text:
|Numéro de publication
|Type de publication
|Numéro de demande
|Date de publication
|26 févr. 2008
|Date de dépôt
|10 aoűt 2004
|Date de priorité
|5 sept. 2003
|État de paiement des frais
|Autre référence de publication
|Numéro de publication
|Christopher L. Osterloh, Christopher Nagy
|Cessionnaire d'origine
|Itron, Inc.
|Exporter la citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citations de brevets (28), Référencé par (33), Classifications (18), Événements juridiques (6)
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/500,550, filed on Sep. 5, 2003, and entitled, "DATA COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL IN AN AUTOMATIC METER READING SYSTEM."
This application is related to commonly assigned U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/500,507, filed on Sep. 5, 2003, entitled, "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DETECTION OF SPECIFIC ON-AIR DATA RATE," U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/500,515, filed Sep. 5, 2003, entitled, "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MOBILE DEMAND RESET," U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/500,504, filed Sep. 5, 2003, entitled, "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR OPTIMIZING CONTIGUOUS CHANNEL OPERATION WITH CELLULAR REUSE," U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/500,479, filed Sep. 5, 2003, entitled, "SYNCHRONOUS DATA RECOVERY SYSTEM," U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/500,550, filed Sep. 5, 2003, entitled, "DATA COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL IN AN AUTOMATIC METER READING SYSTEM," U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/655,760, filed on Sep. 5, 2003, entitled, "SYNCHRONIZING AND CONTROLLING SOFTWARE DOWNLOADS, SUCH AS FOR COMPONENTS OF A UTILITY METER-READING SYSTEM," and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/655,759, filed on Sep. 5, 2003, entitled, "FIELD DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING SYSTEM, SUCH AS FOR ELECTRIC, GAS, AND WATER UTILITY DATA," which are herein incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to automatic meter reading systems and, more particularly, to the communication protocol used for the endpoint to reader hop in the automatic meter reading system.
Current automatic meter reading (AMR) systems are significantly limited in the information that can be obtained from the meter. Generally the AMR system comprises a reader and an endpoint that is interfaced to a meter. In a typical system, the endpoint obtains the consumption reading from the meter and then bubbles up every few seconds to send that consumption reading, via RF signal, to the reader. Alternatively, the endpoint receives a wake-up tone from the reader that prompts the endpoint to send the consumption reading to the reader.
All that is obtained from this configuration is a single consumption reading from the meter and that reading is based on what meter register the endpoint was programmed with initially at the factory.
As such, there is a need for an AMR system that enables the user of the system to have more access to and more control over the information that the meter and endpoint can provide.
The present invention is a data communication protocol used between an endpoint and a reader in an automatic meter reading (AMR) system. The communication protocol enables the reader to have a conversation with the endpoint in that the reader can tell the meter what to do, it can reconfigure the meter, it can tell the endpoint to reconfigure the meter, it can request a specific response, it can request the endpoint to reprogram certain values in both the endpoint and the meter, it can request that the end point get specific information from the meter, return it to the end point, which returns it to the reader, etc.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an automatic meter reading (AMR) system includes a fixed or mobile reader and an endpoint. The endpoint is interfaced to a utility meter and the fixed or mobile reader is capable of communicating with the endpoint via RF communication. In this system the fixed or mobile reader sends a message to the endpoint that includes a response mode direction; the response mode direction from the reader tells the endpoint to respond to the reader either in a mobile network mode or a fixed network mode.
In another embodiment of the invention, the reader uses a single RF communication protocol in communicating with the endpoint whether one-way communication or two-way communication is used. In still another embodiment of the invention, the RF communication between the endpoint and reader occurs through the use of a communication protocol that uses a data link layer that directs all outbound transmissions from the reader to the endpoint to be either Manchester encoded or transmitted as non-return to zero data. In still another embodiment of the invention, the communication protocol includes a transport layer that provides slotting control for all data transferred between the reader and the endpoint. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the communication protocol utilizes a command and control frame for communication between the reader and endpoint. In still another embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of readers and endpoints are provided. The readers are quasi-synchronized in time to provide a control frame to at least one of the readers.
The present invention is a data communication protocol for automatic meter reading (AMR) systems. The protocol is designed to be flexible and expandable enabling both one-way and two-way meter reading in both fixed and mobile meter reading systems.
I. System Components
In an AMR system 100, as depicted in
The AMR system 100 and the data protocol is usable in both one-way meter reading and in two-way meter reading. The one-way meter reading system enables the reader to listen to messages sent asynchronously from the endpoint while the two-way meter reading system enables the reader to communicate with and command the endpoint while also enabling the endpoint to respond to the reader.
II. System Protocol
The present communication protocol will be described with reference to the 1430 MHz band that may be utilized within North America, however, it should be understood that any other radio frequency band may be used, as suitable, without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. The present communication protocol will also be described with reference to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol stack of the International Standards Organization which includes: (1) the physical layer; (2) the data link layer; (3) the network layer; (4) the transport layer; (5) the session layer; (6) the presentation layer; and (7) the application layer.
II.A. System Protocol—Physical Layer
The physical layer describes the physical characteristics of the communication. This layer conveys the bit stream through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier. The physical layer specifications for the reader may be found in
The physical layer specification for the endpoint in a two-way AMR system, at a first data rate and a second data rate, are found in the tables of
II.B. System Protocol—Data Link Layer
The data link layer specifies how packets are transported over the physical layer, including the framing, i.e., the bit patterns that mark the start and end of packets. This layer provides synchronization for the physical level. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management. In the present data communication protocol, all outbound data transmissions, i.e., all communications from the reader's central radio to endpoint, are Manchester encoded with the guaranteed transition mid-bit and each data bit encoded as anan(bar). (See
The data link layer provides a countdown timer. The countdown timer uses Sequence Inversion Keying to represent timer bits. Each system is assigned a 10-bit pseudo noise (PN) sequence (for valid sequences, see Table 1 below). That sequence in the data stream represents a timer bit value 0 and the inverse of that sequence in the data stream represents a timer bit value 1. Timer values are composed of 10 timer bits, or 100 data bits. The countdown timer begins at 1023 or 1111111111 binary, and counts sequentially to zero, encoding all timer bits as either the system PN sequence or its inverse. The total counter time, in seconds, is 102400/r, where r is the bit rate, in bits per second.
TABLE 1 PN Sequences Sequence Inverted Number Usage Sequence = 0 Sequence = 1 0 Factory Default 0000000010 1111111101 1 Electric Devices 0000000110 1111111001 2 Electric Devices 0000001010 1111110101 3 Electric Devices 0000001110 1111110001 4 Electric Devices 0000011010 1111100101 5 Electric Devices 0000010110 1111101001 6 Electric Devices 0000111010 1111000101 7 Battery Devices 0000101110 1111010001 8 Battery Devices 0001110110 1110001001 9 Battery Devices 0001101110 1110010001 10 Battery Devices 0000011110 1111100001 11 Battery Devices 0001011110 1110100001 12 Battery Devices 0001111010 1110000101
All inbound packet transmissions are preceded by a 24-bit or 25 bit preamble and appended with a 16-bit CRC code, which is inclusive of all header information, but not the preamble, length, or length_bar bytes. The CRC polynomial is 0x1021. The CRC initialization value is 0x0000. CRC processing is performed most significant byte (MSB) first, and the final checksum is not inverted.
II.C. System Protocol—Network Layer
The network layer specifies how packets get from the source network to the destination network. This layer handles the routing of the data (sending it in the right direction to the right destination on outgoing transmissions and receiving incoming transmissions at the packet level). The network layer does routing and forwarding. In the present data communication protocol, the network layer functionality is only implemented in electric endpoints, i.e., it is not used for battery-powered endpoints, or in any endpoint that acts as translator or repeater. This layer controls the hopping functions that need to occur between a reader and any endpoint in order to transfer data. This hopping protocol is currently used within the Itron AMR systems and is therefore not described in detail herein.
II.D. System Protocol—Transport Layer
The transport layer is used to solve problems like reliability ("did the data reach the destination?") and ensure that data arrives in the correct order. This layer manages the end-to-end control (for example, determining whether all packets have arrived) and error-checking. It ensures complete data transfer. In the present data communication protocol, slotting control is handled in the transport layer. This includes slot assignments, timing, and any necessary packetization.
The packet number byte, when used as part of the message, is configured as below in Table 2, wherein the first four bits comprise the total number of packets in this message and the last four bits comprise the packet number.
Packet Number
The flags byte is configured as below in Table 3. The first two bits are reserved while the second two bits provides the encoder number (for multi-encoder units), wherein 00=encoder 0, 01=encoder 1, 10=encoder 2, and 11=encoder 3. The fifth bit signifies the status of a pending event, wherein 0=no pending event and 1=a pending event. The sixth bit comprises the security bit, wherein 0=security disabled and 1=security enable. The seventh bit comprises the relay bit, wherein 0=message from originating endpoint and 1=message via relay. The eighth bit comprises the resend bit, wherein 0=first attempt at packet transmission and 1=resend attempt.
Some endpoints in the system have the option of sending out an infrequent (several times a day) fixed format message at a higher power level, for use in 1-way fixed network applications. The message has its own structure, as defined in
TABLE 4 Flags R R R R ENC ENC RLY ERR MSB LSB
The endpoints may also be set to send out any preprogrammed message type in place of the fixed format message described above.
II.E. System Protocol—Session Layer
The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogs between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. In the present data communication protocol, the session layer generally comprises the command and control frame that is sent from the reader to the endpoint.
II.E.i. System Protocol—Session Layer/Two-Way Command and Control
The command and control frame is used to issue command to two-way endpoints either individually or in groups. It also serves to realign the endpoint real-time clock.
Field "0" of the command and control frame comprises the system identification (ID). Each system is issued an 8-bit ID value, which is stored in the endpoint, to distinguish different systems within geographic proximity. The endpoints are designed to respond to commands from their own system or to commands that address them specifically by ID number, proper security password, and have a 0x00 in field "0". The system ID functions nearly identically to the cell ID, described below. However, the system ID is universal, while the cell ID is local, i.e., a single system will have multiple cells each having the same system ID but a different cell ID.
Field "1" of the command control frame comprises the frame ID. Each reader within the system is assigned a frame ID to use based on its position in the wake-up sequence. The position in the wakeup sequence is directly related to the frequency reuse pattern that is used in a given system. Table 1, described earlier, correlates the frame ID to the channel, which is correlated to the cell reuse ratio.
Field "2" of the command and control frame comprises the cell ID. Each cell is issued an 8-bit ID value, which is stored in the endpoint, to distinguish different systems within geographic proximity.
Fields "3" through "6" of the command and control frame is the RTC, which is defined as UTC time (coordinated universal time), which is a 32-bit value representing the number of seconds since midnight (00:00:00) on Jan. 1, 1970 GMT.
Field "7" is the command flags 1 field, wherein the first three bits define a slot length according to Table 5.
TABLE 5 Slot Lengths Nominal Value of Length Bits Length in Ticks* Nominal Length in ms 000 819 24.99390 001 1638 49.98779 010 3277 100.00610 011 6553 199.98169 100 9830 299.98780 101 16384 500.00000 110 32768 1000.00000 111 163840 5000.00000 *Defined as ticks of an ideal 32,768 Hz clock.
The fourth bit is the forward error correction bit, wherein 0=no forward correction error and 1=forward error correct all responses. The fifth bit provides the slot mode, wherein 0=respond to command in pseudo-random slot (Slotted Aloha) and 1=respond to command in the defined slot. The sixth bit of field "7" defines the data type, wherein 0=NRZ response from endpoint and 1=Manchester encoded from the endpoint. The seventh and eighth bits of field "7" comprise the command target, wherein 00=the entire cell, 01=the group defined in EPID_HI (field "12"), 10=the group defined in EPID_LO (field "15"), and 11=the endpoint defined by EPID (including HI/LO), fields "12" through "15". It should be noted that in single endpoint communications the command target (TGT) is set to 11 and the endpoint responds immediately after command processing with a minimum of 25 milliseconds between this frame and the endpoint response.
Field "8" of the command and control frame is the command flags 2 field, wherein the first four bits are reserved. The fifth and sixth bits defined the encoder number, wherein 00=Encoder 0, 01=Encoder 1, 10=Encoder 2, and 11=Encoder 3. The final seventh and eighth bits define the transmit mode, wherein 00=transmit mode 1, e.g., mobile response required, 01=transmit mode 2, e.g., fixed network response required, and 10/11 are reserved. Also see section V below.
Field "9" of the command and control frame comprises the slot offset. Slot offset defines the number of slots between packets in multi-packet messages. For example, if the endpoint has an initial slot number of 50, and the slot offset is 120, a three-packet message would be transmitted in slots 50, 170, and 290.
Fields "10" and "11" of the command and control frame define the first unsolicited message. Specifically, they define the slot number where the unsolicited messages (UMs) are to begin. Any UMs generated during the cell read would be reported in a pseudo-randomly selected slot after the slot defined here. If the value of this field is 0x0000, no UMs are sent from the endpoint.
Fields "12" through "15" of the command and control frame provide the endpoint IDs for those endpoints that the reader is desiring to communicate with.
Fields "16" and "17" are the security fields and are described further in relation to the presentation layer.
Field "18", defines the command set. The commands are divided into two groups: (1) universal and (2) type-specific. Universal commands are numbered 0-63 and are applicable to all the system endpoints. Type specific commands are numbered 64-255 and vary depending on the lower nibble of the command set field in accordance with Table 6 below.
Command Sets
Command Set
CDS Value
0 (default)
Utility Metering Endpoints
Repeaters and Translators
Telemetry Devices
<<Reserved Engineering Use Only>>
Fields "19" through "21" of the command and control frame define the command and command body. Specifically, the eight command bits of field "19" indicate the command type, wherein the numbers 0-63 are universal commands and 64-255 are the type specific commands. Fields "20" and "21" provide sixteen bits wherein any data needed to carry out the command type is provided. The tables in
Referring to the type specific commands (
Fields "22" and "23" of the command and control frame designate the response frequency for the endpoint. The response frequency is configured as 16 bit flags, identifying valid response frequencies for the endpoint. For example, if the response frequency has a value of 0x00C1 (bits, 7, 6, and 0 are set), the endpoint may respond on channel, 7, channel 6, or channel 0.
Field "24" is reserved for later use.
Field "25" indicates the length of the extended control frame in bytes. A value of 0 indicates that no extended frame is present.
Fields "26" and "27" of the command and control frame provides the cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Specifically, fields "26" and "27" provide a 16-bit CRC. The CRC is preferably a polynomial defined as 0x1021. The CRC initialization value is 0x0000. CRC processing is performed most significant bit (MSB) first, and the final checksum is not inverted.
II.E.ii. System Protocol—Session Layer/One-Way Command and Control
For simplicity one-way devices may opt to use the programming frame shown in
TABLE 7 Command Flags TXM TXM DLG FEC MDE MDE R R MSB LSB
II.E.iii. System Protocol—Session Layer/Special Commands—Channel Frequency
Certain of the commands provided in the command and control frame are described in detail below. For instance, Command 33, which is the set channel frequency. Each of the system endpoints support up to 16 channels, which are set individually. They may or may not be contiguous channels. The channel numbering differs based on frequency band. For example, in the present implementation of the invention, the 1427-1432 MHz band is divided into 6.25 kHz frequency channels, with frequency channel 0 centered at 1427.000 MHz, frequency channel 1 centered at 1427.00625 MHz, etc. If endpoint channel 15 is programmed to a value of 480, that endpoint receiver will always operate at 1427.000+(0.00625*480)=1430.000 MHz. This may be extended to other frequency bands. For example, the 433-435 MHz band is divided into 25 KHz frequency channels with the frequency channel 0 centered at 433.000 MHz, frequency channel 1 centered at 433.025 MHz and so on.
The command body of the set channel frequency command is detailed below in Table 8:
TABLE 8 Command Body/Channel Frequency CHN CHN CHN CHN FRQ FRQ FRQ FRQ FRQ FRQ FRQ FRQ FRQ FRQ FRQ FRQ MSB LSB
Individual frequencies are programmed into the endpoint by selecting the channel being programmed (1-15) with the top nibble, and the frequency number in the lower 12 bits. Endpoint channel 0 is preferably the manufacturing default frequency, and may not be edited. Endpoint channel 15 is the receiver frequency. It is initialized to the same frequency as channel 0 at manufacture, and is preferably programmed prior to or at installation. The endpoint channel uses are defined in Table 9 below:
Endpoint Channel Use
Endpoint Channel
Channel Use
Factory Default. This channel is not reprogrammable.
General use Tx/Rx (Transmission/Reception)
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
General use Tx/Rx
Default UM Channel (unsolicited message)
Default Rx Channel
The configuration flag commands, i.e., commands 90, 91, and 92 are used for setting individual flags in the endpoints. Each flag command includes an 8-bit flag mask and an 8-bit flag as shown below (the configuration flags 1 command body):
Flag Mask
TABLE 11 Flags R R R TxB UMC FN FEC MMI
The flag mask field determines which flags are to be modified by this command. A "1" in any bit position means the associated value in the flags field should be modified. For example, A value of 0x17 (bits 4,2,1 and 0 are high) means that the values in the Flags field, bits 4, 2, 1, and 0 must be written to the associated flags in the endpoint. With regard to the flags field of Table 7, the first three bits are reserved for future growth while the fourth bit, TxB, determines if the endpoint is in transmit bubble up mode, the fifth bit, UMC, defines the unsolicited message channel, i.e., UMC=0 then transmit UMs on Channel 14, and UMC=1 then transmit UMs on channel 15. The sixth bit of the flags field defines the fixed network mode, wherein 0=this endpoint operates in Mobile/Handheld mode only and 1=this endpoint operates in mobile/handheld/fixed network mode. The seventh bit of the flags field defines the forward error correction, wherein 0=no forward error correction applied to the high power pulse and 1=forward error correction is applied to the high power pulse. The eighth bit of the flags field defines the multiple message integration, wherein 0=no multiple message integration applied to high power pulse and 1=multiple message integration applied to high power pulse.
II.E.iv. System Protocol—Session Layer/Special Commands—Test Commands
The present data communication protocol provides at least two commands for use in system testing and analysis. The first command is command 210, i.e., Generate UM (unsolicited message). This command automatically generates an unsolicited message in all endpoints addressed by the command and control frame. It generates the lowest numbered UM supported by the endpoint. The second command is command 211, i.e., Enter Screaming Viking Mode. Screaming Viking Mode is a constant transmission mode, to be used for test only. When this command is received, the endpoint repetitively transmits its ID for the number of minutes declared in the command. If a value of 0 is sent, the mode is active for 15 seconds.
II.E.v. System Protocol—Session Layer/Special Commands—Extension Commands
Commands 48, 49, 50 and 51 of the data communication protocol are implemented as extensions to the command and control frame. The extension commands immediately follow the command and control frame in the same transmit session. Command 48 is the multiple ungrouped endpoint command. In the case where the system needs to command a group of specific endpoints and vector them to specific slots, command 48 is issued. The central radio then issues commands to these endpoints, as shown in
TABLE 12 Response Byte R R R R CHN CHN CHN CHN MSB LSB
The response byte reserves the first four bits and utilizes the last four bits to define the response frequency nibble. Specifically, the four bit flags define which of the pre-programmed channels the endpoint may respond on. If CHN=0000, then use the response frequency byte from the original command and control frame. The structure of the command 48 also includes the CRC as described earlier.
Command 49, i.e., the vector and listen frame, is issued in the instance where the central radio or reader need to download an arbitrary block of data to the endpoint. The endpoint, upon receiving this command receives a data frame, as defined in
Command 50, the multiple command to individual endpoint command, is used in the case where the central radio or reader need to download a series of commands to one specific endpoint. The endpoint, upon receiving this command, receives a data frame as defined in
Command 51, the Extended Frame Mobile Read command, uses the multiple ungrouped endpoint command structure, with a Slotted-ALOHA period between the extended frame and the queried response slots. All endpoints which recognize the command respond. If the endpoint is among those addressed by the extended frame, it responds as commanded, being offset by 16 slots. If the endpoint is not specifically addressed it responds in the Slotted-ALOHA section with its programmed default message.
II.F. System Protocol—Presentation Layer
The presentation layer, which is usually part of an operating system, converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another and it is sometimes called the syntax layer. In the present data communication protocol, the presentation layer handles data security and any necessary data compression and decompression.
The data security is preferably a simple two-level protocol, which may be enabled or disabled by the customer. Level 1 provides simple encryption for the transfer of normal data while level 2 provides write security to the endpoint to prevent unauthorized users from changing endpoint parameters.
Level 1 is intended for use on ordinary data being transmitted from the endpoint to the head end. All data is encrypted with a simple 8-bit XOR mask. The level 1 security enables flag and encryption mask and are editable by a level 2 parameter write. The factory default for the XOR mask is the bottom 8 bits of the serial number. Level 1 security is applied only to the message itself and not to the EPID, flags, or message type. Level 1 security may be disabled by setting the mask value to 0.
Level 2 security is intended for use on any head end commands to change endpoint parameters. It includes modification of operational, security and reprogramming parameters. Level 2 functionality is independent and can be applied with or without Level 1 functions enabled. Each endpoint has a 16-bit password. This password is originally defined at install, and can be edited by a valid Level 2 command. Any write command must include the current password to be considered valid by the endpoint. For added security, the Level 1 encryption mask may be applied to the password, if Level 1 functionality is active. There is no compression performed on packet data.
II.G. System Protocol—Application Layer
The application layer is the layer at which communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. (This layer is not the application itself, although some applications may perform application layer functions.) In the present data communication protocol, an endpoint application layer is used in conjunction with the application programming interface (API). When data is requested by the presentation layer, via the API, the application layer performs its processing and returns the requested message as a single block, along with one 8-bit value. The value represents the message type.
III. System Operation
The two-way AMR system of the present invention, at 1430 MHz, is designed to operate most efficiently in five contiguous RF channels. This allows the use of a cheaper (wider) receiver section in the endpoint while still maintaining the FCC mandated 50 KHz maximum transmit spectrum. The transmit spectrum in all devices, endpoints, and readers, must maintain a 50 KHz or less occupied bandwidth during transmit. The receiver in the reader must also have a good selectivity on the channel of interest. The endpoint receiver is allowed to accept a wider receive bandwidth primarily to reduce the cost of the endpoint.
Refer to
By utilizing an appropriate RF ASIC, the architecture can be reduced to three contiguous channels with the reaming two or more channels scattered throughout the band to ease spectrum allocation requirements. With a reduction in the interference protection to the end point, a completely separated channel model could be used in an alternative configuration. However, in the separate channel model, the endpoint requires additional base band filtering and is still slightly more susceptible to adjacent channel interference on the control channel especially if operating in the high power portion of the band. The separate channel option also allows multiple control channels in the system when mobile operation is used with multiple outbound channels. When using the separate channel model, channels 2 and 4, of a 5-channel block, are used for control signals.
To alleviate cell-to-cell interference in a system with a single control channel the readers must be synchronized in time so that the control frames, which are described in further detail below, do not overlap. The addition of "dead time" in between sequential control frames allow for the receivers to be quasi-synchronized instead of in perfect lock step. In the preferred embodiment, quasi-synchronized means that the receivers are within 0.5 seconds of each other, which can easily by achieved via protocols such as NTP (network time protocol). Other quasi-synchronization times may be used without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. As such, a GPS or other high accuracy time base is not required within the readers.
Within the AMR system, each reader is assigned a frame ID to use based on its position in a wakeup sequence. The position in the wakeup sequence is directly related to the frequency reuse pattern used in a given system. The timings in the diagram of
As shown in
As mentioned, the example of
Unless otherwise specified by the system, the frame ID is preferably tied to the cellular frequency used based on Table 13 below:
Frame ID
Cell Reuse Ratio
Channel to Frame ID mapping
3 Cell
Channel 1 = Frame ID 0
Channel 3 = Frame ID 1
Channel 5 = Frame ID 2
4 Cell
Channel 1 = Frame ID 0
Channel 2 = Frame ID 1
Channel 4 = Frame ID 2
Channel 5 = Frame ID 3
5 Cell
Channel 1 = Frame ID 0
Channel 2 = Frame ID 1
Channel 3 = Frame ID 2
Channel 4 = Frame ID 3
Channel 5 = Frame ID 4
To maximize throughput in the system 100, a cellular reuse scheme is employed in the 1430 MHz band. The reuse ratio is preferably a 3, 4, 5, 7, or 9 cell pattern. Smaller patterns are preferred from a delay perspective, however, the final choice is preferably made during the RF planning and installation of actual systems in the field. The 7 and 9 patterns are preferably used in the virtual cell model. The reuse patterns are provided in
IV. Mobile and Hand-Held Operation
When operating in the mobile or hand-held mode, the 2.5 seconds of "dead time" does not apply. Rather slot "0" occurs at the end of the command and control frame plus 25 milliseconds. Note, that due to time required to read the attached meter and/or bring the charge pump to full operation the endpoint may or may not respond in slot "0" even if told to respond immediately.
In programming mode, the hand-held control may reduce its sensitivity by as much as 30 dB to avoid overload conditions at close programming distances. The hand-held and endpoint must work with programming distances as close as 0.5 meters and as far as 300 meters when in the mobile mode of operation with a line of site propagation path.
In mobile operation the wake-up sequence, the command & control data, and the receive portions of a standard read cycle are continuously repeated as the mobile moves through the system. The timing is preferably in the range of a one to five second cycle. The diagram depicted in
The command & control frame preferably contains a group call read that solicits a consumptive type reading from all of the endpoints that can hear the mobile and that have the correct system ID. The endpoint responds to the group call in a random slot, on a random channel. The random channel is chosen from the list of available channels that is provided in the command & control frame. The random slot is one of the 50 ms slots in the Slotted-ALOHA portion of the frame. (Slotted ALOHA is a random access scheme just like regular ALOHA except that the transmissions are required to begin and end within the predefined timeslot. The timeslots are marked from the end of the command & control frame just like in the fixed network).
When the reader hears a response from a given endpoint, it knows that it is within range and can request a specific response from the endpoint in the next command & control frame. The command & control frame is expected to contain both a standard command frame and an extended control frame to allow for the mobile to access the most endpoints possible in a single pass. When the mobile requests a response from the end point it will tell it the channel and time slot that it is supposed to respond on. This is to minimize the chances of a collision on the longer messages that can be delivered in the MDP type of responses. During the mobile cycle, battery endpoints may be required to bubble up their receivers up at a higher rate than normal or synchronize to the first command & control frame to improve mobile performance.
If the van is moving at a maximum of 30 miles per hour it will travel 440 feet in 10 seconds. The van will also have a communications radius of approximately 500 feet give a 1400 MHz system operating at a data rate of 22.6 Kchips/second, with the expected power levels and receiver sensitivities (e.g., +14 dBm endpoint TX power, −110 dBM RX sensitivity in the van, 20 dB margin, endpoint at 5′). The margin is included because the MDP data packet is much longer than the current SCM type messages and is not repeated unless an error occurs. To achieve a low re-try rate, it is desirable to bring the BER down to 0.01%. To do this under normal situations would require an additional 20 dB of margin, however, a diversity setup on the van receivers can be used to achieve the same results. This requires two antennas on the van placed five to six feet apart along with an additional receiver demodulator chain per channel. For SCM data that is repeated multiple times, the system can operate at a much lower margin and still achieve excellent read reliability in the van. A coverage radius of about 1200 feet is obtained for the system when collecting standard consumptive data.
The diagram of
With the current mobile protocol each endpoint is, on average, in the range of the van for approximately 12 to 25 seconds. This is an appropriate amount of time to wake up the endpoint, identify who it is, request an MDP (mobile data packet=250 bytes of raw data maximum) to be sent, receive the MDP and potentially retry the request and receive portions of the process if necessary.
In the basic system, there are five channels at a maximum 75% utilization for MDP responses. This gives an effective data rate of 42375 BPS or 5296 bytes per second or 21 blocks per second. Since the system is looking at a single block per meter, the system can support 21 new meters per second. The mobile then has a nominal range of 500 feet. This gives the system of about 175 meters in range at any given time, even in the densest specified systems. If the van is moving at 30 mph, the system gets 44 feet of new meters per second. In performing a geometric approximation, the result is about 12 new meters per second. So, the system can handle 21 new meters per second but can only get in the range of 10 to 12 meters per second. This allows for a full set of retries in a dense system. (This assumes the low 11.36363. KBPS data rate and the full 250 byte MDP, for smaller packets and with the higher data rate option, the situation is even better.
V. Response Optimization for Mobile and Fixed Network Operation
In order to optimize the batter efficiency, range, and overall system robustness for endpoints that must operate in both a mobile and fixed network scenario without reprogramming, the following methodology is preferably used. The outbound transmission from the reader includes a flag that states the response mode of the endpoint. When the response mode flag is set to "mobile" the endpoint responds at a lower power (e.g., +14 dBm) and in a dynamically randomized slot determined as described above. When the endpoint sees the "fixed network" flag set it responds in its assigned slot at high power (e.g., +30 dBm). The advantage provided by this scenario is that in the mobile case the reader is not burdened with slot dynamic allocation of multiple, which can be computationally intensive and consume additional air time to successfully communicate to all the in-range endpoints. It also allows the endpoint to conserver power and reduce interference. This leads to the ability to transmit more data with less retries. In the fixed network case, the high power mode enables the system to get maximum range from the device (reducing infrastructure costs) while interference is mitigated by assigned slots. The slots are efficiently assigned in the fixed network case because of the pseudo-static nature of the system. Note that prior art systems enabled only static programming of the endpoint to operate in one mode or the other. As such, the previous methodology did not allow for mixed mode operation without reprogramming the endpoint. Thus, the present invention presents the combination of low power operation and dynamic slot assignment for mobile operation with the high power slotted operation for the fixed network all controlled by a flag in the outbound wakeup data. Refer to field "8," bits 7 and 8, of the command & control frame that define the transmit/response mode.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the essential attributes thereof; therefore, the illustrated embodiment should be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, reference being made to the appended claims rather than to the foregoing description to indicate the scope of the invention.
|Brevet cité
|Date de dépôt
|Date de publication
|20 févr. 1985
|30 sept. 1986
|Diversified Energies, Inc.
|Automatic/remote RF instrument reading method and apparatus
|31 juil. 1991
|2 févr. 1993
|Kelly Edward J
|Mobile data processing and communcations system with removable portable computer
|15 nov. 1990
|16 mars 1993
|The General Electric Company, P.L.C.
|Radio telemetry systems with channel selection
|24 oct. 1991
|16 aoűt 1994
|David D. Otten
|Integrated cellular communications system
|24 janv. 1994
|11 juil. 1995
|Ricoh Company, Ltd.
|Spread spectrum communication system
|28 oct. 1993
|29 aoűt 1995
|Celsat America, Inc.
|Integrated cellular communications system
|25 nov. 1994
|17 oct. 1995
|General Electric Company
|Method and apparatus for transmitting data from an energy meter
|30 oct. 1992
|19 déc. 1995
|General Electric Company
|Electrical metering device and associated method for temporarily storing data during transmission of the data to a remote communications device
|26 mai 1995
|30 sept. 1997
|Itron, Inc.
|Communications protocol for remote data generating stations
|7 juin 1995
|2 déc. 1997
|Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson
|Automatic retransmission request
|6 mai 1996
|22 juin 1999
|System for utility meter communications using a single RF frequency
|9 déc. 1997
|21 déc. 1999
|Itron, Inc.
|Time-of-use and demand metering in conditions of power outage with a mobile node
|15 oct. 1996
|20 juin 2000
|Bush; E. William
|Demand reporting of electricity consumption by radio in relays to a base station, and demand relays wattmeters so reporting over a wide area
|17 mars 1998
|8 aoűt 2000
|Abb Power T&D Company Inc.
|Fixed network RF communications complaint with CEBus protocol
|31 aoűt 1998
|30 janv. 2001
|Kemp-Meek Manufacturing, Inc.
|Universal utility usage data gathering system
|4 sept. 1997
|12 juin 2001
|Innovatec Communications, Llc
|Automatic meter reading data communication system
|14 aoűt 1998
|17 juil. 2001
|General Electric Company
|Reduced cost automatic meter reading system and method using locally communicating utility meters
|3 mars 1999
|25 déc. 2001
|Itron, Inc.
|Method and system for reading intelligent utility meters
|16 aoűt 1999
|2 avr. 2002
|Internet Telemetry Corp.
|Wide area remote telemetry
|29 déc. 1999
|25 juin 2002
|Siemens Power Transmission And Distribution, Inc.
|Adaptive radio communication for a utility meter
|16 oct. 1999
|23 mars 2004
|Datamatic Inc.
|Radio frequency automated meter reading device
|29 juin 2001
|28 sept. 2004
|Datamatic, Inc.
|Optical sensor for utility meter
|4 oct. 2000
|28 mars 2006
|Sensoria Corporation
|Method for collecting and processing data using internetworked wireless integrated network sensors (WINS)
|5 avr. 2001
|6 sept. 2001
|Brooksby Glen William
|Reduced cost automatic meter reading system and method using locally communicating utility meters
|6 mai 2002
|19 déc. 2002
|Invensys Metering Systems-North America Inc.
|System and method for communicating and control of automated meter reading
|16 juil. 2002
|6 févr. 2003
|Holmes John K.
|Wireless end device
|13 sept. 2001
|13 mars 2003
|Shimon Zigdon
|Modular wireless fixed network for wide-area metering data collection and meter module apparatus
|13 mars 1987
|3 avr. 1991
|Itron, Inc.
|An RF transponder for use in an automatic/remote instrument monitoring system
|Brevet citant
|Date de dépôt
|Date de publication
|3 juin 2008
|12 oct. 2010
|Arc Innovations Limited
|Method and system for updating a stored data value in a non-volatile memory
|19 mai 2009
|24 mai 2011
|Itron, Inc.
|RF meter reading system
|26 oct. 2010
|4 oct. 2011
|Itron, Inc.
|RF meter reading system
|6 sept. 2007
|20 mars 2012
|Itron, Inc.
|Home area networking (HAN) with handheld for diagnostics
|29 juin 2007
|20 mars 2012
|Carina Technology, Inc.
|System and method for controlling a utility meter
|14 avr. 2010
|18 sept. 2012
|Itron, Inc.
|Meter right sizing
|11 sept. 2006
|5 mars 2013
|Itron, Inc.
|RF meter reading system
|6 aoűt 2012
|7 mai 2013
|Dominion Resources, Inc
|Voltage conservation using advanced metering infrastructure and substation centralized voltage control
|25 oct. 2012
|11 juin 2013
|Itron, Inc.
|Embedded antenna apparatus for utility metering applications
|5 mai 2010
|5 nov. 2013
|Dominion Resources, Inc.
|Voltage conservation using advanced metering infrastructure and substation centralized voltage control
|21 mars 2012
|23 sept. 2014
|Gregory C. Hancock
|Methods and apparatuses for reception of frequency-hopping spread spectrum radio transmissions
|15 juil. 2009
|10 févr. 2015
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus for resource allocation in a frequency overlay system and a method thereof
|5 déc. 2014
|26 avr. 2016
|Dominion Resources, Inc.
|Management of energy demand and energy efficiency savings from voltage optimization on electric power systems using AMI-based data analysis
|9 déc. 2014
|31 mai 2016
|Dominion Resources, Inc.
|Electric power system control with planning of energy demand and energy efficiency using AMI-based data analysis
|4 déc. 2014
|14 juin 2016
|Dominion Resources, Inc.
|Maximizing of energy delivery system compatibility with voltage optimization using AMI-based data control and analysis
|28 févr. 2014
|24 janv. 2017
|Dominion Resources, Inc.
|Management of energy demand and energy efficiency savings from voltage optimization on electric power systems using AMI-based data analysis
|28 févr. 2014
|7 févr. 2017
|Dominion Resources, Inc.
|Electric power system control with measurement of energy demand and energy efficiency using t-distributions
|28 févr. 2014
|28 févr. 2017
|Dominion Resources, Inc.
|Maximizing of energy delivery system compatibility with voltage optimization using AMI-based data control and analysis
|28 févr. 2014
|13 juin 2017
|Dominion Resources, Inc.
|Electric power system control with planning of energy demand and energy efficiency using AMI-based data analysis
|10 mars 2017
|4 juil. 2017
|Groupchatter, Llc
|Method and apparatus for efficient and deterministic group alerting
|6 sept. 2007
|20 mars 2008
|Garrison Stuber Michael T
|Home area networking (HAN) with handheld for diagnostics
|29 juin 2007
|10 avr. 2008
|Carina Technology, Inc.
|System and method for controlling a utility meter
|30 janv. 2007
|31 juil. 2008
|Cimarron Systems, Llc
|Communication System For Multi-Tiered Network
|3 juin 2008
|9 avr. 2009
|Arc Innovations Limited
|Method and system for updating a stored data value in a non-volatile memory
|19 mai 2009
|10 sept. 2009
|Itron, Inc.
|Rf meter reading system
|11 sept. 2006
|14 janv. 2010
|Itron, Inc.
|Rf meter reading system
|1 juil. 2009
|4 févr. 2010
|Itron, Inc.
|Utility data collection and reconfigurations in a utility metering system
|7 nov. 2008
|13 mai 2010
|Sam Russell
|Telemetry services: serving the utility companies using the home FTTP network environment
|4 janv. 2008
|15 juil. 2010
|Scott Cumeralto
|Collecting utility data information and conducting reconfigurations, such as demand resets, in a utility metering system
|20 avr. 2009
|21 oct. 2010
|Itron, Inc.
|Endpoint classification and command processing
|5 mai 2010
|11 nov. 2010
|Powell Phillip W
|Voltage conservation using advanced metering infrastructure and substation centralized voltage control
|26 oct. 2010
|17 févr. 2011
|Itron, Inc.
|Rf meter reading system
|15 juil. 2009
|19 mai 2011
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus for resource allocation in a frequency overlay system and a method thereof
|Classification aux États-Unis
|Classification internationale
|Classification coopérative
|Classification européenne
|10 nov. 2004
Owner name: ITRON, INC., WASHINGTON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OSTERLOH, CHRISTOPHER L.;NAGY, CHRISTOPHER;REEL/FRAME:015349/0308;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040907 TO 20041025
|25 avr. 2007
Owner name: WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:ITRON, INC.;REEL/FRAME:019204/0544
Effective date: 20070418
Owner name: WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,WASHINGTON
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:ITRON, INC.;REEL/FRAME:019204/0544
Effective date: 20070418
|15 aoűt 2011
Owner name: ITRON, INC., WASHINGTON
Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION;REEL/FRAME:026749/0263
Effective date: 20110805
|10 oct. 2011
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|26 févr. 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|17 avr. 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120226


text:
SAMAC has 24 associates, of which 13 are Mexican AMI Trainers.
The official Board of Directors were appointed during SAMAC's General Assembly, which was held in México City in June 2016.
SAMAC continues to organise an annual Mexican Congress, inviting associates, trainers, partners and members across Latin America to meet, discuss relevant topics and attend lectures from key speakers. The XXI Mexican Congress, in Guanajuato, was held on February 25 - 27, 2016. The title of this Congress was "Education, a Shared Task" and speakers involved were: Silvia Dubovoy, Philip O'Brien, Maria Teresa Vidales, Jayne Arellano, J. McKeever, Cecilia Elguero and Eduardo Cuevas. Over 550 participants attended the Congress, and special recognition was made to Silvia Dubovoy for her important participation in the Mexican and Global Montessori Movements.
The next XXII Mexican Montessori Congress is set to take place in Mexico City, and has been scheduled for 1 - 4 March 2017. The following speakers have confirmed their participation: AMI Executive Director, Lynne Lawrence and AMI Trainers: Judith Orion, Baiba Krumins-Grazzini and Maria Teresa Vidales.
SAMAC have been very successful in their distribution of Montessori books, which are published by Pierson in Spanish, and sent to individuals and organisations across Mexico and other Latin American countries. They are currently distributing seven books, the most recent titled "Il Bambino in Famiglia", which has been translated to Spanish, by Guadalupe Borbolla.
Their web site includes the following sections: Frequent Questions about Montessori; Job Opportunities; Training Centers; Congress; What's Montessori.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
MOVIE SYNOPSIS [ General Audiences ] Confront opposite sides of the Acteal massacre in December 1997. On the one hand, Lorenzo, gladiator wrestling criminal El Amate, who shot him at 17 among others Zenaida, who was five and now lives with problems seen by a bullet in the head received. They live in their own prison, victims of war and a system known. You can watch El príncipe azteca online on TV cable or theaters with original audio in Spanish at different dates. This film premiered in theaters in 2011.
Rating: 5 by 220 users./
Runtime: 99 minutes
99-minute film (full movie) directed by A. Fernández.
The original audio of El príncipe azteca has dialogues in or Spanish, it was produced in Mexico.
It premiered in cinemas or television in 2011.
Screenplay written by A. Fernández.
Víctor Dávila.
This film was produced and / or financed by FOPROCINE, Letra Cinema and S. de R.L..
Composed by José Ma. Marti and Jaime Yáñez.
Without commercial breaks, the full movie El príncipe azteca has a duration of 99 minutes; the official trailer can be watched in streaming on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free in English or Spanish in movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix).
See the page of this full movie, El príncipe azteca in FULLTV Movies.


text:
This is not collectible.
Use TB40PE4 to reference this item.
First time logging a Trackable? Click here.
To be one of the first travelbugs in a North Korean (DPRK) cache, once such a cache exists.
In the mean time, I would love it to explore exotic places all over Asia. Photos of its travels would be lovely!
I took this travelbug with me to North Korea in August 2011 but obviously, it found no geocaches there since GPS is forbidden.
Hence this TBs mission to explore the world going eastwards, through as many parts of Asia as possible, maybe one day even reaching North Korea once a cache opens there.
The two keyrings on it are illustrations of my personal roots, in the Netherlands and France.
Gallery Images related to Asia Explorer- onwards to North Korea Asia Explorer in North Korea Asia Explorer in North Korea Asia Explorer on Armona Island, site of its launchView All 3 Gallery Images
Sorry it's not in Asia, but I'll bring it to NYC and maybe leave it in Chinatown.
Advertising with Us


text:
GraphicRiver Organic Food Logo 9445832
Photoshop \ Logo Template \ Food
Included \ Resolution \ Editable \ Customize \ Pleasure \ Download \ Restaurant
Logo Template - Organic Food Logo 9445832 by Voltury @ GraphicRiver
Photoshop \ Logo Template \ Food
Organic Food Logo
About Item.
- 100 % Vector
- AI in RGB and CMYK color
- EPS in RGB and CMYK color
- PSD (10×10 inch and High resolution 300 ppi) included in main file
- Easy editable and customize
- Link download fonts included in help file
Pleasure Rate My Item, Thank You.
Last Update: ; Layered: Yes; Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD, Vector EPS, AI Illustrator; Resolution: Resizable; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Car Wash Logo; Code Geek Logo; Salon Spa Logo; Skull Wings Logo; DJ Geek Logo; Fresh Juice Logo; Love Wine Logo.
Keywords: cafe, coffee, dessert, drink, earth, eco, food, fruit, green, health, human, juice, leaf, life, nature, organic, people, restaurant, tree, vegetable, voltury, wine.


text:
Audio Of Rush Live At The Armory In Rockford 1975
Here is audio from Rush in concert at the Illinois Nation Guard Armory in Rockford, Illinois.
Back in the 1970's, there use to be concerts at the Illinois National Guard Armory in Downtown Rockford.
A couple of weeks ago, I posted audio from Kiss when they played there. Thanks to a listeners who was at the show, I learned that Rush was the opening act.
After doing some searching on YouTube, I found audio for Rush from that night too.
Here's the setlist.
Rush Illinois National Guard Armory in Rockford, Illinois on 11/15/75.
1. Bastille Day
2. Anthem
3. Lakeside Park
4. The Necromancer
5. By-Tor The Snow Dog
6. Working Man
7. Drum Solo
8. In The Mood
Enjoy the audio.
Rush- Rockford Armory Rockford, Illinois 11/15/75
Subscribe to 96.7 The Eagle on
Captain Jack asks Sebastian Bach 5 Questions
Subscribe to 96.7 The Eagle on


text:
This past labor day weekend I stayed at the Quebec with my family. I was not overly impressed. The location was great, you can't beat being 2 blocks away from the boardwalk. However, the beds were REALLY hard. I mean, like a board. Also, the hotel was very crowded (which we expected), but it seemed to lean toward the seedier side of hotels around Atlantic Ave. On check-in we were charged an extra $40 than what we confirmed the price to be online. This was upsetting since we thought we were paying one price and were then iformed that the hotel adds taxes on check-in, not on confirmation online. The price went from $284 online to $323 at check-in. That's a big jump in price! We also never got maid service while we stayed at the Quebec.
Aside from this, I have to say it was a great spot for kids. It's nice to have a pool and there were barbeque grills poolside. If you are looking for a good location and are not picky, I would say go for it. Otherwise, try another place nearby.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Priceline, Travelocity, Hotwire, Orbitz and Cheap Tickets so you can book your Quebec Motel By-The-Sea reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Quebec Calypso Resort - Quebec Hotel Wildwood
- Quebec Calypso Motel
- Quebec Calypso Hotel


text:
Elena Ojea
This is information that was supplied by Elena Ojea in registering through RePEc. If you are Elena Ojea, you may change this information at the RePEc Author Service. Or if you are not registered and would like to be listed as well, register at the RePEc Author Service. When you register or update your RePEc registration, you may identify the papers and articles you have authored.
Personal Details
Bilbao, Spain
RePEc:edi:bcccces (more details at EDIRC)
RePEc:edi:bcccces (more details at EDIRC)
- Garmendia, Eneko & Ojea, Elena & Pascual, Unai & Phelps, Jacob, 2013. "Leveraging Global Climate Finance for Sustainable Forests : Opportunities and Conditions for Successful Foreign Aid to the Forestry Sector," WIDER Working Paper Series 054, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
- Julia Martin-Ortega & Elena Ojea & Camille Roux, 2012. "Payments for Water Ecosystem Services in Latin America: Evidence from Reported Experience," Working Papers 2012-14, BC3.
- Elena Ojea & Julia Martin-Ortega & Aline Chiabai, 2010. "Classifying Ecosystem Services for Economic Valuation: The case of forest water services," Working Papers 2010-12, BC3.
- Elena Ojea & Ranjan Ghosh & Bharat B. Agrawal & P. K. Joshi, 2010. "The Costs of Ecosystem Adaptation: Methodology and Estimates for Indian Forests," Working Papers 2009-10, BC3.
- Paulo A.L.D. Nunes & Elena Ojea & Maria Loureiro, 2009. "Mapping of Forest Biodiversity Values: A Plural Perspective," Working Papers 2009.4, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
- Ojea, Elena & Ruiz-Benito, Paloma & Markandya, Anil & Zavala, Miguel A., 2012. "Wood provisioning in Mediterranean forests: A bottom-up spatial valuation approach," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 78-88.
- Ojea, Elena & Loureiro, Maria L., 2011. "Identifying the scope effect on a meta-analysis of biodiversity valuation studies," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 706-724, September.
- Ojea, Elena & Loureiro, Maria L., 2010. "Valuing the recovery of overexploited fish stocks in the context of existence and option values," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 514-521, May.
- Elena Ojea & Paulo Nunes & Maria Loureiro, 2010. "Mapping Biodiversity Indicators and Assessing Biodiversity Values in Global Forests," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 47(3), pages 329-347, November.
- Elena Ojea & Maria L. Loureiro, 2009. "Valuation Of Wildlife: Revising Some Additional Considerations For Scope Tests," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 27(2), pages 236-250, 04.
- Loureiro, Maria L. & Ojea, Elena, 2008. "Valuing local endangered species: The role of intra-species substitutes," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1-2), pages 362-369, December.
- Ojea, Elena & Loureiro, Maria L., 2007. "Altruistic, egoistic and biospheric values in willingness to pay (WTP) for wildlife," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(4), pages 807-814, September.
- Loureiro, Maria L. & Ribas, Alfonso & Lopez, Edelmiro & Ojea, Elena, 2006. "Estimated costs and admissible claims linked to the Prestige oil spill," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(1), pages 48-63, August.
NEP is an announcement service for new working papers, with a weekly report in each of many fields. This author has had 4 papers announced in NEP. These are the fields, ordered by number of announcements, along with their dates. If the author is listed in the directory of specialists for this field, a link is also provided.
- NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics (3) 2009-07-28 2012-11-03 2014-04-11
- NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics (3) 2009-07-28 2010-10-02 2014-04-11
- NEP-GER: German Papers (1) 2014-04-11
- NEP-LAM: Central & South America (1) 2012-11-03
- NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics (1) 2009-07-28
Most cited item
- Ojea, Elena & Loureiro, Maria L., 2007. "Altruistic, egoistic and biospheric values in willingness to pay (WTP) for wildlife," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(4), pages 807-814, September.
Most downloaded item (past 12 months)
- Ojea, Elena & Loureiro, Maria L., 2007. "Altruistic, egoistic and biospheric values in willingness to pay (WTP) for wildlife," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(4), pages 807-814, September.
Access and download statistics for all items
Co-authorship network on CollEc
For general information on how to correct material on RePEc, see these instructions.
To update listings or check citations waiting for approval, Elena Ojea should log into the RePEc Author Service
To make corrections to the bibliographic information of a particular item, find the technical contact on the abstract page of that item. There, details are also given on how to add or correct references and citations.
To link different versions of the same work, where versions have a different title, use this form. Note that if the versions have a very similar title and are in the author's profile, the links will usually be created automatically.
Please note that most corrections can take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.


text:
EFG London Jazz Festival
Ten days of world-class jazz
Jump to navigation
Serious in association with Kennedy Street presents
Springs' comely alto touches upon soul, jazz and pop, transforming her influences into a personalized sound that effortlessly reveals itself.
Every so often a new singer emerges who's able to assimilate multiple musical touchstones and still come off sounding remarkably fresh and unburdened by the past. Kandace Springs is one of those artists. The Nashville-based singer, songwriter and pianist counts Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Nina Simone, Roberta Flack and Norah Jones as her heroes, but as evidenced by her sparkling Blue Note debut record Soul Eyes, she mimics none of them.
The EFG London Jazz Festival is produced by Serious, one of the UK's leading producers and curators of live jazz, international and new music. Serious produces events ranging from major concerts, festivals and national and international tours through to learning and participation programmes, conferences and specially commissioned bespoke events.
Website: www.kandacesprings.com
Twitter: @KandaceSprings
Facebook: /kandacesprings
Although this show has sold out, Kandace plays Union Chapel on Monday 14 November.
This is a standing gig with limited seating, available on a first come first served basis.
This gig is suitable for all ages.
Rich Mix is a charity providing access to culture for all in East London. If you enjoy our work, become a member today.


text:
GraphicRiver Hipster Logo Template 8433704
Photoshop \ Logo Template \ Humans
Template \ Hipster \ Design \ Version \ Vector \ Illustrator \ Download
Logo Template - Hipster Logo Template 8433704 by LiveAtTheBBQ @ GraphicRiver
Photoshop \ Logo Template \ Humans
The Hipster logo Template
A modern and professional hipster / geek logo template for your business and projects. The logo is fully vector and easy to edit. All text and colors are easily editable.
Bonus: The package comes with an extra Photoshop PSD file with all logo variations included. The PSD logo is still resizable and can be used at any size!
What's in the download?
- A fully editable and resizable vector logo.
- CMYK version
- 100% black version
- Horizontal and vertical variations
- Illustrator AI file (CS and higher)
- Illustrator EPS 10 file
- Readme file with font download info
Need any help?
- For any questions please contact me via Graphic River
- I can help you with custom design or modifications for an additional fee
Font used.
- Boris Black Bloxx (Free Font) http://www.dafont.com/boris-black-bloxx.font
Layered: Yes; Graphics Files Included: Photoshop PSD, Vector EPS, AI Illustrator; Resolution: Resizable; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Polygon Cloud Rocket Logo; Rocket Cloud Logo Template; Power Patrol - Letter P Logo; Media Studio - Letter M Logo; Sharp Business - Letter S Logo; Good Media - Letter G Logo; Creative Places Logo Template.
Keywords: black, boy, brown, code, design, developer, eyes, face, fashion, geek, geek logo, gentleman, glasses, hair, head, hipster, logo, man, mustache, nerd, nerd logo, psd, PSD logo, red, retro, tape, template, vintage.


text:
Book: Cranford by Elizabeth Gaskell
Pages: 212
Finished: May,2009
** 18 & 19th Century Women Writers
** Victorian Challenge
** Casual Classics
** Spring Reading Thing
** tbr
** Read and Review
** New Author
** Themed Reading
First sentence: "In the first place, Cranford is in the possession of the Amazons; all the holders of houses, above a certain rent, are women."
Summary from Amazon:
Novel by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, published serially in Charles Dickens' magazine Household Words from 1851 to 1853 and in book form in 1853. Basing her tales on the village in which she was reared, Gaskell produced a gently comic picture of life and manners in an English country village during the 1830s. The novel's narrator (a young woman who periodically visits Cranford) describes the small adventures in the lives of two middle-aged sisters in reduced circumstances who do their best to maintain their standards of propriety, decency, and kindness. Using an intimate, gossipy voice that never turns sentimental, Gaskell conveys the old-fashioned habits, subtle class distinctions, and genteel poverty of the townspeople. Cranford quickly became one of the author's best-loved works.
"Cranford is a charming imaginary town filled with chatty females, most of them old spinsters, gossip and nostalgia, loves unfulfilled and remembered, and loves that find a place and a home at last."
My Thoughts:
I am not normally a great lover of classics---actually, when I manage to read them I find that I enjoy them. It is just that the act of reading them can be a chore at times. I am a lazy reader in that I don't like to have to look something up which I don't understand--in the middle of reading! That said, I tend to shy away from tackling this genre more often.
Cranford! Ah Cranford! What a genteel and slow paced life is led in Cranford. I found the story delightful and the characters, (largely comprised of spinsters and widows) to be delightful in their own quirky ways also. Miss Matty is the most sweet of them all, and it is no wonder that everyone in Cranford loves her so and rallies to support her in her hour of need. Although men are noticeably quite absent throughout most of the book, the topic of the vulgarity of men occurs amongst the ladies of Cranford. Men and marriage do find their way into the novel-and what kind gentlemen they are!
This is not a plot driven novel, but rather a character driven novel as we are transported back to a simpler time--proper behavior is expected and observed down to the very details of when it is proper to call on one another and what style of clothing to wear during that calling time. Gossip abounds, as well as sweet time spent reminiscing as we come to understand these old ladies through the remembrances of their youth.
Passage that made me laugh:
"My next visit to Cranford was in the summer. There had been neither births, deaths, nor marriages since I was there last. Everybody lived in the same house, and wore pretty nearly the same well-preserved, old-fashioned clothes. The greatest event was that the Miss Jenkynses had purchased a new carpet for the drawing-room. Oh the busy work Miss Matty and I had in chasing the sunbeams, as they fell in an afternoon right down on this carpet through the blindless window! We spread newspapers over the places, and sat down to our book or our work; and , lo! in a quarter of an hour the sun had moved, and was blazing away on a fresh spot; and down again we went on our knees to alter the position of the newspapers. We were very busy , too, one whole morning, before Miss Jenkyns gave her party, in following her directions, and in cutting out and stitching together pieces of newspaper, so as to form little paths to every chair, set for the expected visitors, lest their shoes might dirty or defile the purity of the carpet. Do you make paper paths for every guest to walk upon in London."
Twelve years after publishing Cranford, Gaskell has kind words for her most prolific work. "It is the only one of my books that I can read again; but whenever I am ailing or ill, I take Cranford and - I was going to say, enjoy it! (but that would not be pretty!) laugh over it afresh!"
Here is a great little biography of Elizabeth Gaskell.


text:
By James Harrison
Fearing unintended repercussions down the road, Rep. Scott DesJarlais introduced a bill Tuesday to prohibit the U.S. from providing arms and military assistance to rebels in the ongoing Syrian conflict.
DesJarlais, a member on the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, said he was "deeply concerned" with a recent decision by President Barack Obama to enact a limited no-fly zone and provide weapons and training to Syrian rebel groups gathered across the border in Jordan. The White House announced its intentions earlier this month to intervene in the 27-month long conflict, which has included use of chemical weapons and resulted in the deaths of more than 90,000 Syrians.
The congressman said the motive for his legislation, which mirrors a Senate bill, was driven by uncertainties about the ideology or future plans of groups the U.S. would be offering lethal aid to.
"While Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's actions are nothing short of reprehensible, we simply do not know enough about the goals or objectives of rebel factions to justify intervention by the United States," DesJarlais said in a news release. "We could very well be jeopardizing our national security interests by sending weapons to a group with reported ties to the Muslim Brotherhood or al-Qaida."
The bill would ban the Department of Defense, CIA and other intelligence agencies from funding military, paramilitary or covert operations in Syria. The ban would not apply to any humanitarian assistance being provided in the country through government and nongovernment organizations.
Along with the White House, DesJarlais's bill goes directly against the position of Tennessee Sen. Bob Corker, who repeatedly called for the U.S. arming of "vetted" rebel groups involved in the conflict. Along with multiple letters written to Obama, the senator and former Chattanooga mayor wrote a New York Times op-ed calling for lethal assistance in the conflict and authored his own bill outlining the process for arming rebels, which passed in a 15-3 vote of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
Since the White House's announcement regarding its intentions in Syria, Corker has urged officials to use caution to ensure safeguards are in place for arming the country's moderate forces.
Source: http://nooga.com/162219/rep-scott-desjarlais-introduces-bill-to-ban-us-arming-of-syrian-rebel-groups/


text:
Hard Yakka Men's Platinum Safety Shoe - Black
Ultra-durable, water resistant & anti-slip Tuff Skin construction
Nitrile outsole heat resistant to 300°C | Composite safety toe cap | Airport friendly
Available in men's UK sizing - see size chart for correct fit!
If you want your workwear to be as rugged as you are - choose Hard Yakka. An Aussie staple and offering a wide collection of men's & women's work clothing, boots and more - it's clear why this is one of our all-time favourites!
- Hard Yakka footwear
- For men
- Style: Platinum shoe
- Model no: Y60079
- Colour: Black
- Shoe width: N/A
- High tech Tuff Skin lamination
- Durable, water resistant & anti-slip construction
- Nitrile rubber outsole heat resistant to 300°C
- Lightweight composite safety toe cap
- Fully moulded Poron XRD footbed for comfort & ventilation
- ARZ+ technology for maximum shock absorption
- Padded tongue & collar for ankle support
- 5-eyelet lace closure for secure fit
- Heel height (approx. cm): 5
- Materials:
- Leather upper
- Synthetic lining
- Rubber outsole
- Country of origin: N/A
Customer Reviews
5 Star
4 Star
3 Star
2 Star
1 Star


text:
Pro Fit Fitted Men's T-shirt
At NVR we are style conscious which is why we have designed the Strike blue Pro Fit fitted T-shirt, a special blend of materials designed to wick away sweat in the gym along with offer a superior level of comfort.
All of our clothing is designed to emphasis your physique with cutting lines and tapered fit.
Made from a tri blend of cotton, polyester and elastane.
Follow us on Facebook
Summer Super Sale now on


text:
SO ShoppyStore is a responsive OpenCart theme which is fully customizable and suitable for any kind of OpenCart stores, especially, any heavy OpenCart store. Your store will be well displayed on any devices or screen resolution. SO ShoppyStore comes with 5 color variations that allows you to easily change the color of all elements, you will be given the possibility to make an unique e-commerce website that stands out of the crowd. Moreover, the theme supports 5 different homepage layouts and many cuting-edge features: daily deals, quick view, mega menu, wishlist, product comparison, RTL language, boxed layout… Let's explore this eye-catching template and get the real experience now!
Full Feature List
- Compatible with OpenCart 2.1, 2.2
- Compatible with IE9+, Firefox 4+, Netscape, Safari, Opera 9.5 and Chrome
- Responsive layout for all devices
- Allow to set site title, tagline, logo and Analytics ID
- Support menu with Mega Menu
- Boxed and Wide layouts
- Cloud zoom option for product Images
- Multiple Language support
- Back to top button
- 5 Preset Color Styles: Red (default), Blue, Green, Orange and Pink
- Fully integrated with Font Awesome Icon
- Support to add custom CSS/JS
- Social Networks integration
- CSS3 table-less design
- LESS for advanced development
- Custom page: about us, contact us…
Demo & More Info about ShoppyStore v1.2.0 – Responsive Multipurpose OpenCart Theme
Download ShoppyStore v1.2.0 – Responsive Multipurpose OpenCart Theme
Download from ul.to
Download from filescdn.com
Download from userscloud.com
Download from tusfiles.net
Download from turbobit.net


text:
Home ›
Miyazaki Feast Of St Patrick Gifts
0 items found
Can't find the gift you were looking for? - Try our Business Gift or Personal Gift Recommendation Tool or contact us.
You can send Feast Of St Patrick Gifts to Japan in the following locations.
What our Customers Say about our Service
"GiftBasketsOverseas are one of the best and most professional online ordering businesses I have ever used. The order I placed in Australia one day was completed and delivered in NZ the next - less than 18 hours later!! My mother in law was absolutely thrilled with the quality and the size of the fresh fruit and food hamper. I will certainly be using them again and again!!"
Tui McKeown - Hampton VIC, Australia - Sep 5, 2010
"I ordered a gift basket at Xmas. It was lovely and just as it looked online. I am in Australia and had delivered to USA. Very good service and phone validation. Will be using you again."
Sue Tame - Australia - Jan 9, 2013
"I found Gift Baskets Overseas doing an online search and I can tell you - they are fantastic. Our son is overseas in the Czech Republic and I wanted to surprise him for his birthday - 21st - and everything that Gift Baskets said they would do - they did. They went above and beyond the call of duty to ensure that this gift was received by my son. It was so important to us and they realized it. I would recommend Gift Baskets overseas for anyone who wants exceptional gifts with exceptional service. And in today's world it is very hard to find businesses along with intelligent customer service that take responsibility and truly care! Thank you so much!!! "
P.T. Lopez - New Zealand - Nov 11, 2010
"I work for a company with international clients. I called to confirm the quality and contents of the gift basket, submitted an order on a Friday and it was delivered in Korea early Tuesday morning. Excellent communication through the whole process. They even called me to confirm that the credit card I used on the order was mine! "
Elizabeth - Ottawa, Canada - Dec 22, 2009
Read more testimonials or leave your feedback here.


text:
Trust me on this / Jennifer Crusie.
Electronic resources
View other formats and editions
Record details
- Physical Description: 1 online resource (audio file) : digital
- Edition: Unabridged.
- Publisher: Grand Haven : Brilliance Audio, 2010.
Content descriptions
|General Note:
| Unabridged.
|Participant or Performer Note:
| Narrator: Angela Dawe.
|Summary, etc.:
| Dennie Banks is an investigative reporter chasing down the biggest story of her career. Alec Prentice is a government agent working undercover to catch an elusive grifter. When they meet by accident, it's a case of mistaken identities at first sight. What they don't mistake is the instant attraction they have for each other, an attraction they'll do everything in their power to resist--because Dennie thinks that Alec is running interference for her interview subject, and Alec suspects that Dennie is linked to his swindler. As the confusion grows, so do their feelings for each other, and what begins as a romantic comedy of errors may just end in the love affair of a lifetime.
|System Details Note:
| Requires .
Search for related items by subject
|Electronic books.


text:
Where To Take Dad For Father's Day
In Rando Miami
It's that time of the year to make dad feel extra special! Check out these delicious options for brunch this Sunday to celebrate the occasion.
PB Station
121 SE 1st St, Miami, FL 33131
Come share a Father's Day Parrillada at PB Station at $110 (serves 4-6 people)
Parillada to be paired with a glass of rose wine at $8 per glass
• 16 oz Grass Fed Cowboy Steak
• Grilled Veal Sweetbreads
• 6 oz Pork Secreto Iberico
• Smoked Miami Smokers Kielbasa
• Half Grilled Baby Chicken
• Pickled Eggplant Salad
• Grilled Corn on the Cob
• Roasted Sweet Bell Peppers
• PB Sauces


text:
Category: Investing
China's growing fleet of cars
"I think the strains on the global oil delivery system due to China trying to put in place a whole new US sized vehicle fleet in the space of the decade 2010-2020 are likely to be very profound, and I expect it to cause serious disruptions in the global economy."
S&P P/E Ratios
For anyone sitting on the sidelines wondering if they've missed out on something – S&P Price to earnings ratio.
I bought into this rally way back April, and sold in May. Wish I had seen the correlation between government security purchases and the run up back then, I probably would have stayed in longer. Regardless, I'm not really feeling as if I've missed out.
See this post by Steve for more data.
Do Overs
Where was I on December 9th? Hmm. Blowing off college courses, building a sega Genesis game copier from scratch in the hopes of getting rich, and planning a Christmas trip to Denver Colorado to visit family. The stock market did not exist in my world at the time. October 4th? Two months away from a move to San Francisco to take part in the dot com boom.
445 on the S&P, it's right around the corner! Maybe this time around we'll get things right? I doubt it.
We're definitely in new territory now.
Big Bears
I think we still have a ways to go. Futures currently show the market down again tomorrow.
CPI jumps – Econobrowser post. Definitely pay attention to this trend.
Bond Bubbles
Enter the gods of government: the Treasury Dept. and Federal Reserve. Their task: get fearful investors out of the Treasury bond lifeboats, into the frigid high risk financial markets sea to the sinking USS FIRE Economy – where they can be put to work re-floating it.
The gods of government have so far taken a two-pronged approach: send rescue ships and boil the ocean.
I Should Point Out…
The last two posts were found on Paul Kedrosky's Infectious Greed.
"General Motors is a metaphor for the United States."


text:
very sexy hot indian aunty showing boobs nude video secured loans for people with bad credit
Description:sexy hot cute adult porn nude naked ass boobs pussy lesbo lesbian fuckking sucking girls videos
Added:3 years ago
6 likes, 0 dislikes
Embed / Iframe code:
Make your selection, copy and paste the embed code above.
Standart sizes: Custom size:
What is the problem?
Please do not abuse this section. The videos ,which are on investigate list, are manually checked by editor.
Security code:(is not case-sensitive) can't read
Write a comment
at least 10 characters, up to 400 characters
400 characters remaining
Security code:
(is not case-sensitive) can't read


text:
Chicken & Walnut Roll
Sumo Salad Cafe - Salads & other things
We love contributions to Channel Magazine from our 'locals'. One such local is Jacqui Wright, the friendly host at Sumo Salad in Takapuna. Jacqui (and husband Stuart) have put their hands up to provide a monthly contribution – to inform our readers of how to make tasty and healthy salads, and other bits and pieces. This month Jacqui's contribution is a great recipe for scrumptious Chicken and Walnut Roll.
Next time you are strolling along Takapuna Beach why not pop in and see us at Sumo for lunch.
We have an extensive range of rolls, toasties and wraps made fresh in our cafe every morning. One such roll we make is the Chicken and Walnut, a new addition to our many yummy flavours that we have available. Both kids and adults alike love this roll and it's good for lunches or dinner. I have slipped a whole roll into James's (our 16 year old son) school lunch - there were no complaints - so it was obviously good. I take them home and serve them up with one our great salads. This one is pictured with our South West Chicken Salad and Balsamic beetroot. Here at Sumo we have our wholemeal rolls especially made for us by our fantastic bakers but you can use any roll of your choice. Enjoy!!
Chicken & Walnut Roll
by Jacqui
Ingredients - Makes 2 rolls. Approximately 32cm long
100gm of Cooked chicken shredded
40gm of finely chopped celery
40gm of crushed Walnuts
40gm of mayo or similar dressing
A handful of rocket
4 Slices of Tomato
extra dressing
Method: Mix the Chicken, Celery, Walnuts and mayo in a bowl. Cut your rolls lengthways and dress the bottom of the roll. Put some rocquette in the roll and add the slices of tomato. Place the chicken and walnut mix into the roll.
Sumo Salad Café, 67 Hurstmere Road, Takapuna,
Phone 489 7866. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
With the Taylor 614-CE Grand Auditorium Cutaway Acoustic-Electric Guitar the bold sounds of big leaf maple and Sitka spruce are enhanced by the Grand...Click To Read More About This Product
Find a similar product below or contact our experts for a recommendation of great alternatives. Call us at 800.348.5003.Customers Also Viewed:
The brilliant tone and appearance of a first-rate maple body.
With the Taylor 614-CE Grand Auditorium Cutaway Acoustic-Electric Guitar the bold sounds of big leaf maple and Sitka spruce are enhanced by the Grand Auditorium body design. Together the woods create a bright, crystalline timbre with outstanding projection and warm overtones.
The bright tone of this Taylor guitar is further enhanced by the Grand Auditorium body style with its Venetian cutaway. Its sleek design yields a strong treble zing across the tonal spectrum and sharpens the definition of individual notes. The 614-CE Grand Auditorium is a strong fingerpicking guitar that also adapts well to medium strumming.
Appointments include an ebony headstock overlay, a beautiful abalone rosette, white binding, and artful abalone fretboard inlays.
Designed to faithfully reproduce your guitar's native tone, the Taylor Expression System utilizes patented Dynamic Sensors to capture top and string vibration like never before. Created in partnership with renowned audio pioneer, Mr. Rupert Neve, the Taylor ES is seamlessly integrated into the design of the guitar from the ground up. Onboard tone controls provide added flavor or set flat for an uncolored, exceptionally clean amplified sound.
The finish used to create this guitar's lustrous gloss top, back, and sides was developed at Taylor for maximum durability and resistance to cold-checking. This ultraviolet-cured finish is also more environmentally friendly than traditional lacquer finishes.
Check the drop-down menu to the right to select colors and/or other options.
Tone so bright and pure you'll have trouble putting it down. Order now.
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.


text:
When work related back pain takes over your Monday through Friday existence, a good night's sleep becomes an impossible dream. An Issaquah woman faced this misery week in and week out. After an hour at her desk on Monday mornings, her lower back would begin to spasm, which caused increasing muscle stiffness and radiating pain in her arms and upper back as her body tensed. She tried Tylenol but it had no effect, and she didn't want to take more than the maximum daily dose. By Friday at 5pm, this patient needed the next two days just to recuperate from her work week.
Her mother-in-law's best friend was a patient of Prime Spine, Dr. Ben Baker's chiropractic center in Kirkland. Seeing a 60-something woman so spry and full of energy convinced our Issaquah patient to schedule an appointment with her chiropractor. She's ready to find the cause of her back pain and take steps to eliminate it. Improving her posture and remedying the increasing, radiating arm pain she's been experiencing are two other issues she also wants to deal with so that she can get through a work day pain-free.
Low back pain caused by sitting at a desk is an increasingly common problem for many individuals. Familychiropractor Dr. Baker has found that in many cases subluxations — the improper alignment of the lower back — are the cause. The resulting decreased range of motion brings on a host of other symptoms, including muscle tension, upper back pain, and sleepless nights. Thankfully, subluxations are easily treated through chiropractic alignment, with many patients experiencing a vast improvement in their pain level immediately following treatment.
If you've been experiencing similar difficulties and are ready to take the first step to end your pain, call ourchiropractic center or fill out our online form to schedule your appointment today.


text:
Make Money Online - Best Paid Survey Site
So far we've paid our 300226 members over $582,119.18. Join Free Today and get paid to work online completing paid surveys, tasks and offers.
Make Money Online With Free Paid Surveys
Rewardingways.com is the best paid survey site and is free to use. Make money online when you complete Simple Paid Surveys, Paid Trials and Tasks. Get paid the same day using Paypal, Payza or Skrill!! You can work online in your spare time, work from home, at work or on your mobile.
Free Paid Surveys - Work From Home
We offer a selection of Paid Surveys from a variety of different advertisers meaning you have access to lots of new surveys every single day. Generally the surveys available take between 5-20 minutes to complete with bigger payments being offered for longer surveys. We have a dedicated Live Paid surveys area which you can check throughout the day for new surveys.
What our members have to say about us...
Access More Paid Surveys and Offers with our Offerwall Partners
We have teamed up with some of the best online offerwalls such as Adgate, Trialpay, Persona.ly, Offertoro and many more to give you even more ways to make money working online. You can get paid to watch videos, complete trial offers, download free apps and more.
We provide a large selection of Paid Surveys, offers, PTC ads and more every day. You make money for succesfully completing these online tasks. You request and receive your payment in just a few hours so any money you earn is with you quickly.
Click Here to see who's already been paid at rewardingways today.
Rewardingways is the best paid survey site to make money online. You can visit us each day for new selection of Paid Surveys so you can continue to earn money with us every day. We look forward to working with you.
RewardingWays.com is the Best Paid Survey Site
- Access Hundreds Of Paid Surveys Daily
- Make Money online and get paid the same day
- Work from home
- Free to Join
- Take part in cash contests
RewardingWays.com - Latest News
There is just over two weeks left in our latest $1000 cash contest. To check out the latest leaderboard Click Here.
Increase your earnings using our selection of paid surveys and offers to be in with a chance of wining yourself one of our great cash prizes.
We have announced our latest cash promo code on our social media accounts.
Check out our facebook or twitter pages to claim your code.
Follow us on Twitter - https://twitter.com/RewardingWays
Follow us on Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/rewardingways/
Limited number available, so don't miss out and claim your code today.
Member Chatbox
To learn how to make money with Paid Surveys at Rewardingways.com Click Here
Site Statistics
Current Members = 300226
Total Payments = $582,119.18


text:
CafeMom Veteran
Click on a link to search for moms with the same information
Click on a link to search for other moms with the same favorites
by kellilvn posted at 11:32 PM on May. 26
, 2008
by kellilvn posted at 12:18 AM on Mar. 3
, 2008
by kellilvn posted at 9:26 PM on Jul. 27
, 2007
by kellilvn posted at 10:43 AM on Jul. 17
, 2007
by kellilvn posted at 4:18 PM on Jun. 4
, 2007
Do you enjoy coupons? Then come join us http://www.cafemom.com/group/coupons20four7
Happy New Year!
I changed my page recently,come and visit!
Hi! I stopped by to visit today! How is everything where you are? Sunshiny I hope. Out here we are having much milder heat, not in the 90's anymore. Lots of leaves starting to turn and 2 tomatoes on the vine and 3 bell peppers! Bye!
Hello I saw that you were a biggest loser fan. I was the admin of Reality tv. I now have my own group called Tele Talk. It is brand new, but I would love for you to join us and talk about The show tonight. Hope to chat soon.
Active Posts in All Groups


text:
Molecular Cell Biology
PI: Jaap van Buul PhD
Research in the Department of Molecular Cell Biology focuses on the endothelium that lines all blood vessels. We study molecular mechanisms that control cell adhesion and migration and we are particularly interested in the role of the vessel wall in supporting transendothelial migration of activated leukocytes. This process is a key event in inflammation as well as cancer cell metastasis.
We combine high-resolution live-cell imaging (confocal; wide-field) with viral transduction of fluorescent proteins and RhoGTPase biosensors in human endothelium under physiological flow. Additional interests include the integrity of the vascular endothelium, regulation of RhoGTPases and cytoskeletal dynamics, vesicle transport and membrane traffic, and biochemical analysis of adhesion protein complexes.
Group leaders
|group leader Jaap van Buul
|group leader Mar Fernandez-Borja
|group leader Coert Margadant
Student projects
Within our department, undergraduate students (University master students and HLO trainees) are trained in protein biochemistry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, cell culture, generation and expression of fluorescent proteins and live cell imaging. We have a preference for students working with us for at least 6-9 months. Moreover, we advise students to do their first internship within the university.
For more information and an overview of the current internships visit the student projects page.


text:
Evans Knob raises a variety of fiber producing animals. The Romney sheep, the alpaca, and the angora rabbits all contribute to the knobs wooly wonders. Usually, Farmer Kathy shears the critters with the assistance of Farmer Reid, or some other willing (sometimes not so willing) helper. Shearing typically takes place in the spring on most farms, but here on the knob, we try to shear in November, with the exception of the longneck boys. There are several reasons for the reverse time. One being the long fleeces, or wool, on the Romney sheep makes it difficult for us to be able to monitor the ewe's, (mother sheep) pregnancy. We need to be able to see if she is maintaining a healthy weight and if her udder is developing. This is a good indicator of an approaching birth. Although we lock the sheep in the barn at night, they are usually allowed access to the outside during the day. They don't mind the cold, snow or rain because of their long coats. Only when they do come into the barn, they are dripping wet and that makes the barn and the bedding wet.
After shearing, the fleeces are skirted; all belly, butt and leg wool comes off and is discarded. These parts are the dirtiest and undesirable for spinning. The prime fleece is then washed in hot water and Era laundry detergent. We do not believe in using harsh chemicals to wash the fiber. It breaks the fiber down, making it brittle and scratchy. Most commercially processed wool is submerged into a vat of acid to break down the dirt, manure and vegetable matter in the wool. We have found that most people who are allergic to wool can wear our garments. We believe this is due to the fact that we do not use the chemicals, and that people are actually reacting to the chemical residue in the wool from the processors and not actually to the wool.
The next step is the picking and carding of the fleece. The locks need to be picked before carding. This pulls out vegetable matter, pieces of dirt and manure that were missed during washing. It also loosens the locks of the wool. The carding process is a combing of the wool to align all the fiber into a straight direction. It makes spinning the yarn more enjoyable and a more uniform.
After the wool is carded it is ready for the spinning wheel. Kathy's favorite spinning wheel to use is the Louet S10. It isn't a very pretty wheel, but it is easy to use and spins a beautifully consistent yarn. The wool can be dyed any color using a dye made specifically for wool. This can be done before the wool is carded or after it is spun into yarn. Once the bobbin fills on the wheel it needs to be wound into a skein, dipped in hot water and hung with a weight attached to the bottom of the skein. This is called setting the twist, which locks the yarn into place so that it doesn't come unspun.
Finally, after all these steps, the yarn is ready to be wound into a ball and is ready for knitting or crocheting. There are several steps taking the wool from the sheep to the finished product. It is a "from the ground up" operation here on the knob, but truly a labor of love.


text:
Yarra Valley
Less than an hour's drive from Melbourne, the Yarra Valley's vine strung hills and rolling farmland are home to Victoria's earliest vineyards. Countless welcoming wineries, farmers markets, and boutique accommodation are set in picture-perfect vineyard or hilltop locations. A sunrise hot air balloon ride over the Yarra Valley takes in the Healesville and Yarra Glen vineyards and the green valleys and pristine rivers around Marysville and Warburton. Back on earth numerous cellar doors beckon for laid back tastings and meals in their acclaimed restaurants, where fresh local produce and regional wines are on show.
There's also the opportunity to get up close to Australian wildlife at Healesville Sanctuary, home to dingoes, kangaroos, wombats and the elusive platypus. Neighbouring Dandenong Ranges is a verdant realm of fern glades, towering trees and eclectic and artistic villages. Climb aboard Puffing Billy, Australia's much-loved historic steam train, for an alternative perspective of secluded bed and breakfast cottages, sun-kissed gardens and vast national parks.
General holiday package terms and conditions (applies to all packages)
*Prices: All discounts have been included in the package price advertised. Prices are based on a return economy Getaway Fare booked on the internet. Add $30 more per person when booking by telephone, capped at 4 people per booking. Add a 1.3% card payment fee to the total package price when using Mastercard Credit, Visa Credit and American Express. Mastercard Debit and Visa Debit card transactions will incur a 0.6% fee. Prices may fluctuate with the addition of local taxes and charges or due to currency fluctuations. Seasonal surcharges may apply. Full payment is required at the time of booking. Accommodation: Packages include the advertised number of nights' accommodation in a selected hotel. Prices are per person, based on double occupancy unless otherwise noted. Prices are based on the least expensive room, are subject to availability and are not guaranteed until the booking is completed and confirmed. Change/Cancel: Bookings can be changed/cancelled by paying the fee and any applicable price difference, as published on our website on the day you request your change. For current change and cancel fees, see Virgin Australia Holidays' Fees page. Name changes and refunds are not permitted. Baggage: A minimum checked baggage allowance of 1 piece up to 23kg applies for Getaway Fares. Allowances may increase for Silver, Gold and Platinum Velocity members and for different fare classes. Additional fees will be charged for baggage in excess of the published allowances. For current inclusive baggage allowances and fees for excess baggage, see Virgin Australia's Baggage page. Partner flights: International flights between Australia and your destination may be operated by a partner airline. Onwards connecting flights from an international port will be operated by a partner airline. Please view our list of partner airlines. Full Virgin Australia Holidays Terms and Conditions apply.
**Third party services: Please remember to select the travel extra in the booking path, it is not automatically selected. All third party supplier services (including flights, hotels, cars and events) are subject to the terms and conditions of the relevant supplier. Please visit the supplier's website for further information.
^Velocity: Flights purchased as part of a Virgin Australia Holidays or Mystery Breaks package will earn Velocity Points at the Virgin Australia Holidays Points earn rate. Virgin Australia operated flights purchased as part of a Virgin Australia Holidays package will earn Status Credits at the Virgin Australia Status Credit earn rates. For more information regarding Points and status earn rates, go to the Velocity Points earn rates page and the status earn rates page. To earn and redeem Velocity Points, you must be a Velocity member. Velocity membership and Points earn and redemption are subject to the Member Terms and Conditions, as amended from time to time.


text:
We recommend upgrading to the latest Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, or Firefox.
If you are using IE 9 or later, make sure you turn off "Compatibility View".
Handpicked brands for you
Blisssss... #Repost @ruk1er ・・・ Close up of one I've posted before. This was printed in @snowboardmag and was taken last spring near haines akaska by @camunger It was a mission hiking these lines with how deep it was but it really made up for the low...


text: i do not believe there is a defect in the Z hinge for some of the g2s. i believe the phone is just built like it. to me, yes its a minor inconvience but it really isnt anyting to return the phone. when i first received my g2 it was tight, and the sliding was great, but after a few hours it began to slip. i want to know, if your g2 having a loose hinge? if so, maybe i could take mine to a store for an exchange but i just think its going to be loose.