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Breaking News
- Emirates Airline Dubai Jazz Festival celebrates 15th Anniversary by announcing Enrique Iglesias to Headline 24th February Night.
- Limited early bird tickets available exclusively from www.ticketmaster.ae.
Dubai, UAE – 29 November, 2016: Emirates Airline Dubai Jazz Festival reveals that award-winning singer, songwriter and record producer Enrique Iglesias is the headline act for the third day of the 15th anniversary festival. Taking place at the Dubai Media City Amphitheatre between 22nd and 24th February, the annual musical extravaganza continues to be one of the most anticipated events in Dubai's calendar and promises to elevate audience experiences on its 2017 edition with an exciting line-up of entertainment and offerings. Tickets will be available from 12:00pm on November 29th with a limited early bird offer exclusively from www.ticketmaster.ae.
Undeniably the biggest Latin recording artist in music history, Enrique Iglesias has sold more than 130 million albums worldwide, released ten studio albums plus two greatest hits compilations, and is a multiplatinum artist in almost every country around the world. Enrique's illustrious career has earned him 27 #1 singles on the Billboard Latin Songs Chart as well as having multiple #1's across the Billboard charts with a combined total of 105 #1 charted positions. He holds the record for most weeks at #1 on Billboard's Hot Latin Songs chart with his hit "Bailando" at 42 weeks, and the music video has gained over one billion views on YouTube. Enrique's 14th #1 Dance Club Song, "Tonight (I'm Loving You)," made him the king of the chart beating out Michael Jackson for the most #1's in Billboard history.
Since 2011, Enrique sold out arenas in 109 major cities around the world spanning across five continents selling over two million tickets and landed the "Euphoria Tour" the #1 tour, twice, on Billboard's Hot Tours list. Enrique has been celebrated with just about every award an artist can receive including multiple Grammy's for his recordings, Billboard awards for sales, and ASCAP honours for writing. With such a list of accolades under his belt, he is set to take over the stage to wow audiences in what will surely be a stimulating performance.
"Enrique Iglesias is without a doubt the biggest Latin recording artist in music history. Being a charismatic singer, his appeal to fans of all ages makes him a perfect fit for our 15th anniversary celebration. Last year's edition proved to be one of the greatest in our history. This year, we are working hard to surpass audience's expectations and are eager to announce the rest of the talents in the coming weeks," shared Anthony Younes, CEO of Chillout Productions, Founders and Organisers of the Dubai Jazz Festival.
For more information about Enrique Iglesias, visit his Facebook, Twitter and Instagram pages @EnriqueIglesias.
Tickets are available from 12:00pm on November 29th exclusively from www.ticketmaster.ae with limited early bird offer. Early bird prices are at AED 335 for Regular and AED 675 for Golden Circle. Standard prices are at:
VIP Deck AED 1,595
Fan Pit AED 995
Golden Circle AED 795
Regular AED 395
With previous artists including the likes of Santana, Sting, John Legend, The Script, Deep Purple, Jason Mraz, Jamie Cullum, James Morrison, James Blunt, Christina Perri and more, Emirates Airline Dubai Jazz Festival has been one of Dubai's staples for outstanding performances. It is also the most recognised music event in the UAE and the region receiving more than 20 awards and nominations since its launch in 2003. The festival is set to announce more artists soon. To stay updated, visit http://www.dubaijazzfest.com/ or join the ongoing social media conversation via Facebook, Twitter and Instagram @DubaiJazzFest.
Dubai Jazz Fest


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Yoga Alliance® is the largest nonprofit association representing the yoga community. Almaden Yoga is now part of their growing registered yoga school. We have been approved by Yoga Alliance.
At the end of the 200 hour training you will receive a Yoga Alliance certification.
To receive the 200-Hour certification you will need to complete the following:
- Register and pay the fee by July 1st
- Complete all home assignments
- Read all required books
- Sequence and teach a full 75 minute class as your final
- Pass two written tests
- Observe any of the Almaden Yoga teachers for 3 classes
- Regular practice of at least 3 times a week
- You will be allowed to miss one weekend due to prior plans or emergencies. If any session is missed you will have to spend time with the respective teachers to make up for the lost hours.

subset: commoncrawl


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BBVA, Spain's second-biggest bank, reported on Wednesday a 17.4-percent drop in quarterly net profit as provisions for bad loans weighed on results.
Net profits in the July-September third quarter reached 1.14 billion euros (1.58 billion dollars) compared to 1.38 billion euros at the same time last year, it said in a regulatory filing.
Analysts polled by Dow Jones Newswires had forecast net income of 1.16 billion euros.
During the first nine months of the year BBVA posted a net profit of 3.67 billion euros, a 12.2-percent drop over the outcome at the same time last year.
The bank booked provisions, or a precautionary reserve for loans turning sour, during the third quarter of 233 million euros, although this was less than 260 million euros in the previous quarter.
Bad loans as a proportion of total lending dipped to 4.1 percent in the third quarter from 4.2 percent in the previous quarter and 4.3 percent during the first three months of the year.
BBVA is struggling with an economic downturn in Spain, brought about by a collapse of the country's once booming property market which has led many developers and homeowners struggling to meet their loan payments.
The International Monetary Fund forecasts that the Spanish economy, the fifth biggest in Europe, will contracted by 0.3 percent this year and grow by just 0.7 percent in 2011.


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MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ +16 years-old ] In a world ravaged by a virus infection, turning its victims into the Undead, Alice continues on her journey to find survivors and lead them to safety. Her deadly battle with the Umbrella Corporation reaches new heights, but Alice gets some unexpected help from an old friend ; A new lead that promises a safe haven from the zombies that leads them to Los Angeles ; but upon arrival, the city finds populated by hordes of undead, and Alice and her comrades are one step away from a deadly trap. You can watch Resident Evil 4: Ultratumba online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in English at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2010.
Rating: 5 by 220 users./
Runtime: 97 minutes
Milla Jovovich, Ali Larter, Wentworth Miller, Spencer Locke, Boris Kodjoe, Kim Coates, Shawn Roberts, Sienna Guillory, Kacey Barnfield and Norman Yeung.
Terror, Action, Science fiction.
97-minute film (full movie) directed by Paul W.S. Anderson.
The original audio of Resident Evil 4: Ultratumba has dialogues in Dolby Digital, it was produced in Canada.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2010.
Screenplay written by Paul W.S. Anderson.
Glen MacPherson.
This film was produced and / or financed by Coproducción Canadá-EEUU-Reino Unido; Sony Pictures.
Composed by tomandandy.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie Resident Evil 4: Ultratumba has a duration of 97 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in EnglishDolby Digital in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, Resident Evil 4: Ultratumba in FULLTV Movies.


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Arthurdale West Virginia in Preston county.
Arthurdale, West Virginia is located in Preston county within the zipcode 26520. With a total of 0 golf courses in Arthurdale, it lies at an elevation of 1863 feet above sea level. The current date and time in Arthurdale West Virginia is November 20, 2017, 4:48 pm. Add a course for free by clicking here or contact us here.


text: Hi, A while ago I found this on nintendo's netherland's website: http://translate.goo...69.html&act=url It says that, (at least netherland), will get this lenitcular game box case if they pre order the game. From what I read, it seems it's similar to OoT, where owners got another golden box if they pre ordered. Just wondering if anyone knew if it'd be released elsewhere and if limited edition buyers would get this too? If not, then theres some nice news for some people!


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The Penguins Thursday night proved they're a dangerous team even without Sidney Crosby.
Evgeni Malkin scored a beautiful goal 7:10 into the third period to extend a one-goal lead and sealed it with an empty-netter as Pittsburgh beat the Rangers, 4-1, at Madison Square Garden.
It was the fourth straight win for the Penguins, who still are without Crosby and Jordan Staal but have plenty of impressive players, including key defenseman Kris Letang, who returned after a 21-game absence. Letang picked up his 17th assist on Malkin's first goal, which gave the Penguins a 3-1 lead.
Malkin, who is the league's leading scorer with 54 points, has scored seven goals in the last four games. His first came when he skated around a sliding Michael Del Zotto and roofed a backhander while cutting in front of Henrik Lundqvist (32 saves).
Former Islander Richard Park gave the Penguins a 2-1 lead at 2:23 of the third period when he converted a three-on-one rush from the left side while Marc Staal pinched with three forwards deep. "I was going down when they were coming up," Staal said. "It was the wrong move. I was feeling pretty good tonight; it was a mental mistake."
Staal played a season-high 26:02 as coach John Tortorella limited rookie defenseman Stu Bickel to 5:19 and Anton Stralman to 11:59.
So the next stop for the up-and-down Rangers (29-12-4), who have 62 points but have lost three of their last five, is Boston for a matinee Saturday. The Bruins (61 points) beat the Devils, 4-1, Thursday night.
The Rangers' power play, ranked 24th in the NHL, continues to struggle. It went 0-for-2 Thursday night and is 0-for-14 and 1-for-27. Before the game, Tortorella called it a "double-edged sword" because some goals five-on-four might help some players who are slumping. On the other hand, not generating anything on the power play is debilitating in close games.
With the Penguins leading 1-0 in the second period, Lundqvist refused to bite on a deke and denied Craig Adams alone on the doorstep, and Carl Hagelin tied the score shortly thereafter.
Ryan McDonagh fed Marian Gaborik along the right side of the neutral zone and the winger flipped a backhanded cross-ice pass to Hagelin, who was streaking toward the left faceoff circle. The Swedish speedster drove in on Marc-Andre Fleury (30 saves) and his wrister squeezed between Fleury's pads at 10:06.
Hagelin had three assists in the previous five games, but it was his first goal since Dec. 30. It was Gaborik's third assist in the last three games as that line, with Derek Stepan, has been a factor in January.
The Penguins dominated early (they had eight shots on goal before the Rangers got their first one) and took a 1-0 lead at 3:16 of the first. Paul Martin's shot rebounded in front to Chris Kunitz, whose rising shot hit the water bottle under the crossbar.
"It's not the start we wanted to have," Ryan Callahan said. "We didn't find a way to sustain any pressure. We didn't get the dumps we needed to; they got the puck out of the zone pretty easy. Throughout the year, we've responded after losses, and we have to make sure we do the same going into Boston."


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Let's do this! This is: Android Battle!
"It's like I'm paranoid lookin' over my back
It's like a whirlwind inside of my head
It's like I can't stop what I'm hearing within
It's like the face inside is right beneath my skin"
"Isn't today a beautiful day?" A black haired, black eyed girl in a yellow and red apron along with blue pants and a key on her back walks outside and sees the sun shining.
"A wonderful Saturday, isn't it, Nano?" An orange haired eight year old girl in a lab coat and blue eyes named Hakase says to Nano.
"I am so excited! Today is Friday, and I am going to hang out with my friends today after school today. Don't worry, Hakase. I will play with you tomorrow."
"Okay, you have fun now!" Hakase says happily.
Nano looks at her watch and sees that it is 8:25.
"I'm going to be late if I don't hurry!" Nano quickly says as she runs off.
"See ya!" Hakase says. "I feel so dirty. I think I am going to take a nice warm bath." Hakase heads into their house and closes the door. "Today is going to be nice."
Location: Area 51, California…
"Are the observations complete?" An observer says to his partner.
"He is acting strange when he hears a certain name. I am not sure why." The scientist says.
"What is the name?" The observer says.
"The name is… Nano Shinonome." The scientist says softly.
A man in a test tube with spiky black hair, red markings on his body, dark red eyes, and a key on his back starts screaming. "NANO!"
"Calm him down!" The observer commands franticly.
"Right on it." The scientist starts typing on the computer and soon the man calms down.
"What is this prototype's name?" The observer asks.
"The robot's name is Gekido: Test Subject number 100." The scientist says.
"Why do you call him that, Dr. Kashaku?" The observer asks.
"The reason is because he always is angry. I cannot find any traces of emotions. Gekido is Japanese for saying Rage. It is a simple name, but it's not like this one will last." Dr. Kashaku explains.
"Oh really now? Want to watch me?" Gekido says in anger.
He smashes the giant test tube he is in. Alarms go off and he starts slowly walking towards the scientists. Guards come in and start shooting at him, but he just deflects them with his wrists. He shoots a rocket at them and the soldiers get destroyed. He laughs and continues walking towards the scientists.
"Uhh, Dr. Kashaku? What was his directive?" The observer asks afraid.
He starts to sweat. "The prototype's directive was to be the best war machine. I think it worked." Dr. Kashaku says in a panic.
Gekido turns his hands into flamethrowers and starts burning the Laboratory to dust.
"I swear, I will find Nano Shinonome. Even if it kills me!" Gekido screams.
He turns his guns into machine guns. He already destroyed the observer.
"You're next, doc!" Gekido says as he points the machine guns at Kashaku. The doctor pushes a button on the wall which activates an emergency escape pod. Gekido looks up as he gets away.
"I could chase after him, but he's not the one I want." Gekido activates his rockets in his feet which elevates him up in the air.
"Where is she located?" He asks. He scans the area.
"Japan? It's quite away, but I will stop at nothing to destroy her!" Gekido flies away, but turns around for a moment.
"Oh yea, I almost forgot their present." He shoots a bomb at the base and it blows up the base. The flies away and heads towards Japan.
"I'm coming, Nano!" He screams.
Please review! One more thing, if you were wondering what the quote at the beginning is for, then just follow along and see if you can tell a pattern.


text: JR, A Gen4 G23 Frame mated with a Gen3 G38 Slide = paperweight or can I effectively get a Gen4 G38 out of it with proper parts exchange? (I guess this question could apply across the board for Gen4 frames used with Gen3 slides) Depending on your answer I would either buy a Gen3 for its slide OR more likely just buy a whole new top end. It appears from your previous posts that I will also have to have to replace the ejector with a short/bent for the GAP round. Of course I will pick up the correct magazines too. Thanks in advance JR. Drew.


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- Search CSN:
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Oct 15, 2009 - 9:53 pm
Hi pink ladies, I just did my fourth and final adriamycin/cytoxan cocktail today. In two weeks I start 12 weekly rounds of taxol. Any word on this one?? After the taxol I will undergo a bilateral mastectomy, lymph nodes, radiation, then reconstruction. The adriamycin/cytoxan has shrunk the tumor some (5.5 to start) the pet ct will tell more in two weeks. I have had some pretty bad side effects from the adr/cyt mix and the neulasta shot but not throwing up so that's a plus, really curious to hear how taxol has effected others....
Oct 15, 2009 - 10:42 pm
I also did 4 rounds of adriamycin/cytoxan and for the most part, taxol was easier. I had no stomach/intestine issues at all and felt better much faster. It does have some other side effects that A/C doesn't. I had terrible joint and muscle pain that started two days after the treatments and would last about a day and a half. Advil helped a little, but not completly. Some people say that Claritin (the allergy medicine) helps - it didn't help me, but other people swear by it.
Taxol also can cause neuropathy in your fingers and toes. Some people don't get this so I'll keep a good thought for you. My finger tips and toes are slightly numb most of the time and tingle too. I'm told this will also go away in time but it might be a while.
I didnt' lose any more hair and some people actually see their hair start to grow back during taxol. My eyelashes and eyebrows started to fall out around the last treatement (3 weeks ago) but I haven't lost them all yet.
Taxol has a higher rate of adverse reactions at the time of the infusion so sometimes you end up with extra steroids to take. Those have all their own side effects but you might not see that because I did dose dense (4 treatments every two weeks) and you will get a lower dose over a longer time which should help with the side effects. Maybe someone who did Taxol over a longer time will help with that answer.
You're finished with the harder chemo of the treatment and this should go easier. Hang in there! You're doing great!
Oct 16, 2009 - 8:30 am
I am also in the same treatment. I finished my A/C a week ago Thursday. It was the hardest ever. I too am curious about Taxol. Thanks for the post and good luck.
Oct 16, 2009 - 10:49 am
Hi Kari,
Oct 16, 2009 - 10:55 am
I was on weekly taxol/herceptin for 12 weeks ... and for those of you who have been on A/C or any of that tougher stuff ... the taxol will be much, much easier. Sure ... I had side effects ... but they were all manageable. You'll all do just fine.
Oct 16, 2009 - 1:02 pm
My Mom has been offered the option of Taxol for 12 weeks or Taxotere 4 treatments every 21 days when she finishes her first 4 rounds.
Please keep me posted about your side effects on the 12 weekly treatments. I do too believe that since this is a "lighter" dose the side effects will be less.
Dr. explained that the 12 weekly treatments is the way they do it in the US and 4 every 21 days is the way they do it in Europe.
But both are equally effcient.
Oct 16, 2009 - 9:32 pm
I had a/c then had taxol/herceptin for 4 rounds every 2 wks apart and truly you should find the taxol much easier. I was achy for about 1 wk and I tried 800mg ibuprofen 2 times per day and it only helped about 6 hours each time. I was given allegra which is an allergy med and it made a big difference. I still ached but I chose not to take any ibuprofen for it because my stomach is touchy. For the most part it was much better.
Take heart Kari, I think the worst is behind you.
Oct 16, 2009 - 9:53 pm
I did the taxol for a year. 3 weeks on, one week off. It was totally managable. I did lose my hair, eyebrows, lashes, all of it. But it started to grow back in about 3 months, and I was still in treatment! My nails got really wierd - odd color, really bumpy. But I didn't get as achy as everyone else mentioned. I did get the neuropathy, but perhaps because I was on it so long. I've been off that chemo for about six months, and the neuropathy has improved. Didn't miss one day of work. As they said, this is very tolerable. Good Luck!
Oct 16, 2009 - 10:21 pm
Taxol is way easier. No nausea. Some bone pain and fatigue.


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With First Tutors: Music you can locate a Telford bass guitar tutor. Bass Guitar tuition are a brilliant method to learn an entertaining new hobby, pick up a new skill and attain confidence in bass guitar. Use our service to search for Telford bass guitar tutors and select which matches your requirements so you can enjoy your bass guitar lessons in Telford immediately!
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Qatar takes delivery of its first AW139
AgustaWestland announced that the Qatar Armed Forces has taken delivery of its first AW139 medium twin helicopter during an official ceremony held yesterday at Vergiate.
Giuseppe Orsi, Chief Executive Officer, AgustaWestland said "It gives us great pleasure to celebrate the handover of the first AW139 to such an important customer ahead of the planned delivery schedule."
The aircraft will be operated by the Qatar Emiri Air Force supporting various government agencies to perform a range of roles including utility, troop transport, search and rescue, border patrol, special forces operations, law enforcement and homeland security.
A contract for 18 units was signed in August 2008 which also included crew training and an initial spares package. The Qatar Armed Forces becomes the third operator of military-configured AW139 helicopters following the Irish Air Corps and UAE Armed Forces.


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Contact us 24/7: +1 877 678 9627
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GET EXPERT ADVICE Need a second opinion? Ask your personal shopper:
- - Italian sizing - Runs true to size - Fitted at the bust - The mannequin is wearing an IT 42 - The mannequin height is 179cm / 5'11"
Alexander McQueen borrows the electric fuchsias and interesting shapes featured in his spring runway show and transfers them to this beautiful evening gown. With masterful draping the lithe fabric creates volume at the front whilst the concealed belt cinches at the back, enhancing the waist. Shown here with Alexander McQueen shoes, a Christian Lacroix cuff and a Bottega Veneta bag.
- Fuchsia satin bustier dress with boned bodice. Alexander McQueen dress has a ruched bust and a patent leather belt which feeds through waist and is only visible from back. 100% silk. Dry clean.
Product Code: 32076
For alternative suggestions, contact our Fashion Consultants
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Product Code: 32076


text:
Sorry, there are no upcoming events
Located just around the corner from the Lace Market Tram Stop Nottingham, [ALT] Video Gaming Lounge provides high-spec PCs, modern consoles, games and retro consoles. [ALT] is dedicated to creating a lasting entertainment experience whether it be video games, board games, card games or virtual reality. There's something for the gamer in all of us.


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Need of Character certificate
Many competitive exams in India require you to produce character certificate or conduct certificate.Both the certificates mean the same.You can use the format mentioned in the post for both the cases character as well as conduct certificate.
You have to produce them during interview.This document is needed to confirm moral conduct of the candidate.Many candidates are confused about character certificate.They are not aware from whom they should get it.Also there is confusion about format of the document as well.
I am writing this post to clarify all such doubts and also I am attaching format of character certificate.You can download the document and print it.After that you can fill in the details as mentioned in this post.The exams which need you to produce conduct certificate are IBPS,LIC ADO,LIC AAO and other similar exams.
I have also listed the individuals who can issue the documents.So after taking print out of the document you can reach out to them.They will sign and put seal on the document.In case you have any doubts about the format or process do let me know.
Format of Character certificate
Format of Character Certificate is shown below.Note you have to write your name and other details in the blanks shown be _____.I have also mentioned instructions as well within braces.You can copy and paste the below content in any word document or download the PDF document at the end of the post.
For example below you can remove the things written with in braces () and replace the whole text with applicable text.That is replace braces and write your name here with your Full name.Similarly you should do for other texts.In case you have any confusion or doubts feel free to share your concern or queries.
Certificate of Character Certified that I have known _____________________________(write your name here)____________ S/o ___________________(write your father's name here)_________________________________ of ___________________(write your full postal address)_________________ for _______(duration in years for example 5 years or 10 years)_____ and that to the best of my knowledge and belief he/she (as per your gender) bears reputation character and has no antecedents which render him unsuitable for Government Employment. Mr. or Miss or Mrs (as per your case) __________(your name)_________ is not related to me. I wish him/her (as per your gender) all success in all his/her (as per your gender) future endeavors. Place : ________________ Date : _________________ Signature : _______________ Designation with official seal : ______________
Character certificate format download
You can download character certificate format in PDF.You can then print the PDF file and create character certificate for yourself.You have to enter your email id below and we will send you character certificate download link.Using that download link you can download character certificate format.
Since the download link will be send to your email id it is important that you enter a valid email id.If you enter an invalid email id then it will not work.
Who can issue Character certificate?
There are number of persons who can issue character certificate.The best persons are college or school principal,your local Councillor,any Gazetted officer and any other reputed person who is not related to you.The format remains the same in all cases.
You can have two character certificates and use the same ones in all recruitment.There will not be any issue.The documents should not be more than one year old.In case you have older document you can get a new one.
Hope this will help you get an idea of format of conduct certificate.Consider sharing the post in case you found this useful.


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Daytime TV viewers will be familiar with Sir Michael Parkinson offering a "free pen just for inquiring" about the over-50s plan of market leader Sun Life, part of Axa Wealth.
But with this plan, consumers must continue paying premiums until they die otherwise they will not get a penny back, however much they may have paid in.
A 70-year-old paying £20 per month into a Sun Life Guaranteed Over 50 Plan is promised a payout on death of £2670. If he or she lives to 100, they will have paid £7200 in premiums. Other companies requiring premiums to be paid until death include NatWest/RBS and Asda Money, which however has a guarantee that you will pay no more in premiums than the sum assured.
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Sun Life said: "We make it very clear that while many receive a sum assured greater than the level of premiums paid in, others may get less."


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I am trying since a while to copy a regular Audio CD, only to have it fail each time and even crash my system.
I have the original CD in the reader drive, a blank CD in the burner drive, and i start Brasero, chose "Disc Copy", it goes to "Preparing to write" and gives this error: "the drive seems to be busy", it also ejects the burner.
I tried it with Gnome Baker, this goes on to read the audio CD (apparently creating an image) but after a few minutes it stops dead and the system freezes hard, with two LED's on my keyboard flashing and no further reaction (no mouse, no keyboard), i had to push the reset button.
This is the first time i tried to copy a CD since installing Ubuntu.
Burning a normal data-CD works - just for a test i burned a 400 MB video to a CD, no problem (using Brasero).
Is it possible to copy CD's under Ubunto, or will i have to reinstall Windows for that?? It is a function that i need regularly, and the first real issue i have with Ubuntu.
Please help me out.... thanks in advance.


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Los Angeles / Orange County / Mexico, United States
EDM connoisseur & party animal. Been going at it for over 20 years!!! I have played at some of LA's most respected nightclubs including Avalon, Spundae, Circus, The Mayan, Vanguard, The Hollywood Palladium, and more! I've also guest mixed for Super Estrella 107.1 in Los Angeles.
If you must know, John Digweed is my favorite DJ! Tiesto comes in a close 2nd.
I'm also the resident DJ & Music Director for Saturday nights at Xalos Bar in Anaheim.
Get at me for any bookings!


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The Seattle University Bay Area Alumni Chapter connects alumni in the San Francisco Bay Area through educational, community service, and social events.
Chapter Leadership
- President: Diana Chamorro, '11
- Vice President & Engagement: Yunice Fong, '03
- Service Coordinator: Tim Willette, '07
- Communications Coordinator: Art Lansing, '14
- Young Alumni Chair: Lisa Ignoffo, '16
- Events Coordinator: Eric Guico, '09
Get Connected
- Like us on Facebook
- Want to get involved? Email PJ Graziani at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text: Current Transition Practices in Pediatric IBD: Findings from a National Survey of Pediatric Providers Gray, Wendy N.; Maddux, Michele H. Gray, Wendy N.; Maddux, Michele H. Less Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 22(2):372-379, February 2016. Abstract Abstract In Brief In Brief Abstract: In Brief: Article first published online 11 January 2016. + Favorites PDF Get Content & Permissions


text: Robotics Computer Applications. Computer-Aided Design 9783642392238 3642392237 Workshop on Robotics in Smart Manufacturing (2013 : Porto, Portugal) gw WRSM 2013 Conference publication 849899769 Robotics in smart manufacturing : International Workshop, WRSM 2013, Co-located with FAIM 2013, Porto, Portugal, June 26-28, 2013. Proceedings en FAIM 2013 2013 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Workshop on Robotics in Smart Manufacturing, WRSM 2013, held in Porto, Portugal, in June 2013. The 20 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers address issues such as robotic machining, off-line robot programming, robot calibration, new robotic hardware and software architectures, advanced robot teaching methods, intelligent warehouses, robot co-workers and application of robots in the textile industry. Electronic books Congresses 849899769 Conference papers and proceedings Ebook 2017-11-16 Software engineering. Manufacturing processes--Automation Robotics in smart manufacturing. Print version: WRSM (Workshop) (2013 : Porto, Portugal). Neto Pedro Pedro Neto Robotics and Automation. Moreira António Paulo António Paulo Moreira Computer science. Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems. Artificial intelligence. Access Springer Electronic Book 1865-0929 Communications in computer and information science, International FAIM Conference (23rd : 2013 : Porto, Portugal) Porto, Portugal) Communications in computer and information science ; Robots, Industrial


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For the first time ever, Kevin Klein Live hosted a Book Corner with the author of book filled with nothing but lesbian-themed haikus with illustrations of cats in "lesbian situations". Needless to say, Ally was fascinated with everything involving this book, so the author came in to read a few of her haikus and share some of her experiences in the lesbian world, with Kevin listening extensively.
Also, a mystery San Jose Sharks player called in to get ready for the next round of NHL playoffs after the team defeated the Los Angeles Kings soundly. The mystery player gave their take on the attitude in the locker room towards whoever they'll be facing next and the excitement about making it past their state and division rivals.
Also on today's podcast:
- Useless Weirdo fails to pronounce the name "Mozart"
- A listener tells a tale of her dip into the lesbian pool
- A successful Big F-n' Tip from Useless Weirdo's first attempt this year
- And more!
Kevin Klein Live: Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook.
SUBSCRIBE: RSS | iTunes | Play.it | More Podcast Episodes


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This has probably been the most uncomfortable and bitchy I've been through this entire pregnancy. I have never been so exhausted in all of my life. It's very hard to not have the energy to do anything or to be out of breath from walking from one side of the room to the other. I'm frustrated because there are so many things I want to do, but I don't have the energy to do them. Sleeping is nearly impossible since I wake up 3-4 times a night to pee. I waddle instead of walk. My feet are swollen and hurt. I could go on and on and on...but I won't.
So far, I've had three...yes, three...baby showers. And now we're completely prepared for Waylon to arrive. We have everything we need. My friends and family are wonderful. THANK YOU to all of you!!!
And thank you to my friend, Sharon, for taking these amazing maternity photos. She also took our wedding photos and she's already scheduled to take pictures of Waylon when he gets here. Sharon, you are incredible and so very special to us. Check out my belly at 35 weeks! :)


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|22 Aug 1989
|Filing date
|14 Aug 1987
|Priority date
|14 Aug 1987
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Robert W. Cohn
|Original Assignee
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (96), Classifications (23), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of Contract No.N00014-85-C-0755 awarded by the U.S. Navy.
U.S. application Nos. 777,660, filed Sept. 18, 1985 (abandoned), 901,868, filed Aug. 29, 1986 (still pending), and 018,795, filed Feb. 20, 1987 and issued Mar. 1, 1988 as U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,185, disclose related subject matter. These cross-referenced applications are assigned to the assignee of the present application.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to interconnection networks, and, more particularly, to multichannel switches using spatial light modulators for reconfigurable switching of multiple inputs to multiple outputs.
2. Description of the Related Art
Reconfigurable interconnection of several high data rate transmitters to several receivers is a cumbersome and technically difficult task. Electromagnetic interference has been difficult to control in most electronic configurations, and most electronic implementations require a dense interconnection scheme that is either difficult or time consuming to fabricate. Reconfigurable interconnection networks underlie a variety of devices such as high computation rate parallel computing achitectures where numerous processors route information to each other or share common resources, communications switching as in telephone switching centers, and aircraft fiber optic busses that require reconfigurability to allow redundancy for fault tolerance and the ability to share several sensors with several processors.
Major trends shaping real time computation include parallel processing and symbolic processing. Many real time applications require rapid logical decisions using stored knowledge and the processing of large quantities of data at high speed. Moreover, close coupling between the symbolic and numeric computations is often desirable in fields such as speech and image understanding and recognition, robotics, weapon systems, and industrial plant control. Indeed, the widespread use of smaller computers in offices and homes and the emerging disciplines of artificial intelligence and robotics have drawn attention to the fact that an increasing amount of computing effort is spent in non-numeric or symbolic computing; many software tools used with computers, such as editors, compilers, and debuggers, make extensive use of symbolic processing. Symbolic computing leads to new methods of solving problems over and above numerical and statistical approaches because qualitative information or a priori knowledge may be made available in the form of data bases and procedures.
Attempts to solve real world problems requiring human-like intelligence, for example in robotics, speech, and vision, demand enormous amounts of symbolic and numeric computing power because of the vast amount of a priori information required for what are considered to be simple operations and the high data rates from sensors. Indeed, the signal processing of sensor data arises in fields such as acoustics, sonar, seismology, speech communication, biomedical engineering, etc. and the typical purposes of such processing include estimation of characteristic parameters, removal of noise, and transformation into a form which is more desirable. In the past, most signal processors have been tailored for speed and efficiency for a few specific algorithms. Future signal processors will need increased speed and algorithm flexibility, so that algorithms such as high resolution eigensystem beamforming and optimal Wiener filtering may be computed with the same processor and so that new algorithms may be efficiently implemented as they are developed. The ability to handle a wide range of algorithms in military systems permits different algorithms to be used during a mission and field equipment to be upgraded with new algorithms. Conventional vector approaches cannot satisfy the increasing demand for computer performance and it is necessary that future designs be capable of efficiently utilizing extensive parallelism, see L. S. Haynes, R. L. Lau, D. P. Siewiorek, and D. W. Mizell, Computer 15(1), 9(1982) and J. Allen IEEE Proc., 73(5), 852 (1985). These references, along with all others herein, are hereby incorporated by reference.
Very large scale integration in semiconductor devices is also leading towards the greater use of parallelism. Parallelism requires some sort of interconnection between the processing elements and this introduces a trade off between speed and the ability to handle a wide range of algorithms. For example, a complex interconnection network provides some flexibility at the expense of speed, and high speed may be achieved by means of fixed interconnections for a specific algorithm. The problem is to achieve very high speed by efficiently using a large number of processing elements and at the same time retain extremely high algorithm flexibility. Efficiency for parallel processing is `the the gain in speed versus that using a single processor of the same type` divided by `the number of processors`. Also, the complexity of the processing elements relates to the degree of parallelism obtainable; sophisticated computations tend to have parts that are not parallelizable at a coarse level. The overall speed is dominated by the parts which are non-parallelizable at a coarse level. And a large number of fast elementary processors places a considerable communication burden on the interconnection between processors. There is a need for parallel processor interconnections that possess simple reconfigurability.
Currently, most experimental systems have demonstrated the difficulty of achieving parallelism for a range of algorithms with even modest numbers of processors. The number of parallel processors (hence speed) which may be used efficiently is limited in today's prototype and proposed systems by the communication delay and interconnection complexity. The constraints imposed by the interconnections on algorithm design are a serious problem because they reduce opportunities to achieve performance by new algorithm design and raise cost by limiting the range of applications and the lifetime of the equipment.
Fixed interconnections limit the range of algorithms which may be efficiently implemented. Systolic configurations, such as those in development at Carnegie-Mellon University (Kung H. T., Why Systolic Architectures?, IEEE Computer, Jan., 1982 p37-46), use algorithm structure to reduce memory and instruction fetches. This reduces communication time and permits large numbers of processors to be efficiently used in parallel. However, the algorithm constraints are significant because of the fixed interconnections.
Algorithm flexibility may be achieved by complex reconfigurable interconnection networks, and a prototype system having 8 processors and using a Banyan switch is in operation at the University of Texas at Austin (Browne J. C., Parallel Architectures for Computer Systems, Physics Today, Vol. 37, No 5, May 1984). A Banyan is a multichannel switch composed of levels of 2�2 switches. However, this type of reconfigurability introduces large delays and high control overhead in most proposed systems and this restricts the number of processors and the speed of the system.
The distribution of effort amongst a number of processors does not remove the need for some minimum level of central control, although, for fault tolerance purposes this may not always be the same physical part of the system. The idea of a single program which alone determines the complete operation of the computer is replaced by numerous such programs running concurrently in different processors. The communication channel to the central control must be sufficient to prevent it from becoming a bottleneck. And common memory is frequently used in the process of communicating information from one processor to another. A potential difficulty, memory contention, arises when two or more processors request the same piece of information form a common memory at the same time. Some arbitration is now required and one processor will have to remain idle or make the memory request again later. This increases complexity, cost and inefficiency. A simple example arises in matrix-matrix multiplication where a single row of a first matrix is required in all processors for simultaneous multiplication with each column of a second matrix. Memory contention for such well-defined operations should be taken care of in the computer design.
Great skill is required to partition problems so that various processors complete their tasks at the appropriate time to provide information for the next stage. Synchronization forces everything to wait for the slowest link with resulting inefficiency. A parallel algorithm may involve more steps than a commonly used serial algorithm even though it is more efficient on a specific parallel machine. The overhead reduces the efficiency of the algorithm where efficiency is measured as the speed on the multi-processor divided by the speed with the fastest algorithm on a single processor. The stability and accuracy of the parallel algorithm relative to the serial algorithm must also be considered in comparison.
The communications industry makes widespread use of optical fibers and is developing optical switching devices to avoid conversion to electronics and back for switching purposes. Optics has been suggested for communication with VLSI to overcome the bandwidth pin limitations and edge connection constraints; see Goodman J. W., Leonberger F. J., Kung S. Y. and Athale R. A., Optical Interconnections for VLSI Systems, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 72, No. 7, July 1984, p850-866.
Digital optical computers are expected to eventually become dominant and a design has been proposed for solving a major class of problems, finite elements (see McAulay, Deformable Mirror Nearest Neighbor Optical Computer, to appear in Optical Engineering (1985) and abandoned U.S. appl. Ser. No. 777,660). This design uses deformable mirrors or other spatial light modulators (see Pape D. R. and Hornbeck L. J., Characteristics of the Deformable Mirror Device for Optical Information Processing, Opt. Eng. Vol. 22, No. 6, Dec. 1983, pp. 675-681). Machines using acousto-optics for matrix algebra operations are in research. These computers, although significant for numerical computation, have limited algorithm felxibility because of the interconnection systems used. They are also not aimed at signal processing applications.
Small commercial crossbar switches made entirely of semiconductor devices have recently become available; see the description of the AS8840 chip from Texas Instruments on pages 72-73 of Electronics for Feb. 5, 1987. The AS8840 is a 16-port crossbar integrated circuit which is dynamically reconfigurable; each of the ports handles a nibble (four bits) bidirectionally.
D. Grant et al, An Optical Phased Array Beam Steering Technique, 1971 Proceedings of the Electro Optic System Design Conference pages 259-264, describes reflection of collimated light from a membrane spatial light modulator is passed through a sampling mask and the phase variations caused by the pixels of the spatial light modulator combine to form a single spot on a receiver array. Varying the pixel deformations controls the phase variations and thereby steers the spot across the receiver array.
However, the known optical interconnection networks for high speed data transmission are limited in size by inefficiencies in handling the optic power.
The present invention provides optical interconnection networks that use deformable mirror devices with on-axis optics including diameter-limited imaging lenses and optical fiber bundles for high efficiency with high speed detectors. Preferred embodiments use a tightly packed staggered bundle of single mode optical fibers for input to insure image magnification to the deformable mirror device and consequent decrease of ligh bundle numerical aperture. The small light bundle numerical aperture allows large deformable mirror devices to be imaged on small high speed detectors.
The drawings are schematic for clarity.
FIGS. 1A-B illustrate an optical crossbar switch;
FIG. 2 illustrate a crossbar switch in a communication link;
FIG. 3 shows the open-air portion of a crossbar switch;
FIGS. 4A-C illustrate a cantilever beam deformable mirror device;
FIG. 5 shows ray tracings in a crossbar switch;
FIG. 6 shows the open-air portion of a first preferred embodiment;
FIGS. 7A-B illustrate light rays in a portion of the first preferred embodiment;
FIG. 8 illustrates the DMD for the first preferred embodiment;
FIGS. 9-10 illustrate input light coverage in the first preferred embodiment;
FIGS. 11-13 show parameter dependence in the first preferred embodiment;
FIG. 14 is a cross sectional view of the second preferred embodiment input optical fiber bundle; and
FIGS. 15-16 illustrate the DMD for the third preferred embodiment.
A preliminary description of reconfigurable optical interconnection networks will be followed by descriptions of the preferred embodiments. Generally, an interconnection network permits N inputs to be connected to K outputs with each output equal to one of the inputs.
FIG. 1A schematically illustrates a 4 by 4 crossbar switch 102. Each intersection has a directional switch permitting a horizontal input line to be coupled with a vertical output one. Black circles indicate closed switches. One ouput receives information from one input, but one input may broadcast to several outputs. FIG. 1B shows a diagrammatic crossbar switch 102 implemented with spatial light modulator 130 and dots indicate transparent regions consistent with the settings of FIG. 1A. An optical lens system (not illustrated) is used to spread the light from the input sources (LEDs 1-4) horizontally without spreading the light vertically. Light passing through spatial light modulator 130 is collapsed onto receiving diodes (Detectors 1-4) by means of a lens system (not illustrated) which focusses vertically without spreading horizontally. Information is transmitted through switch 102 by encoding the information as modulation of the transmitter light beams and received by demodulating the received signals.
FIG. 2 shows an optical crossbar switch as a communication link consisting of transmitter, receiver, and the transmission medium. The transmission medium includes short lengths of optical fiber and openair optics. Compared to long distance links, where the large fiber attenuation increases the signal to noise ratio prior to the detector, losses in a crossbar are due primarily to reflection, and noise contribution is due primarily to the receiver without consideration of transmitter laser noise.
FIG. 3 illustrates switch 102 as implemented by a deformable mirror device (DMD) as the spatial light modulator 130 together with connections to the switch for a plurality of processors. DMDs act as variable intensity reflectors rather than transparent modulators, consequently, the right side of the modulator is folded back. A beam splitter 132 is used to separate the returning light from the incident light. (Alternatively, tilting DMD 130 relative to the optic axis may avoid a beam splitter.) Schlieren optics 134 are used to block reflections from the regions between pixels and from undeflected pixels of DMD 130. Laser diodes 136, with modulation capability to 3 GHz will act as sources and p-i-n diodes 138 as detectors. The optics not illustrated in FIG. 1B are schematically shown in FIG. 3: cylindrical optics 140 spreads the light from the input sources 136 horizontally and cylindrical optics 142 collapses the light vertically onto the receiving diodes 138. Of course, the lenses illustrated are just functional representations of quite complex optics in practice. The light sources 136 and receivers 138 could be integrated directly on the electronic chips.
Deformable mirror devices of the membrane and cantilever type have been developed. The results for imaging and performing spectral analysis with a Texas Instruments membrane DMD have been published; see D. R. Pape, L. J. Hornbeck, Opt. Eng., 22(6), 675 (1983), and description of the Texas Insturments cantilever beam DMD appears in L. J. Hornbeck, U.S. Pat. No. 4,566,935. A cantilever beam DMD typically is an X-Y array of deformable mirror elements that can be addressed by an underlying array of MOS transistors; see FIG. 4A for a perspective view of a mirror elements and FIG. 4B for a schematic view of the array. A reflecting conductive metal layer 26 covers the surface of the array and has cutouts forming mirrors 28. The line-addressed organization of the DMD is shown in FIG. 4B; data are fed to a serial-to-parallel converter 171 that is connected to the drain lines 172 of the MOS transistors. Drain lines 172 are charged (the kth line 172 is charged to a potential φk,m), and decoder 174, connected to gates 176, selects the mth gate to turn on. Floating sources 178 of the MOS transistors in the mth gate line 177 are then charged to the potential of the corresponding drain 172 (the mth charged to φk,m). The gate is then turned off, and mirror 28 is held at a fixed potential of VM ; thus an electrostatic force proportional to VM -k,m acts on the (k,m)th mirror element and causes it to deflect down towards the floating source 178. The mechanical response time of a mirror element and hence line settling time is a few μsec. Once the floating sources 178 in the mth gate line 177 have been set, then the next line of data is fed into drain lines 172, and the next gate line 177, selected by decoder 174. The deflection of the membrane or beam is a nonlinear function of the applied voltage and approximates the form illustrated in FIG. 4C; note that above a critical "collapse voltage" the membrane or beam is unstable against collapse to the charged capacitor plate. Of course, there is a range of voltages in which the cantilever beam deflection may be reliably controlled. The size of the mirror elements for both the membrane and cantilever beam devices is in the order of 25 microns square.
FIG. 5 is a detailed layout for the optical crossbar switch shown in FIG. 3 with some rays traced to illustrate the optics. FIG. 5 shows the crossbar switch from three views; note that the system lacks rotational symmetry and that some lenses (cylindrical lenses) only focus in one view. Also note that for clarity the DMD is shown as being a transmissive rather than a reflective five-by-five device. The five inputs are five intensity modulated laser diodes, and the lasers' light 136 which typically may be 100 μm diameter fibers spaced about 100 μm apart. The fibers can be closely packed over a short propagation length, while the laser diodes can be separated for electromagnetic isolation. In the top view of FIG. 5 the light from the fibers is diverged to the width of a row of pixels in DMD 130. Lens 144 collimates the light to the plane of DMD 130. FIG. 5 illustrates fibers 151, 153, and 155 emitting light which illuminates pixel rows 161, 163, and 165 of DMD 130; DMD 130 is configured with only one pixel in row 161 and one pixel in row 165 deflected.
The collimated light reflects off of DMD 130 with the light reflecting from undeflected pixels and the area between the pixels having low spatial periodicity and thus being highly attenuated by the Schlieren stop 146 (this is illustrated by the dotted lines in the top view of FIG. 5). Contrarily, the light reflecting from deflected pixels will be phase modulated at a high spatial frequency and pass around Schlieren stop 146 with only mild attentuation as illustrated by the dotted line circles in the cross view of FIG. 5. The light passing Schlieren stop 146 is reimaged onto horizontal array 138 of receiving optical fibers with the light from a column of pixels of DMD 130 imaged onto a single receiving fiber. In FIG. 5 the second pixel of row 165 and the fourth pixel of row 161 are deflected and illuminated, so the second and fourth receiving fibers are illuminated. Ideally, only the light from the deflected pixel in one DMD row is imaged onto the appropriate output receiving fiber; however, a portion of light from the other undeflected rows (transmitted from the other input array fibers) will diffract around the vertical Schlieren stop and be focussed onto the same receiving fiber as the deflected light signal of interest. Thus care must be taken in design of both horizontal and vertical stop dimensions to maximize deflected to undeflected energy reaching receiving array 138.
First preferred embodiment optical interconnection network, schematically illustrated in FIG. 6 with a four by four DMD, is similar to the network illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 5 but uses undeflected pixels in DMD 230 to correspond to interconnections rather than deflected pixels as in DMD 130. As before, the lenses are just functional representations. FIG. 6 illustrates the interconnection of the second transmitter row to the third receiver column by deflecting all pixels except the one in the second row and third column of DMD 230 (the image inversions caused by the lenses have been omitted for clarity). The image reflected off of DMD 230 is reimaged by lens 245 onto sampling mask 246 which is used to block out light reflected from the areas of DMD 230 between the pixels. Deflected pixels reflect incoming light beyond imaging lens 242 as described below. This use of lens 242 rather than Schlieren stop 146 has the advantage of utilizing the on-axis light for the interconnections, rather than the light reflected off deflected pixels, and this implies the use of smaller diameter lenses and less time dispersion in the received signal.
Several sources of loss, such as glass attenuation, metal reflectivity, beam splitter loss, inactive area of DMD 230, fanout of transmitter light across an N pixel row, nonuniform illumination of rows of DMD 230, illumination of finite aperture lenses, and imperfect contrast between on and off states, occur in the first preferred embodiment; and estimation of the latter three of these losses will help further describe features of the first preferred embodiment. In particular, to obtain useful large interconnection networks the inputs will need to be of small size and low numerical aperture (NA) and tightly packed together to permit magnification by imaging lens 240, and the demagnification from DMD 230 to detectors 238 will need to avoid loss from lens 242 overfill.
The row illumination of a DMD 230 row is derived from a circular beam that is compressed vertically by anamorphic lens 240; see FIG. 9 which illustrates the geometry. The light energy density at the end pixels of a row will typically be smaller than at the central pixel, and thus the best energy utilization is for maximization of the light available to the least illuminated pixel. This can be approximated in closed form by presuming uniform light intensity out to a radius of R emitted from a point source (optical fiber 136) with small angular divergence. FIG. 9 shows the uniformity of row illumination to depend on αas √1-α2 and the efficiency (ratio of light intercepted by a row to total light emitted by a source) to depend on α as ##EQU1## and the product of uniformity times efficiency is illustrated in FIG. 10.
FIG. 7 is a simplified model of the optics system from DMD 230 to detectors 238; the sampling mask optics and horizontal imaging lens have only minor effects on contrast and vertical lens aperture collection efficiency. DMD 230 will be presumed to have N rows and columns for clarity. Each column of pixels of DMD 230 is imaged onto one detector 238 of width LD with magnification ##EQU2## where S1 is the distance from DMD 230 to imaging lens 242, S2 is the distance from imaging lens 242 to detector 238, N is the number of rows and also the number of columns of pixels in DMD 230, and w is the periodicity of the pixels; see FIG. 8 which shows a plan view of DMD 230 and note that the cantilever beams are hinged to deflect parallel to the columns and not diagonally as indicated by FIG. 4A. High speed, high sensitivity detectors have typical diameters of 70 μm due to dark current and capacitance limitations; thus LD should be about 70 μm. In view of the typical value of w of 50 μm (25 μm cantilever beam plus 25 μm spacing) and N of 1,000, M is small and significant demagnification is required. Note that DMD pixels must be large enough to avoid diffraction loss as well as permit magnification at input, so the demagnification M cannot be avoided by just using small pixels. For this arrangement, light collection efficiency is influenced by the light bundle spread, θIN, off individual pixels of DMD 230, the vertical diameter, D, of lens 242, and the height, Nw, of DMD 230. FIG. 7 shows both that the minimum light power from indeflected pixels is collected from the top row pixels, and that for complete removal of light from deflected pixels to avoid crosstalk requires the cantilever beam deflection angle, θDMD, satisfy ##EQU3## in order to remove all the light from a deflected pixel in the bottom row. Applying this analysis to the DMD geometry with the Schlieren filter shows that a larger lens or a decentered lens or lenses is required, but this limits the size of the DMD for a given performance and large lenses are difficult to fit into a small space. Note that the cantilever beam deflection angle is fixed; that is, a set voltage is applied to a pixel to deflect it, and the possibility of angle dependence upon applied voltage is not used. Furthermore, the inequality can be written in terms of a fundamental set of design variables γ and C to be defined infra.
First, for lens 242 the focal length, f, is related to the distances S1 and S2 by the thin lens formula: ##EQU4## and recalling that M is small shows that S1 approximately equals f times M. Next, the aperture of lens 242 relative to its focal length is defined by ##EQU5## The parameter γ defined by lens 242 vertical diameter to spot diameter at the lens 242 can be shown to be ##EQU6## where NAIN is approximately θIN because θIN will be shown to be small, that is, NAIN approximately equals sin(θIN).
The parameter C defined as DMD height to lens diameter, ##EQU7## then the inequality can be written as ##EQU8## For a DMD with pixels above the center line of the DMD deflecting upwards and pixels below the center line deflecting downwards the inequality becomes ##EQU9## and is more easily satisified. For either form of the inequaltiy, NAIN is limited to be reasonably small by the limited deflection range of the pixels, which is approximately 0.12 radians. (Extreme deflection is also undesirable because it reduces cross sectional intersection with light and thus increases the stray light from diffraction.) For γ equal to zero, NAIN could be no larger than 0.24, and γ cannot be negative. With NAIN limited to about 0.24, and noting that the light bundle spread changes by the reciprocal of the magnification from input array 136 to DMD 230, the input optical fibers must be small diameter, low divergence sources. Using multimode fiber as a source would be unacceptable with the typical DMD cantilever beam dimensions of about 25 μm; for example, a standard 0.2 NA, 50 μm core fiber spaced at 100 μm for imaging onto consecutive DMD rows. A magnification of 0.5 is thus required and leads to an NAIN of 0.4, which is too large. Single mode optical fiber with NA equal to 0.1 and less than 10 μm core diameter for typical laser diode sources (wavelengths in the range of 0.84-1.55 μm) and a 20 μm core-to-core spacing and a 2.5 demagnification will map the light bundle NA to 0.04 at DMD 230. For a wavelength of 1 μm, the incident bundle gives a 99% energy encirclement diameter of 24 μm. Thus there is minimal diffraction in reflecting off of the cantilever beam and NAIN would equal the NA of the incident light bundle. This diffraction limited condition also points to optimum design of the DMD geometry and the lens aberration specification for lenses between the input fibers and the DMD. That is, to minimize diffracted and overlap loss from the DMD, we want to just fill a DMD row height which implies the required lens imaging properties.
The geometric terms γ and C also are design parameters that describe the ability of lens 242 to collect light. Previously NAIN was limited to avoid crosstalk; FIG. 7 also shows that small NAIN helps collection efficiency from undeflected pixels provided that the vertical diameter D of lens 242 is greater than the height Nw of DMD 230. The collection efficiency of lens 242 can be defined by the intensity ratio of light from the top undeflected pixel intercepted by lens 242 to the total light reflected from the pixel. The 1:1 horizontal imaging lens 242, and all light intercepted by lens 242 is presumed collected by detectors 238. Computing the lens 242 collection efficiency is routine in view of the derivation in connection with FIG. 9 and yields the results in FIGS. 11 and 12. For large γ the central spot underfills lens 242; and a DMD 230 width increases, the extreme spot moves outside the lens aperture. Because the spot diameter is small compared to lens 242 aperture, the curve varies rapidly from unity to zero efficiency. For small γ the central spot overfills lens 242 and accounts for most of the loss. Efficiency becomes nearly independent of C over this range because the extreme spot has an almost rectangular overlap of nearly the same dimensions as the central spot. In the small γ region, efficiency can also be seen to be independent of C, as well as asymptotically linear in FIG. 12. In this region the efficiency is approximately equal to ##EQU10## which is inversely proportional to N by the previous equations. For energy efficient design, this approximation defines the region in which the lens is overfilled. The largest possible crossbars will probably overfill the lens because practical lenses are limited in numerical aperture and thus are described by this approxmiation. This result will significantly simplify predictions for maximium size DMD for an N by N crossbar. Rewriting and combining this with the efficiency result expressed in FIG. 10 and other standard system estimates, an energy budget may be generated as in FIG. 13. Before interpreting FIG. 13, its derivation will be given.
Note that receiver array 238 could be either an open air detector array (probably monolithic) or an optical fiber bundle, the fibers of which are connected to discrete detectors located a short distance away from array 238. Detector arrays offer the advantages of large acceptance angle and compact integration compared to discrete detectors, but sensitivity and immunity to electical crosstalk are problems. Consequently, both optical fiber bundle and detector array versions of receiver array 238 are possible. And with the great demagnification by lens 242 the maximum effective NAlens is limited to the acceptance angle, NAfib, of the optical fiber; thus multimode fiber would be used.
Table I contains estimates for the significant terms for computing the loss in traversing a node of the crossbar switch and thus an energy budget. Transverse single mode lasers can ideally be lens coupled to single mode fibers with no loss if perfect alignment is maintined. Also in practical designs, losses result from the overfilling of pixels and consequent diffractive spreading unless DMD pixels are of adequate size.
______________________________________Variable Range______________________________________DMD size (N) 1-10,000Transmitter power (P.sub.in) 30 m WDetector sensitivity for 2.2 � 10.sup.-6 to10.sup.-9 bit error rate 1.8 � 10.sup.-4 m WAR coated glass efficiency 0.85Beam splitter efficiency 0.25Fiber and splice efficiency 0.65Pixel reflectivity 0.90Undeformable surface 0.5Spread across DMD row ##STR1##Spread wider than DMD row 0.55Demagnification to detector ##STR2##Fiber to detector coupling 0.49 to 1Transmitter to fiber 1Vertical overfill pixel 1______________________________________
The individual terms may be combined to yield the overall power available at the detector: ##EQU11## Pavail must be no smaller than Pmin, the minimum detectible power for a specified bit error rate. Note that the receiver sensitivity range is representative of 320 Mbs PINFET (dashed line in FIG. 13), 3.2 Gbs avalanche photodiode (broken line in FIG. 13), and 3.2 Gbs quantum limit (solid line in FIG. 13). The curves in FIG. 13 result from inserting the parameters for the three receiver types into the power available expression. The two vertical curves in FIG. 13 are included to illustrate the effect of crosstalk on DMD size. These curves represent sensitivity derating due to equal contribution of light at a level of Ct below the "on" pixel intensity, from N-1 "off" pixels. Thus the DMD size N is limited to the size indicated by the intersection of the energy budget curve corresponding to the detector type and the derating curve; and there is a natural boundary at Nmax =1/Ct if the pixel-induced crosstalk is substantially larger than Pmin.
In summary, the results for asymptotic efficiency embodies design constraints and rationale as asymptotic efficiency equals ##EQU12## First make LD as large as possible, but it is limited by speed considerations; secondly, Nw is desirably as large as possible for more interconnectivity, but this reduces efficiency and w is limited by diffraction; make NAlens as large as possible, but practical limitations exist such as the requirement of high refractivity materials and aberrration, and make NAIN as small as possible but this is limited by source input and DMD size constraints.
Second preferred embodiment optical interconnection network is similar to the first preferred embodiment but uses input array 236 illustrated in cross view in FIG. 14 in place of input array 136. Optical fiber bundle 236 uses optical fibers with 10 μm diameter cores and cladded to a total diameter 120 μm; thus the vertical spacing between core centers is 20 μm. The 120 μm total diameter and the 20 μm center-to-center prescribe the six-fiber width of bundle 236; the horizontal spread of 592 μm will cause only small variation in thge uniformity of illumination between rows of DMD 130 if the light is allowed to spread somewhat wider than the bundle width. Of course, the network illustrated in FIG. 6 only has four input fibers shown for clarity; the general situation as illustrated in FIG. 3 may have 1,000 input fibers. For 1,000 input fibers, bundle 236 would have 167 staggered rows of six fibers per row. And the broad valley of the curve in FIG. 10 indicates that the illumination variation due to the staggering of bundle 236 can be made small for a small bundle width. For the approximately 600 μm bundle width of bundle 236 and the 50 μm spaced cantilever beams of 25 μm size, FIG. 10 shows that a 2.5 dB overall loss would be possible for as few as 40 pixel rows.
Variations of the bundle of FIG. 14 include the following: if the fiber core has diameter d and the cladded total diameter is D, then a core center vertical spacing of D/n is achieved by staggered rows of n fibers and this core center spacing may be less than the core diameter d.
Third preferred embodiment interconnection network is similar to the first preferred embodiment but uses DMD 330 as a blazed grating; that is, all pixels in a row are deflected by the same angle and this angle is adjustable. See FIG. 15 for a plan view of DMD 330 illustrating the hinging of the cantilever beams so that all the pixels in a row may be deflected to form a one-pixel wide blazed grating as shown in the FIG. 16 which is a cross sectional elevation view along line 16--16 of FIG. 15. Thus each row of DMD 330 is used as a scanner; the diffraction pattern of collimated light off of a row gives a peak that has a resolution equal to the number of pixels in the row. The angle of deflection then determines the position of the spot in the diffraction plane and thus which receiver is illuminated. Lens 243 is a Fourier transform lens and not an imaging lens. This operation is analogous to an acousto-optic Bragg cell scanner/deflector. It would be extremely costly and bulky to built a scanner with as many channels as a typical DMD (128 to 1,000). Also, the DMD is simplified in that only one analog driver is required for each row of pixels because all pixels in a row have the same applied voltage and deflection. In contrast to the first preferred embodiment, the third preferred embodiment can scan the light from a single row to only one output receiver in array 238 at a time. Each of the N rows can be scanned to a particular output position, and the network would then be able to form any permutation of input channel with output channel. The coherent addition of light from the individual periodically spaced deflected pixels forms a much narrower peak intensity pattern. If the diffraction intensity pattern of a single deflected pixel is sinc2 x, then the diffraction pattern of N deflected pixels will be approximately N2 sinc2 Nx. The central lobe of the reflected light beam is deflected specularly based on the blaze angle, the angle of incidence, and the wavelength. The angle of deflection in a pixel varies continuously with the applied voltage (FIG. 4C), and thus the blaze angle can be controlled to move the spot to the desired output receiver.
Various modifications of the preferred embodiment devices and methods may be made. For example, the DMD could have various types of deflectable beams such as torsion beams (hinged at two points and twisting along the hinges), the optics systems shown as simple ideal lenses could be multiple element systems with various folds in the optic axis, the laser diodes could be other types of light emitters, the DMD areas between pixels could be darkened in order to eliminate the sampling mask, and so forth.
The invention provides the advantages of large size networks by the efficient direction and low losses of the interconnecting light beams.
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|14 Aug 1987
Owner name: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED, 13500 NORTH CENTRA
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