text:
Thursday, August 18, 2011
Philly Philly Bo Billy...
Banana fanna fo filly
Fee fi mo milly...
We spent Thursday and Friday of our Pennsylvania vacation packing in as much museum-going/site-seeing as possible. We hit The Franklin Institute, Adventure Aquarium and the Academy of Natural Sciences. We also traveled back to the waterfront for The Independence Seaport Museum and got caught in a torrential downpour on our way to see a couple of submarine/navy ships. We took the ferry. We hung out at Gettysburg. We walked until I thought my feet were going to fall off. We drove a long, dark, twisty road until we thought we were going to pass out. We had fun. Isn't that all that matters?
Posted by Citygirl at 5:37 PM 1 comment:
Labels: new year new stuff, nice things, Philadelphia, road trips, summer stuff, travel, what I've been up to
Wednesday, August 17, 2011
It's Possible We Have A New Cat
This is Rudy Huckleberry. So named because when we first saw him the week after we returned from vacation, his nose was bloody and red (as in our favorite reindeer). I know what you're thinking, What kind of surname is Huckleberry? Well, here's your answer for that.
After seeing him hanging out with the only remaining stray from the original group for about a week, we started seeing him only by himself. As you can imagine, I was worried. Clearly he's too damn small to be roaming the streets alone. Then about three weeks ago, as HUBS left for work, we spotted him on our front porch.
He was wet and covered in ants and pretty obviously hadn't eaten in days. After HUBS left I came back inside, outfitted myself with rubber gloves and a bath towel that's basically a rag and went and caught him. This wasn't hard since he was weak from malnourishment; I let him smell my hand for about five minutes and then scooped him up.
He's been living in our bathroom ever since. We have to keep him sequestered until he has all his shots/parasites taken care of so he doesn't give anything to our other felines, and so far things are going pretty good...With three exceptions.
Last night he and Shakes got into a paw war underneath the bathroom door (there's just enough room down there for some determined kitty paws). Unfortunately, Shakes got hold of one of Rudy's back paws and ripped the shit out of it with his claws. The poor guy bled kinda bad but he's walking and running alright, luckily. He's also having some stomach troubles today and hasn't eaten much. But I'm hoping we can take care of that at a vet visit tonight.
You know, though, how I know I really, really like cats now? Two weeks ago, right after I started him on some anti-parasite meds, I went to check on him and noticed he seemed uncomfortable. That led me to notice some hangers-on in Rudy's personal cat area, which I got paper towels to take care of.
Turns out the dingle berries weren't what was bothering him. [WARNING: CAT CONVERSATION ABOUT TO GET GRAPHIC REAL FAST!!] Rudy had parasites sticking out of his kitty butt. Yes. I know. And, no lie, you guys: I pulled them out*.
That, my friends, is kitty love and devotion. No shit.
*If you need to forget that image, check here. Awesomeness is assured.*
Posted by Citygirl at 2:00 PM 1 comment:
Labels: care-taking, cats, kittens, new year new stuff, Rudy, Shakes, sharing is caring, wild kingdom
Tuesday, August 16, 2011
Tuesday Tipday: Don't Prostitute Your Daughters
Monday, August 15, 2011
Music Monday: Well, That's New
I know I'm not exactly flush with bad health over here, thank God, but it occurred to me just a few minutes ago that I used to be healthier.
I know what you're thinking, You've gotten older, Citygirl. This is what happens when people get older. Yeah, I'm older. But, fuck, I'm not old, you know?
On Saturday I noticed that the lymph node in my neck on the right side was swollen. Then, on Sunday I noticed that a muscle behind that lymph node was also swollen. Now, my neck and shoulders had been bugging me all week while trying to sleep and after waking up. I thought it was just my now-flat Walmart special $5 pillow that we just got last year. (Just how the fuck much do I need to spend to get a good pillow, anyway? Does anyone know?)
Now, though, I don't know. Clearly something is wrong in my neck-type area, but what? I called my doc today but she can't get me in until next Monday. I think I'll try HUBS' doc tomorrow to see if he can fit me in sooner.
Anyway. Did any of you catch the meteors this weekend? I woke up at 5 a.m. but it was disappointingly cloudy outside, so no shooting stars for me.
Well, enjoy these video selections from The Bird and the Bee. The above song has been one of my favorites for years, but I'd never seen the video until last week. Thank God for YouTube!
Posted by Citygirl at 6:52 PM 1 comment:
Labels: entertainment, medical mind fucks, Music Monday, thank God for YouTube, things I do not enjoy, what the what what
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)


text:
RAM Mounts RAM-101U-225-XAT1 Mount System with Backing Plate
Quantity in Cart:Click Add To Cart to Order
Shipping Weight:1.00 lbs.
RAM Mounts RAM-101U-225-XAT1 Mount System with Backing Plate RAM101U225XAT1
RAM 1.5" Ball Mount with 2.5" Round Base, 2 x 2.5" Rectangular Base and Backer Plate
The RAM-101U-225-XAT1, powder coated marine grade aluminum mount, consists of a double socket arm mount, one round 2.5" diameter round base with the universal AMPS hole pattern and one 2 x 2.5" rectangular base. Rubber ball, socket technology dampens shock and vibration, as well as allows for almost infinite adjustment, perfect viewing angles. For most applications, mount will support up to ten pounds.
Condition: Brand new with original manufacturer warranty. Most items in stock.
When ordering this item, use this part number: RAM-101U-225-XAT1
Note: RAM Mounts products are Non-Cancellable and Non-Returnable
Please call 435-673-5455 to check availability first.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
No products
Prices are tax included
Check out
Viewed products
Tutoriais BOXELECTRONICA
Display all pictures
Reference: BE15000733
Condition: New product
Warning: Last items in stock!
Availability date:
Tweet Share Google+
GPS/GPRS/GSM Shield V3.0
Recipient :
Name of your friend * :
E-mail address of your friend * :
* Required fields
Send or Cancel
115,34 € tax incl.
The minimum purchase order quantity for the product is 1
Add to cart
Add to wishlist


text:
Concerns about interest rate rises kept a lid on new motor vehicle sales last month, as consumers trimmed their spending and worked on their household balance sheets.
Figures published on Tuesday by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) showed new motor vehicle sales were almost unchanged in seasonally adjusted terms at 81,520 units in October, from a downwardly revised 81,556 units in September.
Passenger vehicle sales fell by 1.8 per cent, sales of sports utility vehicles (SUVs) rose 3.8 per cent and other vehicle sales were up 2.1 per cent.
CommSec chief equities economist Craig James said the best car affordability rates in around 20 years had failed to lift overall sales.
"The flat performance of car sales over the past year is another clear illustration of the new conservatism adopted by Aussie consumers," he said.
People had become very selective about their purchases, whether at the shopping centre or car yard, while trying to improve the household balance sheet by refinancing loans or consolidating existing debts, he said.
"Consumers will only become more confident to spend again once it is clear interest rates have peaked," Mr James said.
The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) has hiked three times this year, increasing official rates by 25 basis points in May, August and November to the current 6.25 per cent.
Economists expect the RBA to remain on the sidelines for now as it assesses the impact of these rate rises, but they believe it has left the door open for further moves.
While seasonally adjusted new motor vehicle sales were largely flat in October, the trend estimate rose by 0.4 per cent in the month.
AAP economist Garry Shilson-Josling said the uptrend since a low in June, and in particular the strong recovery in sales of SUVs in September and October, suggested trend sales were responding to lower fuel prices.
"With underlying demand for goods and services growing moderately strongly at the moment, this suggests the upward trend in vehicle sales should be extended in the coming months, barring a sudden uptick in fuel prices," he said.


text:
One & Done Rebates
You send us one form-we send you money.
No exam, no receipt, no cutting boxes, and no UPCs.
On All Web Orders
We'll Beat Any Price
SofLens Daily Disposable for Astigmatism 30 pack contact lenses from Bausch & Lomb are a great choice for people who prefer the convenience of one-day contacts and need to correct astigmatism. Throw away your contact lens at the end of the day and wear a new one the next day hassle free for 30 days.


text:
Froth Flotation Of Calcium Carbonates
US Patent # 5,122,290. Froth flotation of calcium borate ...
5,122,290: Barwise June 16, 1992 ... This invention relates to the froth flotation of calcium borate minerals, ... When long carbon chain dialkyl sulphosuccinates are used as the collector a frother may need to be used.Read More
Patente US4317715,Process for the selective froth-flotation ...
The selective froth-flotation of phosphate-carbonate-silicate ores and concentrates which contain more carbonate than phosphate has proven to be highly ... but substantial differences could not be observed in the test results even when replacing the calcium hydroxide with potassium, ...Read More
calcium carbonate mining process,Gold Ore Crusher
calcium carbonate crushers, Crushing Process, ... US3960715 Jan 7, 1974 Jun 1, 1976 The Hanna Mining Company Cationic froth flotation process. ... In step 3, the calcium carbonate breaks down into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.Read More
Flotinor 4815 efficiently purifies calcium carbonate for ...
To make its calcium carbonate product for the concrete industry, a large mine in Brazil uses reverse froth flotation to purify the calcite ore feed material containing silicate-magnesium mineral impurities, such as phlogopite. Since magnesium oxide negatively reacts with water in concrete ...Read More
Froth Flotation Of Calcium Carbonates
Releated Exhibition: Flow Chart Of Flotation; Flotation Of Silica From Heavy Minerals; Flotation Reagents For Gold And Silver Ores; Gold Recovery Flotation TanksRead More
Froth Flotation Of Calcium Carbonates
Flotation Contact Cell,SGS. aeration flotation device with no moving parts. The Contact Cell is very ... form froth for removal as an overflow. ...Read More
Effect of carbonate alkalinity on flotation behavior of quartz
This tendency of calcium to precipitate as calcium carbonate has been exploited in the removal of calcium ions from the process water in the selective flocculation of ... D.W. Fuerstenau (Ed.), Froth Flotation, 50th Anniversary Volume, American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum ...Read More
Recovery of Calcium Carbonate from Wastewater Treatment ...
calcium carbonate by removing the silicate impurities from the calcium carbonate ore which would otherwise be responsible for colour imperfections in the finished product [8]. ... carbonate produced. In froth flotation process, calcium carbonate fromRead More
NP2 Froth Flotation
Newton/Pendelton Froth Flotation Devices for Archeology, Entomology, ... A Comparison of the light-fraction recovery of carbonized modern seeds using froth and tub flotation ... it is common for calcium carbonate to coat carbonized plant material and prevent it from floating. ...Read More
calcium carbonate process machines
The production process of precipitated calcium carbonate involves the ... Apr 13, 2005 ... Conventional flotation equipment from both Denver and Wemco equipment ... In froth flotation process, calcium carbonate from the clay or any ...Read More
Patent US3976566,Froth flotation method for the recovery of ...
11. A method according to claim 1 of beneficiating ores selected from the group of barium sulfate or carbonate by froth flotation process to produce a barium sulfate or carbonate froth concentrate which comprises; ... quartz, and calcium carbonate in Example 3 and 4.Read More
Froth Flotation Of Antimony,Crusher, Grinding Mills ...
Home > Froth Flotation Of Antimony. Froth Flotation Of Antimony. View PDF,Geodex Minerals Ltd. ... Froth Flotation Of Calcium Carbonates; We Are Experienced. SCM is quite experienced in construction, milling and mining industry.Read More
froth flotation to remove iron from gold ore
Cement mill Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaGypsum and calcium carbonate are relatively soft minerals, and rapidly grind to ultrafine ... Froth flotation is usually applied when the gold present in an ore is closely associated with sulfide minerals such asnbsp ...Read More
Flotation Of Calcite Stone
Limestone Stone Production Line.>> The Process of Flotation Beneficiatio.Calcite powder is a natural form of calcium carbonate with extremely high whiteness, purity and free flowing in nature. ... In the calcite reverse froth flotation process, ...Read More
Froth Flotation Of Calcium Carbonates
ANALYSIS OF PROCESS OF REMOVING IMPURITIES25 Jul 2014 ... Keywords: calcium carbonate, flotation of graphite, ISO brightness ... froth flotation was successfully used for the removal of ultrafine graphite...Read More
Chemical Engineering & Process Technology
Recovery of Calcium Carbonate from Wastewater Treatment Sludge Using ... In froth flotation process, calcium carbonate from ... soaps lose their froth as they precipitate calcium as calcium salts. TheRead More
The raw material for calcium carbonate rock is widespread and can be found dissolved in rivers and oceans up to being a major constituent of mountain ranges. ... The material is then beneficiated using a froth flotation process to removing impurities such as silica and carbonaceous matter.Read More
DR Flotation machines,
DR flotation machines; Flotation pumps; ... Filtration; DR Flotation machines. 's VF froth pump has been designed to increase the pumpability of frothy suspensions. ... phosphate and apatite washing plants and calcium carbonate upgrading plantsRead More
Froth flotation,Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Froth flotation is a process for selectively separating ... mixed) ores economically feasible. The flotation process is used for the separation of a large range of sulfides, carbonates and oxides prior to further refinement. Phosphates and ... Calcium ion source: hard water, lime or ...Read More
Froth Flotation Of Calcium Carbonates
Froth Flotation All Discussions LinkedIn. lydia O. How to choose machine: Production of calcium carbonate superfine powder. So, the best choice to process the 1250 mesh calcium carbonate is the vertical mill.Read More
Flotation of calcium carbonate ores,Free Patents Online
This invention relates to the separation by froth flotation of calcium carbonate minerals from pulps containing them, and is especially concerned with rendering calcium carbonate ores more suitable for use in the manufacture of cement, lime and like materials.Read More
Next Post: lonmin mine south africa


text:
Where Is the Money? Trailer (2015)
Two friends, whose lives are based on parties and easy living, get an offer to make fast cash. In order to make the mоnеy they have to invest 100 000 euros in merchandise they can easily sell for minimum 150 000 euros. They don't have the money to invest so they decide to borrow from friends but nobody wants to give them 100 000 euros. Somehow they manage to find the money but from a loan shark who wants 110 000 euros back in three days. Happily accepting the money believing that everything will be O.K., they give the money to a middleman who has to provide the goods. But they should have known better because after they give him the money, the middleman, the goods and the money are nowhere to be found.
Watch the official Where Is the Money? 2015 trailer in HD below or find more Where Is the Money? videos on Vidimovie.


text:
Diseases & Conditions
Forums & Chat
Join HealingWell
Log In
I'm New to HW!
Forum Rules
Password Help
HealingWell.com Forum
Diseases & Conditions
Anxiety - Panic Disorders
> I'm New to HW!
Select A Location
****** Top of the Forum ******
==== General Information ====
Frequently Asked Questions
Forum Rules & Guidelines
==== Diseases & Conditions ====
Allergies & Asthma
Alzheimer's Disease
Anxiety - Panic Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
Breast Cancer
Celiac Disease
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic Pain
Crohn's Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
GERD - Heartburn
Heart & Cardiovascular Disease
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Kidney Diseases & Disorders
Lyme Disease
Migraine - Headache
Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson's Disease
Prostate Cancer
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Sjogren's Syndrome
Thyroid Disorders
Ulcerative Colitis
<< Previous Thread
Next Thread >>
New Member
Date Joined Mar 2010
Total Posts : 10
Posted 3/8/2010 5:11 PM (GMT -7)
Hi everyone!
I'm new to HW and don't know where to begin. I have numerous issues. I feel lost, not as in can't move around the site, but lost as in where to start and with what issues. I'm not even sure HW will be able to help me. I was searching for a live chat counselling online service (free) but doesn't look to successful. Hope I can get some answers to my problems and how to deal with them. If a real counsellor is the best option, it will have to be one that gives free service (limited income) or i'll just have to live with the issues to the best I can.
Back to Top
Forum Moderator
Date Joined Apr 2007
Total Posts : 32602
Posted 3/8/2010 5:18 PM (GMT -7)
Hello disey
Welcome to HealingWell and the A & P Forum. Perhaps if you share a bit about
yourself and what is going on in your life we may have some advice and we always have support to share.
Also, I do know of some free online self-help programs that you can work from home depending what your issues are.
Welcome to a great forum where you will find the members warm and caring.
Back to Top
New Member
Date Joined Mar 2010
Total Posts : 10
Posted 3/8/2010 5:39 PM (GMT -7)
Hi Kitt,
Well, issues, so numerous! I'll try my best to point them all out. Forgive me if I ramble on.
1. I was never close to my mom growing up, during my engagement (1998) I started to get close to her, but same time she was getting sick. It wasn't until 2001 she was diagnosed with Alzheimer Disease at the age of 60. My whole married life thus far as been without a mom. She was admitted to a long term facility in 2004. Then in Dec 2009 she passed away, to fast and unexpected at the age of 68.
2. My husband for 11 yrs always turned to alcohol. He drank before we got married, stopped cold turkey about
4 yrs ago, but now stress in our live's has got him back into the beer. Financially it's so hard even if he consume's 2 tall can's or even a 6 or 12 pack.
3. We were living in a basement apartment from 2004-2009 and always suffered from dampness and mildew. An opportunity came up to move into a house and share it with a friend of my sister in law. The lady that moved upstairs moved in June 2009, and we moved in July 2009. The rent and bills are not a problem for us persay. But we split the bills with the lady and she owes over $600 in bills to this day. She has 3 kids with her Sunday night - Friday morning, when the 2 girls go to their dad's for the weekend. She has a 15 yr old mildly autistic son living with her full time. Her other son lives with the dad full time, with rare visit's to her upstairs.
4. The lady and her girls (even her autistic son) are liars and complainers. Taking all her issues to my sister in law or other church people or just bad mouthing us to her kids (age's of the girls are 11 and 8). Such a horrid upbringing for these kids, and she of course praises her kids and everyone else is at fault, not her or her kids. She's the same age as myself by the way.
5. I was diagnosed with Pre-diabetes and high cholesterol and had to drastically change my diet and lifestyle which sometimes it's been hard.
6. Being on Government assistance with my husband as our income source is very tough sometimes. Now I got a letter from a utility company stating they are charging me a deposit on my next bill since she either missed her payment portion or didn't make one, and in return received 2 notices stating the service will terminate....which is why they are charging me the deposit, even though it's her fault 99.9% of the time.
And I don't know what else, I'm sure there is much more issues, just these are the major one's at the moment. I didn't think my life would be such chaos and constant stress everyday. Sometimes I wonder why I was brought into this world, but there is most things I am thankful for too. I'm not suicidal, would never do that, just I feel like crawling up in a spot no one can find me for a very long time and let them all see how hard it is for me to have so much things pile up on me. I'm not even midlife and I have had so much on my plate for being so young. Good thing we don't have kids, that would just add to my stress and I might have become worse if I did have kids.
Back to Top
Forum Moderator
Date Joined Apr 2007
Total Posts : 32602
Posted 3/9/2010 7:53 AM (GMT -7)
Good Morning and you do have a lot going on in your life to feel anxious about
but lets try to find a way to take care of you and bring your anxiety down a bit.
I understand the "mom" issues very well as I lost my birth Mom to a car crash when I was 18 months old and my stepmother came into my life when I was 4 1/2 years old. She was verbally abusive to me all of my life and it took a lot of counseling for me to finally come to terms with the fact that I was a daughter without a Mother. I tried to please her and the whole world too................can't do that - I have learn the hard way. So please remember you must take care of you and no guilt. Guilt is a wasted emotion. Also you cannot go back and change anything in your life, you can only keep moving forward.
I do not know if your hubby is willing to face his own problems but perhaps Al-Anon would be helpful for you. Here is a link to an online site: http://www.ola-is.org/
One of the most popular therapies for people with anxiety issues is CBT.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts cause our feelings and behaviors, not external things, like people, situations,
and events. The benefit of this fact is that we can change the way we think to feel / act better even if the situation does not change.
Here is the link to the free online CBT program and all you have to do is register online and work through the program at your own pace. It has been a tremendous help to many of our members.
Mood GYM: http://moodgym.anu.edu.au/welcome
I hope you find one of these links helpful.
Remember you are a special, unique individual and be kind to yourself. We are here to support you and please do feel free to vent and continue to talk with us.
Gentle Hugs,
Back to Top
Elite Member
Date Joined Jan 2005
Total Posts : 24909
Posted 3/9/2010 11:04 AM (GMT -7)
Welcome ..kitt has given great input as per norm...i am a sober since 1979..i totally agree with kitt about
al anon as well as the cbt therapy i hv done n continue doing it..keep posting stay with us you will find many many great peeps here ...lyn
Long Time Member of da Family
Crohns..Pyoderma gangrenosum,..Anxiety / panic..Fibromyalgia,,Neuropathy...Deaf...Seizures
Donate to
Back to Top
New Member
Date Joined Mar 2010
Total Posts : 10
Posted 3/9/2010 12:23 PM (GMT -7)
Hi Kitt and Lyn,
Thank for your comments. I checked out both sites suggested. So far on the CBT therapy, it found that I am higher depression and anxiety then majority of people my age. I couldn've told them that, LOL!! I know myself really well and know when I have too much on my shoulders. Seems like I am not over one thing that another piles on.
I think more will dump itself on me very soon. The landlord wants to hold a meeting with me, my hubby, the lady upstairs, themselves and my sister in law. I know this can only make things more uglier for the lady upstairs then to help out the issue. Problem is, I know she'll complain to others and make them pay her portion for the bills, which I don't want to happen. She's an adult, should take responsibilites for her own without help from others. Cause if someone graciously pays her portion, she'll never learn nor have the intent of paying them back. She will never learn that bills do come and you can't turn to others to solve your problem like that. It would make me more pissed off at her if she did something like that. At least in June, the landlord can assess her situation and decide to kick her out if she doesn't smarten up. I can't believe the break she is getting on rent. Paying half of the rent each payday! But she still doesn't give toward bills. Not for 4 weeks or more now. We understand the money comes out of the landlords account regardless and pay our rent on time at the 1st or before (we pay cash). She had 3-4 cheques bounce and now the landlord has requested she pay money too. Sometimes she is $20 or so short, I just don't understand her thinking. Even the Family Order people are after her, spying on her food situation and looking out for the well being of the kids. She puts empty boxes in her cupboard to make it look like she has food. But the lady at Family Orders knows recently that she had lied to them, they are not happy with her. She wasn't home last Wednesday (went out to coffee with my sister in law) and the Family Orders lady came and had to leave a note in her mailbox for her. They weren't to happy!! But the lady upstairs doesn't see the need of this lady coming every week to spy on her, it's their job to make sure the kids are safe, fed and not starving. Our landlord also told us to tell the Family Orders that she hasn't paid her bills for at least the last 3 paydays. If the lady comes, you never know, I know my husband would tell them (of course without the lady present).
I see now I made a mistake accepting her to move in to split the bills and the house. She has caused nothing but touble now and it's not good for me health wise. Stress elevates blood glucose. I also have 2 blood clots (DVT) which i'm still being treated for one to this day.
Stress Stress Stress, it can be a killer and I do have tons of it in my life. Sometimes I don't know how to continue daily with all I have on my shoulders and mind. I'm a walking time bomb!
Back to Top
Elite Member
Date Joined Jan 2005
Total Posts : 24909
Posted 3/10/2010 7:25 PM (GMT -7)
Hi there..been there myself ended up in hospital when hubby left and i could not deal with any more losses i had lost mom n dad within a couple yrs of each other then him my 3rd hubby 2 previous passed away as well...i also lost it but am slowly getting it together i am..i lost my hearing along with the seizure as i hit head on coffee table n daughter found me i was on life support but i made it and you will too you really will..keep posting n talking to ppl here that really do understand what you are going thru this is a family welcome to it..huggs......lyn
Long Time Member of da Family
Crohns..Pyoderma gangrenosum,..Anxiety / panic..Fibromyalgia,,Neuropathy...Deaf...Seizures
Donate to
Back to Top
New Member
Date Joined Mar 2010
Total Posts : 10
Posted 3/11/2010 12:32 AM (GMT -7)
Thank you all, thank you Lyn for sharing!!
I walked to a local hospital and spent an hour at least on the pay phone talking to the crisis line. They told me to look into further counselling. I had a Dr. appt on Monday but couldn't wait. I moved it to today and she said same, but also prescribed me mild stress pills that if I feel anxiety again to slip one under my tongue and let it dissolve. Not to exceed 2 a day. At least the dosage is low, but I don't like taking med's for stress or depression.
After still not getting any money from the lady, she had the nerve today to stop me on my way out to my Dr. appt (I was driving my car, she was with the girls waiting for the bus) and ask if I was going toward a local superstore. I said flat out NO! and rolled up the window and drove off. What was she thinking. I'm gonna drive her to get groceries, and yet she still can't pay toward bills.
The family and child people were here today to meet with her, usually on a weekly basis, but after today I think they are gonna close her file, I don't know. She told the lady I still watch the girls, i'm in charge. Even tough she pays her 15 yr old autistic son to babysit the girls. I do nothing of the sort. She told the lady I go up to check in on them, omgosh, that's not true. I don't want that job and originally I said I would, but now I don't want nothing to do with those kids, or that lady upstairs. She is putting so much stress on me and it's affecting my relationship with my hubby. What a troublemaker. If she would even say one word to my hubby, he would freak on her, that's for sure. I want to so badly contact the family child service people and as long as it's confidential, that they won't share what I say to them to that lady upstairs, I would tell them I don't babysit the girls at all, never have never will, and that she's over $700 owing to bills, that she hasn't paid. But she can afford to go grocery shopping.
Well, i'll keep posting when I feel need to vent (which i'm sorry about
to vent so much) and to read on other suggestions or comments.
Back to Top
Elite Member
Date Joined Jan 2005
Total Posts : 24909
Posted 3/11/2010 1:16 PM (GMT -7)
never worry about
coming here to talk get things off your chest it is easier for peeps on the outside that are not dealing with what you are to perhaps give you something you can use in your daily life n struggles..i know i have found my way thru sooooo much with the help of hw and great friends here.....post when things go good as well even the lil things...blessings....lyn
Long Time Member of da Family
Crohns..Pyoderma gangrenosum,..Anxiety / panic..Fibromyalgia,,Neuropathy...Deaf...Seizures
Donate to
Back to Top
New Member
Date Joined Mar 2010
Total Posts : 10
Posted 5/10/2010 2:28 PM (GMT -7)
Hello All!!
Been awhile, indeed. Things kinda got ok, and kinda not. Last I remember I mentioned we were having meetings with the landlords to make changes to the rent/utilities. Well they did raise our rent to include the utilities. Both our rents got raised. So much more happened since that time, hubby and I decided to totally withdraw ourselves from the lady upstairs and her kids. On a Monday in March (at end of the month sorta) the autistic son was watching the girls since she couldn't afford a babysitter. The girls made the son so mad, he cursed at them and locked them out. The child service lady showed up on the Wednesday the same week and after my hubby told her they were freaking out on each other, she asked the son what happened. He lied and said nothing, he was home from school and again he lied to her why he was home. He probably got suspended from being late to school each day. That same Wednesday the lady came home and came outside to me and my hubby and started freaking out on us, talking to us like we were her kids or something. What the ????!!! Whatever. Previous to this encounter, we never talked or looked at her or her kids for 2 weeks or more. That was really uncalled for on her part to approach us like that. My hubby after telling her she's lieing, went inside and once her ex showed up with the girls I was provoked to yelling to make my point heard. I said I didn't want to listen to liars and I don't care what you or your kids have to say. Then I headed inside to our place. Since that day, she never speaks to me, but does wave or smile's at my hubby. Wow, just to make my point across, makes her totally shut me out, wicked. I told my hubby to watch himself with her, she might ask you for favors since you are being nice in return.
OH and for the bills that were left outstanding, the lady so willingly paid the landlord the money without hesitation. She's such a deceitful person. When I was in charge of bills to make sure they were paid, she wouldn't pay, especially since she was upset at us for whatever reason. Now since the bills were still in my name but she wouldn't pay, but the landlord took charge, she paid. I hope she fouls up one day and they have no choice but to kick her out. Knowing my luck she will be stuck with us forever. No talking, no communicating, nothing. Having to deal with her bratty girls and the fights that go on daily. I am so happy living here, just wished we knew my hubby's co-worker sooner, they are excited and willing to move in upstairs without hesitation. They are currently living separate residences, and want a place together. Upstairs is perfect for them.
And on another note, with my mom passing in Dec 2009 and all this other stress piled on, my father in law was admitted to hospital on Apr 9, 2010 and discharged Apr 27, 2010. He was losing blood internally, and they did a test to find the source was he had Colon Cancer. He's at home now, still trying to recover. Always has to have someone with him. I've had enough stressful issues to last me years and years. I really hope nothing else happens, I can't handle anymore.
Hope all is doing well, take care and :) (smile)
Back to Top
Forum Moderator
Date Joined Apr 2007
Total Posts : 32602
Posted 5/10/2010 2:41 PM (GMT -7)
Hey disey
Good to hear from you. I am sorry your neighbor is being so nasty but she certainly is a toxic person for you to be around. I would consider asking your hubby to just not get caught up in any type of relationship with her. Wave to her is fine but otherwise just consider her someone who lives in your building and hope that eventually she withdraws and finds some place else to put her efforts at annoying people.
The best you can do is to just try not to let her behavior push your buttons.
I know you are still grieving for your Mom which makes your feelings raw so hang in there and know we are here to suppot you.
Gentle Hugs,
Back to Top
Elite Member
Date Joined Jan 2005
Total Posts : 24909
Posted 5/11/2010 5:29 AM (GMT -7)
thanks for posting n letting us know whats going on
kitt is spot on as usual
keep us posted plz
..Co Moderator for Crohns........Alzheimers.....Anxiety/Panic
DX..Crohns,,,A/P...Fibro...Seizures..Neuropathy...Pyoderma Gangrenosum..Deaf
DONATE TO www.Healing Well.com
Back to Top
New Member
Date Joined Mar 2010
Total Posts : 10
Posted 7/5/2010 6:10 AM (GMT -7)
Hi Again!
sorry for the delay for posting. Things didn't improve, but at the present moment, my hubby and I are totally ignoring her and her kids, or anyone associated through her or her kids that she tries to get to provoke us by coming by our apartment.
I don't know where I left off, but the major issue that occured was that the one daughter (11 yrs old) came home instead of going to babysitters, and knew my hubby was home alone. She didn't lock the front doors which for the whole year, they all have been told to lock both front doors (it's
open to the basement if they don't lock them, then someone can break in and steal our stuff from the basement). My hubby went out (shared front entrance) to lock the door, but just at that time the daughter came down and left with her friend. My hubby asked her nicely to lock the door on her way out please. She laughed and ran out the door without locking it, so he did so. She then made up a lie that my hubby grabbed her by the arm and put his foot in the door way to block her from leaving. My hubby would never do such things, he's not gonna put himself in a bad situation especially with a child. He's a naturally nervous guy, and not one to touch or hug anyone, hard to get hugs from him myself, LOL. So we knew it was a lie. She told her mom this lie, she believed him, and I went out at night not knowing what happened. I came home to a note under our door (hubby was in bed). I asked him again to make sure nothing happened only he had locked the door, he said that's all, she refused to lock it, ran out the door laughing and I had to lock it. Never laid a hand on her. I said well they are accusing you of grabbing her arm, and if one more thing happens she will call cops on you. He freaked out in our own apt.
Then two days later, the lady upstairs wanted to confront my hubby alone, to attack him with words and freak on him what is his problem, but he just waved goodbye and drove away, he had to go do errands. She didn't like that, so she ended up calling the cops. My hubby was out with our brother in law at a store, and I told the cop he wasn't home, she made me out to be a liar in front of the cop. Saying he has to be home, the car is there. I said he's not home, he went with the brother in law in his van. The cop finally kicked her upstairs, cause she kept interrupting him. It was only a verbal warning, no report made, and plus it was done 2 days after the so called thing happened. She delayed reporting it, not valid.
Anyway, days and days of little trouble she tried to attack us with kept happening. Until I told our buddy to come talk to her, tell her she told the cop to tell us to leave her and her kids alone, but she's hounding us, knocking on our door, trying to provoke us. Our buddy talked to her and told her to leave me and my hubby alone, don't talk to them, don't knock on their door, leave them. She got the hint i guess.
But the other day, her daughter facebook messaged me blaming me for stealing her bike from the front room. Her brother left the door
open, we had to call our bro in law to come lock it for added proof we didn't touch the door (we don't share front room now). He saw the door's were
open and the bike gone. Since that lady upstairs can't talk to us, they decided to send the kids dad's friend to call on my hubby and knock on our door while I was at our nephews wedding. Good thing my hubby didn't answer the door. We have our own entrance separate from theirs, but the oldest son let this guy in and he came knocking on our apt door. My hubby was sleeping, went to check out bathroom window for the car, who could it be. He didn't know this guy so didn't answer. Then the lady after her work shift called our buddy to say a guy came for my hubby, but my hubby didn't answer. Well he went in wrong entrance, so why should my hubby answer. We knew it was someone their family knew and let him in the front, which wasn't the right thing to do. He probably wanted to do whatever to my hubby since the daughter was with this guy, the one who blamed me for taking the bike from the front room. Who knows what they would've done. I'm so glad my hubby didn't answer, yikes.
The landlord wants to install a locking door to block her and her kids from the basement and bring all her stuff up from the basement. She has front room for storage, upstairs, attic and basement for the moment. We only have basement (shared at the moment) and main floor level where our apt is. Once the door goes up to block her, then we get basement fully, she then has front room, upstairs and attic. Problem is, she uses OUR stairs to get to the basement to do laundry, always takes the girls down with her and if we are leaving our side entrance or coming home and run into them, oh that wouldn't be good, she'll call cops for touching them, but it's our entrance, we have every right to come and go as we please. Hence why the door or wall has to go up to block her out. She'll lose laundry priviledges since the washer/dryer of hers has to come up and stored (no other room for hooking it up). At the moment the landlord is under the weather, bad issue with his foot and toes and he's diabetic. She was to pay full rent on the first, not half one week of pay then other half 2 weeks later. They changed rule to say if not paid in full on the first, eviction papers will be started. But since he's not well, it's on hold, so once he gets back into routine, he'll probably start the papers on her part and get the wall or door up. Maybe our bro in law and buddy can install the door or wall with landlords permission since that guy came to hound us for a lie the daughter told. Who knows! It's just a waiting game at moment, until landlord gives the ok or gets back on his feet to do it himself. It's everyday that something happens, but me and my hubby ignore them, ignore their knocks at our door, and it's making them so upset they can't nail us for anything.
Oh the buddy of ours put two new mailboxes, one at front for her, one at our entrance for us (side of house). The next day after it got installed, it was smashed in and I had to call him to come fix it, since she'll blame us. He wants to get us security cameras for the entrances so we can see what's happening. It's always our words against 5 of them liars. I hope he'll do it asap, I can then view it online to watch who is breaking in when they leave door unlocked, who rings our doorbell and runs away. Totally will be better if he does that soon. He got a lock for our apt door to double security and for the one front entrance door. The one he got for the front entrance door, once it shuts it locks and you need a key to
open it. Since it's so hard to lock doors on their part, lol. If they lose key or don't have one, oh well, they'll need to ring doorbell or just wait till whoever has key to come
open it for them. Me and hubby won't ever
open the door for them. No contact anymore with them at all. It's so peaceful on our part and totally loving it, cause it's making them so mad they can't get on our nerves anymore.
Will keep in touch once the wall or door goes up and if the landlord will evict her once he's back to routine. Thanks for listening and for the encouraging words.
Back to Top
New Member
Date Joined Mar 2010
Total Posts : 10
Posted 7/14/2010 2:41 PM (GMT -7)
Update: The two friends of ours via permission from the landlord, put in the new lock on the one main entrance door for her, a slide chain lock for double security for us and a camera aimimg toward the front entrance. One more mess up, the wall or door is going up and her priviledges will be taken from her from downstairs, including the washer/dryer. The washer/dryer is hers, but there is NO where else for these units to go. Then we will have our separate entrances. But our two friends also said in 1-2 weeks time, the wall or door is going up regardless. They can't do all of it at once, I hope the wall or door goes up soon. Will keep you informed. Bye for now :)
Back to Top
New Member
Date Joined Mar 2010
Total Posts : 10
Posted 7/18/2010 5:26 AM (GMT -7)
Another update: on Thursday, i stepped out to go to the bank and grocery store, before pulling out of the parking spot, she came around the side front of the house to look right at me, right when i was at the side of the house leaving, the doorbell rang to our unit (my hubby told me when i returned home). But as i reached the front area, i saw her inside front door looking at me, then shutting the door as to not be seen. But the camera aiming toward the front doors caught her being nervous, scared that she got caught or something. There was no other person around when I left the driveway so the only possible answer was that she rang the doorbell and ran inside immediately (she probably thought I had left already and grew nervous to find out i hadn't left yet). She is to leave us alone totally, yet she can't seem to do this. We honestly have been ignoring them totally, just couple issues they start forced us to be silent and walk away. Since the cop told us to leave her and her kids alone, we have been obeying this command. But look at what they have done since: 99.9% guaranteed she rang doorbell, her trouble making daughter and a nephew were under our feet as we returned from a camping trip while we were trying to unload the car of things yet we said not one word to them, while bro-in-law and buddy were installing locks and camera the eldest son started verbally accusing my hubby of smashing the mailbox of thiers right in front of our bro-in-law. I don't understand if you tell a cop to put an order in place: "leave me and my kids alone, we will leave you alone" and only one side is being honored and obeyed (our side). That isn't fair in my eyes.
Since the camera didn't show the side of the house by our entrance, our buddy decided to buy another outdoor camera aiming to our door. Of course after the fact this issue already happened. He said viewing the camera doesn't show if she did or did not do it. It's my word against thier actions or words. This is a vicious cycle! Cause it seems they listen to her side more. With all I have said or posted here, our buddy had made a comment that hurt me, hurt me terribly....."she is harmless" <<<<< ????? oh my, unbelievable. She's harmless, I can't believe that a fellow christian had said that about
a nasty sick twisted lady that doesn't even come to church. She claims she serves God, but who would serve God and do these things against another human. It would take an extreme issue for us to call the cops, cause how we believe....love your neighbors and enemies, to pray for them.
But my hubby was really annoyed that the side camera went up. He refused to come home until it was taken down. And the buddy of ours had to replace the doorbell, since it was the same unit as hers, he bought us a totally new different kind. Once my hubby heard this, he said i don't need a doorbell, if i am expecting someone, they have to call first that they are coming, then i'll meet them once they arrive. We had to unplug the doorbell from the wall, cause if it was plugged in, her or her kids would ring it regardless and disturb us like that other day (Thursday). This way they can press it all they want and we won't hear a doorbell ring. Pretty sad the steps we have to take to keep our sanity. Just cause she is so evil and manipulative. She acts all innocent in front of others, but when it's just me and my hubby, she breaks lose and does all this distruction. If the wall doesn't go up this week, my hubby will get so ticked, that he's willing to look elsewhere, but I am staying firmly grounded here. It won't be us to move on, even our buddy says one of us will fail and lose and he hopes it won't be us. Of everyone in family and friends, they ALL say we should move. But our buddy says the worse thing for us to do is move. So he can see how important we are needed here, how moving won't solve anything. If anyone has to move, it will be her. And I hope the wall goes up, then she will not be able to stand it, and be forced to move. Unless she fails on rent and the landlord is forced to evict her. One way or the other for her, she'll be gone, and i hope sooner then later. Oh the camera at the side had to come down, since my hubby was strongly against it being there. Wish I could install a secret one, that both him and her don't know about
, for video proof on my part, that her family CAN'T leave us alone no matter. Then there is reason to evict her sooner.
Back to Top
Forum Moderator
Date Joined Apr 2007
Total Posts : 32602
Posted 7/18/2010 7:17 AM (GMT -7)
This forum is a resource for those living with or affected by Anxiety and Panic disorders. You have been advised re how to deal with this neighbor but posting long and detailed posts about
how the disagreement is going is really pushing our rules and it is straying off the topic of your issues with anxiety.
Your problems seem to be more legal with your neighbor and that is beyond our scope here in the forums.
18. No irrelevant or off-topic posts. Posts which are not relevant to the forum topic may be deleted at the moderator's discretion.
I would like to suggest you try some of our resources that we posted to you back in March to help you with the feelings you are going through in dealing with your neighbor. We are here to support your anxiety and help you learn how to deal with it.
Back to Top
Forum Information
Currently it is Sunday, November 19, 2017 7:30 AM (GMT -7)
There are a total of 2,895,327 posts in 317,786 threads.
View Active Threads
Who's Online
This forum has 157389 registered members. Please welcome our newest member,
317 Guest(s), 8 Registered Member(s) are currently online.
About Us
Privacy Policy & Disclaimer
HealingWell.com LLC
All Rights Reserved.


text:
A drop of the hard stuff
Relegated clubs start to count the cost
IT IS APPROPRIATE THAT ANY discussion about relegation from the Barclaycard Premiership involves the odd reference to skydiving: the drop zone, a parachute payment. The experience of rejoining the Nationwide League must be similar to that of freefall for directors of clubs in the modern game. You pay a lot just to get there, it is a hell of a long way down and the jolt to earth is shuddering. At the end of it, all you are left with is a brief feeling of exhilaration and a very expensive video.
Two out of the three teams in the top flight have already paid the price. Sunderland and West Bromwich Albion are hurtling downwards. West Ham United are packing their chutes in readiness. All relegated…


text:
Discussion in 'Bible Study' started by smellycat, Jul 23, 2007.
as i walk through the valley of death i shall see no evil.
Psalm 23:4
Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.
He is there to strengthen, comfort, take away our fears!
He is always there for us!:cross:
I am sure that your goodness and love will follow me all the days of my life. And I will live in the house of the Lord forever.
FOREVER - isn't that AWESOME?
What better hope could one have?


text:
Discussion in 'Sexy & Naked Women Pictures' started by mario222, May 17, 2014.
who wants to watch more pics of my wife on skipe? send me a pm
Nothing hotter that a Latina!
would like to see more of her, hit me up if ur in LA?
Separate names with a comma.


text:
This is a replacement Kyosho Pilot Shaft. This pilot shaft is compatible with the Kyosho DRX, DRT, DBX, DMT, DBX 2.0 and DST models, as well as the MFR, Inferno Sports 4 and Neo models equipped with the GRX28 engines.
|Part Compatibility:
Royal mail at £3.50, or Express at £6.95.
Full details at checkout.
Some items cannot be sent via Royal Mail due to their restrictions.
To see shipping costs simply add the item to your basket and choose your country from the drop down list on the view cart page.
Use this form to ask us a quick one sentence question about this specific product. For more in depth queries, please feel free to email or call us.
Our system will drop you an automated e-mail as soon as this product comes back into stock.


text:
| Recently found by viaLibri....
Photograph album. WITH: Photographs of Abraham Lincoln
1944 - (LINCOLN, Abraham) MESERVE, Frederick Hill. Photograph album. WITH: Photographs of Abraham Lincoln. No place, no date; New York: Harcourt Brace, 1944. Loose album sheets (9 by 12 inches) featuring 191 photographic images. Housed in a cloth four-fold portfolio binder. WITH: Octavo, original navy cloth, original dust jacket. $22,000.Extraordinary album comprising over 191 photographs, primarily silver and platinum prints, of Abraham Lincoln, his family, and contemporaries assembled by Frederick Meserve. Accompanied by the first trade edition of Meserve's landmark work, accomplished in collaboration with Carl Sandburg, Photographs of Abraham Lincoln, featuring 100 images of the 16th President, in daguerreotypes, cartes-de-visite, stereoviews, and more by photographers including Matthew Brady, Alexander Gardner, and Alexander Hesler.Photographer "Frederick Hill Meserve was an important collector of Lincoln photographs. Sandburg asserts". that 'it is quite probable that certain Lincoln photographs would not have come to light but for Meserve'" (University of Illinois). This unbound photograph album appears to confirm that assertion. In 191 photographs, some of which bear penciled identification in Meserve's hand, Meserve carefully creates a tableau of Lincoln's life in portraiture, capturing both Lincoln and his social circle""the friends, acquaintances, political figures, and social reformers who shaped him. The photographs, primarily silver and platinum prints, each measure 2-1/4 by 3-1/2 inches, and are inserted into double-sided loose album pages, which are housed in a cloth portfolio. The first portion of the album, hand-numbered from 1-100 in pencil, featured 94 portraits of Lincoln arranged chronologically. The subsequent pages house an additional 91 images, which include additional portraits of Lincoln, as well as Mary Todd Lincoln, Robert Todd Lincoln, John Wilkes Booth, John Brown, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Stephen Douglas, Jefferson Davis, General Grant, General Sherman, President Hayes, and many other luminaries of the period. The purpose of the album is unclear, but it may have served as a working set of prints used by Meserve as he prepared the first volume of Photographs of Abraham Lincoln for publication. In 1911, Frederick Hill Meserve privately published his landmark work, Photographs of Abraham Lincoln, featuring 100 photographs of the 16th President that he had collected over many years including daguerreotypes, cartes-de-visite, stereoviews, and other formats by photographers such as Matthew Brady, Alexander Gardner, and Alexander Hesler. Meserve published additional volumes over the ensuing years featuring other portraits of Lincoln and his associates, an endeavor that coincided with the growth of his personal photograph collection, which grew to over 70,000 pieces. It was only recently acquired by the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale. This trade edition of Photographs of Abraham Lincoln is preceded by numerous privately printed editions and privately printed supplements that commenced publication in 1911. Album extremely good, with mild toning to page edges and a few corners torn, some photographs lightly silvered. An exceptional photographic archive. [Attributes: First Edition; Hard Cover]
[Bookseller: Bauman Rare Books]
Last Found On: 2016-11-25 Check availability: AbeBooks
Home Wants Manager Library Search 561 Years Links Contact Search Help Terms of Service
Copyright © 2017 viaLibri Limited. All rights reserved.


text:
Sornoso Auto Repair
Review for Sornoso Auto Repair
John H. on 03/12/2016
John said Dave, the owner, has been working with him for many years and always provides good service. He recommends them to anyone and everyone he has the opportunity to.
Vehicle: Chevrolet Equinox
Category: Service
Service Date: 03/05/2016
Review Created: 03/12/2016
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


text:
From our family to yours, dear sweet readers, we wish you the happiest of days as we remember the birth of Christ!
A thrill of hope; the weary world rejoices,
For yonder breaks a new and glorious morn.
Cook | DIY | Garden
Get AOC's newsletter + access to a library full of printables!
From our family to yours, dear sweet readers, we wish you the happiest of days as we remember the birth of Christ!
A thrill of hope; the weary world rejoices,
For yonder breaks a new and glorious morn.
Jami Boys is an author, blogger, and imperfect do-it-yourselfer who lives in the green, lovely, and often rainy Pacific Northwest with her husband and two children. Her passion is to help others enjoy life & embrace simplicity through whole-food recipes, easy DIY projects, and do-able gardening.
Lovely family photo Jami!! Hope you had a wonderful Christmas!!
Jennifer says
Happy Holidays! What a great picture of your family!
Seeing the Music Sheet Coasters on the side bar reminds me I wanted to tell you I was inspired by your posts to make Music Sheet ornaments for my music students. I went even simpler though, and printed the music on card stock and cut out a dove shape. I'll plan further ahead for next year and put "make holiday crafts" on my calendar now for November or early December!
Jami says
Fun! I think music sheet doves would look wonderful on a tree, Jennifer – so glad I had a hand in the inspiration. 🙂
Sharon O says
great to see a 'photo' and know who you are, still want to meet someday… I am in Oregon too.
Valerie Barber says
Merry Christmas to one of my favorite bloggers!
I made my pics bigger on my blog per your suggestion…..I must admit, it looks great! Now to figure out this whole Pinterest thing!
Happy Holidays!
Jami says
Good for you, Valerie! And thanks for your sweet words – I know you'll get the hand of blogging, 'cause we all started where you are once. 😉
Charlotte Moore says
Merry CHRISTmas and HAPPY NEW YEAR!!!
Wendi says
Merry Christmas to your beautiful family! Thank you for all of the ways you bless us with great ideas and encouragement throughout the year!
Julie says
Merry Christmas and a peaceful healthy New Year to you and your family


text:
Tuesday, 28 July 2015
Good intentions...
Then, when I tried to post, using Blogpress on the iPad, I constantly got a message along the lines of 'oh dear, you don't seem to have an internet connection.' No amount of swearing at it and shouting 'Yes I bloody well have, look, four bars and what do you think I've been reading for the past half your, not to mention sending emails', surprisingly, was able to convince it.
Then, as if that weren't enough, the iPad decided that it would not charge from any 12v source. Tried a new connector, tried the car charger, nope. Took it home and plugged it into its 240v charger, no problem. It this a portent of worse problems to come - i.e. is it now on the verge of not charging at all? It has always previously charged happily, if slowly, from 12v.
So even when I rejoin the boat and go off again, it seems likely I won't be able to blog, unless I start doing it on the phone, which I suppose I might.
In the meantime, here is a picture of my Bugsworth Basin birthday mooring, in a rare sunny moment.
Posted by Sarah at 19:16 6 comments:
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)


text:
It looks like you've lost connection to our server. Please check your internet connection or reload this page.
log in
scroll to top
An Overview of the Usage of Steroids, the Performance Supplements
Page 1 of 1
Continue to see the rest of the document →
Read full document
← View the full, formatted essay now!
Download this essay
Print this essay
Read full document
Get full access to this
document and many more!
Document details:
Words: 351
Similar Essays:
usage of steroids
building body tissues
testing for steroids in sports


text:
Angle Grinders & Metalworking
Bosch power tools for metalworking stand for maximum power – even in the toughest applications such as surface finishing or cutting a wide variety of materials.
Bosch - Angle Grinders & Metalworking
Large angle grinders from Bosch excel due to their powerful motors, good handling and low weight. They also impress with their long lifetime and outstanding sturdiness.
Small angle grinders from Bosch impress with their power and handling – especially for continuous use. Restart protection and KickBack Control ensure safety.
The Bosch polisher achieves the best results on all surfaces: from metal through to dry stone. The ergonomic handle and low weight ensure more comfortable work.
The straight grinders from Bosch deliver precise results and are versatile – even in hard-to-reach areas.
Metalworking from Bosch: powerful and handy shears for cutting metal plate, for example, as well as for curve cuts.
Metalworking from Bosch: compact nibblers from Bosch are used to cut steel. These handy power tools enable even tight curved cuts without material distortion.
Stainless steel tools with a system: easy handling for perfect surfaces Bosch stainless steel tools create perfect surfaces and impress with their slim grip circumference and easy handling.
Bosch benchtop tools for metalworking are robust and impress with their lifetime and precision. High-torque motors enable you to work quickly and precisely even in the toughest applications.
Bosch tools, dust extraction systems and accessories are developed from a single source and perfectly harmonised with each other. The accessories for dust extraction enable virtually dust-free work – be it in structural work, renovation or refurbishment. This makes your work not only easier, but also fast and cleaner.


text:
All Android applications categories
About Diamond Weights
All About the Clarity of Diamonds
Are Diamonds Really Rare?
Bonded Diamonds
Buying Diamonds Online
Choosing The Cut of A Diamond
Colored Diamonds
Diamond Brands and What They Mean
Diamond Certificates
Diamond Grading Reports
Diamond Scams
Famous Diamonds
How Diamonds Are Cut
How Diamonds Are Mined
How Diamond Prices Are Determined
How to Buy Diamond Engagement Rings
How to Care for Your Diamond
How to Clean your Diamonds
How to Sell A Diamond
How to Spot A Fake Diamond
Insuring Your Diamonds
Selecting Diamonds
Synthetic Diamonds
What Are Dirty Diamonds?
Where Diamonds are Mined
and much more...
from 1 reviews
Download All about Diamonds
Free - 0.1 - 221K
Sorry ...
This app is no longer available.Explore Android
Share this app


text:
These are my favorite ankle braces, MalleoLoc by Bauerfeind:
Meeko and Raina approve of Mama being a happy camper with stable ankles! :)
Love, hugs, and sunshine!
One woman's journey through life with invisible illnesses:
EDS (Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Hypermobility Type)
PoTS (Postural Tachycardia Syndrome)
LPHS (Loin Pain-Hematuria Syndrome)
Bipolar Disorder (Type II)
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
EDS (Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Hypermobility Type)
Wow, this looks like something I may eventually try if my ankle gets any looser. Thanks for posting your thoughts on this topic. Like you, my ankles roll out and I'm limited to wearing certain types of shoes. I wonder if I should wait till my Morton's Neuroma completely heals before trying this Bauerfiend brace.
Purchased this brace a few months ago based on your recommendation. Felt more assured since the advice came from a fellow EDSer. I'm like this brace, so much better than the dozen OTC ones I've tried.
Removal of the nerve. Surgical removal of the growth may be necessary if other treatments fail to provide pain relief. Although surgery is usually successful, doctors often turn to surgery as a last resort, because the procedure removes both the neuroma and the nerve, which can leave permanent numbness in the affected toes.
Neuromas Symptoms Winston Salem NC
I have terrible ankles and I'm always looking for something to help them. I've never tried something like this and I think it may help. Do you know where I can get something like this? I would love to try it! http://www.streetrdrx.com/medical-equipment.html
I had a different type of brace from Bauerfiend and while I LOVED the customer service from them I just didn't like the brace. I'm using the BioSkin TriLok ankle brace now and so far I'm really liking it! It might not be right for my left ankle but I have it for my right one now and it's as sturdy as the ones you like but fit better into my shoes!
Thank you for posting this. I'm going to get one. I've got flat feet and over a few months my feet have changed dramatically for the worst. I have hypermobile ankles and wish I'd tried this year's ago! Thank you for sharing!
Hey, very nice site. I came across this on Google, and I am stoked that I did. I will definitely be coming back here more often. Wish I could add to the conversation and bring a bit more to the table, but am just taking in as much info as I can at the moment. Thanks for sharing.
side wheel attachment
Keep Posting:)
Hey, very nice site. I came across this on Google, and I am stoked that I did. I will definitely be coming back here more often. Wish I could add to the conversation and bring a bit more to the table, but am just taking in as much info as I can at the moment. Thanks for sharing.
Suzuki Access for Handicapped
Keep Posting:)


text:
Yield to the Night
yieni001. Whilst in her cell, Mary Price Hilton remembers the journey. Trafalgar Square, London WC2.
yieni001n. The same spot now from Peter.
Yield to the Night
yieni002. Mary (Diana Dors) climbs the steps on the north side of Trafalgar Square.
yieni002n. A good comparison by Peter.
Yield to the Night
yieni003. A taxi is taken. Trafalgar Square in Westminster WC2 with the National Gallery as the backdrop.
yieni003n. The best shot Peter could get without using knee-pads.
Yield to the Night
yieni004. The cab takes Mary towards the home of her former boyfriend's mistress.
yieni004n. Peter took this shot from The Mall looking east through the centre arch of Admiralty Arch.
Yield to the Night
yieni005. The corner of West Halkin Street on Lowndes Street in SW1.
yieni005n. Peter found a remarkably similar view.
Yield to the Night
yieni006. A band of street musicians passes as Mary leaves the taxi. West Halkin Street in Belgravia with the spire of the former Presbyterian Church of Scotland visible at the top, left of centre. The church is now Mosimann's Club.
yieni006n. No musicians now in this image from Peter.
Yield to the Night
yieni007. Mary walks the last few yards to Lucy Carpenter's home. Belgrave Mews West in SW1 with the upper stories of The Star Tavern to the top, left of centre.
yieni007n. Peter captured the location before investigating The Star Tavern's offerings.
Yield to the Night
yieni008. The shape of the street suggests Chesham Mews behind Chesham Place in SW1.
yieni008n. Yes, looks right. Peter was here beforehand to confirm the location. SJ
Yield to the Night
yieni009. A car enters the mews where Mary is waiting.
yieni009n. Car and skip not helping. SJ
Yield to the Night
yieni010. Lucy Carpenter (Mercia Shaw) gets out of the car. Possibly Chesham Mews off Belgrave Mews West SW1.
yieni010n. Chesham Mews, SW1. SJ


text:
Several theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain the physiological basis of pain, although none yet completely accounts for all aspects of pain perception. Here, we provide a historical overview of the major contributions, ideas, and competing theories of pain from ancient civilizations to Melzack and Wall's Gate Control Theory of Pain.
- pain
- gate control
- medicine
- Descartes
- specificity
- labeled line
- pattern theory
- somatosensory
it is a shame that we possess such insufficient knowledge concerning the character of pain—those symptoms which represent the essential part of all bodily suffering of man (Goldscheider 1894).
The current definition of pain, established by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) in 1986, defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of tissue damage, or both." This definition is the culmination of centuries of ideas and work that have explored the concept of pain.
A number of theories have been postulated to describe mechanisms underlying pain perception. These theories date back several centuries and even millennia (Kenins 1988; Perl 2007; Rey 1995). This review will mainly focus on theories postulated since the 17th century and then provide an overview of current thinking. The four most influential theories of pain perception include the Specificity (or Labeled Line), Intensity, Pattern, and Gate Control Theories of Pain (Fig. 1).
The Specificity Theory refers to the presence of dedicated pathways for each somatosensory modality. The fundamental tenet of the Specificity Theory is that each modality has a specific receptor and associated sensory fiber (primary afferent) that is sensitive to one specific stimulus (Dubner et al. 1978). For instance, the model proposes that non-noxious mechanical stimuli are encoded by low-threshold mechanorecepetors, which are associated with dedicated primary afferents that project to "mechanoreceptive" second-order neurons in the spinal cord or brainstem (depending on the source of the input). These second-order neurons project to "higher" mechanoreceptive areas in the brain. Similarly, noxious stimuli would activate a nociceptor, which would project to higher "pain" centers through a pain fiber. These ideas have been emerging over several millennia but were experimentally tested and formally postulated as a theory in the 19th century by physiologists in Western Europe.
Descartes' description of the pain system.
René Descartes was one of the first Western philosophers to describe a detailed somatosensory pathway in humans. Descartes' manuscript, Treatise of Man (originally written in French), was illustrated, edited, and published posthumously, first in Latin in 1662 (Descartes 1662) and then in French in 1664 (Descartes et al. 1664). In Treatise of Man, based on the French edition by Louis La Forge (who was also one of the illustrators), Descartes describes pain as a perception that exists in the brain and makes the distinction between the neural phenomenon of sensory transduction (today, known as nociception) and the perceptual experience of pain. What is essential to the development of Descartes' theory is his description of nerves, which he perceived as hollow tubules that convey both sensory and motor information. This understanding of neural function was by no means novel. In the third century BCE, Herophilus demonstrated the existence of sensory and motor nerves, and Erasistratus demonstrated that the brain influenced motor activity (Rey 1995). One-half of a millennium later, Galen demonstrated that sectioning the spinal cord caused sensory and motor deficits (Ochs 2004). Within the spirit of scientific enquiry that resurfaced in the renaissance, anatomical studies by Vesalius published in 1543 reiterated and confirmed Galen's findings (Ochs 2004). In relation to this, Galen had postulated that three conditions be met for perception: 1) an organ must be able to receive the stimulus, 2) there must be a connection from the organ to the brain, and 3) a processing center that converts the sensation to a conscious perception must exist (Rey 1995). Descartes contributed to Galen's model by postulating that a gate existed between the brain and the tubular structures (the connections), which was opened by a sensory cue (Descartes et al. 1664). A sensory cue would "tug" on the tube, which would then open a gate between the tube and the brain. The opening of this gate would then allow "animal spirits" (an extension of the Greek pneuma1) to flow through these tubes and within the muscles to move them. Although this sensory system was not specific to pain, La Forge's drawing (based on Descartes' concept and La Forge's understanding of contemporaneous anatomy) of a foot near a flame is one of the most famous figures in neuroscience (Fig. 2). This example describes the pathway for promptly moving one's foot away from a hot flame. In the figure (and its description in the text), the heat of the flame near the foot activates a fibril (or fiber) within the nerve tubule that traverses up the leg, to the spinal cord, and finally, to the brain. Descartes compared this fiber with a cord attached to a bell—by pulling on the other end of cord, the bell will ring. The proverbial bells, in this case, are the pores that line the ventricles in the brain. Once these pores open in response to the sensory input, the animal spirits were thought to flow through the tubule and elicit a motor response. This motor response included turning the head and the eyes to see the flame and raising the hands and folding the body away from the flame for protection. Descartes conceived that there are many of these fibrils and that their movements elicit the sensations. For example, the perception of pain would be felt in the brain when there is a significant tug on the fiber, which caused it to sever. In contrast, a tug of the same magnitude that does not cause the fiber to break would evoke a tickling (or tingling; Descartes uses the French word chatouillement) perception. Although La Forge's figure of the boy and the flame suggests that there is a dedicated pain pathway, a closer read of the text indicates that Descartes believed that the pattern and rate of firing (intensity of tugging) of a fiber provided the adequate information to the brain about the stimulus intensity and quality. In fact, it is likely that the misconception of a dedicated pathway in the somatosensory system by Descartes is an extension of his proposal that the visual system requires a labeled line (where the image is carried and projected in the brain).
Anatomical discoveries inform physiology.
The modern concept of a dedicated pain pathway (also known as Specificity Theory; see Fig. 1A) was developed by Charles Bell in his landmark essay, Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain, submitted for the observation of his friends, first published as a conference proceeding in 1811 and later reproduced in a journal (Bell and Shaw 1868). In this essay, Bell provided an alternative perspective about the organization of the nervous system. First, he suggested that the brain is not "common sensorium", as suggested by Descartes, which was the accepted model of the brain at the time. Instead, he provided anatomical evidence that the brain was a heterogeneous structure, a theory first postulated by Willis in the 17th century (Rey 1995). He then suggested that nerves were bundles of heterogeneous neurons that have specialized functions and that their bundling was only for ease of distribution. Thus Bell spoke of different sensory neurons for different types of stimuli, motor neurons, and so-called "vital" neurons that are wired to the mind rather than the brain. He did, however, maintain that perception of stimulus (such as vision and nociception) is different than the perceptual experience (e.g., sight and pain, respectively). Importantly, for the Specificity Theory, Bell states:
… that while each organ of sense is provided with a capacity of receiving certain changes; to be played upon it, as it were, yet each is utterly incapable of receiving the impressions destined for another organ of sensation. It is also very remarkable that an impression made on two different nerves of sense, though with the same instrument, will produce two distinct sensations; and the ideas resulting will only have relation to the organ affected (Bell and Shaw 1868).
This is the fundamental tenet of the Specificity Theory, which postulates that there is a dedicated fiber that leads to a dedicated pain pathway to the sensory modality's region of the brain. This model, therefore, suggests that a pathway specific to pain exists (see Fig. 1A).
François Magendie was a French physician considered by some as the father of experimental physiology (Bernard and Magendie 1856; Sechzer 1983; Stahnisch 2009). Magendie made substantial contributions to neurophysiology, including reiterating Bell's findings regarding the existence of both motor and sensory nerves and that these have separate paths to and from the spinal cord (the ventral and dorsal roots, respectively) (Stahnisch 2009). This differentiation of spinal nerves is known as the Bell-Magendie Law, which is a fundamental aspect of the organization of the nervous system.
Concurrently, in Germany, Johannes Müller published a Manual of Physiology, which echoed Charles Bonnet's manual published one century earlier (Rey 1995). Müller's manual, published in 1840, sought to summarize and synthesize findings in physiology. The purpose of this synthesis was to understand how different stimuli were so clearly sensed and how the brain could distinguish them from one another. He, like Bonnet, concluded that specific receptors must have specific energy of stimulation and that there were infinite numbers and types of fibers, each to a specific sensory stimulus; e.g., there is a specific fiber for the smell of bananas, another for the scent of an apple, and yet another for the scent of an orange. Furthermore, because of a sense organ's specific energy, the sensory neuron will only encode a single perceptual quality. For example, if a warm fiber is artificially stimulated by an electric current, the brain will perceive warmth. In line with these findings, Erasmus Darwin (Charles Darwin's grandfather) provided the first evidence for a set of specific nerves for the perception of heat (Darwin and Darwin 1794).
The discovery of specific, cutaneous touch receptors, such as Pacinian corpuscles [Pacini 1835; cited in Cauna and Mannan (1958)], Meissner's corpuscles [Meissner 1853; cited in Cauna and Ross (1960)], Merkel's discs [Merkel 1875; cited in Iggo and Muir (1969)], and Ruffini's end-organs (Ruffini 1893), in the latter one-half of the 19th century, provided further evidence that specific sensory qualia were encoded by dedicated nerve fibers. However, there remained a debate about the nature of pain as part of the five senses, as an end-organ specific to pain stimuli (nociceptor) had not yet been discovered. In contrast to the idea of a dedicated pain pathway, it was argued that pain was different than the other senses in that it is inherently unpleasant (Boring 1942; Dallenbach 1939). These ideas persisted from Plato's and Aristotle's writings of pain as an emotion (Schmitter 2010). This inherently makes pain the antithesis of pleasure, and because pleasure is a characteristic of the mind (i.e., an emotion), it was inferred that pain was also a characteristic of the mind and not a percept of the body.
Further evidence for the Specificity Theory came from Schiff and Woroschiloff's findings of a pain pathway in the spinal cord in a series of experiments between 1854 and 1859 (Rey 1995). These findings built on Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard's observations that sensory fibers decussate in the spinal cord (Aminoff 1996; Dallenbach 1939). Schiff and Woroschiloff established the presence of two pathways through observations of the effect of incisions at different levels of the spinal cord: the anterolateral pathway for pain and temperature and the posterior bundles for tactile sensibility (Dallenbach 1939; Rey 1995). However, Schiff and Woroschiloff noted that the tactile pathway did not decussate at the level of the spinal cord. These findings were supported by a case study by William Richard Gowers, a physician in London, who reported that a patient with a bullet wound to the gray matter of the spinal cord lost the sense of pain and temperature but not touch (Rey 1995). He concluded that there were specific pathways for pain and temperature, separate from that of touch. However, those who held onto the Aristotelian dogma argued strenuously against the Specificity Theory. They insisted that pain is a quality of all senses—a percept of the mind. Only when Blix and Goldscheider published their findings of sensory spots on the skin independently did the Specificity Theory gain momentum and did pain become a recognized sense (Dallenbach 1939). Sensory spots were defined as tiny areas of the skin that elicit a specific sensation when touched. These sensory spots were specific to warmth, cold, pressure, or pain. However, both Blix and Goldscheider moved away from the Specificity Theory some years later and moved toward the Intensity Theory of Pain, a concurrent theory (see below).
von Frey's and Goldscheider's skin spots.
Between 1894 and 1896, Max von Frey carried out experiments that advanced the Specificity Theory (Rey 1995). von Frey indicated that there were four somatosensory modalities: cold, heat, pain, and touch and that all of the other skin senses were derivatives of these four modalities. To test this idea, he developed his now well-known "von Frey hairs" (termed an aesthesiometer), which consisted of a hair—usually from a human, but sometimes he used a horsehair or a hog bristle—attached to a wooden stick (Perl 1996). By measuring the hair's diameter, length, and precise maximal weight that it could support without breaking off of the stick (maximal tension), it was possible to measure the force applied to a very specific spot. Today, von Frey hairs are made of fine nylon filaments of varying thicknesses (and hence, stiffness to deliver different forces and pressures upon bending). With the use of these hairs, he could carefully determine the pressure required to elicit a sensation at each of the skin spots identified by Blix and Goldscheider. Furthermore, his experimental setup allowed him to determine which spots responded to innocuous pressure and which ones responded to noxious pressure. von Frey demonstrated that there were distinct spots for innocuous pressure and for noxious pressure. He presented a model of the skin that comprised a "mosaic of distinct tactile, cold, warm, and pain spots distributed across the skin with distinctive regional variation" (Perl and Kruger 1996). von Frey related the distribution of the pressure points to the distribution of Meissner's corpuscles, whereas pain points were related to the distribution of free nerve endings in the skin. Despite these remarkable findings, the Specificity Theory made a number of assumptions about the anatomical, physiological, and psychological bases of somesthesis and pain. For instance, when von Frey postulated the theory, pain receptors had yet to be identified nor were the peripheral pathways and brain centers specific to pain sensation established, as well as other factors [for a review, see Dallenbach (1939) and Rey (1995)].
Landmark discoveries.
Charles Scott Sherrington (1947) addressed some of the assumptions of the Specificity Theory in his proposed framework of nociception. He applied a Virchowian (i.e., based on the cell theory) and Darwinian (i.e., evolutionary) approach to study integration in the nervous system. Specifically, he examined what he conceived to be the functional basic unit (the simple reflex arc) to understand the nervous system. With the use of this method, he described the specificity of neurons, which included the four basic modalities recognized by von Frey. Furthermore, he postulated that behavior in animals is the temporal and spatial pattern of activity, resulting from the interaction of these specific neurons. His studies allowed him to conclude that "the main function of the receptor is […] to lower the excitability threshold of the [reflex] arc for one kind of stimulus and heighten it for all others" (Sherrington 1906, 1955). This "selection" approach resolved the divide between the Intensity Theory (see below) and Specificity Theory (Rey 1995), because it accounts for findings of specific pain points (i.e., receptors that are specific to pain) and also accounts for the Intensity Theory (i.e., somatosensory stimulation, which is intense or excessive, activates the pain reflex arc because this is its common feature). He also coined the term "nocicipient" (Sherrington 1903) to describe the specificity of the cutaneous end-organ for noxious stimuli, later termed nociceptor (Sherrington 1906). Sherrington developed a framework that advanced the Specificity Theory of Pain even further. However, the nociceptor had yet to be identified definitively.
The discovery of myelinated primary afferent fibers that respond only to mechanical noxious stimuli occurred much later, in 1967 (Burgess and Perl 1967). Soon thereafter, Bessou and Perl (1969) discovered nociceptive, unmyelinated afferent fibers: polymodal nociceptors and high-threshold mechanoreceptors. These findings revolutionized the field of pain research and helped advance and develop a number of theories of pain. Since Sherrington's endorsement of the Specificity Theory of Pain, this became the dominant theory at the time. However, its popularity waned with the postulation of the Gate Control Theory of Pain (see below) by Melzack and Wall (1965).
An Intensive (or Summation) Theory of Pain (now referred to as the Intensity Theory) has been postulated at several different times throughout history. First, conceptualized in the fourth century BCE by Plato in his oeuvre Timaeus (Plato 1998), the theory defines pain, not as a unique sensory experience but rather, as an emotion that occurs when a stimulus is stronger than usual. Centuries later, Erasmus Darwin (Darwin and Darwin 1794) reiterated this concept in Zoonomia. One hundred years after Darwin, Wilhelm Erb also suggested that pain occurred in any sensory system when sufficient intensity was reached rather than being a stimulus modality in its own right [cited in Dallenbach (1939)]. Arthur Goldscheider further advanced the Intensity Theory, based on an experiment performed by Bernhard Naunyn in 1859 [cited in Dallenbach (1939)]. These experiments showed that repeated tactile stimulation (below the threshold for tactile perception) produced pain in patients with syphilis who had degenerating dorsal columns. When this stimulus was presented to patients 60–600 times/s, they rapidly developed what they described as unbearable pain. Naunyn reproduced these results in a series of experiments with different types of stimuli, including electrical stimuli. It was concluded that there must be some form of summation that occurs for the subthreshold stimuli to become unbearably painful. Goldscheider suggested a neurophysiological model to describe this summation effect: repeated subthreshold stimulation or suprathreshold hyperintensive stimulation could cause pain (see Fig. 1B). He suggested further that the increased sensory input would converge and summate in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This theory competed with the Specificity Theory of Pain, which was championed by von Frey. However, the theory lost support with Sherrington's evolutionary framework for the Specificity Theory and postulated the existence of sensory receptors that are specialized to respond to noxious stimuli, for which he coined the term "nociceptor".
In an attempt to overhaul theories of somaesthesis (including pain), J. P. Nafe postulated a "quantitative theory of feeling" (1929). This theory ignored findings of specialized nerve endings and many of the observations supporting the specificity and/or intensive theories of pain. The theory stated that any somaesthetic sensation occurred by a specific and particular pattern of neural firing and that the spatial and temporal profile of firing of the peripheral nerves encoded the stimulus type and intensity (see Fig. 1C). Lele et al. (1954) championed this theory and added that cutaneous sensory nerve fibers, with the exception of those innervating hair cells, are the same. To support this claim, they cited work that had shown that distorting a nerve fiber would cause action potentials to discharge in any nerve fiber, whether encapsulated or not. Furthermore, intense stimulation of any of these nerve fibers would cause the percept of pain (Sinclair 1955; Weddell 1955).
In 1965, Ronald Melzack and Charles Patrick (Pat) Wall (Melzack and Wall 1965) proposed a theory that would revolutionize pain research: the Gate Control Theory of Pain. The Gate Control Theory recognized the experimental evidence that supported the Specificity and Pattern Theories and provided a model that could explain these seemingly opposed findings. In a landmark paper, Melzack and Wall (1965) carefully discussed the shortcomings of the Specificity and Pattern Theories—the two dominant theories of the era—and attempted to bridge the gap between these theories with a framework based on the aspects of each theory that had been corroborated by physiological data. Specifically, Melzack and Wall accepted that there are nociceptors (pain fibers) and touch fibers and proposed that that these fibers synapse in two different regions within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord: cells in the substantia gelatinosa and the "transmission" cells. The model (see Fig. 1D) proposed that signals produced in primary afferents from stimulation of the skin were transmitted to three regions within the spinal cord: 1) the substantia gelatinosa, 2) the dorsal column, and 3) a group of cells that they called transmission cells. They proposed that the gate in the spinal cord is the substantia gelatinosa in the dorsal horn, which modulates the transmission of sensory information from the primary afferent neurons to transmission cells in the spinal cord. This gating mechanism is controlled by the activity in the large and small fibers. Large-fiber activity inhibits (or closes) the gate, whereas small-fiber activity facilitates (or opens) the gate. Activity from descending fibers that originate in supraspinal regions and project to the dorsal horn could also modulate this gate. When nociceptive information reaches a threshold that exceeds the inhibition elicited, it "opens the gate" and activates pathways that lead to the experience of pain and its related behaviors. Therefore, the Gate Control Theory of Pain provided a neural basis for the findings that supported and in fact helped to reconcile the apparent differences between the Pattern and Specificity Theories of Pain.
Each of the major pain theories discussed in the previous sections adequately described a series of observations about the nociceptive system and pain perception. However, none adequately accounted for the complexity of the pain system. For instance, although the Specificity Theory appropriately described sensory receptors that are specific to nociceptive stimuli and primary afferents that show responses only to suprathreshold stimuli, it did not account for neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) that respond to both non-nociceptive and nociceptive stimuli (e.g., wide-dynamic range neurons). Although these neurons are well characterized, their function in pain perception has yet to be determined.
Another shortcoming of these theories is that they focus on cutaneous pain and do not address issues pertaining to deep-tissue, visceral, or muscular pains. Although Sherrington does discuss visceral and muscular pain (Sherrington 1947), these observations are not fully accounted for within his model. Additionally, these models are focused on acute pain and do not address mechanisms of persistent pain or the chronification of pain, likely because at the time, it was assumed that the nervous system was hard wired. Although the mechanisms of persistent and chronic pain are still not fully understood, it is now clear that peripheral and central plasticity can arise following repeated nociceptive stimulation in healthy subjects (Bingel et al. 2008; Teutsch et al. 2008) and in chronic pain [for a review, see Davis and Moayedi (2012)]. In addition, recent work has demonstrated that plasticity is not limited to changes in neurons but can also involve changes in glial cells (Eroglu and Barres 2010; Streit et al. 1988), which may relate to the maintenance of persistent and chronic pains (Scholz and Woolf 2007; Zhuo et al. 2011).
The Gate Control Theory is the most promulgated of pain theories and led to some of the most fruitful research in the field of pain. However, many of the details of this theory have been shown to be inaccurate. For example, there were oversimplifications and flaws in the presentation of the neural architecture of the spinal cord, the location and the model pertaining to how large afferent fiber stimulation inhibits or modulates C-fibers (Nathan and Rudge 1974), and the hypothesized modulatory system, which we now know includes descending small-fiber projections from the brain stem (Treede 2006). Nonetheless, the Gate Control Theory spurred many studies in the field, and this significantly advanced our understanding of pain.
Melzack and Casey (1968) described pain as being multidimensional and complex, with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative components. In addition, recent work has shown that pain can affect and interact with motor systems (Avivi-Arber et al. 2011; Borsook 2007). The concept of pain as a multidimensional experience has been described in ancient texts, dating as far back as the Syriac Empire (circa 200 BCE). In The Book of Medicines (Budge 2002), it is suggested that pain is the product of bile and phlegm mingled with cold and heat. These simple combinations occur in the brain, and according to Syriac medicine, pain is a product of the brain (a concept that has passed the test of time and that we still hold true today). Different types of pains would thus arise from differential combinations of these substances affecting the type of pain. It is noteworthy that the concepts of bile and phlegm and even those of cold and hot were understood in a different paradigm of philosophical thought; these are not the simple compounds we know today but rather, are used as a classification of the world. For instance, certain foods make the body "cool", whereas others make the body "warm". These concepts are not unique to the Syrians, since they follow a long tradition of ancient medicine passed down from the Egyptians [who were the first to record medical texts, e.g., The Papyrus Ebers (Bryan 1930)], to the Greeks (e.g., most famously, Hippocrates and Galen), to the Babylonians, and to the Assyrians.
The contemporary definition of pain used by the IASP is based on the divisional (multidimensional) definition proposed by Melzack and Casey (1968). These dimensions include the sensory-discriminative (intensity, location, quality, and duration), the affective-motivational (unpleasantness and the subsequent flight response), and the cognitive-evaluative (appraisal, cultural values, context, and cognitive state) dimensions of pain. These three dimensions are not independent but rather, interact with one another. They are, however, partially dissociable: the cognitive state of a person can modulate one or both of these dimensions of pain perception. In general, the more intense that a noxious stimulus is, the more unpleasant it will be (Duncan et al. 1989). However, there are exceptions to this rule: hypnosis has been shown to modulate pain unpleasantness without affecting intensity; that is, the person felt the pain but was not as bothered by the sensation (Kropotov et al. 1997; Meier et al. 1993; Rainville 2002; Rainville et al. 1997, 1999; Wik et al. 1999). This is an example of how the cognitive state can modulate the percept of the affective-motivational component of pain and can be referred to as cognitive modulation. Cognitive modulation of pain is reflected in the effects of placebo and nocebo (Colloca and Benedetti 2005; Colloca et al. 2008; Eippert et al. 2009; Wager et al. 2004), cognitive behavioral therapy (Salomons et al. 2004, 2007; Sharp 2001), and other treatments for chronic pain. More recently, neuroimaging suggests that brain function may not be modular but rather, likely involves networks (Bassett and Bullmore 2009). In the context of pain, various networks have been implicated in the experience of pain (Davis 2011; Legrain et al. 2011). Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that in chronic pain conditions, brain structure and function undergo plasticity and that network dynamics are altered (Baliki et al. 2011; Davis 2011; Seifert and Maihofner 2011).
Theories about somaesthesis and pain have continued to evolve as knowledge accumulates concerning the structure and function of pathways underlying pain perception and pain modulation. Recent advances in neuroimaging and cellular and molecular medicine have vastly expanded our understanding of pain, and as we continue to study the normal and abnormal neurophysiological and neuroanatomical bases of pain, we will continue to modify our working hypothesis. The discussion of Labeled Line vs. Pattern Theory has re-emerged recently in the field (Basbaum 2011). This discussion has highlighted the differences between the peripheral encoding of nociceptive stimuli and CNS processing and perception of pain. Specifically, Allan Basbaum, Ken Casey, Clifford Woolf, Howard Fields, and Vania Apkarian (the four commentators on Basbaum's posting) agree that experimental data have clearly demonstrated that peripheral sensory encoding does occur in a labeled-line fashion. However, at the level of the second- and third-order neurons in the CNS, we lack empirical data to determine how pain is perceived. Therefore, future work is required to address this key question. To do so, a clear understanding of the emergence of the current ideas in pain research and the data that have built the models is essential for us to progress in understanding pain and to develop effective treatments to alleviate this most common of ailments.
Funding for K. D. Davis is provided by operating grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.
Author contributions: M.M. prepared figures; M.M. drafted manuscript; M.M. and K.D.D. edited and revised manuscript; M.M. and K.D.D. approved final version of manuscript.
We thank Drs. Jonathan Dostrovsky, Barry Sessle, and Howard Tenenbaum for feedback on earlier versions of this paper.
↵1 In ancient Greek medicine, the concept of pneuma represents air, breath, or motion. It was also called the breath of life and the spirit of man (Stead 1998).
- Copyright © 2013 the American Physiological Society