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The School of Business Experience
Dr. Vera Adamchik is an associate professor of Economics in the School of Business Administration at the University of Houston-Victoria. She received her MS and PhD in Business and Economics at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania …Read More
Dr. Ziyun Yang earned his PhD in Accounting from the University of Houston. He is currently Assistant Professor of Accounting in the School of Business Administration. Dr. Yang also holds an MPhil in Accounting from Lingnan University …Read More
Events & Announcements
We offer high quality degree programs 100% online.
If you're looking for a degree from an established university with the flexibility of an online format, we can help you get started today with programs such as our:
- 30-Hour Accredited Online Global MBA
- 36-hour Accredited Online Master of Science in Economic Development and Entrepreneurship
UHV SBDC to offer business workshop for veterans - November 01, 2017
UHV names interim business school dean - September 15, 2017
UHV SBDC helping businesses apply for disaster financial assistance - September 13, 2017
UHV business school dean resigns to teach at university - August 23, 2017


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- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Description of the accommodation:
Rooms, services Quattro Torra Residenza d'Epoca Siena is offering three nicely furnished rooms to stay in to those seeking accommodation in Siena. The bar can be an ideal place for a meeting or a pleasant evening talk. The exact scope of services offered by Quattro Torra Residenza d'Epoca Siena (including those for an extra fee) is available on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to check in at the hotel is 10:00, the latest time to check out is 10:00. The personnel is at your service in Italian and English languages.
Quattro Torra Residenza d'Epoca Siena rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
Pet friendly, Garden, Bar
Hairdryer, Mini-bar, Tea/coffee-maker

subset: commoncrawl


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Handmade, water-resistant, green waxed cotton kit pocket with heavy-duty reinforced zip.
Beautiful, rugged, handmade, the Woodland Haversack is the perfect woodland and trail companion.
The Woodland Stuff Pouch
Durable, rugged and water-resistant, this handy stuff pouch has a variety of uses.
The Woodland Sleeping Bag / Quilt Airer
Durable, rugged and water-resistant, this handy stuff pouch has a variety of uses.
The Woodland Forager's Pouch
Durable, rugged and water-resistant, this forager's pouch is designed to slide onto your belt and allow you to collect all those small items while keeping both hands free.
The Woodland Bushcraft Washbag
Durable, rugged and water-resistant, this zipped washbag comes with a carrying strap and all your beard care essentials
Beautiful, rugged, handmade, the Woodland Backpack is the perfect woodland and trail companion.
"I received my beard care kit from you Saturday last. Just to say I was overwhelmed by the quality of each and every item of the kit, from the leather case, through the wooden comb and scissors, and obviously including two of your very fine oils. It's a superb kit, and thanks for the imagination and care which has gone in to it."
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Author has written 7 stories for Fullmetal Alchemist, Death Note, South Park, and Hetalia - Axis Powers.
Hi guys. I'm Mi-chan XD
My biggest obsession is currently Hetalia, but I've also written a couple of stories for Death Note, FMA and South Park.
Do check them out ^^
Also I love everything Japanese. I've been to Japan and I study Japanese at the University of Copenhagen.
Find me at:
http://www.youtube.com/user/GRAVIcosplay (an account shared with a friend of mine)
If you hate those "If you are blah blah copy this onto your profile" thingies, then copy THIS onto your profile and celebrate the irony of self-contradiction XD


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Nominating Committee for Directors
2016 Chair
Paula Kaster,
Kasco Manufacturing
Committee Members
Ricky Brown
Brown Manufacturing
John Malinowski
Leons Manufacturing
Don Landoll
Landoll Corporation
Bob Atkinson
W & A Manufacturing
Goals & Objectives
The Nominating Committee for Directors shall be appointed by the President for a one-year term and shall consist of five Regular Members, at least one of whom shall be a Past President and none of whom shall be active Board of Directors members. A Past President will serve as the Chairman of the committee. In addition, the President shall serve ex officio as a non-voting member.
A. Objectives
1. Develop a list of candidates qualified, willing, and able to serve as a Director.
2. Review candidates with the Board of Directors, as provided for in the bylaws.
3. Determine a slate of candidates to fill the required number of Board of Directors positions and nominate that slate at the Association's Annual Business Session.
B. Goals and Actions
1. Review the Association's bylaws concerning the nomination process.
2. Follow the guidelines for identifying potential Directors as established by the Board of Directors.


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Available in your choice of gold or silver, this Token necklace is an infinite circle of love. Great piece to layer!
Token is available in 4 different sizes.
Model is wearing an 16", 18" and 34"
Please allow up to 1 week for manufacturing as all pieces are made to order
Sign up and receive our special offersX


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Hotel Palac Staniszow: Hotel Palac Staniszów is located in the heart of the Jelenia Góra Valley. It is located in a renovated 18th-century palace surrounded by a French garden and an English style park. It is located only a few kilometres away from Karpacz, Szklarska Por?ba and Jelenia Góra.It offers individually decorated rooms with decor and names referring to the consecutive months and signs of zodiac. It has a TV and a private bathroom. Wi-Fi is available.The romantic terraces in the rose garden are a great place to rest while listening to singing birds and whispering streams. You can also have a drink at the bar and cafe.There is a spa building with an indoor swimming pool, a sauna, a spa bath and offering a number of treatments, as well as a culture centre with different exhibitions. EASY TO FIND US! Hotel Palac Staniszow GPS coordinates: 50.844179039633964 (Latitude), 15.741605758666992 (Longitude).


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We spend two thirds of our lives being preoccupied by various working obligations, meeting deadlines and handling household chores. By the time we reach the retirement, we have become so dependent on our job that we find it difficult to fulfill our ample free time with meaningful sense. However, what we tend to forget is that we should enjoy our time to the fullest and the best possible way to achieve this is to travel. There are endless options we should consider and make the best of our free time. Nevertheless, possible health issues and limited mobility that seniors suffer from in the old age might change their preferences and influence the choice of the nature of travel they intend to embark on. Therefore, going on a day trip is perfect way to recharge batteries and experience some new exciting moments. Here are a few inspiring ideas for a perfect day trip.
National Park
Most of the countries boast with a certain number of wonderfully designed national parks that preserve various rare species of animals and plants of that region. They abound in lush vegetation and beautiful greenery. Also, they offer a variety of arrangements for outdoor activities marked by a network of paths and scenic trails thus creating a perfect setting for relaxation and friend or family gatherings. Most importantly, many of these parks are easily available to majority of people and require just a short-distance drive. It is an ideal way to unwind while surrounded by magnificent scenery and powerful healing nature.
Recently, a day trip to a mountain has been gaining popularity not only among seniors but also among young people. A mountain is a perfect gateway for all of those who need to relieve stress and find their piece of mind. Although a day trip might seem to be too short period of time to truly unwind, it is definitely worthwhile as it gives you opportunity to enjoy in the natural splendor and fresh mountain air without being distracted by any social factors. You might encounter many friendly locals and small restaurants offering delicious organic local food that will satisfy your taste buds. Whether you decide to go alone or in an organized group, it is surely an opportunity not to be missed.
City sightseeing
There is nothing more interesting and invigorating then going on a sightseeing tour to a city. Regardless of whether you are visiting a large cosmopolitan city with a wealth of awe-inspiring cultural and historical sights, or a small town with lovely infrastructure and beautiful greenery, this kind of a day trip will bring you loads of excitement and help you discover some interesting facts about the city. However, it is advisable do some research about good dining places or transport facilities in the city so as to avoid any unpleasant situations.
If you happen to be an adventurous type you can always opt for one of the simplest, most inexpensive and definitely most fun ideas for a day trip – a camping trip. You can either contact some of the local agencies that offer exciting senior coach tours and find out more details about an organized trip of this kind or you can simply gather a few closest friends or relatives and set out on a daily camping trip to a nearby campsite. Not only is it a perfect way to socialize with your friends while preparing delicious barbecue, but it is also a wonderful opportunity to go on long hikes early in the morning when the Sun rises. Naturally, it is essential to bring all the necessary equipment and make the best of your time.
River Cruise
Finally, if you are looking for a moment of relaxation by the river, lunch on a short one-day river cruise and enjoy dozens of amazing sights along the way while having hearty lunch and sipping a glass of fine wine. Since river cruises are rather appealing and popular among tourists, it is best to secure your seat in advance.
Published in Travel Tips & Hacks


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I am training for a half marathon and I have come across a few things that are working for me and wanted to share. Before I tell you about my favorites know that lacing up my shoes and hitting the pavement is great without these extras, but since I am logging some miles I thought trying new things would be fun! A few of them have become my favorites!
Run Training Pro: This is an iPhone app that tracks your mileage, plays music from your playlists, gives pace and has a calendar to track it all. I used this before I got the Nike+ watch and I still use it on some days when I forget my watch.
Nike+ watch: I am really enjoying this watch. It tracks my miles and pace then I plug it into my computer and it downloads the runs so I can see the distance I have gone over the last month and week.
Audible.com: I decided for long runs getting lost in a book might be something to try. Well the first time I used this I did not want to stop running because I wanted to know what happened next in the book! I thought maybe my pace would slow down but it stayed pretty consistent…this may be a no-no for some runners but I don't mind multitasking!
Pandora: If I want just music for my run I have been enjoying Running Music Radio station on Pandora.
Happy Running!


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Crime Bulletin: 07-049
|Robbery Commercial
07-049 04/09/07
Suspect : black male, 19-20 years, 180-190 lbs. Last seen wearing black hoodie, black cotton mask over lower face. Armed with a silver semi-automatic pistol.
On 04/03/07 at 0600 hours, suspect entered the a building on the 300 block of 20th Street. The suspect ordered the manager to open the safe. The manager grabbed a bat and struck the suspects left arm. The suspect fired one rould into the floor. After wrestling with the manager, the suspect fled on foot toward Illinois Street.
Contact : Inspector Morimoto


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BERLIN, April 19 (Reuters) - Zalando, Europe's biggest pure online fashion retailer, said on Wednesday first-quarter sales growth slowed slightly as it confirmed full-year targets.
Zalando said sales rose a preliminary 22 to 24 percent to 971 to 987 million euros ($1.04-1.06 billion), compared to a Thomson Reuters Smart Estimate for 982 million euros, against a growth rate of 24 percent a year ago and down from a rate of 26 percent in the fourth quarter of 2016.
Zalando, which reports final quarterly results on May 9, said it expected its first quarter margin on adjusted earnings before interest and taxation (EBIT) to come in at 1 to 3 percent, compared to a Smart Estimate for 3 percent.
Zalando reiterated a forecast for 2017 sales growth of 20 to 25 percent in 2017 and an EBIT margin of 5 to 6 percent.
$1 = 0.9331 euros Reporting by Victoria Bryan; Editing by Maria Sheahan


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Khadi Golden Peach Handwoven Silk Saree
• Material: Silk
• Blouse piece: Attached
• Colour hues may slightly vary from that which appears in the image.
• The images are shot with different angular lighting to give you a multi-dimensional view of different colored silk yarns in the weaves.
•Store in clean and dry place, away from insects, dust, excessive light & moisture


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GraphicRiver Gingerbread Icons 6865420
Category: Stock Vector | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Gingerbread Icons 6865420
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Seasons \ Holidays \ Christmas
Christmas \ Pastry \ Present \ Illustration \ Icons \ Food \ Gingerbread \ House
Stock Vector - Gingerbread Icons 6865420 by artisticco @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Seasons \ Holidays \ Christmas
A vector illustration of gingerbread icon sets. Vector illustration, zip archive contain eps 10 and high resolution jpeg.
Winter Icons; Farmer Watering the Farm with Tractor; Coffee Mug Background; Winter Village; Little Girl Praying; Little Kids with Santa Claus; Pencil Drawing of Electronic Gadget.
Keywords: baked, bell, candy cane, celebration, chocolate, christmas, christmas tree, clip-art, clipart, cookies, culture, decoration, design element, dessert, drawing, food, gingerbread, house, icons, illustration, pastry, present, season, seasonal, sledge, snowflake, snowman, sock, vector, winter.


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The calming voice of veteran performer Donna Postel will put listeners immediately at ease and ready them for a unique and valuable introduction into the world of religion. From the Bolinda Beginner Guides, comes an easy-to-grasp audiobook on some of the fundamental parts of religion and the spiritual world. Written by Martin Forward, this audiobook covers the origins of religious belief, religion's place in contemporary society, and what changes we can except to encounter with religion in the future. For anyone looking to be more informed on the religious and spiritual world, this audiobook is the perfect start.
This unique introduction takes a careful look at the role of religion and the spiritual dimension in the real world. Conversational in tone, but built on a solid foundation of knowledge, it covers an enormous range of issues in a succinct and straightforward style, from the origins of religious belief to the future of religion in today's spiritual landscape. Drawing on history, theology, sociology, philosophy and the words of great thinkers old and new, this lively little audio volume will both inform and stimulate.
©2001 Martin Forward (P)2012 Bolinda Publishing Pty Ltd
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Help Victims of Hurricane Harvey - The Episcopate has 2 parishes in the Houston area whose members have been impacted directly. DONATE TODAY - CLICK ON THE DONATE BUTTON below and note: HOUSTON APPEAL... Thank you!
Click here to read the January/February 2017 issue of Solia - The Herald.
Home | Back | Print | Top


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Twelve: Twelve! New charter schools, coming Washington's way...
bell hooks Feminist Auto-Responder: Need to get rid of an insistent creepy dude? Give him this number (+l-669-221-6251), and if he calls or texts, he'll get an automatic text response from feminist theorist bell hooks, e.g. "If any female feels she need anything beyond herself to legitimate and validate her existence, she is already giving away her power to be self-defining, her agency." Donate here.
Mom Hugs 16 Year Old Who Killed Her Daughter: Ady Guzman-DeJesus, who initially sought a harsh sentence, agreed to a plea deal that involves a one year stint in juvenile detention sentence followed by a tour of Florida classrooms to speak about firearm safety—with her.
Jon Meis: The hero who took down the SPU shooter—and who called the shooter a "very sad and troubled young man" who someday deserves to be forgiven—is graduating, and the university is establishing an engineering scholarship in his name.
Seattle City Light Pays Firm to Burnish CEO's Online Image: And the City Council wants to increase his salary to $170 per hour on Monday. Here's a petition against the raise.
Naloxone: It is not a cure-all for the heroin epidemic, a Seattle Times letter writer points out:
The editorial board missed a couple of critical facts and grossly oversimplified the reality of this addiction.I reported on how the state removed funding for post-treatment housing for recovering addicts here.
In Seattle and other parts of the country, the dramatic rise in heroin abuse is largely being driven by an increase in teen users who are smoking or snorting heroin, not injecting it. Advocating needle-exchange sites as the best place to distribute naloxone makes no sense for these new young users—they don't use needles.
But Of Course: Former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair says the decision to invade Iraq has nothing—nothing!—to do with the chaos unfolding there now.
Cautionary Tale: Charities rely on the production of victims.
ZeFrank on octupuses:
(Know a kid? Take him or her to the Seattle Aquarium to feed the octopus! I can attest, it's super fun.)


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@ ALL CFD Engineers
Helo Everyone,
I'm looking for some literature on Moving / Deforming Meshes and some test cases in relevance with the same. I am a student and am learning dynamic meshing in CFD (Gambit / Tgrid / Fluent environment) by myself and I'm lost.:confused::rolleyes:
Please suggest / lend me the literature on this topic.:o
Thanking you,
OA (email@example.com)
help-Tutorials provided with Fluent is quite good
@ -mAx-
Hello Max,
Thankyou very much. It indeed is of great help.
I also would like to ask that, "Is dynamic mesh, the application, different in different solvers.?" eg. in Fluent, in CFX, in StarCD.
Thanking you once again.:):)
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 18:58.


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Sunday, 1 February 2015
Welcome to our new sketch challenge!
Firstly, WOW!! Loll and I were so happy to see all the entries for our January Challenges. Did you happen to miss them? You can always pop on over to the Happy Little Stampers Forum where the challenges are always open for inspiration.
Please send good vibes and healing prayers to our beloved Loll who is recovering from surgery. We miss you, Loll! xx
Before we get onto our new sketch challenge, we need to announce the winner of our January Sketch Challenge and our random mystery prize winner.
Chosen by Random.org the winner of the January Sketch Challenge is
Congratulations, you have won the prize from our monthly sponsor - Scrappiness. Please email me at email@example.com within 5 days to claim your prize.
Chosen by Random.org, the winner of our Mystery Prize is -
Congratulations! Please email me at email@example.com within 5 days to claim your prize.
How did Bonnie win a Mystery Prize? If you enter the monthly challenges here at the blog but also link up over at the forum, each month you get automatically entered into the random drawing. Easy!
We have a brand new sketch for you to play with for the month of February -
and our monthly sponsor is
and you could win a $5 gift certificate to the store!
Here is our inspiration for you -
Please pop on by our blogs to see how we came up with our ideas.
4 comments:
Kylie, I Love your new CAS Sketch and your's and Loll's beautiful samples. All the samples from your January sketch were so creative and inspiring. What an awesome turnout too.ReplyDelete
Dear sweet Loll, wishing you quicker than expected healing. We all miss you my dear friend.
Hugs, Nancy
Hope you feel better soon Loll!!! Your creations are really GORGEOUS ladies!! :)ReplyDelete
Hope my slight poetic licence with the sketch will not eliminate my entry!ReplyDelete
I hope my take on Loll's embossing example card is OK for this sketch part too!ReplyDelete
It is based on it!
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CimView applications running on the primary server or viewers receive point updates from the primary point manager. CimView applications running on secondary server receives updates from the point manager running on the secondary server. All setpoints are routed to the primary point manager. When the primary server is lost, CimView applications on viewers automatically begin receiving updates from the secondary point manager.
Important: Trend Controls on CimView screens that use logged data will not fail over to the database on the redundant server.
Automatic redundancy operation overview.


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Gravity Joomla Themes come across various purposes like business, blogs, community portal, news, gaming portal and its adaptability can be many more. Gravity Template 5 level depth moo menu, 3 Layout Option, RTL Language Support, Fast loading and impressive Mobile Device Support ability with CSS and JS compression engine.
Gravity joomla layout built with top of Expose Framework, our new generation framework for joomla 1.5 and 1.6 which has user level Template Override Options, full control over Typography and Styling.
Grab Fast Loading Gravity joomla template for your site & see how it integrates style, coolness and bright look to your hard work and a smile upon your face.
Demo | Download


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Extra Points: Memorial Day Special
This Week's Focus Point: Memorial Day Special
This week's memo is a reprint from last year's Memorial Day Special…
In memorium. In memory of. Remembrance.
All words that signify and define the word, "memorial."
I can't imaging what it would have felt like on June 6, 1944. To be 21 years old, standing on a Navy ship, and set to be on a landing party to the beaches in Normandy. The odds said that you'd be a casualty and you knew it. The chill of the wind and the rain in the Atlantic just off the shore of France, and far away from wherever you hailed from.
By the time the fighting was over, there would be 4,414 confirmed dead, and over 10,000 casualties. That scene I describe can certainly be played out over centuries. Men and women facing certain death, yet risking all for all for country.
My dad spent 30 years in the Navy and fought in World War II. He wasn't at Normandy, but was at the North African Invasion and certainly survived the war. He was always quick to point out that Memorial Day was not the day to honor those that served, but those that died. Those that gave the greatest sacrifice. Veterans Day is the day to honor all, Memorial Day was the day to honor the fallen. I've never forgotten that.
Memorial Day was borne out of the Civil War and a desire to honor the dead. During the first national celebration on May 30, 1868, former Union General and sitting Ohio Congressman (and future President of the United States) James Garfield made a speech where 20,000 graves were "decorated" for both Union and Confederate soldiers. Today we honor all those that have fallen in wars, conflicts, and service from the Revolutionary War to the present. Let's all remember this as we take a holiday break from our labors to recall those that gave the ultimate sacrifice so we can.
In memorium. In memory of. Remembrance.
Quote of the Week:
"In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends."
~ Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
© 2017 Toro Consulting, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Extra Points: Walking Hills
Yesterday my Rotary Club had a big fundraising event during our city's annual festival. The location was only about a mile and half walk (22 minutes to be exact), so I decided to walk to it. The weather was beautiful – maybe one of the best days of the year. The festival also brings lots of traffic and parking challenges, and I figured the exercise would be good.
After a full day of volunteering in the sun, the time came to walk home. The majority of the walk back is uphill, which added to the exertion level. By the time I hit the stop light to cross to the final big hill, I took a deep breath and thought, "Oh boy…" (The word boy is a place holder…it was actually a different word)
I climbed the hill no worse for wear, just a little more tired and strengthened. Strengthened because hills develop physical strength and stamina, and build toughness.
We all face hills in our business life and career. Nothing is a straight level path. We never know when these hills will emerge, or how long a duration they are. But just like my final hill home yesterday, we are forced to climb them to reach our destination.
Here are three quick tips to help you traverse these hills in your business (and personal) life and career:
- Take a deep breath and charge forward…always remembering to breathe. It's rarely as bad or as steep as we think.
- Don't take side routes. I considered taking an alternate route where the hill was less steep, however the longer path would take more time to get home. Speed in business is everything. Find your inner strength and persevere.
- Honor the struggle. The hill will make you stronger and tougher; and ultimately make the reward at the end more satisfying. If you honor the struggle, you will honor your ability to conquer it.
There will always be another hill coming up. You may have just finished walking your hill; may be in the midst now; or may see it approaching. Regardless of where you're at in business or in life, prepare for your hills by being strong of mind and body. It's the only way to run the race.
Need help walking your hill and rapidly achieving your goals? Contact me at (360) 271-1592 or firstname.lastname@example.com and let's talk about it!
Quote of the Week:
"He who angers you, conquers you."
~ Elizabeth Kenny
© 2017 Toro Consulting, Inc. All Rights Reserved
A Little Privacy Please…
A Little Privacy, Please…
How to guard and protect yourself and your company from cyber crimes
As a first world society, I'm afraid we are becoming numb to calamity around us. Once upon a time, a global cyber security breach would have been the main news story for several weeks. The major attack that happened last week that impacted countless businesses around the world is now largely forgotten as we did into the FBI, the White House, and Russia.
We live in a growing less secretive world. The ability for a criminal with some technology skills to "break into" a small or medium-sized company and steal information is alarmingly easy. We all lock our doors at night to keep the bad guys out. The problem is that the bad guys don't need to pick your lock; they just need to figure out your password and then they can steal information, money, and profits.
I will be brief today, but that doesn't lessen the severity of this threat to your company and employees (including you and your family). Here are three steps you should take right now to help prevent and mitigate this risk:
- Create (or review and revise) a written cyber security plan for your company. I don't care if you are a company of five or 500, you use the Internet and you need to protect yourself. Just like unprotected sex leads to bad consequences, unprotected systems could result in more serous viruses (see link to article below).
- Form a team. Being a lone wolf doesn't work because you can't possibly know everything. You need an IT expert, a risk specialist, and key employees in your company to build a strong fortification. It also supports accountability and implementation.
- Read this article in the Harvard Business Review written by Luke Bencie. A colleague of mine shared it on Facebook yesterday and it's excellent. You and your employees are probably violating a lot of his suggestions. I know I am and that will start changing. Are you ready to change to match the new risk to your business?
Bottom line: This isn't 1977 any longer. Your most valuable assets and information are no longer stored in a safe in your locked business. They live in a cloud that can be accessed by people with skills and bad intent. It's time to re-awaken to what your most concerning risks are and do what you can to ferociously guard them.
I'm an expert in resilience, risk management, and crisis planning. I have a proprietary scorecard to assess where you are today when it comes to protecting your most important assets and your bottom line.
If these are important to you, then call and let's talk. Call me at 360-271-1592 to schedule a meeting.
WHAT'S NEW…my Private Brokerage Client program.
I've expanded my consulting practice to include the ability to place insurance coverage for clients. Through my affiliation and partnership with First Underwriters, I now can not only help you control your risk exposures, but finance them in a way that ferociously protects your profits.
My business model is different for two reasons. First, clients gain access to certain intellectual property and resources that before were only available to consulting clients. These resources will help clients save time, money, and frustration on their entire risk portfolio. Second, the program has a capacity limit. In order to offer this full-service, concierge style approach, I will limit the number of Private Brokerage Clients I will take on. Just since starting about 45 days ago, I've added five new clients.
If you'd like to learn more about how I can help you ferociously protect your profits and lifestyle, call me to see how this program might look for you.
Shrimp Tank Podcast – Earl Bell
Check out the video-wrap up of a great interview with author, speaker, and executive coach, Earl Bell. To listen to the entire podcast, go to our website or subscribe on iTunes!
© 2017 Toro Consulting, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Extra Points: Interval Training
My daughter Kelli has gotten me hooked on interval training for running. The intervals are one minute in duration…one minute of running followed by one minute of walking. Rinse and repeat for the entire time you choose to run. It's enhanced my enthusiasm for running, made the process more manageable, and (this is the most important) dramatically improved my performance.
My pace has increased slightly (from 10 1/2 to about 11 1/2 minutes per mile), however my ability to run/walk longer with less stress and more energy at the end has improved. And, I'm having more fun. While the initial metric looked like it didn't make sense, the interval training actually enhanced the entire experience.
I talk with too many business professionals – especially CEOs and business owners – that could use a little interval training. The pace they set for themselves is too daunting. Too much work without a respite for clearing the mind, relaxing the spirit, and recharging the proverbial battery. While at first glance, the metric looks like working harder and longer makes more sense, the stark reality is that doing that too long will bring about exhaustion, anxiety, and epic collapse.
Take a cue from my newfound interval training. Intentionally plan to alter your course to better mix in life balance with work. In the end, your pace may slow down but your performance and experience will be greatly improved, making your company, your career, and your life exponentially better.
Need help accelerating your business results? Contact me at (360) 271-1592 or firstname.lastname@example.com and let's talk about it!
Quote of the Week:
"Do the best you can until you know better. Then when you know better, do better."
~ Maya Angelou
© 2017 Toro Consulting, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Extra Points: Talking 'Bout My Generation
This past weekend was my annual Rotary District Training & Conference where 500 Rotarians gather to learn and have fun together. In addition to that number, there are about 50 exchange students from across the globe that join in to share their experiences from the past year, display their amazing talents, and fellowship with the us Rotarians. Their participation was significant; in fact you could say they were ubiquitous throughout the weekend.
I talk to business owners and leaders regularly and one of the hot topics is about generations in the workplace. I often hear complaints about "millenials." The concerns are manifest around how they are tied to technology; are all about instant gratification; and don't aren't willing to put in the effort. Funny…many of the same complaints were lobbied against my generation when we were joining the workplace. I have a feeling that history repeats itself.
What business owners and leaders must do is get out of their own way when it comes to developing younger people. Instead of trying to force them to do things in a way that might now be archaic, why not commit to identifying what can be learned from this generation? I'd submit that people are people, no matter their age. We just have different ways that we learned and developed based on when we were born. From what I saw this weekend, we can learn a lot from the "next generation," but only if we take off the blinders of preconceived notions and arrogance. The new generation might just have the answers we need and all we need to do is use our experience to help them and us succeed faster.
Need help accelerating your business results? Contact me at (360) 271-1592 or email@example.com and let's talk about it!
Quote of the Week:
" Courage is fear holding on a minute longer."
~ General George Patton
© 2017 Toro Consulting, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Extra Points: Small Targets – Big Results
This Week's Focus Point: Small Target – Big Results
Mentors are important for success and significance. One of the best mentors I had when coaching high school basketball was a legendary coach from our area. Coach Harney was a member of the Seattle University team that played in the Final Four back in the 1950's. One of his teammates was Hall of Famer, Elgin Baylor. Coach Harney went on to coach for over three decades (and still volunteers) and made it into the Coaching Hall of Fame in this state for his accomplishments.
Coach was always willing to share ideas with me, especially when it came to developing skills in players. One of them was quite unique. He told me that he had his players practice missing free throws. That's right…missing them. It seemed that my players were pretty adept at missing them without any practice, but I digress. He explained that it wasn't simply missing that mattered, but how they missed. He instructed his players to pick a small spot on either side of the rim. That was the exact spot he wanted them to hit and miss. He believed that if they could get so good at hitting such a small target, making it into the bigger target during a game would be easy. His players proved him right.
The concept of focusing on small targets isn't just for basketball. I've used the same principle in golf. I'd suggest to you, missing small with your business objectives will carry the same big results.
Here's what I mean. Instead of setting grandiose goals with long time frames, why not pick a small target (e.g. one week) and laser focus on one accomplishment (e.g. meeting with two prospective clients, finishing an important project, writing three chapters for your book, or de-cluttering your work area)? If we aim for small targets, we improve our focus, which leads to better results and greater confidence. It's much better to move one thing forward a mile than 10 things forward an inch. Focus on small targets will train your brain to be sharp and in the moment. It will require you to eschew multi-tasking, which is another benefit!
Find something small this week to focus on and watch your results grow.
Need help accelerating your business results? Contact me at (360) 271-1592 or firstname.lastname@example.com and let's talk about it!
Quote of the Week:
" Age is not important unless you're a cheese."
~ Helen Hayes
© 2017 Toro Consulting, Inc. All Rights Reserved


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In the early hours of Sunday morning, 29-year-old Omar Mateen entered the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, and began shooting the patrons, killing 49 of them.
Orlando Police Chief John Mina said Monday that Mateen then entered a bathroom and barricaded himself in along with four or five patrons, the Daily Mail reported.
After entering the restroom, Mateen made a phone call to the police and threatened "imminent loss of life." He also spoke of "bomb vests and explosives."
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After hearing those comments, Orlando police decided to blast through the wall with an armored vehicle, a decision that Mina said saved "many, many lives."
After a hole was blasted into the wall, Mateen chose to crawl through to make his escape. Once exiting the building, he began shooting at the police. At that point the SWAT team opened fire and killed Mateen.
TRENDING: Ex-NFL Superstar Goes Rogue, Openly Blames Goodell for Disrespect Against the Flag
Two weeks before the shooting, Mateen tried and failed to buy body armor, the Daily Mail reported.
In a statement released Monday, FBI Director James Comey confirmed that Mateen spoke with a 911 dispatcher on three occasions around 2:30 a.m.
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"He called and hung up. He called again and spoke with the dispatcher and hung up. And the dispatcher called him back and they spoke briefly," Comey said.
He added, "During the calls he said he was doing this for the leader of ISIS, who he named, and pledged loyalty to. But he also appeared to claim solidarity with the perpetrators of the Boston Marathon bombings and solidarity with the Florida man who died as a suicide bomber in Syria for Al-Nusra Front — a group in conflict with the so-called Islamic State."


text: 'They ask if we still live in caribou-skin tents': Arctic... Cruise from Greenland to Nunavut full of Arctic wonders Cruise full of Arctic wonders Viking longship cruise a lovely way to explore the world All aboard! Overwater suites in Jamaica offer magical Caribbean getaway New overwater suites in Jamaica Greek cruise delivers excellent adventure Greek cruise delivers excellent adventure Viking sails to the heart of Portugal's food culture Chef Anthony Mauboussin is greeted like a rock star at Mercado do Bolhao in Porto's city centre. New hotel developments worth checking out -- Once Toronto's most glamorous venue, the Crystal Ballroom at The Omni King Edward hotel will reopen in early 2017 after a $6.5 million renovation, in time for its centennial. See omnihotels.com Checking In: A kids'-eye view of the updated Stowe Mountain... Kids rule at the newly expanded Stowe Mountain Resort. Checking In: At-par value in Mount Washington Valley The inviting, historic inns and exciting outdoor life of New England are so close, but with the loonie worth about 75 cents in the U.S., they can seem out of reach Checking In: La Jolla's 'Pink Lady' marks 90th with revamp Timeless and patrician. The glorious La Valencia Hotel reflects the classic glamour and the good life of Southern California. Cruise director Eric De Gray is Mr. Entertainment aboard... At 6-foot-6 — topped by a couple of inches of spiky blond hair — Eric De Gray is hard to miss. World's three largest cruise ships meet at sea for the... The three largest cruise ships on the sea have come together for their first -- and possibly only -- meeting. Checking In: InterContinental Toronto Centre, where big can... This is a tale of two InterContinental hotels. Previously, I looked at the InterContinental Toronto Yorkville, a chic boutique-style getaway on Torontos stylish Bloor Street. New name for Branson's cruise ship line: Virgin Voyages Sir Richard Branson on Tuesday announced a new name for his forthcoming cruise ship line, Virgin Voyages. Westin Ottawa is a winner for leisure or business The Westin Ottawa has two personalities, business and leisure, and lots of features for both. 'Tranquility and freedom' at Val-des-Lacs, Quebec B&B If, like poet Robert Frost, you prefer the road less travelled, consider making tracks for La Maison de Charlèna. Luxury awaits on Mexico's Riviera Maya A visit to the El Dorado Royale and El Dorado Royale Casitas may give you a sense of feeling, well, royal. Why the Caribbean is still the go-to destination for... Turquoise waters, coral reefs, exotic blooms, cooling trade winds and bright sun with clear skies make the Caribbean the top warm-weather tourist destination in the world. The desk is back: Marriott is redesigning hotel rooms Marriott is redesigning its hotel rooms, and desks with chairs are once again a standard feature. Lawmakers propose reviving royal yacht Britannia as 'small... The U.K. may be sailing into an uncertain future outside the European Union, but if campaigners have their way, Britannia will rule the waves again. string(51) "/Travel/Activities/ResortsCruises/2017/archive.html" All news


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Our resort is located 2.5 hrs. west of Calgary in the scenic village of Radium Hot Springs, surrounded on three sides by the Springs Golf Course. Luxury, relaxation, golf, skiing, adventure and spectacular views.
Background Photo Credit: Destination British Columbia
Copyright © 2017 BC Lodging & Campground Association.
All rights reserved.
British Columbia Lodging & Campgrounds Association
209 – 3003 St John's Street Port Moody, BC, Canada V3H 2C4 Tel: 778-383-1037 | Fax: 604-945-7606


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Twenty years ago, 'Flubber' bounded onto the big-screen. A lavish remake of Walt Disney's original 'The... Read more
It's time to give up on one Star Wars dream: Lando Calrissian is not going to appear in the upcoming... Read more
The internet has questions that only the 'Stranger Things' cast knows the answers to, so Joe Keery and... Read more
A big development in the Marvel Cinematic Universe has made fans of entirely different series happy.... Read more
Real life is a constant source of inspiration for 'Law & Order: SVU.' In an upcoming Season 19 episode,... Read more


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Yellow potion
This item can not be created.
|Skill and improvement
A round flask containing liquid with a really funny strong smell. Maybe something equally fun will happen if you quaff it?
A yellow potion is an item given as part of the loyalty bonus program that provides gifts to players who purchase premium time in consecutive months. The item turns a player into a random creature or object, the duration depends on the quality of the potion, and the quality of the potion depends on how many times and how long a player has been premium.
Right-click the potion and select Use.
Taking damage, and embarking a vehicle or animal will dispel the effect. Your camera view height is relative to the item or creature you transform into. For example, as potted flowers, your view is very close to the ground.
- Bear
- Black wolf
- Goblin
- Large barrel
- Pheasant
- Pile of items
- Pottery flowerpot with flowers
- Skeleton
- Son of Nogump
- Spectre
- Zombie


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Baby Signing (6mth - 18mth)
Tuesday 11:00am - 11:40am
Holy Trinity Church Hall,
1 Vicarage Road,
Twickenham Green,
TW2 5TS view map
Limited free parking in hall car park. Free unrestricted parking in roads off The Green at any time. Free parking on The Green after 10.00am.
Suitable for babies age 6 months to 18 months.
Learn key signs to help develop your child's communication skills in a fun and lively way through games, songs and rhymes. We use a range of traditional and new songs plus puppets. multi-sensory props and instruments.
This price covers the 0 sessions remaining in this term.Tuesday 11:00am - 11:40am
10 sessions Tue 10 Jan 17 Tue 17 Jan 17 Tue 24 Jan 17 Tue 31 Jan 17 Tue 07 Feb 17 Tue 21 Feb 17 Tue 28 Feb 17 Tue 07 Mar 17 Tue 14 Mar 17 Tue 21 Mar 17
Join the waiting list
This class is currently fully booked but places often become available through cancellations or increased capacity. Join the waiting list to be informed as soon as a place is available.Or find other classes running at this Venue


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Picture: John Taylor and Simon Le Bon Duran Duran performing live in concert as part of Richard Branson's Sydney V Festival Sydney, Australia - 29.03.08
"I got into Duran Duran, Wham! (and) Adam Ant. Suddenly I'm wearing trousers that zip up the side instead of down the middle. I've made some gross misjudgments." 300 hunk Gerard Butler on his teenage fashion mishaps.


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GraphicRiver Set of Three Banner with Pattern 9103124
Category: Stock Vector | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Set of Three Banner with Pattern 9103124
Stock Vector \ Decorative \ Patterns
Retro \ Royal \ Pattern \ Ornate \ Ornament \ Scroll \ Vine \ Vintage \ Victorian
Stock Vector - Set of Three Banner with Pattern 9103124 by TashaHryshchenko @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Decorative \ Patterns
Graphics Files Included: JPG Image, Vector EPS; Layered: No; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Vector set of three banner with a pattern of ethnic elements
Vector Plate with Pattern; Festive Christmas Background with Frame; Filigree Background with Vintage Ornaments; Christmas Card with Red Ribbon and Textile; Vector Christmas Card with Ribbon; Elegant Filigree Ornament on Seamless; Vintage Seamless Pattern with Lace .
Keywords: art, background, baroque, damask, deco, decor, decorative, design, elegant, element, fashion, filigree, floral, flower, leaf, luxury, old, ornament, ornate, pattern, retro, royal, scroll, set, style, swirl, vector, victorian, vine, vintage.


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Balea White Tea and Ginger Solid
2 reviews
50% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.5
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 3.5
Price: $$$
Start your review
on 3/1/2012 10:53:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Normal, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Grey
I love theirs smells, I have a coconut, and it's very good. But I have to say that it's not very good deodorant I have better, but for the price it's good. :D
on 2/21/2010 9:47:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Brown, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Blue
Awful.. I tried this since I though it would be a cheaper version of Dove.. It is awful. The solid is ruff, it hurt to apply, it had little bumps in it that would be exfoliating, if I wanted it to be, which I don't. Not pleased and will not rebuy
Popular Deodorants
233 Reviews
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539 Reviews
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- Description
DetailsBobbi Boss Classic Indian Remi 100% Human Hair Wig MH1209 HEART
- Color Shown on Model: 1
- Quick style change: Natural Loose curl when wet
- Ultra silky texture with soft volume
- Easy to straighten or curl with styling tools
- Long lasting
- "Baby soft" to touch
- Most natural looking hair
- Additional Information
Additional Information
Brand Bobbi Boss SKU bbhhwmh1209heart Style Bang, Straight Special Price $95.16
- Reviews
Customer Reviews 2 item(s)
- Just like human hair
I have purchased this wig multiple times. Love it!!
Value Quality Price
- Bobbi Boss Wig MH1209 Heart
I love this wig. The texture of the hair is very soft and silky.
Quality Value Price


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Pre-BFC Manual
I am having difficulty in generating a mesh using pre-BFC because I don't have a manual. What can I do?
Re: Pre-BFC Manual
Get rid of PreBFC, it is too old, Use GAMBIT.
Re: Pre-BFC Manual
(1). Have you tried to contact the Fluent headquarter? (2). The pre-BFC concept is simple and straightforward. It is especially useful when you have the final geometry and mesh pre-planned, that is you know exactly how to combine the points, curves into surfaces. I have used it extensively in the last three years, even though the support engineer kept saying that they are no longer supporting it. (3). Even with the manual, at some point when you need to fine tune the mesh, you still want to talk to the support to find out the exact way to use some of the options. (4). If you need editing capabilities, preBFC is not a good choice. If you don't know what you are doing , then the new code is not going to help you either. (5). Regardless of the code you use, you need to plan ahead before you start running the code. It will save you a lot of time and headache. ( Fluent should be able to run a copy of the manual for you even if it is no longer supported. After all, only rich and brave people are willing to get involved in CFD.)
Re: Pre-BFC Manual
I agree with tudi.
Re: Pre-BFC Manual
So do I.
Re: Pre-BFC Manual
(1). I will start looking into Gambit soon. (2). Our expert's opinion is "proceed with extreme caution". "bugs and system hung-up" was the main concern.(based on several months hands-on experience) (3). There was no system problem with preBFC in the last several years when I was using it. (4). It is not a good idea to crush the user's system from time to time when using this new code. Agree?
Re: Pre-BFC Manual
Dear Kevan,
If you are still hunting for a preBFC manual, please let me know and I'll try to find one here for you. Please send me your mailing address.
I would agree with the other posters that GAMBIT is much more powerful and easy to use compared to preBFC.
I would also say that the days of "bugs and system hang-ups" are well behind us now. The current GAMBIT release, 1.1, has made significant strides in speed, usability and robustness compared to the first releases more than a year ago.
Eric Grald, Fluent Inc.
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 14:09.


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Peaking Lights have released a video for 'Beautiful Son', the first from their pretty great new LP Lucifer. The song is the married Wisconsin duos ode to their one-year-old son, and the LEGS-directed video makes parenthood look like a psychedelic '70s flashback.
Watch the video for 'Beautiful Son' below (via Stereogum).
For a previous post on Peaking Lights, follow the link below:


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Holidays are quickly approaching. Are you ready to start shopping? Buying gifts for your family and friends? I've gathered some amazing products for everyone on your list! Electronics, toys, books, apparel, and even fitness items that are perfect for anyone on your Holiday list!
37 Comments
I love the Berry Breeze and would love to have one for our home!November 18, 2014 at 7:49 pm
I love the shock rocket or the jam and jelly maker.November 18, 2014 at 8:36 pm
Zoomer Dino is my favorite! I can't wait to get one for my grandson this Christmas!November 19, 2014 at 12:44 pm
John Frieda Satin Finish Straightener is my favorite item.November 20, 2014 at 11:47 am
Love the VW Camper Van Child's Pop up Play Tent by The Monster Factory!November 22, 2014 at 10:25 am
[…] Holiday Gift Guide 2014 […]November 23, 2014 at 9:25 am
Love the Under Armor sunglasses
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I love this Big Hero 6 Deluxe Flying Baymax with Hiro Action Figure for my sonNovember 27, 2014 at 10:47 pm
My kids would love the zoomer dino.November 28, 2014 at 9:45 pm
My favorite gift from the holiday gift guide is the Replay Audio Bluetooth Stereo Headphones.December 3, 2014 at 7:55 pm
My favorite is the Shark Rocket Ultralight Upright.December 5, 2014 at 1:04 pm
My favorite is the Amope Pedi Perfect Electronic Pedicure Foot File.December 6, 2014 at 5:46 pm
I just love the Kipling Kellyn HandbagDecember 8, 2014 at 9:21 am
Wish I had a shock rocket for home or work.December 9, 2014 at 6:13 am
I like the jelly makerDecember 9, 2014 at 9:01 pm
I'm really liking the Label Tag Maker with Built-in Eyelet Setter.. it would make pricing and selling my jewelry a lot simplerDecember 15, 2014 at 10:08 pm
I like the The Best Emergency Radio (Hammacher Schlemmer) super 🙂December 16, 2014 at 11:04 pm
I love the Shark Rocket Ultralight Upright. This is something i would love to have one day.December 17, 2014 at 8:39 am
I like the shock rocket.December 17, 2014 at 10:01 pm
i really like the Martian Notifier White. I really think that my husband would like it.December 18, 2014 at 2:46 am
What a great gift guide! My favorite item is the Little Tikes Tunnel 'N Dome Climber!December 18, 2014 at 3:38 am
My favorite item is the Giant Jenga game.December 22, 2014 at 6:49 pm
I really like the Rockport Total Motion Pointed Toe Pump.December 22, 2014 at 8:12 pm
I like the John Frieda Satin Finish Straightener.December 22, 2014 at 8:22 pm
My favorite item is the JBL Charge 2 Portable Wireless Bluetooth Speaker with Built-In Mic and PowerBank. Great for entertaining.December 22, 2014 at 8:47 pm
I really like the 5″ Create-A-Sticker™ MaxDecember 22, 2014 at 9:08 pm
Oh I love the Coveroo – Floral Chevron Blue to be able to get different covers!December 23, 2014 at 12:39 am
My favorite item is the Shark Rocket Ultralight Upright. This is something i would love to have one day.December 23, 2014 at 6:56 am
Majesco Zumba Fitness Belt for Wii- love fitness games!December 25, 2014 at 12:25 am
The Ex kitchen Knife holder is awesome. That is the knife holder that would look perfect in my kitchen especially when my ex comes over to pick up the kids.December 25, 2014 at 1:44 pm
My favorite has to be the Target Pez Gift Card stocking stuffer! It's like two gifts in one and it would be perfect for my preteen daughter that is very hard to buy for, especially for stocking stuffers! She not grown, yet is to old for little toys in her stocking, so I am always looking for cute inexpensive things for her! I could load just $5 onto this and she would be happy!December 27, 2014 at 3:24 pm
I LOVE the iBoard Surf Stripe Ironing Board. I am a quilter and having a huge ironing board out isnt always nic this is small and lightweight and would stay net to the machine until I am ready to stop my project!December 27, 2014 at 4:55 pm
I like the Zoomer Dino!December 28, 2014 at 5:57 pm
I like the zoomer dinoJanuary 1, 2015 at 12:44 pm
I like the Trucker's Friend USA Made All-Purpose and Survival ToolJanuary 2, 2015 at 1:48 pm
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This is a unique box style vaporizer that creates a vortex of vertical heat using minimal heat to where none of it ever goes to waste. Using a double screen to suspend your herbs, the Vapor Tower Deluxe achieves t he greatest air flow and uses ceramic heating element that will result and purified vapor production. This unit comes with a 2 piece vapor whip kit and comes with a lifetime warranty. With the "set it and forget it" technology, you just set the desired temperature and turn it on and off.
The VaporTower is a very effective product as it uses the ceramic heating to be able to utilize the heat quality with pure vapor. The Direct-inhale unit offers a little more effective vapor than the balloon-style vaporizers, you will get a lot better results when you use the Vapor Tower. This unit is not fan-driven vaporizer so you won't ever lose vapor unless you actually are using the unit.
Quality Materials
The vapor tower is a direct draw vaporizer so hot air generates from the heating coil within the VaporTower. The VaporTower uses a ceramic heating element that is engraved within a glass shell. Everything is inside a very beautiful wooden box that has an opening with the heating coil to look like a nice wooden vaporizer tower. You can turn the temperature with a silver knob that's located on the front of the VaporTower near the power switch. You should expect to wait around 3 – 4 minutes for everything to heat up to where you will be ready to vaporize.
Size of the VaporTower is 6" tall and 5" round at the base.
When you look at the whip, it is a quality feel of two pieces of glass. The mouthpiece and the filling chamber that connects to a silicone whip. The filling chamber whip can be screwed in and out so you can put more materials inside. It screws in perfectly with the heating coil.
How to use the Vapor Tower
It isn't hard to clean you take apart everything and soak the components in Agent orange or Orange Chronic for around 30 minutes. Rinse them off and let it sit out to dry. You should always clean out your vaporizer for optimal performance.
Finding the right temperature is important when you're using the Vapor Tower. It is a very beautiful design with high quality wood. Making sure you inhale slowly and finding the break-in point is important so you get the most vapor. The instructions it comes with are very important to read, you'll want to know you're doing everything correctly when you're using the VaporTower. Your investment is protected with a lifetime warranty!
|Vaporizer Compatibility:
|Vapes With
|6.25 x 5.00 x 5.00 in.
|Vaporizer Type:
|Delivery Method:
|Hands Free
|Vaporizer Info


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Battle for Ukraine Trailer (2014)
07 November 2014 History, Factual 128 mins
In the film Battle for Ukraine Andrei Konchalovsky, the famous Russian director, analyzes how Ukraine, a former part of the Soviet Empire and present big European country, struggles to escape from the close embrace of the former big brother, Russia, and not to become one of the American satellites. This extensive study lasted for almost three years. Many Ukrainian, Russian and American historians, politicians and journalists took part in this study, as well as the ex-President of Poland Aleksander Kwasniewski, the ex-President of Slovakia Rudolf Schuster, the ex-President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze, the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, the ex-Prime Minister of Russia Viktor Chernomyrdin, and the businessman Boris Berezovsky.
Watch the official Battle for Ukraine 2014 trailer in HD below or find more Battle for Ukraine videos on Vidimovie.


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The ability to enhance muscle size and function is important for overall health. In this study, skeletal myofiber vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was hypothesized to regulate hypertrophy, capillarity, and contractile function in response to functional overload (FO). Adult myofiber-specific VEGF gene-ablated mice (skmVEGF−/−) and wild-type (WT) littermates underwent plantaris FO or sham surgery (SHAM). Mass, morphology, in vivo function, IGF-1, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and Akt were measured at 7, 14, and 30 days. FO resulted in hypertrophy in both genotypes, but fiber sizes were 13% and 23% smaller after 14 and 30 days, respectively, and mass 15% less after 30 days in skmVEGF−/− than WT. FO increased isometric force after 30 days in WT and decreased in skmVEGF−/− after 7 and 14 days. FO also resulted in a reduction in specific force and this differed between genotypes at 14 days. Fatigue resistance improved only in 14-day WT mice. Capillary density was decreased by FO in both genotypes. However, capillary-to-fiber ratios were 19% and 15% lower in skmVEGF−/− than WT at the 14- and 30-day time points, respectively. IGF-1 was increased by FO at all time points and was 45% and 40% greater in skmVEGF−/− than WT after 7 and 14 days, respectively. bFGF, HGF, total Akt, and phospho-Akt, independent of VEGF expression, and VEGF levels in WT were increased after 7 days of FO. These findings suggest VEGF-dependent capillary maintenance supports muscle growth and function in overloaded muscle and is not rescued by compensatory IGF-1 expression.
- functional overload
- plantaris
- muscle force
skeletal muscle normally responds to chronic elevations in load by increasing mass, strength, and/or fatigue resistance (46). However, inadequate responses can lead to muscle dysfunction and weakness, resulting in a muscle that cannot meet the demands necessary for normal mobility. Loading-induced impairment in muscle function can occur with aging or as a result of several chronic diseases characterized by muscle wasting or cachexia (6, 26, 41). Under these conditions smaller and weaker muscles often do not have the capacity to perform normal locomotor activities. Hypertrophy induced by functional overload (FO) of the plantaris provides an in vivo model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which an increase in muscle mass and improved function occur in response to increased contractile demands in healthy muscle or is compromised in models of disease.
While it is well known that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential angiogenic factor for skeletal muscle development (22), it also plays a role in maintaining capillaries in adult skeletal muscle (51), and is important for the angiogenic response to endurance training (16). However, the role of skeletal myofiber VEGF in the time-dependent sequence of cellular events that occur during FO-induced hypertrophy has not been elucidated. Our laboratory and others have reported that plantaris or soleus VEGF mRNA and protein levels increase in response to overload before an increase in muscle mass (14, 40). In the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), a more glycolytic muscle phenotype than the plantaris, studies of FO in the presence of a VEGF receptor decoy (VEGF-Trap) or in mice deficient in myofiber (both cardiac and skeletal) VEGF has been suggested to contribute to the formation of new capillaries that occurs with chronic muscle use (25, 55). However, in a healthy muscle, growth occurs through coordination of several stages involving myogenesis, activation and differentiation of satellite cells (53), and angiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries, is thought to be required to supply O2 and nutrients to hypertrophied fibers (15, 19, 42).
Within the first week following FO, inflammation (7), macrophage infiltration (39, 52), possible damage/injury (33, 50), increased levels of IGF-1 (3, 4, 39), and activation of the Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway have been reported (2, 4, 5, 9, 39, 48). During this initial stage, the gain in muscle weight is generally indicative of inflammation (7) rather than augmented muscle protein levels (4). After 2 wk of FO, muscle mass is significantly increased and continues to increase for up to 30 days (3, 48). Interestingly, several studies have shown that early responses to hypertrophic stimuli have important implications for longer-term adaptations (21, 48). For example, in satellite cell-depleted mouse plantaris, normal fiber hypertrophy was observed after the first 2 wk of overload (34), but subsequent long-term adaptations were impaired (21). Thus the time course of the current study allows elucidation of the potential time-dependent role of VEGF in the cellular and contractile muscle adaptations to a hypertrophic stimulus.
In this present study, we hypothesized that adult skeletal myofiber VEGF is a critical mediator of muscle capillarity and myofiber size that governs FO-induced increases in muscle mass, force production, and fatigue resistance. Furthermore, the expression of additional growth factors, insulin like growth factor (IGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), as well as total and phospho-Akt, that could potentially partially or fully compensate for the loss of skeletal myofiber VEGF in the response to FO were measured. To test these hypotheses the VEGF gene was conditionally deleted in adult skeletal myofibers and synergistic muscles were removed to impose abrupt and dramatic increases in load on the plantaris. Mice were assessed for changes in plantaris muscle mass and fiber size, capillary number, in vivo contractile function, and growth factor levels at 7, 14, and/or 30 days. A key feature of this mouse model is that mice were allowed to develop a normal vascular system before specifically targeting VEGF deletion in skeletal myofibers.
All procedures were approved by the Drake University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and the University of California-San Diego Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and followed the American Physiological Society Animal Care Guidelines.
Adult male VEGF gene-ablated mice (skmVEGF−/−) or wild-type littermates (WT), 4 mo of age, were divided into four groups based on genotype and surgical intervention: 1) WT-Sham surgery, 2) WT FO surgery, 3) skmVEGF−/−-Sham surgery, and 4) skmVEGF−/− FO surgery. At each experimental time point (7, 14, or 30 days) mice in each of the 4 experimental groups were studied. In the WT and skmVEGF−/− sham groups at the 7, 14, and 30-day time points statistical analysis found no differences among any variable (n = 5-6 at each time point). Thus, in an effort to minimize unnecessary animal use, the data from the 7, 14, and 30-day time points were pooled into a single sham group for each genotype resulting in 16–18 animals per sham group. The WT and skmVEGF−/− FO groups included 8–12 animals per genotype at each experimental time point.
Generation of inducible, skeletal myofiber-specific VEGF gene ablation mice.
Homozygous VEGFLoxP mice (22) were crossed with a heterozygous HSA-Cre-ERT2 mouse line (47) in which Cre-ERT2 is selectively expressed in skeletal myonuclei (controlled by human skeletal muscle α-actin sequence) and Cre recombinase activity is tamoxifen dependent. The WT mice have a floxed VEGF gene on both alleles and are homozygous for the VEGFLoxP transgene. Tamoxifen (1 mg, ip) was administered to both skmVEGF−/− and WT male mice for five consecutive days (day 0 through day 4) and mice were subjected to functional overload beginning on day 21.
The presence or absence of the HSA-Cre-ERT2 transgene in each mouse was determined by PCR analysis using tail DNA and forward 5′-CTAGAGCCTGTTTTGCACGTTC-3′ and reverse 5′-TGCAAGTTGAATAACCGGAAA-3′ primers under the following conditions: one 2-min polymerase activation incubation at 95°C, 35 cycles of 30 s denaturation at 94°C, 30 s annealing at 52.1°C, 60 s elongation at 72°C, followed by one 8-min elongation period at 72°C as previously described (16, 47).
Sham or FO surgery.
To mechanically overload the plantaris, mice underwent bilateral ablation of the soleus and gastrocnemius as previously described (27). Briefly, animals were anesthetized with isoflurane and under aseptic conditions an incision was made in the lower leg to expose the ankle extensors (soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius). The soleus and one-third of the lower medial and lateral gastrocnemius were removed while preserving vascular and neural supplies to the plantaris. The incision site was closed with subcuticular sutures, and the mice were allowed to recover in individual cages. Sham surgery included the incision and placement of sutures without removing the muscles.
Force and fatigue measurements.
Plantaris isometric force production was measured in the left leg only as previously described by our laboratory (36). Briefly, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (Vet Med Equip System, Livermore, CA), and the sciatic nerve was exposed through the popliteal fossa to electrically stimulate the nerve and elicit contraction of the plantaris. In the FO groups, plantarflexor force was due to plantaris contraction as the gastrocnemius and soleus had been removed during FO surgery. In the sham groups, the gastrocnemius and soleus tendons were cut prior to the testing procedure to measure only plantaris muscle force. The hindfoot was placed on a footplate attached to a servomotor that was able to measure applied torque and control ankle rotation (300C-LR, Aurora Scientific, Aurora, ON). The sciatic nerve was carefully placed on a stimulating dual hook electrode (Grass Technologies part no. F-ES-48, Warwick, RI), connected to a square-wave stimulator (A-M Systems, Sequim, WA), and stimulated at 200 Hz for 1.5 s with a pulse duration of 0.5 ms to evoke a maximum-force contraction. The nerve was kept moist with mineral oil warmed to ∼37°C. The servomotor was set to maintain position, ensuring that the contraction was isometric. A total of 10 contractions were completed with 5-s delays between stimulations. Muscle fatigue was evaluated by comparing the 10th contraction to the initial maximum contraction and expressing this difference as a percent of the maximal force. For all animals, the maximal force generation occurred during the first contraction. Force was normalized to both body mass and plantaris weight.
Tissue collection.
Immediately after the force measurements, the mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation and the plantaris and quadriceps muscles from both legs were quickly isolated and immediately frozen on dry ice and stored at −80°C until analysis. Muscles from the leg that underwent muscle testing were used for ELISA analysis and the contralateral leg muscles were used for immunohistochemistry. Based on previous experience in our laboratory, acute muscle testing elicits negligible effects on steady-state protein levels in the muscles (37). Since the contractions performed during muscle testing could potentially impact morphometry (e.g., minor fiber damage) only the untested contralateral limb muscles were used for immunohistochemistry.
Skeletal muscle immunohistochemistry.
Plantaris were prepared for immunohistochemistry by mounting on a cork with OCT freezing medium and cryo-preserving in liquid nitrogen-cooled isopentane. The muscle was positioned vertically with the support of a kidney cut in half and placed cut side down on the OCT-coated cork. The portion of the muscle that was sectioned was not coated in OCT. Ten-micrometer sections were collected from the mid-portion of the plantaris. Capillaries and fibers were detected using the capillary lead-ATPase method (44). Images were captured at a 20× magnification using a Hamamatsu Nanozoomer Slide Scanning System. ImageJ was used for the morphometric analysis of the entire plantaris cross-section and measurements of capillary and fiber number, capillary density, fiber size, and total muscle area were collected and used to calculate the capillary density and capillary-to-fiber ratio. The entire plantaris muscle cross section included analysis of ∼700 to 900 fibers.
ELISA analysis.
Mouse VEGF, IGF-1, HGF, and bFGF concentrations were measured in skeletal muscle lysates using validated kits (RayBiotech, Norcross, GA). The relative levels of total and phosphorylated Akt were measured in skeletal muscle lysates using validated kits (RayBiotech). The plantaris was used for all ELISAs with the exception of the VEGF ELISA. In this case the quadriceps was used to confirm the loss of myofiber VEGF in skmVEGF−/− mice (Fig. 1). Plantaris or quadriceps muscle samples (∼10 mg) were mechanically homogenized in a standard RIPA buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8) and supplemented with a protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Homogenates were immediately centrifuged at 12,000 g at 4°C for 12 min, and the supernatant, the detergent soluble fraction, was removed. Protein concentrations were determined by Bradford assay (Pierce, Grand Island, NY) using a bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard curve and immediately stored at −20°C for subsequent use in ELISA assays. Growth factors levels are expressed as picograms per milligram total protein. According to manufacturer's directions, a positive control dilution series was performed for the Akt ELISA, and data are presented as blanked OD values at 450 nm.
Statistical analyses.
Measurements were collected in four experimental groups (Sham or FO in WT and skmVEGF−/− mice) on days 7, 14, or 30 after sham or FO surgery. Measurements included: 1) maximal isometric muscle force, 2) muscle fatigability, 3) VEGF, IGF-1, HGF, and bFGF protein concentrations, 4) total and phosphorylated Akt levels, 5) capillary-to-fiber ratio and capillary density, 6) muscle fiber area, and 7) muscle mass. Each of two surgical interventions (sham or FO) and 2 genotypes (WT or skmVEGF−/−) were statistically analyzed with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design. This permitted statistical evaluation of the main effects of surgery (sham vs. FO) and genotype and their interaction. Two-way ANOVA were performed to assess main effects and interactions. Significantly different main effects were further analyzed using the Bonferroni post hoc test to determine the source of the difference. All analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism 6.0 (San Diego, CA) with the significance level set at P < 0.05.
Conditional ablation of the VEGF gene in adult skeletal myofibers.
To determine the effectiveness of the conditional ablation of the VEGF gene in skeletal muscle, VEGF protein levels were measured in the quadriceps, a muscle not involved in the experimental procedures. VEGF levels were significantly lower in the quadriceps muscle of skmVEGF−/− mice than WT mice with respective levels of 10.2 ± 1.1 and 48.8 ± 1.9 pg/mg total protein (Fig. 1).
Changes in body mass, plantaris mass, and plantaris mean fiber area.
Average initial and final body weights for sham and FO groups in both genotypes were not different among groups (Table 1). There were significant main effects of FO and genotype on absolute plantaris mass and plantaris mass normalized to body mass (Table 1 and Fig. 2). SkmVEGF−/− plantaris weighed 15% less than the WT plantaris after 30 days of FO. Absolute and normalized plantaris masses were not different between genotypes after 7 or 14 days of FO. On all days, absolute and normalized plantaris masses in FO groups were greater than sham for both genotypes.
In vivo muscle force and fatigue.
There were significant main effects of FO and genotype and a significant interaction of FO and genotype on both absolute and normalized to body mass maximal isometric force (Fig. 3A). Absolute maximal isometric forces for WT mice were 1.67 ± 0.14, 1.71 ± 0.10, 1.92 ± 0.19, and 2.41 ± 0.13 N·mm for sham, 7 day FO, 14 day FO, and 30 day FO groups, respectively. Absolute maximal isometric forces for skmVEGF−/− mice were 2.0 ± 0.16, 1.35 ± 0.17, 1.38 ± 0.18, and 2.00 ± 0.16 N·mm for sham, 7 day FO, 14 day FO, and 30 day FO groups, respectively. After 30 days of FO, absolute and normalized to body mass forces in WT mice were significantly greater than sham. In skmVEGF−/− mice, absolute and normalized to body mass isometric forces were significantly lower than sham after 7 or 14 days of FO. After 30 days of FO absolute and normalized to body mass isometric forces were greater than 7 day or 14 day values, but were not different from sham. After 14 and 30 days of FO, absolute and normalized to body mass isometric forces were significantly lower in skmVEGF−/− mice compared with WT mice.
There were significant main effects of FO and genotype on maximal isometric force normalized to plantaris mass (Fig. 3B). There was no significant interaction. At all time points, FO was associated with significantly lower maximal isometric force normalized to plantaris mass in both genotypes. After 14 days of FO, maximal isometric force normalized to plantaris mass was significantly lower in skmVEGF−/− mice compared with WT mice.
There were significant main effects of FO and genotype on muscle fatigability (Fig. 3C). FO was associated with significantly lower muscle fatigability than sham after 14 days in WT mice only.
Capillary regression in response to functional overload.
Representative sections from WT and skmVEGF−/− muscle after 30 days of FO are shown in Fig. 4A. There were significant main effects of FO and genotype and a significant interaction of FO and genotype on the capillary-to-fiber ratio in the plantaris (Fig. 4B). In skmVEGF−/− plantaris, the capillary-to-fiber ratio after 14 or 30 days of FO was significantly lower than the sham group. The capillary to fiber ratio was 19% and 15% lower in skmVEGF−/− than WT plantaris after 14 and 30 days of FO, respectively.
Measurements of plantaris mean fiber areas revealed significant main effects of FO and genotype and an interaction between these two variables (Fig. 4C). Fiber area was significantly increased in response to 14 or 30 days of FO in WT and skmVEGF−/− plantaris compared with sham. After 14 or 30 days of FO mean fiber areas were 13% and 23% lower, respectively, in skmVEGF−/− than WT plantaris.
There was a significant effect of FO on capillary density in the plantaris (Fig. 4D). In both genotypes, capillary density in the plantaris was significantly lower than sham groups after 14 or 30 days of FO.
Growth factor and (p)Akt levels in functionally overloaded plantaris.
VEGF protein levels were significantly lower in the plantaris of skmVEGF−/− mice compared with WT mice under all conditions and did not change with FO (Fig. 5). In WT mice 7 days of FO was associated with a 33% increase in VEGF protein in the plantaris before returning to control (sham) levels at 14 days (Fig. 5).
There were significant main effects of FO and genotype and a significant interaction of FO and genotype on plantaris IGF-1 levels (Fig. 6A). After 7, 14, or 30 days of FO, IGF-1 levels were significantly higher than sham in both genotypes. After 7 or 14 days of FO, IGF-1 levels were 45 and 40% higher, respectively, in skmVEGF−/− than WT mouse plantaris. After 30 days of FO, IGF-1 levels were similar between genotypes.
There were significant main effects of FO on bFGF and HGF protein levels in the plantaris muscle (Fig. 6, B and C). FO-associated increases in both bFGF and HGF levels after 7 days of FO were independent of genotype. In both genotypes bFGF and HGF levels returned to baseline after 14 days of FO. The levels of bFGF and HGF were not measured at 30 days since levels had returned to baseline by 14 days.
There were significant main effects of FO on total and phosphorylated Akt protein in the plantaris muscle (Fig. 7, A and B). FO-associated increases in both muscle total and phosphorylated Akt levels after 7 days of FO were independent of genotype. In both genotypes after 14 days of FO, total Akt levels returned to baseline and phosphorylated Akt decreased below baseline. The levels of total and phosphorylated Akt were not measured at 30 days since levels returned to or below baseline by 14 days. There was a significant effect of FO on the ratio of phosphorylated to total Akt (Fig. 7C). FO-associated decreases in phosphorylated/total Akt below baseline after 14 days were independent of genotype.
These novel findings suggest a critical role for VEGF in the maintenance of capillaries that support muscle growth and improved contractile function in hypertrophying adult mouse fast locomotor muscle. Conditional deletion of skeletal myofiber VEGF in adult mice was associated with attenuated increases in plantaris mass and mean fiber area despite compensatory increases in IGF-1. While functional overload did not induce an angiogenic response in WT mice, the capillary-to-fiber ratio fell significantly below sham levels in overloaded skmVEGF−/− muscle. The blunted hypertrophic response coupled with a lack of capillary maintenance in skmVEGF−/− plantaris likely contributed to compromised functional adaptations. This is evident by the reduced muscle force response to FO in skeletal myofiber VEGF-deficient mice.
Contribution of VEGF to capillary maintenance and improved contractile function in response to overload.
Maintenance of capillary-to-fiber ratio with FO was associated with significant increases in maximal isometric force relative to body mass in WT mice. In contrast, the significant fall in capillary-to-fiber ratio in skmVEGF−/− mice was associated with force loss at 7 and 14 days before recovering only back to sham levels at 30 days of FO. Capillary density fell below sham levels in both genotypes, but in WT mice this was due to fiber hypertrophy while in skmVEGF−/− mice it was due to a loss of capillaries and fiber hypertrophy that was significantly lower than WT responses. The capillary rarefication observed in the present study could contribute to the attenuated muscle growth (muscle mass and fiber size), which in turn likely impaired maximal muscle force production. The attenuated growth may reflect reductions in oxygen and nutrient delivery to the overloaded skmVEGF−/− muscle due to capillary loss. Interestingly, while isometric force normalized to body mass was significantly lower in skmVEGF−/− than WT at all time points, force normalized to muscle mass was only lower at 14 days. After 30 days of FO when the impaired muscle growth in skmVEGF−/− compared with WT was significant, the smaller muscle fibers in the skmVEGF−/− mice may have had more adequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients relative to fiber size. While maintenance of capillary density was not critical for FO-stimulated increases in force production, as evident by WT responses, when reduced capillary density was coupled with a loss of VEGF in skmVEGF−/− muscle, other factors may play a more significant role in contractile function. In WT mice, muscle fatigue resistance significantly increased after 14 days of FO with no change in skmVEGF−/− mice at any time point further suggesting potential impairment in oxygen and nutrient delivery to the muscle. It is unclear why fatigue resistance did not remain elevated in the WT mice after 30 days of FO. In summary, while angiogenesis may not match muscle growth during rapid hypertrophy even with VEGF, the loss of VEGF places the muscle in an even more compromised position functionally due to the loss of capillaries coupled with a reduced fiber area.
Contribution of VEGF to myogenic adaptations to overload.
In this study a time course was selected that reflects different cellular and contractile adaptations known to occur in response to a hypertrophic stimulus. The 7-day time point reflects early adaptations to overload which includes an inflammatory response that subsides by 14 days (7). This early response is also likely to include some degree of muscle damage/injury as the force requirements of the muscle exceed normal demands and myogenic adaptations have yet to fully occur (27, 28, 35, 39, 52). Several studies suggest the initiation and resolution of inflammation and repair process are important for subsequent muscle growth (10, 39). VEGF involvement in the early response to overload is suggested by the increases in VEGF protein in WT muscle and previous reports of upregulation of VEGF expression in functionally overloaded muscle (14, 40). The current experiments, as well as previous studies, have shown that increases in skeletal muscle VEGF are not always temporally associated with angiogenesis (14, 32) and suggest possible nonangiogenic roles of VEGF in muscle growth. For instance VEGF was first described by Dvorak and colleagues (18) as a permeability factor and could aid in resolving the initial weight gain thought to be due to inflammation/edema. Furthermore, exogenous delivery of VEGF to regenerating muscle has been shown to significantly promote repair and recovery (8). In vitro evidence suggests that VEGF signaling is necessary for myogenesis and increased myotube size in C2C12 muscle cells (12). Our group and others have demonstrated that FO is associated with activation of satellite cells (29, 30, 54), and the potential importance of satellite-endothelial cell interactions in cooperative angiomyogenesis (13, 43) suggests fewer activated satellite cells may subsequently reduce the formation of new capillaries. Satellite cells reside in a vascular niche in close association with the capillary endothelial cell, and differentiating myogenic cells may stimulate angiogenesis (13). Taken together, the loss of both satellite cells and capillaries could likely impair both muscle growth and the formation of new capillaries in a hypertrophying muscle.
Potential for angiogenic adaptation in different models of muscle overload.
Almost all of the studies to date investigating angiogenesis in response to functional muscle overload utilized a model in which the EDL is overloaded by synergist ablation (11, 25, 55). In contrast to functional overload of the plantaris, which was done in this present study, overload of the EDL induces angiogenesis, but has not been shown to stimulate a robust hypertrophic response (19, 20). In many ways this model of chronic use of the EDL is more similar to endurance type training and elicits VEGF-dependent increases in skeletal muscle capillaries (11, 16, 25, 55). Only a single study found increases in the capillary-to-fiber ratio in the rat plantaris with functional overload alone (42), and another study reported no increases in capillary proliferation after 2 wk of synergist ablation in rat plantaris (14). In addition, 8 wk of resistance training in humans was associated with significant increases in quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area without any increase in capillary-to-fiber ratio (32). The absence of an angiogenic response in our mouse plantaris FO model is not unexpected, and the variable angiogenic responses to hypertrophic stimulus may be related to numerous factors including but not limited to the degree of hypertrophy and/or relative changes in muscle utilization. EDL mass has been reported to increase 14–31% with up to 30 days of overload while nearly all studies utilizing overload of the rodent plantaris report a more than doubling of muscle mass with at least 14 days of overload. Further, relative changes in muscle utilization with overload may also play a role as Egginton and colleagues reported that angiogenesis is a graded response to increases in muscle activation during overload (19, 20). In rodents the anti-gravity ankle extensors (e.g., plantaris, gastrocnemius, soleus) are routinely utilized more than flexors (e.g., tibialis anterior, EDL) (31, 45). Therefore, the relative changes in loading and activation with overload would likely be greater in the EDL and provide a greater stimulus for angiogenesis.
IGF-1 compensation during the early and mid-stages of the hypertrophic response.
The FO model is widely used to increase loading and activation in rodent hindlimb muscles and results in increases in muscle cross-sectional area and force production. Importantly, this model has also been shown to activate anabolic molecules and pathways implicated in increased protein synthesis and muscle growth (49). Consequently, we measured muscle levels of several important growth factors in the plantaris to determine if the loss of VEGF was associated with compensatory increases in other growth factors. While FGF and HGF significantly increased in both genotypes after 7 days of FO before returning to baseline at 14 days, only IGF-1 showed compensatory increases in skmVEGF−/− muscles. Among these growth factors, there is much evidence that IGF-1 is important for significant muscle hypertrophy (1, 23). Specifically, FO has been shown to stimulate autocrine production of IGF-1 (3, 17, 24) and increase the activation of the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway (2, 4, 9, 38, 39, 48), with associated increases in muscle protein and DNA content (3). While this augmented IGF-1 response in skmVEGF−/− mice could potentially contribute to maintaining muscle mass (which was not different from the WT group in the skmVEGF−/− mice until the 30 day time point), the likely mechanism did not involve Akt as evidenced by similar increases in Akt expression and phosphorylation in both genotypes. This is in agreement with previous work showing that increased IGF-1 levels and IGF-1 signaling (Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, and/or 4EBP1) following irradiation to block satellite cell proliferation (2) or Cox-2 inhibition (39) did not protect against an impaired hypertrophic response. Importantly, the enhanced IGF-1 response did not protect against a loss in contractile function in VEGF-deficient muscle.
In summary, these experiments provide novel evidence that the conditional loss of VEGF in adult muscle fibers is associated with impaired myogenic and contractile adaptations to a significant hypertrophic stimulus both in the early and late phase of the compensatory growth response. Augmented expression of the muscle growth factor, IGF-1, was associated with the maintenance of muscle and fiber size during the early phases of the hypertrophic response but this did not persist at the latest time point. Furthermore, muscle force production, a key functional adaptation to overload, showed significant impairment at all time points in VEGF-deficient plantaris.
This work was supported by National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Grant R15-AR-060469 to K. Huey.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the author(s).
Author contributions: K.A.H. and E.C.B. conception and design of research; K.A.H., S.A.S., A.S., and E.C.B. performed experiments; K.A.H. and S.A.S. analyzed data; K.A.H. interpreted results of experiments; K.A.H. prepared figures; K.A.H. drafted manuscript; K.A.H. and E.C.B. edited and revised manuscript; K.A.H., A.S., and E.C.B. approved final version of manuscript.
We thank Dr. N. Ferrara for providing breeding pairs of the VEGFLoxP mice and Drs. P. Chambon and D. Metzeger for providing the HSA-Cre-ERT2 mice. We thank E. Stucker and D. Tuttle for animal care.
- Copyright © 2016 the American Physiological Society


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Neil Mundy
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757 Greys Plains Road, MERRYVALE 4340
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757 Greys Plains Road, MERRYVALE QLD 4340
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Inuyasha Episode 166-167 English Subbed
You are watching Inuyasha Episode 166-167 English Subbed from the Inuyasha Anime Show. Watch or Download Inuyasha Episode 166-167 MP4 English Sub and other episodes of Inuyasha Streamed for Free.
"The Bond Between Them, Use the Sacred Jewel Shard!"
Stream Inuyasha Episode 166-167
Episode Summary: The demon mountain Gakusaijin has been struck and slain by shafts of light from an unknown source. A mysterious monk named Goryomaru with a demonic arm has his child ascetic warriors slay demons and recover their corpses. This leads the protagonists to investigate his temple in hopes of finding the Fuyouheki. They confront Goryomaru for killing Gakusaijin with his warriors. The children admit they believed all demons were evil. Kagura thinks The Infant is within the temple and commands the previously-slain demons to attack the temple. She is severely wounded by Goryomaru, falling into a nearby waterfall. Sesshomaru later saves her downstream. Though he knows she has betrayed him, Naraku does not destroy her heart in hopes of setting a trap for InuYasha. Kagura tells Sesshomaru about The Infant being the possessor of the heart of Naraku, as she leaves him with a crystal connection to the Fuyouheki. Hakudoshi brings Kagura back to the temple, all to observe Goryomaru being murdered. The demons were being slain and brought to the temple to amass a large amount of demonic aura, the better to mask the presence of The Infant. The protagonists are lured into the stomach of a large stone demon, trapping them there with the intent of collecting the last shard of the Shikon Jewel held by Kagome after they are dissolved by digestion. Kikyo encounters Kanna, who is holding The Infant. However, the soulless demon stops her attempt to kill The Infant. InuYasha attaches the last shard of the Shikon Jewel to the Tetsusaiga, causing him to transform to demon form. Kagome embraces him, subduing him long enough to purify the shard. After breaking out with a final Adamant Barrage they vow to pursue Naraku until he is destroyed.


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Lend Them Your Ears: Standout Collections Whose Time Has Come
By Jim Farber
New York Daily News — Tuesday, December 5, 1995
TOM PETTY and THE HEARTBREAKERS | "Playback" | (MCA) | 3 Discs
Nearly three hours on Tom Petty's six-CD set have never before been heard by the American public.
Most of us could do without the live tracks (since few major artists put on as snoozable a show as the Heartbreakers). But luckily, nearly all the band's B-sides and outtakes outpace most rockers' A sides and album tracks. Even throwaways, like the California-rock "Heartbreaker's Beach Party," carry a certain authority.
To boot, we get choice covers of obscure Nick Lowe and Van Morrsion numbers plus, of course, three full CDs of greatest hits. A find for any fan.


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Rooms, services Are you looking for a remarkable trip to Spain? Take a look at what Hostal Besaya Madrid has to offer! The hotel is offering 18 nicely furnished rooms to stay in to those seeking accommodation in Madrid. If you wish to learn more about the exact scope of services provided by Hostal Besaya Madrid (including those available for an extra fee) or about the equipment of the rooms, you can find the complete list on the information sheet below.
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Meet Spider-boy! Four-year-old scales 8ft fences and climbs out of windows to see his gran
A FOUR-year-old boy nicknamed "Spiderman" has driven his mother to her wits end by repeatedly scaling eight foot-high fences and climbing out of windows – to visit his gran.
Desperate Emma Hughes, 28, has tried everything to stop her son Jayden from escaping the family home to go and visit grandmother Tracey two streets away, and is now asking the council to step in to build a fence.
Cheeky Jayden has managed to break out of his house a staggering 16 times and every time he has been discovered eating cake with his grandma.
Ms Hughes, from Tunstall in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, said: "Jayden is a terror. He can literally climb over anything. He'll do anything to get to his nan.
"When I first moved in I just had a few bushes at the bottom of the garden and when he was old enough to walk he would just break through them and get out.
"I asked the council for a fence and they said they could put me a chain-link one in but I knew that wouldn't stop him."
Jayden is a terror. He can literally climb over anything
Ms Hughes is worried about her son's safety but he seems to just keep escaping no matter what she tries.
She said: "He's escaped about 16 times and it scares me. He keeps getting on to the main road.
"Sometimes he ends up in the neighbour's house without me even knowing if his nan is out."
The full-time mum-of-one has even erected wooden posts and put locks on the downstairs windows but each time Jayden manages to escape.
Ms Hughes added: "He's fallen off the fence twice already and I'm petrified he's going to break a bone or get on to the main road and get run over.
"Before I had a fence, I had to put wooden pallets against the bushes to try to stop him from getting out but he just knocked them over and got through anyway.
"He is only young so he doesn't understand the danger. He thinks he's Spider-man and it's all fun to him.
"I lock the downstairs windows but he clambers onto the window ledge and somehow gets out. He's so determined.
"I just hope he grows out of it but it means I literally have to keep an eye on him 24 hours a day. It's exhausting."