 microns. With the microglass fibers in this range, the fibers can bridge across the staple quartz fibers and form a fairly strong top layer for containing the catalyst.
As another discovery, it was found that the microglass fibers in the top layer are contained therein in a relatively critical amount. If the microglass fibers are in an amount of less than about 1% by weight, then there is not sufficient binding of the quartz fibers to provide the required physical properties of the top layer in all configurations. On the other hand, if more than about 12% of the microglass fibers are in the top layer, upon cooling, the top layer becomes too brittle and therefore does not have the required physical properties.
The described top layer will controllably, uniformly disperse and firmly hold the finely divided, particulate, solid catalyst, but that top layer, in and of itself, does not have sufficient physical properties for subsequent use in chemical vapor deposition and in a product, e.g. a filter. Thus, as noted above, a further important feature of the invention is that of combining the top layer with a support bottom layer that provides greater physical properties to the combination of the two layers. In this regard, and as another major feature of the invention, it was found that the bottom layer should be composed of the same fibers as the fibers of the top layer, described above, but, in addition, must also contain bulk refractory fibers having an average diameter of about 1 to 4 microns. The bulk refractory fibers, formed by a bulk forming process, e.g. a blowing process, provide greatly interlocked, high temperature resistant fibers that can form a very strong support bottom layer. However, to provide even greater strength to that bottom support layer, so that the combined dual layer substrate will have very substantial physical properties during the catalytic vapor depositions reaction and during subsequent use as a product, e.g. a filter, it was found that the support bottom layer must also have therein the microglass fibers, described above, in amounts of about 1% to 12%, especially about 3% to 8%. The microglass fibers function, as described above, as a binder.
Further, since the refractory fibers are expensive, the bottom layer may contain chopped e-glass fibers. These fibers are high temperature resistant glass fibers, having controlled, chopped lengths. These fibers can intertwine in among the bulk refractory fibers, and bulk-up the bottom layer to give desired configurations of the bottom layer but at reduced costs.
With these discoveries, a very suitable substrate capable of carrying and retaining controlled, uniformly dispersed, finely divided, particulate, solid catalyst, which substrate will sustain temperatures in excess of 1200� F., is provided. However, as subsidiary features, it was found that the substrate is much improved when the quartz fibers are substantially melt blown fibers, of amorphous silica, with melting temperatures of about 3000� F.
As a further subsidiary feature, it was found that preferably the quartz fibers have an average diameter of between about 0.5 and 2 microns.
As another subsidiary feature it was found that the microglass fibers should have an average diameter of about 0.1 to 1.5 microns.
As best can be seen from
The bottom support layer 3 is composed of the fibers of the top layer and, in addition, bulk refractory fibers 6 having an average diameter of about 1 to 4 microns and, optionally, chopped e-glass fibers 7, as well as the microglass fibers 5.
Top layer 2 joins bottom layer 3 at a juncture or interface 8 where the fibers of top layer 2 and the fibers of bottom layer 3 intermingle, to a certain extent, as described more fully hereinafter.
Most preferable, the quartz fibers are substantially melt blown fibers with a high melting temperature. Of course, the melt blowing process is well known to the art and need not be described herein. While these fibers are referred to as "quartz fibers" in the art, they are not, in fact, pure natural quartz, but manufactured silica fibers, and in this case, preferably, amorphous silica fibers, with a high melting temperature. The melting temperature of the particularly preferred quartz fibers is about 3000� F., e.g. from about 2500 to 3500� F. This provides a wide measure of safety for the substrate because of these very high temperature quartz fibers, but the quartz fibers could be of a lower melting temperature e.g. somewhere of about 1500� F. or greater. This will, however, lessen the strength of the resulting substrate and is not preferred.
While the quartz fibers can vary in diameter, and will vary in diameter according to the particular bulk forming process, i.e. the particular melt blowing or spinning process, it is preferred that the quartz fibers have an average diameter between about 0.1 and 4 microns, especially between 0.5 and 2 microns. With such very small diameter fibers, the top layer will be formed into a non-woven layer, as described more fully hereinafter, with quite small pores. These quite small pores will allow and promote uniform dispersal of finely divided, particulate solids therein. Thus, for a catalytic reaction, e.g. the formation of nano tubes, these small fibers provide well dispersed but controlled, closely adjacent catalytic particles. That is, the catalytic particles can be from about an average of 0.5 to 2 microns apart, although they could be as much as about an average of 7 or 8 microns apart and for some applications, other than nano tubes, they could be much further apart, e.g. up to an average of about 15 or 20 microns apart. In such case, quartz fibers of greater diameter could be used. It has been found that the pores formed by such quartz fibers are so small and uniform that substantially only one catalyst particle will reside in one pore and the distances between the particles can be controlled. This is quite important to forming well-spaced apart nano tubes.
As noted above, while the quartz fibers provide the matrix for a very closely spacing apart the catalytic particles, the quartz fibers may not form a layer of sufficient mechanical properties for the catalytic reaction and subsequent use. Therefore, that top layer may be strengthened, and, as noted above, it has been found that the top layer can be very readily strengthened by the use of glass microfibers in that top layer. Also, as briefly noted above, when subjected to temperatures of about 1000� F. or higher, the glass microfibers soften and begin to adhere the quartz fibers to one another. This forms a much stronger network of the quartz fibers and provides sufficient properties to the top layer for the above-described purposes in almost any configuration of the substrate. However, for this function to take place, these glass microfibers must also be of very small diameter. Otherwise, they could cause the catalytic particles to be further spaced apart, or not uniformly spaced apart, than desired, as explained above. Further, the microglass fibers should be of very small diameters so that the softening and adhering of the quartz fiber will readily take place at temperatures near or above 1000� F., even for short periods of time. Accordingly, it is much preferred that the microglass fibers have an average diameter of about 0.1 to 5 microns, although fibers greater than this diameter could be used for other purposes, e.g. up to about 10 or 15 microns. These diameters are readily obtained by the conventional melt blowing process for producing the microglass fibers.
As noted above, the support bottom layer has the same fibers as the top layer but in addition has the bulk refractory fibers and, optionally, chopped e-glass fibers. The bottom layer is not intended to carry any catalyst and, as described below, substantial efforts are provided to avoid catalyst particles from penetrating into the support bottom layer. The bulk refractory fibers, as with all bulk fibers, are made by a melt blowing or spinning and vary considerably in length, depending upon the particular melt blowing or spinning process, but are readily controllable in the general diameter thereof. Since the purpose of the bulk refractory fibers is to provide a strong support bottom layer, substantial intertwining of the fibers is most desired. To achieve that great degree of intertwining, in a wet laying process, as described below, the average diameter of the bulk refractory fibers should be between about 1 and 5 microns, especially 1 to 4 microns, although for other purposes, as mentioned below, the diameters could be up to about 15 or 20 microns. While a wide variety of refractory fibers may be used, it is particularly desirable to use ceramic fibers, especially alumina silica fibers, since these fibers provide high strength, are high temperature resistant and intertwine well. Particularly, this is true when the ceramic fibers have an average diameter of about 1 to 4 microns and an average length of about 0.1 to 0.5 inches
The chopped e-glass fibers, being chopped fibers, have more specific lengths, and are useful for intertwining in and among the refractory fibers to bulk-up the refractory fibers and contribute to a strong support bottom layer, but at a reduced cost.
While it is only necessary to have one top layer to carry the catalyst and one support bottom layer, to provide the support therefore, multiple top layers and multiple bottom layers could be used. This, however, complicates the process of manufacturing the substrate and for this reason it is preferred that there is not more than one top layer and one bottom layer in the substrate.
Both the bottom layer and top layer as produced, maybe somewhat weak during processing, especially in the early stages of production and especially in the drying stages. For this reason it is often useful to include in either the top layer or the bottom layer or both of these layers a binder so that the layers are more tightly bound together, especially during processing. However, when a binder is used it is preferred that the binder be burned off so as to not contaminate the substrate during catalytic activity. For this reason a relatively fugitive binder, such as an acrylic binder, is much preferred. However, the binder may be chosen from any of the conventional polymeric latex binders used in the paper arts, such as olefins and vinyls.
In order to restrain the particles of catalyst in the top layer, both layers should have very small mean pore sizes, particularly mean pore sizes between about 0.5 and 5 microns. This will prevent the small catalytic particles from substantially penetrating from the top layer to the bottom layer, during loading of the catalytic particles onto the substrate. This is particularly true when the mean pore size of the layers is about 1 micron. Further, in this regard, it much preferred that the largest continuous pore size (from one side of the substrate to the other) is about 25 microns. This will insure that very little of the catalytic particles penetrate from the top layer to the bottom layer.
As noted above, the substrate must have certain physical properties in order to be processed, loaded with the catalyst particles, and heated to temperatures suitable for chemical vapor deposition reactions, especially temperatures in excess of 1200� F. for producing carbon nano tubes. To this end, the substrate should have a longitudinal tensile strength (in the machine direction as being processed and is explained below) of at least 750 grams per inch and tensiles up to 5000 are quite good. Somewhat similarly, longitudinal stiffness of the substrate should be at least 500 milligrams and up to 1500 milligrams, after the substrate is subjected to temperature at 1200� F. for 2 hours.
In addition, since the substrate is very useful for catalytic purposes and especially chemical vapor deposition reactions, there should be very few organic impurities therein. Accordingly, the substrate should have a loss on ignition in a muffle furnace at 1000� F. of no more than 15% and typically about 7% or less.
The percentages of the various fibers in the two layers can vary considerably, but it is preferred that the percent by weight of the refractory fibers is about 10 to 40%, the percentage by weight of the e-glass fibers is about 15 to 50% by weight, the percentage of the quartz fibers is about 15 to 50% by weight, and the percentage by weight of the microglass fibers in each layer is about 1 to 15%.
The method of producing the substrate is diagrammatically illustrated in
To form the catalyst into the substrate, the catalyst is applied to a top portion 9 (see
The thickness of top layer 2 can vary as desired, but with a very thin top layer, the chemical vapor disposition catalytic reaction, e.g. in forming nano tubes, can take place such that the nano tubes essentially generate from the top portion 9 of top layer 2 and project upwardly therefrom. Since the catalyst particles can be spaced apart, by the present fiber arrangement of the present invention, by a mere few microns or less, the nano tubes can be generated at distances apart of, likewise, a few microns or less. That results in the pore sizes of the generated nano tubes, in filter form, of likewise being only a few microns or less. Such very low pore size of the generated nano tubes can provide a filter material that will filter exceedingly small particles, even virus particles. However, for other or slightly different purposes, the weight ratio of the top layer to the bottom layer (without catalyst) may vary from 1:20 to 20:1, but more usually 1:10 to 10:1, and especially from 1:3 to 3:1.
The particular catalyst used may be as desired and is not critical to the use of the present substrate. For example, when nano tubes are to be grown using chemical vapor deposition techniques, often the catalyst is an iron compound. However, any desired solid catalyst may be used.
In the Example, as well as in the specification and claims, all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise stated. The machine used in this Example is a conventional rotoformer set for 25.5 inches dry paper width. The machine has a Machine Chest for laying the bottom layer and a Blend Chest for laying the top layer. Both chests have a 1300 gallons capacity. There are ten dryer cans that are normally operated with internal steam pressures of 40 to 60 psig to provide operating temperatures of up to 300 degrees F. The water extraction suction is usually operated at about 15-20 inches of water vacuum to dewater the slurry when the machine is operated at the usual run speed of about 10 feet per minute.
In this particular Example, a first hydropulper was loaded with 600 gallons of water and 900 ml of sulfuric acid (industrial grade) to lower the pH to about 4.0. This aids in the dispersal of the fibers. Fibers are added until there is a consistency of about 0.138%, which is about 15 lbs in this example, and in this example there were added 20% of ceramic refractory fibers (PG 111), 26% chopped strand DE glass, 47% amorphous silica quartz fibers and 7% Code 100 microglass fibers.
Into a second hydropulper were added 600 gallons of water, 76% quartz fibers, 1% Code 100 microglass fibers and 23% catalyst, as described below, until a consistency of 0.128% was reached, which was about 9.6 lbs. of fibers in this example. No acid is added because it could adversely affect the catalyst, depending on the particular catalyst to be used, and a lower consistency and longer pulping time are used. In this example about 2 minutes of pulping time in used in the first hydropulper and about 5 minutes in the second hydropulper.
The contents of the first hydropulper was dumped into the Machine Chest, along with 600 gallon of dilution water and the contents of the second hydropulper was dumped into the Blend Chest, along with 600 gallons of dilution water.
The catalyst is added to the Blend Chest. The catalyst was prepared by adding commercially available iron compound nano fiber producing catalyst solids to deionized water at a concentration of about 11 grams/liter of water and dispersing the solids by use of an ultrasonic dual-frequency reactor (Advanced Sonics).
The flow rates of the two chests were 38 gallons/minutes and 37 gallons/minute for the Machine Chest and the Blend Chest, respectively. The machine speed was set at 10 feet/minute and the vacuum was set on the water extractors at about between 15 and 20 inches of water.
The bottom layer is first laid from the Machine Chest onto the former screen and with about a 1 second delay, the top layer is laid from the Blend Chest onto the forming bottom layer. This delay causes an intermingling of the fibers at the interface of the two layers and a tightening of the juncture therebetween, as explained above. The water drained from the forming layers was monitored to insure that the catalyst remains in the layers and does not pass through the forming layers. After the layers are formed, an acrylic latex binder (HYCAR-26106) at a 1.77% consistency is sprayed onto the top layer at an average spray rate of about 9.51 gallons/hour/nozzle, with four nozzles equally distanced across the width of the formed dual layered sheet. The sheet is then passed over a conventional felt vacuum box operated at about 8 to 15 inches of water to suck the binder through the sheet and produce a sheet with a moisture content of about 70 to 80% moisture and is then dried on the ten drier can at about 300 degrees F. and at a speed of about 10 feet/minute. The dried sheet is then collected in rolls. The composition of the dried dual layer sheet was about 10% PG 111 ceramic refractory fibers, 13% DE chopped glass strand fibers, 4% Code 100 microglass fibers, 58% quartz fibers, 11% catalysts and 4% binder. The ratio of the weights of the top layer to the bottom layer was about 1:2. The dual layered substrate is so strong that it could be pleated into a conventional pleated filter configuration. A sample of the so produced substrate was placed in an oven heated to 600 degrees C. and a conventional mixture of acetylene and ammonia gases was allowed to flow through the oven. Carbon nano tube growth occurred at the catalyst sites. The growth of the nano tubes is controllable by the concentration of the gases and the time of exposure to the gasses. The total growth of nano tubes was tested by a conventional burn-out method of several samples and it was found that the carbon content was 35 to 40%, which shows excellent results for the invention.
The invention, as described above, is amenable to uses in applications other than as a substrate for catalyst, although that is an important advantage of the invention. Since the top layer is capable of holding and uniformly dispersing solids in the top layer and capable of operating at high temperatures, the dual layer substrate may be used for such diverse purposes as high temperature in depth loading filters, especially for recovering valuable small particles; holding expensive activated particles in the top layer for contact with a reactive stream; holding absorbents/adsorbents for a gas stream treatment, e.g., flu gases; and displaying small electronic particles in a uniform array for microwaves and the like. Thus, the invention is not limited to the use as a nano tube catalyst holding substrate.
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|Apparatus and method for producing carbon film using plasm cvd and carbon film
|Dec 27, 2005
|Jun 28, 2007
|The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology
|Semiconductor devices incorporating carbon nanotubes and composites thereof
|Jan 21, 2005
|Aug 16, 2007
|Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs)
|Method for obtaining carbon nanotubes on supports and composites comprising same
|Jun 4, 2004
|Nov 1, 2007
|Yoshikazu Nakayama
|Highly Efficient Material Spraying Type Carbon Nanostructure Synthesizing Method and Apparatus
|May 24, 2007
|Jan 3, 2008
|The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technolgoy
|Heat Dissipation Structure With Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays and Methods for Manufacturing And Use
|Apr 13, 2007
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|Purification of fluids with nanomaterials
|May 31, 2007
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|Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Extrusion Methods And CNT Wire And Composites
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|Japan Science And Technology Agency
|Carbon-Based Fine Structure Array, Aggregate of Carbon-Based Fine Structures, Use Thereof and Method for Preparation Thereof
|Feb 1, 2006
|Jul 3, 2008
|Masato Tani
|Carbon Nanotube-Loaded Inorganic Particle
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|Fabrication and Application of Nanofiber Ribbons and Sheets and Twisted and Non-Twisted Nanofiber Yarns
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|Mar 5, 2009
|Surrey Nanosystems Limited
|Nanostructure production methods and apparatus
|Sep 9, 2008
|Mar 12, 2009
|Korea Institute Of Energy Research
|Method of manufacturing cellulose electrode for fuel cells, cellulose electrode manufactured thereby, and use of cellulose fibers as fuel cell electrodes
|Oct 6, 2005
|Mar 19, 2009
|Pak Chan-Ho
|Carbon nanotube for fuel cell, nanocomposite comprising the same, method for making the same, and fuel cell using the same
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|Zhang et al.,"Strong, transparent, multifunctional, carbon nanotube sheets", Science, vol. 309, Aug. 19, 2005, pp. 1215-1219.
|U.S. Classification
|442/414, 442/417, 428/325, 442/343, 156/62.4, 442/348, 442/340, 442/415
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 11, 2008
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Education majors are woefully lacking in academic skills. Here are some sample test questions for you to answer. Question 1: Which of the following is equal to a quarter-million? a) 40,000, b) 250,000, c) 2,500,000, d) 1/4,000,000 or e) 4/1,000,000. Question 2: Martin Luther King Jr. (insert the correct choice) for the poor of all races. a) spoke out passionately, b) spoke out passionate, c) did spoke out passionately, d) has spoke out passionately or e) had spoken out passionate. Question 3: What would you do if your student sprained an ankle? a) Put a Band-Aid on it, b) Ice it or c) Rinse it with water.
Guess whether these questions were on a sixth-grade, ninth-grade or 12th-grade test. I bet the average reader would guess that it's a sixth-grade test. Wrong. How about ninth-grade? Wrong again. You say, "OK, Williams, so they're 12th-grade test questions!" Still wrong. According to a Heartland Institute-published School Reform News (September 2001) article titled "Who Tells Teachers They Can Teach?", those test questions came from prospective teacher tests. The first two questions are samples from the Praxis I test for teachers, and the third is from the 1999 teacher certification test in Illinois. According to the Chicago Sun-Times (9/6/01), 5,243 Illinois teachers failed their teacher certification tests. The Chicago Sun-Times also reported, "One teacher failed 24 of 25 teacher tests – including 11 of 12 Basic Skills tests and all 12 tests on teaching learning-disabled children." Yet that teacher was assigned to teach learning-disabled children in Chicago. Departments of education have solved the problem of teacher test failure. According to a New York Post story (11/14/11) titled "City teacher tests turn into E-ZPass," more than 99 percent of teachers pass.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sandfly Creek PaddlePosted in Maps, Paddling Trails, Suwannee on April 3rd, 2013
High resolution, downloadable pdf versions are available by clicking on the image. The pdf versions are can be enlarged, using the zoom feature, to make details easier to read.
Originally posted 2012-09-24 10:56:11. Republished by Blog Post Promoter


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Hello and welcome! I am a retired addictions and mental health clinician who has worked in the human services field for over thirty years. But I am first and last a writer who now writes full-time.
The quest for peace and wholeness profoundly affects me, whether I am face-to-face with others or involved in other creative and spiritual activities. Healing happens in this world. We can all be part of the process.
Language can illuminate and renew life. It has never been more crucial for all to find one's voice and be heard, especially those who've lost personal power and with it, hope. A central tenet of my living is that God resides within us and when we recognize this we are more able to give and receive compassion/Divine Love. Nature, too, informs me well with enrichment of body, mind and soul. I've not had an easy life; I was born with flaws as well as assets, as we all are. I choose to embrace life, and to share the wonderments that unfold within and without.
I am passionate about the arts with a history of engagement in music, dance, theater and visual arts as well as writing. I have published fiction, creative non-fiction, and poetry. It was an honor to be nominated for a Pushcart Prize for a novel-in-progress excerpt published in an issue of the anthology VoiceCatcher.
I'm happy to have you along for this adventure and the tales it reveals. I hope you find something of interest. Let me know your thoughts as you read, as well.


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PWP 5k Run/Walk April 30th
We're just a month away from our 5th annual PWP 5K Family Fun Run, a collaboration between the Westhill District Education Assoc. and the Westvale Runner's Club.
Last year we raised over $10,000 for local charities including Hope Print and the Westhill Educational Foundation. This year our beneficiaries include the Foundation and the American Cancer Society.
Don't miss out on the best family 5K on the west side. This year will surely be a race to remember with perfect late April running weather (our latest race ever), a picturesque course through beautiful Westvale, and the raucous Maple Road Kids Dash (you'll get the perfect picture of your son/daughter crossing the finish line).
REGISTER HERE: https://runsignup.com/Race/NY/Syracuse/PaintWestvalePurple5K
If you can't run or walk with us on April 30th, please consider joining us as a volunteer. It's easy to sign up and you can be a big help by donating just an hour of your time to our cause.
VOLUNTEER SIGN-UP: https://runsignup.com/Race/Volunteer/NY/Syracuse/PaintWestvalePurple5K
For more information, visit:
We hope to see you on April 30th.
Does Betsy DeVos make you want to run for School Board?
Maybe you've made calls. Or written letters. Or even stood outside for hours with a sign and the full power of your voice. And when Betsy DeVos was STILL confirmed as education secretary, maybe you felt an immediate urge to take matters into your own hands by running for your local school board.
Well, guess what. YOU CAN!
Take action now and contact your NYSUT Regional Political Organizer to find out more about running a campaign for school board!
Betsy DeVos' confirmation has sparked a nationwide movement to run for school board. Most are motivated by a strong desire to help kids in their communities. You want to be involved on the ground, making decisions that directly affect your local schools.
Even more importantly, you want to make sure DeVos' inexperience and misguided concepts about school choice don't hamper your local public schools' ability to provide a great education for all kids. The last thing you want to see is your local public schools drained of resources and public trust.
Take action now and contact your NYSUT Regional Political Organizer to find out more about running a campaign for school board!
What Betsy DeVos does will affect schools nationwide, but what YOU do on your school board will affect the daily lives of those right in your community.
So, if you're thinking about running for school board, your NYSUT Regional Political Organizer has the information you need!
Contact your building rep or Greg McCrea for more information about running for your local Board of Education.
Constitutional Convention could erase the Blue Line
Here's another reason to VOTE NO on Nov. 7 to defeat the referendum on a constitutional convention. The constitution guarantees that certain unique and irreplaceable areas of the state shall remain "Forever Wild" — specifically the Adirondack and Catskill parks. Opening up the constitution could allow moneyed interests who want to exploit the parks for profit to sway delegates to lift development restrictions on these precious sanctuaries.
SED hosting public meetings on state's draft ESSA plan
The State Education Department is hosting regional public meetings to gather feedback on the state's draft Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) plan. NYSUT's Educational and Research Services has prepared talking points. Here are the dates and locations for the upcoming regional meetings.
NYSUT also encourages members to complete SED's surveyon what indicators of school quality and/or student success should be used to identify schools for improvement under the new federal ESSA.
As you complete the survey, please note some of these indicators may unfairly identify schools based on inequities in resources that they cannot control. The indicators related to staffing are not supported by NYSUT because they would undermine collective bargaining and are not supported by research.
Are you #PublicSchoolProud? Tell your story @NYSUT.
March 20th is World Storytelling Day, a global celebration to share the art of storytelling. This year's theme is transformation! We want to know: How has public education transformed you? Was it a teacher whose great literary picks inspired your love of reading? An art class that provided a creative outlet? A school counselor who helped you to reach your goals?
Here's how to participate. Tell us your personal public school story on social media. Remember to use #PublicSchoolProud and #ILovePublicSchools and to set your viewing rights to "public" to share videos and pictures. Post a selfie, take a photo of a school basketball game, art show or class project.
Rather put it in writing? Then submit your personal public school story via email to email@example.com and we will share it for you. Please include your name, contact information and photo if you'd like.
Updated @NYSUT fact sheet on #OPTOUT
As the next round of state tests approach, it is important to review the facts around opting out of state tests. Each year misinformation about the impact of opt outs is presented as fact. Since this fact sheet was last updated, the federal requirements around opt out have changed twice. It's still uncertain how Congress and the new administration will proceed. NYSUT fully supports parents' right to choose what is best for their children — including NYSUT members who decide as parents to opt their child out of state tests. Here are the details and our action alert.
VOTE-COPE Hits Record High
Congratulations, Central New York! Together we raised $320,278.79 for Vote/Cope in 2016! That represents an increase of $10,469.56 and is 3.38% higher than our 2015 total. Everyone did a great job!
Statewide, we broke the $10 million mark with a grand total of $10,101, 097.46. Thank you to all the WDEA members who helped contribute to that increase.
With the threat of a Constitutional Convention vote, Betsy DeVos as Education Secretary, and the Governor's persistent attacks on teachers and schools, our hands will be full. We will need an ever expanding war chest to ensure that our message for students and schools is heard. Please help us reach our goal of 100% participation in VOTE-COPE in the new year. Please give to VOTE-COPE.


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U2 - U22 - 360 Live - Ltd Edition
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U22 by U2 is a limited edition double cd featuring stand out live tracks from u2's 360 tour. The songs were all handpicked by members of . it was only issued to fanclub members. Im lucky enough to have two copies so im selling one. Cd's never played. It also comes with the picture book u see in the pic.
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TOMORROW @ 5PM (est) FOUR brand new limited edition Enamel Pins accompanied with 4 brand new vinyl stickers for Series 1 of our new Halloween pins called CREEPY CARVERS. – Limited edition of 100 Pin + Sticker sets per design – with a limit of 2 per person only. Be sure and set your reminders and be on our site right at 5pm (east coast time) on the DOT so you don't miss out! Sharpen those knives, it's gonna be a bloodbath!
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Please remember to follow the manual of style and code of conduct at all times.
Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in the Bulbagarden Discord server.
User:Drake Clawfang/Sandbox
Link is a measurement of the strength of the bond between a Pokémon and it's commanding Warrior or Warlord in Pokémon Conquest.
Developing a Link
A Warrior or Warlord links with a wild Pokémon using the link command in battle. When used, glowing orbs of light flash by the screen, and the player must press the A button as they pass by a cursor. This slowly charges up a link meter below the cursor, and when filled, the wild Pokémon is linked to and will be the Warrior or Warlord's to command after the battle is won. If the meter is not filled, it will retain its charge when another Warrior or Warlord tries to link with that same Pokémon, allowing several Warriors or Warlords to assist in creating a link. If a battle is lost or the player flees, linked Pokémon flee as well.
The potential strength of the link is represented by a coin icon over the wild Pokémon's head - a copper coin means a weak link, silver is moderate, and gold is strong. A coin crossed out means the currently selected Warrior or Warlord cannot link with the Pokémon at all. Pokémon owned by rival Warriors or Warlords also cannot be linked to. A Warrior or Warlord can link with as many Pokémon as their capacity allows, and can switch between them out of battle any time, developing links with each of them independently.
The base link level of a Pokémon varies depending on the Pokémon and the specialty type of the Warrior or Warlord. All actions taken by the Warrior or Warlord will develop the link further, and delegating a kingdom to train the Warriors and Warlords there will slowly increase the link. The fastest way to develop a link is through battling, even if the battle is lost, the link will develop. As the link grows stronger, the Pokémon's stats will increase, and periodically it's Range may increase.
Max Link
Each Pokémon's Link with its Warrior or Warlord is displayed at the top of the screen in the Info window. The left percentage is the current link, the right percentage is the maximum possible link. Some Warriors and Warlords can only forge weak links with certain Pokémon, depending on their type specialty. A Warrior with a type specialty of Fire and Steel will link better with Fire and Steel-type Pokémon than Pokémon of other types. When a Pokémon's link with its Warrior or Warlord reaches its maximum value, it will gain no further link experience and its stats will not increase any further.
Each Warrior and Warlord has a Perfect Link, usually one Pokémon and it's evolutions. This Pokémon is the only one with which the Warrior or Warlord can develop a 100% link, taking the Pokémon to its highest possible strength. Though most Warriors and Warlords have only one Perfect Link, many Pokémon can form Perfect Links with multiple Warriors and Warlords. If a Warrior or Warlord links with a Pokémon that is their Perfect Link, they will state after the fight that they feel a stronger connection to the Pokémon than with other Pokémon they've handled.
Some Warlords need to transform and gain power in order to be able to maintain a Perfect Link if their partner Pokémon has evolved. For example, Nene has a Perfect Link with Golbat, but she must transform to have a Perfect Link with Crobat.
Evolution and Transformation
Link plays a crucial part in Pokémon evolution. Most Pokémon only evolve when a particular stat reaches a certain level, thus requiring a certain link level. Other Pokémon specifically need a minimum link level in order to evolve.
Warlords need a certain link level with a particular Pokémon to transform, such as Nene needing a link level of at least 70% with a Golbat to transform.
Retaining Links
A Warrior or Warlord's link level with their Pokémon is reset when the player begins a new storyline, but the Warrior or Warlord will retain all Pokémon they linked to in previous storylines, in their same state of Pokémon evolution. If a Warrior or Warlord is dismissed from service, they will retain all Pokémon they linked to including their link levels.


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Paid Search Director, Page Zero Media
Dave is a Paid Search Director at Page Zero Media, a Toronto-based marketing agency that specializes in PPC campaigns. He has been working in the online marketing industry since 2007. His experience includes the direct responsibility for the online performance of some of Canada's best known brands in home services, media, and technology.
© 2017 Third Door Media Inc.


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Basic Background Info
Londoner Simon Philips was born in 1957. His father was bandleader Sid Phillips, and Simon saw his first drum when his father hired a new drummer for his band. Simon Philips immediately began to pound away on biscuit tins, toy drums, a random snare, and an errant cymbal.
Although his father wasn't thrilled with Simon becoming a drummer, he allowed Simon Philips to sit in with his band during a BBC recording session when he was six years old. During that recording session, something changed, and Simon's father encouraged Simon's drumming passion from there on. Simon Philips' mother purchased a true drum kit, and Simon began practicing.
After two years of serious practice, eight-year-old Simon Philips began to sit in with his father's band at dances. Four years of occasional performances later, Simon Philips left boarding school, enrolled at Bushey Meads Comprehensive School, and joined the band full-time. Simon Philips played with his father's band for four years, recorded three albums, and toured extensively throughout Great Britain. After his father unexpectedly died of a heart attack in 1973, Simon Philips decided to split up the band.
Simon Philips began playing some casual gigs before performing in both Jesus Christ Superstar and Joseph and His Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. He played the shows at night and recorded in sessions during the day.
Simon Philips eventually left the productions to create the rock band Chopyn with Anne Odelle (keyboards), Ray Russell (guitar), Klyde McMullin (bass), and Denny McCaffrey (vocals). Chopyn recorded one album (Grand Slam) and then Simon Philips embarked on his first trip out of England. Simon Philips toured in the U.S. with Dana Gillespie before returning to England to tour with Chopyn. Simon performed three shows and recorded 801 Live with Phil Manzanera and Brian Eno in 1976. Simon Philips went on to join the Jack Bruce Band for two years. Simon Philips toured Japan with Jeff Beck, Stanley Clarke, and Tony Hymas.
In 1981, Simon Philips joined a much younger crowd when he toured Europe with Toyah Wilcox and her punk band. The following year, Simon played with Al DiMeola before teaming up with Mike Oldfield. Simon produced and engineered three albums with Oldfield--his first foray into production. After that, Simon Philips focused much more of his energy on producing (and his hobby, motor racing) until Peter Townshend (The Who) asked Simon to join his Deep End big band. Simon Philips also played with Jeff Beck again later in the 1980s. In 1988, Simon wrote his first solo album, Protocol.
In 1992, Toto invited Simon Philips to join their world tour after Jeff Porcaro's unexpected death. Simon has toured around the world with Toto ever since, although Simon still pursues other projects. In 1997, Simon took a hiatus from Toto to tour with his very own band. While on another break from touring with Toto, Simon collaborated with Derek Sherinian and, later on, with the progressive band Planet X.
Instruments of Choice
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You can now reach TeachingAmericanHistory.org by typing TAH.org into your browser's URL window. We think this will make reaching and sharing the site faster and easier. Pass it along!
On April 29, 1865, the Lincoln Funeral Train from Washington arrived in Columbus. It was on its way to Springfield, almost exactly retracing the route Lincoln had taken to Washington for his inauguration in 1861. The nearly 1,700-mile trip would take 13 days and was met at every stop with grieving Americans. Fifty thousand Ohioans welcomed Lincoln's remains in Columbus on that cold and rainy day.
This Wednesday, April 29, the Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board will re-create the memorial decoration that the state of Ohio installed in 1865. All Ohioans are invited to pay their respects to the 16th president of the United States, and are encouraged to bring fresh flowers to the Statehouse Rotunda. We can view a replica of his casket between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and we can do this until May 4.
Abraham Lincoln, the first president ever assassinated, died on Good Friday, April 15, just two weeks after Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox. The truth is, Lincoln did not think he would live to see the end of the war. Many months earlier, Lincoln had said to Harriet Beecher Stowe: " Whichever way the war ends, I have the impression that I shan't last long after it's over." And he said this to his friend Owen Lovejoy: "This war is eating my life out; I have a strong impression that I shall not live to see the end."
When Lincoln heard that the Confederates had abandoned Richmond, Va., on April 2, he said: " Thank God I have lived to see this. It seems to me that I have been dreaming a horrid dream, and now the nightmare is gone. I want to see Richmond."
So on April 4, Lincoln and his 12-year-old son, Tad, walked into Richmond, escorted by 10 Marines. Once recognized, he was fairly mobbed by thousands of newly freed blacks. One woman shouted: "I know that I am free for I have seen father Abraham and felt him."
Some knelt before Lincoln, and he said to them: "Don't kneel to me. That is not right. You must kneel to God only, and thank him for the liberty you will hereafter enjoy."
The president was deeply moved by these events. He also took some satisfaction in sitting in Jefferson Davis' chair in the Confederate White House only two days after Davis vacated it.
On April 9, Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, Va.
On April 11, revelers outside the White House demanded a short speech from Lincoln.
Instead of giving them a celebration of victory speech, Lincoln talked about reconstruction. He focused especially on Louisiana, where a new anti-slavery constitution had been passed and some 10,000 men had pledged their allegiance to the Union. Lincoln looked favorably on these developments, revealed how liberal his reconstruction policy would be, and also said he also hoped that newly freed blacks, either the educated or those who served in the military, would be allowed to vote.
John Wilkes Booth was in the audience, but he wasn't cheering. He turned to a friend and said: " Now by God, I'll put him through. That is the last speech he will ever make." And it was. Four days later Abraham Lincoln was dead.
On April 19, the funeral train left for Springfield. About a million Americans came out to pay their respects along the way, including thousands in Columbus. The grieving was heartfelt. Lincoln saved the Union, what he called "the last, best hope" of republican liberty. Even while waging an all-out war, he knew that the rebels were Americans and would be brought home. He once said: "I shall do nothing in malice. What I deal with is too vast for malicious dealing."
This was a self-educated man, learned only in the Bible and Shakespeare. He was deeply thoughtful, spoke and wrote with grace and exceptional eloquence. His judgments were spot on and he inspired confidence and trust. When he signed the Emancipation Proclamation, he said, "My whole soul is in it." The Second Inaugural, a meditation on the Divine will, sold briskly at every train depot and state house on the long way home.
The Lincoln biographer, Michael Burlingame, writes that the greatness of Lincoln's character was the secret weapon in the Civil War. He had a kind of psychological maturity and honesty about him that is truly rare. He was full of moral clarity and unimpeachable integrity. Perhaps we should not wonder why more books have been written about Lincoln than any other person in history, save Christ.
The invitation to bring flowers to the Rotunda in memory of this great American is an opportunity for us to remind ourselves how and why Abraham Lincoln rendered himself worthy of our esteem.
Peter W. Schramm is senior fellow at the Ashbrook Center.
James Madison, our fourth president, architect of the Constitution, and author of the Bill of Rights, was born today in 1751. In that spirit, we highlight two discussions of Madison and his spirit of civic compromise.
Professor Gordon Lloyd, Senior Fellow at the Ashbrook Center, and Dr. Jason C. Ross, Ashbrook's Director of Programs, discuss Madison's belief in the importance of conversation and civil discourse in the Wisconsin State-Journal.
Separately in the Columbus Dispatch, Dr. Ross further explores Madison's philosophy as a means of engaging civic education in the classroom.
Check out David Cutler's interview with Pulitzer Prize winning historian Eric Foner in The Atlantic. Foner shares his thoughts on the the state of history education in America and the importance of high school history instruction.
Recently, Prof. Todd Estes (Oakland University) joined the Ashbrook Center to serve as Discussion Leader for a weekend colloquium on James Madison, held on the grounds at James Madison's Montpelier. Todd is the author of the highly regarded The Jay Treaty Debate, Public Opinion, And The Evolution Of Early American Political Culture (University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), and is currently working on a book on the ratification debate that occurred in the public press, and he is editing a book of the writings of his Ph.D. advisor, the late Prof. Lance Banning (University of Kentucky).
Todd is a frequent collaborator with the Ashbrook Center, and has taught several courses within our MA Program in American History and Government. He was kind enough to join us for five questions about his work as a historian. Listen to our interview with Todd Estes.
In the waning days of the Adams Administration in early 1801, the Federalist Congress tried to strengthen the federal judiciary and soften its defeat in the election of 1800 by creating a number of federal judgeships, including justice of the peace positions in Washington DC. President Adams signed one of those justice of the peace commissions for William Marbury, but the commission did not make it from Secretary of State John Marshall to Marbury before the new Jefferson Administration took over in March 1801. In the meantime, Marshall had been confirmed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. When the new Administration took office, Secretary of State James Madison refused to give Marbury his commission; Marbury thereupon sued Madison and asked the Supreme Court to issue Madison a writ of mandamus, a judicial order requiring Madison to hand over the commission. The Court had been given the power to issue such writs in Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
Eventually, the Supreme Court took Marbury's case, and in 1803 it handed down what has been widely viewed as one of its most important decisions. Many people believe that Marshall's opinion established the practice of judicial review — the power of the federal courts to strike down unconstitutional laws and executive actions. Others go further and contend that Marbury declared the Supreme Court to be the final, authoritative interpreter of the Constitution.Neither is true. As one scholar has noted, the Supreme Court had already been practicing judicial review before Marshall arrived: from 1789-1801, it decided eight cases involving a constitutional challenge to federal laws, and did the same in at least three cases involving state laws. While President Thomas Jefferson did not like the part of Marshall's opinion declaring that Marbury had a right to receive his commission from Madison, Jefferson did not object to the opinion's argument that the Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional and therefore void.
Perhaps that is because Marshall did not declare the Court supreme over the other branches in its interpretation of the Constitution. In Marshall's view, declaring a law "void" simply meant that it did not operate in a federal court; so in this case, the Supreme Court could not follow Section 13, which Marshall interpreted as unconstitutionally giving the Court original jurisdiction to issue a writ of mandamus to executive officials like Madison. Marshall did not say that the Court's constitutional interpretation bound the other branches; he simply denied that the other branches' interpretation bound the Court. It had the power to interpret the Supreme Law of the land for itself in order to decide the legal case in front of it.
So why then was Marbury v. Madison so important? It established the Supreme Court as a politically and constitutionally independent branch of the federal government, which was by no means clear in the early days of the Republic. In 1803, the Supreme Court was a weak institution facing great political pressure from the High Federalists on one side (who wanted the Court to assert its authority and embarrass Jefferson politically by forcing him to give Marbury his commission) and the victorious Republicans on the other side (who wanted Jefferson to refuse to comply and thus weaken the federal judiciary in favor of state courts). Marshall skillfully avoided both extremes: he pleased the Federalists by declaring that Madison owed Marbury his commission, but he avoided a unwinnable confrontation with Jefferson by saying that the Court could not legally issue the order to Madison. Instead of using the case to establish the practice of judicial review, Marshall articulated the doctrine of judicial review to decide the case in a way that protected and strengthened the independence of the federal judiciary, which he believed to be essential for a national republic governed by the rule of law and respect for the rights of individuals.
Dr. Jeffrey Sikkenga, Department of History and Political Science, Ashland University
We talked with Professor Jeremy Bailey about his upcoming online course, The American Presidency II: Johnson to the Present, which begins January 12. Professor Bailey teaches in the Department of Political Science and the Honors College at the University of Houston. He is the author of an acclaimed analysis of Jefferson's role in defining the presidency, Thomas Jefferson and Executive Power (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Why take this course? What can students learn from a survey of the presidency that they do not learn as well from courses on historical periods?
You get to isolate one institution and one concept and follow it through time. The Presidency, and how it functions as an institution, is such an important variable within various historical periods. You can learn a lot about LBJ by studying the sixties, but you won't understand as much without studying the changes in the presidency between FDR and LBJ.
Also, it's easy to reduce the presidency to biography, and end up relying on amateur psychological assessments to understand why Presidents did what they did. In fact, however, the only people a president is really comparable to are other presidents.
You've written on the presidency yourself, notably in Thomas Jefferson and Executive Power. Do you often work on the presidency in your research? What are your current research interests?
The presidency—and changes to the presidency over time—is one of my two or three research interests. I study executive power and what it is: how much of it is a legal puzzle, and how much is a political phenomenon calling on the partisan strengths of the person holding the office?
There are three different conversations I'm involved in on the presidency. In addition to the above, I'm making a particular inquiry into who has the power to fire executive officials. I co-authored a book, The Removal Power, on this with David Alvis (also a MAHG teacher) and Flagg Taylor (married to Natalie Taylor, another teacher in the MAHG program). We met at Ashland a couple of times to work on aspects of the book. We like to call the removal power "the most important controversy you've never heard of." The book will be published around Labor Day in 2013.
A third interest is in presidential proclamations. With a colleague here, I am working to compile the only complete set of presidential proclamations. We want to collect and code them so that members of the general public who need to know will be able to find them. If you were trying to find a list of every executive veto that's ever been issued, you could easily do it. But proclamations are an area of history that has been overlooked, perhaps because the assumption is that most presidential proclamations are merely ceremonial. Nevertheless, before the 1930s, presidential proclamations carried a lot of policy significance. It is interesting to study the extent to which presidents have used proclamations to make policy unilaterally. Sometimes proclamations are used to alert the public to a power the president is using that is indisputably his; sometimes the power exercised in the proclamation has been delegated by Congress; sometimes it has been delegated by Congress but used in a way not intended by Congress.
A proclamation is distinguished from an executive order in that it goes to people outside of government, to the citizens. For example, Truman could desegregate the military through an executive order, but Washington issued the neutrality proclamation (1793) to announce to Americans at large that the country was at peace.
How important is the presidency in American government overall? Has it gained in importance since the Founding?
It has absolutely gained in importance. We now rely on the President to provide a budget for the entire government. We also assume that when we elect a president we are electing the leader of the free world. This means that contemporary presidents hold a power via the war power that far exceeds what early Americans would have expected of the presidency. For example, using the war power, George Bush sent about 500,000 soldiers to Iraq.
In our political discussions at present, are we in danger of overestimating the importance of the executive?
The budget standoff shows that on the one hand, with the growth of attention and focus on the presidency, we now have an expectations gap in domestic policy. Presidents can only do so much. It's very hard for the President to get the policy he wants. And in foreign affairs, there are new constraints: NGOs, the international legal community—that limit the president's power. Bush and Obama haven't had the same flexibility that FDR had.
What will prove to be most historically important about the election we just went through?
The first thing that comes to mind is that now we have to have a national election every couple of years just to achieve one policy! Another question we're asking about the election, of course, is whether it is a sign that the country is aligning with the Democratic Party.
You taught the first half of the course on the presidency in the fall online program, and you've taught both surveys of the presidency, the early and later, in the summer program. How does the online course differ from the summer course?
The summer course allows for a different dynamic. You have one very intense week. But there is a lot that cannot happen in that week. The online course, with its more traditional pacing, allows time for an idea to be introduced one week and to percolate for a couple of weeks after that. Time always brings out the best questions. So the summer courses offer intensity, while the online courses offer time for reflection.
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- Direct and mediated effects of language and cognitive skills on comprehension of oral narrative texts (listening comprehension) for childrenYoung Suk Grace Kim
College of Education, Florida State University, and Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA Electronic address
J Exp Child Psychol 141:101-20. 2016..52 for theory of mind, and .18 for comprehension monitoring. These results suggest that multiple language and cognitive skills make contributions to listening comprehension, and their contributions are both direct and indirect. ..
- The relation of linguistic awareness and vocabulary to word reading and spelling for first-grade students participating in response to interventionYoung Suk Kim
Correspondence to Young Suk Kim
Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 44:337-47. 2013....
- Developmental relations between reading fluency and reading comprehension: a longitudinal study from Grade 1 to Grade 2Young Suk Kim
Florida Center for Reading Research and College of Education, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
J Exp Child Psychol 113:93-111. 2012....
- The utility and accuracy of oral reading fluency score types in predicting reading comprehensionYaacov Petscher
Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University, 2010 Levy Ave, Suite 100, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
J Sch Psychol 49:107-29. 2011..2008; Jenkins, Graff, & Miglioretti, 2009), suggesting that practice effects are an important consideration in the administration of multiple passages assessing oral reading fluency...


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Scottish independence manifesto lacks surprises and detail
An independent Scotland could enshrine "environmental protection" in its constitution, but there is no explanation of what that means. The document largely focuses on agricultural and energy policy
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El Salvador's agricultural sector: Macroeconomic policy, agrarian change and the environment
No abstract is available for this item.
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Volume (Year): 23 (1995)
Issue (Month): 12 (December)
Pages: 2153-2172
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- Rodrik, Dani, 1994. "King Kong Meets Godzilla: The World Bank and The East Asian Miracle," CEPR Discussion Papers 944, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Martin, Will & Warr, Peter G, 1993. "Explaining the Relative Decline of Agriculture: A Supply-Side Analysis for Indonesia," World Bank Economic Review, World Bank Group, vol. 7(3), pages 381-401, September.
- de Janvry, Alain & Sadoulet, Elisabeth, 1989. "Investment strategies to combat rural poverty: A proposal for Latin America," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 17(8), pages 1203-1221, August.
- Boyce, James K., 1994. "Inequality as a cause of environmental degradation," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 11(3), pages 169-178, December.
- Persson, Torsten & Tabellini, Guido, 1994.
"Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?,"
American Economic Review,
American Economic Association, vol. 84(3), pages 600-621, June.
- Persson, T. & Tabellini, G., 1993. "Is Inequality Harmful for Growth," Papers 537, Stockholm - International Economic Studies.
- Scandizzo, Pasquale Lucio, 1992. "Trade liberalization and agricultural prices," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 14(5), pages 561-582, October.
- James Boyce, 1994. "Inequality as a Cause of Environmental Degradation," Published Studies ps1, Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
- Wood, Elisabeth & Segovia, Alexander, 1995. "Macroeconomic policy and the Salvadoran peace accords," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 23(12), pages 2079-2099, December. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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* Samsung Elec down more than 2 pct on soured sentiment
* Autos weigh on weak earnings; Kia Motors hits 2-year low
* Some defensives buck trend; utilities, banking up
SEOUL, Jan 25 (Reuters) - Seoul shares fell on Friday morning, pulled lower by weak profits for automakers and a fall in Samsung Electronics after it announced cautious spending plans, weighing on other tech shares.
The Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) was down 1.2 percent at 1941.28 points as 0209 GMT, its lowest level in seven weeks.
"The main board has been hit hard by automakers' weak results, while investor sentiment toward tech shares hasn't recovered since Apple's earnings impact," said Kim Byung-yun, an analyst at Woori Investment & Securities.
Shares in Samsung fell 2.3 percent after it reported a record quarterly profit of $8.3 billion on Friday, in line with earlier guidance. The tech giant said it will keep its 2013 annual investment plan unchanged at 2012 levels, turining cautious for the first time since the global financial crisis.
Auto stocks extended losses from the previous session, with Hyundai Motor down 3.4 percent and sibling Kia Motors falling 4.5 percent to over two-year lows near mid-session.
Kia reported on Friday its fourth-quarter net profit fell 6.7 percent to 737 billion won ($689.6 million), below consensus, while Hyundai on Thursday posted a weaker-than-expected quarterly profit of 1.89 trillion won ($1.77 billion).
Samsung, Hyundai and Kia together account for 22.4 percent of the KOSPI's market capitalisation.
Shares in exporters were also seen dented by the weakening yen, as the currency fell to a 2 1/2-year low against the dollar in early Asian trading on Friday.
South Korean exporters are grappling with the softening Japanese yen, which should give a price advantage to their Japanese rivals.
Investors favoured some defensive plays such as utilities and banking, with Korea Electric Power Corp up 1.1 percent while Woori Finance Holdings rose 1.6 percent.
Foreign investors sold a net 197 billion Korean won ($184.33 million) worth of KOSPI shares near mid-session, dragging down the index.
Declining shares outnumbered winners 487 to 268.
The KOSPI 200 benchmark of core stocks was down 1.1 percent, while the junior KOSDAQ edged 0.5 percent lower. ($1 = 1068.7500 Korean won) (Reporting by Joyce Lee; Editing by Richard Pullin)


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Your body used to be a temple. But since you had children, it's more like an abandoned warehouse on an industrial estate in hell. What is this leaky, creaky, heffalump you're dragging around with you? How come you have an extra arse on top of your original arse, and a jelly belly that puts Santa to shame?
Yes, a mother's body is a strange place indeed, full of changes and not-very-pleasant surprises.
Let's start with the arse shelf. When I was pregnant, I remember catching a glimpse of myself in the window of Sainsburys. I never really gave much thought to my bum before, but now, all of a sudden, I had this thing that seemed to extend out from my backbone like a huge gourd. It could have created its own lunar eclipse.
We're not talking Kim Kardashian booty, either –more like Judy Finnegan after a few too many custard creams. The arse shelf is still with me, seven years later and is a major cause of wardrobe malfunction. Gussets fall down with alarming regularity and if I wear skirts, they ride up and show my knickers, usually in the vicinity of a good-looking guy 20 years my junior.
Of course, none of this is helped by THE MUM GUT. When you have a baby, you get this lovely bonus prize – a rope of unshiftable fat which refuses to respond to diet and exercise and flobs over your waistband like a drunk slug. The Mum Gut makes jeans ride down and creates the fabled 'Mum Crack' (which is the technical term for that acre of unclothed arse you see whenever anyone bends over in a soft play.) Unless you're prepared to shell out for liposuction, this baby is staying with you forever, so invest in some baggy tops or draw a face on it and call it Bob or something.
And of course, some women also get a network of beautiful stretch marks to embellish their new extra parts. You can slather yourself with Bio Oil all you like after the event, but as with the Mum Gut, they're here to stay. If you're breastfeeding, your boobs will probably resemble a pair of veiny, blotchy coconuts. You could spend your whole life covering up your crepey stretch mark 'shame', but really, life is too short, so put on a bikini with big knickers and give them an airing. Just think of yourself as a really interesting human Google map.
Ooh, and there's more fun to be had. Let us not forget that flirtation with our new friend - incontinence! Yep, you need only to bend over to pick up a toy and your compromised pelvic floor will open up like a flooded mine shaft.
Unless you're one of those people who prioritises squeezing their pelvic floor muscles 200,000 times, you'll probably forget in between all the childcare and working and washing and ironing and not sleeping, and you'll soon be the proud owner of a slack Annie fanny, which catches you out when you sneeze, laugh, breathe and bend. You used to joke about Tena Lady – now you're quietly eyeing the packet in Boots like a perv in a dirty raincoat.
There are many other new developments in your body after you have a baby. Basically, everything you originally started out with is replaced by a bunch of out of shape parts that are completely unrecognisable. Bits get swollen, from your feet to your flaps. Your libido can only be aroused by a box of wine and a Housewives of Orange County marathon. Your hair, which was so lustrous while all those pregnancy hormones were rocketing around your body, starts blocking up the plughole and makes you wonder whether you should attempt a comb over. (A year after I had my child, I looked like Janice from the Muppets).
Oh, and talking of hormones, you'll be constantly terrorised by them until menopause. People talk about 'emotional rollercoasters' but that's not really accurate. It's more like an Alton Towers of emotion, complete with the 'F***** MELTDOWN' ride, the 'Screaming For No Reason Ride' and of course, the up and down 'Teacups of Tears And Irrational Laughter' ride. You are trapped in this infernal theme park until menopause, when the whole thing explodes and you punch your way out kicking and screaming and realise that you're now a middle-aged woman who quite likes gardening and watercolours.
So what can we do? Well, there's nothing much we can do. The only true response is to learn to love our bodies, because our body is the only body we'll ever have. We must try to accept ourselves as we are now and be proud that it helped us give birth to a miracle, despite the fact that now our boobs are around our ankles.
Ha ha! Yeah, RIGHT.
I don't know about you, but I'm saving up to get a new one. (Preferably Gisele's.)
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Gran Derby Suite4
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Located on the upper part of Avenida Diagonal and surrounded by other broad avenues, this is the ideal home base for shopping in the city's most fashionable malls and boutiques. Just a short stroll away is the Pedralbes monastery and palace, which houses the ceramics and decorative arts museums. The Bus Turístic has a stop right next to the hotel, and the historic city centre is just fifteen minutes away.
This unique hotel tempts with restaurants, a café and the cosy Epsom scotch bar and restaurant offering mediterranean cuisine. The comfortable, stylish rooms come with a fully - equipped en suite bathroom, satellite/ cable TV and Internet access. The air-conditioned units also offer a minibar, a double bed and a safe. The hotel has a swimming pool, solarium, gym and sauna.
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Heath, Michael and Neat, Francis C and Pinnegar, John K and Reid, David G and Sims, David W and Wright, Peter J (2012) Climate change impacts on marine fish and shellfish around the UK and Ireland. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 22 (3). pp. 337-367. ISSN 1052-7613
Rothlisberger, John D and Finnoff, David C and Cooke, Roger M and Lodge, David M (2012) Ship-borne nonindigenous species diminish Great Lakes ecosystem services. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 15 (3). pp. 462-476.