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Categories: Apps
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The Chat House
Monday, February 27, 2006; 1:15 PM
Welcome to another edition of The Chat House where Post columnist Michael Wilbon talked about the latest in sports news.
The transcript follows.
washingtonpost.com: Michael Wilbon will be with us momentarily. Thank you for staying tuned ...
Alexandria, Va.: Mike - Unlike many I actually enjoyed the Olympics, and don't know why there's so much whining about how boring they are, but on to exciting topics.
ESPN is reporting that the Redskins are shopping Ramsey. This is obviously no surprise, but what I want to know is: How do players feel about this? Not that they want to keep him, but is there any feeling that he got a raw deal?
Because I know most fans believe St. Joe can do no wrong, but I think he completely shafted Ramsey if not lied to him about what his chances would be to start for the team, and we saw how successful Brunell was by the end of the season.
Michael Wilbon: No...Raw deal? How? I'm sure Ramsey has friends on the team who will be sorry to see him go. He really is about the nicest guy you could ever meet...or certainly seems that way to me. But he didn't do anything to indicate he ought to have the job on lockdown...So raw deal? No...
Mr. Arenas' Neighborhood: With LaVar Arrington ostensibly losing his title as The Face of Washington Sports, shouldn't Gilbert Arenas assume the title? He has everything you want. Charisma, sublime talent, credibility that transcends race and culture, and not to mention a knack for making the big shot. Hail Gilbert!
Michael Wilbon: I'm with you entirely on the Gilbert Arenas thing. He's becoming a great player as look on. And he's trying to become a clutch player as well, one that can lead his team someplace...He's a worker...a fanatical worker, actually. He's feisty without being over the top...And he's never satisfied. Some guys claim they're self-critical. Arenas is, probably to a fault.
Hermosa Beach, Calif.: Wizards are on an amazing run. Where do you see them in the playoffs if they make it?
Michael Wilbon: Well, I wouldn't call it an amazing run...it's a nice run. And it needs to continue. Yes, the Wizards will make the playoffs as long as Arenas and Caron Butler and Antawn Jamison remain reasonably healthy. But there's no point in finishing 7th or 8th and having to play Detroit or Miami in the first round. The Wiz should finish no lower than fifth in the East, although sixth could be preferable...If I played for the Wiz I'd be perfectly comfortable paying New Jersey int he first round, which would be a 3 vs. 6 matchup. And I'd be fine playing Cleveland in the first round as well...I don't think the Cavaliers are going to scare anybody this season.
Silver Spring, Md.: Mike, it seems like just yesterday that Mary was bugging you to get her a Salt Lake City beret. My how time flies!
Michael Wilbon: Hey, it seems like just yesterday to me that I was taking a train from Albertville to Lyon to Paris for my post-Albertville vacation...And that was 14 years ago...1992 for crying out loud. I really like the Winter Olympics in person (I've done three of them) but didn't get into it on the tele...just couldn't get into it at all. I probably watched a total of, oh, 7 or 8 hours max the whole two weeks. I have no complaints about the coverage or what happened over there...though I am happy that Bode Miller, the fraud, went bust. At least he's out of our lives.
Gaithersburg, Md.: over/under
GW in the NCAA Tourney.
sweet 16?
(gw schedule = weak)
Michael Wilbon: push...I think they'll get to the Sweet 16, but not beyond...not with Pops at less than full strength.
Washington, D.C.: Is there any reason why Gibert Areanas does not get any respect from the National Media? He is AVERAGING 28.9 points per game. Do you think it has to do with how is is marketed?
Michael Wilbon: Stop with the "respect" silliness. You get "respect" when you win, okay? LeBron got booed the other night at home in Cleveland. Anybody who covers basketball, whether it's in the Los Angeles Times or the New York Times or the Arizona Republic.
Cold cubicle: How's the weather in AZ?
Michael Wilbon: It was blue skies and upper 60s Tuesday and Wednesday, 70s Thursday, Friday and Saturday...82 yesterday in Scottsdale...And I have insanely returned to arctic conditions and snow flurries today! It was damn near perfect in Arizona, to answer your question.
Suffolk, Va.: Mason blew it to Hofstra earlier this week, but showed back up and demolished Madison. What are their chances of being a serious tournament contender, not top 4, but could you see them as a cinderella elite 8 or a sweet 16 team.
Michael Wilbon: I haven't seen Mason play this season, so I can't speak to the team's chances with any legitimacy. The worst thing about the NFL season running a week deep in Feburary (for those of us writing sports columns)...The next week I went to watch Duke-Maryland, then to Houston for the All-Star game...and suddenly, it was the 20th of February...GMU isn't in town this week (though the Wizards host the Pacers Wednesday and I will see that)...I hate not having seen GMU in person...but I hope to in March.
Falls Church, Va.: Who decides the list of headlines for PTI? How much inputs do you and Tony have, and how much is decided by the Producer(s)?
Michael Wilbon: We're sitting here and doing that now...the producers, Tony and I...We've talked already this morning by phone about the things we're individually interested in from what happened over the weekend. We do it much the same way we are on the air...just rapid fire bursts of conversation, only with more people. But let me give the lion's share of the credit to Erik Rydholm and Matt Kelliher, who are working on these stories at 8 in the morning while Tony works on his radio show and while I work on another hour of sleep.
Washington D.C. : Sorry for another George Washington question, but I have to ask. How come every D.C.-are person that likes Georgetown cannot be happy for George Washington's fantastic season? While I agree that they're strength of schedule doesn't merit a No. 6 ranking (or a 2-seed for that matter), they've only lost once, they a fun style of play, they haven't had a good team in 10 years and they have a charismatic player in Pops. How is this even a rivalry if they don't even play eachother? Can't these coaches get together and figure out how to schedule one game a year?
Michael Wilbon: Well, there is a very real rivalry between Georgetown and George Washington. They haven't played each other, and reports are that Georgetown refused to play GW this season...so I understand. Are the Maryland people happy for Georgetown right now? No, you know they aren't. This is what rivalries are made of...I didn't go to school or grow up here, so I kinda root for all the local colleges to do well...I'd like to see GU and GW and GMU--all the Georges--go as far as possible...
Coconut Creek, Fla.: Mr. Wilbon,
With Tony doing MNF, will we ever see the once unthinkable spectacle of Tony doing PTI from the road while you are in studio?
Michael Wilbon: No sir...PTI will travel on Mondays...somtimes come to you from location again Tuesday...Could it happen? I guess. But I like being on location for Monday games. I did it for four years when I covered pro football for The Post.
Re: Respecting Gilbert: Let's remember Gilbert himself says he doesn't want the kind of fame LeBron, Kobe, etc. have (check out the little piece about him in the most recent Sports Illustrated). I think Gilbert is happy with his "fame" situation. He obviously feeds off being the underdog (the guy wears #0 for a reason), and is his words, he likes the fact he can go to Blockbuster and pick up a movie w/out causing a scene.
Michael Wilbon: Oh, you're right. He does feed off his underdog status. But if he leads the Wizards to the second round again (which, by the way, is further than T-Mac has ever taken a team) then his fame will grow...If they slip past somebody (which won't happen this season) and get to the conference finals, then it's big-time fame.
Leesburg, Va.: We all know Boz does a great job writing about the Nats. Do you have plans on writing any Nats articles this year? I know you're going to be busy with basketball, but it would be nice to get an opinion from someone who's not a homer.
Michael Wilbon: Ooooh, what a shot at Boz! Come on now, I wouldn't want to read me on baseball if I can read Boz instead. In fact, there are times when I've been planning on writing a Nats column, have called Boz and begged him to write instead...Boz sometimes does the same with me in spring with pro basketball. It's not like we're not paying attention to the "other" sport...but we LIVE our primary sport. I follow the Cubs and White Sox closely, but I'm not on top over every single baseball development because I am into virtually every football and basketball development...Anyway, by the time the NBA draft ends (nearly July) and I take a couple of weeks off, it's time for NFL camps. So I may write a column or two on the Nationals, but not much more than that.
Washington, D.C.: I believe the George Washington/Georgetown rivalry goes back more than 200 years when one was a colonial general and the other was the king of England.
Michael Wilbon: Thanks, we needed that.
New York : In response to the question about Gil Areanas not getting respect from the national media. I don't think it's JUST about winning. Look at T-Mac. The guys is one of the most marketed players in the league and he has not been a clutch post-season player.
Michael Wilbon: Marketing is paid for by sponsors. Media covers sports, reports on sports and the people who play. Sounds like you guys are confusing the two. Read the national clips on T-Mac every spring and get back to me. He gets ripped for not getting to the second round...ever...Reebok pumping T-Mac has nothing to do with the national media and what is writing or reporting on T-Mac.
Cleveland Park, Washington, D.C.: Why is NASCAR so popular? To me it appears about exciting as if they televised Beltway traffic. What am I not getting?
Michael Wilbon: The relationship between the patrons and the driver, between the patrons and the feeling they get from the entire culture of racing, from the event itself to the staging of it, to the what it represents (at least in their minds)...It's not my cup of tea, either...but I can see the connection and it's very real.
Washington, D.C.: Can't disagree with Gilbert being the face of DC sports, but I'd go with Clinton Portis. I love this guy. He works like a dog, sacrifices his body every week, and is a absolute riot.
Michael Wilbon: Well, I don't know about absolutely riot. I'd say Charles Barkley is a riot, not Portis...But Portis is a good choice. At the moment--and it certainly influences the conversation that we're in basketball season right now--I'd go Arenas, then LaVar Arrington (yes, still, because people know him...he's been here for awhile) and then Portis...
Silver Spring, Md.: Glad to see you're gonna be watching the Wiz take it to Indy. Try not to dismiss this out of hand as the ramblings of a Wiz partisan but it seems prety possible to me for the Wiz to go as high as the 3 seed. NJ and Cleveland are very passable and outside of the Det & Miami I don't see any team the WIzards should fear in the East in a 7 game series. Cleveland is definitely gonna fade down the stretch and NJ is relying on a banged up Carter to carry them. We're coming for their spots, be forwarned.
Michael Wilbon: Sorry to hurt your feelings, but the Wizards can only finish No. 3 if they pass Miami and win the division. You really want to make that case? I didn't think so. Going into the playoffs as the No. 4 seed, which means home-court advantage in the first round, would be a great season for Washington...No. 3 ain't happening this year unless Dwyane Wade gets hurt, and I hope to Heaven that doesn't happen.
Washington, D.C.: Hey Mike, Are the TarHeels a Sweet 16 team this year? They seem to be peaking at a great time and appear on TV to really enjoy playing for Roy.
Michael Wilbon: Enjoyment has nothing to do with it...but I think the Tar Heels simply making the tournament after losing the top 7 scorers and rebounders from last year's team is amazing. I don't know about the sweet 16...Maybe...If you're good in the ACC, you're good. So maybe. Tyler Hansborough is a bad, bad boy.
Arlington, Va.: PTI guest today? If so, who?
Michael Wilbon: Richard Justice, our dear friend from the Houston Chronicle...We're going to talk about the controversy surrounding Vice Young and the Wonderlic test...should be fun and hopefully enlightening.
Leesburg, Va.: Mike,
If GMU doesn't win the Colonial tourney this weekend should they get an invitation to the Dance? If yes, will they?
Michael Wilbon: To be safe, George Mason needs to reach its conference tournament final...There could be a slew of upsets after that...And we've seen the committee completely trash deserving teams in smaller conferences before...
New York, N.Y.: Michael,
I am a big fan of yours, but I was rather disappointed with your defense of Bryant Gumbel's comments regarding the Winter Olympics in two respects. First, the Olympics are an international event and not solely one for the United States. To argue that the "whiteness" of the sports distracts from the event to me is unfair considering that many of the countries in which the athletes come from are predominantly, if not almost exclusively, white. It is not as if their is some world wide institutional bias against the black athlete with respect to the sports of the Winter Olympics. Second, and closely related, is his description of the event as a GOP convention is unfair. Those same countries that are predominantly white also are likely to be left of the Democratic Party in this country, some boarding on socialist.
Michael Wilbon: Once again, I defended Bryant Gumbel one one score: I thought it was a funny line. He meant it to be a funny line. I know that humor, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder...I liked the line, thought it was funny, and know that Gumbel has a great appreciation for the Winter Games...But he doesn't have to be reverential about the damn Winter Olympics..I see your point, serious...But I don't think taking a shot at the Olympics is that big a deal.
Washington, D.C.: How is it that the Pistons have stayed together for so long?
Michael Wilbon: Hasn't been THAT long. Rasheed Wallace is in his third season there...Remember, the coach has changed. Ben Wallace is due to be a free agent. Teams can stay together for four or five seasons...And another BIG reason is that Joe Dumars, who runs the team day to day, knows exactly what he's doing. How lucky are the Pistons (and how smart is their owner) to keep Dumars right there in Detroit?
New York, N.Y.: The Big East Tournament is going to be amazing! I can't wait. Are you gonna be coming up to NY to spend some time at 33rd and 7th in March?
Michael Wilbon: Yes, I am. I've covered the ACC Tournament for 11 straight years, but I'm going back to the Big East, which I last covered when Allen Iverson was in his second and final season...I can't wait...CANNNOT WAIT to see it...especially with all the teams on the bubble (Louisville, Seton Hall) who are going to need victories to get into the NCAA Tournament.
Woodbridge, Va.: Are the Cubs deluding themselves by thinking Wood and Pryor are going to be able to go all year? I don't see it happening, given the recent history.
Michael Wilbon: The Cubs are always deluding themselves...Always.
RE: Face of Washington Sports: You have to put Alexander Ovechkin in the conversation...at least...with Gilbert Arenas.
Michael Wilbon: No, I don't. I started to write the sentence: "Don't anybody mention Alex Ovechkin." Not that he isn't great because clearly he is...But if he walked onto the steps of the U.S. Capitol, 95 out of 100 people would have no idea who he is...even if he was holding a stick and wearing skates...Arenas would be known, at least, by 30 of 100..okay, 20 to 25...Ovechkin has a long way to go to build any kind of Q-rating, even locally.
Silver Spring, Md.: When can we expect another Wizards column? I suspect you rarely watch their games but you've been missing out lately with the exception of a tough loss to Dallas before the break where Arenas wasa no show the team is really starting to round into shape. Check out the Memphis game tonight where the eastcoast assasin will definitely be putting in work along side my new favorite player Butler who is quietly killing teams with his all around toughness. Did you see him stare down KG??? What team needs a presence like that more then the Wiz?
Michael Wilbon: Dude, you suspect I rarely watch Wizards games, yet you ask when I'm going to write a Wizards column? What newspaper are you reading? I've seen more Mavericks, Suns and Bulls games this year than you've seen Wizards games. I haven't written many Wizards columns because, as I said earlier, the Super Bowl ended two minutes ago and then there was All-Star weekend. Don't fret, the Wizards have 30 more games and there's plenty of time to write about them...Plus that, the Wizards ought to be in the playoffs for a month...I expect Memphis, which is playing really well, to win tonight at home but the Wizards could really open some eyes by winning down there...But losing at Memphins is no disgrace...The Wiz can bounce right back from that one, as long as they play well tonight...
Michael Wilbon: Okay, gotta run to prepare for PTI...Wow, look what we have the next two weeks. A week from today, we're really going deep into the NCAA tournament. And the next week, we're dealing with selection Sunday leftovers...Chat then. Mike
Editor's Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Live Online discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions. washingtonpost.com is not responsible for any content posted by third parties.


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5x7 All Star MVP Sport Ball Baby Shower Invitation
Our adorable invitations is both trendy and chic. They are printed on smooth, vibrant, matte 110lb cover weight paper. They contain 50% recycled content. Perfect for your most formal invitations and event announcements. These come with standard white envelopes. We specialise in customising personalised baby shower invitations and accessories, wedding invitations and accessories, birthday party invitations and accessories, Sweet 16 invitations and accessories, Mis Quinceanera invitations and accessories, business cards, business logos, business stationery, business branding, etc. We have an entire collection line here at our zazzle store under the "~ By Theme" menu tab on the bar on the left hand side of your screen on the FRONT HOME PAGE of our store; to include custom personalised invitations, Postage Stamps, Envelope Seals, Return Address Labels, Mailing Address Labels, FOLDED Thank You Cards, FLAT Thank You Cards, Water Bottle Labels, 1.5" Favour Stickers, 3" Favour Stickers, Writable Place Cards/ Table Cards, Goody Bag Toppers, Microwaveable Popcorn Wrappers, 1.55 oz. Hershey's Large Bar Wrappers, Hershey's Miniature Bar Label Stickers, Favour Tags, Bingo Cards, Bingo Card Markers, Bingo Card Call Out Sheets, Writable Advice Cards, Bookmarks, Cup Cake Picks, Lollipop Toppers, Mint Matchbook Favours, Menu Cards, R.S.V.P. Cards, Reception Cards, Direction Cards, Response Cards, Information Cards, Magnet Favours, Photo Magnet Favours, Envelopes, Banners and Signs, Photo Ornaments, 1" Photo Keep Sake Binders and Scrapbooks,, 3" Photo Keep Sake Binders and Scrapbooks, Photo Birth Announcements, Photo Graduation Announcements, Photo Engagement Announcements, Baby Nursery Name Art Prints, Baby Nursery ABC Charts, Baby Nursery 16x20 Canvas Decor Art Prints, Baby and Clothing, Cell Phone Cases and Covers, Lap Top Cases and Covers, Note Pads, Stationery Sets, Letterhead, Business Cards, Mummy Calling Cards, Napkins, Aprons, Buttons, Key Chains, Planners, Skateboards, Mousepads, Kitchen Towels, Throw Pillows, Placemats, Waterbottles, Glasses, Baby Nursery Art Pictures, and much much more! If you can not find what you are looking for here at our zazzle store and your need a specially requested design made we'd be more than happy to help create a custom looking piece for you for a small design fee. To opt for this option please click the link below Be sure to "like" us on facebook to receive offers and specials only available to our friends and fans!
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Designs by AnnLee
Louisville, Kentucky
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Get Glimpse Hosting
Glimpse (which stands for GLobal IMPlicit SEarch) is a popular UNIX indexing and query system that allows you to search through a large set of files very quickly. Glimpse supports most of agrep's options (agrep is our powerful version of grep) including approximate matching, Boolean queries, and even some limited forms of regular expressions. It is used in the same way, except that you don't have to specify file names. So, if you are looking for a needle anywhere in your file system, all you have to do is say glimpse needle and all lines containing needle will appear preceded by the file name.Visit publisher site: Glimpse
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text:
Oh check out my new sig!!! Ballin'!!!
i did the best i could =/
Damn player-centric usernames straight to hell.
Lmao!!! Nice Try, I'll see what I can do after I do CoolClydes sig. or whatever is name is.
lmao ok ill leave it to you from now on
Damn player-centric usernames straight to hell.
hey can you please make me a siggy?
1: I would REALLY love one with Steph
2: Max Please
3: I really love stars
Thank you
There Can Only Be One Lady NYK
could i get a van gundy during the brawl? you know what im talkin about
and maybe a trio pic of starks/h.davis/nate rob?
get it? heart...
(if you could do add a logo with a fist gripping a heart in black sillouhette with blood drop id be forever grateful)
"Q richerdsen - he throw shoot it almost hit peoples ion crowd send him back phenix sun whatever he come from la cliper screw you q rich hiot 1 of 15 shoot put hand of you to head like you is kobe bryan pleasde"-Dirk
[Bad Boys Sig. Complete:] (Member = Dre48NY)
(520 x 164)
[Variation 2]
[Rain Effects]
Akamu killed it.


text:
This place is a great location for your stay at the park. Can't beat walking from your room to the slides. We stayed in a 1 bedroom suite. Perfect size for 2 adults and 2 kids. However, that's were the greatness ends. It was $240 a night just for the room. With the stay and play package it was a little under $800.
The Bathroom: The sink was rusty and made the kids be very careful when brushing teeth etc. The shower had mildew all around the tub. The ceiling looked like it would fall to the floor any minute.
Bedroom: The beds are as hard as the floors. The ceilings are the same as in the bathroom.
The Trains: Holy Cow!!!! The train tracks are about 30 yds from the room. They run all night long with a horn happy engineer!
We will come back but must stay in the new park. They looked very nice am brand new!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Splash into family fun at the Resort at Schlitterbahn in New Braunfels, Texas. The Resort at Schlitterbahn intermingles the world's greatest waterpark with 211 onsite accommodations. Many rooms are so close to the action you can actually step out your door and into one of our rides. For a real family-style getaway, try one of our fully equipped vacation homes located near the waterpark. You'll find everything you need for family reunions, corporate retreats, weddings or other special gatherings - from comfy sitting areas and multiple beds to full kitchens and laundry rooms. Accommodations range from standard hotel rooms with two beds to cottages, suites and townhomes. Many units have full kitchens. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Priceline, Cancelon, TripOnline SA, Hotels.com, Hotwire, Travelocity, Orbitz and Cheap Tickets so you can book your The Resort at Schlitterbahn reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Schlitterbahn Resort At New Braunfels Hotel New Braunfels
- Schlitterbahn Waterpark Hotel
- Hotel Schlitterbahn Waterpark


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WAR IN THE GULF: Television; Feast of Viewing, but Little Nourishment
By ALEX S. JONES
Published: January 19, 1991
After Wednesday night, news coverage of war will never be quite the same.
Television, and especially the Cable News Network, turned the country into one vast community of fascinated viewers who watched a war unfold at the very instant it was happening. And beyond America, the world's leaders were also watching CNN, learning the same things at the same moment.
The precedent has now been established for reporting war on television in ways that might make viewers believe they were watching a very serious sporting event, with a sense of up-close views of the action and kibitzing analysis by experts, all in the comfort and safety of home.
"It's just unreal to be watching a war unfold like a football game," said Michael G. Gartner, president of NBC News. "You get so wrapped up in covering it that you forget it's a war and you have to stand back and sometimes and say, 'My God, this is a war."
But while the sound of bombs dropping in Baghdad and live reporting from around the world may have given viewers the impression they were seeing of a real war in real time, that was less true than it sometimes seemed, especially in the hours after the attack by the United States and its allies began at 7 P.M. on Wednesday. Less Than Meets the Eye
Although the war has showcased the hypnotic power of television in reporting dramatic news, it has also underscored the limitations of telling about a war when information is tightly controlled.
"It was the illusion of news," said Everette E. Dennis, executive director for the Gannett Foundation Media Center in New York.
While Wednesday night seemed a feast of televised news, much of what was reported were the observations of a host of retired military figures and other experts who used the kernels of hard information provided by the Pentagon as departure points for fascinating, although speculative, analysis.
Nevertheless, even the combatants were tuned in to track developments. Until 11 A.M. Thursday, Iraq allowed a group of CNN correspondents to give the world live accounts of the bombing attack on the city, and United States bombs did not destroy Baghdad's television equipment.
Then on Thursday evening, correspondents in Tel Aviv talked to the nation through gas masks while Iraq's missiles were falling and reporters there and in Washington gave an almost minute-to-minute account of the Israeli reaction.
On Friday, the Pentagon provided videotapes of precision bombing that effectively put viewers beside the fliers as targets were sighted in laser cross-hairs and blown to pieces.
Television had become the world's prime vehicle for intelligence and diplomacy as well as news and entertainment.
"It was almost a governmental force in the middle of the process," said Ellen Hume, executive director of the Joan Shorenstein Barone Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University.
Leading ABC's reporting team, Peter Jennings felt obliged Thursday night to explain to viewers that much of what was being reported was speculation, mixed with some hard facts and even rumors in a rushing river of information that made one almost indistinguishable from the other.
For instance, soon after the missle attack on Tel Aviv began, ABC reported that the missiles were armed with nerve gas. When that proved false, the network apologized.
Pentagon officials have been tight-lipped about details of the war, saying the Iraqis were watching television news along with the rest of the world.
Defense Secretary Dick Cheney and Gen. Colin L. Powell, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff told the nation almost nothing in their first briefing about 10 P.M. Wednesday. Later briefings have been similarly circumspect.
Anticipating that there would be scant solid information, television networks tried to find alternatives. They monitored reports from Israel, the British Broadcasting orporation, Radio Baghdad and any other source that suggested anything new. Reliance on Experts
They interviewed military wives and peace protesters. Reporters at the Pentagon began quoting anonymous sources who described the results of the bombing in slightly more detail than had been publicly confirmed.
But at the center of this mosaic of reports were a parade of former military officers, including Adm. William J. Crowe Jr., former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Gen. Michael J. Dugan, who had been Air Force chief of staff and was deeply involved in planning the operation until he was dismissed in November for talking too openly to reporters.
While such military officers and other experts were undeniably knowledgeable, such heavy reliance on them raises some questions.
"I think that's very dangerous because these people have invested much of their lives in selling, developing and perfecting military technology," said Jon Katz, a media critic and teacher at New York University.
While Mr. Katz said the minute-by-minute reports demonstrated that television is the "premier source of breaking news," he also said the heavy use of miltary officials was "a substitute for actual reporting." He added that reporting "is what reporters are for, but television is too insecure to rely on its own reporters."
Mr. Gartner of NBC defended the use of military officials, "as long as you have faith in their intelligence, ability, experience and basic sense of fairness."
Real-time war reporting on television has compelled newspapers and magazines to further develop their ability to explain and analyze the rush of events, and some experts said this would secure a role for print news organizations.
"The networks are still weak at interpretation and analysis, and people will be looking to print more and more to do the analytical follow-up, looking behind the scenes," said Mr. Katz, who is a former producer at CBS Morning News.
Photo: With the onset of war in the Persian Gulf, television news has been bringing to viewers minute-by-minute reports of events as they unfold. Eason Jordan, who runs CNN's international desk, listened as Tom Johnson, the network's president, talked to the Middle East yesterday from Atlanta. (Alan S. Weiner for The new York Times)


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Christian world
Archaeologists Find Pool of Siloam, Confirm Gospel of John Accurate5. February 2016 - 11:42
For years, some scholars have doubted the historical accuracy of the fourth Gospel. But a dip in the pool of Siloam will cure that.
The Gospel of John Chapter 9 tells the story of Jesus' healing of a man born blind. After telling his disciples that the man's blindness had nothing to do with either the man's sins or those of his parents, Jesus applied mud to the man's eyes and told him to wash it off at the Pool of Siloam.
Ordination of Priests in the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin4. February 2016 - 13:52
On February 2, the Feast of St. Ghevond the Priest, under the presidency of His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenia, the sacrament of ordination and consecration of priests was offered in the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin during the celebration of Divine Liturgy.
Catholicos of All Armenians Received Georgian Minister of Defense3. February 2016 - 12:00
On 01 February in the Mother See, His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians; received Mrs. Tinatin Khidasheli, Minister of National Defence of the Georgian Republic; and her delegation. They were accompanied by Mr. Davit Tonotyan, First Deputy of the Defence Minister of the Republic of Armenia and Rev. Fr. Movses Sargsyan, Vicar General of the RA Armed Forces.
Sadad: Small Syrian Christian Town that Refused to Bow Down to Terror3. February 2016 - 10:14
Hundreds of Christian fighters from across Syria joined their local brethren in the majority-Syriac Christian town of Sadad to prevent it falling into the hands of Daesh terrorists.
A symbol of Christian resistance, Sadad, which lies just 17 kilometers off a strategic highway connecting the capital Damascus and Homs in the west of the country, has faced an onslaught from Daesh and other jihadist militants since late October 2015 as the terrorists advanced across central Syria.
120,000 people starving in Syrian city besieged by ISIS29. January 2016 - 20:04
At least 120,000 people in the Syrian city of Deir al-Zor are starving while ISIS continues to besiege the city.
Christian Today reports that, since 2011, ISIS has been in conflict with the Syrian Armed Forces and the Free Syrian Army in the city. The Islamic State has gained control of most of the region.
Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemns destruction of an ancient monastery in Iraq26. January 2016 - 14:27
The Foreign Affairs Ministry of the Russian Federation condemns the destruction of a monastery in Iraq by the militants of the "Islamic State" terrorist organization whose activity is prohibited in Russia, reports Interfax-Religion.


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Polr Libraries
To interact with Polr's API, you may opt to use a library or write your own integration. As not all languages and frameworks are currently supported by a library, it is encouraged that you take a look at the API documentation to integrate Polr into your application.
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text: Dendê is the fruit to produce the extract oil called Azeite-de-dendê. It can also be used in cosmetics and the manufacture of chocolate. The Dendezeiro (Elaeis guineensis), also known as Palmeira-de-óleo-africana, Palma-de-guiné, Palma, Dendém (in Angola), Palmeira-dendém or Coqueiro-de-dendê, is a palm tree originally from West Coast of Africa (Gulf of Guinea).The Dendezeiro reaches height of 15m. The Dendezeiro was brought to Brazil in the seventeenth century and has adapted well to the humid tropical climate of the Atlantic Forest in Southeast coast of Bahia.


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"This recipe is from The Australian Women's Weekly's 'Potatoes: over 100 exciting ways to cook the humble spud', recently reprinted by popular demand. The recipe is "from the Apulia region in the south-east of Italy, (where) a tiella is both a homely recipe made with eggplants and potatoes, and the name of the dish in which it is traditionally cooked. You can also use desiree or spunta potatoes for this recipe." I am aware that potato types may differ from country to country, so I've included in the notes below the Women's Weekly's descriptions of the three types of potatoes recommended for this dish."
2 recipe photos
READY IN:2hrs
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 small eggplants (460g or just under 15oz)
- 2 tablespoons coarse cooking salt (see Notes below)
- 1 kg medium tomatoes, peeled, seeded, finely chopped (32oz)
- 1 medium brown onions (for Australians,150g) or 1 medium yellow onion, finely chopped (for Americans, just under 5oz)
- 2 trimmed celery ribs, finely chopped (150g or just under 5oz)
- 2 garlic cloves, finely chopped
- 1 tablespoon fresh oregano, finely chopped (see Notes below)
- 1 tablespoon fresh flat-leaf parsley, finely chopped (see Notes below)
- 1 kg sebago potato, peeled (32oz)
- 1⁄4 cup olive oil (60ml/2 fl.oz. )
- 2 tablespoons fresh oregano leaves (see Notes below)
- Cut the eggplants into thin slices, sprinkle with salt; stand in colander in the sink or over a large bowl for 30 minutes; rinse eggplant well under cold water; pat dry with absorbent paper.
- Preheat the oven to moderate (180°C/350°-375°F/4-5 gas mark.
- Combine the tomato, onion, celery, garlic, chopped oregano and parsley in a medium bowl.
- Using a sharp knife, mandoline or V-slicer, cut the potatoes into thin slices; pat dry with absorbent paper; place half of the potato in a lightly oiled 2-litre (8-cup) baking dish; top with half of the eggplant, half of the tomato mixture, then drizzle with half of the oil; repeat layering with the remaining potato, eggplant, tomato mixture and oil.
- Cover the dish with foil; bake in a moderate oven for 1 hour; remove the foil; bake for a further 30 minutes or until the vegetables are tender; sprinkle the tiella with the oregano leaves and serve.
- Notes: One Australian metric tablespoon holds 20ml; North America, New Zealand and the UK use 15ml tablespoons. All cup and spoon measurements are level. Desiree potatoes are long and oval, with a smooth pink skin and creamy yellow flesh; sebago potatoes are round with white skin, shallow eyes and white flesh; spunta potatoes are large and oblong with cream skin and yellow flesh: all are classified as good for baking.
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text:
K+ channels participate in the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) accompanying hepatocellular nutrient uptake and bile formation. We recently identified KCNQ1 as a molecular candidate for a significant fraction of the hepatocellular swelling-activated K+ current (IKVol). We have shown that the KCNQ1 inhibitor chromanol 293B significantly inhibited RVD-associated K+ flux in isolated perfused rat liver and used patch-clamp techniques to define the signaling pathway linking swelling to IKVol activation. Patch-electrode dialysis of hepatocytes with solutions that maintain or increase phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) increased IKVol, whereas conditions that decrease cellular PIP2 decreased IKVol. GTP and AlF4− stimulated IKVol development, suggesting a role for G proteins and phospholipase C (PLC). Supporting this, the PLC blocker U-73122 decreased IKVol and inhibited the stimulatory response to PIP2 or GTP. Protein kinase C (PKC) is involved, because K+ current was enhanced by 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol and inhibited after chronic PKC stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or the PKC inhibitor GF 109203X. Both IKVol and the accompanying membrane capacitance increase were blocked by cytochalasin D or GF 109203X. Acute PMA did not eliminate the cytochalasin D inhibition, suggesting that PKC-mediated IKVol activation involves the cytoskeleton. Under isotonic conditions, a slowly developing K+ current similar to IKVol was activated by PIP2, lipid phosphatase inhibitors to counter PIP2 depletion, a PLC-coupled α1-adrenoceptor agonist, or PKC activators and was depressed by PKC inhibition, suggesting that hypotonicity is one of a set of stimuli that can activate IKVol through a PIP2/PKC-dependent pathway. The results indicate that PIP2 indirectly activates hepatocellular KCNQ1-like channels via cytoskeletal rearrangement involving PKC activation.
- patch clamp
- phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
- regulatory volume decrease
liver cell volume maintenance in the face of nutrient, bile acid, and xenobiotic uptake is mediated by a regulatory volume decrease (RVD) involving K+ and anion efflux. Swelling-activated K+ efflux and the ensuing choleresis can be induced by exposure of the liver or isolated hepatocytes to hypotonic solutions (4, 27, 43, 44). However, little is known about either the molecular candidate(s) responsible for passive K+ flux or the signaling pathways involved in RVD-induced bile formation. Work in our laboratory (27) recently defined conditions for assaying a swelling-activated K+ current (IKVol) in rat hepatocytes and identified KCNQ1/KCNE3 as molecular candidates for IKVol. KCNQ1 belongs to the voltage-dependent, outwardly rectifying KCNQ channel family. Functionally, it conducts K+ current to increase anion secretion in intestinal cells (38) and is involved in gastric acid secretion in parietal cells (12).
In heterologous expression systems, KCNQ1 is activated by plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) (15, 29, 30, 36, 49), likely through a direct electrostatic interaction with positively charged amino acids in this protein (18, 36). However, it is not yet clear whether this stimulatory effect of PIP2 on KCNQ1 is valid for native KCNQ1-like channels. For instance, exogenously applied PIP2 inhibited KCNQ1-like currents in guinea pig atrial myocytes (6). Cardiac KCNQ1 channels also are activated by other factors, including protein kinase C (PKC) (41, 48) and cell swelling (13, 25). Hepatocellular swelling-activated K+ efflux involves cytoskeletal changes mediated by p38MAPK (44) and Src (1) signaling pathways, although further details of the signaling pathway linking volume increase to K+ channel activation remain unclear. In this respect, we recently found that hepatocellular IKVol required cytoplasmic Mg-ATP (27). Mg-ATP is necessary for KCNQ channel activity (39), probably through PIP2 synthesis catalyzed by phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase and PI5-kinase (17). It is not clear, however, whether PIP2 is responsible for activation of KCNQ1 by cell swelling.
Although strong evidence suggests that PIP2 functions as an activator of resting KCNQ1 channels, its effect on swelling-activated KCNQ1 is not yet known. Neither can we exclude the possibility that product(s) of phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated PIP2 hydrolysis, such as diacylglycerol or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate exert such a role. Interestingly, PLC is activated by hepatocellular swelling (1, 32). The present study was therefore designed to explore the role of the PIP2/PLC signaling pathway in the modulation of resting and swelling-activated KCNQ1-like K+ currents in short-term cultured rat hepatocytes and to determine whether these channels contribute to RVD-induced whole organ K+ flux in the intact liver. Our results demonstrate that KCNQ1 channels indeed participate in the RVD-induced K+ efflux in the intact liver. Furthermore, PIP2 indirectly regulates IKVol through a PLC-dependent process involving PKC activation and cytoskeletal rearrangement.
Animals and materials.
Female Sprague-Dawley rats (200–225 g) were obtained from Charles River (Montreal, QC) and housed under a 12:12-h light-dark regime with access to water and rat chow ad libitum. All experimental protocols were approved by the Queen's University/Canadian Council on Animal Care. Unless otherwise noted, chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) or British Drug Houses (Toronto, ON, Canada) and were of the highest grade available. Chromanol 293B [trans-6-cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromane] was a gift from Aventis Pharma (Frankfurt, Germany).
Rat liver perfusion and whole organ K+ flux.
Livers from rats weighing 200–210 g were perfused via the portal vein with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate-buffered saline, using a single-pass, constant-flow perfusion system (21). The saline solution was warmed to 37°C, saturated with 95% O2-5% CO2 (vol/vol), and perfused at a flow rate of 2.7 ± 0.4 ml·min−1·g liver−1. Tissue viability was achieved by maintaining portal pressure (average 15–17 cmH2O), O2 supply, temperature, and buffer pH (7.35–7.40) throughout the perfusion. The Krebs-Henseleit solution contained (in mM) 116.8 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3, 1.4 NaH2PO4, 1 CaCl2, 1.2 MgSO4, and 0.9 mM K+ to increase the driving force for K+ efflux. Livers were perfused for 30 min with isotonic Krebs before the introduction of hypotonic Krebs solution, in which the concentration of NaCl was reduced by 40 mM. The established inhibitor of KCNQ1 channels, chromanol 293B, or the vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide; DMSO) was perfused for 2 min during the hypotonic challenge. Chromanol 293B (1 mM) in DMSO was diluted to 50 μM in the Krebs perfusate.
Effluent perfusate K+ was monitored continuously during liver perfusion with a K+-selective electrode (Ionplus; Orion Products, Thermo Electron, Beverly, MA). The electrode was calibrated before the start of the perfusion with two standard K+ solutions (0.5 and 5 mM K+), and set in-line immediately downstream of the hepatic vein. Effluent perfusate K+ was monitored and acquired for off-line analysis with the use of a CB-405 connector box and Datacan V acquisition and analysis software from Sable Systems International (Las Vegas, NV). Net K+ flux was calculated as the difference between the influent concentration and the effluent and expressed as micromoles per gram of liver per 10-min hypotonic challenge.
Isolation and culture of rat hepatocytes.
Hepatocytes were isolated using an enzymatic dissociation procedure as described previously (20). Livers were perfused via the portal vein with nominally Ca2+-free Krebs solution containing 0.35 mg/ml collagenase (Liberase; Roche Biochemicals, Montreal, QC, Canada) for 7–10 min. After the enzymatic treatment, hepatocytes were dissociated and cultured on glass coverslips in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air-5% CO2 at 37°C. The culture medium contained DMEM salts plus 0.15% NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES, 10% (vol/vol) fetal calf serum (Invitrogen Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada), 2 mM glutamine, 5 μg/ml insulin, 1 μM dexamethasone, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH). Electrophysiological experiments were carried out on cells cultured between 18 and 48 h.
Current and capacitance recording.
Single hepatocytes were voltage clamped using the whole cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique with an Axopatch 200A amplifier (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA) and Clampex 7 software as described previously (20). Patch pipettes were made from borosilicate glass (no. G85165T-4; Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT) and had a resistance of 2–4 MΩ when filled and immersed in K+-containing solutions. All experiments were performed at 20°C. Membrane capacitance was monitored using Membrane Test software (Clampex 7). Briefly, pipette capacitance was cancelled in cell-attached configuration before membrane rupture. The time course of capacitance development was monitored from a holding potential of 0 mV by repetitively applying voltage steps of 0.1 s in duration to 20 mV. The whole cell membrane capacitance was calculated from the output as described by Lindau and Neher (28). The sampled data were plotted using Origin 6.0 software (Origin Lab, Northampton, MA). The time course of swelling-induced current development was monitored at 0 mV. Currents were mainly K+ currents under this condition (27). Whole cell currents were digitized (Digidata 1200B) at 5 kHz, and sampled data were analyzed using Origin 6.0 software. To minimize swelling-activated anion currents, we carried out whole cell recordings using low Cl−-containing pipette and bath solutions, and 0.1 mM 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (Toronto Biochemicals, Toronto, ON), a blocker of volume-activated Cl− channels in rat hepatocytes (26, 31), was included in the bath solution. Cells were bathed in a solution containing (in mM) 140 Na-gluconate, 5 K-gluconate, 5 glucose, 5 HEPES, 1 CaCl2, and 1 MgCl2 (pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH). The isotonic pipette solution contained (in mM) 1 MgCl2, 1 CaCl2, 5 HEPES, 4 ATP, 11 EGTA, and 140 K-gluconate, or 96 mM K-gluconate when FVPP (a mixture of 4 KF, 3 Na3VO4, and 10 K4P2O7) was added (pH adjusted to 7.2 with KOH). Either 20 or 80 mM raffinose was included in the pipette solution to induce hypotonic stress to activate volume-sensitive K+ currents (27). The concentrations of free Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the pipette solution were calculated to be about 13 nM and 37 μM, respectively (27). Chromanol 293B, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), cytochalasin D, aminoalkyl-bisindolylmaleimide I (GF 109203X), phenylephrine, or phentolamine was added to the bath solution. Unless otherwise noted, wortmannin, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY-294002), ML-7, PIP2, U-73122, U-73343, neomycin, AlCl3, poly-l-lysine, diacylglycerol (DAG) analog 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), arachidonic acid (AA), GTP, PMA, or 100 μM AlF4− (a mixture of 100 μM AlCl3 and 10 mM NaF) was added to the pipette solution and was present throughout the recording period. In some experiments, cytochalasin D, PMA, and GF 109203X were added to the culture medium. Chromanol 293B, cytochalasin D, phenylephrine, phentolamine, wortmannin, LY-294002, ML-7, U-73122, U-73343, AA, GF 109203X, and PMA were prepared as 5–100 mM stock solutions in DMSO. In preliminary experiments, we confirmed that DMSO alone did not have any appreciable effect on K+ currents at concentrations of up to 0.5%. Neomycin, AlCl3, GTP, AlF4, and poly-l-lysine were stored as 10–100 mM stock solutions in distilled water. PIP2 was dissolved in CCH4-CH3OH-H2O (5:5:1, vol/vol/vol) and diluted to 10 μM in the pipette solution before use.
Data analysis.
Time courses for each experimental condition in which the pattern of time courses was significantly different from that of controls were generated from pooled data from three rats or at least four cells and are presented as means ± SE (patch-clamp data) or means ± SD (perfusion studies) with the number of experiments stated. Histograms were generated from the pooled current or capacitance values reached after 20 min of dialysis with the pipette solution following the initiation of whole cell recording. Statistical comparisons were made using either Student's paired or unpaired t-tests as appropriate, and differences were considered to be significant at P < 0.05.
KCNQ1 is involved in RVD-induced K+ flux in intact liver.
A previous study in our laboratory (27) showed that the swelling-induced K+ current IKVol was partially inhibited by chromanol 293B, a KCNQ1 inhibitor (3). To address the possibility that KCNQ1 also plays a role during swelling-induced RVD in vivo, we examined the effect of chromanol 293B on the K+ release during hypotonic challenge in isolated perfused rat livers. Reduction of perfusate osmolarity by removing 40 mM NaCl led within 2 min to a transient increase of the effluent perfusate K+ concentration, which peaked within 5 min (Fig. 1A). When 293B (73 ± 9.2 μM) was perfused just before the peak (3 min after the onset of hypotonic exposure), the rate of K+ release was decreased at all sampling times and baseline was reached about 1 min earlier than in the control perfusions. As shown in Fig. 1B, under control conditions, net K+ flux during the 10-min hypotonic challenge was 343.2 ± 38.7 μmole K+/g liver, whereas 293B reduced the volume regulatory K+ release by ∼48% to 180.6 ± 19.4 μmole K+/g liver (n = 3 for each condition, P < 0.05).
PIP2 activates IKVol.
Earlier work in our laboratory (27) identified KCNQ1 as a candidate for IKVol in hepatocytes. PIP2 activates KCNQ1 in heterologous expression systems (15, 29, 30, 36, 49) but inhibits endogenous KCNQ-like currents in guinea pig atrial myocytes (6). To determine whether PIP2 modulates hepatocellular K+ currents under iso- and hypotonic conditions, the latter of which would induce a significant KCNQ-like current, we dialyzed short-term cultured rat hepatocytes with a solution containing 10 μM PIP2 in the absence or presence of 80 mM raffinose. Under isotonic conditions, outward K+ currents at 0 mV decayed from 137 ± 63 pA (n = 7) immediately after attainment of the whole cell configuration to 12 ± 3 pA at 20 min of dialysis with control intracellular solution (Fig. 2, A and C), indicating slow loss of a channel-activating substance. Inclusion of PIP2 in the pipette solution activated a slowly developing K+ current, IK (Fig. 2A), that reached 416 ± 92 pA at 20 min of dialysis (Fig. 2C; n = 4, P < 0.01). Our preliminary experiments showed that 10 μM represents a close-to-saturating PIP2 concentration, because 50 and 100 μM PIP2 generated the same current amplitude, whereas at <1 μM, PIP2 did not affect hepatocellular K+ currents (data not shown). Intracellular dialysis with FVPP, a mixture of phosphatase inhibitors (10) that activates KCNQ2/3 (49) and other channels (18) by decreasing the rate of PIP2 depletion, also stimulated a similar current (Fig. 2A) that reached 978 ± 165 pA at 20 min of dialysis (Fig. 2C; n = 8, P < 0.01), indicating that rat hepatocytes express a high phosphatase activity. Addition of the KCNQ channel inhibitor chromanol 293B (30 μM) to the bath 5–15 min before whole cell attainment significantly inhibited PIP2- and FVPP-activated currents at 20 min to 163 ± 52 pA (n = 3, P < 0.05) and 347 ± 85 pA, respectively (Fig. 2, A and C; n = 4, P < 0.01). Both PIP2- and FVPP-activated currents responded to changes in the K+ equilibrium potential. These results indicate that a significant fraction of both currents was produced by KCNQ1. Under hypotonic conditions induced by dialysis with 80 mM raffinose (27), 10 μM PIP2 accelerated the development of IKVol (Fig. 2B), from 472 ± 58 to 824 ± 110 pA at 20 min (Fig. 2C; n = 4, P < 0.05). Together, these data suggest that a tonic level of PIP2 is necessary for maintaining IK activity in resting rat hepatocytes and stimulating IKVol in hypotonically challenged cells.
PIP2 resynthesis by PI4/5-kinase is necessary for IKvol activation.
We next examined whether IKVol activation involved PI4/5-kinase-catalyzed synthesis of PIP2. At micromolar concentrations, wortmannin inhibits the activity of most PI kinases (33), resulting in a significant decrease of PIP2 content (33, 49). In rat hepatocytes, pretreatment with 10 μM wortmannin reduced resting PIP2 content by 25% and eliminated recovery from vasopressin-stimulated PIP2 metabolism (34). We found that addition of 10 μM wortmannin to the pipette solution containing 80 mM raffinose significantly inhibited the development of IKVol (Fig. 3A), reaching 252 ± 49 pA at 20 min of dialysis (Fig. 3B; n = 5, P < 0.05). Inclusion of 10 μM PIP2 in the pipette solution reduced the inhibitory effect of 10 μM wortmannin, resulting in 437 ± 32 pA of current at 20 min, not significantly different from the hypotonic control (Fig. 3B; n = 4).
Wortmannin at micromolar concentrations also blocks myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and PI3-kinase (35, 39). If the effect of 10 μM wortmannin reflected an involvement of MLCK rather than PI4-kinase, the MLCK inhibitor ML-7 should also attenuate the development of IKVol in a similar manner as wortmannin. This was not the case. ML-7 (10 μM) significantly stimulated the development of IKVol, reaching 715 ± 65 pA at 20 min (Fig. 3B). Despite this, 10 μM wortmannin still suppressed IKVol by 45% in the presence of ML-7 (data not shown). The pronounced inhibition of IKVol seen with 10 μM wortmannin thus does not appear to result from MLCK inhibition.
At submicromolar concentrations (e.g., 50 nM), wortmannin inhibits PI3- but not PI4-kinase (35). Micromolar LY-294002 also specifically blocks PI3-kinase activity (42). Pretreatment of rat hepatocytes (46) or human hepatoma cells (9) with either 50 nM wortmannin or 10 μM LY-294002 significantly inhibited PI3-kinase activity induced by hypotonic solutions. Inclusion of 50 nM wortmannin in the pipette solution significantly stimulated IKVol (Fig. 3A), so that at 20 min of dialysis, mean current at 0 mV reached 767 ± 73 pA (Fig. 3B). Similarly, dialysis with 10 μM LY-294002 accelerated IKVol development (919 ± 132 pA at 20 min; Fig. 3B) compared with the hypotonic control. These results confirm and extend those obtained using the intact liver in which net K+ efflux in response to hypotonic challenge was not affected by nanomolar wortmannin or LY-294002 (44). The combined results suggest that the decrease in IKVol in the presence of 10 μM wortmannin was primarily mediated by reducing PIP2 synthesis by inhibition of PI4-kinase, although additional nonspecific effects cannot be excluded.
PIP2 chelators do not inhibit IKVol.
Plasma membrane PIP2 can directly modulate many ion channels and transporters by an electrostatic interaction with these proteins (18). To further address the possibility that PIP2 regulates IKVol indirectly, as opposed to a direct electrostatic effect at the level of the swelling-activated K+ channel, we examined the effect on IKVol of internal application of the following polyvalent cation chelators of PIP2: neomycin (10 μM), AlCl3 (10 μM), or poly-l-lysine (30 μg/ml). All of these substances interfere with the electrostatic interaction of PIP2 and channels (6, 49). Neither AlCl3 nor neomycin significantly affected IKVol over a 30-min dialysis, reaching 550 ± 120 and 604 ± 123 pA, respectively, at 20 min (Fig. 4A; n = 6, P < 0.05). Surprisingly, poly-l-lysine significantly increased IKVol by about 2.5-fold to 1,258 ± 159 pA at 20 min (Fig. 4, A and B; n = 8, P < 0.05). Poly-l-lysine activates PLC in rat hepatocytes (14), raising the possibility that poly-l-lysine stimulates IKVol through PLC activation. To test this possibility, we added 10 μM U-73122 to the pipette solution containing poly-l-lysine. U-73122 significantly decreased poly-l-lysine-stimulated IKVol by 44% to 821 ± 81 pA at 20 min of dialysis (Fig. 4, A and B; n = 6, P < 0.05). These results suggest that PIP2 stimulation of IKVol does not occur through a direct electrostatic interaction with this channel; rather, this occurs through a process involving PIP2 metabolism.
PLC activation is required for IKVol.
Cellular hydrolysis of PIP2 is mainly carried out by PLC and PI3-kinase. Hepatocellular PLC is activated by cell swelling (32). We hypothesized that inhibition of the swelling-activated PLC and consequent inhibition of PIP2 metabolism should inhibit the development of IKVol in rat hepatocytes. To test this idea, we dialyzed cells with the PLC inhibitor U-73122 in the presence of 80 mM raffinose. U-73122 (10 μM) reduced the development of IKVol (Fig. 5A) to 154 ± 41 pA at 20 min of whole cell recording (Fig. 5B). Inclusion of 10 μM PIP2 in the pipette solution containing 10 μM U-73122 increased IKVol to 344 ± 80 pA, about 42% of the control (Fig. 5, A and B; n = 5, P < 0.05), suggesting that U-73122 reduced IKVol by inhibiting PIP2 metabolism and that the latter could be partially recovered by exogenously applied PIP2. Inhibition by U-73122 was specifically due to PLC blockade, because U-73343, a structural analog of U-73122 lacking PLC inhibitory activity, did not significantly affect IKVol (Fig. 5B). These results show that decreasing the rate of PIP2 hydrolysis catalyzed by PLC does not enhance but, rather, reduces IKVol, implying that PIP2 regulates IKVol through a PLC-dependent process.
Enhancement of PLC activity stimulates IK and IKVol.
To further test the proposal that increased PLC activity favors the development of IKVol, we assessed the effect of PLC-linked G protein activation, either directly or via the G protein-coupled α1-adrenergic receptor. Initially, we recorded the effects of G protein activators on resting K+ current (IK) under isotonic conditions. Intracellular application of the G protein substrate GTP (0.1 mM) blocked the decay of IK and induced a slowly developing outward current (Fig. 6A) that reached 465 ± 63 pA at 20 min of dialysis (Fig. 6C; n = 7, P < 0.01). This GTP-enhanced IK was inhibited by the intracellular application of 10 μM U-73122 (Fig. 6A), decreasing IK to 195 ± 39 pA at 20 min after initiation of whole cell recording (Fig. 6C; n = 4, P < 0.05), implying that PLC activation by G proteins mediates IK. Although GDP (0.1 mM) also significantly increased IK from basal to 144 ± 30 pA, this was significantly less than the response to the same concentration of GTP (Fig. 6C; n = 4, P < 0.05). We previously reported that the α1-adrenoceptor ligand phenylephrine stimulated K+ release from the isolated, perfused rat liver (19). To determine whether G protein-coupled receptor activation would further enhance PLC (and hence IK), we perfused 10 μM phenylephrine into the bath solution 0.5 min after whole cell configuration was established. Cells were dialyzed with GTP to provide a reservoir of G protein substrate. Phenylephrine further increased the GTP-induced IK to 774 ± 83 pA at 20 min of dialysis (Fig. 6C; n = 4, P < 0.05). Incubation of the cells with phentolamine (10 μM), an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, before phenylephrine inhibited the agonist-induced response by 70% (260 ± 33 pA at 20 min) (Fig. 6C; n = 7, P < 0.05), indicating that phenylephrine stimulated IK via its specific α1-adrenoceptor activity. Furthermore, the α1-adrenergic response was decreased to 421 ± 25 pA when the cells were dialyzed with U-73122 (Fig. 6C; n = 4, P < 0.05). These results suggest that PLC activation by G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors stimulates hepatocellular IK.
The effect of G protein-mediated PLC activation on IKVol was investigated in rat hepatocytes dialyzed with 80 mM raffinose. Intracellular application of GTP (0.1 mM) significantly enhanced the rate and extent of IKVol activation (Fig. 6B), reaching 885 ± 83 pA at 20 min of dialysis (Fig. 6C; n = 10, P < 0.05). Dialysis with the same concentration of GDP did not significantly affect the time course of IKVol development (559 ± 110 pA at 20 min) (Fig. 6C; n = 7, P < 0.05). In addition, GTP-stimulated IKVol was further increased to 1,197 ± 81 pA at 20 min by the intracellular application of AlF4− (0.1 mM) (Fig. 6C; n = 7, P < 0.05), which directly reacts with G proteins to increase enzyme activity (2). These results show that enhancement of G protein activity contributes to the development of IKVol in the rat hepatocyte. To assess whether PLC is involved in GTP-activated IKVol, we included U-73122 in the pipette solution containing GTP. U-73122 decreased the GTP-activated IKVol to control levels (560 ± 68 pA at 20 min of dialysis) (Fig. 6, B and C; n = 6). These results indicate that enhancement of PLC activity by G proteins contributes to IKVol in rat hepatocytes.
DAG-dependent PKC is involved in IK and IKVol activation.
PLC hydrolyzes PIP2 to DAG and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Earlier observations in our laboratory (27) showed that increased cytosolic Ca2+ is not involved in IKVol, suggesting that IP3 does not play a major role in channel activation. DAG activates PKC and hence may activate IK and IKVol via generation of downstream products of PLC activity. Because DAG can alter the gating of some cation channels, including KCNQ1 (23), we dialyzed rat hepatocytes with the water-soluble DAG analog OAG to determine whether DAG stimulates IK and IKVol. OAG (10 μM) increased IK to 459 ± 70 pA at 20 min (Fig. 7; n = 5, P < 0.01), indicating that OAG can activate KCNQ1-like channels in the rat hepatocytes. To test the possibility that OAG directly associates with and activates the channel, we dialyzed hepatocytes in the isotonic bath solution with OAG in the absence of ATP to eliminate any residual kinase activity. Under these conditions, outward current at 20 min (98 ± 13 pA) was significantly lower than that recorded in the presence of OAG and ATP (Fig. 7; n = 4, P < 0.01). These results suggest that OAG activates IK in an ATP-dependent process that does not involve direct association of OAG with the channel. To determine whether the stimulatory effect of OAG on IK was due to the activation of PKC, we pretreated cells with GF 109203X, a highly selective inhibitor of multiple PKC subtypes (40). The addition of GF 109203X (2 μM) to the bath solution inhibited the OAG-induced increase in IK (139 ± 26 pA; Fig. 7; n = 4, P < 0.05). These results suggest that the OAG stimulation of IK may be a consequence of PKC activation.
In contrast to IK, neither 10 nor 50 μM OAG significantly affected IKVol induced by 80 mM raffinose (420 ± 33 or 594 ± 84 pA, respectively, at 20 min; Fig. 7; n = 6 and 5). This raised the possibility that cell swelling induced with 80 mM raffinose is associated with significant, perhaps saturating, endogenous DAG synthetic activity so that exogenous activators have no additional effect. To test this proposal, we applied 20 mM raffinose, rather than 80 mM, to decrease the level of cell swelling. At 20 mM, raffinose increased IKVol to 340 ± 77 at 20 min of dialysis, or 70% of the response to 80 mM raffinose (Fig. 7; n = 4, P < 0.05). OAG further increased the 20 mM raffinose-induced IKVol to 525 ± 20 pA at 20 min of dialysis (Fig. 7; n = 4, P < 0.05).
AA, a product of DAG lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of DAG, is involved in the activation of Drosophila light-sensitive transient receptor potential channels (5). To establish whether DAG activates the hepatocellular IKVol in a similar process, we added 10 μM AA to pipette solutions containing 80 mM raffinose. IKVol induced by either 80 (Fig. 7; n = 5, P < 0.05) or 20 mM raffinose (data not shown) was not significantly affected by AA, indicating that AA is not necessary for IKVol development in rat hepatocytes.
Involvement of PKC in the OAG-induced stimulation of IK and IKVol was further evaluated with an activator and an inhibitor of PKC. Intracellular application of the PKC activator PMA (10 μM) slowly activated IK with a time course mimicking that observed with OAG. Pretreating the hepatocytes for at least 20 min with GF 109203X (2 μM) significantly inhibited the PMA response (Fig. 8A). PMA-stimulated IK (421 ± 70 pA at 20 min; n = 4, P < 0.01 compared with isotonic control) was decreased to 105 ± 19 pA at 20 min (n = 4, P < 0.05) in GF 109203X treated cells (Fig. 8C). PKC is activated and transferred from the cytosol to the plasma membrane by cell swelling and metabolic stress in hepatoma cells and a cholangiocarcinoma line (37, 45). To test whether PKC mediates cell swelling-induced IKVol, we included 10 μM PMA in the pipette solution with 80 mM raffinose. This acute exposure to PMA did not significantly affect IKVol (502 ± 27 pA at 20 min; Fig. 8C; n = 6), similar to the observations by Grunnet et al. (13) in Xenopus oocytes.
PKC is activated by acute exposure to micromolar concentrations of PMA, whereas longer exposures (18 h) inactivate the kinase (37). Furthermore, chronic exposure to PMA decreased cell swelling- and metabolic stress-induced PKC translocation in hepatoma and cholangiocarcinoma cells (37, 45). We used this method to confirm the involvement of PKC in IKVol development in rat hepatocytes. Cells were pretreated with PMA (0.1 μM) or its vehicle, DMSO, for at least 18 h before whole cell recording. Pretreatment of cells with PMA did not have any significant effect on IK (data not shown). In contrast, PMA significantly attenuated IKVol (Fig. 8B), attaining only 45% (221 ± 42 pA; Fig. 8C; n = 8, P < 0.05) of the control amplitude at 20 min of dialysis. Exposure to GF 109203X had a similar inhibitory effect on IKVol as the 18-h PMA incubation, with mean current reaching 252 ± 31 pA at 20 min (Fig. 8C; n = 4, P < 0.05 relative to hypotonic control). These data show that PKC plays an important role in the development of IKVol.
IKvol development involves cytoskeleton and PKC.
As shown earlier, IKVol in rat hepatocytes develops slowly over minutes of dialysis with 80 mM raffinose, suggesting that channel recruitment to the plasma membrane occurs in response to an as yet only partially defined series of events. To investigate whether the rat hepatocyte IKVol involves a vesicular-to-plasma membrane flux of membrane constituents containing K+ channels, we measured outward K+ current at 0 mV (Fig. 9A) and cell capacitance as a monitor of plasma membrane area (Fig. 9B). Pooled data from these experiments at 20 min of dialysis are illustrated in Fig. 9C. Under isotonic conditions membrane capacitance slowly declined about 4 pF over 20 min from 23 ± 0.9 to 18 ± 1.6 pF (Fig. 9B). Conversely, membrane capacitance did not significantly change from 25 ± 0.6 pF over 20 min of dialysis with 80 mM raffinose. Thus hypotonic conditions caused a 4-pF increase in cell capacitance relative to isotonic solutions.
PKC is involved in the recruitment of a volume-sensitive vesicular pool to a readily releasable state in a human cholangiocarcinoma cell line (11), and Ca2+-independent PKC isoforms mediate trafficking of the bile salt export protein to the canalicular membrane in HepG2 cells and rat hepatocytes (24). Stimulation of PKC activity by acute exposure to 10 μM PMA did not significantly affect capacitance (25 ± 0.8 pF at 20 min; Fig. 9C; n = 6), similar to the observations by Gatof et al. (11) in cholangiocytes. However, both chronic exposure to 0.1 μM PMA and perfusion with GF 109203X reduced raffinose-induced capacitance and current increase (PMA, 22 ± 0.5 and 221 ± 42 pA; GF 109203X, 22 ± 0.8 and 252 ± 31 pA at 20 min; Fig. 9C; P < 0.05 relative to hypotonic control), indicating that PKC is involved in channel recruitment.
Grunnet et al. (13) reported that activation of KCNQ1 by hypotonic solutions was inhibited by the microfilament polymerization blocker cytochalasin D. Pretreatment of the cultured cells with cytochalasin D (2 μM) for 2–6 h significantly depressed IKVol (Fig. 9A) to a mean current of 251 ± 49 pA at 20 min (Fig. 9C; n = 4, P < 0.05). Cytochalasin D also blocked the raffinose-induced capacitance increase (Fig. 9B), reaching 21 ± 0.7 pF at 20 min (Fig. 9C), which was not significantly different from isotonic conditions. Acute exposure of hepatocytes to 10 μM PMA did not rescue the cells from the inhibitory effects of cytochalasin D (22 ± 0.6 and 241 ± 56 pA at 20 min; Fig. 9C). These results suggest that the swelling-induced development of IKVol involves an F-actin-dependent recruitment process in addition to PKC-dependent activation.
The present study identified PIP2 as a second messenger in the intracellular pathway leading to the activation of KCNQ1-like currents by cell swelling in short-term cultured rat hepatocytes. Our results suggest that PIP2 (maintained through PI kinase synthetic activities) hydrolysis mediated by PLC sustains the PKC activity requisite for the development of IKVol (Fig. 10). This conclusion is based on the observations that stimulation of PLC and PKC activities increased the amplitude and rate of development of IKVol, whereas manipulations that would depress PLC and/or PKC inhibited IKVol. Additional results from membrane capacitance measurement and whole organ K+ flux studies indicate that cytoskeletal reorganization, potentially mediating a channel recruitment process, is requisite for PKC activation of hepatocellular IKVol and that KCNQ1 contributes significantly to this K+ flux in the intact liver.
PIP2 is necessary for IKVol.
PIP2 is reported to either stimulate human KCNQ1 when heterologously expressed (15, 30, 36, 49) or inhibit KCNQ1-like currents in guinea pig atrial myocytes (6). The present results demonstrate that an increase in cellular PIP2 concentration stimulates both resting and swelling-activated KCNQ1-like K+ currents in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Specifically, procedures designed to increase intracellular PIP2 increased both IK and IKVol (dialysis with PIP2 or inhibitors of lipid phosphatases or PI3-kinase) (Figs. 2 and 3), whereas conditions that decrease cellular PIP2 synthesis (inhibition of PI4-kinase) decreased IKVol (Fig. 3). PI4-kinase-mediated PIP2 synthesis is reported to be necessary for KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 activities (39, 49), in addition to other cation channels and transporters (18). Supporting the proposal that PIP2 synthesis is also required for hepatocellular IKVol activation, we showed that these currents are blocked by micromolar but not nanomolar concentrations of wortmannin (Fig. 3). A 15-min exposure of intact rat hepatocytes to 10 μM wortmannin depresses steady-state plasma membrane PIP2 by ∼35% (34). The inhibitory effects of micromolar wortmannin on IKVol do not reflect inhibition of PI3-kinase or MLCK, because blockers of these enzymes, LY-294002, 50 nM wortmannin, or ML-7, did not mimic the effect of 10 μM wortmannin (Fig. 3). In addition, inhibition of IKVol by 10 μM wortmannin was attenuated by intracellular application of PIP2 (Fig. 3). The combined results suggest that PI4-kinase-catalyzed PIP2 synthesis supports the development of IKVol. An explanation for the noted difference in PIP2 effects on KCNQ1 in hepatocytes and multiple heterologous expression systems compared with guinea pig atrial myocytes (6) may reside in a species and/or cell type in which the channel is expressed.
PIP2 activates IKVol indirectly through a PLC-sensitive process.
Because PIP2 can be hydrolyzed by PLC, IKVol activation by PIP2 may occur through either a direct electrostatic interaction with the hepatocellular KCNQ-like protein or a product of its hydrolysis by PLC. Our results (Fig. 4) show that IKVol was not inhibited by molecules (neomycin, AlCl3, poly-l-lysine) that interfere with the electrostatic interaction of PIP2 with KCNQ/KCNE channels (6, 49). Furthermore, plasma membrane PIP2 concentration was not significantly affected by G protein-coupled receptor-linked PLC activity in both rat hepatocytes due to the resynthesis of PIP2 by PI4-kinase (34) or tobacco pollen cells exposed to hypotonic solutions (50). Therefore, it seems unlikely that PIP2, at least as a signaling molecule, plays a direct role in the activation of IKVol. It is noted that these experiments do not exclude the possibility that PIP2 may be tightly bound to the IKVol channels, making them insensitive to both PIP2 chelation during whole cell recording and PIP2 concentration fluctuations in vivo.
Hypotonic swelling of rat hepatoma cells is associated with U-73122-sensitive PLC activation (32). We found that U-73122, but not its inactive isomer U-73343, inhibited IKVol development in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes (Fig. 5). In addition, U-73122 inhibited both PIP2-stimulated resting and swelling-induced K+ currents (Fig. 5). These results imply that a threshold concentration of PIP2 is required to sustain PLC activity to activate KCNQ1-like channels. Supporting the proposal, GTP stimulated the rate and extent of IKVol development; this was enhanced with AlF4−, and these activities were attenuated by U-73122 (Fig. 6). In resting cells, a slowly developing K+ current similar to IKVol was activated by dialysis with 0.1 mM GTP or the PLC-coupled adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (Fig. 6), supporting our hypothesis that this conductance appears in response to conditions that stimulate PLC activity.
PIP2 stimulates hepatocellular K+ currents through a PKC-dependent process.
Activation of PLC results in accumulation of IP3 and the PKC activator DAG in rat hepatocytes. IP3 (and increased cytosolic Ca2+) is not responsible for RVD-induced K+ flux in the perfused rat liver (43) or activating IKVol in isolated rat hepatocytes (27). Although DAG can be generated by PLA2, this pathway is not likely involved in IKVol development, because inhibition of this phospholipase does not affect RVD-induced K+ efflux from the perfused rat liver (43). AA and other DAG metabolites also are not involved in activating IKVol in rat hepatocytes or RVD-induced K+ flux in the perfused rat liver (43). Several of our observations support an important role for PKC in the process of K+ current activation in rat hepatocytes. First, the DAG analog OAG stimulated K+ currents in isotonically bathed cells (IK) in an ATP-dependent and PKC inhibitor-sensitive manner and enhanced IKVol induced by weakly hypotonic solutions (Fig. 7). Second, acute exposure to the PKC activator PMA activated IK, and activation was inhibited by pretreatment with GF 109203X (Fig. 8). And last, long-term treatment of cells with PMA to downregulate endogenous PKC activity and GF 109203X attenuated hypotonically induced IKVol (Fig. 8). This PKC is likely to be a Ca2+-insensitive subtype, because human cardiac KCNQ1 was activated by Ca2+-insensitive PKC (48), and the development of IKVol in rat hepatocytes (27) and RVD-induced K+ flux in rat liver (43) are Ca2+ independent.
The events underlying PKC induction of hepatocellular IKVol may include either a direct activation via channel phosphorylation or indirect activation by way of F-actin disassembly and recruitment of channels to the plasma membrane. Supporting the first possibility, KCNQ1 can be directly activated by PKC protein, because KCNQ1 has conserved PKC phosphorylation sites in its COOH terminus (23, 41), OAG stimulates human KCNQ1/KCNE1 (23), and PMA activated the resting IK in the present study (Fig. 8). Nevertheless, changes in the structure of the F-actin cytoskeleton are a prerequisite for swelling-induced ion channel activity (1, 7, 8, 13), probably through a process of vesicle-mediated insertion and retrieval of proteins (7). This process is enhanced by PMA (11) and impaired by mutation of PKC activity (16), implying that PKC is a critical regulatory element for efficient cytoskeleton-mediated membrane protein sorting. Our results further suggest that PKC-induced IKVol activation is dependent on recruitment of channels to the plasma membrane, because PMA was unable to eliminate the inhibitory effect of cytochalasin D on the development of IKVol and the swelling-induced membrane capacitance increase (Fig. 9).
Physiological implications.
Several types of K+ channels have been proposed as the molecular entities mediating the swelling-activated K+ current associated with RVD in different tissue, and work in our laboratory recently identified KCNQ1 as a significant participant of this current in isolated rat hepatocytes (27). In the present study, we extended earlier results by demonstrating that KCNQ1 channels provide a significant fraction of the K+ flux associated with RVD in the intact perfused rat liver (Fig. 1). To our knowledge, this is the first report that provides evidence for the role of KCNQ1 in RVD-induced K+ flux in vivo. RVD and whole organ K+ flux have been correlated with an increase in bile flow and bile acid excretion (4). RVD dysfunction induced by K+ flux disruption is associated with cholestasis (4), toxin-induced hepatocellular injury (45), and ischemia related to hypoperfusion or organ preservation (22). We speculate that disturbance of the normal development of the hepatocellular volume-regulated K+ current may play a fundamental role in the pathophysiological consequences of liver dysfunction.
In summary, we have presented functional evidence for KCNQ1-like channels as significant contributors to RVD-induced K+ efflux in the intact perfused rat liver. Pharmacological and electrophysiological evidence reported supports the view that PIP2 indirectly mediates the development of hepatocellular IKVol through a PKC-dependent process and that PKC stimulation of IKVol requires cytoskeletal rearrangement resulting in increased numbers of functional K+ channels in the plasma membrane (Fig. 10). Recent evidence demonstrates that the normal trafficking to the plasma membrane of KCNQ1 is disrupted in channels bearing mutations associated with disease in nonhepatic tissue (47). The molecular identification of KCNQ1/KCNE3 in rat and human liver (27) and characterization of the signaling pathways involved in IKVol activation reported should permit discovery of ways in which to manipulate channel activity and ameliorate specific liver dysfunctions.
This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) (to C. E. Hill). A CIHR Training Grant in Digestive Sciences partially supported W. Z. Lan and P. Y. T. Wang. P. Y. T. Wang was the recipient of an NSERC Postgraduate Scholarship.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2006 the American Physiological Society


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Thread: onstat -p (generic pages)
02-03-06, 12:57 #1Registered User
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Unanswered: onstat -p (generic pages)
Hi All,
I dont understand one part of "onstat -p" command output.
In the concrete it is third line wit gp_* informations.
I know that these information are about generic pages and generic
pages are nonstandard pages in buffer pool.
But I dont know what is mentioned by "nonstandard pages".
Can someone explain me this?
Thanks lot


text: "With all this f**king trendy, s**ty music you hear now, you can be 10 minutes into it and you still don't know what the f**king song is about. You know within seconds of good country music... 'Oh, I see. He's going to go to the bar and then shoots his wife.' I prefer songs like those." Adele is a closet country music fan.


text:
We're growing accustomed to Twitter's launch of different sets of stickers and emoji to mark special occasions. They're awesome! National Dog Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas… And now? The New Year!
Want to give 2016 the fitting sendoff it deserves? Celebrate the arrival of 2017 with some awesome New Year Stickers (yes, searchable hashtags) and a hashtag-triggered emoji. Check out the New Year Stickers from within your Twitter app, and with everyone #HappyNewYear! As you probably guessed, that hashtag triggers an emoji. ;-)
Fireworks! Boom!
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— Twitter (@twitter) December 28, 2016
Check out the New Year's Eve #sticker. We think it's great! Nothing like a little #Liberty to bring in the New Year. pic.twitter.com/285tCjeBaX
— Statue of Liberty NM (@StatueEllisNPS) December 28, 2016
[wysija_form id="5″]


text:
On the river
Taking it easy on the polished wooden floors of Paneman, a 27-metre long vessel that runs on biodiesel made from discarded cooking oil
Floating vessels were on the agenda yesterday when I ventured out into the roasting afternoon sun to visit some boats that ply their trade on the Mekong and Tonle Sap Rivers. It was an inspection visit on behalf of my company to see a range of different options for our clients. There are lots more to see - as any visit to the riverside in Phnom Penh will testify - but 4 boats in an hour and a half was enough for me as my shirt was drenched in sweat and I needed an ice-cold bottle of water to cool myself down. Most of the boats are foreign-owned, my personal preference is for the wooden-bodied boats and it was good to see that at least two of them were innovative enough to utilize solar-power, which is in plentiful supply in hot and humid Phnom Penh. The boats I visited were Paneman, Mystic, Satra and Regina. There were a stack of boats moored nearby including some of the biggest vessels that ply these waters, the Toum Teav and Pandaw.The Mystic provides riverbound dining and a chance to unwind along the waterways in front of the capital
The two decks of the wooden Satra which can be chartered for trips to Siem Reap and along the Mekong River
The Regina is the bigger sister of the Satra with bunk-style bedrooms aboard and lots of space on top


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AAP Walks the Free Water Talk of 667 litres
By Express News Service | Published: 31st December 2013 08:10 AM |
Last Updated: 31st December 2013 08:10 AM | A+A A- |
Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) convenor and Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal was conspicuous by his absence on the first day at office after taking charge, but he more than made up for it by delivering on the first promise made by the AAP to provide 700 litres of water per household per day free. Kejriwal, who is ailing and on intravenous fluids, convened a meeting of the Delhi Jal Board at his residence in suburb Kaushambi, and made a decision in this regard.
Kejriwal, who did not attend office at the Delhi Secretariat, made up for it by holding back-to-back meetings at his residence. On his illness, Kejriwal tweeted, "It was so important to attend office today. We had planned the water announcement. God bahut galat time par bimaar kiya (I have fallen ill at the wrong time.)"
Soon after the meeting, Jal Board CEO Vijay Kumar announced that people having working meters in their residence will get 20,000 litres of water free-of-cost per month. In other words, each house will get almost 667 litres of free water each day. Households that use more than 20,000 litres would have to pay the bill in full. The bill would include all charges like water cess, sewerage services charge etc. Kumar announced that the new scheme would be implemented in the national capital starting January 1, and the decision has been made for a period of three months till March 31.
Congress party spokesperson Sandeep Dikshit said even now the subsidy for 20,000 litres of water supply is 90 per cent. The issue is not providing 700 litres of water free, the issue is to provide water to everybody, he said. The AAP has said in its announcement earlier that more than 50 per cent of Delhiites do not get water, and hence their priority should be to provide water to these people.
Meanwhile, in one of the highest such compensations, Kejriwal granted Rs.1 crore financial assistance to the family of a Delhi Police constable who was allegedly beaten to death by suspected liquor mafia in South Delhi. Kejriwal said the government will provide all possible help to the family beside the compensation.


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George Carlin has died. As reminder of how great he was, here's one compilation of somebody's choice of 101 best Carlin quotes.
Just think: he said at least 101 things this smart and funny. That's about 100 more than the average person manages in a lifetime. And this is only scraping the surface of the greatness that was Carlin.
Tuesday, June 24, 2008
The king is dead
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